Pemodelan Pencemaran Udara 2

Haryo Tomo
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Modeling Framework
Mobile
Sources
Ozone
NOx, VOC,
PM, Toxics
PM
(Cars, trucks, planes,
boats, etc.)
Industrial
Sources
NOx, VOC,
SOx, PM,
Toxics
(Power plants, refineries/
chemical plants, etc.)
Area
Sources
NOx, VOC,
PM, Toxics
(Residential, farming
commercial, biogenic, etc.)
Acid Rain
Chemistry
Meteorology
Visibility
Air Toxics
Atmospheric
Deposition
Climate
Change
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Air Pollution
 Chemicals added to the atmosphere by natural
events or human activities in high enough
concentrations to be harmful
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Two categories
 Primary Air Pollutant
▪ Harmful substance that is emitted directly into the
atmosphere
 Secondary Air Pollutant
▪ Harmful substance formed in the atmosphere when a
primary air pollutant reacts with substances normally
found in the atmosphere or with other air pollutants
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Diasumsikan sebagai “one point” secara
geografis
Arah vektor kecepatan vertikal
Tidak terdapat distribusi kecepatan secara
horizontal.
Besarnya exit velocity didasarkan pada hasil
pengukuran stack. Why? Adakah cara lain?
Industrial Type
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Diasumsikan sebagai sumber continuous
yang bergerak secara horizontal.
Arah vektor kecepatan dominan horizontal
Tidak terdapat distribusi kecepatan secara
vertikal
Besarnya exit velocity didasarkan kecepatan
gerakan objek penghasil emisi.
Transportation type
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Diasumsikan sebagai “area” (berdimensi luas)
secara geografis.
Arah vektor kecepatan dominan vertikal
Terdapat distribusi kecepatan dan distribusi
konsentrasi pencemar
Besarnya exit velocity berdasarkan
perbedaan temperatur dengan udara di atas
“area” tersebut.
Urban type
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Jelaskan menggunakan model matematik
sederhana tentang kepulan advektif dari
ketiga jenis sumber pencemar!
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NOx-Related Air Quality Issues
(NO3-, NH4+)
(NOx + VOC + hv) -->
PM
Ozone
NOx
Acid Rain
(NO3-
Visibility
deposition)
(Fine PM)
Water Quality
(Nitrogen deposition,
Lake Acidification)
SOx-Related Air Quality Issues
(SO42-,
(Fine PM)
NH4+)
Visibility
PM
SOx
Acid Rain
(SO42- deposition)
Water Quality
(Lake acidification,
Toxics deposition)
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OH role in pollutants formation
VOC + OH --->
Orgainic PM
Fine PM
Visibility
(Nitrate, Sulfate,
Organic PM)
PM2.5
Ozone
.
OH
NOx + VOC + OH
+ hv ---> O3
Acid Rain
Water
Quality
NOx + SOx + OH
(Lake Acidification,
Eutrophication)
SOx [or NOx] + NH3 + OH
---> (NH4)2SO4 [or NH4NO3]
SO2 + OH ---> H2SO4
NO2 + OH ---> HNO3
Air Toxics
OH <---> Air Toxics
(POM, PAH, Hg(II), etc.)
Formation of Secondary PM :
Sulfate PM formation:
H2SO4 + 2 NH3 ---> (NH4)2SO4 (s)
Gas Phase:
O2,H2O
SO2 + OH
---> H2SO4
Aqueous Phase:
H2O
SO2 + H2O2 ---> H2SO4 (Dominate over low pH)
SO2 + O3
---> H2SO4
Nitrate PM formation:
HNO3 + NH3 <---> NH4NO3 (aq,s)
Gas Phase : (daytime)
NO2 + OH ---> HNO3
Gas &Aq Phase : (nighttime)
N2O5 + H2O ---> HNO3
Oraginc PM formation:
Gas Phase :
VOC + OH --->
Organic PM(semivolatile)
(Long-chain VOCs, Aromatics,
Biogenic VOCs)
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