Early Police Firearms - Police Firearms Officers Association

Police
History
Series
Early Police Firearms
Mike Waldren QPM
© 2013 PFOA – Police Firearms Officers Association
Head Office: PFOA, PO Box 116, March, PE15 5BA – Tel: 0845 543 0163 – Email: [email protected]
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May 2013
Early Police Firearms
Before The New Police
Prior to the introduction of what is generally recognised as being the first
‘modern’ police force with the formation of the Met in 1829 there were a variety of
policing bodies in existence for varying lengths of time.
Although these are usually dismissed today as having
been ineffective, it is easy to forget that there were
watchmen, parish constables, various foot and horse
patrols, excise officers and others who for many years
faced armed criminals who were just as dangerous as
those who were to gain infamous reputations later on.
For example during the early hours of 4 April 1742 in
London the parish constable of St James’s, John
Portman, and Isaac Crawley, a member of the London
night watch, had an altercation with five men on
Watchman
horseback. Two of them opened fire with pistols and a
blunderbuss and Portman ‘plaid about with my constable's staff, which is about eight
feet long, hitting first one horse, and then the other ... keeping the horses in an
unsettled motion’ to prevent their riders getting a clear shot.
Nevertheless Crawley was seriously wounded and the horsemen then went to
the watch-house at Clerkenwell Green. As if
to give warning that their activities should
not to be interfered with again, some of them
discharged
their
firearms
through
the
doorway. Richard Croxwell of the London
night watch was shot and killed. Crawley
died a few days later. The crime caused such
outrage that a reward of £50 each and a royal
pardon was offered to any two of the gang
Watch-house
who gave up their accomplices as long as they were not the ones who fired shots.
They were believed to have been smuggling tea and as far as can be determined the
reward was never claimed.
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Early Police Firearms
The earliest detective force was formed in 1749 at the Bow Street public office
in London by the chief magistrate, Henry Fielding, and eventually some of its number
were even permanently assigned to the court of King George III for protection
purposes (see Churchill’s Other Bodyguards). Officially they were ‘principal
officers’, although they are erroneously known today as the 'Bow Street Runners’, and
they had cutlasses, flintlock pistols and blunderbusses available. They needed them.
In 1755 Principal Officer Hind was shot and killed while trying to arrest two
highwaymen.
However the new force was not free from human error. In February 1761 two
principal officers, William Darwell (himself a reformed highwayman) and William
Pentelow, were sent to try to capture a highwayman who was ‘infesting the Barnet
road’. In the early hours of the morning they were in a post-chaise and following the
Warrington coach as it had been held up earlier in the week but when they reached
Holloway the highwayman let the Warrington coach go by and stopped them instead.
Pentelow fired a blunderbuss at him but he escaped on horseback after firing a shot in
return and believing that they had missed their chance the pair started back toward
London. They then saw the Leeds coach coming toward them with a man, Edward
Richardson, on horseback beside it with a pistol in his hand. Thinking that this was
the same highwayman Darwell fired his pistol at him. Richardson was wounded but it
would turn out that he was a guard hired by the coach company. Worse still, the pistol
must have been loaded with more than one ball (a common practice) because John
Lee, a passenger on the coach, was also hit and he died later in the day.
Darwell was charged with murder and Pentelow with aiding and abetting and
both appeared at the Old Bailey the following April. Henry Fielding’s half-brother,
John, who had taken over as chief magistrate at Bow Street in 1754, gave evidence
that it was he who had personally sent out the officers to see the Warrington coach
safely to Barnet and William Marsden, the chief clerk at the Bow Street office, gave
evidence that he had never heard of a coach having an armed guard travelling with it
on horseback. Darwell was found not guilty of murder but guilty of manslaughter. He
was given ‘benefit of clergy’ (a means of claiming a reduced penalty in certain cases)
and sentenced to be ‘burned in the hand’ (branded at the base of the thumb with a
letter indicating the class of offence committed). Pentelow was acquitted.
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Early Police Firearms
The Bow Street Foot Patrol was introduced in 1782 to supplement the London
night watch, the parish constables and the existing parish foot patrols. All members
had a truncheon and a cutlass and some had pistols.
Sixteen parties of five patrolled the metropolis at night and
six members were posted to known trouble-spots such as
outside theatres. It was also responsible for the protection
of royal palaces and a small party remained at Bow Street
Hatton Garden pistol
during the night as a reserve.
Seven additional public offices were set up in London in 1792, each staffed by
three stipendiary (paid) magistrates and up to eight principal officers. They were at
Queen's Square (Westminster), Great Marlborough Street (Westminster), Worship
Street (Shoreditch), Lambeth Street (Whitechapel),
Shadwell, Union Hall (Southwark) and Hatton Garden.
In 1816 the Shadwell public office closed but a new one
opened in Marylebone High Street. All had pistols
Great Marlborough Street pistol
marked with the name of the public office concerned.
In 1798 the Thames River public office was
established in Wapping High Street in London. It
had firearms and cutlasses and was made up of three
departments – a magistrates office, a lumping
department (responsible for keeping a register of
men (lumpers) who unloaded ships) and a police
Thames River Police pistol
establishment. On 16 October 1798 Gabriel Franks, a master lumper described as
‘occasionally assisting at the office’, was shot and killed when the new office was
attacked during what has become known as the Wapping Coal Riot. A man (name
unknown) was shot and killed when an officer named Richard Perry fired into the
mob out of a window.
For many years some London parishes had had armed horse patrols to counter
the increasing number of robberies on the King’s Highway and in 1805 the Bow
Street Horse Patrol was added by Sir Richard Ford who was then the chief magistrate
at Bow Street. The appointment of members of the Patrol was vested in Ford and
likewise in a Mr. Reid who succeeded him in 1806. When Reid resigned in 1813 Sir
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Early Police Firearms
Nathaniel Conant became chief magistrate and a Mr. Day was appointed Conductor of
the Horse Patrol Establishment under the chief magistrate by the Home Secretary,
Viscount Sidmouth.
Members of the Bow Street Horse Patrol were all provided with a sabre and a
pistol as a personal appointment and were stationed
on the main highways to a distance of up to twenty
miles from the centre of the metropolis. Due to the
‘alarming increase in street robberies’ it gained a
new branch, curiously known as the Dismounted
Horse Patrol, in 1821 with each member being
supplied with a pistol and a cutlass. The Dismounted
Horse Patrol took over responsibility for the
principal highways within a five mile
radius of the centre of London leaving the
Bow Street Foot Patrol to confine itself to
the less-well-frequented streets during the
night. This in turn was augmented in 1822
by a Day Patrol so that it could provide a
presence during the daylight hours as
well. A Treatise on the Police and Crimes in the Metropolis in 1829 explained that
‘the several patrols are all well armed’.
The duties of the Bow Street Horse Patrol were to ‘take notice of all persons
of suspicious appearance whom they may see on the roads and pay attention to
whatever information they may receive of any robbery, burglary or other felony’.
What particularly distinguished it from all the other
policing arrangements was that its members wore a
distinctive uniform. This consisted of a blue doublebreasted coat with yellow metal buttons, a scarlet
waistcoat, blue trousers, Wellington boots, a leather
Dismounted Horse Patrol
pistol
stock, a black leather top hat (a white neck-cloth and a
black felt hat for Dismounted) and for Mounted - white
leather gloves, a blue greatcoat and steel spurs. There was therefore a uniformed, fully
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Early Police Firearms
armed police force patrolling parts of the metropolis on foot and on horseback to
which no one seems to have taken any great exception, probably because by 1829 it
still only had 161 members and its remit was limited to those offences which the wellto-do classes themselves found irksome.
The New Police
Great play is often made of the fact that when the Met was formed in 1829 by
Lieutenant-Colonel Charles Rowan and (later Sir) Richard Mayne a conscious
decision was taken that it would go about its duties unarmed but all was not quite as it
seems. Cutlasses were available (see Rules and
Regulations) and there are records of Mayne
asking the Receiver of the Met, John Wray
(responsible for finance and related matters),
to purchase fifty pairs of pistols in December
1829. What is also generally overlooked is that
the Bow Street Horse Patrol worked in parallel with the ‘New Police’ for several
years, as did the various public offices. Even when the remaining seventy-one
members of the Horse Patrol were brought under the control of Rowan and Mayne in
1836 it was still treated very much as a separate entity with it officially taking over
responsibility for the protection of the royal palaces from the by then defunct Bow
Street Foot Patrol – a function that only it could perform until 1839. More importantly
its members, eleven of whom had been Met officers before leaving to join the Horse
Patrol, kept their firearms. In 1839 members of the Thames River Police were
incorporated into the Met which then
inherited all their firearms as well.
Forces outside London also
had firearms available. When a townbased police force was created in
Nottingham in 1836 it had pistols marked
‘Nottingham Police’. Interestingly some,
Nottingham Police pistol
but not all, were fitted with a spring bayonet secured with a catch.
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Early Police Firearms
A report to the Home Office dated 8 August 1852 written by LieutenantColonel Douglas Labalmondiere, at the
time the Met’s Inspecting Superintendent,
provides evidence that ‘hitherto ... each
mounted man has been supplied with a
pistol’ and asks for authority to incur the
cost of providing mounted officers with a
For Full Document see Appendix I or
Click Here
means of carrying ammunition. In December the Rt. Hon. Horatio Waddington, the
Permanent Under-Secretary at the Home
Office, wrote to Wray to let him know that
Spencer Walpole, the Home Secretary, had
agreed to the contract for new saddles
For Full Document see Appendix II or
Click Here
being changed so that ‘cartridge boxes’
could be incorporated at the time they were bought. Some of the subsequent contracts
for police equipment also still survive. One dated
August 1856 is for the supply of pistols, swords,
cutlasses, truncheons and other essentials for the
three year period 1857 to 1859. The cost of ‘pistols
with swivel ramrods’ for inspectors was £2 6s
(£2.30) each; for mounted officers they were £1 15s
(£1.75) and powder flasks were 5s (25p).
Typical police percussion
pistol with swivel ramrod
The percussion cap had replaced the flint,
frizzen and powder pan in pistols by then but they would still have been single-shot
and muzzle-loaded, although the greater cost of pistols for inspectors suggests that
these may have been double-barrelled. However there had been major developments
in the design of firearms by the 1850s, not the least of which was the introduction of
revolvers. The Great Exhibition of 1851 had featured a variety of firearms but,
according to the Illustrated London News ‘perhaps none, from their novelty, have had
more attention than “revolvers”. … There is a revolving pistol patented by Mr Robert
Adams, of King William-street of the firm of Deane, Adams and Deane.’ Even so it
would be the threat of terrorism that would make the adoption of more up-to-date
weapons by the police unavoidable.
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Early Police Firearms
The Murder Of Sergeant Brett
The Fenian Brotherhood was formed in the United States in the 1850s with the
avowed intention of freeing Ireland from England’s yoke. In 1866 it drew up a plan to
use US civil war veterans to invade Canada and thereby force the British to give up
Ireland in exchange for their withdrawal. On 1 June about 1,300 Fenians (this soon
reduced considerably due to desertions) crossed the Niagara River at Black Rock,
near Buffalo, in the State of New York, and headed for the village of Fort Erie in
Canada. The ‘invasion’ was broken up by Canadian militia but the Brotherhood had
no intention of giving up. With its sister organisation in
Ireland, the Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB), there was
a planned rising in Ireland in 1867 but this too was doomed
to failure, mainly due to informants alerting the authorities
who were able to nip it in the bud. In the coming years
members of both the Fenian Brotherhood and the IRB
would be known collectively as ‘Fenians’ regardless of the
organisation to which they actually belonged.
A member of the Fenian Brotherhood, who took a
Kelly
prominent role in the failed rising in Ireland, was Thomas Kelly, a former captain in
the Ohio Infantry. He was arrested in Ireland but he escaped and made the ‘Chief
Organiser of the Irish Republic’ at an IRB Convention in Manchester in August 1867.
On 11 September he, together with Timothy Deasy, a ‘captain’ in the IRB, were
arrested
for
‘treason-felony’
in
Manchester. A week later they were
being escorted to prison in a horse-drawn
police van when about thirty or more
armed men surrounded the van and took
hold of the reins of the horses (the horses
were
shot
contemporary
according
to
some
accounts).
The
police
officers were unarmed and they took to
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The attack on the police van
Early Police Firearms
their heels but inside the van was Sergeant Charles Brett. He refused to open the door
and when the gunmen failed to force it open one of them fired at the lock.
Unfortunately it seems that Sergeant Brett may have chosen
that moment to look through the keyhole because he was hit in the eye
with the bullet entering his brain (an alternative account which
appeared at the time is that Sergeant Brett was looking out through a
ventilator that he was trying to close when he was shot – either version
could be true). Another police officer was shot in the thigh and a
Brett
bystander was shot in the foot.
The attack caused a sensation and in the House of Lords on 19 November
Lord John Russell (Prime Minister 1846 – 1852 and 1865 – 1866) pointed out that
there had been a warning of a rescue attempt, adding that ‘it is surprising that the
Government had not provided a sufficient escort of military and armed police to
accompany the prisoners in Manchester, and so prevented the lamentable occurrence
in which the murder of Sergeant Brett took place’. The Earl of Derby responded by
saying that: ‘No doubt there was a telegram from Dublin to Manchester to say that a
rescue of the prisoners would be attempted, and that therefore it was desirable that
extra precautions should be taken. But those precautions were taken in a very large
increase of police in attendance on the van. Certainly no information reached the
authorities which led them to apprehend so desperate and bloody an attack.’
Fenian Fury
There were other, though less
spectacular,
incidents
involving
Fenians and the outbreak of Irish
republican
Great
terrorism
Britain
must
on
have
mainland
caused
something close to panic. There was
only one body of men who were readily
available and armed well enough. In
Army escort (on and in a civilian two-decker horsedrawn omnibus) for further Fenian prisoners in
Manchester
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Early Police Firearms
Manchester the escort of further Fenian prisoners was provided by the army.
Nevertheless, some steps were taken to provide officers in the Met who did not have
access to a firearm with a means of protection as was announced by the Illustrated
London News on 19 October.
Readers were told that: ‘The frequent repetition of murderous attacks on the
police in these days of Fenian fury makes it highly expedient that the civil guardians
of our peace should be taught how to use more formidable weapons than the
truncheon, in case of need, for the
purpose of self-defence. Arrangements
have, indeed, been made for the
instruction
of
the
officers of
the
Metropolitan Police Force in the cutlass
exercise; and a portion of the ground
belonging to the Wellington Barracks, St
James’s Park, has been placed at the
Cutlass exercise at Wellington Barracks
disposal of Sir Richard Mayne. … A
squad of twenty or thirty of the police sergeants and inspectors now assemble there
daily to be instructed by Inspectors Fraser and Robinson, who have already been
initiated in the exercise. The sergeants and inspectors will communicate similar
instruction to the constables under their command.’ Quite what use the ‘cutlass
exercise’ was against men armed with revolvers is open to question and fortunately it
does not seem to have been put to the test.
Although Kelly and Deasy escaped back to the US the police made a number
of arrests (hence the army escort) and by November five men had been found guilty
of murder and sentenced to death. One was pardoned (apparently wrongly identified
as taking part) and another had his sentence commuted on the eve of his execution.
The other three were hanged on 23 November 1867.
The Manchester Courier reported that: ‘The threats held out by the Fenians
that they would take revenge for the execution of the condemned men by setting fire
to the warehouses and other buildings in the city necessitated extra precautions being
taken. At many of the warehouses the employees were armed by their employers and
set to guard the premises. At some of the warehouses half a dozen men were thus
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Early Police Firearms
armed, and relieved at regular intervals by others belonging to the establishment, and
in this manner the watch was kept through the night. ... All the public buildings in
Salford were placed under protection; and to avoid any attempt to carry out the threats
that had been made to fire both Manchester and Salford, men were stationed to watch
the sources of water and gas supply. Similar precautions were made by the mayor and
chief constable of Manchester. The whole of the fire brigade were on duty at all the
fire stations, and adopting similar steps to those taken during the Chartist disturbance
here, many of the warehouses were lighted up, and guarded by men armed with
revolvers. In short, between midnight and six o'clock in the morning, a walk through
the streets produced the impression that the city was in a state of siege’.
The Clerkenwell Outrage
Meanwhile two more Fenians, Richard Burke, a colonel during the US civil
war, and Joseph Casey, had been arrested and were being held in Clerkenwell prison
in London. On 12 December 1867 Scotland Yard received a warning of a rescue
attempt, this time to the effect that: ‘The plan is to blow up the exercise walls by
means of gunpowder, - the hour between 3 and 4 p.m. and the signal for all right, a
white ball thrown up outside when he [Burke] is at exercise’.
Mayne was not in his office at the time. It was
therefore
Labalmondiere,
now
an
Assistant Commissioner, who received
the message at mid-day. He directed
that a Superintendent Gernon should
‘acquaint the Governor of the House
of Detention that information has been
received of an intended rescue of the
Mayne
Labalmondiere
prisoner Burke, to be effected by blowing up the walls of the
exercising ground during the hours he is at exercise. Have the external walls carefully
examined to ascertain that there has been no attempt to mine, and arrange for strict
observation to be kept on them’.
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Early Police Firearms
When Mayne (by then the sole commissioner) returned to his office he added
that Gernon should ‘post a double patrol of two police-constables, and three policeconstables in plain clothes, all of whom to be strictly instructed, together with section
sergeants, to keep close observation on all persons loitering round the prison walls,
and to give immediate information to the inspector on duty at King's Cross [Police]
Station should anything suspicious arise’. All this did not prevent the Fenians rolling a
barrel of gunpowder up to the prison during that afternoon and throwing a ball over
the wall to indicate that the escape plan had been put into effect. For some reason the
barrel failed to detonate and so they took it away. When the ball was found by a
warder he had no idea of what it was for and so he took it home for his children to
play with – one of the risks involved in keeping information on a ‘need to know’
basis.
The next day the Fenians tried again. Three men pulled a cart containing a
barrel of gunpowder down Corporation Lane. A dairyman, Henry Bird, watched them
as they backed the cart up to the pavement alongside the prison wall so that the barrel
fell out of the back. They then stood the barrel on its end and covered it with a
tarpaulin before disappearing
back the way they had come.
Another man, later identified
as being Michael Barrett, was
seen walking around the area
for a short time before he
walked up to the barrel, took
a match from his pocket, lit
the
fuse
and
pulled
the
tarpaulin over the top to
Officers standing inside Clerkenwell prison looking out.
Most of those in the foreground are wearing cutlasses
cover it up.
There were a great
many other people in Corporation Lane at the time and Bird took his horse and cart to
the end of the road where he met Constable Moriarty. After being told what had
happened Moriarty was making his way toward the barrel when it exploded. The
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Early Police Firearms
result not only demolished part of the prison wall but also a large number of buildings
on the other side of the road. Several people were killed and many more were injured.
In an attempt to explain why the police had failed to prevent the explosion the
Home Secretary, Gathorne Hardy, told the House of Commons that: ‘It appeared that
that mode of carrying out the
design of which they received
information did not strike those
who were set to watch the
outside of the prison, because the
policeman
Moriarty
walked
along by the side of the wall
when the cask was there, and
nearly all his clothes were blown
off
in
consequence
of
the
explosion. What their attention
was apparently directed to was
Corporation Lane after the explosion. The prison wall is
on the right
the undermining of the wall.
They thought it would probably be blown up from underneath, and had no conception
that it would be blown down in the way it really was done’.
Barrett was arrested and although he admitted to being a Fenian he protested
his innocence to the end. He was executed at Newgate prison in May 1868, becoming
the last person to be publically hanged in England.
It would be unfair to suggest that Mayne was unaware of the major
developments in firearms design that had been taking place (according to Those
Entrusted With Arms by Frederick Wilkinson (2002) Colt Navy ‘cap and ball’
percussion revolvers had been purchased, probably by the Admiralty, for the Met
officers at Woolwich Dockyard in 1854) but it was not until January 1866 that he
decided to withdraw the outdated weapons including all those supplied to mounted
officers, inspectors and Thames Division. A police order directed that: ‘The whole of
the pistols, powder flasks, and bullet moulds, now in the possession of Police, are to
be sent to Commissioner’s Office [Scotland Yard], on Monday 29th.’
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Early Police Firearms
Revolvers were then issued in their place although their origins are unclear.
The most likely suggestion seems to be that they were .442 calibre Beaumont-Adams
‘cap and ball’ percussion revolvers on loan from the army.
There are also records of ‘revolvers and cutlasses’ being issued to some
officers in Warwickshire Constabulary and of the
Warrington Borough Police being ‘issued on
government orders with enough revolvers and
ammunition to arm each member of the force’. In
October 1867 the Head Constable of Birkenhead
Borough Police, Major F. Beswick, reported that he
had received thirty revolvers from Chester Castle and
.442 calibre Beaumont-Adams
in 1868 the chief constable of Caernarvonshire Constabulary, Thomas Ellis, was told
by his watch committee to ‘apply for six revolvers and 250 rounds of ammunition
from the Board of Ordnance’. Birmingham City Police and Cheshire Constabulary are
known to have had single-shot muzzle-loaded percussion pistols at about this time and
it is very likely that they and many more of the 220 police forces in England and
another 24 in Wales were supplied with revolvers from military ordnance stores.
The First Official Firearms Training
Few officers would have been familiar with these newfangled ‘revolvers’ and
so on 20 December 1867, a week after the explosion at Clerkenwell prison, Mayne
ordered the start of the first ever official police firearms training in the Met. He
directed that: ‘Five Constables from each [of ten listed divisions] are to parade on
Wormwood Scrubbs [sic] at 11 am, 23rd, to be instructed in Revolver Drill under
Inspector Nightingale (A). Each man is to carry his revolver and 10 rounds of
ammunition with him.’
To most people Wormwood Scrubs is the name of a prison (built between
1875 and 1891) but to the north of it is still one of the largest areas (nearly 200 acres)
of common land to be found in London. In 1812 the area surrounding it was
completely rural and it was leased to the army for exercise purposes. The Tower
Hamlets Militia was given the job of turning it into a cavalry training ground and by
Page
13
Early Police Firearms
the early 1860s a rudimentary rifle range had been built in the south-east corner for
(and probably by) the newly-formed part-time Volunteer Rifle Corps.
At 2 o’clock in the afternoon of Christmas Eve 1867 another fifty men,
together with a superintendent and four inspectors, were required to attend a similar
course of training at the same place. On Boxing Day, Nightingale gave training to
forty-two officers at a privately-owned range at the ‘Museum of Fire-arms, Rye-lane,
Peckham at 10.45 a.m.’ and another fifty at the range at Wormwood Scrubs the
following day. On 27 December the force was told that: ‘Returns are to be sent in,
28th, shewing [sic] the position or name of place where each Rifle Range or Butts, or
other place which would be available for revolver practice is situate on each
Division’. Firearms training was to be extended force-wide with the inspectors and
sergeants who had been trained passing on what they had learned to their men.
Between August 1868 and January 1869 a
total of 622 ‘Adams Breech Loading Revolvers’
were supplied from the Tower of London to
Scotland Yard to be collected by sixty-three
divisional sergeants for distribution to police
stations around the Met. These were the first Britishmade revolvers to use breech loading and the design
Adams .450 calibre breech-loading
revolver
had been patented in 1867 by Robert
Adams’s brother, John, who shortly
afterward set up the Adams Patent
Small Arms Company. At the time
the weapons were issued, force orders
directed that: ‘The revolvers and
ammunition
which
have
been
supplied to Divisions for temporary
use are to be returned to this Office
[Scotland Yard] by the Serjeant [sic]
who attends here tomorrow’. According to Adam’s subsequent advertising material
the City of London Police (and probably other major forces) adopted the same
weapon.
Page
14
Early Police Firearms
Ten rounds of ammunition were issued with each revolver but, although there
are contemporary references to the guns being carried by the police, usually in
connection with the guarding of Fenian prisoners, no record has yet been found of an
Adams revolver being fired operationally.
Right - Fenian prisoner escort 1870.
Some of the police officers are
probably carrying Adams revolvers
Left - Fenian prisoner escort 1883. The
police officers on top of the coach are
carrying what can only be Adams
revolvers and those on horseback have
their sabres drawn
Mayne died in office on 26 December 1868 while the Adams breech-loading
revolvers were still being distributed and Labalmondiere took over temporarily until
the appointment of Sir Edmund Henderson in 1869. Although they had no way of
knowing it at the time, both will be involved in far-reaching developments to do with
police firearms in the years to come.
Note:
A version of this article was first published in Jane’s Police Review dated 18 May
2007. It is reproduced with permission © IHS Global Limited. Additional material is
© Mike Waldren.
Were there any developments to do with police firearms in your force/area during this
period of history? If so please contact [email protected].
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Appendix I
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Appendix II
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