CH 8-1 Text - Fulton Independent School

SECTION
1 Advances in Technology
BEFORE YOU READ
MAIN IDEA
READING FOCUS
KEY TERMS AND PEOPLE
The technological
breakthroughs of the
Industrial Age included
advances in electric
power, transportation,
and communication.
1. How did electric power affect
industry and daily life?
Michael Faraday
Thomas Edison
Bessemer process
Henry Ford
Wilbur and Orville Wright
telegraph
Samuel Morse
Alexander Graham Bell
Guglielmo Marconi
2. What advances in transportation occurred during the
Industrial Age?
3. What were the advances in
communication, and how
were they achieved?
Getting Started
Use a
graphic
organizer like the
one below to take
notes on key technological advances of
the Industrial Age.
5SETHEInteractive Reader and Study Guide
TOFAMILIARIZESTUDENTSWITHTHESECTION
CONTENT
Interactive Reader and Study Guide,
Section 1
Name _____________________________ Class _________________ Date __________________
Life in the Industrial Age
Section 1
Technological
Advances
MAIN IDEA
The technological breakthroughs of the Industrial Age included advances in
electric power, transportation, and communication.
Key Terms and People
Michael Faraday English chemist who invented the dynamo
Thomas Edison developer of the first usable and practical light bulb; invented
phonograph
What new technology wowed the
world in 1900? As visitors approached
the gates to the Paris Exhibition of 1900,
they wondered what was lighting up the night sky so brilliantly. Many had heard about a new technology that was
a great improvement over the oil and gas lighting they currently used in their homes. But what they saw was
amazing—a spectacular display of electricity
as 5,000 multicolored lights lit up an enormous steel and glass building. None of
the 50 million people who visited the
exhibition had ever before seen such
a spectacle of electric power. Few
could imagine how electricity
would transform their lives.
LIGHTS
FANTASTIC
Bessemer process steel-making process which made steel both stronger and cheaper
Henry Ford developer of mass-production factory methods; produced affordable Model
T cars
Wilbur and Orville Wright brothers who were the first people to succeed in flying a
powered airplane in sustained flight
Samuel Morse inventor of the telegraph and the code used to send telegraph messages
telegraph a machine that sends messages instantly over wires with electricity
Alexander Graham Bell inventor of the telephone
Guglielmo Marconi developer of the wireless telegraph, or radio
Taking Notes
As you read, take notes on key technological advances of the Industrial
Age.
Original content Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.
Full Survey Chapter 22
257
Interactive Reader and Study Guide
CRF: Vocabulary Builder: Section 1
In 1900, lights of the Palace
of Electricity turned part of
Paris into a fantasy land.
Taking Notes
Palais de Electricité, artist unknown, c. 1900
Technological Advances—lightbulb;
steam-powered trains; Bessemer process;
steamships; automobile; airplane; telegraph;
telephone; radio and phonograph
go.hrw.com
Online Resources
KEYWORD: SHL LIF
ACTIVITY: The Inventions
of Thomas Edison
261
Teach the Main Idea
At Level
Advances in Technology
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Visual-Spatial, Verbal-Linguistic
Alternative Assessment Handbook, Rubrics 7:
Charts; and 43: Writing to Persuade
LIFE IN THE INDUSTRIAL AGE
261
Electric Power
Before the late 1880s water, coal, and steam
had powered industry. As the Industrial Age
progressed, though, inventors and scientists
were inspired to develop new technologies. One
technology drastically changed industry and
daily life more than any other—electricity.
Reading Focus
How did electric power affect industry
and daily life? drastically changed
them; industry—factories no longer
relied on steam engines powered by
waterways, work day could extend
past sunset; daily life—provided
cheaper, convenient light source, led to
other inventions
Early Attempts at Electric Power For
many centuries, scientists had known of and
been interested in electricity. During the
1700s Benjamin Franklin and other scientists had performed important experiments.
Still, no one had developed a way to harness
electricity and put it to use. In 1831, however,
English chemist Michael Faraday discovered
the connection between magnetism and electricity. His discovery led to the dynamo, a
machine that generated electricity by moving a magnet through a coil of copper wire.
Faraday used the electricity to power an
electric motor, and his discoveries led to the
development of electrical generators.
During the 1800s other scientists also
created devices that used electric power. For
instance, in 1860 British chemist Joseph Swan
developed a primitive electric lightbulb that
gave off light by passing heat through a small
strip of paper. However, Swan’s lightbulb did
not shine for very long, and its light was too
dim. Swan’s work was a beginning, but it was
nearly 40 more years before the invention of a
usable lightbulb.
Electric Power
Define 7HATISADYNAMOa machine
that generates electricity by moving
a magnet through a coil of copper wire
Make Generalizations 7HYDID
INVENTORSANDSCIENTISTSWANTTODEVELOP
NEWPOWERSOURCESINTHES
Water, coal, and steam were not very
efficient sources of power.
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FACES OF HISTORY
Thomas Edison, one of
the world’s most brilliant inventors, came
from a humble background. He had only a
1847–1931
few months of formal
schooling. After working as a newsboy, Edison became a telegraph
operator, where he got involved in electronic communication. In
fact, improvements in the telegraph system were among his first
inventions. Eventually, Edison held more than 1,090 patents for new
inventions. His goal was to make things that could succeed on the
market and, by doing so, prove their usefulness. He also believed in
hard work, as he explained in this famous quote. “Genius is one
percent inspiration and ninety-nine percent perspiration.”
Draw Conclusions Do you think Edison saw himself as a genius?
Why or why not?
Thomas
EDISON
262
Edison’s Lightbulb Based on the work of
Faraday and Swan, Thomas Edison developed
the first usable and practical lightbulb in 1879.
The new invention caused a sensation.
HISTORY’S VOICES
electric light, incredible as it may appear,
“isEdison’s
produced from a tiny strip of paper that a breath
would blow away. Through this little strip of paper
is passed an electric current, and the result is a
bright, beautiful light . . . and this light, the inventor claims, can be produced cheaper than that from
the cheapest oil.
”
—Marshall Fox, New York Herald, 1879
This invention did not come easily, even to
Edison. Instead, it came through trial and error
and many hours of work in his laboratory in
Menlo Park, New Jersey. As Edison’s research
became known, young people who shared his
passion for inventing flocked to his lab to work
for him. In addition to the lightbulb, Edison
and his team made generators, motors, light
sockets, and other electrical devices.
Edison also played a major role in the
development of city electrical utility systems. He built the world’s first central
electric power plant in New York City. The
plant produced enough power to light several
city blocks. As a result of Edison’s work, many
aspects of life became easier.
Effects on Industry and Daily Life
The wide availability of electric power transformed industry in both the United States and
Europe. Electric power improved industry in
three significant ways. First, by using electric
power, factories no longer had to rely on large
steam engines to power machines. Second, factories did not have to depend on waterways
to power the steam engines. Third, factory
production increased as factories became less
dependent on sunlight. With electric lighting
in factories, workers could stay on the job late
into the night.
In addition to changing industry, electricity transformed daily life. Before people had
electricity, they lit their homes with candles,
gaslights, or oil lamps. Electricity provided a
cheaper, more convenient light source. Inventors soon created other electrical devices that
made daily life more convenient.
Analyze How did electricity
change industry and daily life?
CHAPTER 8
Skills Focus: Identifying Problem and Solution
Level
At Level
Tag
Reading Skill
Edison’s Invention Factory
Answers
Faces of History possible answer—
No, he credited hard work more than
inspiration for his discoveries.
Reading Check Factories no longer
needed steam engines or water sources
to power them; production increased;
people could light their homes and
businesses more safely and effectively
with electric lighting.
262
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occurred during the Industrial Age?
First, trains began to replace canal
and river traffic. Later, automobiles
began to replace carriages. In 1903,
humans succeeded in flying a powered
airplane.
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Advances in Transportation
In addition to power technology, the late 1800s
brought improvements in transportation. The
development of efficient steam engines led to
trains and steamships, while the internal combustion engine led to cars and airplanes.
Steam-Powered Trains Throughout the
early 1800s boats on canals and rivers provided the best means for long-distance travel.
Then, with the development of efficient steam
engines, trains began to replace boats. Trains
could carry heavy loads, did not require waterways, and traveled faster than watercraft. By
1830 the world’s first rail line linked two major
British cities, Manchester and Liverpool. By
1840 about 3,000 miles of railroad tracks crisscrossed the eastern United States.
Improvements in steel production contributed to the expansion of the railroad system. A
new process made steel stronger and was also
cheaper and more efficient. Working separately,
Englishman Henry Bessemer and American
William Kelly developed the new process in
Interactive Maps
Keyword: SHL LIF
1. Regions Where did railroads expand rapidly?
2. Human-Environment Interaction How do you think
the railroad to San Francisco affected population growth
and economic development?
the late 1850s. The Bessemer process involved
forcing air through molten metal to burn out
carbon and other impurities that make metal
brittle. The process came to be named for Bessemer because he made it a financial success.
Using the Bessemer process, factories
increased their production of locomotives and
railroad tracks. In addition, engineers used the
stronger steel to build bridges that allowed the
trains to cross any type of terrain.
As the new steel-making process made
building railroads easier, they expanded rapidly. By 1860 a 30,000-mile network of tracks
linked the major American cities. West of the
Mississippi River, new railroads brought people to unsettled or thinly settled areas of the
country. As a result, cities in the American
West grew and prospered along the tracks.
Engineers also took railroad technology
around the world. India’s first train ran in
1851. Just one year later, the first African railroad was built in Egypt. Construction on the
world’s longest railroad, the Trans-Siberian in
Russia, began in 1891.
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LIFE IN THE INDUSTRIAL AGE
Skills Focus: Making Generalizations
Advances in
Transportation
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Writing to Persuade
Answers
Interpreting Maps 1. in the northeast
and Midwest; 2. possible answer—
spurred growth, made it easier for people
to move west
263
Reading Focus
Advances in Transportation
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CRF: Biography: Granville Woods
Info to Know
The auto industry continues its
technological
innovations. For
example, in 2002
the Ford Motor
Company began
production of a car
that runs on fuel
cells powered by
hydrogen. Water is
the only emission.
Steamships Just as trains revolutionized
land transportation, steamships changed
ocean travel. Sailing ships depended on wind
for power, but steamships could travel through
any kind of weather.
In 1849 regular U.S. steamship service
began, traveling from the west coast, around
South America, to the east coast. Within a
few years, engineers had made mechanical
improvements to steamships. By 1870, longdistance movement of goods by steamship
was economically viable. People also came on
board. A long ocean voyage became an option
for people looking for jobs or for fun.
The Automobile As early as 1769, several
Europeans had tried to build a form of personal transportation. For more than a century
only small advances were made. Finally, German engineers Carl Benz and Gottlieb Daimler both developed practical automobiles. In
1885 Benz built a three-wheeled vehicle. A
year later, Daimler put an internal combustion
engine on a horse carriage. Daimler also developed the carburetor, which mixed fuel with air
for proper combustion in the engine.
At about the same time, several Americans
developed their own automobile models. These
early cars were too expensive for most buyers,
but Henry Ford wanted to change that. In 1908
he announced, “I will build a motor car for the
great multitude.” He did it. Using mass-production methods in modern factories, Ford built a
line of affordable cars called the Model T.
By 1920 the Model T made up 40 to 50
percent of U.S. automobile production. With
cars, Americans gained a new freedom that
allowed them to travel anywhere at any
time. Road builders had to keep up. By 1915
American roads spanned more miles than
rail lines.
The Train at Glorieta Summit, by Roy Anderson, 1800s
The rapid expansion of the railroad helped
both travel and trade. As a result, markets
for goods increased. Because trains could move
huge loads efficiently, transportation costs
declined, bringing a wide range of low-cost
products to market. In addition, new products
became available. Shoppers had more food
choices. Perishable foods could get to market
before they spoiled. For example, merchants in
the United States shipped frozen beef by rail
from the west to the east.
New Ways to Travel
New modes of transportation revolutionized travel in
the 1800s and early 1900s. One of the new ways to
travel was introduced by Orville and Wilbur Wright,
pictured below, when they flew their airplane at Kitty
Hawk, North Carolina, in 1903.
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A train arriving in a New Mexico station
Model T Fords in a St. Louis park in the 1920s
264
CHAPTER 8
The Wright Brothers at Kitty Hawk,
N. Carolina, artist unknown, 1900s
Skills Focus: Comparing and Contrasting
Reading Skill
The Granger Collection, New York
Above Level
Research Required
Powering Transportation
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264
CHAPTER 8
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Alternative Assessment Handbook, Rubrics 7:
Charts; and 30: Research
Linking
TO
Today
Telephone Technology
Although Alexander Graham Bell and
Thomas Watson made the first telephone in 1876, improvements were
gradual. Rural areas and small towns,
especially, were often behind the cities
in technological progress.
For example, only 50 years ago
many calls still required the help of a
live operator. To place a call, a person
picked up the receiver, and an operator said “Number, please.” The caller
replied with a series of numbers. The
operator made the connection, the
other phone rang, and the call was
completed.
The first telephone operators were
boys who had experience as telegraph
operators. But customers complained
Reading Focus
that the boys were rude to them. In
1878 the telephone companies began
hiring women operators. Emma Nutt, a
Boston woman, was the first one hired.
Today, of course, we can talk, send
instant messages, surf the Internet,
and take photos on our phones—
without any help.
What were the advances in communication, and how were they achieved?
telegraph, telephone, radio; made
possible by the invention of electricity;
telephone and telegraph sent messages
over wires, radio provided wireless
communication
Analyze How would
your daily life be
different if you did
not have access to
advanced telephone
technology?
Advances in Communication
An operator connects two callers on a
switchboard in about 1900.
A modern cell
phone
...well not quite
The Airplane Advances in transportation
were not limited to land and sea. People also
wanted to fly. Hot air balloons made their
debut in 1783 and became useful for wartime
spying and aerial photography. However, balloons were at the mercy of the wind.
A big step forward in controlled flight
happened at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, on
December 17, 1903. On that date, American
brothers Wilbur and Orville Wright succeeded in
flying a powered airplane in sustained flight.
Drawing from the work of earlier aviation
engineers, the Wrights had spent four years
developing their lightweight airplane. They
used principles of aerodynamics, which is the
study of how forces act on solid surfaces moving through the air. The Wrights designed a
glider with specially shaped wings. To power
their plane, they attached a version of the
internal combustion engine. The first powered
flight went only 120 feet, but the plane’s performance improved rapidly. This first flight paved
the way for the use of airplanes to travel the
globe, transport goods, and fight wars.
Identifying Cause and
Effect What effect did advances in transportation
have on daily life?
Advances in Communication
Today, news and messages travel around the
world in mere seconds by e-mail and telephone.
In the early 1800s, though, news traveled much
more slowly, by boat or by messenger on foot,
horseback, or carriage. As a result, entrepreneurs and inventors started to look for better
and faster ways to communicate.
Linking to Today
Telephone Technology
Predict 2EMIND STUDENTS THAT CELLULAR
TELEPHONE TECHNOLOGY IS RELATIVELY NEW
AND CURRENTLY CHANGING (AVE STUDENTS
PREDICT WHAT THE NEXT GENERATION OF CELL
PHONES WILL LOOK LIKEˆAND WHAT THEY
WILL DO
The Telegraph Putting electricity to use
made possible the invention of the telegraph,
a machine that sent messages instantly over
wires. American Samuel Morse is credited with
inventing the telegraph in 1837. Morse also
developed a “language,” which became known
as Morse code, for sending telegraph messages.
Morse code is a series of long and short signals
that represent letters and numbers. These telegraph messages were transmitted as electrical
pulses of different lengths.
In 1844 Morse received funding from the
United States government to lay 35 miles of
telegraph wires between Washington, D.C.,
and Baltimore, Maryland. The first telegraph
message Morse tapped out was, “What hath
God wrought?” With this message, a new era
in communication technology began.
LIFE IN THE INDUSTRIAL AGE
Skills Focus: Identifying Cause and Effect
Advances in Communication
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265
At Level
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Alternative Assessment Handbook, Rubrics 11:
Discussions; and 40: Writing to Describe
Answers
Linking to Today possible answers—
much more complicated, harder to
communicate quickly, more in-person
contact
Reading Check better and faster
means of transportation; made it possible
to get more goods to market at lower
costs, increasing consumers’ choices
265
As the United States grew, the importance
of the telegraph increased. By 1851 more than
50 telegraph companies were in operation in
the United States. About 10 years later, telegraph wires strung on poles along established
railroad tracks linked much of the country. At
railroad stations, passengers could send messages, or telegrams, to friends and family.
Communication between the United States
and Europe also improved with the laying of
a telegraph cable on the floor of the Atlantic Ocean in 1866. By 1870 telegraph wires
stretched from England to India.
The telegraph revolutionized more than
personal communication. In many countries,
businesses could keep in close contact with
suppliers and markets. News traveled around
the world in hours instead of weeks. Newspapers sent correspondents to the front lines of
wars, from where they telegraphed back vivid
reports of victories and defeats. The reading
public was very impressed by these timely
reports. The reports were one way in which the
telegraph globalized communication.
Reading Focus
Advances in
Communication
Sequence )NWHATORDERWERETHE
MAJORDEVELOPMENTSINCOMMUNICATION
MADEtelegraph, telephone, radio
Make Judgments 7HICHOFTHE
THREEADVANCESINCOMMUNICATIONHAD
THEBIGGESTIMPACT7HYpossible
answer—telegraph, first to make
communication instantaneous
The Telephone As use of the telegraph
spread around the world, inventors tried to
improve on it. American Alexander Graham Bell,
a teacher of hearing-impaired students, was
one of the scientists working in sound technology. Bell tried to create a way to send multiple
telegraph messages at the same time.
Close
(AVESTUDENTSSUMMARIZETHETECHNO
LOGICALBREAKTHROUGHSTHATTOOKPLACE
DURINGTHE)NDUSTRIAL!GE
Review
Online Quiz, Section 1
Assess
SE Section 1 Assessment
Progress Assessment: Section 1 Quiz
Alternative Assessment Handbook
Reteach/Intervene
Interactive Reader and Study Guide,
Section 1
Interactive Skills Tutor CD-ROM
While working on that device, Bell made a
remarkable discovery. One day in 1876 he was
in one room and his assistant Thomas Watson
was in another. Bell said, “Mr. Watson, come
here, I want to see you!” Watson could hear
Bell’s voice not just through the air but also
through the device’s receiver. The telephone
was born.
During the 1880s demand for telephones
increased. Telephone companies laid thousands of miles of phone lines across the United
States. By 1900 almost 1.5 million telephones
were installed in American homes and offices.
The Radio and Phonograph Although
the telephone revolutionized communication, the technology was limited. Wires could
only stretch so far. A new wireless technology
was based on theories about electromagnetic
waves. In 1895 Italian physicist Guglielmo
Marconi used the discoveries to build a wireless telegraph, or radio. First used as a communication method for ships, the radio was later
used for entertainment and news. Entertainment options increased when Thomas Edison
recorded sound with one of his many inventions. It was the phonograph, which became
the record player. With these inventions, music
was available to everyone.
Contrast How did the telegraph differ from the telephone?
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SECTION
1
Online Quiz
ASSESSMENT
Keyword: SHL LIF HP
Reviewing Ideas, Terms, and People
Critical Thinking
1. a. Recall What did Michael Faraday invent?
4. Identify Supporting Details Use your notes and a graphic
b. Draw Conclusions What impact did electricity have on
industry?
c. Evaluate Assess the validity of this statement: Thomas
Edison contributed to all aspects of electrical technology.
2. a. Define What is the Bessemer process?
b. Explain What advantages did rail travel have over canal
and river travel?
c. Develop What advantages did the automobile provide?
3. a. Define What is the telegraph?
b. Analyze How did advances in communication technology
change the way people lived in the late 1800s?
c. Evaluate Do you think the telegraph, telephone, radio,
and phonograph could have had both positive and negative
effects on daily life in the late 1800s? Explain your answer.
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organizer like this one to record details that support the main
idea about one type of technological advance. Write the
subsection’s main idea in the center circle.
5. Narrative Write a paragraph that tells the story of one of
the advances in technology during the 1800s. Include details
from this section.
CHAPTER 8
Section 1 Assessment Answers
Answers
Reading Check telegraph transmitted
coded messages; telephone transmitted
voice
266
1. a. the dynamo,
b. Factories no longer relied on steam
engines or water sources; production
increased as workday lengthened.
c. possible answer—valid, he created many
different electrical inventions
2. a. a steel-making process that made steel
stronger
b. faster, not tied to waterways
c. gave Americans the freedom to travel
3. a. a machine that sends messages instantly
over wires with electricity
b. revolutionized communication, allowing
news to travel quickly
c. possible answer—revolutionized communication, made life complicated
4. electric power—transformed industry and daily
life; transportation—increased availability of
products; people free to travel; communication—allowed news to travel quickly
5. Paragraphs should discuss the innovation’s
development and impact.