e - Southern Research Station

United States
Departm
of
Agricutture
ume, and Physica
Forest S-;emice
Southeastern Forest
Experiment Station
Research Paper
SE-255
June 1986
Alexander Clark Ill
Douglas R. Phillips
Douglas J. Frederick
Weight, Volume, and Physical Properties
of Major Hardwood Species
in the Pidmont
Alexander Clark I!!, Wood Scientist
Southeastern Forest Experiment Station
Athens, Georgia
Douglas R. Phillips, Mensurationist
Southeastern Forest Experiment Stat ion
Clemson, South Carolina
and
Douglas J. Frederick, Professor
School sf Forest Resources
North Carolina State University
Raleigh, North Carolina
Contents
...... . ......................
F i e l d . , . . . . . . O I . . . . . . . ~ ~ . . . . . ~ . . . . ~ . .
Laboratory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
. . . . .. .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. ... ... ... ...
8
9
Procedure
P h y s i c a l P r o p e r t i e s o f Sample Trees
P r e d i c t i o n Equations
How t o Use P r e d i c t i o n Equations ,
2
2
4
6
Tables ( f o r hardwood s p e c i e s i n the Piedmont)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Mean and range o f t r e e age and measurements, by species and
treesizeclass,.
.................. . ..
Average s p e c i f i c g r a v i t y o f wood, bark, and wood and bark
combined, by t r e e component and s i z e c l a s s . . . . . . . . . . .
Average m o i s t u r e c o n t e n t o f wood, bark, and wood and bark
combined, by t r e e component and s i z e c l a s s . . . . . . . . . . .
Average p r o p o r t i o n o f wood and b a r k green weight i n bark, by
t r e e component and s i z e class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Average green w e i g h t per cubic f o o t o f wood, b a r k , a n d wood and
b a r k combined, by t r e e component and sSze c l a s s . . . . . . . . .
Average green w e i g h t o f wood and bark per c u b i c f o o t o f wood,
hy t r e e component and s i z e c! ass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
34
Regression equations 'or e s t i m a t i n g green and d r y w e i g h t o f
above-stump total-tree wood, b a r k , and f o l iage, wood and hark
combined, and wood a1 one, w i t h d.b.k, as the independent
variable
36
.............
.............
14
16
22
27
29
8. R e g r e s s i o n e q u a t i o n s f o r e s t i m a t i n g green and dry w e i g h t o f
t o t a l - s t e m wood and b a r k combined and woof% alone, w i t h d,b.h.
the independent v a r i a b l e
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . as.
a
*
9. Regression e q u a t i o o s f o r e s t i m a t i n g c u b i c - f o o t volume o f
above-stump t o t a l - t r e e wood and bark combined and wood alone,
w i t h d.b.h,
as t h e independent v a r i a b l e
.............
10. R e g r e s s i o n equations f o r e s t i m a t i n g cubic-foot volume o f
t o t a l - s t e m wood and bark combined and wood alone, w i t h d.k.h.
as the independent v a r i a b l e
... . . ....... ...
40
43
45
Page
If.
Regression equations f o r estimating yreen and d r y weight o f
above-stump t o t a l - t r e e wood, b,rk, and $01 ia g e , wood and bakk
combined, and woad alone, w i t h d.b.h, and t o t a l h e i g h t as
independent v a r i a b l e s
......................
47
Regression e q u a t i o n s f o r estimating yreen and d r y w e i g h t oT
total-stem wood and b a r k combined and wood alone, w i t h d.b.h,
and t o t a l h e i g h t as independent v a r i a b l e s
51
Regression e q u a t i o n s f o r e s t i m a t i n g c u b i c - f o o t volume s f
above-stump t o l a l - % r e e wood and bask combined and wsQd a l o n e ,
w i t h d,b,h.
and t o t a l h e i g h t as independent v a r i a b l e s
54
............
......
Regression equations f o r e s t i m a t i n g c u b i c - f o o t volume o f
total-stem wood and bark combined and wood alone, w i t h deb.&.
and t o t a l h e i g h t as independent v a r i a b l e s
............
56
Regression e q u a t i o n s f o r estimating green and d r y w e i g h t o f
above-stump t o t a l - t r e e vdosd, b a r k , a ~ dfoliage, wood and b a r k
combined, and wsod a l o n e , w i t h d , h , h . a n d h e i g h t to a 4 - i n c h t o p
as independent v a r i a b l e s
16,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Regression equations f o r e s t i m a t i n g green and dry weight o f
t o t a l - s t e m wood and b a r k combined and wood a l o n e , w i t h d , b , h ,
and h e i g h t to 4-inch t o p as independent v a r i a b l e s
. . . . . . . . 62
as,
Regression e q u a t i o n s f o r e s t i m a t i n g c u b i c - f o o t volume s f
above-stump t o t a l - t r e e wood and b a r k combined and wood alone,
w i t h b.b.h,
and h e i g h t t o & - i n c h t o p as independent variables
. . 65
18, Regression e q u a t i o n s F o r estimating c u b i c - f o o t volume o f
t o t a l - s t e m wood and bark combined and wood alone, w i t h d , b , h ,
and h e i g h t d o 4 - i n c h t o p as independent v a r i a b l e s
. . . . . . . . 67
19,
Regression e q u a t i o n s f o r estimating green and dry w e i g h t o f
above-stump t o t a l - t r e e wood, b a r k , and $01 i a g e , wosd and bark
combined, and wood a1 one, w i t h d , $ , h , and saw-log merchantable
h e i g h t as independent variables
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Regsessfsn equations f o r estimating green and dry weight o f
saw-log merchantable-stem wood and bask combined and wsod a l o n e ,
w i t h d,b,h,
and saw-log merchantable k e i g h t as independent
variables..
..........................
71
Regressfon equations f o r estimating cubic-foot volume o f
above-stump total-tree wosd and bark combined and woad a l o n e ,
w i t h d , b , h , a n d s a w 4 og merchantable h e i g h t as independent
variables
............................
73
Regression equations f a r est h a t i ng c u b i c - f o o t vsl ume o f
saw-log merchantable-stem wosd and b a r k combined and wood a l o n e ,
and saw-log merchantable h e i g h t as independent
variables.
with d,b,h,
...........................
74
Page
23.
Regression coefficients f o r e s t i m a t i n g above-stump stem w e i g h t
t o a specified d.0.b. t o p diameter as a proportion o f total-stem
wejght
.....
. . a . . . . O l
a
.
e
B
b
C
8
1
i
)
B
e
~
C
e
e
C
29, Regression c o e f f i c i g n t s f o r e s t i m a t i f i g above-stump stem volume
t o s s p e c i f i e d d , o , b , t o p d i a m e t e r a s a praportisn o f t o t a l - s t e m
volume
,
25.
26,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
0
,
.
,
,
,
,
e
e
C
a
e
~
B
1
8
,
Regression c o e f f i c i e n t s f o r e s t i m a t i ny stem weight t o a s p e c i f i e d
t a p diameter as a p r o p o s t i o n of saw-log stem w e i g h t
..
Regression coefficients f o r estima%ing stem vulune to a s p e c j f i e d
d.o,b,
t o p diameter as a p r o p s r t f o n of saw-log stem vof ume . . .
d.o,h,
75
76
77
38
ABSTRACT
I d e i g h t , v o h m e , and physical p r o p e r t i e s o f t r e e s 1 t.9 20
were d e t e r w i n e d for red maple, sweetgum, sycamore,
yellow-pop1 a r , elm, h i c k o r y , c h e s t n u t oak, s c a r l e t oak, z o i l t h e r n
red oak, and white e(ik it7 the Fiedr:i.snt of t h e S~ri-i~tkaeastern
1lniti.d
S t a t e s , A "cotai nf 772 trees Here d e ~ t r i d c t i v e l y sampled at 16
1 o c a t i o n s From Vi ryi n i a to Alabama, Ward hardwoods, soft
hardwoods, and i n d i v i d u a l spec1 e s e q i i a t i ons a r e presented f o r
p r e d i c t i n g green and dry i.ieicjht and green volume o f t i l e t o t a l tree
above s t u r ~ pand i t s components by u s i n g tl.h.h.
and t o t a l i ~ e i g i l t ,
d.h.h,
and h e i g h t t o a 4 - i n c h top, d.h.h.
and saw-log merci~aritable
h e i g h t , and d.h.h.
alone. Average s p e c i f i c g r a v i t y , moisture
c o n t e n t , and wei'gk"i:(ler
cribi c f o o t o f wood, hark, and wood and
h a r k corlhined a r e i ~ r e s e n t e r i f a r each species by tree s i z e c l a s s
and corliponent. Hark percentage i s a l s o presented f o r each specins
by t r e e sine c l a s s and cotqponent,
i n c h e s (i,h,k,
Bioinass, ecjuations , speci f i c g r a v i t y , fimistilre c o n t e n t ,
hark percentage, weight per cubic f o o t ,
Keywords:
Piedmont hardwood forests can c o n t r i b u t e s i g ~ ~ i f i c a n l to
i y s u p p l l e s o f sol i d
wood, f i bes, and energy ~ o o dthrougi3 improved u t i 1 i zatii4.l and forest :rlara:l!jer?erit,
Few d a t a , nowevei-, e x i s t o n t h e ksejght, vuitiwe, and physical propefijes cif "ie
t o t a l t r e e and its tom+anen%s f o r hardwood spt?cies o f xhss r e y i o r i ,
To meet t h i s need, a southwide s t u d y was i n - i t i a t e d by the i"llort5 Carof h a S t a t e
Hardwood Research f m p e r a c i v e a n d the USDA Forest Service, i h e primary oojectives
OF t h i s study were to d e t e r n i ne the anount and d-i stri b u t i o n o f bioinass 11' even-a;ea
f u l l y stocked natarc61 s t a n d s and i.;o d e v e l o p eqliations f o r ~ s t i m a t i n gt h e weight and
vol ii:w of F o r e s t s t a n d s , indl" virsual t r e e s , and Wee corl~poneats, Seconda8-;i objeilti ves
were to determine t h e s p e c i f i c gravity, iiioishre content, and energy p o t e n t i a l of
s o u t h e r n hardwoods, and to q u a n t i f y the d i s t r i b u t i o n o f n t ~ t r i e n t s (N, P, K, Ca, and
fig) i n i n d i v i d u a l trees and s o i l s .
T $ i i s i s pwt uf a wuthwidC? study conducted i n three g e o g r a p h i c r e s i o n s - - t h e
G u l f and A t l a n t i c Coastal P l a i n s , Piedmont, and mici-South,
The d a t a col l e c t e d i n the
Gulf and A t l a n t i c Coastal P l a i n s have been r e p o r t e d i n e a r l i e r ;sublications ( C l a r k
-
~.iaple ( A C P T r ! : b r ~ 1~- ~ e
a
s t y - a c i f ' i ua L
sycanore
_..p-"
- -__---- T-----j3lataniis
- ------- 7--a c c i t i e ~ t i i l i s L.1, yellow-poplar* e
tliJi1:ifera
elm s p e c i e s
7------ L
(-! ~ l q -u ss : ~ p . j , hickory s p e c i e s (-C a r y-a spp.) cl~estnut oak ,
r
L
scarlet
fa1c a t a tlichx.
and w h i t e oak
oak Ill. c o c c i nea iluei~ci~h.
) , southern red odk (2. ------a ~ b a ~ ~ - ~ ipn lthe
e dPiedmont. These s p e c i e s account f o r 75 percent o f t h e
(2. __.cilr.;met-cia1 hardwood vol ~ m ei o the Piedmont regions,
,-.-
,_.
r- -
-A-
___i---------a
--------A
I,
Uood and bark specific gravity, misture c o n t e n t , bark content, and green
r r e i g h t per cubic foot are presented for the t o t a l tree and i t s co1;lponents by species
and t r e e s i z e classes. Equations are g i v e n f o r estimating tile w e i g h t and volume o f
~vood, bark, and f o l i a g e , w ~ o dand bark and wood only i n the t o t a l tree, t o t a l stem,
and t i l e saw-log coinponent o f the stem. Ratio equations are a l s o included f o r
estimating t o t a l stern and saw-log stem iveight or voliiine to any s p e c i f i e d t a p
diarneter outside bark (d.o.h.).
Procedure
Sixteen l/l0-acre ci r c u l a r S i c c ~ a s s p l o t s were sampled i n mixed, even-aged
hardwood stands on t h e Piedinont ( f i g . 1). Four aye classes (10, 20, 40, and 60
years) biere sampled on two s i t e types:
Flood p l a i n areas o f inajnr d r a i n a g e systems and
a d j a c e r l t strea~os ~ a r yns,
i
predorblin a n t l y sandy loan t o si It loan
s u r f ace s o i l s *
Bot to r ~ land.
-
Land occupy? ng t h e large u p l a n d
i n t e r s t r e a i n d i v i d e s , predolni n a n t l y clay t o sandy c i ay loan
surf ace ssi l s,
Age arid s i t e cvrnbi nations Here rep1 i c a t e d t w i c e . Plots for a1 l ages and s i t e
types r i s e rai~dor:ily ~ o c a t e di r i t h i n r e p r e s e n t a t i v e f u i ly stocked stands. Tree d a t a
col lected on 311 p l o t s e x c e p t t i l e 10-year-old p l o t s idere used to develop the spec i e s e q u a t i o n s and p r o p e r t i e s d a t a reported here. I n addition to the f i x e d - a r e a
!;lots a s t r a t i f i e d randon sa:npie of three trees per 2-inch class froiii 6- to 20-inches
diaiaeter a t 5reast h e i g h t (d.i:.h. )' was sargpled a t s i x l o c a t i o r ~ sto o b t a i n an even
d i s t r i b u t i o n o f trees across d.b.h. classes for connercial i y important species.
Figure i shows tiie location o f the f i x e d area and s t r a t i f i e d ranciol:~sample p l o t s .
corlponerrt w e i g n t s and vo-iia.ies were
All trees > 5,0 inches rb,b,f~ on tile
l / l 0 - a c r e i ~ l o t swere sampled. A t the c e n t e r o f edch p i o f - a c o n c e n t r i c 1/50-acre
siiiaplot was located on ;.th-ich a l l t r e e s l,il to 4 3 inches d , b , h , were sampled,
D2Ca f o r d b a v e - s t ; ; ~ ~ ; t~o t a l t r e e and t r e e
coilectxd f o r trees 1 inch d,h,il,
and l a r g e r ,
rileans and ranges i n age and t r e e dl"r3ensions ~raeasidred a r e shown i n t a b l e 1 f o r
each species and r 3 p c - k ~group sai?pleli, Stump h e i g h t averaged 0 2 Feet Par t r e e s 1 , O
t o 424 inches d,tP.h,,
11,5 f e e t f o r t r e e s 5,0 ts 10,9 inches d , b , h , , and 8.4 f e e t f o r
G"irard f o r q c l a s s o f the sawtl'r.rrber-size trees (> 11.0
t r e e s > 14.0 inches d , h , h ,
inches-d.b.h.)
ranged from 66 to 26 and averaged 75 f a r t h e s o f t hardwoods, and
rartged froin 65 t o 91 and averaged 78 f o r t h e hard hardwoods,
Laboratory
- I tljre
S p p c j f i c 9i"ayj *,_i L:ZS ~ ( ~ 1
ti -p
7
r
- !P
~ L -~
content ~455 c ~ - ~ ; ~ p i jop
t e cfi$ef:+ry W Q ;p:?",f~cy
~
sa :,j]2s bjgr-e 41-1a-~r: 61-18 ~ : i c r t ~ i c t
weight at 215 ' O F P~erci-riia;~.:f b d i k i ; d i i<etlrl:nlii.(i f ~ o ~d . i i 4n.i
~ ~ 5 d ~ e i07 t h e
green weight o f sa,~j?:eii4.z;k"
-.
f l o i s t u r e i-,~i*telrit,sj,eci f % " c$ r a S a ; t g , anci percentase
o f b a r k in stern, srancpes, an3 -i;c%;alZree ;,ere ca:clrlated by e a i ~ i g h 5 c c jd + s r v3'3 ues
i"n proportion to the vo'!:?llte o f the co~aponent they sepresen~e-di, Weighted values f ~ r
moi sture content were issed tc; c o n v e r t cip:qponer;t yx-eerr ~ ~ e l y h tto
s wer:~;rywei yht ,
~
l
J
:
~
~
J
l
" - # "
By u s i n g species diaiqeter inside b a r k d
b e ' ) prediction e q u a t i o n s developed
and d,i . b e stem d i s k measurelnenb sand the d , o , b , and h e i g h t
neasurernents taken a t 4-fso"eainterva1s up " c k e ~"eelir o f each t r e e , t h e volume 046: wood
I'n t h e stem to the saw-log, 9-9'nch, 4 - i n c l ~ , 3-inch, 2-?n?ch, and t i p were calculatr?d
u s i n g Sna1 ian's f o m ~ u l a . Green weight per c u b i c f o o t o f stem b a r k and branch wood
and b a r k were c a l c u l a t e d from weighted values f o r s p e c i f i c yravi5;y and msa'sture
c o n t e n t w i t h the e q u a t i e n :
frarn d , o , b ,
Green w e i g h t p e r c u b i c f o o t =
where:
C1
1°K = weighted moisture c o n t e n t lin percent
SG
C
= weighted s p e c i f i c g r a v i t y
-
62.4 pounds ( w e i g h t o f water per c u b i c f o o t )
Ctnbic-foot volume sf stern b a r k and branch wood and b a r k were corlpmted by
d i v i d i n g green component w e i g h t by i t s green w e i g h t per c u b i c f o o t ,
f3uRic-foot
volume o f stem wood aad bark coonblined was computed by a d d i n g the volume o f bark t o
t h e v o l ume o f wood,
R e g r e s s i o n equations were developed to predict green and dry wei y h t o f wood,
b a r k , and foliage and green volii.r?e isf wood and bark i n t h e t o t a l t r e e above s t u m p ,
'stem f r o m b u t t tU k i p , and saw-loy s t e a , Ilrdependent v a r i a b l e s were: d-iameter a t
b r e a s t h e i g h t ( 9 ) , t o t a l kei ght ( T h ) , saw-Joy nierchantahle h e i g h t I
and h e i g h t
t o a 4-incb d.o.b.
t o p (H4).
A l o g a r i tkiii~ic transformati on (base 10) was used t o c b t a i n a re1 a t i v e i y
honioyeaeous v a r i a n c e , which i s ass~ri.med i n i-eyrefsion a n a l y s i s ,
Two equations were
developed fur Lke d , b , h , , ri,b,h, and t o t a l bmeigh-k;,*arid d,b,Ia, and h e i g h t .tcr 4-inch
top--one f o r t r e e s < Il,O knhhes d , b , h , and one f o r t r e e s > 11,0 jnches d , h , h ,
The 1 1 - i n c h p o i n t was not t h e o p t i m u n ~ pcint to s h i f t froin one equaticn to t h e
other f o r a l l species o r t r e e eompcsnents, b u t i t was the most hiesi rabie from a
p r a c t i c a l standdpoint, Hardwood trees .i: il inches in d i a m e t e r a r e class-if-ied as
sapling or poie"i;imber, and trees :, 21 inches a r e c i a s s i f j i e r i as saidt-i-ir.rhrar, The
p r o c e d u r e out1 ined i n Draper and hi ti^ (1981) f o r f i t t i n g trio l i n e a r equations
w i t h a known p o i o t o f intersection \,as used to develop the following equations:
l o g Y,
= a
-+ b log X + E
l o g Y, = a + b log (112H)
where :
Y,
+ c log
= p r e d i c t e d coiilponent
< 11.0 inches d,h,h,
(n2/112) t
E
weight o r voiun~e f o r t r e e s
Y,
= p r e d i c t e d corryonent wei y h t o r v o l
->
11.0
ufne f a r t r e e s
inches d o k o h o
X = D2, RZTh, o r
D2WY
H = Th o r lf4
E = experimental e r r o r
a,b,c
d.b.h.
= regression c o e f f i c i e n t s
The f u l l owi ng r:~otfel was used f o r devel o p i ng r e g r e s s i on e q u a t i o n s based on
and saw-log merchantable h e i y h t :
l o g Y = a + b l o g X , + c l o g X,
+ E
(4)
Y = p r e d i ctec! component w e i g h t o r vol ume
where:
X I = 1)2
X2
= flh
E = experinental error
a,b,c
= regression c o e f f i c i e n t s
When l o g a r i t h m i c e s t i m a t e s are c o n v e r t e d back t o o r i y i n a l u n i t s , t h e y are
b i a s e d downward because t h e a n t i l o y a r i thm o f an estirndted rnodn g i v e s t h e yeornet r i c
r a t h e r t h e n t h e a r i t h m e t i c itlean (Cunia 1964). To a d j u s t f o r t h i s b i a s , a
c o r r e c t i o n f a c t o r was computed and a p p l i e d t o each model by u s i n g B a s k e r v i l l e a s
(1972) procedure.
The f i n a l e q u a t i o n s , i n c l u d i n y c o r r e c t i o n f a c t o r s , were:
y S = 10
Equations (51,
a + b
log
( 1 1 2 ~ )+ c log ( D ~ / I I+~ ()S Z ~ . ,
10)/2
(7)
( 6 ) , and ( 7 ) can be simp1 i f i e d t o :
Y = a ' (o2)b (Mh)c
s 2 y . ~=
log,
e r r o r mean square f r o m r e g r e s s i o n a n a l y s i s
(8)
Comparison o f average d e v i a t i o n s ( a c t u a l minus p r e d i c t e d ) ky d,b,h.
c l a s s e s and
t h e sums o f t h e squared d e v i a t i o n s f o r t h e s i n g l e l o g - l o g e q u a t i o n and segmented
l o g - l o g e q u a t i o n showed t h a t segmented l o g - l o g e q u a t i o n s ( 9 ) and ( 1 0 ) gave t h e
d a b a h . and t o t a l h e i g h t , and d.b.h.
and h e i g h t t o
b e s t r e s u l t s f o r t h e d.b.h.,
4 - i nch t o p independent v a r i a b l e combi n a t i o n s ( C l a r k and o t h e r s 1984). Equat ions
( 9 ) and (10) a r e more complex t h a n a s i n g l e e q u a t i o n , b u t t h e improved accuracy
j u s t i f i e d t h e i r use,
The f o l l o w i n g e x p o n e n t i a l r a t i o e q u a t i o n was used t o e s t i m a t e t h e p r o p o r t i o n
o f p r e d i c t e d t o t a l - s t e m w e i g h t or volume L o a s p e G i f i e d t o p d.o,b.:
where:
YR = r a t i o o f stem w e i g h t o r volume t o t o p d.o.b.
to
p r e d i c t e d t o t a l stem
d = s p e c i f i e d stem t o p d i a m e t e r i n inches
D = t r e e d i a m e t e r at b r e a s t h e i g h t i n i n c h e s
a,h,c
= regression c o e f f i c i e n t s
e = base of n a t u r a l l o g = 2,71828
The e x p o n e n t i a l r a t i o model shown below was developed t o e s t i m a t e a r a t i o f o r
t o p above t h e s a w - l o g t o p .
expanding saw-log stem w e i g h t o r volume t o any d.o.b.
wilere:
Y,
= r a t i o o f stem w e i g h t oi- volume t o t o p d,o,h,
to
= saw-log r ~ e r c h a n t a h l ot ~ egi h t i n f e e t
d = s p e c i f i e d t o p d i a m e t e r i n inches
D
= t r e e d i a n e t e r dt b r e a s t
oei y h t i n i n c h e s
.78 = c o n s t a n t h s e d on average f a r r ~c l d s s
a,h,c
= regression c o e f f i c i e n t s
e
(base u f n a t u r a l l o g )
= 2.71828
Results
o
Trees
----
The a v e r a y e s p e c i f i c g r a v i t y o f woad and hark by t r e e component i s shown i n
t a b 1 e 2 f o r i n d i v i d u a l s p e c i e s , s o f t hardwoods, h a r d hardwoods, and a1 l t r e e s
coi'ibi ned. The average* t o t a l - t r e e wood speci f ic g r a v i t y o f t h e s o f t hdrdwood
s p e c i e s was 0.493 f o r s a p l i n g s (1.0 t o 4.9 i n c h e s d e b a h . ) , 0.467 f o r p o l e t i m b e r
(5.0 to 1C.9 inches d.b*h.), and 0.465 f o r sawtimber ( > 11.0 inches d.b.h.)
conpared
w i t h hard hardwood species, di:ich averaged 0.623 f o r sap1 ings, 0.608 for poletimber,
an6 0,618 for sawtii,.;bere Ye? l ~ ~ - - p &ar rp l had the ls%.res-taverage t o t a l -tree wood
s p e c i f i c g r a v i t y aad red rmple t h e i~igkrest for the s o f t hardwwds group. I n the
h a r d hard\dosd?; g r o u p , elm had the lowest average t o t a l -tree wood specific gravity
and white oak t h e kl-ighest,
Specific g r a v i t y OF bark was lower t h a n that o f the wood For the s o f t hardwood
species except red a~apleand sycamore, and for the h a r d hardwood species except
s c a r l e t oak and southern red oak ( t a b l e 2 ) .
The average i t ~ o i s t u r econtent o f wood and bark by tree ctirlponent and s i z e class
i s shown I I table 3 for t h e species and species groups sai-spled, Total -tree wood
aoistuire content for t h e s o f t hardwoods averaged 97 percent f o r saplings, 102
percent for pole%5inber, and 105 percent f o r sav~tirrrbercornpared w-ith the hard
harc"rk~nods,wh-irh averaged 70 percent f o r sapl -ings, 69 percent f o r pol etiinber!, atia
71 perces-it fear sawt'rnber. In t h e s o f t hhardv~oorfs g r o u p , sycamore had the h i y h e s t
average t o t a l - t r e e i.~ood nofsture content c s m p a ~ e dw i t h .ed raple, which had the
lowest. IBI t h e hard hardwcsads g r o u p , hickory had the tovrest t o t a l --tree wood
moi sttire crsntent compared w i t h scarlet oak, which \lad the h j g h e s t ,
Yo"s1-tree averaye bark mistidre content "Fr t h e s o f t hardwoods was 137
percent i n sap1 i n g s , iOe percent i n poletimber, and 102 percent i n sawtiinber coiapared
w i t h 102 percent f o r saplings, 67 percent f o r poletimber, and 65 p e r c e n t f o r sawtimber
f o r the hard hardwood species ( t a b l e 3 ) .
Table 4 slrows t h e average p r o p o r t i o n o f bdrk i n the t r e e , based on g r e w weight
o f wood and b a r k , by t r e e cnrrrponent and s i z e c l a s s , f o r 'the species sampled, The
p e r c e n t a g e o f stern w e i g h t l'n b a r k decreased as stem d,k,h,
increased, Sycamore had
a s";ri-ific;ar?tly Tower propoP.tion o f i t s stern w e i g h t i n b a r k than any o f the o t h e r
species. Ye: Tow-poplar hael -the h i g h e s t bark p e r c e n t a g e o f t h e s o f t IlilrdkdooiJc; dnd
!iickcsry arad enestnkat oak iaad t h e hl"y0.1est f o r the hard hardwoods,
The average green w e i g h t p e r c u b i c f o o t o f wood, bark, and wood and bark
coinbined, by t r e e component, f o r s a p l i n g s , p o l e t i m b e r , and s a w t i m b e r a r e shown i n
t a b l e 5, Recai~se o f " t h e s o f t I~ardwcaoci and llard hardwstld species group-ing, the
average range o f s p e c i e s yreen w e i g h t f o r c u b i c f o o t o f wood f o r t h e two groups i s
s i i t i i l a s - - 5 4 t o 66 pounds for the s o f t hardwoods and 57 t o 68 pounds f o r t h e hard
hard~dorsds, Ti-rfs 'is caused by the reliitively h i g h m o i s t u r e c o n t e n t o f sweetgum and
sycamore i n the s o f t h a r d w o d s g r o ~ l p and t h e low r n o i s t u r e c o n t e n t s f h i c k o r y in the
h a r d hardwoods y r o i p , The average green w e i g h t per c u b i c f o o t o f wood f o r t h e s o f t
hardwood species was 60 pounds f o r poletimber and 6 1 pounds f o r sawtimber compared
w i t h 64 pounds f o r p o l e t i m b e r and 66 potinds f o r sawtiinber /lard !lardwoods.
The alderage yreen weight o f wood and bark per c u b i c f o o t o f wood by t r e e
c o i ~ ~ p o n e nf to r sapl i rigs, p o l e t i m b e r , and sawtimber-si ze trees i s shown i n t a b 1 e 6.
The weight o f wood and b a r k per c u b i c - f o o t volume o f wood i s a useful f a c t o r f o r
e s t i r n a t i n y t h e volurre o f wood i n a t r e e o r i t s components when w e i g h t o f wood and
b a r k i s known or f o r estimating yreen weiyht o f wood and b a r k when volume o f wood
i s k n o w n . The green w e i g h t o f wood and bark per cubic f o o t o f wood f o r t h e t ~ t d
t r e e averaged 71 pounds f o r p o l e l i m b e r and 70 pounds f o r sawtimber s o f t hardwoods
co~iipared va"i t h 79 jiounds f o r pol etiiqbw and sawt i:qber hard hardwoods,
The average yreen weight o f wood and b a r k per c u b i c f o o t o f wood was highest
f o r branches and decreased w i t h i n c r e a s i n g stern d i a m e t e r ( t a b l e 6 ) .
Prediction E
A s e r i e s o f equations was developed t o p r e d i c t t o t a l - t r e e and t r e e component
w e i g h t and volume f o r each species, t h e s o f t hardwood and hard hardwood groups,
and a1 1 species combi ned. Equations were developed for p r e d i c t i n g t h e green and
dry wei y h t o f wood, bark and f o l i a g e , wood and bark combined, and wood alone i n t h e
above-stump t o t a l t r e e ,
Stem equations were developed f o r e s t i m a t i n g t h e green and
d r y wei y h t o f wood and bark corobined and wood alone f o r t h e t o t a l stem. Volume
e q u a t i o n s were a l s o developed f u r wood and bark combined and wood alone i n t h e
above-stump t o t a l t r e e and t o t a l stem,
Since t r e e h e i g h t i s measured t o d i f f e r e n t top l i m i t s by v a r i o u s
o r g a n i z a t i ons , e q u a t i ons were devel oped by u s i n g d i ameter ( D ) a1 one and i n
combination w i t h t o t a l h e i g h t ( T h ) , h e i g h t t o 4-inch t o p (H4), and m e r c l ~ a n t a b l e
h e i g h t (Ilh) as independent v a r i a b l e s .
Equation ( 9 ) was used t o e s t i m a t e t h e
weighL and volume o f t h e t o t a l t r e e and stem f o r t r e e s 1.0 t o 10.9 inches d.h,h.,
and e q u a t i o n (10) was used f o r t r e e s > 11.0 inches d.h.h.
when U alone, D and Th,
o r D and H4 were t h e independent v a r i z b l e s .
Equation (8) was used t o e s t i m a t e weight and volume o f t h e t o t a l t r e e and
aw-log merchantable stem f o r t r e e s > 11.0 inches d.b.h.
when D and Mh were t h e
ndependent v a r i a b l e s . Equations based on D and Mh were developed o n l y f o r
species sampled s u f f i c i e n t l y i n t h e sawtimber diameter classes,
Equations were
developed f o r t h e s o f t hardwoods, h a r d hardwoods, and a l l species, and f o r
sweetgum, sycamore, y e l low-poplar, s c a r l e t oak, southern r e d oak, and w h i t e oak.
Equation (11) was used t o e s t i m a t e t h e p r o p o r t i o n o f t o t a l - s t e m weight o r
vof ume i n t h e stem t o any d.o.b,
t o p when stem weight o r volume was e s t i m a t e d w i t h
D, D and Th, o r D and H4 as t h e independent v a r i a b l e s . Equation (12) was used t o
e s t i m a t e a r a t i o f o r expanding e s t i m a t e d saw-log merchantable-stem weight o r
t o p above t h e saw-log t o p when D and Mh were t h e independent
volume t o any d.o.b.
v a r i ab1 es,
Equations t h a t use D w i t h Th o r D w i t h H4 f i t t h e e x i s t i n g t o t a l - t r e e and
t o t a l -stem weight and vo1 ume data we1 1, based on t h e c r i t e r i a o f mean square e r r o r
and a b s o l u t e d e v i a t i o n o f observed from p r e d i c t e d .
Equations t h a t use D and Mh
f i t e x i s t i n g saw-log merchantable-stem weight and vol ume data we1 1. When average
t r e e h e i g h t and stem t a p e r are s i m i l a r t o those o f our sample t r e e s , t h e e q u a t i o n s
w i t h D alone w i l l r e s u l t i n good e s t i m a t e s o f t h e t r e e weight and volume.
When
average t r e e h e i g h t by d.b.h.
c l a s s i s d i f f e r e n t from t h e sample t r e e s , however,
t h e equations t h a t i n c l u d e a h e i g h t v a r i a b l e should be a p p l i e d d i r e c t l y o r used t o
develop l o c a l weight-volume t a b l e s based on D alone,
Regression c o e f f i c i e n t s f o r e s t i m a t i n g weight and volume a r e l i s t e d below, by
independent v a r i a b l e and t a b l e number:
Independent
variable
Vol ume
D alone
t a b l e s 7, 8
t a b l e s 9, 18
D and Th
t a b l e s 11, 12
t a b l e s 13, 14
D and ti4
t a b l e s 15, 16
t a b l e s . 17, 18
D and Mh
t a b l e s 19, 20
t a b l e s 21, 22
I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e r e g r e s s i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s , t a b l e s 7 t h r o u g h 22 c o n t a i n t h e
c o e f f i c i e n t s o f d e t e r i n i n a t i o n and standard e r r o r ( l o g l o ) f o r each equation.
Regression c o e f f i c i e n t s f o r e s t i m a t i n g t h e p r o p o r t i o n o f t h e t d t a l - s t e m
weight and volume i n t h e stem t o a s p e c i f i e d dooobo t o p a r e g i v e n i n t a b l e s 23 and
24. Table 23 c o n t a i n s c o e f f i c i e n t s f o r e s t i m a t i n g r a t i o s f o r stem green and d r y
weight o f wood and bark combined and wood o n l y , and t a b l e 24 c o n t a i n s t h e
c o e f f i c i e n t s f o r stem volume o f wood and hark combined and wood alone.
Equation
c o e f f i c i e n t s f o r expanding e s t i m a t e d saw-log m r c h a n t a b l e - s t e m wei y h t and volume
a r e shown i n t a b l e s 25 and 26, r e s p e c t i v e l y .
How t o Use P r e d i c t i o n E(plat.ions
-------------I--I
I
I - - - -
The f u l l owing exarnj~les illu s t r a t e how t o use t h e equations i n t a b l e s 7
t h r o u g h 26 t o estirnate t h e wei y h t or volume o f t h e t o t a l t r e e and i t s cornb~onents.
T h i s t a b r r l a t i o r l p r e s e n t s the t r e e dart? needed t o e s t i r ~ a t e& e i g h t and volume
when d.h.h.
and Th are tileasured and equations ( 9 ) and (10) are used:
Exainple o f t r e e s < 11.0
inches d.b.h.
D = 10.0 inches
TI1 = 70 f e e t
Exarrlple o f t r e e s > 11.0
f3 = 14.0
inches
inches
Th = 90 f e e t
To estiinate t o t a l - s t e ~ nwood and bark green weight ( Y S T E M W B ) o f a s o f t
hardwood w i t h these dirvensions, the fa1 l o w i n g equations would be s e l e c t e d from
t a b l e 12 and solved as f o l lows:
Trees < 11.0 inches d.b.h.--use
equation ( 9 )
Y S T E M w B = 912 pounds
Trees > 11 inches d.b.h.--use
Y S T E M W B = a " (D2)
equation (10)
(Th)
= 0.13963 ('42)1.02422 (30)0.95420
Y
,,,,,,
= 2,278
pounds
The same i l a t i ~ e r l a t i c a l p r o c e d t ~ r eshokjn above would be used t o s o l v e e q ~ ~ a t i o n(s9 )
o r ( 1 0 ) f o r any o f t h e t r e e coit~ponent e q u a t i o n s i n t a b l e s 7 t h r o t ~ g h22.
To estimate t h e p r o p o r t i o n of t o t a l - s t e r n green eight o f wood and h a r k i n t h e
s t e : l o f a i l l - i n c i ~ d.h.h.
t r e e t o a 4 - i n c h d.o.h.
top (
the following s o f t
hardwood r a t i o r e g r e s s i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s woilld be s e l e c t e d from t a b 1 e 23 and s o l v e d
by u s i n g ecjuation ( 1 1 ) as siiown below.
The same e q u a t i o n i s used f o r a l l s i z e
trees,
),,,,,,
Stem w e i y t ~ t t o 4 - i n c h t o p = (Y
(Y,)
Stew wcicjhr; t o 4 - i n c h t o p = 885 pounds
The p r o c e d u r e shown above can be used t o e s t i r n a t e t h e p r o p o r t i o n o f t o t a l stetn i n
t o p by s u b s t i t u t i n g f o r d i n e q u a t i o n ( 1 1 ) .
t h e sterg t o any d.0.b.
The f o l l o w i n g t a h r l l a t i n n shows t h e t r e e d a t a needed t o e s t i m a t e w e i g h t s and
v o l u i i ~ e s when d.b.h.
and ilh d r e measured and e q ~ d i l t i o n ( 8 ) i s used.
D
=
14.0 i n c h e s d,h,h.
To use e q u a t i o n (81, i4h rnust be i n f e e t , t h u s :
!Ih = 33.1 f e e t = (2.0 l o g s ) (16.3
f t / l o g ) + (0.5
ft f o r stump)
To e s t i q a l e t h e green w e i g h t o f wood and b a r k i n t h e saw-log m e r c h a n t a b l e
o f d s o f t i ~ a r d v ~ o otdr e e , by u s i n y ecjuation (8) the f o l l o w i n g
r e g r e s s i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s would he s e l e c t e d from t a b l e 21) and solved as f o l l o n s :
stein ),,,,Y(,
The same f i a t h e r l a t i c a l p r o c e d u r e shown above would Se used t o s o l v e e q u a t i o n ( 8 )
f o r any sawtirnber t r e e component e q ! ~ a t i o n i n t a b l e s 19 t h r o u g h 22.
To e s t i i ~ a t ea r a t i o (Y,)
f o r e x f ~ a n c i i n y estii!:atrd saw-log merchantable-stem
green w e i g h t o f wood and bark o f t h e p r e v i o u s t r e e ti, w e i g l i t t o a 4 - i n c h d,o.b.
t o p , t h e following s o f t hardrrood r a t i o e q u a t i o n would be selected frorq t a b l e 25
and s o l v e d by u s i n g e q u a t i o n ( 1 2 ) as shown b e l o g :
Stelil w e i y h t t o 4 - i n c h t o p =
Stern wei y h l t o 4 - i n c h t o p
(Y,,,)
= 2,035
(Y,)
pounds
The t r e e cnr~ponents p r e d i c t e d by iisiriy t h e e q u a t i o n s p r o v i d e t l can be used to
c a l c u l a t e a d d i t i o n a l t r e e components, For e x m p l e , t o e s t i r ~ a t et h e w e i g h t or
volume o f t h e crown (branches and topwood) s u b t r a c t e s t i m a t e d w e i g h t o f t h e stem
t o a s p e c i f i e d d.o.b.
t o p frorn t o t a l - t r e e w e i y h t o f wood and bark. The w e i y h t o r
volume o f hark alone can a l s o be e s t i m a t e d by s u b t r a c t i n g component n e i y h t o r
volutqe o f wood from wood and bark,
S i m i l a r - s i z e t r e e s may vary i n w e i y h t and volume because o f differences -ic
crosdn s i z e , stell t a p e r , (and w e i g h t per c u h i c f o o t . T h e r e f o r e , t h e s e eyuaLinns
s h o u l d be a p p l i e d o n l y t o t r e e s growing i n n a t u r a l , f u l l y s t o c k e d stands w i t h t r e e
dimensions and w e i y t t t p e r c u b i c F o o t s i m i l a r t o the t r e e sampled,
L i t e r a t u r e Cited
B a s k e r v i t l e , G.L,
Use o f l o g a r i t h m i c r e g r e s s i o n i n t h e e s t i m a t i o n of p l a n t biomass. Canadian Journal
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Clark, Alexander, 111; Ruse, H, David; P h i l l i p s , Douglas R.; F r e d e r i c k , Douglas J. Use o f segmevted
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A s h e v i l l e , K : U.S.
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Southeastern F o r e s t Experiment S t a t i o n ; 1984: 51-57,
Department of A g r i c u l t u r e , Forest Service,
C l a r k , Alexander, 111; P h i l 1 i p s , Douglas R. ; F r e d e r i c k , Douglas J. Biomass d l s t r i b u t i o n and p r o d u c t i o n
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m a j o r hardwood species i n t h e G u l f and A t l a n t i c Coaztal P l a i n s . Res, Pap. SE-250. A s h e v i l l e , NC: b.S.
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Smith, H.
F o r e s t Science 10: 180-191; 1954.
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Gower, S.T. ; F r e d e r i c k , D.J. ; C l a r k , A,, 111. C a l o r i c content e s t i m a t i o n and d i s t r i b u t i o n i n seven
b o t t o m l a n d hardwood t r e e species growing i n n a t u r a l stands i n t h e South. I n : Proceedings: f o u r t h
c e n t r a l hardwood f o r e s t conference ; 1982 November 8-10; Lexington , KY: Uni v e r s i t y o f Kentucky ; 1983:
384- 390.
Messina, M.G. ; Gower, S.T.; F r e d e r i c k , D.J.;
Clark, A,
111; P h i l l i p s , D.R. Biomass, n u t r i e n t , and energy
c o n t e n t o f s o u t h e a s t e r n wet1 and hardwood f o r e s t s . Hardwood Research Cooperative Series No. 2. Raleigh,
NC: North C a r o l i n a S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y ; 1983: 28 pp.
II
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f a b l e 3,--Average m i s t u r e c o n t e n t o f wood, bark, and wood and bark comb-ined, by tree component and s i z e c l a s s ,
f o r hardwood species lin the Piedmont
__--____ __-_Tree
size
c f ass
-
l
-
_
_
_
-
~
_
-
~
-
-
~
-
-
-
-
I
-
Total
Butt to
tree
9-4nch t o p
(in9~%5J----- - - -- - ------A
----
-
___-__l_--ll----------
----__-
-
-
-
-
L
_
-
-
Average and standard deviation
Stem
-----
-
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
A
_
_
~
-
B u t t to
4 - i n c h top
- - -
4-inch top
--- ---- - --4
-
-
-
'
-
-
&
4-inch do
tip
-- - ----
--
-
-
l
;
-
~
-
~
-
'
Butt to
tip
- ---
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
~
~
-
Branches
-- ----
Wood
Bark
Wood and Bark
RED MPLE
Bark
Wood and D a r k
Mood
Bark
Cont inued
T a b l e 3,--fiveraqe moisture c o n t e n t o f wood, h a r k , and wood and hark combined, by tree conjponent and s i z e c l a s s ,
For hardwood species irt t h e Pkedmont--ContS nuc?d
-
_____________-__
_
_
l
_
_
p
-
Tree
size
r J ass
___-__
A
-_
_
_
p
--
----
-----
Butt to
9-inch top
l o t a1
tree
----------------__---_-----Average and s t an d---a r d deviation
---Steirl
Butt t o
&inch to^
9-'inch t o
4-inch top
-
.L!-E~~%S>)__
-------------------
,,
----
-..-------------...
----- ----- -- -----------------
4-inch to-
Butt t o
dip
Lip
--------------------------------
-- -- ----
Branches
--------
Wood and Bark
Wood
Bark
Wood and Bark
l
-
4
5.0-10,9
>11.11
-
112
111
-?r
---
---
8,8
b0,7
1.082 8 , ~
k
112
9
IO,~
100
9
--
-IO,O
111
k
IUY
2
"ai,8
9-7
I O Y I33,if
98t
9,4
114 r I1,f
112 4. 1 1 - 9
I.IOXIO,O
112 c 1 9 , l
Hi? 4. &,6
9-5
SYCAMORE
Wood
Wood and Bark
YELLOW-POPLAR
Crlnt inued
Table 3,--Average m o i s t u r e content o f wood, b a r k , and wood and bark combined, by t r e e component and s i z e class,
f o r hardwood species i n t h e Piedmont--Continued
-- -- --iree
Total
tree
---
,
-
Butt t o
9 - i n c h top
-
---- -_-------------
1
-
Average and s t f i a S _ d e v i --- -- -- ---- -____
Stem
---------------------------Butt to
9-inch t o
4-inch t o
Butt to
4-inch t o p
4-inch t o p
tip
tip
Branches
a
a
size
class
les)
--
-- - - -
----------------__-------
----------------------
i
o
n
-...------
Bark
Wood and B a r k
ELM
Wood
Bark
Wood and Bark
HICKORY
Wood
Bark
Wood and Bark
Cont i nued
Table 3.--Averaye m i s t u r e content o f wood, bark, and wood and bark combined, by t r e e component and s i z e class,
f o r hardwood species i n the Piedmont--Continued
- -- - ------------------------------ - eviation
----------------------- Average and standard -d--------------------------------Tree
Stem
-----------------Y-inch
-------to
Butt t o
&inch t o
Butt t o
Butt to
Total
size
tip
tip
Branches
4-inch top
4-inch top
tree
%inch top
class
Lin,c_tle_i_I- -- ----- ---._--- ----------------
-
Wood
Bark
Wood and Bark
SCARLET OAK
Wood
Bark
Wood and Bark
SOUTHERN RED OAK
Wood
Bark
Table 3.--Average m o i s t u r e content o f wood, bark,
f o r hardwood species i n the Piedmont--Continued
-------Tree
size
class
(inchesf
--
-------Total
tree
--- -
---
-A
and wood and bark combined, by tree component and s i z e c l a s s ,
-%i8-<fa-dev
i a t ion
~ ~ _ _ - - ~ - - ' - ' - - ~ - - - - - - ~
-t o-----
%E?i--..-.-Y-inch top
-
3 - E h to
4 - i nch t o p
Butt t o
4-inch top
---
Wood and B a r k
WHITE OAK
Wood
Bark
Wood and B a r k
ALL SPECIES
Wood
Bark
Wood and Bark
tl'p
--------------
-------
?SLtt to
tip
Branches
----- ----
T a b l e 4.--Average p r o p o r t i o n a f wood and bark green weight i n bark, by tree component and s i z e c l a s s , f o r
hardwood species -In the P-iedrnont
- _ ~ - _ _ - - _ - _ --__--Tree
size
class
f inches1
-
------Average
---- -----_--- ----- ------- -- -- - --------%s!.!.------- --- -- - - - ---- -- - - - -- -----
and s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n -- ---------
.
.
.
P
A
-
---We--
Total
tree
-----
------------------Butt t o
9-inch to
9-inch top
4-inch top
--
-
Butt t o
-
4-inch top
RED MAPLE
SYCAMORE
YELLOW-POPLAR
HARD HARDWOODS
ELM
HICKORY
CHESTNUT OAK
4-Inch to
tiP
-----
B u t t Lo
tip
--- --------------
Branches
Table 4.--Average p r o p o r t i o n of wood and bark green weight i n bark, by t r e e component and s i z e class, f o r
hardwood species i n t h e Piedmont--Continued
......---Tree
site
--
Average and-&a
Total
tree
class
Butt t o
9-Inch top
9-inch t o
4-inch top
r d dev iat=-----Stem
Butt t o
4-inch t o
4-inch top
t=i
p
f inches )
Butt t o
tip
--
Branches
--
SCARLET OAK
SOUTHERN RED OAK
1,O-
4.9
5.0-10.9
r l l ,O
-
24
20
+
+
7.6
2.0
18 2 2.3
15
--+
2.4
19
---
+ 3.8
--
--
18 t 2.5
22 F 3.2
27 t 2.1
16
WHITE OAK
ALL SPECIES
It
2.7
2 3 It 8.7
19
16
-t
F
2.1
2.7
30 t 3.0
29 t 4.2
25 t 1.9
Table 5.--Averaye green weigtlt per cubic foot o f wood, hark, and wood and bark combined, by tree component and
s i z e c l a s s , f o r hardwood species i n t h e Piedmont
- _-- - - -- - ----... ....---------------- - - - - --------- - --- -----Average and standarddeviation
Tree
Stem - - - - - .
- ___---- --Total
size
Butt to
~ - i n c hfb
Butt t o
4-inclt t o
Butt to
G I ass
tree
9 - i nch t o p
4-inch top
&inch top
tip
dip
Branches
I__
I
--_I_
--
- - - - - - - - - - - - - 4 - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~
I
-
L~A~~ESJ-----
- ---
-
...------..------
----------P
o
u
n
d
s-e- r c u b i c foot
--
------.----
----- ---- ---------- -- -
SOFT HARDWOODS
Wood
Bark
Wood and Bark
RED MPLE
Wood
Bark
Wood and Bark
SWEETGUM
Wood
Bark
Continued
T a b l e 5,--Average green weight per cubic f o o t of wood, b a s k , and wood and bark combined, hy tree component and
s i z e c l a s s , f o r hardwood species i n the Piedmont--Continued
- ------- --------------
-I__I-I--~-
Tree
Average
and s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n
-------------
Stem
I
_
-
Total
tree
_.
--4
v
Butt to
9-inch t o
Butt to
class
9-inch t o p
4-inch t o p
4-Inch t o p
fin-qEe2 1.
---size
-- -----------------__---------- -
-----
---"-.----------
-----------
-
-
^
-
-
4-'inch t o
"ip
butt to
tip
Branches
-_L_-l_--_--------_II_-_------_
------------------
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
_
Wood and Bark
SYCAMORE
Wood and B a r k
YELLOW-POPLAR
Wood
Bark
Wood and Bark
HARD HARDWOODS
Wood
C o n t l nued
I
_
_
T a b l e 5,--Average green weight per cubic Foot o f wood, bark, and wood and bark combined, by t r e e componeot and
s i z e c l a s s , For hardwood species i n t h e Piedmont--Conti nued
class
fr'-nc&s[
tree
9-Tnck top
4-inch top
4-fnch t o p
tip
tfp
Brawhes
f c foot
--
Bark
Mood and Bark
ELM
Bark
Mood and B a r k
HICKORY
Wood
Wood and Bark
--
- - - - - - - - - - - - . - -
+
.
-- - -
T a b l e 5,--Average green weight per cubic foot o f wood, bark, and wood and bark combined, hy tree component and
s ize c l a s s , f o r hardwood species i n t h e Piedmont --Cont inued
-------------Tree
size
class
~~~~~~~1
-Total
tree
-
------------
Butt t o
9-inch top
-----
------
Averaue and standard
deviation
.------I-l--_---
d - - -
9-inch t o
4-inch t o p
st%!--P--
Butt to
4 - i nch t o p
-------
------- ------4-inch t o
tip
- L - - . _ - c - - l
-----
"--.
-_-_--
Butt to
tip
Branches
------------CHESTNUT OAK
Rark
Mood and Bark
SCARLET OAK
Wood
Rark
Wood and Bark
SOUTHERN RED OAK
Rark
Cont i nued
Table 5,--Average green weight per cubic Foot o f wood, hark, and wood and bark combined, by t r e e component and
s i z e c l a s s , f o r hardwood species i n t h e Piedmont--Conti nued
---
-
--
-----
----
A
d
-
T r p- p-
size
class
j inches)
---------
Total
tree
-
-----
Butt t o
9 - i n c h top
--- ---- -- - -- - - - -- --- --- - ----- - ----....----....----
Average and standard d e v i a t i o n
- - - -Stem
-----------9-inch t o
Butt t o
4-inch t o
4-inch top
4-inch t o p
t iP
--
-
--.--
Wood and Bark
WHJTE OAK
Wood
Bark
Wood and Bark
ALL SPECIES
Wood
Bark
Hood and Bark
-------------
Butt t o
tip
------
Branches
--
Table 6.--Average green weight o f wood and bark per cubic foot of wood, by t r e e component and s l z e class, f o r
hardwood species in t h e Piedmont
--- ---Tree
------
----------
size
Total
class
tree
Q*!%sJ- -
--
Butt to
9-inch t o p
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Aver
9-inch t o
4-inch t o p
Stem
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A
A
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---
SOFT HARDWOODS
RED M P L E
SMEETGUM
SYCAMORE
YELLOW-POPLAR
HARD HARDWOODS
ELM
CHESTNUT OAK
Continued
T a b l e 6,--Average green weight sf wood and bark p e r cubic f o c t of wood, b j t r e e component and s i z e c l a s s , f o r
hardwood specdes 1n the Piedmont--Continued
-- ----- - -- -- - -- --Tree
size
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SCARLET OAK
SOUTHERN RED OAK
WHITE OAK
ALL SPECIES
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Table 18. --Regression ecluations f o r estir'iatiny cubic-foot volir me o f total-stem wood and hark wm0inzd and wood alone
harduiood species i n the Piedmont , with d b h arld height t o 4-inch top as independent variables- Continued
--- ----------------- -----------em.--Cwfficient
Standarvl
Species
V01u l ~ l e
Re$ress
sn
cc-,efficients
----------error3
or
wood 8 bark Trees < 11.0
Trees--> 11.0 i n d.b.h,T
of
or
deter~:~inaticr~ ( S ,,)
wood only
a'
ti
a " ---------- b
-.- -- --- c ----- - ---(y2)
--------
...
-
------*--Pep--
is-d
^_--
1Jilit.e oak
All Species
--v-l___^l--
No, of
trees
sam pled
--- -
EJd&f3 k
t 4 oocf
1),03008
0,74210
0.76553
0.00848
0.005t33
1.00605
1.03378
0.74210
0.76553
U,99
0.99
0,0348
94
0.0211U
0.0359
94
Itfd&l3k
l.J ood
0.03725
0.02650
0.71359
0,73508
0.00661
0,00654
1.01890
1.02694
U.71359
0,73508
0.93
0,529
U,OrtGO
0,0466
591
591
'Trees < 11.0 inches d,k,ti.
hihere:
P
A
-
for
Y = component volume i n cubic feet
D = tree d .b ,h i n inches
H4 = t e e height t o 4-inch top i n feet
a ' , a", b, c = regression coefficients
.
TOTAL-TREE WOOD, BARK, AND F O L I A G E
Soft Hadwssds
S \i~ee"ti_rrn
Sycarnctre
Ye1 low -poplar
Ward H a d w a d s
Scarlet oak
South,
eci oak
Green
1)
Y
r
lilhite oak
A'tf Species
TOTAL-TREE WOOD AND BARK
Soft Madwosds
s k ~ W t L uJ 17
Syca:ilor-e
Yeliow+o,lar
Had Hardwods
Scarlet oaic
Green
ry
Table 19 ,-- Regress-iu equatims For e s t i ~ait f ng green anit dry weigi-it o f ~7:hove
-stii:-7p total -tree bictocl, h r l
and foliage, wood and bark coiMined, aria woo4 alone for k-icird~~ooci
s,:ecies i n the Piedirrorlt, w i t + fi,h,/?
and saw -lo5 rrrerchantab'le heiy kt as independent variables--6ont-ink1ed
---- ----- -- - -_-lieiybt
Species
ressiarl e -- -n --c o e- -f f ~ c i -e-n-t sC o e f i i c i e ~ l t S"s?ridard ?lo, izl
-Reg
-__---or
y reen
ot
e r w r "~es
c gecies
or
a
b
c
ueter-1I i natior;
S a x sarqplcd
c
i
r
v
(
1
2
2)
L?
- --,----------- ---- --- - -- - - - - - ----- - - -- - -- -- - - - - --- --- -- - -C_l-___l-_^---~l_IIt__L_--- _
- _
~
i~
_~l_
---- &
L
-I-
-
-
-
-
-
-
I
^
--aI
-
--.
--^
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_,
Ssutt~, red o a ~
Greerr
T" 1-11
M i t e oak
('a
R ~ Q
0CY
All Species
(;
~ e r i
D ry
- &
5,81860
3,45117
%,17812
1,13?51
G,fl2277
1,56640
1 .[I1472
1,38x9
1. ,361433
LI iaq [>fig
O.l"lSiZ63
0,07355
.
4,711314
1 lb46fl
0.0442h
3,174b9
1,32898
-0.1187r24
.if49 7
?:
C,9%
0,522
i)
0,93
Q3
t3,rt5&7
353
(1 e 0584
38
.7-4
*;<A-
l1,3755
rt ,l O O 5
?2?
223
123
1-23
(1
11 .I15 10
24
TOTAL-TREE WOOD
S o f t Hadwoods
Green
13YY
Green
"el'iow-poplar
LI ry
Scarlet ozk
p
g
p
~
g
l
P r-31
v
It--
fte oak
G reerr
Dibgi.
811 Species
Li reen
Dr3i
5,33812
2,"ca~gi
l,O3469
n .t1r"1027
U*85
0 .:I735
I, i ) ~ 7 ~ 4
61 .85
il.07a2
2 e84c155
1,85316
1,141:37
1, $fyJpJ
3,16i122
0,03324
fjm q z
ii ,9b
O,fi577
0,11615
4U
41)
3 .f1760r)
3,122.39
1,29572
1,21079
t~t~1e75
ij ,0321
.-
16
0,0376
kG
1 .3?")(3
13
0.87'537
% ,38510
14 , x i 5 7
38
0,iJ59C
38
0,3798
0,U!?93
229
221
3,394ti.4
2,72403
1,36221
1 *I6792
1,213953
Y = comporient weiyelt i r i perr~nris
U = tree ci ,b , \ I , i n inches
1157 = tree saw-"lg rnerc"nanta5le hei$ht i n feet
a , b ,c
regressian coeffl"cic?nts
idhere:
-
2loy,, form
11,17425
-0,08363
~)g;g?
13 JlP94~
0,97733
-0,06022
0,916
0,Qb
"
*q:
,9?
33
Q,74
i_i
c
-P
3
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--g
.
-
i
t f
...->.**,
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",\
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tjn[i !>&r*k ~ ~ ~ j *d;-yi
~ [sJ(;Jt;/ ~ j i~ ~ \ e f i ~y
~ &yl+
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pit71;>t+
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r ~ i p r c h d n ~ ~ ii2dri""
, l ~ : ., 45 ~ili_4ejjpn:~ler?L
v;trfdhies
A
,-
-
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'
v
i
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j
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t
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green
or
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- -Y TO
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-_.
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r
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a
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E
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c
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Soft Hardwoods
Sb ~ e c tL:gw
Sycrg 17 0re
'i'ellow -~'i'jl'~ir
Hardwoods
Scdrlet oak
Soutt1, nzd oak
Nilite oak
A1f SpeGies
SAW-LOG STEY @ O O D
Soft Hardwoods
Green
0 ry
Sweetgu
Sycilin ore
Yello?ri-poplar
H a d Hadwads
- -
;
-
-
-.---~
cI FG-.
~ ~ , i e ~ 5~ : ~ 4~j
of
i;rri.)~
3
i"fl,
. j ~
@
deter : ~ i ~ ? d t i i ) i f t
- - -- - -- - - -- - -(-3-
SAW-LOG STEM WOOD AND BARK
Hiad
--
-&l,-.x-r._._---_
i?pt r9ct--ir
~ ~ ~ ~ ~cfiefficieqts
---x
z' _-- -r % -g,,i,i,ltrii8i
- - - - - - -~ _-? . ~ -~ -- -I.
:,I
i)f
-
-.---_--c r s c _ r _ - g r
- _ - c - r - - - - - r _ - - - . r . - . r , ^ - - _ - s . - - - _ - - - r r _ s - i _ - _ _ _ - _
1
(5
- - - - - . - - a -
--------;&I , iif
trc2~i;
sd:,!$1 (31
- - - - - - - - - . - - ,
--- - - - - - -- - - - - --- - - - - -- -- -- -Coefficient
5tandarrt Ho a
or
:4ree11
of
ermr2
tre6
5 pet ies
or
d
h
G
deter7inatio;l
( S)
saty i,
-- - -$'?"-a - - - - - - - - -gj..r'y - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - _-- - - - - - - -- - - - - - - -(22)
-- --- - - - - - - - - - - - - -__
- _____ - -- - - -------.,Species
--
-
%?igqt
-
-
-
w
-
-
-
-
-
-
A
*
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
*
-
d e g r$ssii~n
- - -e g-: -~-a-t-i o
- coefficients
-~- - - - - - - - - - -
a
d
w
a
-
&
Scarlet oak
Al% Species
I
it ,2332
l,l6362
!I 77546
i j ,27.1:32
l ,~li342ii
di ,5651)S
(; reev
JV
(3,47426
0,33963
159f%Zc46
l,rIY751
(?,74"t37(1
0,6?;_;t5!3
= col;lporioiae; i ~ ~ ~ in
i t jp"~~
q /tr ' i ( f ~
D " tf32 :t *?; * 'In il'lclles
'lh
s;s~~-"!cs3
i:lzrciiani-,dkle height in feet
,C = ptjrzl;~i3r1coeLfiilieci&s
: Y
d ,ii
:ire2: I
3 ty
059S
1") .37
0.0315
0,0340
26
I6
0.95
0,0557
22 1
f i ,811
0.0785
221
Table 2 1
.--Regression equdtions f o r esti~:atiny cubic-foot voltlme o f above-stum p total -tree wood and hark
combifled and wood alone f o r hadwood species i n the Piedirlont, with d ,b ,h, artd san-log mercktantdhle
heiyht as independent variables
-------- ------- ------ ------------------------r--------------------- -------- --- ---Cwffic-ient
Standard !do. o f
VolkJ 111 e
Keyession
-_ - - -egiration
- - - - - -coefficients
_--- -- - --- -Species
or
\ ~ ~ o o8(d bark
of
error2
trees
species
or
a
k
c
determination
( S y e x ) saw pled
wood *o ----------- . ---- --group -----------------.------- ( V )
---- --- ------------ -------*-----
TOTAL TREE
Soft Hardwoais
Sycamore
Hard Hardwoods
Scarlet oak
South. ~ c oak
l
t-Jd&8 k
Wood
0.113552
0,09583
1,05509
1,1)3585
0.13692
0.14745
O .R9
O .R8
0.0626
0.0656
23
123
IJdhKk
lloocf
0,78170
(1,76002
0.52890
0,52710
0,37297
0,36990
0.87
0,86
0,0596
0,0611
15
15
WdXIKk
k lood
0,05063
0,03736
1,22643
2.22635
0,1CfY76
0,14310
U .89
0 ,823
0.0620
0,0640
98
38
\.JrlCr Bk
~JOOU
0 .(I81 153
LO5943
1.22826
1.22990
-0,05300
-U.015?8
0.99
0.99
0.0224
0.0204
26
16
ddXUk
0,10323
0.U7019
1,15006
1,15638
0.00785
0.03432
0.95
0.95
0.0398
0.0404
24
24
\!Id&I ~ K 0 .0251U
\*lood
0.02019
1.36610
1.36957
0.08975
0 -09664
0.93
0.93
0,0550
0.0549
38
38
Idd&Bk
1.4ooci
1.I5697
1.13968
0,06573
0,09215
0 ,813,
0.87
0.0654
0,0668
221
221
W ootl
\Jhite oak
A l l Species
Y
D
"Ih
a, b ,c
\(!here:
(1.08168
0.06856
= component volrme i n cubic feet
.
= tree d .h h , i n inches
= sdw-log mercblantable height i n feet
= r"ey ressinn coefficients
Tab1e 2i". --Regression equations for estiitl atin9 ci~bic-f!)Ot volt_?f'lte o f sdw -109 r ' i ~ ~ ~ ! i i ~ ~ t a b I e - ~JOC)~?
~ t t l i ' iand
hark combined and wood alone for h i ~ r d v ~ o ~species
l~i
i n the Piedmont ,
d ,b ,"n aarld sa:.~-Ioy merclriantat
heiy h t as ir~dependerlcvarkbles
--------------- -------.----- - -- - - ---- - - ---- - - - - -- - -- - - - -- ---- - - --e%ation coef---f i c i e----~ t s ------- Geeff-icient
StanilaW Nurr her
Specjes
Volume
sf
errir ""trees
or
wooti & bark
or
skjecjes
a
b
c
detere#iination (Sy )
sam pled
wood ~nk
2 2 -) )
- - -- ------ -- --- - --- -- ___- - --- - ---- - - - (--- - - - -- -( -i i--~ _ 3 1 ?---9 ----_-a
---Ap-----d---w---
,,
_,
u
_-
_-
A
-
-_.
SAW-LOG STEM
C?,83274
/3,131166
US
11,0431
121
It ,98
t1,0388
121
0.91861
if
,86088
0,96
0,97
0,0434
55
0,94055
0,0424
55
0,02732
0.02618
0,719$93
0-72769
C1,85SI13
0,84192
U,99
0,0316
0,0329
15
0,99
0.01022
0,00871
0,90924
0,94012
0,87248
40
0,82258
0,98
0.98
0.0362
ood
&I ,0339
4.0
Wd&Rk
ti ood
0,130874
0,00631
1,04386
1.636217
0,71872
0,74366
0.97
0 ,0340
0,0365
96
96
\.id&Rk
Wood
0,00519
0,00457
1.14668
1,14295
0,72612
0,73007
0,98
0,0258
0,0268
16
16
South, red oak
Wd&t3k
Wood
0.01310
0.00702
1.01034
1,04172
0.63959
0,72127
0-98
0 -98
0 .[I262
U,0277
22
22
White oak
Wd&Bk
Wood
0,00574
0,00496
1,07881
1,09295
0.77957
0,76519
0 -98
U -98
0,027'3
0,[I293
38
38
Wd&Kk
Mood
0,01076
0,00905
0,98684
U ,98897
0 ,73947
0,74695
0 -96
0.517
U,0421
0,0398
217
217
SoR Hadwoods
S weety u m
Sycamore
Yellow-poplar
Harot Hardwoods
Scarlet oak
A11 Species
Where:
Y
D
Mh
a, b ,c
=
=
=
=
Wd&Rk
i.j ood
fI,Olit66
0,01179
11,82387
tfd&Bk
0,01485
0.IJ13(47
13,79949
I.iood
Wd&Bk
l 4 ood
Wd&Rk
0,69346
corrlponent volut~ie i n cubic feet
tree d,b,h,
i n inches
saw-log mercllantable height i n feet
regression coefficients
0,97
0.98
15
T a b l e 23,--Regression c o e f f i c i e n t s f o r e s t i m a t i n g above-stump stevi wei y h t t o a
s p e c i f i e d d.o.h,
t o p diarnetilr as a i j r t t p o r t i o r l o f t o t a l - s t e r n bveight f o r hardwood
s p e c i e s i n t h e P-iiedrqont
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -K-e-g- r-e-s- s- i-on
- - e i l u- a- -t i-on
- - - -and
- - - -c- o- -e-f-f-i -c-i -e-n- t s
1
-
Species
---------------------------------.'.----------------------.-------
-------
Green ~ e i g h t
Dry \$eight
WOOD AND BARK
Ssf t Hardwoods
Red !:lap1 e
Sweet ijur2l
fycarlrore
Vel l ow-pop1 a r
Ward Hardwoods
E l rn
Hickory
C h e s t n u t oak
Scar1 e t oak
South, red oc?k
White oak
A11 Species
4,21073 -4,28793
4,37677 -4,10402
4,U9280 -4.20211
4,30579 -4,88413
3,99726 -4,17198
-1,61846
-0,76750
.-I. ,70342
-2,30869
-1,76210
4,16512
4,32891
4,00522
4,75038
4,04113
-2,61988 3,92928 -4,33729
-5,22488 4,41024 -4,91101
-9,21973 4,97639 -5,02575
-1,26318 4,69218 -4,69208
-4,43U19 3,58456 -4.45247
-2 ,if8555 3.49897 -3.8023%
3,91077 -4,20029
-1,93440
-2,48096
-1,85693
-8,75(555
-1,21241
-4,07170
3,90016
4,13785
-1,91277 3,93041
4,00280 -4,27579
-2,10544 3,941325
-3,73265
-0,80457
-1,88706
-2,31104
-1,72938
-2,25900
-1,93820
4 .05UI~l
4,73914
3,53590
3,47338
WOOD ONLY
S o f t Hardwoods
Red maple
Sweet gum
Syearnore
Yell ow-pop1 a r
Hard Hardwoods
Elm
Hickory
Chestnut oak
S c a r l e t oak
S o u t h , red oak
M i t e oak
A1 1 Species
d
'idhere:
-1,54304
-0,76381
-1,80728
-2,25942
-1,64012
4,32869
4,44335
4,20995
4,36204
4,11183
-4,38440
-4,15466
-3,30463
-'\,32667
-4,26807
-1,55017
-0,73261
-1,651G8
-2 8 4 6
-1,71038
-2,62600
-5,21153
-9,209S2
-1,23573
-4,37632
-2,16525
-1,90161
4,03635
4,60413
-4,13856
4,86497
3,79397
3,56959
4,0&663
-3,44620
-5,10528
-5,09267
-3,85131
-a ;56jd.49
-3,89161
-4,31324
-2,49497 3,99040
-3,56432 3,53387
-2,21362 4,1113iI -4.3773i3
4,23574
4,36080
4,08554
4.8t3799
4,11441
-8,629'35 L&,')5j077
-1 7
4,,37213
-4.ilQ&,!6. 3,6@9r37
-2,07374 3,53306
-1,85653 4.1142332
--LilGGX 13,02166
= stem w e i g h t tg to? i.o.o./totai -steu l r e i g l t r 2 t i o
d = stem s p e c i f i e d t o p d , o , b , i n itches
D = t r e e d . b , h , i n inches
a , h , c = r e 9 r e s s i o . i coeff-icierits
e = 2,71828 ( b a s e o f l o g E)
Y,
-4,21553
-4,04315
- u ~ ~ 7 8
-4,533810
-4,21537
Toble 24,--Regression c o e f f i c f e n t s for estirqating above-stunlp sten v u l ume t o a
t o p d i a f ~ r t c ras a p r o p o r t i o n o f t o t a l - s t e m volume f o r hardwood
species i n the Piedmont
s p e c i f i e d d.o.h.
-
- - - a a -
f i-c- i-e- n--t -s - - - - -- - - - - - - - .
- - - -R--e-g-r e s s i o n e t i u- -a- -t-i-on
- - - - -and
- * - . - c o e -f -
Spec ies
--- ---------------------
--- - - -iJood
-- -and
- -b- -hark
- --- -- - - - - - - -. - - '-
_-
-" I
-
a
S o f t Hardwoods
-..---.- r,
-1,65202 4.165lO
-----
------------------
-- - - - - --blood
- - - -b- on1
...'.-y-
a
- - -- c- - - - -
---I
0
-4.23243
-1,17097 4.2641.0 -4,18729
-3,74763
-0.7?*033
Red !;lap1 e
-0.63492
4.07791
Sweetg y u r l
-1,7177l
4,08636 -4,16133
Sycc$r;\ore
-2,51136 4,72070 -4,84581
-1,44346 4,87589 -4.76297
Ye7 9 ow-poi31 a r
-1,76181 3,97649 -4,16652
-1,58270 4.11066
Hard Hardwoods
-2,69221 3,89895 -4,32412
-%,5i38U2
E It7
-5,53946 4,23262 -4,74180
-2,34516 4,07233 -4,26508
ifickory
-9.21460 4,!34604 -4,39672
-9.06779
Chestnut ~ a k
-
-1,37476 5,16760 -5,17706
A4 1 Species
8 4,89309 -4,91657
-- ---.--------
--Y,
'~lhere:
= steil
7 = trze d,b,h,
,b ,C
-1.99648 4,18535
-4,116573
-----
.&----
i n inches
= regression coeff;
e = 2.71d28
[bas9
c i err-ts
o f l ~ Eg )
i n inches
-4,25600
3,89439 -4,10976
4,18420 -5,12879
4.i12485
-4,10%51
- - - - ---- - - - -
voltme to to^ d.o,h,/totdl - s t e w v o l l i q t . r a t i o
d = stei? s p e c i f i e d t o p d,o,h,
d
-4,07700
-1.sl.il7I.2
3,34d46 -4,22458
-2,21693
4,3:3479
T a b l e 25,--9e9ression
c t l e f f i c i e r i t s f o r e s t i r l a t i ng ste:r~ weiglr~t t o a sjleci f i e d d.o.l). t o y
didr:let;er as a p r o p o r t i n n o f s a w - l a y stel71 w e i g l i t f o r h a r c i w ~ o d s p e c i e s i n t h e Piedrnont
-- -- --- -----
R ----a t i o e- q -~ a---t i o --------nand c o e f f i-c i----e n t s --I
- ---- ---- ---------
Speci es
I
_
Y
--- --
-------
---
----
----- -------------
--I-------------I
I
1
I
-
Green r r e i y ---i l t -- - --------a ---b
-c-
e
D r y wci g h t -- - ---------------
a
b
c
WOOD AND BARK
S o f t Hardwoods
Sweet y urn
Sycarnore
Ye1 1 ow-pop1 a r
34 .56311
22,04668
7,67301
39 ,47929
-1,33687
-1.20280
-0.86241
-1.42104
0.34540
U.3843'3
0,34220
0.35509
36,21735
26,47795
19.5Cf581
53,62409
-1.34421
-1,24399
-0.94737
-1,50445
0,34571
0,37862
0.33595
0.34681
Hard Hardwoods
S c a r l e t oak
South, r e d odk.
W h i t e oak
22,66546
31,73326
12,89559
27,61815
-1,26307
-1,46549
-8 ,07185
0,36865
0,36536
t1.34506
0,34312
24,38559
40,61327
15.08843
30,11002
-2,28056
-1,53417
-11,11120
-1,35715
(1,37474
t1.38247
~35535
0,35120
S o f t Hardwoods
Sweet gum
Sycariio r e
Yellow-poplar
33,62364
22.10232
3,28473
39,90690
-1,35443
-1.2153
-0 ,$35(J25
-L9338G
0,34231
0,34122
0,35307
37,33020
26,88392
1?,05026
53,66090
-1,36146
-1,26047
-0,93713
-1,51241
0,34311
0,37755
0,33558
0,34454
Hard Hardwoods
Scar1 e t oak
Sornti~, r e d oak
-1,26624
-1,45626
-1 ,07383
-1,33931
u ,36449
0,36327
02342137
0,33906
22,69238
29,27276
13,33679
27,27263
-1.26472
-1,438%6
-1.08426
-1,33482
0,36656
0,36488
0,34322
i,dtlite oak
22,47899
30,44735
12.113823
27,40217
U,33942
A1 1 Species
30,20095
-1,33096
0,35330
31,29464
-1,33593
0,35547
-1.33589
A1 7 Species
I1dhere :
Y,
"30.38254
= r a t i o o f ste!:i w e i g h t o r voluiqe
to t o p d.o.b.
flh = s a ~ + - l o g rqci-chantable h e i g h t i n f e e t
d = sten s p e c i f i e d t o p d i s n p t e r i n i n c h e s
D = t r e e d,h,h,
,78
a,b,c
i n inches
= c o n s t a n t based on tlveraye fornl c l a s s
= regression c o e f f i c i e n t s
e = 2,71828 (base o f l o g
E)
saw-log stem
T a b l e 26.--Resression c o e f f i c i e r i t s f o r e s t i i n a t i n g stenn v o i ul~eto a s p e c i f i e d d , o . h . top
d i a i l e t e r as a i i r o p o r t i o n o f saw-log strnl v o i u ~ u r f o r nariiwood s p e c i e s i n the Piedmont
Rat io equat i an and c o e f f i c i e n t s
a
d
Species
------_--------
---
------- ---- -
--------i--s--------&-----------w"
\4ood and b a r k
I
a
b
s
~
~
_
_
_
l
_
_
L
I
P
-
~
-
_
Mmd orll y
_
_
I
_
_
L
c
_
I
-
I
-__-__l___^__-l_l__l_l_
_
-
_
a
_-
------__-.--.-.=.
b
c
P
-I
_
-
-
-1,30210
8.35021
30,74283
-1.31681
0,34772
Sweet gum
18,577 SO
-1.1549U
0,38851
18,42347
-1 .I6620
0,38709
Sycamore
7,50334
-0,86564
k1,34171
7,01438
-0.85009
0,33987
Ye1 1ow-pop1 a r
32.37729
-1.37255
0.36225
31,35762
-1,37480
0.36010
Hard Hardwoods
21,59218
-1,25535
0,37171
21.07918
-1,25541
0,36717
Scar1 e t oak
32,87656
-1,48776
0,36335
29.65245
-1,46143
0,36113
South, r e d oak
10,39703
-1.91780
(1.34439
10,16607
-1,02040
0,34157
k i h i t e oak
23,13415
-1,33679
0,34275
26,38838
-1,33583
0,33833
A1 1 Species
26,87548
-1,29436
0,36165
26,90075
-1,30344
-----.-----
0.35830
--
-'Mhere:
Y,
----.--
---
stern w e i s h t o r volume t o t o p d,o.h.
= ratio of
Mh = saw-log m e r c h a n t a b l e h e i g h t i n f e e t
d = stem s p e c i f i e d t o p d i a m e t e r i n i n c h e s
D = t r e e d.h.h.
i n inches
.7R = c o n s t a n t based on average form c l a s s
a,b,c
= regression coefficients
e = 2,71828
(base o f l o g E)
*U.S.
G O V E R E N T PRINTING OFFICE: 1986-636-395 Region I ; .
&
w
-e
-
saw-log stelfi
I
-
- ---- -
30,25414
S o f t Hardwoods
_
'll
w
0
F--
t
E.1
5
.,-If-
&
L
e
>
.c
d
l
0:
.r-
u
Q)
m
CI
r
.-
r 72
W f L v r i L
22
L
0
-2
T2:
r c qj-,
m y L
" " 0 6 s
- L A
#"-
551)
E4d F A
--
3 O I T r C .
--a
0
C3
p u s s
L..
3