Information System Supporting Urban Strategic planning and

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Information System Supporting Urban Strategic planning
and Development
Cetl, V., Masteliü Iviü, S. and Tomiü, H.
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Geodesy, Kaciceva 26, Zagreb, Croatia,
Web site: www.geof.unizg.hr, Tel.: +385 1 4639 191,
E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
Abstract
Efficient space resources management is, together with human resources, a key factor for
viable economic growth of a region. GIS technology is making possible an integration of all
available spatially-referenced data, and consequently an establishment of information system
that can support complex societies, making spatial planning sustainable, economically
profitable and ecologically controlled. This is very important in urban areas, where space
interventions are more frequent and affect space quality for a large number of people. This
paper gives an overview of the GIS developed by the Chair of Spatial Information
Management at Faculty of Geodesy for the Zagreb City Office for Strategic Planning and
Development. In the first phase of the project, a GIS with all available Zagreb Spatial Plans at
various scales was created. During the project the problems connected with data redundancy
and mismatched boundaries of data defined at different scales were indicated. During the
second phase of the project statistical data from the population census was appended. Data
derived from the system can be used for better understanding of spatial distribution and
explanation of statistical data, and as a basis for an expert system based on multi criteria
decision making, which is essential for creation of a strategic and optimal development plan.
Key words: geoinformation system, urban planning, development
1
INTRODUCTION
Developed countries today face a significant need for programs of land use and space
regulation, to answer to a fast-increase in population, industrialization and urbanization. In the
organization of optimum use of space resources, a technological and social analysis is
concerned with landscape changes caused by human activities and natural processes.
Space planning for a specific purpose covers economic and social activities which take
place there. Experience from developed countries in optimum space use shows a need to plan
the purpose according to long-term plans, and in line with the current needs. In this way space
use is made sustainable, economically profitable and ecologically controlled. Data on land use
are, besides the cadastre, contained in the data of remote sensing, plans, maps, aerial shots and
different statistical registries.
TS 3 – Poster Presentation
INGEO 2011 – 5th International Conference on Engineering Surveying
Brijuni, Croatia, September 22-24, 2011
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The main goal of each municipal unit - city, is development aligned with the population
needs on one hand, and preservation and improvement of life conditions on the other. An
economic development plan is a document made through synthesis of strategies from different
disciplines, and which contains development guidelines brought in line with sustainable
development principles. The aim of these strategies is to align population growth with an
improvement of economy, thereby improving the community standard. A support for such
strategies is a creation of efficient spatial data models. Such models within geoinformation
systems enable a quality access to information on land, mostly on area purpose and use
regulations, to various users via open access. Data analysis through these models, aiming at
improving economic activities, is commonly referred to as geomarketing.
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LAND AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Land is the ultimate resource, for without it life on Earth cannot be sustained. Land is both
a physical commodity and an abstract concept in that the rights to own or use it are as much a
part of the land as the objects rooted in its soil. Good stewardship of the land is essential for
present and future generations (UN 1996). For that reason well organized spatial data systems
should be developed. Descriptive data are mostly stored in databases, where from they are
georeferenced into coordinate space and become an irreplaceable tool for sustainable
development planning (Laurini 2001).
The main goal of good spatial administration is securing sustainable development, which
should connect the economic part linked to investment returns, with the social part linked to
material, social and cultural needs of the inhabitants. The UN Commission defined in 1987
the basic principle of sustainable development: “To answer the needs of today’s generations,
and thereby not destroy the possibilities for future generations to answer their needs.”
Sustainable development has to be based on harmonizing the environment requirements with
a desirable economic development and demographic activities (DiSano 1999). One of the
sustainable development prerequisites is application of integral planning, which includes
social, professional, technological, material and other relevant conditions. The understanding
of sustainable development spread from an ecological balance to include economic security
and social justice, which makes up a ”magic triangle of sustainable development” (Figure 1).
Sustainable
Development
Environment
Economy
Society
Figure 1 Components of Sustainable Development
Due to various understandings and execution of concrete measures, the UN proclaimed the
2005-2014 period a decade of “education for sustainable development”, where of significant
importance are: administration, human rights, democracy, peace education and globalization.
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GEOMARKETING
Marketing can be generally defined as a systematic approach to shaping a service or
product which satisfies the user’s needs and wishes, and influences its consumption, through
product quality, prices, promotion and the choice of space location.
Since as much as 90% of business information are defined in relation to location, supply
and demand are commonly linked to spatial data. Geomarketing or space marketing, terms
which come from the Business Mapping, is a branch of marketing – basically a synthesis of
spatial database and marketing, containing elements of strategic and operative marketing. It
enables modeling and analysis of information for decision-making, and visualization of thusgotten strategic information, which is to result in a choice of the best business step. Therefore
this procedure is in some fields also referred to as geooptimization.
In the mid-1990s of the 20th ct. geomarketing started to develop as a tool in company
development policies, influenced by the increasing market globalization. Already then
geomarketing started to be applied in local and regional development, which led to
modernization of economic strategies of governmental and non-governmental organizations
(Anderson 2003). The fields of geomarketing activities are various (Figure 2).
Figure 2 Fields of geomarketing activities
Local municipalities in most of the developed countries try to implement geomarketing as
an economic development tool in the context of increasing regional competition. Through
these systems they attract investors and become quality resources in the global market,
regional hubs of economic development, which is to be accomplished up to the profitable
level allowed by the sustainable development principles.
The activities today are oriented towards combining geomarketing approach between local
communities, companies and non-governmental organizations, to build a partnership for
sustainable development goals. An increase of geomarketing in education and science will
enable further elaborations of this concept based on educated human resources, who will
immediately through a work contract actively engage in the production process and contribute
to understanding of the environment protection need and sustainable development principles.
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STRATEGIC AND SPATIAL PLANNING
Accomplishment of the optimum various factors in creating economic development
strategies is enabled, on one hand, by the professional strategic project-makers who follow
general trends and predict new directions in the global market, and on the other hand, by the
real estate owners, a strong business sector and representatives of big corporations. A
possibility to realize these strategies depends on a viable competitive industry in the region.
These players are a result of public-private partnership which enables a quality economic
development in the market economy. This taskforce should also include representatives of the
employment services and lifelong learning institutions, as to effectively include the most
important resource – professionally trained workforce.
Development of a local economy improves the life standard of its inhabitants, and is
described through the key characteristics of local economy development in a market-oriented
economy, in the textbook by Dusenbury et al. 2004:
x functioning of a local economic development should be a continuous activity,
x representatives of local municipalities are entitled to consider changes to a national
legislature and politics,
x resources through which a local municipality contributes to economic development are
human, institutional, business, physical and financial,
x economic development is a result of activities and investment of the private and public
sectors, through democratic approval by the community,
x public sector activities in economic development aim at attracting investors to create
and sustain an environment in which entrepreneurship thrives,
x local municipality promotes economic development through activities that create and
use local advantages, eg. investment in infrastructural improvement and education.
Realizations of most good economic development strategies showed that the development
growth starts more from the local emerging or expanding businesses, and less from attracting
big global companies. Foreign companies mostly enter the region where local businesses
positively react to the local government and emphasize their region as a good place for
business.
Strategic planning is a tool which the public sector takes from the business community,
through which the local government executes the necessary procedures and actions for the
planned future vision. Better quality results are gained by choosing procedures and actions
around the resources that can be influenced. Such planning means emphasizing priorities and
quality of accomplishment; active communication between strategic goals and specific
actions, between all interested parties and decision-makers; and application of the experience
gained through implementation to adjustment of the starting plans.
Spatial planning is based on all-encompassing thinking of space and environment, to
create a basis for the most suitable administration of natural and anthropogenic givens, to find
a solution for improving the technical and economic infrastructure in the given natural, social
and economic conditions. A special emphasis is put on a prediction of future development
needs, whereby specificities of space and results from demographic research should be
specifically considered. In some transition countries, including Croatia, social and economic
transformations brought radical changes in the national urban hierarchy and new challenges in
the regional development. (Altrock et. al. 2006).
Spatial planning is a multidisciplinary and continuous procedure, which results in spatial
plans, the most efficient regulatory instrument in environment protection. Spatial plans,
through respecting social-economic, natural, cultural-historical and landscape values, build
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the principles of spatial management, define the goals of spatial development, and defne
organization, protection, use and purpose of space.
Spatial management, as a set of activities and documents, secures managing, protecting
and governing space of a community, as specifically valued and limited goods. This creates
conditions for social and economic development, environment protection, and rational use of
natural and historical goods on the principle of integral approach to space planning. This is a
process that entails analysis and definition of the general development plans, input of
organizational and legal measures, spatial planning, control of the building process and
monitoring of the buildings functionality. Decision-making includes all relevant actors, and
specifically the public – citizens. This should take into consideration the harmonization of
spatial management of specific spaces within a wider community, and its link to the European
spatial regulations. The most common way of joint land uses is division into zones, planned
building control, building regulations and development control (Jukiü 2000).
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INFORMATION SYSTEM FOR THE CITY OF ZAGREB
The geoinformation system of the City of Zagreb started to develop as early as 1992 in the
former City Office for automatic data processing. During the years, the GIS was built up and
adjusted to new technological solutions, and today it contains more than 40 various layers of
basic (cadastre, digital ortophoto, addresses) and thematic (green areas, slopes, building
permits) spatial data (Struþiü 2011). Access to the data is enabled through an Intranet address
for city administration officials (Figure 3), and public access under the title Interactive map of
City of Zagreb is available for citizens on the address http://www.zagreb.hr.
Figure 3 GIS of City of Zagreb for city administration officials
Although the mentioned layers are purposefully used in the city administration and
services, the lack of appropriate data, such as statistical, hinders this system from creating
geomarketing analyses. For this reason, according to cooperation between the City Office for
the Strategic Planning and Development and Faculty of Geodesy, Chair of Spatial
Information Management started in 2009 to build up the existing geoinformation system.
Build-up of the geoinformation system included modeling the existing spatial planning
documentation into a single spatial model, and modeling statistical data according to the 2001
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population census. Since the city administration uses ESRI ArcGIS as a GIS software, the
project processing was done in this software.
The City of Zagreb spatial planning documentation included: the general urban plan of
Zagreb, the general urban plan of Sesvete as the eastern city part, the City of Zagreb spatial
plan, as well as other detailed plans of management and forest areas. Modelling of different
types of spatial plans comes from the need to create a single base of the planned area purpose,
and from the fact that the mentioned plans mutually overlap. The spatial expanse is the
administrative unit of the City of Zagreb (Figure 4). The blue colour shows the Zagreb GUP,
red shows the Sesvete GUP, and green shows the Zagreb spatial plan.
Figure 4 Spatial expanse and plans
Since the input data are gotten as *.DWG files, a big amount of work were spent on
managing geometry and topology, which included:
x checking and correcting the areas with double purpose,
x checking whether the rest of data are in appropriate layers,
x checking whether the planning zones are closed polygons,
x cleaning the drawings from all unnecessary elements, and switching the rest of data
from a “spaghetti” model into a topological model (creating topology),
x correcting possibly spotted errors,
x checking through comparison with original data.
After arranging the data, they were put into the ArcGIS data model. The basic purpose of
the created GIS is the possibility to do various spatial analyses for strategic and spatial
planning (Figure 5).
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Figure 5 Joint purposes of the City of Zagreb areas
The second part of the project included modeling of a GIS database of census districts,
according to the 2001 population census. Data of the population census according to the
census districts were gotten as *.xls files with the following content:
x population contingents,
x population aged 15 or more according to sex and finished school education,
x population according to sex and school attendance,
x housing according to ways of use,
x inhabited apartments according to number of rooms and ownership,
x inhabited apartments according to additional buildings and installations,
x active, kept and agricultural population, and physically disabled persons,
x average apartment area and average number of household members per apartment,
x family, non-family and institutional households,
x households according to number of members,
x households of the City of Zagreb according to the basis of apartment use.
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After arranging the input statistical data, they were to be entered into an Access relational
database. Since each Excel file contained specific statistical data according to topics, it was
decided to enter each file into a base as a separate table. After entering the statistical data into
the database, they were linked to the georeferenced data of census and statistical districts
(Figure 6).
Figure 6 Census and statistical districts in the City of Zagreb
After linking the geometrical and statistical data, a check-up of data in the GIS model was
done, specifically the accuracy of linkage and consistency of data. The result of this project is
a GIS database of population census, households and apartments, according to the 2001
census districts. Considering the possibilities of data analysis, shown as visualizations of
different queries, the undoubted conclusion is that thus formatted statistical data linked to
spatial data in the GIS environment offer a wide, practically unlimited, range of applications
(Figure 7).
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Figure 7. Percentage of PhD titles in the City of Zagreb
Various and numerous possibilities of analyses and visualization will surely be used in
everyday work of the city offices and services.
6
CONCLUSION
The fast development of information technologies brings on a daily basis new possibilities
for spatial data analyses, which are necessary for efficient functioning of the complex society
and growing economy. This creates the necessary prerequisites for advanced procedures of
strategic spatial management, and for better quality, geomarketing-supported, documents of
spatial management.
More and more local municipalities in developed countries try to implement geomarketing
as a tool of their economic progress. These systems attract investors and create regional hubs
of economic development, which results in a better life standard. Through usage of
geomarketing data, projects of economic development align the population growth with the
economy improvement, and enable the local government to execute the necessary procedures
and actions for the planned future vision.
Possibilities of application of the information system presented in this work are very wide:
x strategic and spatial planning,
x urbanism,
x communal actions,
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x projects of social standard improvement,
x marketing, etc.
The planned space purpose is an important system of decision-making in strategic and
spatial planning and development of the City of Zagreb. This is the first database which
encompasses the planned area purposes for the whole City district, independent of the number
and type of spatial plans within it. A single and adjustable database model enables its easy
maintenance and updating, which will be especially important after the new statistical
censuses of 2011. Those data should be added to those of 2001, which will enable monitoring
of the relevant urban trends in the City of Zagreb.
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