docA Portable and Battery-Powered Seawater Desalination
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A Portable and Battery-Powered Seawater Desalination
A Portable and Battery-Powered Seawater Desalination Device by Ion Concentration Polarization Dr. Sung Jae Kim, Prof. Jongyoon Han November 16, 2010 Micro/Nanofluidic BioMEMS Group, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Research Laboratory of Electronics Water Resource on the Earth ILP R&D World Water Development Report Massachusetts Institute of Technology 2/12 Research Laboratory of Electronics Global Water Market ILP R&D Market volume 2007 (USD bn) Expected annual growth Sewage treatment 104 4% Equipment for wastewater treatment 12 6% Chemicals and services for the industry 13 4% Membrane systems for wastewater treatment 4.2 19% Drinking water purification 129 4% (Sales of bottled water) (91) (10%) Ozone treatment 0.3 10% UV treatment 0.5 14% Treatment using membrane systems 1.9 20% Thermal desalination plants 2.5 4% Desalination plants with membrane 2.4 8% Desalination plants running operation 7.3 9% Wastewater Drinking water Desalination Source: Global water Intelligence: Global Water Market 2008 Massachusetts Institute of Technology 3/12 Research Laboratory of Electronics Fresh Water in Resource-Limited Setting ILP R&D 2.6 billion people do not use improved sanitation Brackish ground water Disaster-stricken areas Groundwater turns brackish Disaster relief, military and humanitarian operation www.sacbee.com www.who.int Underdeveloped area Lack of delivery and on-grid infrastructures Worldwide use of improved sanitation facilities in 2008 www.un.org Massachusetts Institute of Technology 4/12 WHO report 2010 Research Laboratory of Electronics Conventional Seawater Desalination Reverse Osmosis • Best energy efficiency ~ 5 Wh/L • Requires large scale plants and significant membrane fouling www.watertechnology.net Electro-Dialysis • Less membrane fouling • Worse energy efficient ~ 20 Wh/L www.thewatertreatments.com Thermal distillation / freezing • Easiest method • Energetically costly Massachusetts Institute of Technology 5/12 Research Laboratory of Electronics ILP R&D Competing Technologies ILP R&D Small/Medium scale desalination / purification system • Household RO machine with UV lamps only for tap water like groundwater e.g. Aquaguard®, GE profileTM (only for <2000ppm TDS source water) c.f. Brackish water: 1000-5000ppm TDS, Seawater: 30,000-40,000ppm TDS • Medium-scale seawater desalination RO systems are not cost- and energy-efficient e.g. Ampac Seapro 100 (>$7650), 30-90Wh/L • Other technologies focusing on particulate/organics, not salt e.g. spiral filtration system (PARC) chemical agent for inducing flocculation-sedimentation activated carbon filters Organism Examples General Size Filter Type Particle Size Rating Protozoa Giardia, Cryptosporidium 5 microns or larger Water filter 1.0–4.0 microns Bacteria Cholera, E. coli, Salmonella 0.2–0.5 microns Microfilter 0.2–1.0 microns Viruses Hepatitis A, rotavirus, Norwalk virus 0.004 microns Water purifier to 0.004 microns Massachusetts Institute of Technology 6/12 Research Laboratory of Electronics Micro/Nanofluidic Desalination Method ILP R&D 500m Brine reservoir 100m~1mm ne i r b ANY charged V+ species pressure seawater V fresh water (50% recovery) V ion depletion boundary Fresh water reservoir nanojunction Nature Nanotechnology, 2010, 5, 297. US provisional patent, TLO case # 12601 / 13218, Massachusetts Institute of Technology 7/12 Research Laboratory of Electronics Conductivity of Desalted Stream ILP R&D Seawater (from Crane Beach, Ipswitch, MA) 50 ~500 mM Conductivity (mS/cm) 40 30 Completely desalted at low channel 20 Salt evenly distributed Partially desalted 10 ~4 mM 0 50 60 70 80 drinkable water: <10 mM Applied electric field (V/cm) Calculated power consumption ~ 3.5 Wh/L Massachusetts Institute of Technology 8/12 c.f.) RO ~ 5.0 Wh/L, ED ~ 20.0 Wh/L Research Laboratory of Electronics Removal Capability 1Å scale 1nm atomic/ ionic solutes, ions particles 10nm low molecular 100nm high molecular proteins 10m micro particle bacteria 100m macro particle hair E. coli DNA hormones reverse osmosis separation process 1m ILP R&D viruses clay particles RBC WBC nanofiltration ultrafiltration electrodialysis microfiltration micro/nanofluidic desalination / purification Massachusetts Institute of Technology 9/12 Research Laboratory of Electronics Portable, Self-Powered System 1,600 unit devices on a 8’ diameter plate ~100W solar panel With the massive parallelization, we can expect Total flow rate ~ 300mL/min (can supply 7 peoples’ basic need by 1hr) 3.5Wh/L can be supplied by photovoltaic cell (25mW/cm2) or battery (~70W) Cost estimation of manufacturing 1 stack ~$500 including materials and machine fees, excluding labor and software Massachusetts Institute of Technology 10/12 Research Laboratory of Electronics ILP R&D Competition Cost: ICP vs. RO ILP R&D 60k Energy Costs 30k 20k ICP system production and setup costs per device 100 wafers / month 500 wafers / month Maintenance Costs for consumer 40k Total costs of RO Cost (USD) 50k 10k Investment Costs 5k 0.9 22 30 47 63 72 95 110 142 157 253 Water production rate (liter/hour) Courtesy by iTeam project member at MIT Massachusetts Institute of Technology 11/12 Research Laboratory of Electronics Where can it be applied for? ICP desalination Phase I, (2yrs) Phase II, (1yr) Individual use Community use • Shipboard application • Large ships • Disaster relief • Rural areas • Recreational purpose • Island communities Phase III, (2yrs) Large-volume Apps • Large scale desal plants based on ICP desalination • Pre-treatment for large-scale existing desal plants • Rare metal mining from seawater / groundwater • Military / humanitarian use • Flow rate ~ 100mL/min • Flow rate ~ 1L/min • Flow rate >> 1L/min • Cost-insensitive application • Cost-sensitive application • Cost-sensitive application • Should be easy of use • Should be easy of use • Should be easy of use • High energy efficiency • High energy efficiency • High energy efficiency Massachusetts Institute of Technology 12/12 Research Laboratory of Electronics ILP R&D ILP R&D “One tiny gap in a channel, One giant leap for better life” Questions? Massachusetts Institute of Technology 13/12 greenhelm.spyestate.com Research Laboratory of Electronics
