Rapport - Siste nytt
Transcription
Rapport - Siste nytt
Hovedprosjekt for: Ingeniørutdanningen HØGSKOLEN I AGDER Fakultet for teknologi, Grimstad Tittel: Banestyrt 2-akse hydraulisk robot Prosjektnr.: HPR/MD-009/2007 Fagområde: Mekatronikk Antall sider: 81 Tilgjenglighet: Åpen Dato: 04.06.2007 Oppdragsgiver: HiA v Morten Ottestad Veileder(e): Morten Ottestad Forfatter(e): Gruppe 9: Morten Skeie Andreas N Malme Dominic Fiane Emneord: HIL Hia Mekatronikk Stikkord: ComapctRio, hydraulikk, styresystem, regulering Telefon: +47 37 25 30 00 Grooseveien 36, N-4876 Grimstad Telefaks: +47 37 25 30 01 Forord: Dette er rapporten til hovedprosjektet ”hydraulisk 2-akse banestyrt testjigg”. Dette er et prosjekt som er blitt gitt fra HIA. Oppgaven er skrevet av Morten Skeie, Andreas N Malme og Dominic Fiane. Den er skrevet ved Høyskolen i Agder, Teknologisk avdeling Grimstad i perioden 8.mars- 28.mai. Bakgrunn for oppgaven er at det i forbindelse med oppstart av masterstudie i mekatronikk skal kunne tilbyes givende labboppgaver. Det skulle med grunnlag i dette utvikles en hydraulisk testjigg som skulle da kunne brukes i denne labbsammenheng. Takk til: Veileder Morten Ottestad som har hjulpet oss når det har vært behov og kommet med mange gode råd og gitt oss verdifull hjelp. Eiken mek. verksted som har lånt oss maskiner og utstyr og hjulpet til med maskinering. ASI Automatikk A/S i Drammen for gratis lager og oppfølging Labbpersonell Eivind Johansen, Roy Folgerød og Thorstein Wroldsen som har hjulpet oss med maskinering, bestilling av deler og kommet med mange gode innspill. Til slutt vil vi takke alle som har hatt tro på at prosjektet kunne gjennomføres og som har støttet oss. ___________________ Morten Skeie ____________________ Andreas N Malme HPR-009 ____________________ Dominic Fiane Side 2 av 81 Sammendrag Denne rapporten dokumenterer hovedprosjektsoppgaven ”hydraulisk 2-akse banestyrt testjigg”. Selve oppgaven går ut på å redesigne, modifisere, programmere og fredigstille den hydrauliske jiggen. Rapporten inneholder dokumentasjon av alt det mekaniske arbeidet, samt en fullstendig oversikt over det elektriske med tilhørende koblingsdiagrammer og tegninger. Den inneholder også en enkel matematisk og dynamisk beskrivelse av enkelte deler som ble stilt av oppdragsgiver. Videre er programmering og alle programmer tilknyttet prosjektet beskrevet og dokumentert. Det er også laget en liten innledning til hvordan komme i gang med programmering i Labview med Crio som applikasjon. Jiggen er ferdig montert og kalibrert. Den er testkjørt med alle forskjellige programmoduler med meget tilfresstillende resultater. HPR-009 Side 3 av 81 Innholdsfortegnelse 1 2 3 4 5 Innledning........................................................................................................................... 6 1.1 Prosjektrapportens Organisering........................................................................... 6 1.1.1 Språk................................................................................................................... 6 1.1.2 Layout................................................................................................................. 6 1.1.3 Vedlegg .............................................................................................................. 6 1.1.4 Referanser........................................................................................................... 7 1.1.5 Arbeidstegninger ................................................................................................ 7 1.1.6 Figurer og tabeller .............................................................................................. 7 1.2 Oppgaven .................................................................................................................. 8 1.2.1 Mål ..................................................................................................................... 8 1.2.2 Hvem rapporten henvender seg til ..................................................................... 8 1.2.3 Oppgavetekst...................................................................................................... 9 1.2.4 Omfang............................................................................................................... 9 1.2.5 Begrensninger................................................................................................... 10 1.2.6 Kravspesifikasjoner.......................................................................................... 10 1.2.7 Uklarheter......................................................................................................... 10 1.3 Organisasjon ........................................................................................................... 11 Bakgrunnsteori ................................................................................................................. 12 2.1 CompactRIO........................................................................................................... 12 2.2 Enkoder (inkrementell).......................................................................................... 14 2.3 Potensiometer ......................................................................................................... 17 2.4 Sylindere.................................................................................................................. 18 2.5 Slanger..................................................................................................................... 18 2.6 Koplinger................................................................................................................. 19 2.7 Rør ........................................................................................................................... 19 2.8 Servoventiler ........................................................................................................... 20 Beregninger og teori......................................................................................................... 23 3.1 Dynamikk................................................................................................................ 23 3.1.1 Ventildynamikk................................................................................................ 28 3.2 Invers kinematikk .................................................................................................. 30 3.3 Hastigheter.............................................................................................................. 32 Det Mekaniske.................................................................................................................. 34 4.1 Igus® Lager ............................................................................................................ 34 4.2 Festing av knekkbom ............................................................................................. 35 4.3 Enkoder og potensiometerfester ........................................................................... 36 4.4 Koblingsboks........................................................................................................... 37 4.5 Monteringsbenk og tavle ....................................................................................... 38 4.6 Nødstoppen ............................................................................................................. 39 4.7 Flushing av oljesystem ........................................................................................... 39 4.8 Teststang ................................................................................................................. 40 4.9 Endestoppbrytere ................................................................................................... 41 4.10 Kalibrering/referansekjøring................................................................................ 41 Det elektriske.................................................................................................................... 42 5.1 Din skinne oversikt................................................................................................. 42 5.2 Elektriske komponenter ........................................................................................ 43 5.2.1 Servoventiler .................................................................................................... 43 5.2.2 Enkodere........................................................................................................... 44 5.2.3 Endestoppbrytere.............................................................................................. 46 HPR-009 Side 4 av 81 6 Ytelser og spesifikasjoner ................................................................................................ 47 6.1 Arbeidsområde ....................................................................................................... 47 6.2 Regulering ............................................................................................................... 48 6.3 Posisjonsmålinger................................................................................................... 53 7 Programmering av CompactRIO...................................................................................... 57 7.1 Sette opp et Real-time Project............................................................................... 57 7.2 Bruk av Shared variable........................................................................................ 61 7.2.1 Lage nye variabler............................................................................................ 62 7.2.2 Variabler brukt i vårt prosjekt: ......................................................................... 63 7.3 FPGA program....................................................................................................... 65 7.4 Real-Time – Program............................................................................................. 68 7.5 Program maler........................................................................................................ 69 7.5.1 Program mal for posisjonering med 1 DOF ..................................................... 69 7.5.2 Program mal for posisjonering med 2 DOF ..................................................... 71 7.5.3 Program mal for banestyring med 2 DOF........................................................ 72 7.6 Sub vi’er .................................................................................................................. 75 7.6.1 Invers kinematikk.vi......................................................................................... 75 7.6.2 hpg to xy cord 2.vi............................................................................................ 75 7.6.3 Interpolering.vi................................................................................................. 75 7.7 Programmer brukt av gruppa .............................................................................. 77 8 Oppsumering .................................................................................................................... 79 8.1 Status ....................................................................................................................... 79 8.2 Konklusjon.............................................................................................................. 79 8.3 Erfaringer ............................................................................................................... 79 9 Litteraturliste .................................................................................................................... 80 10 Vedlegg ........................................................................................................................ 81 HPR-009 Side 5 av 81 1 Innledning Denne rapporten vil inneholde arbeidet med hovedprosjektet ”2-akse banestyrt hydraulisk testjigg”. 1.1 Prosjektrapportens Organisering Denne rapporten vil være organisert som en vanlig teknisk rapport. Den vil følge de retningslinjer gitt fra høyskolen. Videre vil det være innslag og ideer hentet fra rapporten [1]. Den vil videre følge vanlige normer for rapporter. 1.1.1 Språk Rapporten inneholder en del tekniske ord og forklaringer. Det er derfor forventet at leser av rapporten innehar en viss teknisk forståelse. Rapporten er skrevet med så enkelt språk som mulig og det er brukt så få engelske ord som mulig. Videre er det en fordel at leseren har kjennskap til Solid Works samt kjennskap til grunnleggende fysiske fenomen, mekanikk og elektronikk. 1.1.2 Layout Vi bruker skrifttype Times New Roman størrelse 12 og halvannen linjeavstand. Så har det videre blitt brukt titler i logisk rekkefølge. Innholdsfortegnelsen er lagt opp på slik at man skal kunne følge hver enkelt del aktivitet for seg selv. Det er brukt sidetall for praktiske hensyn, og nummerering av hvert underkapittel slik at leser kan lett finne igjen ønsket området. Forsiden er laget etter malen for prosjektrapporter ved Hia. 1.1.3 Vedlegg Alle vedlegg er nummeret i en liste og plassert bakerst i rapporten. Ved referering til vedlegg i rapporten vil dette bli gjort ved bruk av nr. Vedleggene er som regel ofte enten datablad eller andre tekniske dokumenter. Det er derfor ikke noen standard form på disse. Vi gjør også oppmerksom på at en del av disse vil være på engelsk. HPR-009 Side 6 av 81 1.1.4 Referanser Alle referanser er merket med individuelle nr. Ved å finne frem til tilsvarende tall i referanselisten bakerst i rapporten kan man så finne frem til det dokumentet det refereres til. 1.1.5 Arbeidstegninger I og med at Solid Works er brukt for å modellere opp alle deler foreligger også alle tegningene på denne form. Tegninger er fullstendige og merket med nr og navn. Disse vil ligge som vedlegg bak i rapporten. 1.1.6 Figurer og tabeller Alle figurer, tabeller, illustrasjoner og bilder vil være nummeret. Henvisninger til disse vil da bli gjort ved bruk av disse numrene i rapporten. Om disse er hentet fra eksterne kilder vil de i tillegg ha et referansenummer. Det vil også bli gitt forklaringer der det er nødvendig. HPR-009 Side 7 av 81 1.2 1.2.1 Oppgaven Mål Målet med oppgaven er å få vist og brukt en del av kunnskapen vi har tilegnet oss gjennom studietiden. Den skal videre gi en dypere innsikt og kunnskap om valgt emne og teori. Vi skal også få erfare hvordan det er å jobbe med prosjektbaserte oppgaver som er så virkelighetsnære som mulig. Den konkrete oppgaven er å ferdigstille og fullføre den hydrauliske jiggen slik at den er klar for labbruk. Vi håper det ferdige produktet vil være et grunnlag for lærerike og spennende labboppgaver. 1.2.2 Hvem rapporten henvender seg til Denne rapporten henvender seg til prosjektgruppen, veiledere, oppdragsgiver og medstudenter. HPR-009 Side 8 av 81 1.2.3 Oppgavetekst Utvikling av multifunksjons hydraulisk servojigg Studenter: D. Fiane, A. Malme, M. Skeie Oppgavens bakgrunn: Høgskolen i Agder har med utgangspunkt i den regional industriprofil valgt å satse på heavy duty motion control som tema i sitt mastergrads studium. Det er derfor viktig at HiA kan tilby interessante og givende lab oppgaver innen dette feltet. Vi ønsker oss derfor en hydraulisk testjigg der det kan kjøres lab oppgaver med varierende vanskelighetsgrad. Oppgavens mål: Den eksisterende 2 DOF testjigg skal videreutvikles. Det skal utvikles en dynamisk modell for jiggen. Det skal utvikles matematiske modeller som gir sammenhengen mellom aktuator koordinater og endepunktets koordinater i et kartesisk koordinatsystem og omvent. Det skal utvikles en metode for kalibrering av roboten. Testjiggens posisjonsnøyaktighet skal identifiseres. Styring av testjigg skal skje ved bruk av CompactRIO Real-Time Kontroller med sanntids operativsystem for å sikre deterministisk kontroll. Det skal utvikles programmaler for fire forskjellige modus. • Det skal utvikles og implementeres programmal for posisjoneringssystem med 1 DOF med varierende massetreghetsmoment • Det skal utvikles og implementeres programmal for posisjonsfølgesystem med 1 DOF med varierende massetreghetsmoment og oversenter bevegelse • Det skal utvikles og implementeres programmal for posisjoneringssystem med 2 DOF • Det skal utvikles og implementeres programmal for banestyring 1.2.4 Omfang Da vi valgte oppgaven ble vi fort klar over at dette var en utfordrende oppgave som krevde innsats og arbeid, men at arbeidsmengden var overkommelig. Rapporten skal inneholde videreutvikling av jiggen mekanisk med arbeidstegninger og dokumentasjon for alle modifikasjoner som er gjort. Dette gjelder også elektriske komponenter og kretser. HPR-009 Side 9 av 81 Videre omfatter den mye programmering som er gjort i labview. Dette er begrenset til de programmene vi skulle lage. Den omfatter også endel bakgrunnsteori om de forskjellige komponentene og diverse utregninger. 1.2.5 Begrensninger For det første begynte vi med noe som allerede var laget etter visse spesifikasjoner og krav. Det kreves en del tid og arbeid for å sette seg inn i tidligere arbeid og få en forståelse for hvordan oppgaven er tenkt løst og hva som manglet. Vi er også bundet opp i grunndesignen slik at all modifikasjon må bygges rundt denne. Videre er prosjektet begrenset ved at vi har et konkret mål å nå. 1.2.6 Kravspesifikasjoner I og med at vi hadde som oppgave å videreutvikle eksisterende jigg ble det ikke stilt noen nye kravspesifikasjoner. Vi har derfor tatt utgangspunkt i de foregående spesifikasjonene. 1.2.7 Uklarheter I oppgaveteksten står det følgende ”Det skal utvikles matematiske modeller som gir sammenhengen mellom aktuator koordinater og endepunktets koordinater i et kartesisk koordinatsystem og omvent”. Vi har tolket det som at vi skal beskrive den kinematikken som ligger til grunn for systemet. Det står også ” Det skal utvikles en metode for kalibrering av roboten”. Med dette tolker vi at roboten skal ha mulighet for å nullstilles slik at man har en utgangsposisjon den kan kjøres til som er kjent. Punktet, ” Det skal utvikles en dynamisk modell for jiggen” har vi tolket som at det skal vises hvordan dynamikken for sylinder og servoventil fungerer HPR-009 Side 10 av 81 1.3 Organisasjon Oppgaven er gitt av Høyskolen i Agder og tildelt prosjektgruppen Dominic Fiane, Morten Skeie og Andreas Nødtvedt Malme. Videre omfatter prosjektet veileder Morten Ottestad samt lab personell. Oppdragsgiver: Høyskolen i Agder Fakultetet for teknologi Studieretning Mekatronikk V/ Kjell G Robbersmyr/Morten Ottestad Serviceboks 509 4898 Grimstad Veileder: Morten Ottestad Tlf: 37 25 31 22 Mail: [email protected] Prosjektgruppen: Dominic Fiane Tybakken 43 4818 Færvik Tlf: 90842558 Mail: [email protected] Morten Skeie Solhøga 25 4876 Grimstad Tlf: 90529447 Mail: [email protected] Andreas Nødtvedt Malme Løvås 1, Televeien 2 4879 Grimstad Tlf: 97774340 Mail: [email protected] HPR-009 Side 11 av 81 2 Bakgrunnsteori I de følgende underkapitelene følger teori og beskrivelser av alle de forksjellige komponentene som er brukt i dette prosjektet. 2.1 CompactRIO (Compact reconfigurable I/O) Compact rio er en programmerbar I/O modul fra National instruments. Denne modulen brukes til industrielle prosessstyringer. Fordelen med denne modulen er at den har en kjerne som er enkel å programmere ved hjelp av labview. Den har en såkalt FPGA (fieldprogrammable gate array) chip, men man slipper unna tunge programmeringsspråk VHDL. Man kan da enkelt programmere dette i labview, og labview kompilerer det til VHDL kode. Denne chipen funker slik at man skriver programmet i labveiw, kompilerer det på PC-en og laster det ned på compactRIOen. Dette programmet kompileres til logiske kretser som blir ”tegnet” inn på chipen. Man slipper dermed unna med utvikling av avansert hardware og man kan enkelt endre på ting som ikke fungerer. Dette kan kutte store utviklingskostnader og kutte ned utviklingstiden betraktelig. En annen ting med systemet er at det er utrolig raskt, med opptil 25ns oppdateringsfrekvens. Dermed kan en få veldig kjappe systemer noe som ikke er oppnåelig med direkte styring gjennom en PC, da denne har for mange delte ressurser. FPGA Enheten fungerer slik at den konfigurerbare FPGA chipen ligger i chassiet og utgjør hjertet av enheten. Her er det veldig kjapp oppdatering og her er den mest tids kritiske koden ligger. Man konfigurerer denne ut i fra hvilke I/O enheter og hvilke porter man skal lese/skrive til. Man kan også legge inn enkle matematiske funksjoner, PID regulering og en håndfull andre funksjoner inn i FPGA. HPR-009 Side 12 av 81 Figur 1 Realtime controller Real time controlleren kommuniserer med fpga og får inn signalene fra I/O enhetene. For å sikre deterministisk kontroll brukes det noe som heter shared variable og gjennom disse kommuniserer vi med en host. (dette er forklart nærmere i kapittel 7.4) I/O enhetene Kobles til chassiset i slottene. I/O enhetene velges etter behov med analoge eller digitale inn eller ut moduler. Her er det mye å velge mellom og NI har en tabell der en kan velge enheter med de spesifikasjonene du trenger. Her er skolens compactRIO system: Chasiss og FPGA: NI-9101 Real time controller: NI cRIO-9002 HPR-009 Side 13 av 81 I/O modulene: NI-9411 Digita Input modul NI-9474 Digital output modul NI-9215 Analog input modul NI-9263 Analog output modul 2.2 Enkoder (inkrementell) En inkrementell enkoder består av en sirkulær skive med lysåpninger. Vi kan sammenligne det med en kam som er bøyd. Den slipper igjennom lys med mellomrom. Denne skiven ligger i en lesegaffel. Lesegaffelen består av en optisk sender på den ene siden og en mottaker på den andre siden. Når kodeskiven kommer i en posisjon der det oppstår en lysåpning vil det bli opprettet optisk kontakt og transistoren vil lede og utgang gå høy. Når kodeskiven flytter seg vil lysåpningen bli brutt og utgangen gå lav. Vi vil da få en puls for hver lysåpning. Her ser man ett godt eksempel på hvordan en enkoder kan være bygget opp. Denne har riktignok langt mindre oppløsning og er mye enklere enn de vi bruker, men prinsippet er det samme. Som man ser her er det fysiske hull i skiven. Ofte er disse byttet ut med svarte streker på en transparent skive. Bilde 1 , [1] Ved å telle antall pulser samtidig med at vi vet oppløsningen kan vi finne frem til hastighet. Problemet med den inkrementelle posisjonsmåleren er at vi ikke kan registrere hvilken vei den roterer. Det problemet kan vi løse ved å innføre en lesegaffel til, eller to integrert lesegafler satt sammen. Vi får da ut to sett med pulser fra enkoderne, ett fra kanal A og ett fra kanal B. Sensor A og B må plasseres med en halv spalteavstand for at det skal bli riktig. Vi bruker A og B på den måten at vi ser på hvem av kanalene som leder den andre. Det vil si at HPR-009 Side 14 av 81 vi ser hvilken tilstand B har når A har stigende flanke. Vi har to tilstander, medurs og moturs. Under ser man bittmønsteret for de to. Figur 2,[4] Figur 3,[4] En måte å få til det vi har beskrevet kan gjennomføres ved bruke av en krets som består av en D-vippe, XOR krets og en binær opp/ned teller. D-vippa vil sette det som står på D inngangen over til Q utgangen når CL inngangen har en stigende flanke. Vi ser at Q er koplet til U/D inngangen på telleren. Det som skjer da er at når Q er 1 eller 0 vil telleren telle enten oppover eller nedover. Figur 4,[4] Xor kretsen virker slik at den gir endring på ut signal når det er forandring på en av inngangene. Denne kretsen vil vi enkelt kunne simulere i labview og slipper dermed en fysisk krets. En posisjon vil bli representert av det binære tallet n, som er n*ΔL/2 fra en utgangsposisjon. Binærtallet på den digitale utgangen vil angi vinkel posisjon til skiva. HPR-009 Side 15 av 81 På en del enkodere har man også noe som kalles indeksering. Dette er en ekstra bittlinje som gir ut en puls pr. omdreining. Vi kan ved hjelp av denne registrerer antall omdreininger. Det finnes indeks funksjon på de enkoderne vi skal bruke, men pga av at vi kun har ca 60 graders vinkelutslag vil det ikke være nødvendig å bruke denne funksjonen. Enkodere blir brukt på jiggen vår for å oppnå pålitelige målesignaler som har stor grad av nøyaktighet. De blir brukt på både underliggende og overliggende arm. De er festet ved hjelp av braketter som vist på tegning. Det er sørget for at enkoderne står støtt og stabilt slik at eventuell slark ikke skal kunne forstyrre signalet. Enkoderen vi bruker i toppen er en Eltra EH 53A enkoder. Denne har 1024 impulser pr omdreining. Ved bruk av xor-krets og telling på både stigende og synkende flanke vil antall impulser komme opp til 4096 impulser pr omdreining. Vi kan dermed måle vinkel endringer på 0,087 grader. Maksimal rpm er oppgitt til å være 6000 rpm og power supply på 5V. Enkoderen som blir brukt i bunnen er en Hengsler RI58-O. Denne har 1000 pulser pr omdreining og supply spenningen er på 10 volt. Oppløsningen på denne enkoderen er 0,09 grader. Får å få ut riktig tall må vi bruke pull-up motstander når vi kobler til enkoderne. Grunnen til dette er at spenningene som kommer ut fra enkoderne er for lave. Ved da å bruke pull-up motstander vil vi greie og registrerer de. For full produktspesifikasjon og detaljtegninger henviser vi til vedlegg 5 og 6. HPR-009 Side 16 av 81 2.3 Potensiometer Potensiometer er en del av den resistive typen sensorer. Det vil altså si at det er en sensor som forandrer resistivitet med hensyn på hvilken posisjon den er i. Ofte er de laget slik at jo lenger man går, altså jo større x, jo større motsand vil man få. De potensiometrene vi bruker i dette prosjektet er vinkelmålere. Potensiometer som endrer resistans etter vinkel. Da vil vinkelen være sammenhengen mellom antall viklinger og posisjon til slepekontakten. Potensiometeret består av en slepekontakt og en rundt bane den glir på. Banen kan enten være trådviklet eller en massiv ring. Slepekontakten glir så over dette materialet og det blir ført spenning igjennom. Spenningen går inn, så gjennom hele ”banen” og så ut igjen til jord. Eo vil være midtuttaket der lesespenningen kommer ut, altså der slepekontakten er. Vi kan da lese hvor langt slepekontakten har kommet ved å se hvor høy spenning vi får ut i forhold til spenning sendt inn og total spenning. Vi bruker bourns og visha potensiometer i dette prosjektet. Bourns Dette potensiometeret har resistans fra 1KΩ til 100KΩ med toleranse på ± 10% , en effektiv elektrisk vinkel på 340° med toleranse på ± 3%. Det har en oppløsning på 1000 fordelt på 340 grader. Vi kan dermed måle en vinkelendring på 0,34°. Vishay Disse har motsandsspenn på 1K-100K ± 10%. Den effektive graden er på 340 grader ± 3 grader. Potensiometrene i vår applikasjon vil primært bli brukt som posisjonsmålere ved manuell kjøring ved bruk av servoforsterkerene. HPR-009 Side 17 av 81 2.4 Sylindere Servi: Den nederste sylinderen er en dobbeltvirkende sylinder levert av Servi. At den er dobbeltvirkende vil si at den både kan skyve og trekke. Den har bestillingsnummer: NH30SD-40/20 X 300-S-(TV) . Sylinderen har et stempel på Ø40mm, en stempelstang på Ø20mm og har en slaglengde på 300mm. Den tåler et maks trykk på 250 bar. For å regne ut hvor mye kraft sylinder kan gi har vi trykk ganger areal. Vi har følgende: P = 250 *10 5 = 25MPa A1 = π * 0,02 2 = 0,0012566 m 2 A2 = π * (0,02 2 − 0,012 ) = 0,00094247 m 2 F1 = P * A1 = 31415 N F2 = P * A2 = 23561,75 N Det vil si at denne sylinderen har en maks skyvekraft på 31415 N og en maks trekk-kraft på 23561,75 N. Faroil: Sylinder oppe er også en dobbeltvirkende sylinder. Denne sylinderen har samme diameter på stempel og stempelstang som Servi sylinderen og tåler også 250 bar. Det eneste som er forskjellig er slaglengden som her er 100mm. Det vil si at denne har samme skyv og dra kraft som Servi sylinder. 2.5 Slanger Slangene som er brukt er kjøpt hos Tess på stoa i Arendal og er av typen DIN 20022 2SN. Slangene har innvendig diameter på 3/8” og tåler et arbeidstrykk på 330 bar. De har et sprengningstrykk på 1320 bar og krever en bøynings radius på minimum 130mm. Slangene måtte byttes ut med litt lengre slanger. Dette fordi bøyingsradiusen på slagene som sto ikke tilfredsstilte overnevnte kravene. HPR-009 Side 18 av 81 2.6 Koplinger Koplingene som er brukt er fra GSHydro og er kjøpt av tess. Disse er av typen 12L(light duty) og tåler et nominelt trykk på 250 bar. Det er også brukt 12S (heavy duty) ved noen koplingspunkter der disse tåler et trykk på 630 bar som er helt unødvendig i vårt system. Det er også brukt en del 90 graders fittings som tåler trykk på 250 bar. 2.7 Rør Rørene er også fra GSHydro (Part Nr: 12X2AISI316L) og er i størrelsen 12X2.0mm. De er laget i rustfritt stål og kan kaldbøyes. Disse tåler arbeidstrykk på 426 bar og har et sprengningstrykk på 1590bar. HPR-009 Side 19 av 81 2.8 Servoventiler En servoventil er en ventil som kan ta imot et lite signal på inngangen, og omgjør dette signalet til ett større utgangssignal som en forsterker. Dette systemet har de fleste brukt i forbindelse med bil og styringen. (servostyring) Jiggen har to servoventiler av typen Moog D631 serien, disse er både magnet og manuell styrte. Servoventilene er noen av de mest primære komponentene på hele jiggen, der de omgjør elektroniske signaler fra styreenhet til hydrauliske signaler. Moog ventilene som vi bruker, er i hydraulik verden regnet for å være noe av det beste som er på markedet. Dette kommer av at ventilene er robuste, presise og veldig raske, de kan for eksempel forandre flowretning opptil 100 ganger i sekundet. Magnet aktuatoren blir brukt når ventilen skal styres av CompactRio. Virkemåten er at strøm signal driver magnet motoren, som skrur eller flytter en plate i retningen til en av to dyser. Den dysen platen går mot blir noe strupet og dette øker motstanden, samtidig som den motsatte siden får større avstand til dysen og får mindre motstand, som gir en trykkforskjell. Denne trykkforskjellen beveger sleiden i ønsket retning. Når denne sleiden blir flyttet så vil den åpne for den ene utgangen, lukke for den andre og åpningen er alt ettersom hvor mye olje en vil åpne for. Men når den åpner ut for en retning, så må den åpne tilsvarende i inn retningen så oljen tilført og returnert er lik. Den manuelle funksjonen på ventilen er en bryter som er koblet direkte inn på momentmotoren. Denne typen servo ventil kan brukes som en 3/2 ventil til for eksempel åpne systemer, men er primært konstruert som en 4/2 ventil til lukkede systemer som vi jobber med. Ventilene er beregnet for å arbeide mellom 15 til 210 bar trykk, men kan også arbeide med trykk oppimot 315 bar hvor åpningen er avtagende. Flowen avhenger av faktorer som elektriske kommando signaler og trykktap over ventilen, så væskemengden for et bestemt ventil trykk kan regnes ut på følgende måte. HPR-009 Side 20 av 81 Q=Qn√∆P/∆Pn Der Q=kalkulert væskestrømm i Liter pr min Qn= målt væskestrøm i liter pr min ∆P=aktuelt trykkfall over ventil i bar ∆Pn=målt trykkfall over ventilen i bar (moog general technical data) Figur 5,[5] HPR-009 Side 21 av 81 Figur 6,[5] HPR-009 Side 22 av 81 3 Beregninger og teori 3.1 Dynamikk Om vi ser på hver sylinder, har vi to 1.ordens system med tilbakekopling. H (s) = K T (s) + 1 er standard funksjonen for et første ordens system der K er forsterkning og T er tidskonstant. Vi kan se på systemet som et massedemper system der sylinder virker som en demper. Under er det vist et helt enkelt blokk diagram som illustrerer hvordan slike systemer blir seende ut. Figur 7, [2] I og med at ventilene er så raske vil de ha minimal innvirkning på systemet, derfor kan vi se bort ifra de her og beskrive de under et eget punkt. Vi har også sett bort ifra aktuatordynamikken. Under følger en utledning og forklaring av den situasjon vi har. I og med at vi har to forskjellige sylindere, og kan ha mange forksjellige sitasjoner er det utarbeidet et generelt likningssett. Her kan vi alt etter sette inn hva slags variabler vi har til en hver tid og finne ønsket verdi med tanke på den spesielle situasjonen. Skal vi for eksempel regne på ”topp sylinder” setter vi inn volumer for den osv. Under kan man se en illustrasjon på hvordan systemet ser ut, og hvilke verdier som betyr hva. HPR-009 Side 23 av 81 Figur 8, [6] Figur 9,[6] Over kan vi se en sylinder som styrer en masse eller last frem og tilbake. I vårt tilfelle vil da massen være arm, bom og last. Lasten vil forandre seg avhengig av hvilken posisjon vi er i. Det første vi gjør er å sette opp en massebalanse for kammer 1. Vi tar hensyn til at væsken er kompressibel. Massebalansen blir da: (1) d ρV dt 1 = ρ& V + ρ V& = ρ q − ρ q 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 l HPR-009 Side 24 av 81 Så bruker vi videre sammenhengen mellom tetthet og trykk i kompressible væsker. (2) ρ& = ρ p& β Vi setter så dette inn i vår første likning (1) og deler på (3) V ρ& + & = q − q V β ρ . Da får vi følgende: 1 1 1 1 l Her kan vi si at : (4) V 1 = V k1 + V 1 = AL + Ax + V 2 l1 Som gir: (5) V& 1 = Ax& Vi setter inn i likning (3) og får da: (6) Al 2 + Ax + V l1 β *ρ &+ 1 Ax& = q − q 1 l Dette er resultatet av massebalansen for kammer 1 med tilførselsledning. Vi kan kalle det volumbalansen. Helt likt vil vi få for kammer 2, altså: (7) Al 2 − Ax β + V l2 *ρ & − 2 Ax& = − q + q 2 l Nå har vi kommet frem til to massebalanser, en for hvert kammer med respektive tilførselsledninger. Vi vil imidlertid ha 1, dette fordi det er mer hensiktsmessig. Utledingen av HPR-009 Side 25 av 81 1-kammer modellen er basert på en beregning av den gjennomsnittlige ventilstrømmen q v gjennom servoventilene. (8) q v = + q 1 q 2 2 Vi setter så inn for q 1 og q 2 som kommer fra de to massebalanselikningene for kammer 1 og kammer 2, (6) og (8). Vi får da dette: (9) q v = Al 4β * ( p& − p& )+ Ax * ( p& + p& )+ V 1 β 2 1 p& − V * p& + Ax& + q 2β 2β 2 l1 * l2 1 2 l Dette kan vi forkorte og forenkle ved å innføre noen nye variabler. Når sylinderen blir styrt av en servoventil vil følgende gjelde: (10) p+p 1 2 = p s p& + p& = 0 = konst Æ 1 2 Lasttrykket er gitt ved: (11) p=p−p 1 l 2 Æ p& = p& − p& l 1 2 Vi antar at volumet i tilførselsledninger er det samme, hvilket gir et totalvolum: ( 12) V l1 = V l 2 = V lt der V lt er det totale volumet i tilførselsledingene. 2 Videre antar vi det er en liten klaring mellom stempel og sylinder slik at vi får en liten lekkasje mellom kamrene. Vi antar at det er en lineær sammenhengen mellom lekkasjen og trykkeforskjellen og får da uttrykket: q lekk = K lekk * ( p − p ) der K 1 2 lekk er lekkasjekoeffisienten. HPR-009 Side 26 av 81 Ved å sette inn vil vi få den endelige likning med hensyn på volumstrøm: (13) q v = V * p& + & + p Ax K 4β ;her er V t = q v l l For å finne sammenhengen mellom (14) l t F =m a eller da A L +V lt og lastens posisjon setter vi opp en kraftbalanse: A p = m &x& l Vi kan da til slutt sette opp et blokk diagram. q =q , K =K v 1 L lekk Figur 10, [7] Vi har nå utledet likningene vi trenger for å se på noen dynamiske egenskaper. Som sagt har vi sett bort ifra ventilkraeristikk og aktuatordynamikk. Vi vil nå sette inn noen verdier og sette opp likningen for en gitt situasjon. Situasjonen vi da ser for oss er nedre sylinder med full last, øvre feste for bom. Vi bruker likning (13): q v = V * p& + & + p Ax K 4β t l l 0,53m 0,5m π V = 2 l 2 t + (π 2 ) 3 * 0,2m * 0,4m = 0,06868m A = π * 0,2m = 0,12566m 2 p=F A 2 l l HPR-009 Side 27 av 81 p = l 1363N = 10846 N m2 0,12566m 2 Satt inn får vi da følgende likning: 3 0,06868m * + q= p& 0,12566m * x +10846 N 2 * K 4β m 2 v l der bulkmodul β l er oppgitt i databladet. Denne verdien varierer avhengig av oljetype man bruker. K l er ikke oppgitt for våre ventiler, så dette er noe man må finne ut ved testing. 3.1.1 Ventildynamikk I figur 11 kan vi se en prinsipiell skisse av servoventilen. Bokstavene representerer utganger og innganger. A og B er mot sylinder mens P og T er supply og tank. Figur 11,[8] Vi ser på ventilen som at det går en volumstrøm igjennom, altså den gjennomsnittlige strømmen q l som vi definerte over. Sammenhengen mellom volumstrøm og sleideposisjon er gitt likningen: HPR-009 Side 28 av 81 q = K q *x * p v x v v I figur 12 kan det sees et enkelt og illustrativt blokk diagram for ventilen. Figur 12,[7] Videre kan vi lese de dynamiske egenskapene direkte ut ifra databladet. I figur 13 kan man se hvordan ventilen vil oppføre seg under forskjellige situasjoner. Vi har da en ”high response valve”. Figur 13,[8] HPR-009 Side 29 av 81 3.2 Invers kinematikk Problemet med en toarmet jigg er at den ikke er lett å styre i rette linjer i x-y koordinater. Da begge armene roterer om hvert sitt senter, må det være samspill mellom armene for at det skal være mulig å bevege seg horisontalt eller vertikalt. For å beregne ønsket posisjon må vi se på samspillet mellom lengdene på armene og den polare vinkelen til armene. Figur 14 Her har vi to armer med lengde L1 og L2. Og de samsvarende vinklene er Φ1 og Φ2 Kinematikken til systemet her er som følgende: For å finne koordinatene til tippen på L2 går vi frem med cosinus og sinus verdiene til L1 og L2 ved gitte vinkler Φ1 og Φ2. Vi finner x og y verdiene ved følgende ligninger: X = L1 * cos Φ1 + L2 * cos Φ2 Y= L1 * sin Φ1 + L2 * sin Φ2 HPR-009 Side 30 av 81 Ved invers kinematikk gjør en motsatt ved at en ved gitte x og y verdier finner de tilhørende vinklene Φ1 og Φ2 for å nå det gitte punkt. Dette gjøres ved å bruke trigonometriske formler og regler. Følgende grunnformler er brukt: Pytagoras formel: a2 = b2 + c2 Cosinus formel: a 2 = b 2 + c 2 − 2b cos A sin 2 φ + cos 2 φ = 1 B = x2 + y2 φ = a tan 2( y, x ) ψ = a tan 2(L2 ∗ sin φ 2 , L1 + L2 ∗ cos φ 2 ) x 2 + y 2 − L12 − L22 cos φ 2 = 2 L1 L2 Figur 15 Sinφ 2 = ± 1 − cos 2 φ 2 φ1 = φ − ψ φ 2 = Arc cos L22 + L12 − B 2 2 L2 B I vår oppgave er det begrensning på bevegelighet, men ved alle verdier for x-y er det to løsninger på å nå samme punkt. Dette kan forklares med ligning Sinφ2 = ± 1 − cos 2 φ2 . Der ± foran rot-tegnet beskriver de to løsningene. De to løsningene er albue ut eller albue inn, dette er ikke noe å tenke på for vår del da vi kun kan bruke en løsning, albue ut. Ved hjelp av disse ligningene får vi ved innsetting av lengder på armene og ønsket x og y verdi ut to vinkler, Φ1 og Φ2. HPR-009 Side 31 av 81 Ved hjelp av dette geometriske likningssettet er det ingen sak for et program som Labview å finne kontinuerlige vinkelsett ved gitte x og y verdier. Invers kinematikk er helt nødvendig for å få systemer som dette med flere ledd til å nå forhåndsgitte posisjoner. Denne metoden blir brukt til avanserte robotarmer med mange flere frihetsgrader enn det vi har her. 3.3 Hastigheter Får å finne jiggens hastighet begynte vi med å ta noen målinger. Det gjorde vi ved å kjøre jiggen i maks fart i begge retninger for samtidig å lese av volumstrømmen på aggregatet. (med jiggens hastighet mener vi bommen sin hastighet bestemt av flow i sylinder). Det var ingen laster påsatt under disse målingene. Det vi så, ifølge aggregatets målinger, var at volumstrømmen var 21 l/min ved ”nedoverkjøring” og 15 l/min ved ”oppoverkjøring”. Dette ved full ventil åpning og med et trykk på 150 bar. Beregningene er også gjort når sylinder er festet i toppfeste på bom. Om man skal regne på nedre feste bruker man akkurat samme fremgangsmåte, men bytter om verdier der de trengs. Ved å regne dette om til kubikkmeter per sekund får vi: q ned = 0,00035m 3 s og q opp = 0,00025m 3 s Når vi har volumstrømmen og vet arealet av stempelet kan vi finne farten V. Arealet vi bruker ved ”nedoverkjøring” er stempelareal, mens ved ”oppoverkjøring” bruker vi stempelareal men tar bort det areal stempelstang utgjør. Vi får da: q = A *V Æ A = π * 0,02 m 2 1 A = π * 0,01 m 2 2 Hastighetene V ned og V opp blir da: HPR-009 Side 32 av 81 3 m 0,00035 V ned = s 0,0012566m 2 = 0,28 m s 3 m 0 , 00025 s V = − A A opp 1 2 = 0,265 m s Siden radius er den samme på begge sylindere vil vi få samme hastighet ut. Det vil da si at vi vil ha tilsvarende hastighet opp om alle ting som for eksempel ventil gjennomstrømning er den samme. HPR-009 Side 33 av 81 4 Det Mekaniske I dette kapittelet vil vi dokumentere, beskrive og legge frem alt av det mekaniske arbeid som er blitt utført på jiggen. 4.1 Igus® Lager Siden dette systemet har lav toleranse i forhold til slark, bestemte vi oss tidlig for å bruke en eller annen type lager for knekkbom. Det vi kom fem til som var det beste alternativ var en type lager fra IGUS®. De lager en type plastikkforinger som har veldig lange molekyler og dermed er veldig slitesterke. Disse lagrene trenger heller ikke smøring som gjør dem veldig vedlikeholdsvennlige. Den typen som passet best for oss er Iglidur® G. Disse er såkalt allround performer som typisk brukes i systemer med lav til middels hastighet, middels belastning og middels temperatur. Lagrene er vibrasjonsdempende og demper vibrasjoner 150 ganger mer enn stål. Lagrene tåler et maks statisk overflatetrykk på 80 Mpa og en overflate fart på 1 m/s. De tåler en konstant temperatur mellom -40 og 130 grader men kan ved korte perioder utsettes for høyere temperatur. Friksjonskoeffisient ved tørr kjøring er typisk 0,08. Lagrene presses inn i et hull med H7 toleranse og bruker bolt med toleranse h9. Figur 17,[3] Figur 16,[3] Vi fikk gjennom ASI Automatikk A/S i Drammen en prøve på 6 stk lager av typen GFM-2023-21 (vedlegg nr 10) som ble brukt til jiggen. HPR-009 Side 34 av 81 4.2 Festing av knekkbom For å få festet IGUS lagrene skikkelig valgte vi å sveise inn to boss i hovedbommen. Siden det er brukt firkant rør med 4mm vegg ville dette ikke vært nok hold for lagrene. For å finne en løsning på dette dreiet vi to boss på 30mm, boret tilsvarende hull i bom og sveiset inn bossene i bommen. Bossene ble så maskinert opp til 23mm H7 og lagrene ble presset inn. Det ble brukt 4 stk lager i hovedbommen, to i hvert boss. Vi måtte også få inn lager i knekkbom, men her er det sveist på 10mm plater på begge sider slik at det ble ansett som nok hold for lagrene. Hullet var 20mm fra før så disse ble bare maskinert opp til 23mm H7 etter Igus spesifikasjon. Det ble her brukt 2 stk lager, et på hver side. I figur 18 og 19 er det illustrert hvordan dette ble gjort og seende ut. Figur 19 Figur 18 HPR-009 Side 35 av 81 4.3 Enkoder og potensiometerfester Vi hadde en liten utfordring med tanke på festing av enkoder og potensiometer. Den gamle løsningen gav ikke nødvendig nøyaktighet eller stabilitet, så en ny løsning måtte til. Det som var vrient å få til, var å finne et fast punkt å måle mot som lå i senter av rotasjonsaksen. Vi måtte også ha låsing på bolten slik at de ikke kunne komme til å gli ut under kjøring. Det som først slo oss var å lage en tilsvarende løsning som vi har i bunnen, lage to akslinger som skrus inn i bolten, men usikkerhet ved låsing av bolt ble til at vi forkastet dette. Vi kom så opp med en ide om å lage en brakett med en aksling på, som er vist på figur 21. Ved å gjøre det slik løste vi to problem i et, både det å få fast punkt i rotasjonsaksen og låsing av bolt. For å få festet enkoder og potensiometer bøyde vi til to vinkler som vi sveiset på knekkbommen. Det ble så boret hull som lå helt i senter av rotasjonsaksen. Vi festet så enkoder og potensiometer på knekkbommen.. Det vil da fungere slik at når systemet roterer vil da også potensiometer og enkoder rotere mens akslingene står i ro. Vi måtte også lage disse to ”akslingene” som skulle bli festet på hovedbom. Dette systemet krever en god del nøyaktighet, det kreves at alt treffer i samme senter. For å få dette til skikkelig ble alle hull og deler maskinert med CNC maskin. Figur 21 Figur 20 HPR-009 Side 36 av 81 4.4 Koblingsboks Vi bestemte oss etter hvert som vi koblet opp ledninger, delefiltere og de andre elektriske komponentene til jiggen, for å sette sammen en boks hvor vi kunne montere alt i.. Boksen ble satt sammen av sponplater som er letter å bruke en stål og som også er isolerende. Så ble den malt hvit. Lokket ble kuttet ut i pleksiglass og hengslet til sponboksen. I lokket monterte vi også en nødstopp bryteren. Det er gummi under kretsene slik at elektrisk støy ikke skal påvirke kretsene. Bilde 22 HPR-009 Side 37 av 81 4.5 Monteringsbenk og tavle Etter å ha funnet ut at jiggen ristet voldsomt under kjøring fant vi ut at vi var nødt til å komme opp med en bedre løsning på hvordan den skulle festes. Etter konsultasjon med labb personellet fant vi frem til en stor ståletralle som stammet fra et gammelt hovedprosjekt. Det bestod av et hydraulisk aggregat montert på en stor stålramme med hjul. Denne var i grunn perfekt til vårt formål, dette på grunn av størrelsen og fordi den virker stabil. Det er også god plass slik at vi enkelt kan monterer koblinger for det elektriske og eventuelt andre ting av interesse. Den har også et rom under der man kan legge utstyr tilhørende jiggen. Vi rensket så rammen får deler og unødvendige ting. Deretter boltet vi den fast. Vi monterte tilslutt en tavle som vi kunne skrive på for å vise banekjøringen. Under følger et bilde av hvordan det hele ble seende ut. Bilde 23 HPR-009 Side 38 av 81 4.6 Nødstoppen På koblingsboksen har vi koblet opp en nødstopp for sikkerhetsmessige årsaker. Bryteren er plassert hvor den lett blir sett, oppe på koblingsboksen. Nødstoppbryteren kutter +12V og 12V som går til strømstyringen for ventilene. Siden nødstoppbryteren kun bryter en krets når den blir trykket inn, vil den bare stoppe en retning. For å løse dette problemet satt vi inn et dobbelt relee slik at den kutter både + og – samtidig. Releet er styrt av nødstoppbryteren. Dette i tur gjør att spolen inne i releet mister sitt magnetiske felt, og bryteren som spolen holdt i på posisjon går nå i av posisjon. Dette kutter da +12V og -12V og dermed stopper ventilene. Det eneste problemet med å koble nødstoppen på denne måten er at når strømmen blir kuttet, så fungerer ikke reguleringen til ventilene. Hovedbommen vil da sige. Dette er imidlertid ikke så farlig fordi den siger kun med vekten av sin egen arm. Et annet alternativ var å koble nødstoppbryteren via softwaren, men da er problemet at en er nødt til å ha et program for at bryteren skal fungere. Vi følte at dette var et dårlig alternativ med tanke på at man da er avhengig av programmet og om at noe da skulle skje, så kan man ikke stoppe jiggen. Nødstoppbryteren er meget viktig å ha, spesielt når en programmerer slik at man kan unngå farlige situasjoner. 4.7 Flushing av oljesystem Siden vi måtte demontere og bytte ut en del slanger og rør, var det fare for at en del partikler var kommet inn i oljesystemet. MOOG ventilene vi bruker tåler så å si ingen partikler i olja, dermed måtte vi rense/flushe systemet. For å få til dette måtte vi demontere ventilen og sette på spesielt maskinerte plater som guider oljen i et kretsløp rett til tank. Det vil si at vi fjernet selve ventilen, men lot den delen som utgangene sto på stå igjen. Oljen vil da passere igjennom uten hindring. De platene som vi brukte til dette måtte vi designe selv etter tegninger av ventilen som vi fant fra MOOG sin hjemmeside. Platene ble maskinert i CNC maskin her på skolen av Roy Werner Folgerø. Vi brukte o-ringer i sporene for å holde det tett. HPR-009 Side 39 av 81 Bilde 24 Etter vi hadde montert Flusheplatene måtte vi koble vekk sylindrene for at oljen kunne sirkulere. Vi monterte inn hann-hann kobling som vi kjøpte på TESS, i stedet for sylindrene. Ifølge spesifikasjonene til MOOG, skulle vi flushe systemet helt til all oljen hadde gått gjennom systemet fra mellom 50-100 ganger. Det er viktig at man flusher lenge for å være sikker på at alle partikler og alt støv er fjernet fra systemet. 4.8 Teststang I enden av jiggen har vi sveiset på et firkantrør som står 90 grader på resten av jiggen. Videre så lagt vi et firkantrør til i X retning, som står 90 grader på røret i Y retning. Ideen bak disse stengene er at vi da her to baner å kjøre jiggen etter for å sjekke nøyaktighet og måle avvik. De er også meget nyttige når det kommer til å demonstrere jiggen. Videre er det også mulig å feste en tavle på stanga slik at vi kan bruke jiggen til å tegne forskjellige objekter. Dette gir også en meget god ide om hvor nøyaktig regulatorene i jiggen er. HPR-009 Side 40 av 81 4.9 Endestoppbrytere For sikkerhetsmessige grunner har vi valgt å bruke endestoppbrytere i enden av hver retningsbane på jiggen. Dette er for å stoppe bevegelsen i fra å nå bunn av sylinder og for å unngå kollisjon. Vi har bruket 4 av disse bryterne, en for hver retning for de to armene. Endebryterene er relativt billige og vi ble enige om at vi ikke skulle bruke mye tid og resurser på å lage disse. Vi kunne brukt en bryter pr arm slik det var fra før, men vi kom frem til at dette ville blitt vanskelig å kalibrere og få nøyaktige referanseverdier. Ved den nedre armen har vi laget to spacer slik at bommen treffer bryterne i de forskjellige festepunktene. Disse kan fjernes lett, og er nødvendig fordi bommen har to festepunkter for nedre sylinder. Dette resulterer i en vinkelforskjell mellom bom og bord. Bryterne er seriekoblet. Dette er gjort fordi Crio ikke har nok digitale innganger. 4.10 Kalibrering/referansekjøring Endebryterene er i tillegg til en sikkerhetsanretning laget for at vi skal kunne få kalibrert jiggen. Om vi skal bruke endebryterene til referansepunkt, det vil si at når en starter opp jiggen med program, så vil programmet kjøre armene ut til endestoppbryterne som da vil bli aktivert. De er da ved et kjent punkt og en kjent vinkel. Tellerne til enkoderne vil da resets til denne kjente vinkelen. På denne måten vil vi ha et referansepunkt å kalibrere mot. HPR-009 Side 41 av 81 5 Det elektriske 5.1 Nr 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Din skinne oversikt Funksjon ut Jord Usuply Usuply Usuply Styresignal til ventil Styresignal til ventil Enkoder signal (oppe) Enkoder signal (oppe) Enkoder signal (nede) Enkoder signal (nede) Endestopp signal (Oppe) Endestopp signal (nede) Potensiometer signal (oppe) Potensiometer signal (nede) (Tom) Strømstyring ventil Farge ut Svart Rød Gul Blå Mørk lilla Brun Mørk Blå Blå Svart Svart 2X Gul 2X Oranje Brun Grønn 18 20 Strømstyring ventil Strømstyring ventil Rød Grønn 21 22 23 Strømstyring ventil Farge Inn Svart Rød Gul Blå Hvit m/ brun strek Rød Signal ut GRD +5V +12V -12V Brun Blå Hvit m/ blå stripe Grønn Hvit m/ grønn stripe Hvit m/ oransje stripe Oranje Digital (0 og +5V) Digital (0 og +5V) Digital (0 og +5V) Digital (0 og +5V) 0,5 mA 0,5 mA Analog Grønn 17 19 Funksjon inn Jord Usuply Usuply Usuply Signal fra CompactRio Signal fra CompactRio Signal fra CompactRio Signal fra CompactRio Signal fra CompactRio Signal fra CompactRio Signal fra CompactRio Signal fra CompactRio Analog Ventil A signal port A Ventil A signal port B Ventil A signal port C Ventil A signal port D Ventil B signal port A Ventil B signal port B Ventil B signal port C Ventil B signal port D Grønn +/-50mA Hvit Tegn: Svart 3x prikk Svart +/-50mA +/-50mA Rød +/-50mA Grønn +/-50mA Hvit Tegn: svart 3x prikk svart +/-50mA +/-50mA Rød +/-50mA Får fullt koblingsskjema se vedlegg 1 HPR-009 Side 42 av 81 5.2 5.2.1 Elektriske komponenter Servoventiler Når vi skulle kjøre servoventilene måtte vi ha en spenning til strøm omformer. Dette siden vi ut fra compact rio har ± 10V og at denne ikke kan levere ± 50mA som servoventilene krever. For å løse dette kan en i utgangspunktet bruke en enkel krets som ser følgende ut: Uinn fra compactRIO varierer fra ±10V. OP-amp regelen sier da at samme spenningen som ligger på pluss inngang også må ligge på minus inngang. For å få ± 50mA gjennom ventilen til jord må vi bestemme hva R må være. U = RI → U =R I 10V = 200Ω 0,05 A Figur 25 Problemet med denne kretsen er at OP-ampen bare kan gi 20mA strøm dermed kan ikke denne brukes direkte. Kretsen som brukes til å styre solenoidene er en mer avansert krets som bruker samme prinsipp, men ved hjelp av to transistorer og to op-amper får vi en krets som kan gi strømmen vi behøver. Den første op-ampen er for å kunne justere nullpunket, dette er viktig med tanke på at når den er null styrespenning skal det være null strøm gjennom kretsen. Den andre op-ampen er den som styrer transistorene, den styrer hvor mye disse skal åpne etter hvor stor styre spenning det går inn på pinne 5 (se tegning). For å justere inn kretsen brukte vi en 47Ω motstand som skulle simulere Ventilen (ventilen har 56Ω motstand). Vi brukte Labview til å justere styrespenningen som går inn på P5 (se tegning), og målte spenningen mellom P2 og P1. P 2 = (47Ω + 62,9Ω) * 0,05 A = 5,5V P 2 − P1 = 5,5V * 62,9Ω = 5,5V − 3,15V = 2,35V (62,9Ω + 47Ω) Nullpunktet ble også justert slik at vi ved ingen styrespenning fikk null ut. HPR-009 Side 43 av 81 Figur 26 5.2.2 Enkodere Eltra Da vi koblet til eltra enkoderen merket vi fort at denne ikke telte slik som den skulle. Det som viste seg å være feilen var at det logiske høy signalet var for svakt for å kunne registreres i compactRIO. Vi måtte da legge inn to Pull-up motstander på 10KΩ. Disse blir da koblet inn mellom 5V og enkoder utgangen. Disse fungerer slik at når kanal A (S1 på tegning) er lav vil denne være koblet til jord det vil også inngangen til compactRIO være. Når kanal A (S1 på tegning) er høy vil den være koblet til 5V gjennom motstanden og den vil være høy inn til kanal A går høy igjen. Figur 27 HPR-009 Side 44 av 81 Hengstler Det som var med enkoderen fra Hengstler var at denne trengte mellom 10-30V supply spenning og dette er for mye spenning for CompactRIO. Vi måtte pga dette bruke en enkel krets bestående av to 10KΩ motstander og to dioder. Figur 28 Enkoderen har supply spenning på 12V dermed vil det ut fra Kanal A og B være 0 eller 12V. Denne kretsen fungerer slik at når Kanal A er høy vil det stå 12V i sperreretning på dioden og ingen strøm vil gå gjennom den. Dermed er Kanal a koblet til 5V gjennom motstanden altså er denne høy. Når Kanal A er lav er denne koblet til jord dette tvinger Kanal a også til å være jord altså er også Kanal a Lav. Vi fikk etter hvert problemer med denne kretsen ved at lav signalet ikke gikk helt til null volt. Dette var pga at ut fra enkoder når denne var lav var 0,6V, i tillegg legger det seg ca 0,6V over dioden. Dermed var lav spenningen 1,2V og dette er helt i grenseland hva I/O kortet vil registrer som lav/høy. I spesifikasjonene er 0-0,8V karakterisert som lav mens 2-24V er karakterisert som høy. Dermed ligger denne spenningen midt i dødsonen. Det som skjedde var at telleren på programmet telte helt av seg selv til tider, antagelig pga støy som vippet spenningen mellom høy og lav. HPR-009 Side 45 av 81 For å fikse dette ble vi nødt til å lage en ny krets bestående av to transistorer(IRF3415) og to motstander på 10KΩ. Kretsen ble seende slik ut: Denne funker slik at når kanal A INN er lav vil kanal A UT være 5V og høy. Når Kanal A INN er høy vil denne åpne transistoren slik at Kanal A UT er koblet til jord altså lav Figur 29 5.2.3 Endestoppbrytere På utgangene fra endestoppbrytere måtte vi også ha 10KΩ motstander slik at ikke det ble kortsluttning i CompactRIO. Dermed vil det kun gå 0,5mA i kretsen. HPR-009 Side 46 av 81 6 Ytelser og spesifikasjoner 6.1 Arbeidsområde X= 327,93mm Y= 1299,92mm X= -1094,02mm Y= 779,32mm X= -40,64mm Y= 806,81mm X= 0mm Y= 0mm X= -767,12mm Y= 253,20mm Figur 30 Her er det kalkulert ut hvilke områder som er innenfor rekkevidde ved enden av knekkbom. Der det hvite representerer arbeidsområdet. HPR-009 Side 47 av 81 6.2 Regulering Når vi har et oppsett med tilbakemelding som vi har nå, vil reguleringen spille en stor rolle for hvordan systemet vil oppføre seg under kjøring. Ved å forandre settpunkt kan vi se hvordan systemet reagerer på ulike innputs. Det vi har brukt er sprang i form av nye settpunkt for posisjon. Verdiene vi da får fra enkoderne er da det vi kaller prosessvariablene. Disse verdiene sammenlignes da med satt verdi (settpunkt), og systemet vil prøve å kompensere for det avviket som oppstår. Det er hvordan denne kompenseringen skjer vi her mener med regulering. Denne kompenseringen kan vi tune ved hjelp av reguleringsteknikker. Om vi vil ha et veldig kjapt system, eller et veldig nøyaktig med lite oversving, kan man prøve seg frem til ved å stille på de forskjellige funksjonene i regulatoren. Det finnes egne teknikker på hvordan man kan finne disse verdiene ved regning, men disse er ikke brukt her. Vi kan stille inn alle reguleringsverdier på frontpanelet på ”host” som vist I figur 31. Figur 31 I vårt system er det brukt en ren P(proporsjonal) regulator sammen med en PID (proporsjonal, integral, derivasjon). Den rene P reguleringen skjer i programmet, og er ikke vist på frontpanelet. Grunnen til at vi har en ren P regulator i tillegg til PID`n er at det ikke er plass til mer enn et 16-bits tall i arrayene i labview. I og med at vi kan bruke et tall som er høyere enn dette, må vi da forsterke signalet med en P etter PID`en. Vi får da i praksis et forsterket signal inn i forsterkeren. P(proporsjonal) ganger rett og slett avviket med den innsatte verdi for P. Reguleringen er nå satt opp med høy P verdi, liten I samt liten D. Grunnen til dette oppsettet er for det første at systemet er såpass nøyaktig at vi ikke trenger å bruke i-regulering for å HPR-009 Side 48 av 81 fjerne feilmargin. Det var også problem å finne en I verdi som gav et stabilt system. D leddet er heller ikke i bruk sånn det er satt op nå, og det er fordi det rett og slett ikke gav så mye utslag. Så derfor endte vi opp med en helt ordinær P regulering som da er forsterket to ganger. Jiggen oppfører seg forskjellig med forskjellig trykk og er dermed litt vanskelig å stille inn og krever litt tuning ved forskjellig kjøring. Under kan man se responsen til systemet ved sprang på 100, ved 150 bars trykk. Vi fant at følgende verdier fungerte best på begge sylindere P = 32768 I=0 D=0 Nedre sylinder Sprangrespons 1150 1100 Posisjon 1050 1000 Serie1 Serie2 950 900 850 800 1 15 29 43 57 71 85 99 113 127 141 155 169 Tid, 0,1s Figur 32 HPR-009 Side 49 av 81 Øvre Sylinder Sprangrespons 1400 1200 Posisjon 1000 800 Serie1 Serie2 600 400 200 0 1 10 19 28 37 46 55 64 73 82 91 100 109 Tid: 0,1s Figur 33 HPR-009 Side 50 av 81 Banefølging nedre vinkel Ved steppsize 2 Øvre vinkelfølging 1100 1050 1000 Verdi 950 Settpunkt Verdi 900 Encoder Verdi 850 800 750 700 1 20 39 58 77 96 115 134 153 172 191 210 229 248 267 286 305 (t) Figur 34 Nedre vinkelfølging 1400 1350 Encoder verdi 1300 1250 Settpunkt Verdi Målt verdi 1200 1150 1100 1050 1000 1 20 39 58 77 96 115 134 153 172 191 210 229 248 267 286 305 (t) Figur 35 HPR-009 Side 51 av 81 Banefølging steppsize 1 Vinkel følging oppe 1100 1050 1000 Verdi 950 Settpunkt Verdi Encoder Verdi 900 850 800 750 700 1 42 83 124 165 206 247 288 329 370 411 452 493 534 575 616 (t) Figur 36 Vinkel følging nede 1400 1350 1300 Verdi 1250 Settpunkt verdi Encoder Verdi 1200 1150 1100 1050 1000 1 41 81 121 161 201 241 281 321 361 401 441 481 521 561 601 (t) Figur 37 HPR-009 Side 52 av 81 6.3 Posisjonsmålinger Vi har foretatt en posisjonsmåling av jiggen som skal gi oss en ide om nøyaktigheten. Nøyaktigheten er avhengig av regulatorene i programvaren, settpunkt, unøyaktigheter ved måling og tilfeldige feil i systemet. Om man ser på verdiene i tabellene vi har fått fram av målingen, så ser man at vi har både systematisk og tilfeldige feil. De systematiske feilene har vi mulighet til å regulere vekk, mens de tilfeldige er mulig å regulere så de blir mindre, men vi kan ikke få eliminert dem helt. Måten vi gjennomførte posisjonstesten på var at vi sammenlignet settpunktverdi på frontpanelet med et kjent punkt vi hadde regnet oss frem til. Når vi regnet punktet vi skulle sammenligne med tok vi utgangspunkt i ”senter” av jigg og brukt de to teststengene. De systematiske feilene vi har kan ha opphav i enten feil kalibrering eller feil nullpunkt. Dette kan også komme av at målesystemet ikke er riktig kalibrert. Siden vi ikke hadde laser eller høyoppløselig målesystem tilgjengelig skal det lite til for å få feil. Hvis vi ser på de vertikale målingene ser vi at vi har systematiske feil. Typisk for denne målingen er at målt verdi trekker litt den ene veien, vist i figur 39. Man kan se at jo lenger ned man kommer, jo større blir avviket. Vi ser også at avvikene er i samme retning hele tiden. Da vet vi at det er noe i systemet som ikke er helt korrekt. Denne feilen kan komme av at avstanden fra senter av hovedarmen til den vertikale stangen, som vi har sveiset på i enden av jiggen, ikke er helt korrekt. Den kan også komme av at stangen ikke er 90 grader med jiggen. Men siden der er en systematisk feil har vi mulighet til å kalibrere den vekk., så dette ser vi ikke på som noe stort problem. Om vi ser på den horisontale målingen har vi også systematiske feil. Vi ser at målt verdi og satt verdi er forskjøvet med ca 6 millimeter. Dette kan som nevnt over også skyldes feil på måleutstyr eller kalibrering. Videre kan det skyldes at vi ikke har et fast punkt å måle ut fra. Vi kan enkelt fjerne målefeilen ved å forskyve nullpunktet i programmet. I tillegg til systematiske feil er det også tilfeldige feil. De tilfeldige feilene følger ikke noe mønster. De gir en spredning av måleresultatene og yter seg statisk, disse feilene har vi både i X og Y retning. HPR-009 Side 53 av 81 En av grunnene til at vi har disse feilene er pga oppløsning til enkoder. Med det menes det at vi kan ha en rotasjon på 0,078 grader uten at enkoder registrer dette. Dermed har vi teoretisk feil på opp mot 1,49 millimeter i y retning og 1,058 millimeter i x-retning. Dette er illustrert i figur 38. Dette er det ikke noe vi kan gjøre med uten å gjøre store endringer. En annen grunn kan være at målingen ikke har vært nøyaktig nok. Utfallet av målingene kunne kanskje sett annerledes ut ved bruk av mer nøyaktig måleutstyr, men det gir en pekepinn på hvor presist systemet er. Vi er godt fornøyd med tanke på at det meste på jiggen er håndlaget og at presisjonsinstrumenter ikke er brukt. . Figur 38 Oppløsningen på enkoderen er 360˚/4096=0,078. Formelen for å finne feilen i denne posisjonen er: L=√(X²+Y²) Den totale målefeilen vi finner er: Y=1,49mm HPR-009 Side 54 av 81 X=1.058mm Denne målefeilen er når begge armene er strekt ut maksimalt, så dette er hvor vi finner høyest målefeil. I diagrammene under så ser vi hvordan de forskjellige måleverdiene er i forhold til settpunktet. For vertikal måling, x verdi: 365 405 445 485 525 565 605 645 685 725 765 805 845 885 -831,5 905 -831 -832 -832,5 -833 målepunkt -833,5 settpunkt -834 -834,5 -835 -835,5 -836 Figur 39 Middelverdien til X er X1+X2+X3..............+Xn/n som gir verdien Xmiddel = - 833,72 Så har vi videre regnet ut d1 = X1-Xmiddel, d2=X2-Xmiddel, dn=Xn-Xmiddel regner vi ut dette så kan vi finne variansen, formelen for varians er: d1²+d2²+..........dn²/n-1 variansen blir da 0,814 formelen for standardaviket er S = √((Xn-Xmiddel)²/n-1) Standardaviket = 0,902 HPR-009 Side 55 av 81 For horisontal måling, y verdi: 732 730 728 måleverdi 726 settpunkt 724 722 -5 20 -5 60 -6 40 -6 00 -6 80 -7 60 -7 20 -8 00 -8 80 -8 40 -9 20 -1 04 2 -1 00 0 -9 60 720 Figur 40 Middelverdien til Y er Y1+Y2+Y3..............+Yn/n som gir verdien Ymiddel= 725,4 Så har vi videre regnet ut d1= Y1-Ymiddel, d2=Y2-Ymiddel, dn=Yn-Ymiddel regner vi ut dette så kan vi finne variansen, formelen for varians er: d1²+d2²+..........dn²/n-1 variansen blir da 0,26 formelen for standardaviket er S= √((Xn-Xmiddel)²/n-1) Standardaviket=0,51 HPR-009 Side 56 av 81 7 Programmering av CompactRIO 7.1 Sette opp et Real-time Project For å kunne programmere CompactRIO må man lage et Real-Time prosjekt. Dette velges i velkomst vinduet i Labview. Forutsatt at man har installert real-time modulen til labview. Figur 41 I neste vindu skriver inn navn på prosjektet og hvor du vil lagre det. Trykk Next Det vil nå komme opp et vindu der du bestemmer hvilken arkitektur vi skal ha på prosjektet. Her velger vi ”Two loops”. Vi huker av for ”Include user interface” og velger ”Host VI”. Trykk Next Figur 42 HPR-009 Side 57 av 81 I dette vinduet er der vi skal finne/få kontakt med en eksisterende Real-Time enhet. Trykk Browse Velg ”Existing target or device” og “Real-Time CompactRIO”. Dersom den ikke finner noen enhet, velg ”Existing device on remote subnet” og skriv inn IPadressen til enheten. Trykk OK. Figur 43 Trykk ”Next” og så ”Finish” Vi må nå sette opp Fpga Modulen. Høyre klikk på CompactRIO (eller hvilket navn den har fått) og velg New og Targets and Devices. Velg her FPGA target og velg enheten som kommer opp. Trykk OK. HPR-009 Side 58 av 81 Figur 44 Vi må nå initialisere I/O modulene som sitter i RIO chassiset. Høyre klikk på FPGA target og velg ”New” og ”C series modules”. Merk alle modulene og trykk OK. Figur 45 For å velge hvilke inn og utganger vi skal bruke høyreklikker vi på ”FPGA Target og velger New” og ”FPGA I/O”. Så kan vi legge til de inn og utganger vi skal bruke. Dette kan lett endres på senere så det er ikke nødvendig å få med alt med en gang. HPR-009 Side 59 av 81 Figur 46 Nå har vi satt opp CompactRIO systemet og det kan begynnes å lage programmer. HPR-009 Side 60 av 81 7.2 Bruk av Shared variable Når vi skal programmere på 3 nivåer er det viktig at vi kan kommuniserer mellom nivåene, dette gjøres med noe som heter shared varible. Disse variablene gjør at forskjellige VI’er eller forskjellige nivåer i samme VI kan skrive eller lese til en variabel når som helst. Og dermed går kommunikasjonen mellom RT og host smertefritt. Denne kommunikasjonen er ikke like rask som løkkene i VI’en, dermed er det ikke all type kommunikasjon som egner seg da det vil bli litt forsinkelse i signalene. Vi må ha to variabler til hver funksjon. Grunnen til dette er at vi trenger en variabel som kommuniserer mellom host og RT, deretter har vi en variabel som kommuniserer mellom de to løkkene på RT. Dette for å sikre determinisme i RT. Figur 47 HPR-009 Side 61 av 81 7.2.1 Lage nye variabler For å sette opp en shared variable går vi inn i ”project” og høyre klikker på ”variables – new – variable”. Deretter kommer vi inn i et vindu der vi kan velge hvilken variabel vi skal ha. Skriv inn navnet på variabelen og data typen variabelen skal brukes til, dette er viktig da denne variabelen kun kan brukes til valgt datatype. Her velger vi network-published for nettverks variabelen og single process for RT variabelen. Ved oppsett av RT variabelen går vi også inn på ”Real-Time FIFO” og aktiverer denne. NB! Ved aktivering av FIFO er det viktig å vite antall elementer som blir brukt i bestemt array. Skal man legge til flere elementer i array må antallet endres i variabel innstillingene. Figur 48 HPR-009 Side 62 av 81 7.2.2 Variabler brukt i vårt prosjekt: Stop – RT Stop – network Enkel boolean som stopper alle løkkene ved trykk på stopp knapp(Host, RT og FPGA) Settpnkt – RT Settpnkt – network Et array av ”double” med 5 elementer. Element nr: 0 – Kalibreringsverdi mot endebryter nede. 1 – Kalibreringsverdi mot endebryter oppe. 2 – Fart joystick styring. 3 – Settpunkt nede eller X verdi. (Avhengig av funksjon 1 eller 2) 4 – Settpunkt oppe eller Y verdi. (Avhengig av funksjon 1 eller 2) PID – RT PID – network Et array av ”Int16” med 6 elementer. Element nr: 0 – Kp verdi regulator for sylinder oppe. 1 – Pi verdi regulator for sylinder oppe. 2 – Pd verdi regulator for sylinder oppe. 3 – Kp verdi regulator for sylinder nede. 4 – Pi verdi regulator for sylinder nede. 5 – Pd verdi regulator for sylinder nede. Encoder verdi – RT Encoder verdi – network Et array av ”Int16” med 4 elementer. Element nr: 0 – Encoder verdi oppe. 1 – Encoder verdi nede. 2 – Settpunkt oppe. HPR-009 Side 63 av 81 3 – Settpunkt nede. Boolean array – RT Boolean array - network En “Int8”. (Bruker her funksjon ”array to number” for å overføre boolean array) Element nr: 0 – Kalibrere. 1 – Overstyring endestopp. 2 – Start banekjøring (Ved funksjon 3 – Banestyring) 3 – Pause banekjøring (Ved funksjon 3 – Banestyring) 4 – Reset banekjøring (Ved funksjon 3 – Banestyring) Banearray X – RT Banearray X – network Et array av “Double” som lagrer alle x verdiene i generert bane. Banearray Y – RT Banearray Y – network Et array av “Double” som lagrer alle y verdiene i generert bane. Funksjon – RT Funksjon – network En ”Int8”. Denne variabelen brukes til å velge vilken type styring vi vil bruke. Den styrer egentlig en case løkke på RT der verdien 1-4 velger hvilken case som skal kjøres. Med default menes at ved verdier utenfor 1-4, vil default alltid velges. Verdi 1(default) – Settpunkt manuell kjøring etter encoder teller. Verdi 2 – X og Y settpunkt manuell kjøring. Verdi 3 – Banekjøring. Verdi 4 – Joystick kjøring. HPR-009 Side 64 av 81 7.3 FPGA program - encoder.vi (vedlagt program) For å lage et FPGA program høyre klikker vi på FPGA target og velger ”New VI”. Nå kommer FPGA vi’en opp og denne kan programmeres som vanlig. Det eneste som er forskjellig fra vanlig labview er mangelen på funksjoner. Vi kan heller ikke bruke annet en max int16 som variabler. Dvs vi har kun heltall å jobbe med. Vi skal her styre en sylinder ved bruk av enkoder og vi trenger da to digitale innganger til enkoder og en analog utgang til å styre ventilen med. Disse settes opp i FPGA I/O som beskrevet ovenfor. For å velge hvilke inn og utganger som skal brukes på blokk diagram kan vi velge paletten ”I/O node”, denne ligger under ”FPGA I/O”. Det første vi trenger er en tellekrets for enkoderen. Denne blir satt opp som en XOR krets (se enkoder 2.2) med teller både på stigende og synkende flanke. Vi har også en retningsbestemmer som teller opp eller ned i henhold til retning enkoder roteres. Her er eksempel på en tellekrets programmert i labview. Her har vi to innganger fra en enkoder med kanal A og B. Figur 49 Nå må vi implementere PID regulatoren, og dette gjøres som følger. Vi har teller som prosess variabel, et settpunkt og utgang som går til en FPGA utgang AO0. Denne styrer da strømmen til ventilen, hvor mye den skal åpne. Vi har også lagt til en friksjons blokk, denne fungerer HPR-009 Side 65 av 81 slik at den eliminerer friksjon i systemet. Vi har friksjon/dødgang i begge ventilene som må elimineres ved hjelp av disse. Ventilene trenger henholdsvis 0,352V(Ventil B) og 0,198V(Ventil A) signal før de begynner å gå, dette tilsvarer tallverdien 1150 og 650 i FPGA. Dette er pga at det ikke finnes komma i FPGA programmeringa. Verdiene finnes ved at 32678 tilsvarer 10V og -32678 tilsvarer -10V. Disse verdiene settes inn som offset i friksjonsblokka. Det var også et problem at vi ikke fikk nok forsterkning på signalet i PID regulatoren, løsningen på dette var å bruke forsterkning på friksjonsblokka i tillegg. Man må ha to av disse kretsene, en til hver enkoder/ventil. Figur 50 Vi har også lagt inn endestopp i programmet. Denne fungerer slik at når det kommer inn et digitalt signal fra endestopp så settes utgangen til 0. Her er det også lagt inn en ”overstyring endestopp” (boolean array, element 1) som bypasser endestopp men setter begrenser utgang til ± 2500. Her er det viktig å endre ”settpunkt” (settpunkt array, element 3 og 4) til en gyldig verdi slik at jiggen kjøres ut fra endestopper og ikke fortsetter i samme retning. Vi har også implementert en kalibrerings funksjon, denne fungerer slik at når vi setter boolean ”kalibrere” (Boolean array, element 0) til høy så går jiggen med konstant fart mot endebryter, når endebryter går høy vil utgang settes lik 0 og teller vil settes til kjent verdi (settpnkt, element 0 og 1) ved endebryter. HPR-009 Side 66 av 81 Endestopp bryter styrer denne funksjonen som setter utgang til null dersom den er aktivert Denne Funksjonen blir styrt av ”overstyring endestopp” og funker slik at den bypasser endestopp og begrenser utgang til ±2500 Her har vi kalibrerings funksjonen. Hvis ”kalibrering” knapp er inne og endebryter er inne får vi 0 ut. ”Kalibrering” knapp styrer også funksjon som kobler ut PID regulator. Figur 51 En siste funksjon som er lagt til i FPGA programmet er to analoge innganger som måler inn signal fra en joystick. HPR-009 Side 67 av 81 7.4 Real-Time – Program Når man har startet et nytt prosjekt får man opp en mal om hvordan Real time programmet skal settes opp. Denne heter target – multi rate – variables. Denne viser i grove trekk hvordan systemet funker. Vi har her to ”Timed loops” med forskjellig prioritet. Den løkka med høyest prioritet vil alltid bli utført først og tildelt mest prosessorkraft. Her brukes den løkka med høyest prioritet til datainnsamling og kode. Vi bruker ikke den deterministiske løkka til å kommunisere med host gjennom nettverks variabelene. RT variabelen brukes til å kommunisere mellom de to løkkene. Grunnen til at de settes opp slik er at vi skal beholde determinisme i den deterministiske loopen. Dette fordi ethernet som brukes til å kommunisere mellom host og real-time ikke er deterministisk, man har ingen måte å forutse bestemt når informasjon sendes og mottas. Figur 52 For å kunne kommunisere med FPGA program må vi sette opp programet som følger. I ”FPGA interface” paletten velger vi først ”open FPGA vi reference” og setter denne på utsiden av løkka. Høyreklikker og velger FPGA vi som skal åpnes. Deretter velger vi ”read/write control” som plasseres inne i løkka. Her blir alle variabler definert som control eller indicator i FPGA vi, mulig å lese fra eller skrive til. På andre side av løkka har vi ”close FPGA vi reference”. HPR-009 Side 68 av 81 Figur 53 7.5 Program maler Vi har laget maler for forskjellige kjøremodus. FPGA programmet er det samme for alle malene. Alle variablene er også de samme. Det er kun Host og RT programmene som er forskjellige. 7.5.1 Program mal for posisjonering med 1 DOF 7.5.1.1 Program mal – Posisjon – RT – 1DOF.vi (vedlagt Program) For å kunne kjøre med en sylinder med settpunkt posisjonering trenger vi et enkelt RT program. Det eneste dette skal gjøre er å overføre variabler fra host til FPGA. Programmet blir seende slik ut, der vi sender ned settpunkt fra host via variabler. Begge settpunktene er samlet i et array og man kan ta ut ønsket element i array med funksjonen ”index array”. For tilbakemelding om settpunkt og enkoder verdi har vi samlet dette i et array og inn i en variabel. Dette leses ut igjen på host for å dokumentere følging. HPR-009 Side 69 av 81 Figur 54 7.5.1.2 Program mal – Posisjon – Host – 1DOF.vi (vedlagt Program) Host program brukes til variabel endringer og visuell inspeksjon av følging. Vi har også lagt til en case funksjon der vi skriver til variablene dersom det er gjort en endring. Dette for å begrense skriving til variablene til et minimum, da ethernet forbindelsen kan overbelastes ved for mye utveksling av informasjon. Dette kan da føre til tidsforsinkelser i forbindelsen. HPR-009 Side 70 av 81 Figur 55 7.5.2 Program mal for posisjonering med 2 DOF 7.5.2.1 Program mal – posisjon – RT – 2DOF.vi (vedlagt program) Ved posisjonering med 2 DOF er det eneste som er forskjellig fra 1DOF invers kinematikk (se sub vi invers kinematikk). Denne vi’en blir lagt til i RT før inngang til FPGA som vist nedenfor. Vi har også en ”round to nearest” funksjon fordi vi får ut vinklene som enkoder tikk per runde. Dermed er det ikke mulig med noe annet en hele tikk. Figur 56 7.5.2.2 Program mal – posisjon – Host – 2DOF.vi (vedlagt program) Det eneste som her er forskjellig fra 1DOF er at settpunktene er skiftet ut med X og Y verdier. HPR-009 Side 71 av 81 7.5.3 Program mal for banestyring med 2 DOF 7.5.3.1 Program mal – banestyring – Host – 2DOF.vi (vedlagt program) For å generere en bane har vi brukt programmet Corel draw. Her kan man lagre det som tegnes som HPGL fil. Dette er en type plotter format som deler opp tegningen i små linjestykker med tilsvarende x og y verdier i start og stopp punkt. Man får dermed ut en fil bestående av x og y verdier i tilegg til noen andre enkle komandoer. Det som er nytt på dette programmet er innlesing av hpgl fil(se sub vi ”hpg to xy cord 2.vi”) og interpolering av punkter(se sub vi ”interpolering”). Etter vi har laget de to arrayene med X og Y verdier blir disse skrevet inn i en shared variable. Dette skjer når man aktiverer boolean ”les ned data”. Man må velge hpgl fil på frontpanelet før man trykker på last ned data. Man har også tre nye boolean knapper(boolean array, element 2,3 og 4), som skriver til den delte variabelen. Ellers er det samme oppsett som i de to foregående malene. 7.5.3.2 Program mal – banestyring – RT – 2DOF.vi (vedlagt program) Etter at host har skrevet til de to variablene vil disse da inneholde da x og y verdier for en bane. Disse går inn i en case, som boolean ”Start banekjøring” (shared variable: boolean array, element 2) styrer. Dersom denne settes til true vil følgende krets generere true annenhver gang loopen går. Når denne kretsen er høy vil indexen på ”index array” funksjonen øke med en og peke på neste element i array. Denne vil telle oppover helt til man er kommet til siste element, da vil den settes til null og skrive samme bane om igjen (se flytdiagram). Vi har også pause og reset funksjonen til denne telleren(shared variable: boolean array, element 3 og 4). HPR-009 Side 72 av 81 Figur 57 Figur 58 HPR-009 Side 73 av 81 7.5.3.3 Flytdiagram RT: Bane array X og Y n=0 Xn Yn Lengde Xm Ym n = n+1 n=0 n=m nei Element n ja X og Y verdier Invers kinematikk Settpunkt Figur 59 HPR-009 Side 74 av 81 7.6 Sub vi’er 7.6.1 Invers kinematikk.vi Dette er en sub-vi med en formula node. Den implementerer formlene fra invers kinematikk for jiggen men den gjør også om vinklene fra radianer til antall tikk i encoderen. Måten dette gjøres på er at vinkelen deles med 2π der oppløsning på encoder nede er 4000 og Oppløsning oppe er 4096. 7.6.2 hpg to xy cord 2.vi Denne VI leser inn en hpgl fil, der den tar streng for streng og sorterer ut X og Y verdiene. Den legger så inn hver X verdi i et array og hver Y verdi et annet array. Dermed får vi ut to array med X og Y verdiene til en forhånds tegnet bane som er lagret i HPGL. Den gjør også om lengdene til millimeter da x og y verdiene i en hpgl fil er 1024/tommer(25,4mm). Dette gjøres ved å gange verdiene med 25,4mm = 0,025 . 1024 7.6.3 Interpolering.vi Denne VI leser inn to array med henholdsvis X og Y verdier. Det er også en inngang som heter lengde på stepp. Det første som skjer er at vi tar array X der element N+1 trekkes fra element N. Dette for å finne lengden på linjestykkene i X retning. Samme prosessen gjøres med Y arrayet. Vi har nå to nye array som viser lengden på hver katet i en rettvinklet trekant. For å finne lengden på hypotenus gjøres følgende X 2 + Y 2 , vi har nå lengden på hvert linjestykke. Denne lengden deles så med lengde på stepp. Vi får så hvor mange interpolasjoner vi må ha. Dette antallet blir da hvor mange ganger FOR loopen skal gå. Antall ganger loopen har gått blir så delt på antall ganger den skal gå. Dette blir valg for hvor mellom to punkter vi skal få et nytt punkt, vi får alltid et tall mellom 0 og 1 der 0,5 er et punkt midt mellom de to tallene. Slik velger vi hvordan avstanden skal være HPR-009 Side 75 av 81 Eks: Vi har to tall 0 og 100. Indeksen vil da vise hvor mellom disse tallene nytt punkt skal ligge. 0 tilsvarer 0 0,1 tilsvarer 10 0,5 tilsvarer 50 1 tilsvarer 100 Vi får nå ut to nye array der maks avstand mellom settpunkt er lengde på stepp. Figur 60 HPR-009 Side 76 av 81 7.7 Programmer brukt av gruppa - Hoved program – Host – Multi.vi (vedlagt program) Det programmet vi har brukt er et program som syr sammen alle funksjonene til et program ved hjelp av en case funksjon på RT. Vi har samme host program som banestyring men har i tillegg noen ekstra funksjoner. Det første er en variabel som heter funksjon (shared variable: funksjon). Denne styrer med tallverdiene 1-4 hvilken case vi vil kjøre, der: 1 = Settpunkt kjøring (case 1) 2 = X og Y koordinat settpunkt(case 2) 3 = Banestyring (case 3) 4 = Joystick styring (case 4) Vi har også implementert en logging funksjon som logger settpunkt og encoder teller verdi for å dokumentere følgingen til systemet. ”Joystick fart” (shared variable: setpnkt, element 2) settes også på host. Resten av systemet på host er forklart under program maler. Figur 61 HPR-009 Side 77 av 81 - Hoved program – RT – Multi.vi (vedlagt program) Her er det også samme funksjonene som forklart i de forskjellige malene, men disse er blitt laget i en case struktur som gjør at vi enkelt kan bytte mellom de forskjellige styringene. Vi har også en joystick funksjon implementert, denne leser inn spenningen på AI0 og AI1 fra FPGA og Den joysticken vi bruker er satt opp av 2 potensiometer, en for hver akse. Dermed gir den ut forskjellig spenning alt etter posisjon. Joystick programmet fungerer slik at vi leser inn spenningen fra joystick, denne varierer fra 0 til 5 volt, eller 0 til 16384 i FPGA. Dersom spenningen er over 12000 vil x eller y settpunkt telle oppover med ”fart joystick” (Shared variable: settpnkt, element 2). Dersom den er under 3000 vil det telle nedover. Settpunktet øker eller minsker med ”fart joystick” hver gang ”løkka” går. Dermed fungerer joysticken som en av på bryter og ikke proporsjonalt slik den kan gjøre. Her har vi case strukturen der joystick programmet er vist HPR-009 Side 78 av 81 8 Oppsumering 8.1 Status Alle nødvendige beregninger og utregninger er gjort og dokumentert. Det samme gjelder for alle deler som er maskinert og kretser som er laget. Videre er alle program maler laget og er fullstendige. Jiggen er ferdigstilt og komplett slik den står pr idag. Den er fullstendig og klar for bruk. Den er testet med gode resultater med alle programmaler. Videre oppfyller den alle krav satt ved prosjektstart. Den er også nøyaktig og rask både ved joytsickkjøring, setpunktkjøring og ved banekjøring. Det er også laget en enkel prosedyremappe slik at studenter kan gjøre seg kjent med jiggen, kretsene og systemet før kjøring. Jiggen er ikke lakkert, og dette er det siste som skulle bli gjort. Grunnen til det er at tiden ikke strakk til da vi måtte prioritere testkjøring isteden. 8.2 Konklusjon I forhold til oppgaven er føler vi den er besvart på en grundig og fyldig måte. Vi har fått maskinert alle nødvendige deler og laget alle kretser. Videre har vi laget alle program malene og programmer tilknyttet hovedprosjektet. Prosjektets omfang har vært relativt stort, og det har blitt lagt ned mye tid og innsats. Særlig mye av maskineringen og det designmessige i startfasen av prosjektet har tatt mye tid. Alt i alt er vi veldig fornøyd med resultatet og føler oppgaven er besvart. 8.3 Erfaringer Vi har gjort mange erfaringer gjennom dette prosjektet og lært mye om hvordan det er å jobbe sammen i en gruppe. Vi har blant annet satt oss inn i både maskinering av deler, hydraulikk og styresystem. Det har vært en bred oppgave som har inneholdt innslag fra veldig mange av de forskjellige fag disiplinene vi har hatt opp i gjennom. Til slutt vil vi si vi syns dette har vært en lærerik og spennende avsluting på utdannelsen vi har fått her på Hia. HPR-009 Side 79 av 81 9 Litteraturliste - Morten Ottestad – MAS200 kompendie – Datainnsamling 2007.pdf - Morten Ottestad – MAS104 kompendie – Hydraulikk kapittel 3 06 ventiler.pdf - Morten Ottestad – MAS104 kompendie – Servo og proporsjonal ventiler.pdf - Morten Ottestad – MAS200 kompendie – målefeil_2.pdf - Finn Haugen – Regulering av dynamiske systemer. - http://www.igus.de - http://mechatronics.mech.northwestern.edu/design-ref/ - http://www.cs.utah.edu/classes/cs5310/chapter5.pdf - http://www.ece.ucsb.edu/~roy/student_projects/RiehlFinal238.pdf - http://www.ni.co Bilder – referanser: [1] http://images.google.no/images?hl=no&q=encoder&btnG=S%C3%B8k+etter+bilder&gbv=2 [2] http://www.ee.ucl.ac.uk/~mflanaga/java/closedLoop.gif [3] www.igus.de [4] Datainnsamling [5] servokompendiet [6] Finn Haugen, dynregsys [7] ottestad servo proposjoanl ventiler [8] moog datablad HPR-009 Side 80 av 81 10 Vedlegg Vedlegg 1 - Koblingsskjema Vedlegg 2 – Produksjons tegninger Vedlegg 3 – Bourns potensiometer Vedlegg 4 – Vishay potensiometer Vedlegg 5 – Eltra Enkoder Vedlegg 6 – Hengstler Enkoder Vedlegg 7 – Moog servoforsterker Vedlegg 8 – Moog servoventil Vedlegg 9 – NI CompactRIO Vedlegg 10 – IGUS Iglidur G Vedlegg 11 – Statoil hydraway Vedlegg 12 - Ni 9263 Vedlegg 13 – Ni 9411 Vedlegg 14 – Ni 9215 Vedlegg 15 – Ni 9237 HPR-009 Side 81 av 81 A B C 1 3,20 2 16,70 27 0 ,5 15 2 6,30 37,30 2 80 ,50 54 15 3 3 15,50 2 D 1 32,50 7 P-001-1 Part nr 2 4 3,20 Part name Unless otherwise specified: dimensions are in millimeters 46 5 6 1.5:1 Scale A4 Format 1/2 Sheet Material Approved by: AM European Projection Verified by: DF 03.06.2007 Dato 70 0 Rev nr Aluminium Flusheplate 32,50 Designed by: MS Qty 21,40 A B C 1 A 2 SECTION A-A 2 3 3 A 6 A B C D 1 10 Part name 4 Part nr 5 6 1:1 Scale A4 Format 1/2 Sheet Material European Projection Approved by: AM 03.06.2007 Dato Verified by: DF 0 Rev nr Aluminium Flusheplate 2 Designed by: MS Qty Unless otherwise specified: dimensions are in millimeters P-001-2 1,70 A B C A B C D 1 1 90 C 20 54 110 40 2 2 5 3 3 10 DETAIL C SCALE 3 : 5 4 580 Part name Material 5 B 90 +0,02 20 H7 0 DETAIL B SCALE 3 : 5 3,30 6 Approved by: AM European Projection A4 Format 1/2 Sheet 3 holes equaly spaced, Ø30 +0,02 20 H7 0 03.06.2007 Dato Verified by: DF 0 Rev nr Carbon Steel 1:5 Scale knekkbom Part nr P-002-1 1 Unless otherwise specified: dimensions are in millimeters Qty Designed by: MS 22 A B C 2 40 1,50 1 30 6 70 2 7,50 3 10 A B C D 1 6 6,50 3 3 4 Part name Material 0 Rev nr 5 Verified by: DF 6 1/2 Sheet A4 Format European Projection Approved by: AM 03.06.2007 Dato Carbon Steel 1:1 Scale encoder aksling Part nr P-003-1 1 Unless otherwise specified: dimensions are in millimeters Qty Designed by: MS 21 A B C 1 2 40 30 70 6,35 2 7,50 3 10 A B C D 1 6 6,50 1,50 3 3 4 Part name Material 0 Rev nr 5 Verified by: DF 6 1/2 Sheet A4 Format European Projection Approved by: AM 03.06.2007 Dato Carbon Steel 1:1 Scale Potmeter_aksling Part nr P-004-1 1 Unless otherwise specified: dimensions are in millimeters Qty Designed by: MS 10 A B C 1 2 2 120 90 0 R3 10 3 3 57,33° 43 Part name 4 Part nr Material 0 Rev nr 5 73 Verified by: DF 6 1/2 Sheet A4 Format European Projection Approved by: AM 03.06.2007 Dato Carbon Steel 1:1 Scale Brakett_potmeter 1 Designed by: MS Qty Unless otherwise specified: dimensions are in millimeters P-005-1 5 A B C D 1 6 A B C 1 R3 0 2 2 22 120 90 3,50 6 A B C D 1 6 3 3 holes equaly spaced, Ø30 3 5 Part name 4 Part nr 73 Material 0 Rev nr 5 Verified by: DF 6 1/2 Sheet A4 Format European Projection Approved by: AM 03.06.2007 Dato Carbon Steel 1:1 Scale Brakett_encoder 1 Designed by: MS Qty Unless otherwise specified: dimensions are in millimeters P-006-1 43 A B C 1 3 4 24 10 A B C D 1 25 2 2 40 61 5 3 3 10 4 Part name 5 6 2:1 Scale A4 Format 1/2 Sheet Material European Projection Approved by: AM 03.06.2007 Dato Verified by: DF 0 Rev nr Aluminium brakett_endebryter_oppe Part nr Designed by: MS Qty 2 P-007-1 14 Unless otherwise specified: dimensions are in millimeters 10 A B C A B C D 5 1 1 8 12 27 2 2 44 7 3 3 8 76 Unless otherwise specified: dimensions are in millimeters Part name 4 12 10 18 5 5 Material Verified by: DF 0 Rev nr 24 6 1/2 Sheet A4 Format European Projection Approved by: AM 03.06.2007 Dato Carbon Steel 1:1 Scale Brakett_endebryter_nede1 4 Designed by: MS Qty 1 Part nr P-008-1 56 A B C A B C D 1 1 2 2 40 20 6,50 3 3 15 Part nr P-010-1 Part name boltplate 4 1 Unless otherwise specified: dimensions are in millimeters Qty Designed by: MS 5 5 6 1/1 Sheet A4 Format European Projection Approved by: AM 03.06.2007 Dato Carbon Steel 2:1 Scale Material 0 Rev nr Verified by: DF A B C PL IA NT Features CO M ■ *R oH S ■ ■ Bushing mount Shaft supported by front sleeve bearing Non-standard features and specifications available 6657 - Precision Potentiometer Electrical Characteristics1 Product Dimensions Standard Resistance Range....................................................................................1 K to 100 K ohms Total Resistance Tolerance .........................................................................................................±10 % Independent Linearity ...................................................................................................................±1 % Effective Electrical Angle .......................................................................................................340 ° ±3 ° End Voltage .................................................................................................................0.5 % maximum Output Smoothness .....................................................................................................................0.1 % Dielectric Withstanding Voltage (MIL-STD-202, Method 301) Sea Level .............................................................................................................750 VAC minimum Power Rating (Voltage Limited By Power Dissipation or 300 VAC, Whichever is Less) +70 °C ................................................................................................................................1.5 watts +125 °C....................................................................................................................................0 watt Insulation Resistance (500 VDC)..................................................................1,000 megohms minimum Resolution ................................................................................................................Essentially infinite 1.57 (.062) 10.317+.000/-.051 (.4062+.000/-.002) DIA. SHAFT 16.46 ± .38 (.648 ± .015) 3/8 "-32 UNEF-2ATHD 6.345 +.000/-.008 (.2498 +.0000/-.0003) DIA. SHAFT 33.34 (1-5/16) DIA. 45 ° ± 5 ° .38 X (.015) CHAMFER Environmental Characteristics1 9.53 ± .79 (3/8± 1/32) Operating Temperature Range...................................................................................+1 °C to +125 °C Storage Temperature Range.....................................................................................-65 °C to +125 °C Temperature Coefficient Over Storage Temperature Range ...........................±500 ppm/°C maximum Vibration .........................................................................................................................................15 G Wiper Bounce ...........................................................................................0.1 millisecond maximum Total Resistance Shift ..............................................................................................±5 % maximum Voltage Ratio Shift ................................................................................................±0.5 % maximum Shock .............................................................................................................................................50 G Wiper Bounce ...........................................................................................0.1 millisecond maximum Total Resistance Shift ..............................................................................................±5 % maximum Voltage Ratio Shift ................................................................................................±0.5 % maximum Load Life ............................................................................................................1,000 hours, 1.5 watts Total Resistance Shift ............................................................................................±10 % maximum Rotational Life (No Load) .........................................................................10,000,000 shaft revolutions Total Resistance Shift ............................................................................................±10 % maximum Moisture Resistance (MIL-STD-202, Method 106) Total Resistance Shift ............................................................................................±15 % maximum IP Rating ........................................................................................................................................IP 40 22.23 ± .79 (7/8 ± 1/32) 3.18 (1/8) SHAFT SLOT 1.19 WIDE (.047) 1.60 DEEP X (.063) UR BO NS 2 6.35 R (.25) CW 3 1 30 ° ± 3 ° TYP. Mechanical Characteristics1 Mechanical Angle ................................................................................................................Continuous Torque (Starting & Running) ..............................................................0.40 N-cm (0.5 oz.-in.) maximum Mounting.............................................................................170-200 N-cm (15-18 lb.-in.) maximum Shaft Runout................................................................................................0.025 mm (0.001 in.) T.I.R. Shaft End Play ...............................................................................................0.13 mm (0.005 in.) T.I.R. Shaft Radial Play ...........................................................................................0.13 mm (0.005 in.) T.I.R. Backlash ........................................................................................................................0.1 ° maximum Weight ..........................................................................................................................................32 gm Terminals.......................................................................................................................Rear turret type Soldering Condition....................Recommended hand soldering using Sn95/Ag5 no clean solder, 0.025 ” wire diameter. Maximum temperature 399 °C (750 °F) for 3 seconds. No wash process to be used with no clean flux. Marking ................................Manufacturer’s name and part number, resistance value and tolerance, linearity tolerance, wiring diagram, and date code. Ganging (Multiple Section Potentiometers) .................................................................1 cup maximum Hardware ....................................................One lockwasher (H-37-2) and one mounting nut (H-38-2) is shipped with each potentiometer. TOLERANCES: EXCEPT WHERE NOTED .51 .13 DECIMALS: .XX ± .XXX ± (.02), (.005) FRACTIONS: ±1/64 MM DIMENSIONS: (IN.) 2 CCW WIPER 3 1 CW CLOCKWISE 1 At room ambient: +25 °C nominal and 50 % relative humidity, except as noted. Recommended Part Numbers Part Number* Resistance (Ω) 6657S-1-102 6657S-1-202 6657S-1-502 6657S-1-103 1,000 2,000 5,000 10,000 BOLDFACE LISTINGS ARE IN STOCK AND READILY AVAILABLE THROUGH DISTRIBUTION. FOR OTHER OPTIONS CONSULT FACTORY. REV. 06/06 *RoHS Directive 2002/95/EC Jan 27 2003 including Annex Specifications are subject to change without notice. Customers should verify actual device performance in their specific applications. Application Notes Potentiometers and Trimmers 2.9 - Terminal An external contact that provides electrical connection to the resistance element and wiper. 2.9.1 - Printed Circuit Terminal Rigid non-insulated electrical conductor suitable for printed circuit board 2.9.2 - Solder Lug Terminal Rigid non-insulated electrical conductor suitable for external lead attachment 2.9.3 - Leadwire Type Flexible insulated conductor 2.10 - Stop clutch A device that allows the wiper to idle at the ends of the resistance element without damage while the adjustment shaft continues to be actuated in the same direction. 2.11 - Stop A positive limit to mechanical and electrical adjustment. 3. INPUT AND OUTPUT TERMS 3.1 Input terms 3.1.1 - Total Applied Voltage (E) The total voltage applied between the designated input terminals. Note: When plus (+) and minus (-) voltages are applied to the potentiometer, the total applied voltage (commonly called peak-to-peak applied voltage) is equal to the sum of the two voltages. Each individual voltage is referred to as zero-to-peak applied voltage. 3.2 - Output terms 3.2.1 - Output Voltage (e) The voltage between the wiper terminal and the designated reference points. Unless otherwise specified, the designated reference point is the counter-clockwise (CCW) terminal. 3.2.2 - Output Voltage Adjustment Ratio (e/E) The ratio of the output voltage to the designated input reference voltage. Unless otherwise specified the reference voltage is the total applied voltage. 3.2.3 - Output Resistance The resistance measured between the wiper terminal and the designated reference point. Unless otherwise specified, the designated reference point is the CCW terminal. 3.3 - Load terms 3.3.1 - Load Resistance (R) The external resistance as seen by the output voltage (connected between the wiper terminal and the designated reference point). Note: No load means an infinite load resistance. Document Number: 51001 Revision: 01-Aug-06 Vishay 4. ELECTRICAL DEFINITIONS 4.1 - Power rating The maximum power that can be dissipated across the total resistance element, i.e., between terminals a (or 1) and c (or 3), at the specified ambient temperature. In practice this dissipation is modified by the following conditions: 4.1.1 - For ambient temperatures higher than that specified, reference should be made to the derating curve. 4.1.2 - For high values of resistance, the limiting element voltage may prevent the maximum power rating from being obtained. 4.1.3 - For situations when the power is dissipated in only part of the resistance element, the maximum current capacity of the element will prohibit maximum total power dissipation. 4.2 - Resistance law The relationship between the mechanical position of the moving contact and the resistance value across terminals a and b. (This may also be expressed as the relationship between the position of the moving contact and the ratio Vab/Vac). Typical available laws are indicated in Figure 2. 90 % F S RL Vs % 50 % Ve A W 20 % L 10 % 50 % 15° Electrical travel 270° 15° 31° Electrical travel with inter 238° 31° Mechanical travel 300° A L F RL W Linear (A law) Clockwise logarithmic 10 % (L law) (audio taper) Inverse, clockwise, logarithmic (F law) Counter-clockwise, logarithmic (RL law) Clockwise logarithmic 20 % (W law) 4.3 - Conformity This is a measure of the maximum deviation of the actual to the correspondant theoretical voltage expressed as percent of the total applied voltage. 4.4 - Linearity The conformity where the theoretical resistance law is a straight line. For technical questions, contact: [email protected] www.vishay.com 3 Application Notes Potentiometers and Trimmers Vishay 4.5 - Total resistance The resistance value of the resistive element measured between connections a and c or 1 and 3 in conditions defined by CECC 41000: Temperature: + 20 °C ± 1 °C Relative humidity: 65 % ± 2 % This value has to be included between limits of resistance nominal value according to tolerance. 4.5.1 - Minimum Effective Resistance The resistance value at each end of the effective rotation between termination b (or 2) and the nearest end termination, a or c (1 or 3). 4.13 - Limiting element voltage The maximum voltage that may be applied across the element of a potentiometer, provided that the power rating is not exceeded. 4.14 - Insulation voltage The maximum voltage which may be applied under continuous operating conditions between any potentiometer termination and other external conductive parts connected together. The insulation voltage is not less than 1.4 times the limiting element voltage. 4.6 - Effective resistance The portion of the total resistance over which the resistance changes in accordance with the declared resistance law. It is the total resistance minus the sum of the two minimum effective resistance values. 4.15 - Dielectric strength (voltage proof) The maximum voltage which may be applied under 1 ATM pressure for 60 s between any potentiometer termination and any external conductive part without breakdown occuring. Dielectric strength is not less than 1.4 times the insulation voltage. 4.7 - End resistance The resistance measured between termination a or c and termination b when the moving contact is positioned at the corresponding end of mechanical travel. 4.16 - Insulation resistance The resistance measured between the terminals and other external conductive parts (e.g., shaft, housing, or mounting), when a specified D.C. voltage is applied. 4.8 - Contact resistance The resistance appearing between the contact and the resistive element when the shaft is rotated or translated. The wiper of the potentiometer is excited by a specific current and moved at a specified speed over a specified portion of the actual electrical travel. 4.17 - Temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) The unit change in resistance per °C change from a reference temperature, expressed in parts per million per °C as follows: R2 – R1 6 - × 10 TC = -----------------------------( T 2 – T 1 )R 1 Where : POTENTIOMETER UNDER TEST R1 = Resistance in ohms, at reference temperature R2 = Resistance in ohms, at test temperature T1 = Reference temperature in °C T2 = Test temperature in °C CONSTANT CURRENT GENERATOR 5. ENVIRONMENTAL DEFINITIONS OUTPUT OR CONTACT RESISTANCE 4.9 - Continuity Continuity is the maintenance of continuous electrical contact between the wiper and the resistive element over the total mechanical travel in both directions. 4.10 - Setting stability For a fixed setting of the adjustment shaft, the amount of change in the output voltage due to the effects of an environmental condition, (expressed as a percentage of the total applied voltage). 4.11 - Setting ability A measure of the ability for the user to adjust the wiper to any particular voltage ratio or resistance output. 4.12 - Resolution This term is used in the description of wirewound potentiometers and is a measure of the sensitivity to which the output ratio of the potentiometer may be set. The theoretical resolution is the reciprocal of the number of turns of the resistance winding in the actual electrical travel multiplied by 100 i.e., (expressed as a percentage). www.vishay.com 4 5.1 - Climatic category The climatic category is defined in terms of the temperature extremes (hot and cold) and number of days exposure to dampness, heat, and steady-state conditions that the component is designed to withstand. The category is indicated by a series of three sets of digits, separated by oblique strokes, as follows: • First set: Two digits denoting the minimum ambient temperature of operation (cold test). • Second set: Three digits denoting the upper category temperature (at that temperature the allowed dissipation is at least 25 %). The maximum allowable temperature with zero dissipation is higher than the upper category temperature. • Third set: Two digits denoting the number of days used for the “dampness, heat, and steady-state” test. Example: P13: 55/100/56 Cold: - 55 °C Upper category temperature: + 100 °C (maximum allowable temperature: + 125 °C) Damp heat: 56 days. 5.2 - Classify materials Plastic materials used are UL94 class VO and/or our products are compliant with the flammability test of STD UL746C § 17 and 52. For technical questions, contact: [email protected] Document Number: 51001 Revision: 01-Aug-06 Application Notes Potentiometers and Trimmers 6. STORAGE RECOMMENDATIONS Careful attention must be paid when the components are stored. Because high and very low environmental temperature, high humidity, corrosive gases, etc. might affect the solderability of the terminals and the function of the package. Listed below are notes to be observed: • The recommended storage conditions are in between + 10 °C and 25 °C (room temperature) at a relative humidity in between 35 % and 75 %. • Do not store them within the vicinity of any corrosive gases such as hydrogen sulphide, sulphurous acid, chlorine or ammonium. The oxidation of the metals caused by such toxic gases may affect solderability as well as the electrical and mechanical performance of these products. • Exposure to the direct sunlight and dust must be avoided • Handle carefully to avoid deformation of terminals • Keep parts in the original packages until just before use, and unpack only the quantity needed. Always seal any opened packages to protet them from oxidation and contaminants. • Moisture Sensitive Level (MSL) for applicable SMD components, following storage conditions should be applied. MSL LEVEL 1 2 2A 3 4 5 5A 6 FLOOR LIFE TIME CONDITIONS Unlimited ≤ 30 °C/85 % RH 1 year ≤ 30 °C/60 % RH 4 weeks ≤ 30 °C/60 % RH 168 hours ≤ 30 °C/60 % RH 72 hours ≤ 30 °C/60 % RH 48 hours ≤ 30 °C/60 % RH 24 hours ≤ 30 °C/60 % RH Time on label (TOL) ≤ 30 °C/60 % RH If any special storage conditions are applied (outside those recommendations), it is the user’s responsibility. 7. SMD AND THROUGH HOLE COMPONENTS, SOLDER AND CLEANING RECOMMENDATIONS VISHAY Trimmers sealed surface mount components are designed to withstand the processes related to Infrared, Hot Air, Vapour Phase Reflow and Dual Wave soldering. They are sealed against flux by means of an O-ring seal or press fit and can withstand exposure to all commonly used defluxing solvents. It is important to note before pre-heating and soldering trimmers, make sure the position of the wiper is not in contact with the end terminals (beginning or end of the wiper mechanical travel) to avoid malfunction of trimmers. 7.1 - Adhesive application (for SMD only) When an assembly has to be wave soldered, an adhesive is essential to bond the SMDs to the substrate. Under normal conditions reflow, soldered substrates do not need adhesive to maintain trimmer orientation, since the solder paste does it. The amount of adhesive, the curing time and temperature to use should be in accordance with adhesive manufacturer’s recommendations. Otherwise, the adhesive polymerization time & temperature have to also respect trimmers soldering recommendations. (§3) Document Number: 51001 Revision: 01-Aug-06 Vishay Caution: The height and the volume of adhesive dots applied are critical for two reasons: the dot must be high enough to reach the SMD, and there must not be any excess adhesive, since this can pollute the solder land and prevent the formation of a good soldered joint. 7.2 - Flux and solder recommendations SMD & Through hole components can be used with R & RA (Rosin & Rosin Activated) type flux to OA (Organic Acid). It is always advisable not to use a flux of an activity level greater than that necessary to achieve optimum yields for solder wetting. Fluxes of RA and OA activity levels are corrosive and therefore must be removed. It is advisable that all types of fluxes be removed by cleaning due to the possibility of corrosion. Caution: Avoid highly activated fluxes. Consult factory before using OA. Suggested Solder composition is: ⎫ ⎪ ⎪ ⎬ • Lead (Pb)-free solder: ⎪ ⎪ Sn96.5/Ag3/Cu0.5 ⎭ • Tin Lead solder: Sn63/Pb37 Typical solder paste print thickness would be 0.8 to 1 mm thick 7.3 - Soldering recommendations Normal preheating is required to activate flux and minimize thermal shock to components. The maximum recommended temperature for flow and reflow soldering profiles are specified below. It is important to note temperature of those profiles corresponds to parts temperature (and not PCB temperature). The use of leaded solder process or lead (Pb)-free solder process is specified under each series of SMD or through hole products. General Caution: User must always test and verify pre-heating and soldering processes as well as other production line assembly before final production. Leaded solder process Wave soldering (1 time max.) Maximum temperature: 235 °C max. Preeheating temperature: 130 °C Room temperature 1 min max. 5 s max. 3 min max. Infrared or Hot Air reflow soldering (2 times max.) (for SMD only) Maximum temperature: 220 °C max. 210 °C Preeheating temperature: 130 °C Room temperature For technical questions, contact: [email protected] 2 min max. 5 s max 40 s max 4 min max. www.vishay.com 5 Application Notes Potentiometers and Trimmers Vishay Lead (Pb)-free solder process Wave soldering (1 time max.) Maximum temperature: 260 °C max. Preeheating temperature: 160 °C Room temperature 1 min max. 10 s max. 3 min max. Infrared or Hot Air reflow soldering (2 times max.) (for SMD only) Maximum temperature: 260 °C max. 230 °C Preeheating temperature: 150 °C Room temperature 10 s max 3 min max. 50 s max 6 min max. Vapor phase reflow: Vapour with 215 °C condensation temperature for a period not more than 2 minutes Soldering iron caution: Use the appropriate soldering iron size, shape and heat capacity for soldering SMD trimmers. Do not exceed the maximum time and temperature parameters specified: 3 s at 350 °C. Never touch the body of the trimmer or potentiometer with the soldering iron. Infrared soldering caution: If the infrared radiation is the heat source, the temperature increase of the SMD trimmers should be carefully checked because the radiation absorption rate depends on the color and the structure of the material of trimmers. 7.4 - Washing recommendations (refer to protection level of the component) Cooling down time after soldering and before exposure to defluxing solvents is required. The component body temperature when exposed to cleaning should not exceed 60 °C. Cleaning spray rinse is recommended with pressures of not greater than 60 psi (5.5 kg-cm2) for a period not to exceed 15 - 20 seconds. Appropriate defluxing solvent/Aqueous: • Aqueous detergent solutions • Terpene based semiaqueous • Ester/Ether based solvents • Methanol • HAS - HCFC Caution: • Avoid using cleaning solvents such as Trichloroethane or Freon which endanger the environment • Ultrasonic may cause component damage or failure 7.5 - Reworking recommendations • General: Excessive and/or repeated high temperature heat exposure may affect component performance and reliability • Recommended: Hot air reflow technique is the safest method for SMD component • Caution: Avoid use of a soldering iron or wave soldering as a rework technique 7.6 - Adjustment recommendations Adjustment of components should be done only after part has reached ambient temperature and cleaning solvent has evaporated (10 minutes). PROTECTION LEVELS FIRST DIGIT PROTECTION AGAINST SOLID SUBSTANCES SECOND DIGIT PROTECTION AGAINST LIQUIDS IP Tests IP Tests 0 Without Protection 0 Without Protection 1 Protected against solid substances (size > 50 mm) 1 Protected against water drops (condensation) 2 Protected against solid substances (size > 12 mm) 2 Protected against water drops from up to 15 feet 3 Protected against solid substances (size > 2.5 mm) 3 Protected against water drops from up to 60 feet 4 Protected against solid substances (size > 1 mm) 4 Protected against water drops from above 60 feet 5 Protected against dust (> 0.1 mm < 1 mm) 5 Protected against splashes of water in all directions 6 Fully protected against dust 6 Protected against projections of water in all directions 7 Protected against action of immersion < 15 cm and water jet pressure in all directions 8 Protected against long time action of immersion < 1 meter and water jet pressure in all directions Note: To symbolize the protection levels, we use IP letters followed by 2 digits. www.vishay.com 6 For technical questions, contact: [email protected] Document Number: 51001 Revision: 01-Aug-06 Incremental Encoders ISO 9001:2000 EH-EL53A / B INCREMENTAL ENCODERS R C US Incremental encoders A series of encoders for the direct assembly on motors; the incorporated elastic joint allows the compensation of radial and axial slack. - Resolutions up to 10000 imp/turn with zero for the EL series and up to 1024 imp/turn for the EH series - Different electronic configurations available with power supply up to 28 Vdc for the EL series and up to 24 Vdc for the EH series - Max output frequency up to 300 KHz for the EL series and up to 100KHz for the EH series. - Output : cable and connector - Different flanges available - Speed rotation up to 6000 rpm - Protection up to IP64 Ordering codes In case of particular Customer variant separate with a full stop EL 53 A 1000 Z 5/28 N 6 X 6 M R Special Customer variants indicated by a progressive number from 001 to 999 R = radial A = axial 53 = body dimension P= standard output cable 0.5 m series EH53 standard output cable 1.5 m series EL53 M = connector MS3106E 16S-1S or 18-1S J = connector JMSP 1607 F or 1610 F Type of flanges from 1 to 10000 imp./turn EL series Resolutions from 40 to 1024 imp./turn EH series N.B.: For impulse availability contact directly our offices S = without zero impulse Z = with zero impulse XXX XXX = EL = incremental encoder EL series EH = incremental encoder EH series A = mod.EH-EL53A B = mod.EH-EL53B . Zero Impulse 5 ÷ 28 = power supply for the EL series Encoder power supply (Vdc) 5 / 8 ÷ 24 = power supply for the EH series N.B.: LINE DRIVER available only with 5 Vdc or 8 ÷ 24 Vdc power supply 6 = 6000 X= standard IP54 EH53 standard IP64 EL53 6 = ø 6 mm 8 = ø 8 mm 10 = ø 10 mm N = NPN C = NPN OPEN COLLECTOR P = PUSH PULL L = LINE DRIVER R.P.M. Protection Shaft diameter Electronic output configuration N.B.: For the optionals on the output configurations see the output incremental connections card 13 Incremental Encoders Electronic Characteristics EL series EH53A Resolutions 48 41 Nº3 ø3.2x120 Power supply 7 ø46.5h7 ø20/ ø23.5 ø30 ø53.5 1 1 80 mA Max output current 50 mA per channel 20 mA per channel with LINE DRIVER Electronic output configuration NPN / NPN OPEN COLLECTOR / PUSH PULL / LINE DRIVER EL53A 76.5 52.5 30 7 1 ø23.5 ø46.5h7 ø53.5 17 20 Nº3 ø3.2x120° STANDARD JOINTS G23A10 G23A8/10 G23A6/10 15 7 Nº3 ø3.2x120° 15 ø46.5H7 ø45 ø44 ø53.5 ø30 6 1 Resolutions Power supply F= RPM x Resolution 60 From 40 to 1024 impulses /turn 5 Vdc / 8 ÷ 24 Vdc N.B.: LINE DRIVER only of power supply 5 / 8 ÷ 24 Vdc Current consumption without load 50 mA bidirectional 100 mA bidirectrional with zero Max commutable current 50 mA per channel 20 mA per channel with LINE DRIVER Electronic output configuration NPN / NPN OPEN COLLECTOR / PUSH PULL / LINE DRIVER Max output frequency Max 100 KHz F= RPM x Resolution 60 Mechanical Characteristics Shaft diameter (mm.) ø6 / 8 / 10 h7 Protection EH53 : IP54 standard EL53 : IP64 standard R.P.M. Max 6000 continuous Shock 50 G for 11 msec (with flexible disc) 20 G for 11 msec (with glass disc) Vibrations 10G 10 ÷ 2000 Hz Bearings life 10 revolutions Bearings n°2 ball bearings Shaft material Stainless steel AISI303 Body material Alluminium D11S - UNI 9002/5 Cover material Special plastic with glass fibre Operating temperature 0° ÷ +60°C 0,5 33 EH-EL53B Flange version Max 300 KHz Electronic Characteristics EH series STANDARD JOINTS G20A6 G23A6/8 G23A6/10 ø58 ø30 5 ÷ 28 Vdc N.B.: LINE DRIVER only of power supply 5 / 8 ÷ 24 Vdc Current consumption without load Max output frequency 20 From 1 to 10000 impulses / turn Storage temperature -25° ÷ +70°C EH53 : 150 g EL53 : 350 g IN004GB0803A Weight 9 1.5 5 14 Via Monticello di Fara, 32 bis - Sarego (VI) - ITALY - Tel.+39 0444 436489 R.A. - Fax +39 0444 835335 http://www.eltra.it E-mail:[email protected] ELTRA reserves the right to make any modifications without prior notice Incremental Shaft Encoders Industrial types Type RI 58 Solid shaft ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ Universal industry standard encoder Up to 40 000 steps with 10 000 pulses High signal accuracy Protection class up to IP67 Operating temperature up to 100 °C (RI 58-T) Flexible due to many flange and configuration variants Suitable for high shock ratings Application e.g.: Machine tools, CNC axles, packing machines, motors/drives, injection moulding machines, sawing machines, textile machines ■ For EX version, see RX 70-l Synchro flange Clamping flange NUMBER OF PULSES RI 58-O 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5 / 10 / 15 / 20 / 25 / 30 / 35 / 40 / 45 / 50 / 60 / 64 / 70 / 72 / 80 / 100 / 125 / 128 / 144 / 150 / 180 / 200 / 230 / 250 / 256 / 300 / 314 / 350 / 360 / 375 / 400 / 460 / 480 / 500 / 512 / 600 / 625 / 635 / 720 / 750 / 900 / 1000 / 1024 / 1200 / 1250 / 1500 / 1600 / 1800 / 2000 / 2048 / 2500 / 3000 / 3480 / 3600 / 3750 / 3968 / 4000 / 4096 / 4800 / 5000 / 5400 / 6000 / 7200 / 7680 / 8000 / 8192 / 9000 / 10000 Other number of pulses on request Preferably available versions are printed in bold type. RI 58-T (high temperature) as above, but only for the range from 4 … 2500 pulses Other number of pulses on request TECHNICAL DATA mechanical Shaft diameter Absolute max. shaft load Absolute max. speed Torque Moment of inertia Protection class (EN 60529) Operating temperature Storage temperature Vibration resistance (IEC 68-2-6) Shock resistance (IEC 68-2-27) Connection Housing Flange Weight 1 54 6 mm / 6.35 mm / 7 mm/ 12 mm / 10 mm / 9.52 mm Ø 12 mm radial 80 N/axial 60 N Ø 7…10 mm radial 60 N/axial 40 N Ø 6 mm / 6.35 mm radial 40 N/axial 20 N 10 000 min-1 ≤ 0.5 Ncm, ≤ 1 Ncm (IP67) Synchro flange approx. 14 gcm2 Clamping flange approx. 20 gcm2 Housing IP65, bearings IP64 Housing IP67, bearings IP67 RI 58-O: –10 … +70 °C; RI 58-T: -25 … +100 °C RI 58-O: –25 … +85 °C; RI 58-T: -25 … +100 °C 100 m/s2 (10 … 2 000 Hz) 1 000 m/s2 (6 ms) 1.5 m cable 1 or connector, axial oder radial Aluminium Ø 58 mm S = synchro flange, K = clamping flange, G, Q = square flange, M = synchro clamping flange approx. 360 g Other cable length on request ENCODERS COUNTERS INDICATORS RELAYS PRINTERS CUTTERS Incremental Shaft Encoders Industrial types TECHNICAL DATA electrical General design Supply voltage (SELV) Max. current w/o load Standard output versions 2 2 Cable PVC (A, B) Colour red yellow/red white white/brown green green/brown yellow yellow/brown black yellow/black screen 2 2 Cable TPE (E, F) Colour brown/green blue brown green grey pink red black white/green violet (white) 1 screen 3 1 2 3 ENCODERS COUNTERS Output RS 422 (R, T) DC 5 / 10 - 30 V Sense VCC Channel A Channel A Channel B Channel B Channel N Channel N GND Alarm /Sense GND 1 screen 2 push-pull (K) DC 10 - 30 V Channel A Channel B Channel N GND Alarm screen 2 push-pull complementary (I) DC 10 - 30 V Sense VCC Channel A Channel A Channel B Channel B Channel N Channel N GND Alarm screen 2 depending on ordering code connected with encoder housing 1 PIN ASSIGNMENT Cable TPE as per DIN VDE 0160, protection class III, Contamination level 2, over voltage level II with RS 422 + Sense (T): DC 5 V ± 10 % with RS 422 + Alarm (R): DC 5 V ± 10 % oder DC 10 - 30 V 1 with push-pull (K, I): DC 10 - 30 V 1 40 mA (DC 5 V), 60 mA (DC 10 V), 30 mA (DC 24 V) RS 422 (R): A, B, N, A , B , N , Alarm RS 422 (T): A, B, N, A , B , N , Sense push-pull (K): A, B, N, Alarm push-pull complementary (I): A, B, N, A , B , N , Alarm Pole protection with supply voltage DC 10 - 30 V Output description and technical data see chapter “Technical basics” 1 PIN ASSIGNMENT Cable PVC Type RI 58 Solid shaft INDICATORS Output RS 422 (R, T) DC 5 / 10 - 30 V Sense VCC Channel A Channel A Channel B Channel B Channel N Channel N GND Alarm /Sense GND 2 screen 3 push-pull (K) DC 10 - 30 V Channel A Channel B Channel N GND Alarm screen 3 push-pull complementary (I) DC 10 - 30 V Sense VCC Channel A Channel A Channel B Channel B Channel N Channel N GND Alarm screen 3 white with RS 422 + Sense (T) depending on ordering code connected with encoder housing RELAYS PRINTERS CUTTERS 55 Incremental Shaft Encoders Industrial types CONNECTOR 12 POLE (CONIN) Pin RS 422 + Sense (T) 1 Channel B 2 Sense VCC 3 Channel N 4 Channel N 5 Channel A 6 Channel A 7 N.C. 8 Channel B 9 N.C. 1 10 GND 11 Sense GND 12 DC 5 V 1 CONNECTOR 10 POLE (MIL) 56 push-pull (K) N.C. N.C. Channel N N.C. Channel A N.C. Alarm Channel B N.C. 1 GND N.C. DC 10 - 30 V push-pull complementary (I) Channel B Sense VCC Channel N Channel N Channel A Channel A Alarm Channel B N.C. 1 GND N.C. DC 10 - 30 V Pin assignment connector counter clockwise (CCW) connector clockwise (cw) screen for cable with CONIN connector Pin 1/A 2/B 3/C 4/D 5/E 6/F 7/G 8/H 9/I 10/J CONNECTOR 6 POLE (BINDER) RS 422 + Alarm (R) Channel B Sense VCC Channel N Channel N Channel A Channel A Alarm Channel B N.C. 1 GND N.C. DC 5/10 - 30 V Type RI 58 Solid shaft Description RS 422/Euro-pinout (Connection codes O and K) Channel A Channel B Channel N DC 5/10 - 30 V Alarm GND Channel A Channel B Channel N screen Description (push-pull) DC 10 - 30 V Channel A Channel N Channel B Alarm GND ENCODERS COUNTERS push-pull Channel A Channel B Channel N DC 10 - 30 V Alarm GND screen N.C. N.C. screen push-pull complementary Channel A Channel B Channel N DC 10 - 30 V Alarm GND Channel A Channel B Channel N screen Pin (Stifte) 1 2 3 4 5 6 INDICATORS RELAYS PRINTERS CUTTERS Incremental Shaft Encoders Industrial types Type RI 58 Solid shaft DIMENSIONAL DRAWINGS Synchro flange, 58 mm Connecting cable, axial/radial Dimensions in mm Connector 12 pole, axial/radial R for alternating bending > 100 mm R for permanent bending > 40 mm Clamping flange, 58 mm Connecting cable, axial/radial Connecting cable 12 pole, axial, radial R for alternating bending > 100 mm R for permanent bending > 40 mm Dimensions in mm DIMENSIONS Typ Connection Output Synchro flange, 58 mm cable connector Clamping flange, 58 mm cable connector ENCODERS COUNTERS INDICATORS RELAYS PRINTERS R (with UB = DC 5 V), T, K, I axial L1 mm 51.5 radial L2 mm 41.5 R (with UB = DC 10 - 30 V) R (with UB = DC 5 V), T, K, I R (with UB = DC 10 - 30 V) R (with UB = DC 5 V), T, K, I 56 57.5 57.5 45.5 56 51.5 56 35.5 R (with UB = DC 10 - 30 V) R (with UB = DC 5 V), T, K, I R (with UB = DC 10 - 30 V) 50 51.5 51.5 50 45.5 50 CUTTERS 57 Incremental Shaft Encoders Industrial types Type RI 58 Solid shaft DIMENSIONAL DRAWINGS Synchro clamping flange, 63.5 mm (2.5”) screw thread MIL 6 ... 10 pole Dimensions in mm Square flange, 63.5 x 63.5 mm (2.5” x 2.5”) Dimensions in mm Square flange, 80 x 80 mm R for alternating bending > 100 mm R for permanent bending > 40 mm 58 *Dimensions in mm; L1, L2 see clamping flange ENCODERS COUNTERS INDICATORS RELAYS PRINTERS CUTTERS Incremental Shaft Encoders Guide for selection Type RI 58 Solid shaft STANDARD VERSIONS RI 58 - O Version Number of pulses 1 ... 10 000 Type of flange ** Protection class housing/ bearings Shaft K = clamping flange Ø 58 S = synchro flange Ø 58 M = syn.clamping fl. Ø 63.5 Q = square flange 63.5 x 63.5 G = square flange 80 x 80 4 = IP65/64 7 = IP67/67 4 = IP65/64 7 = IP67/67 4 = IP65/64 7 = IP67/67 4 = IP65/64 7 = IP67/67 4 = IP65/64 3* = 7 mm 6 = 9.52 mm 2 = 10 mm 7* = 12 mm 1 = 6 mm 5 = 6.35 mm 6 = 9.52 mm 6 = 9.52 mm 2 = 10 mm Supply voltage Output Connection A = DC 5 V T = RS 422 + Sense E = DC 10 - 30 V R = RS 422 + Alarm A = cable PVC, axial B = cable PVC, radial C = Conin, axial, cw D = Conin, radial, cw E = cable TPE, axial F = cable TPE, radial G = Conin, axial, ccw H = Conin, radial, ccw 3 = 7 mm I = push-pull complementary A = cable PVC, axial B = cable PVC, radial C = Conin, axial, cw D = Conin, radial, cw E = cable TPE, axial F = cable TPE, radial G = Conin, axial, ccw H = Conin, radial, ccw K* = MIL 10 pole, radial O* = MIL 10 pole, axial R = RS 422 + Alarm A = cable PVC, axial B = cable PVC, radial C = Conin, axial, cw D = Conin, radial, cw E = cable TPE, axial F = cable TPE, radial G = Conin, axial, ccw H = Conin, radial, ccw K* = MIL 10 pole, radial O* = MIL 10 pole, axial K = push-pull A = cable PVC, axial B = cable PVC, radial C = Conin, axial, cw D = Conin, radial, cw E = cable TPE, axial F = cable TPE, radial G = Conin, axial, ccw H = Conin, radial, ccw J = Binder 6 pole, radial N = Binder 6 pole, axial K* = MIL 10 pole, radial O* = MIL 10 pole, axial * not for IP67 ** other flange versions can be realized by combination of clamping flange + flange adapter (see Accessories) e.g. RI58 with synchro flange and 10 mm-shaft: version clamping flange with 10 mm-shaft + synchro flange adapter (1 522 328) ENCODERS COUNTERS INDICATORS RELAYS PRINTERS CUTTERS 59 Incremental Shaft Encoders Guide for selection Type RI 58 Solid shaft STANDARD VERSIONS 100 °C max. operation temperature RI 58 - T Version Number of pulses Type of flange ** Protection class housing/ bearings Shaft 4 ... 2500 K = clamping flange Ø 58 S = Synchro flange Ø 58 M = Syn.clamping fl. Ø 63.5 Q = square flange 63.5 x 63.5 G = square flange 80 x 80 4 = IP65/64 7 = IP67/67 4 = IP65/64 7 = IP67/67 4 = IP65/64 7 = IP67/67 4 = IP65/64 7 = IP67/67 4 = IP65/64 3* = 7 mm 6 = 9.52 mm 2 = 10 mm 7* = 12 mm 1 = 6 mm 5 = 6.35 mm 6 = 9.52 mm 6 = 9.52 mm 2 = 10 mm Supply voltage Output Connection 3 = 7 mm A = DC 5 V T = RS 422 + Alarm E = DC 10 - 30 V R = RS 422 +Sense C = Conin, axial, cw D = Conin, radial, cw E = cable TPE, axial F = cable TPE, radial G = Conin, axial, ccw H = Conin, radial, ccw K* = MIL 10 pole, radial O* = MIL 10 pole, axial C = Conin, axial, cw D = Conin, radial, cw E = cable TPE, axial F = cable TPE, radial G = Conin, axial, ccw H = Conin, radial, ccw K = push-pull C = Conin, axial, cw D = Conin, radial, cw E = cable TPE, axial F = cable TPE, radial G = Conin, axial, ccw G = Conin, radial, ccw J = Binder 6 pole, radial N= Binder 6 pole, axial K* = MIL 10 pole, radial O* = MIL 10 pole, axial * not for IP67 ** other flange versions can be realized by combination of clamping flange + flange adapter (see Accessories) e.g. RI58 with synchro flange and 10 mm-shaft: version clamping flange with 10 mm-shaft + synchro flange adapter (1 522 328) Further versions on request 60 ENCODERS COUNTERS INDICATORS RELAYS PRINTERS CUTTERS Incremental Shaft Encoders Industrial types ORDERING INFORMATION Please check „selection guide” on previous pages as not all combinations are possible! Number of pulses Supply voltage Type Model RI58- O Standard RI58-O: 1 … 10 000 T High temperature RI58-T: 4 … 2 500 1 2 3 Type RI 58 Solid shaft Flange, Protection 1, Shaft 2 Output K.43 Clamping Ø58 , IP65/64, 7 mm K.46 Clamping Ø58 , IP65/64, 9.52 mm K.42 Clamping Ø58 , IP65/64, 10 mm K.47 Clamping Ø58 , IP65/64, 12 mm K.76 Clamping Ø58 , IP67/67, 9.52 mm K.72 Clamping Ø58 , IP67/67, 10 mm S.41 Synchro Ø58 , IP65/64, 6 mm S.45 Synchro Ø58 , IP65/64, 6.35 mm S.71 Synchro Ø58 , IP67/67, 6 mm S.75 Synchro Ø58 , IP67/67, 6.35 mm M.46 Syn.clamping Ø63.5, IP65/64, 9.52 mm M.76 Syn.clamping Ø63.5, IP67/67, 9.52 mm Q.46 Square 63.5 x 63.5, IP65/64, 9.52 mm Q.42 Square 63.5 x 63.5, IP65/64, 10 mm Q.76 Square 63.5 x 63.5, IP67/67, 9.52 mm Q.72 Square 63.5 x 63.5, IP67/67, 10 mm G.43 Square 80 x 80, IP67/67, 7 mm A DC 5 V E DC 10 - 30 V (only with push-pull) T RS 422 + Sense K push-pull, short circuit proof I push-pull complementary R RS 422 + Alarm Connection PVC cable, axial PVC cable, radial CONIN 3, axial, cw CONIN 3, radial, cw TPE cable, axial TPE cable, radial CONIN 3, axial, ccw CONIN 3, radial, ccw BINDER 3 , 6 pole, radial N BINDER 3 , 6 pole, axial O MIL MS 3 , 10 pole, axial K MIL MS 3 , 10 pole, radial A B C D E F G H J Housing/ bearings other flange versions can be realized by combination of clamping flange + flange adapter (see Accessories) e.g. RI58 with synchro flange and 10 mm-shaft: version clamping flange with 10 mm-shaft + synchro flange adapter (1 522 328) encoder connector with pins ACCESSORIES Clamping eccentric (set of three) Ordering code 0 070 655 Spring washer coupling hole 6/6 mm Ordering code 3 520 081 hole 10/10 mm Ordering code 3 520 088 Cable plug connector for connector (CONIN), cw (type of connection C, D) Ordering code 3 539 202 for connector (CONIN), ccw (type of connection G, H) Ordering code 3 539 229 Mounting spanner for CONIN connectors Ordering code 3 539 343 Extension cables (TPE) 12 pole plug (socket) on one end clockwise (C,D) counter clockwise (G,H) Ordering code Ordering code L=3m 1 522 348 1 522 394 L=5m 1 522 349 1 522 395 L = 10 m 1 522 350 1 522 396 TPE cable (not made up with connectors) 3 280 112 + state requied length For more detailed specifications and other accessories see chapter “Accessories” ENCODERS COUNTERS INDICATORS RELAYS PRINTERS CUTTERS 61 Application Notes Vishay Potentiometers and Trimmers These application notes are valid unless otherwise specified in the data sheets 1. GENERAL DEFINITIONS 1.1 - Potentiometer A potentiometer is a mechanically actuated variable resistor with three terminals. Two of the terminals are linked to the ends of the resistive element and the third is connected to a mobile contact moving over the resistive track. The output voltage becomes a function of the position of this contact. Potentiometer is advised to be used as a voltage divider. 1.2 - Trimming potentiometer (trimmer) A potentiometer designed for relatively adjustments TOTAL MECHANICAL ROTATION ANGLE OF EFFECTIVE ROTATION ANGLES OF INEFECTIVE ROTATION infrequent 1.3 - Multi-ganged potentiometer A potentiometer with two or more sections, each electrically independent, operated by a common spindle. a b c (or 1) (or 2) (or 3) END STOP 1.4 - Multi-turn potentiometer A potentiometer with a shaft rotation of more than 360° from one end of the resistive element to the other. Multi-turn types are usually trimming or precision potentiometers. 1.5 - Sealed potentiometers Two levels of sealing are usually recognized. The less severe one provides protection only against dust and cleaning processes (solvent splashes and vapors). For definition of sealing, see table “Protection Levels” at the end of these Application Notes. Hermetic sealing is more rigorous and protects the product against environmental pressure. (Not applicable for trimmers and potentiometers) 1.6 - Panel seal This is used to seal the cut-out hole through which the potentiometer is mounted. 1.7 - Spindle seal One or more O-rings are used to seal the spindle/case joint. 2. MECHANICAL DEFINITIONS 2.1 - Mechanical travel The full extent of travel between the end stops of the spindle (Fig. 1). In potentiometers fitted with a slipping clutch, the position of the end stops is defined as those points where the clutch starts to slip at each end of the travel of the moving contact. 2.2 - Actual electrical travel The angle of rotation of the spindle throughout which the resistance changes in the manner prescribed by the specified resistance law. (Fig. 1) 2.3 - End stop torque The maximum torque that may be applied to the spindle when set against either end stop without causing any damage. www.vishay.com 2 END STOP Fig. 1 2.4 - Operating torque The necessary torque to move the contact in either direction from a random position away from end stops. 2.5 - Locking torque The torque that may be applied to the shaft of a potentiometer fitted with a locking device without causing shaft rotation. 2.6 - Rotational life The minimum number of cycles of operations obtainable under specified operating conditions while performance parameters (e.g., resistance rotational noise, torque, etc.) remain within specifications. A cycle is defined as the travel of the moving contact from end to end of the resistance element, and back. 2.7 - Direction of rotation Rotation is defined as clockwise or counter-clockwise when viewing the surface of the potentiometer which, includes the means of actuation. 2.8 - Adjustment shaft The mechanical input member of a potentiometer which, when rotated, causes the wiper to travel the resistance element resulting in a change in output voltage or resistance. 2.8.2 - Single-turn Adjustment Requires 360° or less mechanical input to cause the wiper to travel the total resistance element. 2.8.2 - Multi-turn Adjustment Requires more than 360° mechanical input to cause the wiper to travel the total resistance element. For technical questions, contact: [email protected] Document Number: 51001 Revision: 01-Aug-06 P-I Servoamplifier G122-824-002 Application Notes 1 Scope These Application Notes are a guide to applying the G122-824-002 P-I Servoamplifier. These Application Notes can be used to: Cover release tab (4) Top vents 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Screw terminals 17 - 32 Determine the closed loop structure for your application. Select the G122-824-002 for your application. Refer also to data sheet G122-824. DIN rail MOOG Use these Application Notes to determine your system configuration. feedback gain inp.1 Install and commission your system. 2 Description The G122-824-002 is a general purpose, user configurable, P-I servoamplifier. Selector switches inside the amplifier enable either proportional control, integral control, or both to be selected. Many aspects of the amplifier’s characteristics can be adjusted with front panel pots or selected with internal switches. This enables one amplifier to be used in many different applications. Refer also to data sheet G122-824. enable zero Draw your wiring diagram. Aspects, such as hydraulic design, actuator selection, feedback transducer selection, performance estimation etc. are not covered by this application note. The G122-202 Application Notes (part no C31015) cover some of these aspects. Moog Application Engineers can provide more detailed assistance, if required. valve dither Vs in posn. scale P gain I gain bias controller 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Bottom vents Screw terminals 1 - 16 DIN rail release clip Cooling airflow 3 Installation 3.1 Placement A horizontal DIN rail, mounted on the vertical rear surface of an industrial steel enclosure, is the intended method of mounting. The rail release clip of the G122-824-002 should face down, so the front panel and terminal identifications are readable and so the internal electronics receive a cooling airflow. An important consideration for the placement of the module is electro magnetic interference (EMI) from other equipment in the enclosure. For instance, VF and AC servo drives can produce high levels of EMI. Always check the EMC compliance of other equipment before placing the G122-824-002 close by. 3.2 Cooling Vents in the top and bottom sides of the G122-824-002 case provide cooling for the electronics inside. These vents should be left clear. It is important to ensure that equipment below does not produce hot exhaust air that heats up the G122-824. Page 1 of 6: C31881 Rev F 01.06 5 Set-up adjustments 3.3 Wiring The use of crimp “boot lace ferrules” is recommended for the screw terminals. Allow sufficient cable length so the circuit card can be withdrawn from its case with the wires still connected. This enables switch changes on the circuit card to be made while the card is still connected and operating. An extra 100mm, for cables going outside the enclosure, as well as wires connecting to adjacent DIN rail units, is adequate. The screw terminals will accommodate wire sizes from 0.2mm2 to 2.5mm2 (24AWG to 12AWG). One Amp rated, 0.2mm2 should be adequate for all applications. Enclosure Wires Grounded EMI cable gland 100mm Loop To access the circuit card switches, the circuit card must be withdrawn from the case. See paragraph 17. Switch positions Cable ON Radial screen termination shown in on position shown in off position Preferred Wiring Enclosure Cable Cable gland 100mm Loop Cable Wire soldered to screen or Drain wire. (Heat shrink to cover the screen) Alternative Wiring 3.4 EMC The G122-824-002 emits radiation well below the level called for in its CE mark test. Therefore, no special precautions are required for suppression of emissions. However, immunity from external interfering radiation is dependent on careful wiring techniques. The accepted method is to use screened cables for all connections and to radially terminate the cable screens, in an appropriate grounded cable gland, at the point of entry into the industrial steel enclosure. If this is not possible, chassis ground screw terminals are provided on the G122-824-002. Exposed wires should be kept to a minimum length. Connect the screens at both ends of the cable to chassis ground. 4 Power supply 24V DC nominal, 22 to 28V 75mA @ 24V without a load, 200mA @ 100mA load. If an unregulated supply is used the bottom of the ripple waveform is not to fall below 22V. It is recommended that an M205, 250mA T (slow blow) fuse, compliant to IEC127-2 sheet 3, be placed in series with the +24V input to protect the electronic circuit. Trimpots are all 15 turns. Plug-in resistors are all “quarter watt” 1% metal film. Two suitable types are Beyschlag MBB0207 and Roderstein MK20207. The amplifier is shipped in the following default state. top board switches SW 1 1 I lim off 2 INT off 3 PROP on 4 5mA off 5 10mA off 6 20mA off 7 30mA off 8 50mA on SW 3 1 4-20mA off 2 ±10V on 3 4-20mA off 4 4-20mA off SW 2 1 CMD LAG off 2 Iin = E on 3 Iin = P off 4 V off 5 V off 6 V off 7 I on 8 I on bottom board switches SW 1 1 spare off 2 ENABLE on 3 DITHER off 4 4-20mA on Page 2 of 6: C31881 Rev F 01.06 R17: R34: R33: R16: 100k (P gain range 1 to 20) 100k (input 2 to error amp) not fitted (input 2 to output amp) not fitted (feedback derivative) Feedback gain and zero pots: configured for 4-20mA input Dither level pot: fully counter clockwise (FCCW) Scale pot: FCCW P gain pot: FCCW I gain pot: FCW (prior to S.N. M1084, was FCCW) Note that FCW is min. I gain = longest integrator time. Bias pot: 0V Caution If you intend to use the feedback amplifier adjusted for 4-20mA, don’t change the feedback gain or zero. They are already adjusted for 4-20mA To re-adjust for 4-20mA takes a little time, needs test equipment and is tedious to do in the field. 6 Input configuration All three inputs can be used for feedback or command. Care needs to be taken in selecting signal polarity to achieve negative feedback for the overall closed loop. Since the input error amplifier sums the signals, the transducer feedback signal needs to be the opposite polarity of the command. This can be achieved in two ways: Arrange for an opposite polarity feedback transducer signal and connect it to input 1, input 2 or the positive feedback amplifier input. If the feedback transducer signal is the same polarity as the command, you only have one option: Connect it to the negative input of the feedback amplifier. 6.1 Feedback input The feedback amplifier is the best choice for the feedback signal, for five reasons: It leaves input 1 available for command. See 6.2 below. It has inverting (negative) and non-inverting (positive) inputs. It has zero and gain adjustment pots. This enables a signal that does not go to zero volts and has less span than the command, to be scaled up to the command. While this is not essential, it helps when setting up and trouble-shooting. There is a front panel test point for the zeroed and amplified signal. This is very convenient (essential) for setting up and trouble-shooting. There is the option of a plug-in resistor, R16, to give a feedback derivative (lead or D) in the output of the feedback amplifier. Default The feedback amplifier default set-up is 4-20mA flowing into terminal 18 and out of terminal 17, producing an output of 0 to -10V. Reversing the terminals, and hence the current flow, will not result in a 0 to +10V output. The feedback gain and zero must be adjusted for this arrangement. 6.2 Input 1 Input 1 is well suited to be a command because of these two features. If input 1 is used for feedback, be sure the lag is switched off. Input resistance after the scale pot is 94k Ohms. 6.3 Input 2 This input is non-inverting. It is switch selectable between 4-20mA and ±10V. The 4-20mA converter produces 0 to +10V for 4 to 20mA input. R34 connects from the output of the converter to the input of the servo amp when 4-20mA is selected. Plug-in input resistor R34, of 100k Ohms, gives a nominal 0 to 10V input signal range when V rather than 4-20mA is selected. Input 2 is suitable for command or feedback. R34 can be increased to give a larger input range. 7 Output configuration Select the output to match the input requirements of the valve. When voltage (V) is selected, ±10V is available into a minimum load of 200 Ohm. When current (I) is selected, the current level switches enable ±5 to ±100mA to be selected. The switch selections sum, so, if for instance 45mA is required, select 30,10 and 5. The output can drive all known Moog valves up to ±100mA. The maximum load at I (Amp) output is: 11V – 39 Ohm RL max = I (Amp) eg. at 50mA RL max is 181 Ohm The output amplifier is limited to approximately 105% of the selected full scale output. If both the proportional and integrator stages are saturated, the output will not be twice the selected full scale but still only 105% of full scale. ( ) 8 Step push button The step push button injects -50% valve drive disturbance into the output. When released, the valve drive reverts to its original level. This feature is useful for closed loop gain optimisation. 9 P-I selection For position closed loops, initially select only P. For pressure or velocity loops select I initially and then P. See paragraph 12 below for more detail. For a complete discussion of P and I control, see the G122-202 servoamplifier Application Notes (part no C31015). 10 Integrator input The servoamplifier has a unity gain input error amplifier followed by two parallel stages, one a proportional amplifier and the other an integrator. The outputs of these two stages can be switched to the output power amplifier (see paragraph 7 above) which then drives the valve. The input to the integrator stage can be switch selected from either the output of the error amplifier, I in = E, or the output of the proportional stage, I in = P. The latter arrangement is used in the G122-202. It is beyond the scope of these Application Notes to detail the benefits of each arrangement. If you have experience with the G122-202, I in = P would seem to be an easy choice. This input is ±10V non-inverting and has two important features: It has a scale pot on its input that enables large inputs to be scaled down to match smaller signals on other inputs. Scale range is 10 to 100%. Set fully clockwise (FCW), an input of 100V can match a 10V signal on the other inputs. It has a switch selectable lag of 55mS that can be used to remove transients from the input signal that could cause unwanted rapid movement in the output. Page 3 of 6: C31881 Rev F 01.06 11 P only gain 16 In position For position loops select only P control. Input a step disturbance of 50% valve current with the step push button. Adjust the P gain for the required stability, while monitoring the front panel valve test point, or the feedback signal. The gain range of the proportional amplifier can be moved by changing the plug-in resistor R17. The value loaded when shipped is 100k Ohms, which gives a 1 to 20 range. Selecting 200k Ohms will give 2 to 40. The circuit will function correctly with the value of R17 between 100k Ohms and 10M Ohms. When the valve drive signal falls below ±10% of the selected full scale signal, the “in position” signal goes true and provides an opto-isolated current path between the + and – terminals. This can be connected to a PLC to initiate the next step in a control sequence. Do not apply more than 40V to the + terminal and ensure the load on the – terminal is less than 20mA. Note that as P gain is increased, the movement due to the step push button decreases. 17 Withdrawing the circuit card from its case 12 P and I gains together The circuit card needs to be withdrawn from its case to set the selector switches and operate the step push button. If you are inexperienced with integral control the following set-up method is a good starting point. I in = E: Initially select only I. Press the step push button. Increase I gain until one overshoot in the feedback signal is observed. Next select P and I together and increase the P gain to reduce the overshoot. The “in position” signal is not relevant for a velocity loop. To do this, push one tab (item 4) with a pen or screwdriver, while gently pulling on the top cover on that side. The cover will release approximately one mm. Repeat on the second tab on that side. Repeat on the other side and then withdraw the cover and circuit card until the required switches are exposed. The rigidity of the connecting wires will hold the circuit card in position while the switches are set. For the I in = E arrangement the P and I sequence could be reversed. i.e.: adjust P first, followed by I. I in = P: For an I in = P arrangement, only the “P followed by I” sequence of adjustment can be used. For a more thorough discussion see G122-202 Application Notes (part no C31015). 13 I limit The contribution from the integrator to the output amplifier can be reduced by selecting I limit on. When this switch is on the integrator contribution is reduced to approximately 15% of the level when it is off. This feature is useful in a position loop that may require integral control to achieve the required steady state accuracy. The limited integral control removes valve null error when the final position is reached. It is also useful in a pressure loop to limit overshoot, if the valve drive saturates. 14 Dither The dither frequency is fixed at 200Hz and the level is adjustable with the front panel pot to ±10% of valve drive, regardless of the type and level of valve drive selected. Dither is seldom needed in a position loop but can be beneficial in pressure or velocity loops. Increase dither until it can just be detected in the controlled variable, such as pressure or velocity. Dither can compromise valve life, so it should be kept to a minimum. 15 Enable A relay on the circuit card needs to be energised to connect the output stage to its screw terminal and to un-clamp the integrator. The clamp prevents integrator wind-up when the loop is not operating. Supply 24V to the appropriate terminal to energise the relay. The enable switch on the circuit card can be set to permanently energise the relay and provide a permanent enable. Page 4 of 6: C31881 Rev F 01.06 18 Specifications 19 Internet Function: Input 1: www.moog.com/dinmodules P, I, or P & I, switch selectable Scaled to 95V max with switch selectable lag of 55mS. Input 2: 4-20mA 240R load, for 0 to +10V on R34. Or 0 to ±10V direct onto R34. R34 is plug-in, 100K nominal. Feedback input: Differential 4-20mA or ±10V, switch selectable ±15V max. R in 100k – ±10V R in 240R – 4-20mA Feedback amp: Zero, ±10V. Gain, 1 to 10. Derivative (velocity) feedback via plug-in resistor and fixed capacitor. Transducer excitation: +10V @ 10mA max. Error amp: Unity gain. Bias ±1.5V. Proportional amp gain: 1 to 20. Integrator gain: 1 to 45 per second. Integrator input: Switch selectable from output of unity gain error amp or proportional gain amp Enable: Relay, +24V @ 8mA, 17 to 32V. Output amp: Switch selectable voltage or current, single ended output, return to ground. V. ±10V, minimum load = 200 Ohm I. ±5, 10, 20, 30, 50mA to a maximum of ±100mA 11V – 39 Ohm max load = I (Amp) Step push button: -50% valve drive disturbance. Valve supply: Pin 14, 300mA max. In position: ±10% of valve drive. 20mA and 40V max output to PLC. Front panel Vs, internal supply – green indicators: Valve drive positive – red negative – green Enable – yellow In position – green Front panel Valve ±10V (regardless of output test points: signal selection) Feedback amplifier output signal 0V Front panel Input 1 scale trimpots: Error amp bias (15 turns) P gain I gain Dither level Feedback amp gain Feedback amp zero Dither: 200 Hz fixed frequency. ±10% valve drive. Switch selectable on/off Supply: 24V nominal, 22 to 28V 75mA @ 24V, no load, 200mA @ 100mA load Wire size range: 0.2mm2 to 2.5mm2 (24AWG to 12AWG) Recommended M205, 250mA T (slow blow) fuse supply protection: compliant to IEC127-2 sheet 3 Mounting: DIN rail IP 20 Temperature: 0 to +40ºC Dimensions: 100W x 108H x 45D Weight: 180g CE mark: EN50081.1 emission EN61000-6-2 immunity C tick: AS4251.1 emission ( ) Page 5 of 6: C31881 Rev F 01.06 0V +24V see note 1 0Vref Feedback Input Typical linear pot feedback 4-20mA 100K 25 26 18 240R 100K 17 100K 4-20mA V +24V gain TP feedback 100K 47K zero R33 N.F. cmd lag 47K Feedback Amp 100K 1K 10K scale 240R R34 100K 4-20mA Converter 4-20mA Power Supply + bias + R17 100K in =E dither V valve LED Av=10 TP valve 39R Output Amp limit V on +24V enable 12 11 100R +24V -15V +15V 13 8 7 6 5 15 14 28 32 30 10 4 3 In Position Comparator +24V see note 1 see note 1 + Note: 3. Switches shown in default shipping mode. V 20R 50mA 33R 30mA 51R 20mA 100R 10mA 200R 5mA V= 1V P on LED enable Note: 2. Connect spool (pin F) to terminal 7 if current, to terminal 8 if voltage. dither on Step P.B. Dither Oscillator -50% P gain P Gain Amp in =P gain Integrator TP Integrator input select -15V +15V feedback lead 2.2uF R16 N.F. Av=1 Error Amp + Vs LED Additions to -001: input2 4-20mA option, step push button. Note: 1. Connect cable screen to enclosure cable gland or chassis ground terminal on G122-824-002. + 27 20 0V +10V Transducer Excitation 29 22 21 31 24 23 19 see note 1 see note 1 see note 1 9 2 1 +10V 0Vref signal Input 1 0Vref signal Input 2 250mA T fuse 4-20mA Supply F E D B A Connect to pins 5 & 6. mfb Valve spool see note 2 Typical D66X Prop. valve efb Valve In position +24V Enable +24V PLC 20 Block-wiring diagram Industrial Controls Division. Moog Inc., East Aurora, NY 14052-0018. Telephone: 716/652-3000. Fax: 716/655-1803. Toll Free 1-800-272-MOOG. Moog GmbH. Germany. Telephone: 07031-622-0. Fax: 07031-622-100. Moog Sarl. France. Telephone: 01 45 60 70 00. Fax: 01 45 60 70 01. Moog Australia Pty. Ltd. Telephone: 03 9561 6044. Fax: 03 9562 0246. Moog pursues a policy of continuous development and reserves the right to alter designs and specifications without prior notice. Information contained herein is for guidance only and does not form part of a contract. ~ Paulo Denmark: Birkerød England: Tewkesbury Finland: Espoo France: Rungis Germany: Böblingen, Dusseldorf Hong Kong: Shatin India: Bangalore Australia: Melbourne, Sydney, Brisbane Austria: Vienna Brazil: Sao Ireland: Ringaskiddy Italy: Malnate (VA) Japan: Hiratsuka Korea: Kwangju-Kun Philippines: Baguio City Singapore: Singapore Sweden: Askim USA: East Aurora (NY) Page 6 of 6: C31881 Rev F 01.06 D631 Series Servo Control Valves ISO 4401 Size 05 GENERAL SECTION D PAGE MOOG SERVO- AND PROPORTIONAL CONTROL VALVES General 2 Benefits and Function 3 General technical dates, Symbols 4 Electrical Connection 5 For over 50 years Moog has manufactured proportional control valves with integrated electronics. During this time more than 200,000 valves have been delivered. These servo control valves have been proven to provide reliable control including injection and blow molding equipment, die casting machines, presses, heavy industry equipment, paper and lumber processing and other applications. Technical Data 7 D631 SERIES SERVO VALVE Ordering Information 11 The servo control valves D631 Series are throttle valves for 3and preferably 4-way applications. According to the requirements of the application, the user can select either the standard version (P) or the high response version (H). The main features of the high response valves are short stroke related improved dynamics and a more precise axis null cut. DESCRIPTION The proportional valves D631 Series consist of an electromechanical transformer (torque motor), a hydraulic amplifier (nozzle/flapper principle), a spool in a bushing and a cantilever feedback spring. The torque motor contains coils, pole pieces, permanent magnets and an armature. The armature is connected to a flexible tube which allows a limited rotation of the armature and at the same time seals the electromagnetic components against the hydraulic fluid. The hydraulic amplifier is a full bridge arrangement with two upstream fixed orifices and two downstream variable orifices Valves available with intrinsically protection to EN 50.020 class EEx ia IIc T6. Special data sheet on request. NOTICE Before installation of the valve into the system the complete hydraulic system must be flushed. Our quality management system conforms to DIN EN ISO 9001. 2 Moog • D631 Series created by two nozzles and a flapper between them. The flapper is connected at its upper end to the centre of the armature and extends downward through the flexure tube to the nozzles. A deflection of the flapper between the nozzles changes the size of the variable orifices in opposite sense. The 4-way spool controls fluid flow from pressure port to one of the load ports and also from the other load port to return. Deflection of the feedback spring due to spool displacement produces a torque which is fed back to the torquemotor. BENEFITS AND FUNCTION D BENEFTITS OF SERVO VALVES Operational features 2-stage version with dry torque motor Low friction double nozzle pilot stage High spool control forces Mechanical feedback Protection filter easy to replace SERVO CONTROL VALVE OPERATING PRINCIPLE An electrical current (command or input signal) is applied to the coils of the torquemotor and produces depending on the current polarity a clockwise or counter clockwise torque to the armature. The thereby deflected nozzle flapper system creates a pressure difference across the drive areas of the spool and effects its movement. The feedback spring connected to the armature engages with its lower end into a bore of the spool and is thus deflected by spool displacement. The motion of the spool stops when feedback torque and electromagnetic torque are in equilibrium. Then the flapper is again in hydraulic centre position (approximately). Thus the position of the spool is proportional to the electrical command signal. Null adjust cover plug D631 Series two stage servo control valves A B P T Torque motor Locking screw Centering spring Hydraulical amplifier Spool Bushing Moog • D631 Series 3 GENERAL TECHNICAL DATA SYMBOLS D PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATIONS FOR STANDARD MODELS Pilot stage: regular version with dropping orifice Temperature range Ambient Fluid Seal material Operating fluid 4-WAY FUNCTION up to 315 bar (4500 psi) 20% of pilot pressure, max. 100 bar (1450 psi) 15 to 210 bar (200 to 3000 psi) 25 to 315 bar (350 to 4500 psi) –20 °C to +80 °C (-4 °F to +170 °F) –20 °C to +80 °C (-4 °F to +170 °F) NBR, FPM, others on request Mineral oil based hydraulic fluid (DIN 51524, part 1 to 3), other fluids on request 15 to 100 mm2/s (cSt) Viscosity, recommended System filtration High pressure filter (without bypass, but with dirt alarm) mounted in the main flow and if possible directly upstream of the valve. Class of cleanliness The cleanliness of the hydraulic fluid greatly effects the performance (spool positioning, high resolution) and wear (metering edges, pressure gain, leakage) of the valve. Recommended cleanliness class for normal operation: ISO 4406:1999 < 19/16 /13 for longer life: ISO 4406:1999 < 17/14 /11 Filter rating recommended for normal operation: ß15 ≥ 75 (15 µm absolute) for longer life: ß10 ≥ 75 (10 µm absolute) Installation options any position, fixed or movable Vibration 30 g (0.7 Ibs), 3 axes Mass 2.2 kg (4.9 Ibs) Degree of protection EN 60529: class IP 65, with mating connector mounted Shipping plate Delivered with an oil sealed shipping plate 4 Moog • D631 Series A B P T M707 Operating pressure range Main stage: ports P, A and B port T 4-way version optional X external Flow control (throttle valve) in port A and port B For 3-way fuction close port A or port B of the manifold Spools with exact axis cut, 1.5 to 3% or 10% overlap available VALVE FLOW CALCULATIONS D The actual flow depends on the electrical command signal and the valve pressure drop, and may be calculated using the square root function for a sharp-edged orifice. Flow rate Q / l/min VALVE FLOW CALCULATIONS 100 80 pm) .9 g 7 ( n ) /mi gpm 30 l (6.3 n i /m ) 24 l gpm (4.2 n i m / 16 l 50 30 Q / l/min QN / l/min ∆p / bar ∆pN / bar = = = = calculated flow rated flow actual valve pressure drop rated valve pressure drop If large flow rates with high valve pressure drops are required, an appropriate higher pilot pressure has to be chosen to overcome the flow forces. An approximate value can be calculated as follows: 20 15 pm) .1 g (2 /min 8l 10 8 pm) .1 g (1 /min 4l 5 pm) .5 g 3 2 n (0 l/mi 2 1,5 Q / l/min ∆p / bar AK / cm2 pX / bar = = = = max. flow valve pressure drop with Q spool drive area pilot pressure 1 5 10 20 30 50 70 100 Valve pressure drop ∆p / bar The pilot pressure pX has to be at least 15 bar (200 psi), with throttle valve 25 bar (350 psi) above the return pressure of the pilot stage. Moog • D631 Series 5 ELECTRICAL CONNECTION D ELECTRICAL CONNECTION WITH 4-POLE CONNECTOR TO MIL C5015/14S-2 The torque motor has 2 coils. The leads of the coils are single connected to the pins. For operation in parallel, series or single coil mode the corresponding wiring must be done in the mating connector. Optional two types of coils are available: Coil R with 28 Ω per coil Coil Q with 300 Ω per coil Connector Mil C5015/14S-2 Parallel wiring A Coil type Input resistance (at 25°C)1) / Ω Rated current / mA Inductance (at 60 Hz) / H Electrical power / W Connections for valve opening P B, A T Series wiring BC R 14 ± 100 0.2 0.14 D A Q 150 ± 30 1.8 0.14 R 56 ± 50 0.8 0.14 A and C (+) B and D (–) The torque motor has 2 coils. The coils are connected in parallel inside the valve. Two types of coils are available: Coil R with 28 Ω Coil Q with 300 Ω Parallel wiring 1 Coil type Input resistance (at 25°C)1) / Ω Rated current / mA Inductance (at 60 Hz) / H Electrical power / W Connections for valve opening P B, A T 1) 6 65 °F Moog • D631 Series R 14 ± 100 0.2 0.14 D A Q 600 ± 15 7.0 0.14 R 28 ± 100 0.25 0.28 A (+), D (–) B and C connected ELECTRICAL CONNECTION WITH CONNECTOR TO DIN 43650 Connector DIN 43650 BC Single coils 2 3 Q 150 ± 30 1.8 0.14 1 (+) and 3 (–) BC D Q 300 ± 30 2.0 0.27 A (+), B (–) or C (+), D (–) TECHNICAL DATA D PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATIONS FOR STANDARD MODELS Model ... Type D631-... P... Mounting pattern Valve body version Pilot stage Pilot connection Rated flow (± 10%) ISO 4401-05-05-0-94 4-way, 2-stage with bushing-spool assembly Standard Highresponse X X 2 / 4 / 8 / 16 / 24 / 30 0.5 / 1.1 / 2.1 / 4.2 / 6.3 / 7.9 25 13 <1 <1 <5 <3 <5 <4 < 2.5 to 4.2 (0.7 to 1.1) < 2.5 to 4.2 (0.7 to 1.1) 1.4 (0.4) 1.7 (0.5) depending on hydraulic bridge 0.5 to 1 (0.1 to 0.3) ± 2.54 (0.1) ± 1.3 (0.05) 0.75 (0.3) 0.75 (0.3) Nozzle / flapper optional, internal or external at ∆pN= 5 bar per land at ∆pN= 73 psi per land Response time1) Threshold1) Hysteresis1) Null shift Null leakage flow1) Pilot leakage flow1) Pilot flow1) max., Spool stroke Spool drive area 1) without dither at ∆T = 55 K total, max. Tare for 100% step input l/min gpm ms % % % l/min (gpm) l/min (gpm) l/min (gpm) mm (inch) cm2 (inch2) D631-... H... measured at 210 bar (3045 psi) pilot or operating pressure, respectively, fluid viscosity of 32 mm2/s (0.05 in2/s) and fluid temperature of 40 °C (104 °F) Moog • D631 Series 7 TECHNICAL DATA D Step response standard valve Step response high response valve Spool stroke / % Spool stroke / % TYPICAL CHARACTERISTIC CURVES MEASURED WITHOUT DROPPING ORIFICE measured at 210 bar (3045 psi) pilot or operating pressure, respectively, fluid viscosity of 32 mm2/s (0.05 in2/s) and fluid temperature of 40 °C (104 °F) 100 1) 210 bar 140 bar 2) 75 70 bar 3) 100 70 bar 3) 50 25 25 0 10 20 30 40 50 Time / ms 0 Frequency response standard valve Amplitude ratio / dB 0 -2 -6 -8 -90 -70 ±100% -50 -30 -10 1 2 3 4 5 1) 210 bar = 3045 psi 140 bar = 2030 psi 3) 70 bar = 1015 psi 2) Moog • D631 Series 10 20 30 50 Frequency / Hz Phasne lag / degrees -110 ±25% 20 30 Time / ms Frequency response high response valve +2 -4 10 +2 0 -2 -4 -110 ±25% -6 -90 ±100% -8 -70 -50 -30 -10 1 2 3 4 5 10 20 30 50 Frequency / Hz Phase lag / degrees 0 Amplitude ratio / dB 140 bar 2) 75 50 0 8 210 bar1) TECHNICAL DATA D INSTALLATION DRAWING Extension connector Mil C5015/14S-2 Extension space 20 (0.8) A B 107 (4.2) C Ø11 (0.7) (4x) Ø6.5 (0.3) Name plate 1.5 (0.06) 1.5 (0.06) 98 (3.9) Filter element 58 (2.3) D 120 (4.7) Two-way connector 128 (5.1) Mechanical null adjustment (under locking screw) Ø15.7 (0.6) 3 (0.1) 70 (2.8) 77.5 (3.1) Ø11.7 (0.5) Locking screw for control oil internal or external M 4 x 6 DIN EN ISO 4788 with seal ring ID 4.5 / AD 7 62 2.5) 136 (5.4) Extension connector DIN 43650 100 (4.0) 10.6 (0.4) 23 (0.9) 75 3.0) 13 (0.5) 19 (0.8) fill assembly area 131 (5.2) 9.9 (0.4) O-seal cut-in in valve body Mechanical override manually operated (special design) 102 (4.0) (optional) Mounting pattern ISO 4401-05-05-0-94, without X-Connection mm inch P A B T X1) F1 Ø11.5 Ø11.5 Ø11.5 Ø11.5 Ø 6.3 M6 F2 M6 F3 M6 1) F4 M6 P A B T X F1 Ø0.45 Ø0.45 Ø0.45 Ø0.45 Ø0.25 M6 x 27 16.7 37.3 3.2 -9 0 54 54 0 x 1.07 0.66 1.47 0.13 -0.36 0 y 6.3 21.4 21.4 32.5 6.3 0 0 46 46 y 0.25 0.85 0.85 1.28 0.25 0 F2 M6 F3 M6 2.13 2.13 0 F4 M6 0 1.82 1.82 The mounting manifold must conform to ISO 4401-05-05-0-94 1). 1) Note: Location of X port in valve body does not correspond to ISO standards. Mounting surface needs to be flat within 0.02 mm (0.0008 inch). Average surface finish value, Ra, better than 0.8 µm. Moog • D631 Series 9 TECHNICAL DATA D SPARE PARTS AND ACCESSORIES O-rings (included in delivery) for P, T, T2, A, B for X 1) ID 12 x Ø 2 (ID 0.47 x Ø 0.08) ID 8 x Ø 2 (ID 0.31 x Ø 0.08) NBR 85 Shore -66117-012-020 -66117-008-020 Mating connector, waterproof IP 65 (not included in delivery) 4-pole Mil C50515/14S-2S for cable dia min. Ø 6,5 mm, max. Ø 9,5 mm min. Ø 0.25 in, max. Ø 0.37 in Flushing plate for P, A, B, T, T2, X, Y B67728-001 for P, T, T2, X, Y B67728-002 Mounting manifolds see special data sheet Mounting bolts (not included in delivery) M 6 x 70 DIN EN ISO 4762-10.9 4 pieces Replaceable filter required torque 13 Nm (115 Ib in) 100 µm nominal A03665-060-070 A67999 100 1) O-rings for filter replacement for filter for filter cover Screw plug port X Seal for screw plug ID 13 x Ø 1,5 (ID 0.51 x Ø 0.06) ID 17 x Ø 2 (ID 0.67 x Ø 0.08) M 4 x 6 DIN EN ISO 4762-8.8 ID 4,5 / AD 7 (ID 0.18 / AD 0.28) NBR 85 Shore -66117-013-015 -66117-017-020 -66098-040-006 A25528-040 For standard models, others on request 10 5 pieces 1 piece Moog • D631 Series 1 piece 1 piece 1 piece 1 piece FPM 85 Shore A25163-012-020 A25163-008-020 B46744-004 for P, T, T2, und X, Y B67728-003 FPM 85 Shore A25163-013-015 A25163-017-020 ORDERING INFORMATION D ORDERING INFORMATION Model number D631 . . . . . . Type designation . . . . . . . . . . . . Special equipment no M Mechanical override Specification status – E Z K Series specification Preseries specification Special specification Intrinsically safe valve Signals for 100% spool stroke Command for rated flow QN Q ±15 mA Series ± 22,5 mA Series R ± 50 mA Series ± 75 mA Series Y others on request Model designation assigned at the factory Factory identification Valve Typ P 05 to 80 – 05 to 80 – Valve Typ H 05 to 60 80 05 to 60 80 assigned at the factory Valve connector Valve version B Mil C5015/14S-2P G DIN 43650 P Standard valve H High response valve Seal material Rated flow ∆pN = 5 bar per land (∆pN = 73 psi per land) 05 10 20 40 60 80 N NBR (Buna) V FPM (Viton) X others on request QN / l/min bei ∆pN = 35 bar (QN / gpm at ∆pN = 500 psi) 2 (0.5) 4 (1.1) 8 (2.1) 16 (4.2) 24 (6.3) 30 (7.9) 5 (1.3) 10 (2.6) 20 (5.3) 40 (10.6) 60 (15.8) 75 (19.8) Pilot connections and pressure A C E G 210 bar J 315 bar internal supply external supply internal supply external supply Spool position without electrical signal P1) Maximum operating pressure F 15 to 210 bar (217 to 3045 psi) 15 to 210 bar (217 to 3045 psi) 25 to 315 bar (363 to 4565 psi) 25 to 315 bar (363 to 4565 psi) At pX ≤ 210 bar (3045 psi) (X external) operating pressure A P ➧ B, A ➧ T B P ➧ A, B ➧ T M Mid position in port P, A and B up to 315 bar possible 315 bar (4566 psi) (with dropping orifice) Bushing spool type Pilot stage 0 Axis cut, linear characteristic D ± 10% overlap, linear characteristic X others on request F Standard response for valve version "P" G Highresponse for valve version "H" 1) Control pressure Preferred configurations are highlighted. All combinations may not be available. Options may increase price. Technical changes are reserved. Moog • D631 Series 11 Moog GmbH Hanns-Klemm-Straße 28 71034 Böblingen email: [email protected] www.moog.de Telefon (0 70 31) 622-0 Telefax (0 70 31) 622-191 D631.en.09.02 Ksis / Wacker / 1000 Ireland Italy Japan Korea Luxembourg Norway Philippines Russia Singapore Spain Sweden United Kingdom USA Änderungen vorbehalten Argentina Australia Austria Brazil China Finland France Germany India CompactRIO Features Contents Overview ....................................................................................366 Configuration Guide....................................................................371 Reconfigurable Embedded Systems NEW! Real-Time Controllers....................................................372 NEW! Reconfigurable Chassis ..................................................373 R Series Expansion Systems NEW! R Series Expansion Chassis............................................374 Input/Output Modules NEW! Analog Input ..................................................................375 NEW! Analog Output................................................................376 NEW! Digital Input ..................................................................377 NEW! Digital Output ................................................................378 Typical System Specifications ..................................................379 Accessories................................................................................380 Ordering Information ..................................................................381 CompactRIO Contents and Overview Overview National Instruments CompactRIO is an advanced reconfigurable embedded control and acquisition system powered by NI RIO technology for ultrahigh performance, user customization, and reconfigurability. It is designed to perform in the harshest industrial environments. 11 Figure 1. CompactRIO Architecture BUY ONLINE or CALL (866) 265-9891! Visit ni.com 366 • Small, rugged, industrial control and acquisition system • Powered by reconfigurable I/O (RIO) FPGA technology for ultrahigh performance and customization • Low-cost architecture with open access to low-level hardware resources • High-productivity LabVIEW graphical programming tools for rapid development • Real-time processor and reconfigurable FPGA for reliable stand-alone embedded or distributed applications • Hot-swappable industrial I/O modules with built-in signal conditioning for direct connection to sensors and actuators • Design your own custom control or acquisition circuitry in silicon with 25 ns timing/triggering resolution • NI CompactRIO Extreme Industrial Certifications and Ratings • -40 to 70 °C (-40 to 158 °F) operating temperature • Up to 2,300 Vrms isolation (withstand) • 50 g shock rating • International safety, EMC, and environmental certifications • Class I, Division 2 rating for hazardous locations • Dual 11-30 VDC supply inputs, low power For ordering information, see page 381. CompactRIO Overview With NI CompactRIO, you can rapidly build embedded control or acquisition systems that rival the performance and optimization of custom-designed hardware circuitry. Now LabVIEW programmers can take advantage of reconfigurable FPGA technology to automatically synthesize a highly optimized electrical circuit implementation of their input/output, communication, or control applications. Field-programmable gate array (FPGA) devices are widely used by control and acquisition system vendors for their performance, reconfigurability, small size, and low engineering development costs. FPGA-based devices were traditionally vendor defined rather than user defined because of the complexity of the electronic design tools. Now you can take advantage of userprogrammable FPGAs to create highly optimized reconfigurable control and acquisition systems with no knowledge of specialized hardware design languages such as VHDL. drive, differential/TTL digital inputs with 5 V regulated supply output for encoders, and 250 Vrms universal digital inputs. Because the modules contain built-in signal conditioning for extended voltage ranges or industrial signal types, you can usually make your wiring connections directly from the CompactRIO module to your sensors/actuators. Visit ni.com/compactrio for the latest information on module availability. Real-Time Processor The CompactRIO embedded system features an industrial 200 MHz Pentium class processor that reliably and deterministically executes your LabVIEW Real-Time applications. Choose from thousands of built-in LabVIEW functions to build your multithreaded embedded system for real-time control, analysis, data logging, and communication. The controller also features a 10/100 Mb/s Ethernet port for programmatic communication over the network (including email) and built in Web (HTTP) and file (FTP) servers. Using the remote panel Web server, you can automatically publish the frontpanel graphical user interface of your embedded application for multiclient remote monitoring or control. The real-time processor also features dual 11 to 30 VDC supply inputs, a user DIP switch, LED status indicators, a real-time clock, watchdog timers, and other high-reliability features. CompactRIO Overview Low-Cost Open Architecture CompactRIO combines a low power consumption real-time embedded processor with a high-performance RIO FPGA chipset. The RIO core has built-in data transfer mechanisms to pass data to the embedded processor for real-time analysis, postprocessing, data logging, or communication to a networked host computer. CompactRIO provides direct hardware access to the input/output circuitry of each I/O module using LabVIEW FPGA elemental I/O functions. Each I/O module includes built-in connectivity, signal conditioning, conversion circuitry (ADC or DAC), and an optional isolation barrier. This represents a low-cost architecture with open access to low-level hardware resources. I/O Modules Each CompactRIO I/O module contains built-in signal conditioning and screw terminal, BNC, or D-Sub connectors. By integrating the connector junction box into the modules, the CompactRIO system significantly reduces the space requirements and cost of field wiring. A variety of I/O types are available including ±80 mV thermocouple inputs, ±10 V simultaneous sampling analog inputs/outputs, 24 V industrial digital I/O with up to 1 A of current Source: XILINX 11 Performance Using the LabVIEW FPGA Module and reconfigurable hardware technology, you can create ultrahigh performance control and acquisition systems with CompactRIO. The FPGA circuitry is a parallel processing reconfigurable computing engine that executes your LabVIEW application in silicon circuitry on a chip. The LabVIEW FPGA Module features built-in functions for analog closed-loop PID control, fifth-order FIR filters, 1D look-up tables, linear interpolation, zero crossing detection, and direct digital synthesis of sine waves. Using the embedded RIO FPGA hardware, you can implement multiloop analog PID control systems at loop rates exceeding 100 kS/s. Digital control systems can be implemented at loop rates up to 1 MS/s. Multiple rungs of Boolean logic can be evaluated using single-cycle while loops at 40 MHz (25 ns). Because of the parallel nature of the RIO core, adding additional computation does not necessarily reduce the speed of the FPGA application. CompactRIO offers 4 and 8-slot chassis with options for FPGA chips with either 1 million or 3 million gates. BUY ONLINE or CALL (866) 265-9891! Visit ni.com 367 CompactRIO Overview Size and Weight CompactRIO is designed for applications in harsh environments and small places. Size, weight, and I/O channel density are critical design requirements in many such embedded applications. By taking advantage of the extreme performance, small size, and lower power consumption of FPGA devices, CompactRIO is able to deliver unprecedented control and acquisition capabilities in a compact, rugged package. A 4-slot embedded system measures 179.6 by 88.1 by 88.1 mm (7.07 by 3.47 by 3.47 in.) and weighs just 1.58 kg (3.47 lb). An 8-slot system filled with 32-channel I/O modules delivers a mass channel density of 9.7 g/ch (0.34 oz/ch), and a volumetric channel density of 8.2 cm3/ch (0.50 in.3/ch). Key Developer Tools The LabVIEW development environment, including the LabVIEW FPGA Module and LabVIEW Real-Time Module, provides an array of tools and technologies to accelerate the development of reliable reconfigurable embedded systems. CompactRIO Overview NI CompactRIO Extreme Industrial Certifications and Ratings CompactRIO is a reconfigurable embedded system that combines reliable stand-alone embedded capability with extreme industrial certifications and ratings for operation in harsh industrial environments. CompactRIO is rated for a -40 to 70 °C (-40 to 158 °F) temperature range, 50 g shock, and hazardous locations or potentially explosive environments (Class I, Div 2). Most I/O modules feature up to 2,300 Vrms isolation (withstand), and 250 Vrms isolation (continuous). Each component comes with a variety of international safety, electromagnetic compatibility (EMC), and environmental certifications and ratings. Host Interface FPGA Application Embedded Project Manager • FPGA hardware target configuration and automatic module discovery • CompactRIO module and I/O channel alias name management • FPGA application flash memory download and autoload configuration 11 Hazardous Locations Description Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) Product Safety Hazardous Locations, Class I, Division 2 Shock and Vibration Mean Time Before Failure (MTBF) (pending) Standard 89/336/EEC EN 55011 Class A at 10 m FCC Part 15A above 1 GHz Industrial levels per EN 61326-1:1997 + A2:2001, Table A.1 CE, C-Tick, and FCC Part 15 (Class A) Compliant 73/23/EEC EN 61010-1, IEC 61010-1 UL 61010-1 CAN/CSA C22.2 No. 61010-1 Class I, Division 2, Groups A, B, C, D, T4; Class I, Zone 2, AEx nC IIC T4, EEx nC IIC T4 IEC 60068-2-64, IEC 60068-2-27,IEC 60068-2-6 Bellcore Issue 6, Method 1, Case 3 MIL-HDBK-217F Typical Certifications – Actual specifications vary from product to product. Visit ni.com/certification for details. BUY ONLINE or CALL (866) 265-9891! Visit ni.com 368 LabVIEW FPGA Development Environment • FPGA device I/O for analog input/output, digital input/output, and I/O property nodes/methods • Interrupt request (IRQ) generation and synchronization functions • 40 MHz single-cycle timed loop for LabVIEW code execution in 25 ns timing interval • Parallel processing with while loop, sequence, case, for loop, and other execution control structures • FPGA FIFO data buffering and memory read/write • Boolean logic, comparison, numeric math, saturation arithmetic functions, and bitwise data manipulation functions CompactRIO Overview • HDL interface node for integration of non-LabVIEW IP cores • Nonlinear system and discrete linear control functions including PID and fifth-order FIR filter • 1D look-up table, linear interpolation, zero-crossing detection, and direct digital synthesis sine generator LabVIEW Real-Time Development Environment • Web browser remote panel graphical user interface plug-in for remote control/monitoring (Windows, Linux, Mac OS X, Solaris) • Express spectral signal analysis, distortion/tone, amplitude/level, timing/transition, convolution/correlation, mask/limit, histogram functions • Local or remote database connectivity, text/HTML/DIAdem report generation • Handheld mobile/portable PDA user interface/ remote control (LabVIEW PDA Module) The CompactRIO Platform is available in two configurations: CompactRIO Embedded System In this configuration, CompactRIO is a complete reconfigurable embedded system for rugged stand-alone or networked control and acquisition applications. The reconfigurable embedded system consists of a real-time controller, a reconfigurable chassis containing the userprogrammable RIO FPGA, and a variety of hot-swappable industrial I/O modules. CompactRIO Overview • Target configuration options including start-up application execution settings and development, Web, remote panel, and file server access • Open FPGA VI Reference function for programmatic bit-stream download, communication interface reference, and application start • Deterministic real-time while loop thread synchronization with FPGA-generated IRQ • FPGA front panel control/indicator read/write for data transfer • Data scaling/mapping functions for integer to floating-point engineering units conversion • Real-Time FIFO data buffering for multithread communication • Timed-loop structure for multirate deterministic control • Floating-point PID, set-point profiling, gain scheduling, and rate limiter functions • Point-by-point signal generation, time-domain analysis, frequency-domain transforms and spectrum analysis, filters, statistics, curve fitting/interpolation, linear algebra, array/vector operations • SMTP E-mail, TCP/IP, UDP, IrDA, DataSocket, and VISA RS232 serial programmatic server/client communication (including 802.11 wireless Ethernet) • Binary and text file I/O for embedded data logging and retrieval LabVIEW Networked Host Application Development 11 HALO Productions Photographer -– Douglas J. Nesbit Application Modules and Toolkits • LabVIEW PDA Module, LabVIEW Enterprise Connectivity Toolkit, LabVIEW Remote Panel License • LabVIEW Execution Trace Toolkit • LabVIEW Order Analysis Toolkit, LabVIEW Sound and Vibration Toolkit, LabVIEW Signal Processing Toolkit • LabVIEW Simulation Module, LabVIEW Control Design Toolkit, LabVIEW System Identification Toolkit, LabVIEW Simulation Interface Toolkit, LabVIEW State Diagram Toolkit • NI SoftMotion Development Module for LabVIEW CompactRIO R Series Expansion System In this configuration, a CompactRIO expansion chassis connects to the digital port on a PCI or PXI R Series FPGA device. The R Series device can be installed in any desktop PC, industrial PC (IPC), or ruggedized PXI/CompactPCI computer system running Windows or one of the LabVIEW Real-Time OSs. The RIO FPGA resides on the R Series device while CompactRIO converts a digital port on the R Series device into a high-performance expansion I/O and signal conditioning system. BUY ONLINE or CALL (866) 265-9891! Visit ni.com 369 CompactRIO Overview HALO Productions Freefall Cameraman – Joao Tambor CompactRIO Overview Application Examples 11 Photo courtesy of NASA BUY ONLINE or CALL (866) 265-9891! Visit ni.com 370 Due to its low cost, reliability, and suitability for high-volume embedded measurement and control applications, CompactRIO can be adapted to solve the needs of a wide variety of industries and applications. Examples include heavy industrial machine control, in-vehicle data acquisition, machine condition monitoring, and rapid control prototyping (RCP): • Batch control • Discrete control • Motion control • In-vehicle data acquisition • Machine condition monitoring • Rapid control prototyping (RCP) • Industrial data acquisition • Distributed data acquisition and control • Mobile/portable noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH) analysis CompactRIO Configuration Guide Build your CompactRIO reconfigurable control and acquisition system in three easy steps: Step 1. Choose your CompactRIO real-time embedded controller, PXI controller, or industrial PC. Type of Controller Standard real-time Premium real-time Windows PXI Windows PCI PCI real-time (ETS) Reconfigurable Embedded System cRIO-9002 embedded controller, 64 MB storage cRIO-9004 embedded controller, 512 MB storage R Series Expansion System PXI-8145 RT, PXI-1031 (real-time PXI) PXI-8186 RT, PXI-1031 (real-time PXI) NI PXI-8186, PXI-1031 Any desktop or industrial PC Certified desktop PC (Dell Optiplex, model GX270) or industrial PC Step 2. Select a reconfigurable chassis or R Series device and expansion chassis. Type of Chassis Standard real-time Premium real-time Reconfigurable Embedded System cRIO-9101 4-slot 1 M gate RIO chassis cRIO-9102 8-slot 1 M gate RIO chassis cRIO-9103 4-slot 3 M gate RIO chassis cRIO-9104 8-slot 3 M gate RIO chassis R Series Expansion System PXI-7831R or PXI-7811R, and cRIO-9151 expansion chassis PXI-7831R or PXI-7811R, and cRIO-9151 expansion chassis PXI-7831R or PXI-7811R and cRIO-9151 expansion chassis PCI-7831R and cRIO-9151 expansion chassis PCI-7831R and cRIO-9151 expansion chassis Windows PXI Windows PCI PCI real-time (ETS) Type of Signal Analog Input Signal Thermocouple IEPE2 (±5 V) Small voltage (±80 mV) Medium voltage (±10 V) Analog Output Digital Input High voltage (±60 V) Medium voltage (±10 V) 24 V sinking Digital Output 250 AC/DC universal Differential or TTL 24 V sourcing Relay Output Counter, Pulse Form A (SPST) Counter/timer (24 V) Counter/timer (TTL) Quadrature encoder (differential) PWM Module cRIO-9211 cRIO-9233 cRIO-9211 cRIO-9215 cRIO-9201 cRIO-9221 cRIO-9263 cRIO-9421 cRIO-9423 cRIO-9435 cRIO-9411 cRIO-9472 cRIO-9474 cRIO-9481 cRIO-9423 cRIO-9411 cRIO-9411 cRIO-9474 Channels 4 4 4 4 8 8 4 8 8 4 6 8 8 4 8 6 6 8 Special Features1 24-bit delta-sigma, 15 S/s, differential (J, K, R, S, T, N, E, and B thermocouple types) 24-bit delta-sigma, 50 kS/s per ch, simultaneous, antialiasing, nonisolated, TEDS 24-bit, 15 S/s, differential 16-bit, 100 kS/s per ch, simultaneous, differential 12-bit, 800 kS/s 12-bit, 800 kS/s 16-bit, 100 kS/s per ch, simultaneous 100 µs, 24 V logic, 40 V protection 1 µs, high-speed, 24 V logic, 35 V protection 3 ms, ±5 to 250 VDC, 10 to 250 VAC, universal, sink/source 1 µs, ±5 to 24 V, single-ended TTL or differential, regulated 5 V supply output 100 µs, 24 V logic, 750 mA max per ch, 30 V protection, short-circuit-proof 1 µs, high-speed, 24 V logic, 1 A max per ch, 30 V protection, short-circuit-proof 1 s, 30 VDC (2 A), 60 VDC (1 A), 250 VAC (2 A) electromechanical form A (SPST) 1 µs, high-speed, 24 V logic, 35 V protection 1 µs, ±5 to 24 V, single-ended TTL or differential, regulated 5 V supply output 1 µs, ±5 to 24 V, single-ended TTL or differential, regulated 5 V supply output 1 µs, high-speed, 24 V logic, (5 to 30 V)1 A max per ch, 30 V protection,short-circuit-proof CompactRIO Configuration Guide Step 3. Choose your I/O modules. 11 1 NI CompactRIO Extreme Industrial Certifications and Ratings. All modules except cRIO-9233 feature 2,300 Vrms withstand isolation, 250 Vrms continuous isolation channel-to-earth ground. Integrated electronic piezoelectric (IEPE) sensors include accelerometers, strain gages, load cells, and microphones. 2 BUY ONLINE or CALL (866) 265-9891! Visit ni.com 371 CompactRIO Reconfigurable Chassis NI cRIO-910x NEW! • Design hardware using LabVIEW programming skills • 4 or 8-slot chassis for any CompactRIO I/O modules • 1 M or 3 M gate RIO FPGA core for normal or extended RIO processing power • DIN-rail mounting, 19 in. rack mount, and panel mounting options • NI CompactRIO Extreme Industrial Certifications and Ratings1 Product cRIO-9101 cRIO-9102 cRIO-9103 cRIO-9104 Module Slots 4 8 4 8 • Program in easy-to-use LabVIEW FPGA graphical development environment to automatically synthesize an optimized highperformance electrical circuit implementation of your application • RIO FPGA core executes LabVIEW control logic at rates up to 40 MS/s using single-cycle timed loops FPGA System Gates 1M 1M 3M 3M RAM (KB) 82 82 196 196 Overview and Applications Maximum Power Consumption (W) 2.3 2.3 3 3 Built-In Panel Mounting Holes 3 3 3 3 3. Develop the real-time controller application to add floating-point control, signal processing, data logging, and communication Key Features • Create any local or multichassis timing, triggering, and synchronization scheme with 25 ns resolution • Use multiple while loops to create a parallel processing application for high-performance signal processing or multirate control systems • Built-in PID control functions for control system loop rates greater than 100 kHz • Generate waveforms or implement nonlinear look-up tables (LUTs) using LabVIEW FPGA express VIs • Integrate widely available third-party HDL cores using the LabVIEW FPGA Module HDL Node • Enforce critical logic and interlocks in silicon hardware circuitry, or use the parallel RIO architecture to create dual, triple, or quadruple redundant systems Visit ni.com/compactrio for example programs, application notes, and other developer tools. CompactRIO Reconfigurable Chassis The National Instruments CompactRIO reconfigurable chassis are the heart of the CompactRIO system because they contain the reconfigurable I/O (RIO) core. The RIO FPGA core, which has an individual connection to each I/O module, is programmed with easyto-use elemental I/O functions to read or write signal information from each module. Because there is no shared communication bus between the RIO FPGA core and the I/O modules, I/O operations on each module can be precisely synchronized with 25 ns resolution. The RIO core can perform local integer-based signal processing and decision-making and directly pass signals from one module to another. The RIO core is also connected to the CompactRIO real-time controller through a local PCI bus interface. The real-time controller can retrieve data from any control or indicator on the front-panel of the RIO FPGA application through an easy-to-use FPGA Read/Write function. The RIO FPGA can also generate interrupt requests (IRQs) to synchronize the real-time software execution with the RIO FPGA. Typically, the real-time controller is used to convert the integer based I/O data to scaled floating-point numbers. In addition, the real-time controller typically performs single-point control, waveform analysis, data logging, and Ethernet/serial communication. The reconfigurable chassis, real-time controller, and I/O modules combine to create a complete stand-alone embedded system. Application development consists of three steps: 1. Target the reconfigurable chassis to automatically detect the I/O modules and develop the RIO FPGA application, 2. Compile the RIO application to automatically synthesize an optimized high-performance electrical circuit implementation of your application, Default Timebase (MHz) 40 40 40 40 11 For ordering information, see page 381. North American Hazardous Locations (pending) For more information, see page 379. 1 See CompactRIO Overview on page 366 for details. BUY ONLINE or CALL (866) 265-9891! Visit ni.com 373 CompactRIO – Real-Time Embedded Controllers NI cRIO-900x • Small, rugged, high-reliability embedded real-time processor for intelligent standalone operation • Executes powerful floating-point algorithms with deterministic real-time performance • Low power consumption with dual DC supply inputs for redundancy • 10/100BaseT Ethernet port with built-in LabVIEW remote panel Web server and FTP file sharing server • RS232 serial port for peripheral devices Operating System • LabVIEW Real-Time (ETS) Development Environment • LabVIEW Full or Professional Development System for Windows • LabVIEW Reconfigurable I/O Software Development Kit (includes LabVIEW Real-Time, LabVIEW FPGA Modules and developer toolkits) Driver Software • NI-RIO for reconfigurable embedded systems DRAM Internal Nonvolatile 10/100BaseTX RS232 Product Memory (MB) Storage (MB) Ethernet Port Serial Port cRIO-9002 32 64 3 3 cRIO-9004 64 512 3 3 LEDs 4 DIP Switches 5 Power Supply Input Range 9 to 35 VDC Power Consumption 7 W max 4 5 9 to 35 VDC 7 W max Backup Power Input Remote Panel Web Server FTP Server 3 3 3 3 3 3 Overview and Applications Embedded Software National Instruments cRIO-900x real-time embedded controllers offer powerful stand-alone embedded execution for deterministic LabVIEW Real-Time applications. The NI cRIO-9002 includes 32 MB of DRAM memory and 64 MB of nonvolatile flash storage for file storage. The cRIO-9004 includes 64 MB of DRAM memory and 512 MB of nonvolatile flash storage for data-logging applications. Both controllers are designed for extreme ruggedness, reliability, and low power consumption with dual 9 to 35 VDC supply inputs that deliver isolated power to the CompactRIO chassis/modules and a -40 to 70 °C temperature range. A 200 MHz industrial processor balances low power consumption with powerful real-time floating-point signal processing and analysis capabilities for deterministic control loops exceeding 1 kHz. Embedded code execution can be synchronized to an FPGA-generated interrupt request (IRQ) or an internal millisecond real-time clock source. The LabVIEW Real-Time ETS OS provides reliability and simplifies the development of complete embedded applications that include time-critical control and acquisition loops in addition to lower priority loops for postprocessing, data logging, and Ethernet/serial communication. Built-in elemental I/O functions such as the FPGA Read/Write function provide a communication interface to the highly optimized reconfigurable FPGA circuitry. Data values are read from the FPGA in integer format, and then converted to scaled engineering units in the controller. + Built-In Servers System Configuration The CompactRIO real-time controller connects to any 4 or 8-slot CompactRIO reconfigurable chassis. The user-defined FPGA circuitry in the chassis controls each I/O module and passes data to the controller through a local PCI bus, using built-in communication functions. In addition to programmatic communication via TCP/IP, UDP, Modbus/TCP, IrDA, and serial protocols, the CompactRIO controllers also include built-in servers for VISA, HTTP, and FTP. The VISA server provides remote download and communication access to the RIO FPGA over Ethernet. The HTTP server provides a Web browser user interface to HTML pages, files, and the user interface of embedded LabVIEW applications through a Web browser plug-in. The FTP server provides access to logged data or configuration files. North American Hazardous Locations CompactRIO – Real-Time Embedded Controllers Environmental Specifications cRIO-900x controllers are intended for indoor use only. For outdoor use, mount the CompactRIO system in a suitably rated enclosure. Network Network interface............................... 10BaseT and 100BaseTX Ethernet Compatibility ....................................... IEEE 802.3 Communication rates.......................... 10 Mb/s, 100 Mb/s, autonegotiated Maximum cabling distance................. 100 m/segment Memory cRIO-9002 Nonvolatile ..................................... DRAM ............................................. cRIO-9004 Nonvolatile ..................................... DRAM ............................................. 64 MB 32 MB 512 MB 64 MB Power Requirements You must use a National Electric Code (NEC) Class 2 power source with the cRIO-9002/9004. Recommended power supply................ Power consumption Controller only ................................ Controller supplying power to 8 CompactRIO modules.............. Power supply On power-up ................................... After power-up ............................... 48 W secondary, 18 VDC to 24 VDC 7 W max 17 W 9 to 35 V 6 to 35 V Physical Characteristics Screw-terminal wiring ........................ 12 to 24 AWG copper conductor wire with 10 mm (0.39 in.) of insulation stripped from the end Torque for screw terminals................. 0.5 to 0.6 N • m (4.4 to 5.3 lb • in.) Weight................................................. Approx. 488 g (17.2 oz) Safety Safety Voltages Connect only voltages that are within these limits. Operating temperature (IEC 60068-2-1, IEC 60068-2-2) ...... -40 to 70 °C Note: To meet this operating temperature range, follow the guidelines in the installation instructions for your CompactRIO system. Storage temperature (IEC 60068-2-1, IEC 60068-2-2) ...... Ingress protection ............................... Operating relative humidity (IEC 60068-2-56) ............................. Storage relative humidity (IEC 60068-2-56) ............................. Maximum altitude............................... Pollution Degree (IEC 60664) .............. -40 to 85 °C IP 40 10 to 90%, noncondensing 5 to 95%, noncondensing 2,000 m 2 Shock and Vibration To meet these specifications, you must panel mount the CompactRIO system and affix ferrules to the end of the terminal wires. Operating vibration, random (IEC 60068-2-64) ............................. 5 grms, 10 to 500 Hz Operating shock (IEC 60068-2-27) ............................. 30 g, 11 ms half sine 50 g, 3 ms half sine, 18 shocks at 6 orientations Operating vibration, sinusoidal (IEC 60068-2-6) ............................... 5 g, 10 to 500 Hz Electromagnetic Compatibility Emissions ............................................ EN 55011 Class A at 10 m FCC Part 15A above 1 GHz Immunity.............................................. Industrial levels per EN 61326:1997 + A2:2001, Table A.1 EMC/EMI............................................. CE, C-Tick, and FCC Part 15 (Class A) Compliant Note: For EMC compliance, operate this device with shielded cabling. V-to-C .................................................. 30 V max, Installation Category I FCC Compliance Safety Standards Go to ni.com/info and enter rdcriofcc for information on using this product in compliance with FCC regulations. The cRIO-9002/9004 is designed to meet the requirements of the following standards of safety for electrical equipment for measurement, control, and laboratory use: • EN 61010-1, IEC 61010-1 • UL 61010-1 • CAN/CSA-C22.2 No. 61010-1 Hazardous Locations U.S. (UL) .............................................. Class I, Division 2, Groups A, B, C, D, T4; Class I, Zone 2, AEx nC IIC T4 Canada (C-UL) ..................................... Class I, Division 2, Groups A, B, C, D, T4; Class I, Zone 2, Ex nC IIC T4 Europe (DEMKO) ................................. EEx nC IIC T4 CE Compliance This product meets the essential requirements of applicable European directives, as amended for CE marking, as follows: Low-voltage directive (safety) ............ 73/23/EEC Electromagnetic compatibility directive (EMC) ............................... 89/336/EEC Note: Refer to the Declaration of Conformity (DoC) for this product for any additional regulatory compliance information. To obtain the DoC for this product, and for UL and other safety certifications, visit ni.com/certification. BUY ONLINE at ni.com or CALL (800) 813 3693 (U.S.) 2 C Series Analog Input Modules NI 9201, NI 921x, NI 9221, NI 923x NEW! • Signal conditioning for high voltage (±60 V), thermocouples, RTDs, accelerometers, microphones, strain gages, current inputs • Advanced features such as smart TEDS sensor capability, antialiasing filters, open-thermocouple detection • ±80 mV, ±10 V, or ±60 V analog input ranges • 12, 16, or 24-bit (delta-sigma) resolution Model NI 9201 NI 9203 NI 9205 NI 9206 NI 9211 NI 9215 NI 9217 NI 9221 NI 9233 NI 9237 • Up to 800 kS/s multiplexed or up to 100 kS/s simultaneous-sampling analog-to-digital converter (ADC) • Up to 32 channels per module • Up to 2,300 Vrms isolation (withstand), up to 250 Vrms isolation (continuous) • NIST-traceable calibration certificate for guaranteed accuracy Compatibility CompactRIO NI CompactDAQ Signal Type Channels Resolution (bits) – Voltage 8 12 3 – Current 8 16 3 Voltage 32 SE/16 DI 16 3 3 Cat I Isolated Voltage 16 DI 16 3 3 Thermocouple 4 24 3 3 Voltage 4 16 3 3 – RTD 4 24 3 – Voltage 8 12 3 IEPE 4 24 3 3 Bridge 4 24 3 3 Max Sampling Rate (S/s) 500 k 200 k 250 k 250 k 15 100 k/ch 400 800 k 50 k/ch 50 k/ch Signal Input Ranges ±10 V ±20 mA, 0-20 mA ±10 V, ±5 V, ±1, ±0.2 ±10 V, ±5 V, ±1, ±0.2 ±80 mV ±10 V 0 to 400 Ω ±60 V ±5 V ±250 mV Simultaneous Sampling – – – – – 3 – – 3 3 Antialiasing Filters – – – – 3 – 3 – 3 3 Isolation 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 – 3 Connector Options Screw Terminal, D-Sub Screw Terminal Spring Terminal, D-Sub Spring Terminal Screw Terminal Screw Terminal, BNC Screw Terminal Screw Terminal, D-Sub BNC RJ50 Table 1. C Series Analog Input Modules Selection Guide Overview High-accuracy C Series analog input modules for National Instruments CompactRIO and NI CompactDAQ provide high-performance measurements for a wide variety of industrial, in-vehicle, and laboratory sensors and signal types. Each module includes built-in signal conditioning and an integrated connector with screw terminal or cable options for flexible and low-cost signal wiring. All modules feature NI CompactRIO Extreme Industrial Certifications and Ratings. System Compatibility NI C Series modules can be used in multiple system types depending on available software. Please see the table above for CompactRIO and NI CompactDAQ module compatibility because not all modules will work with both systems. Many of the advanced features described apply only to reconfigurable I/O systems and not to NI CompactDAQ. Advanced Features When used with CompactRIO, NI C Series analog input modules connect directly to reconfigurable I/O (RIO) FPGA hardware to create high-performance embedded systems. The reconfigurable FPGA hardware within CompactRIO provides a variety of options for custom timing, triggering, synchronization, filtering, signal processing and high speed decision making for all C Series analog modules. For instance, with CompactRIO you can implement custom triggering for any analog sensor type on a per-channel basis using the flexibility and performance of the FPGA and the numerous arithmetic and comparision function blocks built into LabVIEW FPGA. Key Features • High-accuracy, high-performance analog measurements for any CompactRIO embedded system, R Series expansion chassis, or NI CompactDAQ chassis • Screw terminals, BNC, D-Sub, spring terminals, strain relief, highvoltage, cable, solder cup backshell, and other connectivity options • Available channel-to-earth ground double-isolation barrier for safety, noise immunity, and high common-mode voltage range • NI CompactRIO Extreme Industrial Certifications and Ratings • Built-in signal conditioning for direct connection to sensors and industrial devices Visit ni.com/compactrio or ni.com/compactdaq for up-to-date information on module availability, example programs, application notes, and other developer tools. North American Hazardous Locations C Series Module Accessories Connectivity Accessories CompactRIO and NI CompactDAQ systems are designed to provide flexible options for low-cost field wiring and cabling. Most C Series modules have a unique connector block option that offers secure and safe connections to your C Series system. The table below contains all of the connector blocks available for C Series I/O modules. Accessory NI 9932 NI 9933 NI 9934 NI 9935 NI 9936 NI 9939 The NI 9934 includes a screw-terminal connector with strain relief as well as a D-Sub solder cup backshell for creating custom cable assemblies for any module with a 25-pin D-Sub connector. Description 10-position strain relief and high-voltage screw-terminal connector kit 37-pin D-Sub connector kit with strain relief and D-Sub shell 25-pin D-Sub connector kit with strain relief and D-Sub shell 15-pin D-Sub connector kit with strain relief and D-Sub shell 10-position screw-terminal plugs (quantity 10) 16-position connector kit with strain relief Note: To meet shock and vibration requirements, you must affix ferrules to the ends of the wires on all screw-terminal connectors. The table below lists the recommended connector block accessories for each C Series analog input module. C Series Analog Input Module NI 9201 NI 9201 with D-Sub NI 9211 NI 9215 NI 9217 NI 9221 NI 9221 with D-Sub Figure 3. NI 9934 25-Pin D-Sub Connector Kit with Strain Relief and D-Sub Shell The NI 9935 includes a screw-terminal connector with strain relief as well as a D-Sub solder cup backshell for creating custom cable assemblies for any module with a 15-pin D-Sub connector. Recommended Module Accessory NI 9932, NI 9936 NI 99341 NI 9932, NI 9936 NI 9932, NI 9936 NI 9939 NI 9932, NI 9936 NI 99341 1Requires a 25-pin D-Sub connector such as the NI 9934 accessory kit. The NI 9932 kit provides strain relief and operator protection from high-voltage signals for any 10-position screw-terminal module. Figure 4. NI 9935 15-Pin D-Sub Connector Kit with Strain Relief and D-Sub Shell The NI 9936 consists of 10-position screw-terminal plugs for any 10-position screw-terminal module. Figure 1. NI 9932 10-Position Strain Relief and High-Voltage Screw-Terminal Connector Kit The NI 9933 includes a screw-terminal connector with strain relief as well as a D-Sub solder cup backshell for creating custom cable assemblies for any module with a 37-pin D-Sub connector. Figure 5. NI 9936 10-Position Screw-Terminal Plugs Visit ni.com/compactrio or ni.com/compactdaq for up-to-date information on availability of accessories. Figure 2. NI 9933 37-Pin D-Sub Connector Kit with Strain Relief and D-Sub Shell BUY ONLINE at ni.com or CALL (800) 813 3693 (U.S.) 2 51127 Cologne Fax iglidur® G – Flange Bearing – Type F iglidur® G – Thrust Washer – Type T d13 d3 4.0 25.0 h13 b1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 -0.14 b2 GFM-8590-100 GFM-8085-100 GFM-7580-50 GFM-7075-50 GFM-6570-50 85.0 80.0 75.0 70.0 65.0 GFM-606580-62 60.0 90.0 85.0 80.0 75.0 70.0 65.0 98.0 100.0 93.0 100.0 88.0 83.0 78.0 80.0 d13 d3 50.0 50.0 50.0 62.0 h13 b1 2.5 2.5 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 -0.14 b2 Type Dimen. d1 d2 Structure – Part No. 25.0 6.0 1.0 Dimensions according to ISO 26.0 11.0 1.0 d1-Tol.* 19.0 26.0 12.0 2.5 d2 20.0 26.0 17.0 95.0 103.0 100.0 d1 17.0 20.0 26.0 90.0 2.5 Part No. 18.0 20.0 26.0 GFM-9095-100 2.5 d1-Tol.* GFM-1719-25 18.0 20.0 GFM-95100-100 95.0 100.0 108.0 100.0 2.5 d2 GFM-1820-04 18.0 20.0 1.0 GFM-100105-100100.0 105.0 113.0 100.0 d1 GFM-1820-06 18.0 22.0 1.0 GFM-110115-100110.0 115.0 123.0 100.0 Part No. GFM-1820-11 18.0 26.0 30.0 1.0 1.0 s GFM-1820-12 20.0 26.0 6.0 32.0 G T M-05 09 - 006 GFM-1820-17 18.0 20.0 22.0 26.0 3547-1 and special dimensions GFM-1820-22 18.0 20.0 20.0 GFM-2527-48 GFM-2526-25 GFM-2427-10 GFM-2427-07 GFM-2023-11 GFM-2023-07 GFM-2021-20 GFM-1822-28 25.0 24.0 24.0 GFM-202326-21 20.0 GFM-2023-16 25.0 GFM-202328-15 20.0 GFM-2023-21 25.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 18.0 28.0 28.0 27.0 26.0 27.0 27.0 23.0 23.0 23.0 23.0 23.0 23.0 21.0 20.0 35.0 35.0 35.0 32.0 30.0 32.0 32.0 28.0 26.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 25.0 26.0 21.5 16.5 11.5 48.0 25.0 10.0 7.0 15.0 21.0 21.5 16.5 11.5 7.0 20.0 28.0 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.0 0.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 0.5 2.0 GFM-150155-100150.0 155.0 163.0 100.0 GFM-140145-100140.0 145.0 153.0 100.0 GFM-130135-100130.0 135.0 143.0 100.0 GFM-125130-100125.0 130.0 138.0 100.0 GFM-120125-100120.0 125.0 133.0 100.0 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 GTM-1522-008 GTM-1426-015 GTM-1420-015 GTM-1224-015 GTM-1018-020 GTM-1018-010 GTM-0918-015 GTM-0818-015 GTM-0818-010 GTM-0815-015 GTM-0815-005 GTM-0713-005 GTM-0620-015 GTM-0615-015 GTM-0509-006 15.0 14.0 14.0 12.0 10.0 10.0 9.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 7.0 6.0 6.0 5.0 +0.25 d1 22.0 26.0 20.0 24.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 15.0 15.0 13.0 20.0 15.0 9.5 -0.25 d2 0.8 1.5 1.5 1.5 2.0 1.0 1.5 1.5 1.0 1.5 0.5 0.5 1.5 1.5 0.6 -0.05 s * 20.0 * 18.0 * * 13.5 13.0 * 11.5 * * 13.0 * * +0.12 -0.12 d4 * 2.0 * 1.5 * * 1.5 1.5 * 1.5 * * 1.5 * * +0.125 +0.375 d5 0.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.5 0.7 1.0 1.0 0.7 1.0 0.2 0.2 1.0 1.0 0.3 -0.2 +0.2 h 22 26 20 24 18 18 18 18 18 15 15 13 20 15 9.5 +0.12 d6 Material GFM-1820-30 18.0 GFM-2528-11 25.0 28.0 * Design without fixation bore GFM-1820-32 Part No. GFM-182022-06 18.0 GFM-2528-16 25.0 GFM-3034-37 GFM-3034-26 GFM-3034-20 GFM-3034-16 GFM-3032-22 GFM-3032-17 GFM-3032-12 GFM-3031-30 GFM-3031-20 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 GFM-283239-20 28.0 GFM-2830-36 32.0 36.0 34.0 34.0 34.0 34.0 32.0 32.0 32.0 31.0 31.0 32.0 30.0 40.0 42.0 42.0 42.0 42.0 37.0 37.0 37.0 35.0 36.0 39.0 35.0 16.0 37.0 26.0 20.0 16.0 22.0 17.5 12.0 30.0 20.0 20.0 36.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.5 0.5 2.0 1.0 GTM-3862-015 GTM-3254-015 GTM-2848-015 GTM-2835-005 GTM-2644-015 GTM-2442-015 GTM-2238-015 GTM-2036-015 GTM-1832-015 GTM-1630-015 GTM-1524-0275 GTM-1524-015 38.0 32.0 28.0 28.0 26.0 24.0 22.0 20.0 18.0 16.0 15.0 15.0 62.0 54.0 48.0 35.0 44.0 42.0 38.0 36.0 32.0 30.0 24.0 24.0 1.5 1.5 1.5 0.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 2.75 1.5 54.0 50.0 43.0 38.0 * 35.0 33.0 30.0 28.0 25.0 23.0 * 19.5 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 * 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.0 2.0 * 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.2 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 2.0 1.0 74 66 62 54 48 35 44 42 38 36 32 30 24 24 28.0 GFM-2528-21 GFM-3236-16 1.5 81 90 66.0 1.5 1.5 42.0 * 4.0 GTM-4266-015 * 76.0 2.0 2.0 26.0 2.0 40.0 90.0 36.0 81.0 32.0 62.0 GFM-3236-26 68.0 78 GTM-6290-020 1.5 GTM-6881-020 1.5 2.0 4.0 2.0 4.0 16.0 2.0 61.0 26.0 2.0 65.0 47.0 22.0 2.0 2.0 47.0 14.0 2.0 2.0 39.0 54.0 30.0 2.0 74.0 39.0 52.0 40.0 2.0 78.0 GFM-3539-058 35.0 42.0 52.0 50.0 2.0 48.0 GFM-3539-16 35.0 44.0 52.0 19.0 2.0 52.0 GFM-3539-26 38.0 44.0 52.0 30.0 2.0 GTM-4874-020 GFM-3842-22 40.0 44.0 53.0 50.0 2.0 GTM-5278-020 GFM-4044-14 40.0 44.0 58.0 10.0 2.0 2.0 GFM-4044-30 40.0 46.0 58.0 40.0 2.0 2.0 GFM-4044-40 40.0 50.0 63.0 50.0 2.0 5.8 GFM-4044-50 42.0 50.0 63.0 30.0 35.0 GFM-4246-19 45.0 55.0 63.0 50.0 47.0 GFM-4550-30 45.0 55.0 73.0 50.0 GFM-4550-50 50.0 55.0 73.0 39.0 GFM-5055-10 50.0 65.0 38.0 GFM-5055-40 50.0 65.0 35.0 GFM-5055-50 60.0 www.igus.de/en/g 60.0 Lifetime calculation, CAD files and much more support GFM-6065-30 GFM-343850-35 34.0 www.igus.de/en/g GFM-6065-50 Lifetime calculation, CAD files and much more support G +49- (0) 22 03-96 49-334 57 mm Fax G Phone +49- (0) 22 03-96 49-145 E-mail: [email protected] 56 igus® GmbH iglidur® G Phone +49- (0) 22 03-96 49-145 iglidur® G +49- (0) 22 03-96 49-334 Internet: www.igus.de Phone +49- (0) 22 03-96 49-145 iglidur® E-mail: [email protected] 51127 Cologne Fax Plain Bearings +49- (0) 22 03-96 49-334 38 together homogeneously. The advantage of this design is clear once to this principle, and likewise a number of maintenance free bearings, iglidur® plain bearings: Exactly the right bearing for every application The traditional solution, bearing shells made of layers with lubricants and/or coating. iglidur® plain bearings are homogeneously structured. Base polymer, bonding materials and solid lubricants mutually complement each other. iglidur® – Plain Bearings – High Performance you explain the requirements made on the surface bearing: iglidur® – Plain Bearings – High Performance iglidur® – plain bearings made from high performance polymers These components are not applied in layers, but instead are mixed Excellent polymers, improved by precise additions of reinforcing the surface of the bearing, should be as small as possible. that are equipped with special slide layers. However, this soft slide The radial pressure, with which the bearings are loaded, is received ® iglidur Plain Bearings 1. The coefficient of the friction, which is determined especially by 2. The surface may not be removed by forces that act on the bearing Fit it and forget it layer is not strong enough. For high loads, compression across edges The base polymers are responsible for the resistance to wear The solid lubricants are, as microscopically small particles, embedded by the polymer base material. In the contact area, this material provides Left: Base polymers with fibres and solid lubricants, magnified 200 times, dyed. Right: Base polymers without reinforcing materials with solid lubricants, magnified 50 times, dyed. Fax materials and lubricants, tested a thousand times and proven a hundred new plastic compounds and test maintenance free plain Based on the results of several thousand empirical tests, we are or oscillations, it becomes removed. Fibres and filling materials reinforce the bearing so that high in millions of tiny chambers of the mostly fibre reinforced material. Both in material development as well as in the design of bearings, shaft support. The polymer base material ensures the lubricants do linear curve. In this phase, the coefficients of friction continue to change, iglidur® million times. Each year, igus® engineers develop more than one 3. The wearing force acts especially on the surface of the bearing, for this the bearing must be capable of high resistance. bearings in more than 2,500 experiments per year. That’s how in recent There is no such thing as a single, universal material that performs all years they built an extensive database of the tribological properties of polymers. This database makes it possible for us to better assess of these functions well. The traditional solution is: the overwhelming number of applications in advance, to calculate the expected service life, and provide our customer with confidence now able to provide you with reliable answers to almost all inquiries Hard shells with soft coating. Each lubricated bearing works according about the service life of iglidur ® plain bearings. We can also First class materials in the injection molding process forces or edge loads are possible Plain bearings do last a long time at low cost From these chambers, the plain bearings release tiny amounts of solid former disadvantages of plastics can be greatly reduced. Thus iglidur® not receive a surface pressure that is too high. The base material is until finally assuming a value that is for the most part constant. Phone +49- (0) 22 03-96 49-145 39 mm +49- (0) 22 03-96 49-334 during use. Every designer’s dream: A calculable plain iglidur® plain bearings function differently Very few basic materials can be modified and adapted as well as the bearing: thermoplastics. Thermoplastics can be produced with lubricants, friction of the system. Solid lubricants, lubricate the bearing independently and prevent One component of the iglidur® materials acts for each function of they can be reinforced mechanically by the addition of technical igus ® develops materials that are wellsuited to the different lubricants during movement. The solid lubricants help to lower the Self lubrication requirements of maintenance free plain bearings: coefficient of friction of the iglidur® bearing. Since they are embedded in the tiny chambers, they cannot be pressed out. They are always there as soon as the bearing or the shaft is set in motion. plain bearings are thin walled and some materials have especially also reinforced by technical fibres or filling materials. These additional Base polymers and technical fibres high thermal conductivity. Both features help to rapidly dissipate The start-up phase materials stabilize the bearing especially for cases of continuous stress. Above and beyond the general properties, each iglidur® bearing material mated to one another. During this phase, the surfaces of both materials are fitted to each other. The specific loading of the system drops since In the starting phase, the shaft and the iglidur® plain bearing become the contact surfaces of the shaft and bearing expand during the start- has a series of particular properties that create its suitability for certain materials in the following chapters along with a complete list of existing The self lubricating effect Base polymer composed of: Time www.igus.de/en/iglidur During the start-up phase, the rate of wear drops greatly. Lifetime calculation, CAD files and much more support The high performance polymers of the iglidur ® plain bearing are up. At the same time, the rate of wear decreases and approaches a dimensions. applications and requirements. You’ll find a detailed description of the Properties of iglidur® bearings heat and thus directly increase the load capacity of the bearing. that they can be used for a long time. 3. Their wear resistance should ensure should have low coefficients of friction. 2. Maintenance free plain bearings over many years, receive high loads. 1. Plain bearings must, at times in regard to friction and wear behaviour. fibres, or they can be varied by additional filling materials, especially from our testing database. recommend the most appropriate shaft material using the results bearing made of high performance polymers Plain bearing laboratory Testing the properties of polymer bearings Fibres and filling materials www.igus.de/en/iglidur Solid lubricants Lifetime calculation, CAD files and much more support Wear ® igus® GmbH iglidur Internet: www.igus.de Phone +49- (0) 22 03-96 49-145 iglidur® E-mail: [email protected] 51127 Cologne Fax Plain Bearings +49- (0) 22 03-96 49-334 40 80 80 100 100 120 120 140 140 160 160 in MPa. For this purpose, the radial load is determined on the projected The load of a plain bearing is expressed by the surface pressure (p) Compressive strength the shaft and the bearing.The surface speed is expressed in metres rotational speed is not decisive, instead it’s the relative speed between For plain bearings, the revolution speeds always matter. The absolute Surface speed = d1 = frequency in Hertz shaft diameter [mm] This is also the reason why different running speeds can occur for the Rotating 1.5 1.5 Oscillating 4 4 Linear Table 41.1: Surface speeds (constant) of the plain bearing [m/s] 3 100 1 10 iglidur ® G iglidur ® P Load [MPa] 0,1 0,25 100 1 10 iglidur ® A290 iglidur ® A200 Load [MPa] 0,1 0,25 100 1 10 0,75 0,75 iglidur ® Q iglidur ® W300 iglidur ® M250 iglidur ® D iglidur ® H 0,75 iglidur ® H370 iglidur ® Q 30 iglidur ® X 15 iglidur ® H2 iglidur ® G Load [MPa] 5 Load [MPa] 0,1 0,25 100 10 1 2 2 2 iglidur ® J iglidur ® Z iglidur ® F iglidur ® Z 5 5 5 50 iglidur® C iglidur® B iglidur® A500 iglidur® A290 iglidur® A200 iglidur® J iglidur® M250 iglidur® X iglidur® W300 iglidur® G Material 3 1.5 1 1 2 1.5 3 2 3.5 2.5 2 Rotating 3 1.5 1 1 2 1.5 3 2 4 3 2.5 Oscillating 10 3 3 2 4 4 10 5 10 6 5 Linear iglidur® H2 iglidur® H 1.5 1.5 1 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 2 6 4 3 15 2 5 3 4 3 iglidur® H370 1.5 2.5 2 5 iglidur® H4 1.5 2 3 1 iglidur® J200 2 1 1.5 iglidur® L250 2 1.5 3 3 1 iglidur® P 1 1.5 1.5 iglidur® Q 1.5 1 iglidur® F iglidur® T220 1.5 4 iglidur® GLW iglidur® D Table 41.2: Surface speeds (short term) of the plain bearing [m/s] 45 Graph 41.1: Wear of iglidur® plain bearings under different loads iglidur® – Plain Bearings – High Performance surface of the bearing. per second and calculated from the rotational speed with the adjacent load in N f angle of motion per cycle [°] different movement types. For linear movements, more heat can be 1 1.5 5 iglidur® UW 1.3 ® iglidur Plain Bearings Radial bearing: p = F / d1 x b1 v = n x d1 x π / 60 x 1000 [m/s] formula. Rotations: bearing inner diameter in mm p = F / (d22 - d12) x π / 4 For thrust bearings, the load is produced accordingly. Axial bearing: F bearing length in mm = Permissible surface speeds ß v = d1 x π x ß / 360 x f/1000 [m/s] d1 ß in the process: Oscillating movements: b1 outer diameter of the bearing in mm in this process: d2 iglidur® plain bearings were primarily developed for low to average RPM A comparative value of the iglidur® material is the permissible average running speeds in continuous operation. Tables 41.1 and 41.2 show = static surface pressure (p) at 20°C. The values of the individual iglidur® the permissible surface speed of iglidur® plain bearings for rotating, n plain bearings differ greatly on this point. The value (p) indicates the Permissible average surface pressure limit of the load of a plain bearing. The plain bearing can carry this Pressure and temperature dissipated via the shaft, since the bearing uses a longer surface area Material 1 1 1 iglidur® UW500 3.5 Fax iglidur® – Plain Bearings – High Performance 60 60 The graphs 40.2 and 40.3 show the permissible static surface pressure on the shaft. presented by the predictability of the iglidur® plain bearing to record iglidur® G 125 iglidur® P 1 iglidur® V400 6 iglidur® Z iglidur® Graph 40.1: Permissible average static surface pressure at 20°C 40 40 values assuming minimum pressure loading of the bearing. In practice, 20 20 these limit values are rarely reached due to an inverse relationship 00 iglidur ® G iglidur ® W300 iglidur ® X iglidur ® M250 iglidur ® J iglidur ® Q iglidur ® H370 iglidur ® H iglidur ® Z iglidur ® P iglidur ® F iglidur ® A200 iglidur ® A290 iglidur ® H2 iglidur ® D iglidur ® GLW iglidur ® A500 iglidur ® L250 iglidur ® V400 iglidur ® H4 iglidur ® J200 iglidur ® C iglidur ® B iglidur ® T220 iglidur ® UW iglidur ® UW500 operation, only very slow speeds up to 0.01 m/s are tolerated under MPa this load. Higher loads than those indicated are possible if the duration oscillating, and linear movements. These surface speeds are limit Graph 40.2: Compression resistance of iglidur® load permanently without damage. The given value applies to static plain bearings as a function of temperature between load and speed. Each increase of the pressure load leads (p) of the iglidur® plain bearing versus the temperature. When using these effects in advance, or determine the effective temperatures in iglidur® W300 ambient temperature, due to friction. Take advantage of the opportunity the plain bearing, the bearing temperature can be higher than the versa. The limit of the speed is measured by the bearing temperature. unavoidably to a reduction of the allowable surface speeds and vice 140 140 of the load is short. For a few minutes, the load can be more than 100 100 doubled, depending on the material. Please call us if you have questions. 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 00 60 60 Temperature [°C] the test. 5 20 20 iglidur® P 3 iglidur® Z 1.5 8 2.5 iglidur® J iglidur® X 0.8 iglidur® G Pressure and speed 1.5 iglidur® F 0.8 iglidur® A200 1.5 iglidur® Q iglidur® M250 iglidur® H370 iglidur® J iglidur® W300 With decreasing radial load on the plain bearing, the permissible surface iglidur® X speed increases. The product of the load (p) and the speed (v) can iglidur® H 2.5 iglidur® A290 0.75 iglidur® M250 0.75 2 iglidur® A200 2 be understood as a measurement for the frictional heat of the bearing. 0.6 8 3 1 1 0.7 1.5 1 1 0.6 iglidur® B 1.5 1 iglidur® C 0.6 iglidur® D iglidur® A290 Pressure and wear 3 iglidur® A500 The load of the plain bearing has an effect on the wear of the bearing. 2.5 3 1 1.5 2.5 1 1 1.2 1 4 0.8 iglidur® H 0.9 1 1.25 0.8 iglidur® H2 1 1.2 iglidur® F iglidur® H370 iglidur® GLW plain bearing available. iglidur® H4 materials. It is easily recognized that for each load, there is an optimal This relationship is shown by the p x v graph that is the first in the 160 160 140 140 120 120 100 100 Pressure and coefficient of friction 80 80 With increasing load, the coefficient of friction of the plain bearing 60 60 20 20 40 40 75 iglidur ® V400 iglidur® Q page 44 1 00 iglidur ® L250 iglidur ® B 1 iglidur ® H4 iglidur ® A500 iglidur ® C 2 Temperature [°C] iglidur ® J200 0.4 2 0.5 2 0.4 0.8 5 0.5 0.8 3 0.8 iglidur® T220 0.9 iglidur® UW iglidur® UW500 1.5 iglidur ® UW500 iglidur® V400 www.igus.de/en/iglidur Phone +49- (0) 22 03-96 49-145 41 mm +49- (0) 22 03-96 49-334 Wear [µm/km] Wear [µm/km] Wear [µm/km] Wear [µm/km] Lifetime calculation, CAD files and much more support iglidur® Z iglidur ® UW Lifetime calculation, CAD files and much more support www.igus.de/en/iglidur iglidur ® T220 also significant. Coefficients of friction 2 The following graphs show the wear behaviour of the iglidur® bearing respective chapter for each iglidur® material. 200 200 Graph 40.3: Compression resistance of iglidur® 175 175 1 150 150 1 125 1 100 100 1 75 iglidur® J200 50 50 iglidur® L250 25 25 typically decreases. In this context, shaft materials and surfaces are 0 0 plain bearings as a function of temperature Compressive strength [MPa] Compressive strength [MPa] ® igus® GmbH iglidur Internet: www.igus.de Phone +49- (0) 22 03-96 49-145 iglidur® E-mail: [email protected] 51127 Cologne Fax Plain Bearings Temperatures Material Table 43.1: Lower application temperature limit of the iglidur® materials iglidur® – Plain Bearings – High Performance Plain bearings made of high-performance polymers are usually - 40 iglidur® – Plain Bearings – High Performance Surface speed and wear iglidur® H - 40 0,41 Temp. limit [°C] - 40 Temp. limit [°C] Application temperatures iglidur® D iglidur® C iglidur® B - 40 - 40 - 50 - 40 - 40 iglidur® Z iglidur® V400 iglidur® T220 - 40 iglidur® UW500 - 100 iglidur® UW - 100 - 50 - 40 iglidur® H2 iglidur® H 120 120 pauses make a greater contribution to re-cooling. The different curves Temperature and load by changing bore design or additionally securing the bearing. to ensure that the bearing cannot slide out of the bore. This is achieved iglidur® D iglidur® C iglidur® B iglidur® A500 iglidur® A290 iglidur® A200 100 130 60 50 50 140 130 60 iglidur® Z iglidur® V400 iglidur® T220 iglidur® Q iglidur® P iglidur® L250 100 iglidur® UW500 150 iglidur® UW 160 60 60 90 60 120 of graph 42.2 represent different ratios (3x means that the pause lasts The compressive strength of plain bearings decreases as temperature iglidur® F Coefficient of thermal expansion iglidur® G Material 315 200 220 iglidur® J200 iglidur® H4 iglidur® H370 iglidur® H2 iglidur® H 200 200 140 260 260 260 260 Table 43.3: Maximum ambient temperature, short term, without loading Thermal conduc- Material 16 Material 303 Stainless tivity [W/m x k] 46 ambient temp [°C] ambient temp [°C] Max. Long term [°C] ® iglidur Plain Bearings Lower application Considerations about the permissible surface speeds should also - 40 iglidur® H2 - 40 The minimum application temperature is the temperature below which iglidur® F 120 iglidur® H370 three times longer than the operating time). increases. During this process, the materials react very differently from iglidur® GLW The thermal expansion of polymers is approximately 10 to 20 times iglidur® W300 200 iglidur® L250 200 Steel Max. Short term [°C] www.igus.de/en/iglidur Fax Material Graph 42.1: Coefficients of friction of iglidur® materials for different underestimated at higher temperatures. Who would believe that bearings iglidur® G - 40 iglidur® H370 - 50 the material is so rigid and hard that it becomes too brittle for standard iglidur® GLW - 40 p x v-value applications. The maximum continuous application temperature is the iglidur® Q For plain bearings, the product is given a new value depending on temperature which the material can endure without the properties Table 43.2: Temperature at which additional securing - 100 the specific load (p) and the surface speed. The p x v value can be changing considerably. The maximum, short-term application temperature iglidur® A500 considered a measure of the frictional heat and can be used as an is the temperature above which the material becomes so soft, that it 70 Lubrication another. iglidur® X for example still accepts loads of 52 MPa even at higher when compared to metals. In addition to this, it also acts non- iglidur® X 140 iglidur® P 170 1.4 iglidur ® UW500 Ceramics iglidur ® B 204 iglidur ® UW Aluminum iglidur ® C iglidur® Lower application surface speeds include the wear resistance of the plain bearing. High running speeds made of plastic could be used up to over 300°C? Data is often found iglidur® W300 - 100 iglidur® H4 - 40 0,2 0,16 0,18 0,2 0,18 0,3 m/s in the literature about the continuous use temperature. The continuous iglidur® X - 40 iglidur® J200 - 40 0,15 m/s automatically bring correspondingly high wear rates with them. use temperature is the highest temperature, which the plastic can iglidur® M250 - 50 iglidur® L250 0,3 analytical tool to answer questions concerning the proper application of the iglidur ® plain bearing is required iglidur® G 170 (K1 = 0.5, K2 = 0.042) constant for heat dissipation Although iglidur® plain bearings are designed to run dry, they are quite temperatures of 200°C. linearly in plastics. The coefficient of thermal expansion of the iglidur® iglidur®M250 200 iglidur® Q 140 iglidur ® T220 0.24 iglidur ® H4 Plastics iglidur ® J200 58 iglidur ® V400 Grey cast iron iglidur ® D Phone +49- (0) 22 03-96 49-145 0,33 0,28 Surface speed and coefficient of friction withstand for a period of time without a reduction in the tensile strength iglidur® J - 40 0,24 0,26 In practice the coefficient of friction of plain bearings is a result of the of the material above or below a prespecified value. Please note, these iglidur® A200 iglidur® P 0,4 0,45 0,55 surface speed in practice. High surface speeds have a higher coefficient standard test results have limited applications, since bearings are almost - 40 0,37 0,42 of friction, than low surface speeds. Graph 42.1 shows this relationship iglidur® A290 0,6 of a plain bearing. For this purpose, the actual p x v value is a can only withstand small external loads. “Short term” is defined as a Securing mecha- function of the shaft material, the ambient temperature and the pressfit. In these cases, axial securing of the bearing is necessary in iglidur® W300 nism provided addition to the pressfit. Table 43.3 shows the maximum ambient iglidur® X 60 100 nism provided Correction factor temperatures to which the plain bearings canbe exposed for a short- iglidur® H4 Material Material Securing mecha- time period of a few minutes. If the plain bearings are moved axially or The tolerated p x v value can be increased in intermittent operation if term. If these temperatures are realised, the bearings may not be 60 starting at [°C] the bearing temperature never reaches the maximum limit because iglidur® M250 bearing wall thickness [mm] compatible with standard oils and greases. A single lubrication during starting at [°C] of the short operating time. Tests have shown that this is true for additionally loaded. In fact, a relaxation of the bearings can occur at axial forces occur, there is more opportunity for the bearing to lose operating time. 30 and 0.7 MPa. always under load. 0,55 in the example of a Cold Rolled Steel shaft with a load of (Cf53) with 0,19 0,15 0,15 0,21 0,17 0,20 0,41 0,38 0,49 0,45 0,4 0,38 0,21 0,2 0,22 0,18 0,24 0,33 0,35 0,36 0,37 operating times below 10 minutes. An important qualifier here is the iglidur® J200 = bearing length [mm] the installation improves the start-up behaviour and the coefficient of plain bearing is a significant reason for the required play in the bearing. iglidur® J 230 iglidur® T220 315 iglidur ® L250 43 mm +49- (0) 22 03-96 49-334 0,27 0,23 0,25 0,41 0,23 0,22 0,22 0,16 0,23 0,30 0,33 0,33 0,28 x 10-3 70 K1, K2 = coefficient of friction thermal conductivity of the shaft thermal conductivity of the bearing friction, thus reducing the frictional heat. Due to this effect, the ) iglidur® J s = (Ta - Tu) (K1 x π x λk x ∆T) (K2 x π x λs x ∆T) + µxs µ x b1 x 2 these temperatures, even without an additional load. Thus it is necessary b1 = = = ambient temperature ( iglidur ® G iglidur ® W300 iglidur ® X iglidur ® M250 iglidur ® J iglidur ® Q iglidur ® H370 iglidur ® H iglidur ® Z iglidur ® P iglidur ® F iglidur ® A200 iglidur ® A290 iglidur ® H2 iglidur ® D iglidur ® GLW iglidur ® A500 iglidur ® L250 iglidur ® V400 iglidur ® H4 iglidur ® J200 iglidur ® C iglidur ® B iglidur ® T220 iglidur ® UW iglidur ® UW500 p x v perm. = ratio of the operating time and pause intervals. It is known that long µ λs λk = = where: ∆T At the given application temperature, seizing of the bearing to the iglidur® A200 315 iglidur® UW 250 iglidur ® H2 max., short term shaft does not occur at high temperatures. The coefficient of thermal iglidur® A290 130 iglidur® UW500 310 80 Tu permissible loads for plain bearings can be increased by lubrication. Numerous results from lubricated applications are available from expansion of iglidur® plain bearings were examined for significant iglidur® A500 150 iglidur® V400 iglidur ® A500 Material experiments. Please contact us if necessary. Table 42.2 shows the temperature ranges and the results are given in the individual materials iglidur® B 140 iglidur® Z iglidur ® F max., short term correction factors for p x v value using lubrication tables, at the start of each chapter. iglidur® C 230 iglidur ® A200 Graph 42.2: Correction factor for p x v-value Thermal conduc- Graph 43.1: Comparison of the continuous and short term upper iglidur® D 200 iglidur ® A290 Table 42.1: Heat conductivity values of shaft or housing materials tivity [W/m x k] application temperature limits iglidur® F 200 250 300 350 iglidur® GLW Table 42.2: Correction of the tolerated p x v value by lubrication iglidur ® Z Ta Maximum application temperature 9 9 = 8 8 iglidur ® P 88 7 7 150 100 iglidur ® H 77 6 6 4 iglidur ® J 66 5 5 5 iglidur ® Q 55 4 4 Continuous, water iglidur ® H370 44 3 3 Continuous, oil Correc. factor 1 Lubrication 1.3 Correc. factor Dry run Lubrication During installation iglidur ® M250 33 2 2 1times iglidur ® G 22 1 1 2times 0 50 iglidur ® X Lifetime calculation, CAD files and much more support iglidur ® W300 11 00 0 0 3times Operating time [min.] 4times 2 www.igus.de/en/iglidur Continuous, grease Lifetime calculation, CAD files and much more support Application Temperature [°C] +49- (0) 22 03-96 49-334 42 Correction factor ® igus® GmbH iglidur Internet: www.igus.de Phone +49- (0) 22 03-96 49-145 iglidur® E-mail: [email protected] 51127 Cologne Fax Plain Bearings +49- (0) 22 03-96 49-334 Wear during abrasive dirt accumulation Table 45.1: Wear limits of iglidur ® plain bearings can be maintained at optimal levels even when there is extreme dirt P P 0,40 J J F F 2,60 ZZ 2,60 G G 4,00 H370 H370 2,50 H H ® iglidur Plain Bearings iglidur® – Plain Bearings – High Performance Special wear problems frequently occur if abrasive dirt particles get accumulation.However, it’s not just hard particles that can damage Z Z 2,10 M250 M250 3,40 P P Fax iglidur® – Plain Bearings – High Performance Coefficient of friction resistance of the materials and the self lubrication process provide for iglidur® plain bearings are self-lubricating by the addition of solid the highest service lifetime. Because no oil or grease is on the bearing, Coefficients of friction and surfaces bearings and shafts. Soft dirt particles such as, for example, textile Graph 45.1: Wear with shaft cold rolled steel, H370 H370 4,00 X X H370 H370 iglidur® Graph 44.1: Frictional values of iglidur® materials under different loads of friction measurement. dirt particles can not penetrate as easily into the bearing. The largest time of machines and systems in these situations. The high wear FR = µ x F portion simply falls away from the bearing thus limiting potential damage. into the bearing. iglidur® plain bearings can clearly improve the operating Depending on whether an application is starting from a stopped If however, a hard particle penetrates into the bearing area, then an lubricants. The solid lubricants lower the coefficient of friction of the position or the movement is in progress and needs to be maintained iglidur® plain bearing can absorb this particle. The foreign body becomes plain bearings and thus increase the wear resistance. The coefficient a choice is made between static friction coefficient and the dynamic At study here is the relationship between coefficients of friction and or paper fibres, are frequently the cause for increased wear. In this embedded in the wall of the bearing. Up to a certain point, operation friction coefficient. surface roughness of shaft materials. It is clearly shown that the amount instance, the dry running capability and the dust resistance of the J J W300 W300 2,50 JJ 2,40 Material Wear limit [°C] iglidur® H 120 iglidur® H2 120 iglidur® H370 150 iglidur® H4 120 iglidur® J200 70 iglidur® L250 120 iglidur® P 100 iglidur® Q 80 iglidur® T220 90 iglidur® UW 70 iglidur® UW500 190 iglidur® V400 130 iglidur® Z 200 of friction is composed of different factors. If the shaft is too rough, W300 W300 4,00 G G 1,50 M250 250 Phone +49- (0) 22 03-96 49-145 0,10 0,20 0,30 0,40 0,50 45 mm +49- (0) 22 03-96 49-334 Material Wear limit [°C] iglidur® G 120 iglidur® W300 120 iglidur® X 210 iglidur® M250 80 iglidur® J 70 iglidur® A200 80 iglidur® A290 120 iglidur® A500 190 iglidur® B 70 iglidur® C 70 iglidur® D 70 iglidur® F 130 iglidur® GLW 100 abrasion levels play an important role. Small areas of unevenness that 44 33 22 11 44 33 22 11 44 1,60 W300 W300 www.igus.de/en/iglidur G G 0,50 p = 0.75 MPs, v = 0.5 m/s, Ra = 0.20 µm 33 22 11 00 1,50 Graph 45.3: Wear with shaft HR carbon steel, 00 0,30 V2A, p = 0.75 MPa, v = 0.50 m/s, Ra = 0.20 µm Graph 45.2: Wear with shaft 303 stainless steel, 00 1,30 p = 0.75 MPa, v = 0.50 m/s, Ra = 0.20 µm Wear and surfaces Shaft materials traditional methods of measurement technology. Shafts can be 1,10 help save costs in numerous applications. Shaft surfaces are important for the wear of bearing systems. Similar The shaft is, next to the plain bearing itself, the most important parameter distinguished and classified according to their hardness and according is the small wear results of the systems with hard-chromed shafts. 1,40 iglidur® plain bearings go into action. In the past, they were able to the adhesion, which results from an increased coefficient of friction. to the considerations for coefficients of friction, a shaft can be too Due to the fact that the wear of machine parts is a function of so many in a bea ring system. It is in direct contact with the bearing, and like page 45 easily vary by a factor of 10 between materials pairings that run well When the shafts are less hard, the shaft is smoothed during the break- This very hard, but also smooth shaft acts beneficially on the wear 0,40 can interlock with each other must be worn off the surface. When the Stick-slip can be the result of a large difference between static and rough in regard to the bearing wear, but it can also be too smooth. A different influences, it is difficult to make general statements about the the bearing, it is affected by relative motion. Fundamentally, the shaft together. Shaft materials iglidur ® J iglidur ® M250 iglidur ® Z to the surface roughness. The effect of the surface is described on in phase. Abrasive points are worn off and the surface is rebuilt. For page 44. The hardness of the shaft also plays an important role. the preceding pages: Coefficients of friction and wear resistance plain bearings, certain materials are optimized for low loads, while some materials, this effect has positive influences, and the wear Different loads greatly influence the bearing wear. Among the iglidur Wear and load iglidur ® H iglidur ® P iglidur ® F others are better suited for high or extremely high loads. With a iglidur ® A200 iglidur ® A290 hardened, ground shaft, iglidur® J can be characterized as the most resistance of the polymer bearing increases. In the following graphs, iglidur ® D wear resistant bearing material for low loads. iglidur® Q on the other iglidur ® H2 iglidur ® GLW the most common shaft materials are listed and the iglidur® materials that are best suited are compared. For easier understanding, the Within wide temperature ranges, the wear resistance of the iglidur® behaviour in many bearing pairs. The wear of many iglidur ® plain Graph 44.1 hand, is optimized for extreme loads. iglidur ® L250 iglidur ® A500 iglidur ® H4 plain bearings shows little change. In the maximum temperature range, bearings is lower on this shaft than on any other shaft material tested. scaling of the wear axis is the same in all graphs. Especially impressive iglidur ® J200 however, the temperature increases and the wear of the plain bearing However, it should be pointed out that because of the typically small Wear and temperature iglidur ® C increases. Table 45.1 on the following page compares the “wear limits”. surface roughness, the danger of stick-slip on hard chromed shafts iglidur ® V400 iglidur ® B One particular exception is represented by iglidur® X The wear resistance is especially high. Such an overwhelmingly positive influence is not iglidur ® UW iglidur ® T200 of iglidur® X increases greatly as temperature increases and reaches as readily available in the other shaft materials. Lifetime calculation, CAD files and much more support the optimum wear resistance at a temperature of 160°C. Then www.igus.de/en/iglidur resistance decreases again, gradually. iglidur ® UW500 Lifetime calculation, CAD files and much more support 0,80 surfaces are too smooth, however, higher adhesion results, i.e. the dynamic friction and of a higher adhesive tendency of mating surfaces. shaft that is too rough acts like a file and during movement separates surfaces adhere to each other. Higher forces are necessary to overcome Stick-slip also occurs due to intermittent running behaviour and can however, higher wear can also occur. An extreme increase in friction result in loud squeaking. Stick slip thus represents a cause for results due to adhesion. The forces that act on the surfaces of the High Load iglidur ® G 0,08 0,08 iglidur ® W300 0,08 iglidur ® X iglidur ® M250 0,1 iglidur ® J 0,07 iglidur ® Q 0,05 iglidur ® H370 0,07 iglidur ® H 0,07 iglidur ® Z 0,06 iglidur ® P 0,06 0,1 iglidur ® F iglidur ® A200 0,1 iglidur ® A290 0,13 iglidur ® H2 0,07 iglidur ® D 0,08 0,08 iglidur ® GLW 0,10 iglidur ® A500 0,08 iglidur ® L250 0,08 iglidur ® V400 0,08 iglidur ® H4 0,09 iglidur ® J200 0,10 iglidur ® C 0,06 iglidur ® B 0,09 iglidur ® T220 0,09 iglidur ® UW iglidur ® UW500 0,12 these noises do not occur or can be eliminated with rough shafts. sliding face can be so large that regular material blow-outs occur. It Low Load 0,16 0,24 0,28 0,4 0,19 0,15 0,16 0,20 0,16 0,20 0,36 0,40 0,38 0,27 0,30 0,22 0,38 0,21 0,20 0,22 0,16 0,23 0,30 0,33 0,33 0,28 Thus for applications that have a great potential for stick slip – slow is significant to note that wear by erosion is non linear. Moreover, it is small particles from the bearing surface. For shafts that are too smooth, movements, large resonance of the housings – attention must be paid malfunction of plain bearings. Over and over again, it is observed that Graph 44.2: Coefficients of friction of the iglidur® plain bearings for to the optimal roughness of the shafts. wear behaviour. Therefore, in numerous experiments, the wear is of random and can not be accurately predicted in advance. primary importance as a measurement parameter. In testing, it has is also worn, however, modern bearing systems are designed so that Wear resistance the recommended surface roughness and low load, p = 0.75 MPa iglidur ® G become clear what variances are possible between different material the wear of the shafts is so small that it can not be detected with iglidur ® W300 iglidur ® Q pairings. For given loads and surface speeds, the wear resistance can iglidur ® X iglidur ® H370 Coefficient of friction 0,00 44 Wear [µm/km)] Wear [µm/km)] Wear [µm/km)] ® igus® GmbH iglidur Internet: www.igus.de Phone +49- (0) 22 03-96 49-145 iglidur® E-mail: [email protected] 51127 Cologne Fax Plain Bearings 46 +49- (0) 22 03-96 49-334 0,40 H370 H370 0,80 P 0,60 H370 H370 1,70 Q Q 2,00 Z Z 1,10 F F 1,10 A200 2,80 H H 1,80 H370 H370 1,80 FF A200 A200 A200 A200 2,10 A200 1,50 A200 0,80 F 1,50 D D 1,70 For example, with shafts made of 303 Stainless with low loads, good A comparison of the resistance to radioactive radiation is shown in Radioactive radiation iglidur® A200, M250 iglidur® X, Z, UW500 Material 1 x 105 Gy Radiation resistance Table 47.2: Comparison of the radiation resistance of iglidur® plain bearings iglidur® – Plain Bearings – High Performance to very good values can be obtained with the right bearing material. materials. table 47.2. By a wide margin iglidur® X and Z are the most resistant 1 x 104 Gy However, it must also be stated that no other shaft material produces 2 x 102 Gy 3 x 102 Gy UV Resistance 2 x 105 Gy 5 x 102 Gy materials is especially important. Other soft shaft materials obtain a Plain bearings can be exposed to constant weathering when they are iglidur® H, H2, H370 3 x 104 Gy iglidur® P slightly different view with different bearing materials. With machining used outside. The UV resistance is an important measurement and iglidur® A500 2 x 104 Gy iglidur® A290, G, J, W300, F, Q, D, steel, the wear values of the seven best iglidur® bearing materials are indicates whether a material is attacked by UV radiation. The effects iglidur® L250 J200, B, T220,UW in a narrow range between 0.6 and 1.8. For many other shafts, the can extend from slight changes in colour to brittleness of the material. iglidur® H4 2 x 102 Gy influence of the shaft materials is much larger, resulting in a difference, The results show that iglidur® plain bearings are suitable for outside iglidur® V400, C use. Only for a few iglidur® materials are any changes expected. A comparison of the materials to each other is shown in table 47.3. the shaft that you have chosen for your application is missing in this p = 0.75 MPa and v = 0.5 m/s You can call us for the data for other loads and speeds: All of the results shown were made with the loads Only a small amount of outgassing takes place. In most iglidur® plain iglidur® plain bearings can be used in a vacuum to a limited extent. Vacuum iglidur® X iglidur® W300 iglidur® G Material dependent on the temperature, the length of exposure, and the type properties. The behaviour of plastics toward a certain chemical is during their use. This contact can lead to changes of the structural iglidur® plain bearings can come into contact with many chemicals iglidur® C iglidur® B iglidur® A500 iglidur® A290 iglidur® A200 iglidur® J iglidur® L250 iglidur® P iglidur® Q iglidur® T220 iglidur® UW iglidur® UW500 iglidur® V400 iglidur® Z iglidur® plain bearing in UV test Points UV resistance Table 47.3: UV resistance of iglidur® plain bearings p x v combinations. and amount of the mechanical loading. If iglidur® plain bearings are iglidur® D iglidur® M250 resistant against a chemical, they can be used in these media. iglidur® F iglidur® H Sometimes, the surrounding media can even take on the role of a iglidur® H2 table 47.1 should quickly assist you: If it is not completely clear in a design application which of the different chemicals can occur or in which concentration, plain bearings made out of iglidur® X should be used. This has the best resistance and is only attacked by a few page 115 concentrated acids. You’ll find a detailed list of chemical resistances in the rear of the catalog. Chemical resistance Use in the food industry For the special requirements made of machines and systems for producing food and pharmaceuticals, the iglidur® product line offers two specially developed bearing materials. The material of the bearings made of iglidur® A200 has approval of the FDA. iglidur® A290 responds to the norms of the BgVV (German Federal Institute for Consumer Health Protection and Veterinary Medicine). However, there are also a number of other iglidur® materials that can be used without hesitation, since their material contents are physiologically harmless. This applies and iglidur® X. For all other iglidur® plain bearings, direct contact with especially for iglidur® M250, iglidur® H, iglidur® Q and iglidur® W300 food should be avoided. 0 0 + 0 0 0 0 + 0 0 0 0 + + + + 0 0 0 0 0 0 + + + iglidur® J200 can even be hydrochloric acid. All iglidur® plain bearings can be used Table 47.1: Chemical resistance of iglidur® plain bearings iglidur® H370 Alcohol in greatly diluted acids and diluted alkalines. Differences can result at Diluted iglidur® H4 Diluted 0 0 + 0 0 0 0 + 0 0 0 0 0 + + + + 0 0 0 0 0 0 + + + higher concentrations or higher temperatures. For all iglidur® plain same way. Therefore plain bearings may also be used lubricated. Material Alkalines + + + 0 + 0 + + + + 0 + + + + + + + 0 0 0 + + + + Solvents However, in dirty environments, a traditional lubricant can decrease Acids + 0 + 0 0 + + + 0 0 0 + + + the wear resistance when compared to running dry. The overview in iglidur® G iglidur® W300 iglidur® X iglidur® M250 iglidur® J iglidur® A200 iglidur® A290 iglidur® A500 iglidur® B iglidur® C iglidur® D iglidur® F iglidur® GLW iglidur® H iglidur® H2 iglidur® H370 iglidur® H4 iglidur® J200 iglidur® L250 iglidur® P iglidur® Q iglidur® T220 iglidur® UW iglidur® UW500 iglidur® V400 iglidur® Z bearings, their resistance against traditional lubricants applies in the lubricant. With the most resistant iglidur® material iglidur® X the medium Chemical resistance bearings, the outgassing does not change the material properties. existing data. All of the results given were obtained under the same overview, please call us. The test results give only a sample of the up to 10 times, between the best and the worst of the bearings tested.If such as 303 Stainless Steel, therefore, the selection of suitable bearing a larger difference in wear among the bearing materials. For materials iglidur® – Plain Bearings – High Performance Graph 46.1: Wear with a hard chromed shaft, 1,80 Q Q 3,20 Z J J J J 2,80 Q www.igus.de/en/iglidur ® iglidur Plain Bearings p = 0.75 MPs, v = 0.5 m/s, Ra = 0.20 µm 3,00 0,20 J J 0,80 J 1,50 M250 M250 1,30 M250 M250 0,30 JJ Lifetime calculation, CAD files and much more support Fax 44 0,20 M250 M250 2,00 M250 1,50 1,40 M250 M250 www.igus.de/en/iglidur iglidur® 33 22 11 00 W300 W300 0,30 p = 0.75 MPa, v = 0.5 m/s, Ra = 0.20 µm Graph 46.2: Wear with a silver steel shaft, 4 3 2 1 0 W300 2,00 1,30 W300 W300 0,30 p = 0.75 MPa, v = 0.5 m/s, Ra = 0.20 µm Graph 46.3: Wear with an aluminum shaft, 44 33 22 11 00 G G 1,20 W300 W300 0,60 p = 0.75 MPa, v = 0.5 m/s, Ra = 0.20 µm Graph 46.4: Wear with a machining steel shaft, 44 33 22 11 00 G G W300 W300 0,10 p = 0.75 MPa, v = 0.5 m/s, Ra = 0.20 µm Graph 46.5: Wear with a shaft made of X90, 44 33 22 1 1 00 Lifetime calculation, CAD files and much more support Phone +49- (0) 22 03-96 49-145 47 mm +49- (0) 22 03-96 49-334 Wear [µm/km)] Wear [µm/km] Wear [µm/km] Wear [µm/km] Wear [µm/km] ® igus® GmbH iglidur Internet: www.igus.de Phone +49- (0) 22 03-96 49-145 iglidur® E-mail: [email protected] 51127 Cologne Fax Plain Bearings +49- (0) 22 03-96 49-334 48 bearings, there are both insulating as well as electrically conductive In the product line of the maintenance free, self lubricating iglidur plain Electrical properties is necessary, table 699.1 shows the machining standard values. cases. If for some reason, a subsequent machining of the plain bearing product line makes it possible to use a standard dimension in most iglidur® plain bearings are delivered ready to install. The extensive Machining Tool relief angle Feed [mm] Tool material Process 5 - 15 0.1 - 0.5 SS Turning Table 49.1: Guidelines for machining 10 - 12 0.1 - 0.5 SS Boring SS Milling iglidur® – Plain Bearings – High Performance Surface resistance [Ω] materials. The most important electrical properties are given in detail iglidur® – Plain Bearings – High Performance 1.5 x 10 1 in the individual material descriptions. Table 48.1 compares the most Tolerances and measurement system recommended tolerance. The before pressfit oversized dimension can diameter adjusts only after pressfit in the proper housing bore with a iglidur® plain bearings are produced oversized as standard. The inner > 1000 ® iglidur Plain Bearings Table 48.1: Electrical properties of conductive iglidur® plain bearings Material 8.8 x 10 1 The installation dimensions and tolerances of the iglidur® plain bearings be up to 2% of the inner diameter. In this manner, the secure pressfitting Fax > 0.5 iglidur® F 2.8 x 10 3 are a function of the material and wall thicknesses. For each material, of the bearing is achieved. Axial or radial shifts in the housing are also 3-5 iglidur® H the moisture absorption and the thermal expansion are imperative. prevented. The bore in the housing should be finished in the 50 - 100 iglidur® H370 Plain bearings with low moisture absorption can be designed when recommended tolerance for all bearings and be as smooth, flat, and 0 - 10 Tool rake angle there is a minimal amount of tolerance. For wall thickness, the rule is: chamfered when possible. The installation is done using an flat press. Adhesion 200 - 500 Cutting speed [m/min] the iglidur® M250 which is very suitable for secondary machining. In The subsequent machining of the running surfaces is to be avoided plain bearings not mentioned here are electrically insulating. Please if possible. Higher wear rate is most often the result. An exception is observe that for some materials the properties can be changed by machining can be counteracted by lubrication during installation. other iglidur ® plain bearings, disadvantages of a sliding surface important electrical properties of iglidur® plain bearings. The iglidur® the material’s absorption of moisture. In experiments, it should be The thicker the bearings are, the larger the tolerances must be. Thus, The use of centering or calibrating pins can cause damage to the Installation different tolerance classes exist for iglidur® plain bearings: Within these bearing and create a larger amount of clearance. conditions are changing. tested whether the desired properties are also stable when the 6.9 x 10 2 1 2 3 temperature range and in humidity conditions up to 70% according tolerances, iglidur® plain bearings can operate in the permissible Adhering of the bearing is normally not necessary. If the pressfit of the to the installation recommendations. Should higher air moisture levels be present, or the bearing is operated underwater, our application bearing could be lost because of high temperatures, the use of a plain advice is available to help you use your bearings correctly. however, the securing of the bearing by adhesives is planned, individual Section view: pressfit of the bearing iglidur® 49 mm +49- (0) 22 03-96 49-334 iglidur® X Ø Positions of the measurement planes tests are necessary in each case. The transfer of successful results bearing having a higher temperature resistance is recommended. If iglidur® plain bearings are pressfit bearings for bores machined to to other application cases is not possible. Testing methods our recommendations. This pressfitting of the bearing fixes the Troubleshooting www.igus.de/en/iglidur The installation Lifetime calculation, CAD files and much more support bearing in the housing, and the inner diameter of the plain bearing is also formed upon pressfit. The bearing test is performed when the bearing is installed in a bore with the minimum specified dimension; both using an indicating caliper and a Go-No-Go gauge. must pass easily through the bearing the "Go-Side" of the Go-No-Go gauge, pressed into the bore, pressfit must lie within the prescribed tolerance on the measurement With the 3 point probe, the inner diameter of the bearing after In spite of careful manufacturing and assembly of the bearings, plane. Measurement of the inner differences and questions regarding the recommended installation diameter of a pressfit plain bearing dimensions and tolerances can result. For this reason, we have compiled a list of the most frequent reasons for differences. In many cases, with www.igus.de/en/iglidur within the same parameters shown. The measurement is not performed The shaft is not within recommended tolerances. that was expanded by the bearing installation The housing is made out of a soft material recommended housing bore specifications The bore does not meet the the inside diameter of the bearing during pressfit A centering pin was used which expanded bearing material is removed upon pressfitting. The bore is not chamfered properly – the this troubleshooter, the reasons for the differences can be found quickly. . Lifetime calculation, CAD files and much more support Phone +49- (0) 22 03-96 49-145 ® igus® GmbH iglidur Internet: www.igus.de 51127 Cologne Fax Product Range 3 Styles > 904 Dimensions Ø 1–150 mm +130º –40º Max. running speed Rotating 4 1.5 1 5 2.5 2 Continuous Short term Oscillating [m/s] Linear Price index iglidur® G – the Allround Performer iglidur® G bearings cover an extremely wide range of differing requirements – they are truly and medium temperatures. When not to use iglidur® G “allround”. Application is recommended for medium to high loads, medium sliding velocities When to use iglidur® G iglidur® M250 When mechanical reaming of the wall surface is necessary Multi purpose Vibration dampening Dirt resistant Maintenance free, dry running use For oscillating iglidur® W300 When the highest wear resistance is necessary Cost Resistance to dust and Over 900 sizes available from stock For low to Economical all round performance For above average loads to run on different shaft materials iglidur® G % weight 4.0 0.7 0.42 DIN 53457 DIN 53495 Testing method High wear resistance dirt effective bearing and rotational movements When the bearing needs Conveyor chains: Through edge average running speeds loading, short term surface pres- Unit % weight MPa x m/s 7,800 DIN 53452 sures of over 50 MPa can occur General properties 1.46 Material table g/cm3 Max. moisture absorption at 23°C / 50% r.F. dark grey Density Max. moisture absorption 0.08 - 0.15 Colour Coefficient of sliding friction, dynamic against steel µ Mechanical properties MPa 210 (Ra = 1 µm, 50 HRC) The pneumatic rotational drive Modulus of elasticity 78 p x v Value, max. (dry) unit in steam lines at steam MPa Physical and thermal properties DIN 53505 MPa 80 Tensile strength at 20°C MPa 130 Compressive strength Max. static surface pressure (20°C) °C -40 220 temperatures up to 135°C Max. long term application temperature °C °C 81 Max. short term application temperature Shore D hardness Min. application temperature DIN 53752 DIN IEC 93 ASTM C 177 DIN 53482 9 > 1013 0.24 > 1011 [K-1 x 10-5] Ω cm [W/m x K] Electrical properties Ω Thermal conductivity Tests under high radial forces, Surface resistance Specific volume resistance Coefficient of thermal expansion (at 23°C) distances of 3,ooo km are cover- www.igus.de/en/g ed with negligible wear values Lifetime calculation, CAD files and much more support 10 06 08 0 50 100 120 23°C 75 140 160 100 60°C 0,5 0,4 0,3 0,2 0,10 0,15 Surface speed [m/s] 0,1 0,05 0,35 10 Load [MPa] 0 20 30 0,20 40 0,25 50 Coefficient of friction of iglidur® G as a function of the load 0,30 0,25 0,20 0,15 0,10 0,05 0,00 0,5 0,4 0,3 0,2 0,1 0,0 0,5 www.igus.de/en/g Shaft roughness Ra [µm] 0,0 1,0 1,5 70 0,30 Coefficient of friction as function of the shaft surface (shaft – cold rolled steel) 60 2,0 80 0,35 Coefficient of friction of iglidur® G as a function of the running speed, p = 0.75 MPa iglidur® G – Information and Technical Data 100 1,0 Permissible p x v - values for running dry against a steel shaft, at 20°C 10 1,0 0,1 0,1 Surface speed [m/s] 0,01 04 Temperature in °C 02 Recommended max. permissible static surface pressure as a function of temperature 90 100 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 10 Load [MPa] 25 iglidur® G deformation under load and temperature 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 1 2 0 0 Lifetime calculation, CAD files and much more support G 51 mm Fax +49- (0) 22 03-96 49-334 iglidur® G Phone +49- (0) 22 03-96 49-145 Coefficient of friction µ Coefficient of friction µ Coefficient of friction µ G Phone +49- (0) 22 03-96 49-145 E-mail: [email protected] 50 igus® GmbH Load [MPa] Load [MPa] Deformation in % iglidur® G +49- (0) 22 03-96 49-334 Internet: www.igus.de 51127 Cologne Fax 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 0 1 CR Steel Temperature in °C 303 10 20 30 2 3 3,5 4,4 4 Hard chromed HR Carbon steel 50 60 6,4 70 CR Steel (pivoting) 5 80 Effect of moisture absorption on iglidur® G plain bearings 0,6 0,5 0,4 0,3 f = 0,5 f = 0,3 d1 = 12–30 d1 = 6–12 d1 = 1–6 G S M-01 03 - 02 Structure – Part No. d1 d2 iglidur® G – Sleeve Bearing – Type S f = 0,8 d1 > 30 b1 f = 1,2 GSM-0911-06 GSM-0810-22 GSM-0810-20 GSM-0810-16 GSM-0810-15 GSM-0810-13 GSM-0810-12 GSM-0810-10 GSM-0810-08 GSM-0810-07 GSM-0810-06 GSM-0809-12 GSM-0809-08 GSM-0809-05 GSM-0709-12 GSM-0709-10 GSM-0709-09 GSM-0708-19 GSM-0708-10 GSM-0608-13 GSM-0608-11 GSM-0608-10 GSM-0608-09 GSM-0608-08 GSM-0608-06 GSM-0608-055 GSM-0608-05 GSM-0608-04 GSM-0607-17.5 GSM-0607-06 10.0 10.0 9.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 12.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 7.0 7.0 4.0 25.0 10.0 6.0 22.0 20.0 16.0 15.0 13.0 12.0 10.0 8.0 7.0 6.0 12.0 8.0 5.0 12.0 10.0 9.0 19.0 10.0 13.8 11.8 10.0 9.5 8.0 6.0 5.5 5.0 4.0 17.5 6.0 GSM-1618-25 GSM-1618-20 GSM-1618-15 GSM-1618-13.5 GSM-1618-12 GSM-1618-10 GSM-1517-25 GSM-1517-20 GSM-1517-15 GSM-1517-12 GSM-1517-10 GSM-1517-04 GSM-1516-15 GSM-1416-25 GSM-1416-20 GSM-1416-15 GSM-1416-10 GSM-1416-08 GSM-1416-03 GSM-1315-25 GSM-1315-20 GSM-1315-15 GSM-1315-10 GSM-1315-075 GSM-1215-22 GSM-1215-06 GSM-1214-25 GSM-1214-20 GSM-1214-15 GSM-1214-14 GSM-1214-12 GSM-1214-10 GSM-1214-08 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 13.0 13.0 13.0 13.0 13.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 25.0 20.0 15.0 13.5 12.0 10.0 25.0 20.0 15.0 12.0 10.0 4.0 15.0 25.0 20.0 15.0 10.0 8.0 3.0 25.0 20.0 15.0 10.0 7.5 22.0 6.0 25.0 20.0 15.0 14.0 12.0 10.0 8.0 d1-Tol.* Dimen. 5.0 b1 h13 Chamfer in relation to the d1 d2 6.0 Type d1 12.0 7.0 Dimensions according to ISO Part No. 10.0 12.0 8.0 Material b1 h13 GSM-1012-05 10.0 12.0 3547-1 and special dimensions d2 2.0 GSM-1012-06 10.0 *after Pressfit in Ø H7 d1 3.0 3.0 GSM-1012-07 0,2 Part No. 1.5 3.5 5.0 d1-Tol.* GSM-0103-02 2.0 4.5 9.0 0,1 GSM-0203-03 2.5 12.0 10.0 0,0 GSM-02504-05 10.0 12.0 12.0 4,0 GSM-1012-08 10.0 12.0 14.0 3,5 3.0 GSM-1012-09 10.0 12.0 3,0 4.5 5.0 GSM-1012-10 10.0 2,0 3.0 4.5 6.0 GSM-1012-12 15.0 1,5 GSM-0304-03 3.0 4.5 4.0 12.0 1,0 GSM-0304-05 3.0 5.5 10.0 0,5 GSM-0304-06 4.0 GSM-1012-14 0,0 GSM-0405-04 6.0 Moisture absorption [weight %] Electrical properties of iglidur® G 5.5 20.0 4.0 12.0 GSM-0405-06 12.0 iglidur® G 13.0 17.0 10.0 12.0 12.0 10.0 GSM-1012-20 GSM-1012-15 GSM-1213-12 8.0 5.0 6.0 8.0 4.0 15.0 4.5 6.0 13.0 GSM-0406-08 6.0 12.0 14.0 > 1013 Ω cm 5.0 GSM-1213-15 12.0 Specific volume resistance 5.0 5.0 GSM-1214-04 12.0 GSM-0506-05 7.0 8.0 10.0 GSM-0506-07 5.0 7.0 GSM-1012-17 GSM-0507-05 5.0 14.0 GSM-1011-10 10.0 www.igus.de/en/g GSM-1011-25 Lifetime calculation, CAD files and much more support GSM-1012-04 6.0 GSM-0507-08 12.0 5.5 Resistance GSM-1214-06 7.0 Resistant 10.0 4.0 Medium Resistant 7.0 GSM-0407-055 Alcohols Not resistant 5.0 > 1011 Ω Important tolerances for iglidur® G plain bearings after pressfit iglidur®G +0.020 + 0.068 Shaft h9 +0.025 + 0.083 Diameter 0 - 0.030 +0.032 + 0.102 E10 [mm] 0 - 0.036 +0.040 + 0.124 [mm] > 3 to 6 0 - 0.043 +0.050 + 0.150 d1 [mm] > 6 to 10 0 - 0.052 +0.060 + 0.180 +0.014 + 0.054 > 10 to 18 0 - 0.062 +0.072 + 0.212 0 - 0.025 > 18 to 30 0 - 0.074 up to 3 > 30 to 50 0 - 0.087 +0.085 + 0.245 > 80 to 120 0 - 0.100 > 50 to 80 > 120 Chlorinated hydrocarbons Resistant Chemical resistance of iglidur® G Esters Conditionally resistant Conditionally resistant Greases, Oils Weak acids Not resistant Resistant Strong acids Conditionally resistant Ketone Weak alkalines Conditionally resistant Fuels Strong alkalines www.igus.de/en/g GSM-0507-10 Surface resistance 2,5 iglidur® G – Information and Technical Data 40 Wear for pivoting and rotating applications with shaft material cold rolled steel 1018, as a function of the load 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 0 Load [MPa] CR Steel (rotating) Reduction of the inner diameter [%] Wear rotating with different shaft materials, load p = 0.75 MPa, v = 0.5 m/s 3,2 H. A. Aluminum 7 2,6 HSS 6 2,5 Drill rod 5 1,6 Hard chromed 4 1,2 CRS 3 2 1 0 303 Wear with different shaft materials in rotational operation, as a function of the load Shaft materials Free cutting Lifetime calculation, CAD files and much more support G 53 mm Phone +49- (0) 22 03-96 49-145 HRCS G Phone +49- (0) 22 03-96 49-145 E-mail: [email protected] 52 igus® GmbH iglidur® G +49- (0) 22 03-96 49-334 Fax Wear [µm/km] Wear [µm/km] Wear [µm/km] iglidur® G +49- (0) 22 03-96 49-334 Internet: www.igus.de 51127 Cologne Fax GSM-1820-45 GSM-1820-25 GSM-1820-20 GSM-1820-15 GSM-1820-12 GSM-1820-10 Part No. 19.0 19.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 d1 21.0 22.0 22.0 22.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 d2 10.5 3.0 20.0 35.0 28.0 6.0 45.0 25.0 20.0 15.0 12.0 10.0 b1 h13 GSM-4044-16 GSM-4044-10 GSM-3539-50 GSM-3539-40 GSM-3539-30 GSM-3539-25 GSM-3539-20 GSM-3539-14 GSM-3236-40 GSM-3236-30 GSM-3236-20 GSM-3034-40 GSM-3034-35 GSM-3034-30 Part No. 40.0 40.0 40.0 40.0 35.0 35.0 35.0 35.0 35.0 35.0 32.0 32.0 32.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 d1 44.0 44.0 44.0 44.0 44.0 44.0 39.0 39.0 39.0 39.0 39.0 39.0 36.0 36.0 36.0 34.0 34.0 34.0 d2 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 16.0 10.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 25.0 20.0 14.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 40.0 25.0 30.0 b1 h13 *after Pressfit in Ø H7 3547-1 and special dimensions Dimensions according to ISO Chamfer in relation to the d1 f = 1,2 f = 0,8 f = 0,5 f = 0,3 d1 > 30 d1 = 12–30 d1 = 6–12 d1 = 1–6 G F M-03 04 - 02 Structure – Part No. Material Type Dimen. d1 d2 iglidur® G – Flange Bearing – Type F GSM-1922-06 19.0 22.0 15.0 GSM-4044-20 40.0 40.0 iglidur® G – Sleeve Bearing – Type S GSM-1922-28 20.0 22.0 20.0 GSM-4044-30 40.0 22.0 d1-Tol.* GSM-1922-35 20.0 22.0 22.0 GSM-4044-40 46.0 30.0 d1-Tol.* GSM-2021-20 20.0 22.0 30.0 GSM-4044-50 50.0 b1 GSM-2022-03 20.0 22.0 10.0 42.0 50.0 GFM-0506-05 GFM-0506-04 GFM-0506-035 GFM-0405-06 GFM-0405-04 GFM-0405-03 GFM-0304-05 GFM-0304-03 GFM-0304-0275 GFM-0304-02 5.0 5.0 5.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 5.5 5.5 5.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 10.0 10.0 10.0 9.5 9.5 9.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 d13 d3 5.0 4.0 3.5 6.0 4.0 3.0 5.0 3.0 2.7 2.0 h13 b1 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 -0.14 b2 GFM-1213-12 GFM-1213-03 GFM-1012-17 GFM-1012-15 GFM-1012-12 GFM-1012-10 GFM-1012-09 GFM-1012-07 GFM-1012-06 GFM-1012-05 GFM-1012-04 12.0 12.0 12.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 14.0 13.0 13.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 20.0 17.0 17.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 d13 d3 6.0 12.0 3.0 17.0 15.0 12.0 10.0 9.0 7.0 6.0 5.0 4.0 h13 b1 1.0 1.0 0.5 0.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 -0.14 b2 d1-Tol.* GSM-2022-105 20.0 22.0 15.0 45.0 0.5 GFM-1214-06 d2 GSM-2022-15 20.0 23.0 GSM-4246-40 45.0 6.0 0.5 d1 GSM-2022-20 20.0 23.0 GSM-4550-22 10.0 15.0 Part No. GSM-2022-22 20.0 20.0 GSM-4550-30 6.0 10.0 d1-Tol.* GSM-2022-30 20.0 23.0 5.0 6.0 d2 GSM-2023-10 23.0 24.0 GFM-0506-06 5.0 d1 GSM-2023-15 20.0 23.0 GFM-0506-15 Part No. GSM-2023-20 23.0 38.0 20.0 50.0 20.0 45.0 GSM-2023-23 GSM-4550-38 GSM-2023-24 25.0 1.0 23.0 1.0 20.0 12.0 1.0 GSM-2023-25 15.0 1.0 1.0 20.0 17.0 7.0 20.0 20.0 1.0 1.0 20.0 14.0 20.0 24.0 1.0 14.0 14.0 20.0 6.0 1.0 12.0 12.0 14.0 20.0 3.0 1.0 GFM-1214-07 12.0 14.0 22.0 4.0 1.0 1.0 GFM-1214-12 12.0 14.0 22.0 6.0 1.0 3.5 GFM-1214-15 12.0 15.0 22.0 8.0 1.0 11.0 1.0 GFM-1214-17 12.0 16.0 22.0 12.0 7.0 0.5 GFM-1214-20 13.0 16.0 22.0 17.0 5.0 0.5 GFM-1214-24 14.0 16.0 22.0 0.5 1.0 GFM-0507-03 5.0 1.0 GFM-1315-06 14.0 16.0 22.0 21.0 0.5 40.0 9.0 6.0 1.0 GFM-1416-03 14.0 16.0 2.0 0.5 50.0 11.0 4.0 10.0 1.0 GFM-1416-04 14.0 16.0 22.0 2.5 45.0 7.0 11.0 4.8 1.0 GFM-1416-06 14.0 20.0 3.0 1.0 0.5 GSM-4550-40 7.0 12.0 5.0 1.0 GFM-1416-08 14.0 16.0 20.0 15.0 1.0 30.0 5.0 7.0 12.0 6.0 1.0 GFM-1416-12 16.0 20.0 4.0 1.0 23.0 6.0 8.0 12.0 8.0 1.0 GFM-1416-17 14.0 16.0 20.0 4.5 1.0 20.0 20.0 GFM-050709-05 6.0 8.0 12.0 10.0 0.5 15.0 16.0 23.0 5.0 1.0 GSM-2023-30 25.0 GFM-0607-06 6.0 8.0 12.0 12.0 0.5 GFM-1416-21 15.0 16.0 23.0 9.0 1.0 1.0 55.0 30.0 GFM-0607-10 6.0 8.0 12.0 3.0 GFM-1516-02 15.0 17.0 23.0 12.0 1.0 9.0 55.0 40.0 GFM-0608-04 6.0 8.0 14.0 8.0 1.0 GFM-1516-025 15.0 17.0 23.0 17.0 20.0 50.0 55.0 50.0 GFM-0608-048 6.0 8.0 12.0 1.0 GFM-1516-03 15.0 17.0 23.0 20.0 14.0 50.0 55.0 40.0 GFM-0608-05 6.0 8.0 12.0 1.0 GFM-1516-15 15.0 17.0 23.0 12.0 GSM-5055-20 50.0 55.0 50.0 GFM-0608-06 6.0 8.0 6.0 0.5 GFM-1517-04 15.0 17.0 23.0 GFM-1214-09 GSM-5055-25 50.0 60.0 60.0 GFM-0608-08 6.0 8.0 15.0 10.0 1.0 GFM-1517-045 15.0 17.0 1.0 20.0 GSM-5055-30 50.0 60.0 30.0 GFM-0608-10 7.0 15.0 8.0 12.0 1.0 GFM-1517-05 15.0 17.0 1.0 1.0 4.0 30.0 GSM-5055-40 55.0 60.0 40.0 GFM-060814-12 7.0 9.0 15.0 2.7 1.0 GFM-1517-09 15.0 32.0 1.0 11.0 24.0 15.0 GSM-5055-50 55.0 65.0 50.0 GFM-0708-03 9.0 13.0 3.0 1.0 GFM-1517-12 15.0 9.0 1.0 7.0 24.0 20.0 GSM-5560-40 55.0 65.0 35.0 GFM-0708-08 7.0 9.0 15.0 4.0 1.0 GFM-1517-17 24.0 12.0 5.0 22.0 25.0 25.0 GSM-5560-50 60.0 65.0 30.0 7.0 9.0 15.0 5.5 1.0 GFM-1517-20 24.0 17.0 GFM-0507-04 22.0 25.0 30.0 GSM-5560-60 60.0 67.0 50.0 GFM-0709-06 7.0 10.0 15.0 7.5 1.0 18.0 24.0 50.0 GSM-2224-20 22.0 25.0 15.0 GSM-6065-30 60.0 70.0 60.0 GFM-0709-10 8.0 10.0 15.0 9.5 1.0 18.0 24.0 50.0 GSM-2224-30 22.0 25.0 20.0 GSM-6065-40 62.0 70.0 40.0 GFM-0709-12 8.0 10.0 15.0 10.0 GFM-151824-32 15.0 18.0 45.0 GSM-2225-15 22.0 27.0 25.0 GSM-6065-50 65.0 75.0 60.0 GFM-0809-08 8.0 10.0 15.0 15.0 16.0 18.0 GSM-4550-50 GSM-2225-20 22.0 27.0 30.0 GSM-6267-35 65.0 80.0 60.0 GFM-0810-02 8.0 10.0 15.0 16.0 15.0 GSM-2225-25 24.0 27.0 25.0 GSM-6570-30 70.0 80.0 100.0 GFM-0810-03 8.0 10.0 15.0 GFM-1618-09 16.0 24.0 GSM-2225-30 24.0 27.0 12.0 GSM-6570-50 75.0 85.0 100.0 GFM-0810-04 8.0 10.0 1.0 GFM-1618-12 22.0 GSM-2427-15 24.0 26.0 15.0 GSM-7075-60 75.0 85.0 100.0 GFM-0810-05 8.0 10.0 25.0 1.0 GFM-1618-17 GSM-2224-15 GSM-2427-20 24.0 28.0 20.0 GSM-7580-40 80.0 90.0 100.0 GFM-0810-07 8.0 15.0 30.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 GSM-2427-25 25.0 28.0 24.0 GSM-7580-60 80.0 95.0 100.0 GFM-0810-09 8.0 10.0 15.0 6.5 15.0 10.0 GSM-2427-30 25.0 28.0 25.0 GSM-8085-60 85.0 100.0 30.0 GFM-0810-10 8.0 10.0 15.0 17.0 20.0 GSM-2526-25 25.0 28.0 30.0 GSM-8085-100 90.0 105.0 100.0 GFM-0810-15 8.0 10.0 10.0 1.0 1.0 14.0 GSM-2528-12 25.0 28.0 35.0 GSM-8590-100 95.0 105.0 100.0 GFM-0810-25 8.0 9.0 21.0 12.0 GSM-2528-15 25.0 28.0 50.0 GSM-9095-100 100.0 115.0 100.0 GFM-0810-30 9.0 25.0 24.0 GFM-1214-10 GSM-2528-20 25.0 28.0 16.0 GSM-95100-100 100.0 125.0 100.0 GFM-081017-15 19.0 18.0 1.0 GSM-2528-24 25.0 28.0 10.5 GSM-100105-100 110.0 130.0 80.0 GFM-0910-065 16.0 5.0 GSM-2528-25 25.0 30.0 12.0 GSM-100105-30 120.0 135.0 100.0 17.0 11.0 GSM-2528-30 25.0 32.0 15.0 GSM-110115-100 125.0 140.0 100.0 GFM-1618-21 7.0 GSM-2528-35 26.0 32.0 20.0 GSM-120125-100 130.0 145.0 GFM-1719-09 5.0 GSM-2528-50 28.0 32.0 23.0 GSM-125130-100 135.0 155.0 1.0 0.5 GFM-0507-05 GSM-2630-16 28.0 32.0 25.0 GSM-130135-100 140.0 3.5 10.0 11.0 GSM-2832-105 28.0 32.0 30.0 GSM-135140-80 150.0 18.0 15.0 20.0 GSM-2832-12 28.0 32.0 12.0 GSM-140145-100 12.0 11.0 14.0 GSM-2832-15 28.0 32.0 30.0 GSM-150155-100 10.0 12.0 GSM-2832-20 28.0 31.0 15.0 10.0 GFM-1214-11 GSM-2832-23 28.0 31.0 20.0 GFM-1011-10 1.0 GSM-2832-25 30.0 34.0 GFM-1012-035 30.0 GSM-2832-30 30.0 34.0 24.0 11.0 GSM-3031-12 30.0 25.0 7.0 GSM-3031-30 30.0 34.0 5.0 GSM-3034-15 34.0 GFM-0507-30 GSM-3034-20 30.0 www.igus.de/en/g 30.0 Lifetime calculation, CAD files and much more support GSM-3034-24 www.igus.de/en/g GSM-3034-25 Lifetime calculation, CAD files and much more support G +49- (0) 22 03-96 49-334 55 mm Fax G Phone +49- (0) 22 03-96 49-145 E-mail: [email protected] 54 igus® GmbH iglidur® G Phone +49- (0) 22 03-96 49-145 iglidur® G +49- (0) 22 03-96 49-334 Internet: www.igus.de STATOIL HYDRAWAY HMA 68 Hydraulikkolje ANVENDELSEOMRÅDER EGENSKAPER Moderne, kompakte hydrauliske systemer stiller høye krav til hydraulikkoljer for å sikre problemfri drift i mange år. HydraWay HMA 68 anbefales til all innendørs hydraulikk samt til visse typer utendørs hydraulikk. Oljen kan dessuten med fordel benyttes i tåke- og sirkulasjonssystemer. HydraWay HMA 68 er en sinkfri hydraulikkoljeserie som er utviklet for å overstige de kravene som stilles til dagens og morgendagens hydraulikkoljer. HydraWay HMA 68 er basert på lyse, hardt solventraffinerte parafinbasisoljer med funksjonsforbedrende additiver. Oljen motvirker effektivt slitasje og har meget gode luft- og vannutskillende egenskaper. Fraværet av sink gir redusert risiko for allergireaksjoner og reduserer miljøbelastningen. FORDELER HydraWay HMA 68 sikrer problemfri drift p.g.a. sine ekstremt gode slitasjebeskyttende egenskaper og den gode evnen til å skille ut luft og vann. Oljen er sinkfri, noe som reduserer miljøbelastningen. TYPISKE DATA EGENSKAPER METODE ENHET ISO VG Densitet ved 15 °C Viskositet ved 40 °C Viskositet ved 100 °C Viskositetsindeks Flytepunkt Flammepunkt COC Filtrerbarhet 1.2 TOST FZG A/8 - 3/90 ASTM D 4052 ASTM D 445 ASTM D 445 ASTM D 2270 ASTM D 97 ASTM D 92 "CETOP" ASTM D 943 CEC-L-07-A-75 kg/m³ mm²/s mm²/s °C °C ml/cm² h FLS 68 879 68 8.7 100 -27 244 104 >2000 >12 SPESIFIKASJONER Klassifiseres som ISO-L-HM i henhold til SS 155454 og ISO 6743-4, IP 281/80, DIN 51524-HL / DIN 51524-HLP Med forbehold om endringer i produktspesifikasjonen Statoil Norge AS, Postboks 1176 Sentrum, 0107 Oslo. Tel. 22 96 20 00, fax 22 96 27 33. email. [email protected] 2006-06-22 Statoil Norge AS, Postboks 1176 Sentrum, 0107 Oslo. Tel. 22 96 20 00, fax 22 96 27 33. email. [email protected]