Ant Farm - alumni
Transcription
Ant Farm - alumni
------ I j I . I I I .:. Uf'JTIl IT ALl.ED THe Ral", f(ilCIN'" A CORNER ........ = TAKE REFU6e 1, f I , I The INFLATOCOOKBOOK was first published in Jan. 197 1 by Ant Farm.It was our attempt to gather information and skil l s learned in process and present it in an eas il y access i bl e format. That INF LATOCOOKBOOK came l oose leaf in a vinyl bin der that we fabricated in our warehouse in Sausa li to. The first print in g was 2000 copies . 7H I i-I' '! :z '-I E~ I (?;" /:., The experiences that qualified us as ' Inflatoexperts' occurred over an 18 month period in which we designed. built, and erected i nflatab l es for a variety of cl i ents and situat i ons.Charley Tilford showed Ant Farm how to make fast, cheap in flatag l es out of polyethylene and tape and support them with used fans from Goodwi l l . That was in the fall of 1969. The first one bui l t was the l arges t, a 10Q'xlOO' white p ill ow that was bui l t for t he ill fated Wtl d We~t Fest i val in San Francisco, then after be i ng turned down fo r Stewart Brand's Liferaft Earth Event, final l y had i ts day at Altamont . There fo ll owed a year in which we built numerous demo -in f l atables at schools, .conferences, festivals and gatherings around the state of California and beyond. ANT FARM at that time was: Andy Shap i ro, Kelly Gl oger, Fred Unterseher, Hudson Marquez, Chip Lord, Doug Hurr, Mi chael Wright,Curtis Schre i er, Joe Hall, and Doug Miche l s. : J I The INFLATOCOOKBOOK was w~ i tten, designed, and put together by: Ch i p Lord, Curtis Schreier, Andy Shapiro, Hudson Marquez , Doug Hurr, Doug Mich els .with he l p from: Sy l via Oreyfus, Char l ey Tilford, and Sot iti Kitrilakis . '"o..; ~. w Z Th i s SECOND PRINTING (July 1973) takes on a new form for ease of printing and di stribution. It gets a new cover and binding. and some mate rial has been omitted for update. St ill its a good buy at the or i gi nal price of 3 .00$, only at one place; thats Box 471 San Francisco Ca lif 9410 1 I I .-"~ ,. I J.... - ® ANT CORPS 1973 , ~ ENTRANCE '" ~~==~ OIL MASSAGE , ~ L • - -: I THE WOf\LOtS LAf\GEST SNAK.E • --I ,, . '- I MEDIA VAN l: DETAIL , .,, 5D ,:jji"' ... ---. ~""":-"-.--.. .. .... . . .-.. r 1 The World's Largest Snake Alph abe t • Electro as i s -in stan t media & The Universa l Mass Consumption Grid Erection Americ an shopping centers Livi n ' & jivin' - a &: b SECTION at CADDY o r uni ve r si t y a utoma ton s /sta. - c&e Ultrasonic media blasts from d Blow it up - f The World ' s Largest Snake eats videoscreens - g & a 5 man crew explores limits, blows up buildings , de s troy Fat City, build real (C)it"y Solar energy, dreams, enviroyesterday mobiletomorrow AND We give LO X energy credits with fillup. SECTION at CLOUD WORLD'S LARGEST, SNAKE TRU CK SEC TION SNAKE RATTLE & ROLL ROOM 57 --.- L -- \..-I"-'-'UT - .. • . Notice the .wrinkles nesr the shoulder of the bag. ' With a.knlfe ,c ut.s 3" slit ACROSS the wrink.les. Notice , what h.appens. -immediately, to the hole. Now try Bgainl- deflate the bag and tape the hole with your tape - then turn the blowers on again. This time the holes. Adjust tlie size of the neckho/e by.pinching it closed - the tautness or limpness of the structure if under your control. Tape the neckhole shut and inflate fully_ ." - what it does.. Try this again at 8 pl,!ce whim, mskels slit ALONG one of the wrinkles. Notice -.." ." . tq th'ere Bre no wrinkles. Any differet/ce? Of the ntb, which way would you cut if you were door and you wanted ~onserve m~kjng 8 3. ' Get some thicker plastic fDmBwhere. B/r? on flatcar loads of gypSuk wallboard. Large Large orange or red pIeces c'ome as covers can seal if she structure finer and you·remember of material 9.42 - the' 2" polyethindustry is good. flat it is hard black pieces come stapled to the side of a • two-part mobile home, ~s it 90es down the ; i ,ear pieces are used highway. Black an by construction ere to cover th{nfl$ up and to put under timere slabs... A r8il1 find is clear plastic reinfo!fed wi(h~nYlon mesh used in areenhouses.. Make sure that the piece is -. I -r p, , 1= • T· DONALD DUCK \ . get people inside. The freedom and instIl- ¢i:J'A1?fER 1 OF THE LNf'L~TO..coO}{BOOK ;.'·. #h~~baggie from MO;(ier's kt~e,. Hold the end - -' ~~and scoo~ ;11 ~m8 air. $~ Ahe e~d _':'?as~ you hadn't figured qu t a reason or eXClf~e, w.hY to build inflatable '~': :A-'C~'~~S~ iN G,ETTING- ~\QUAJ~,(ED WITH' I~~~T~~~~}" 8~~n~ironment where the wa~'$ a~e. constantly bec~n:~ng the ceiling becom"es,obvious 85 soon as you . biliry of t~mple, suffoc'atio~ "AO ~ay ~n;'ng ",~-IJ:r I~l~ be com}:g!n :hIu;.~~~/~~~ ~:" tB~ :~'~~ thru 50 Yau C9f1lmagme iJ long baggle, With one hundrBdpeople sealed mslde and real· ize that the ~ir p~rm~neritIY entrained could (lot Isst 19f19, unless you had. enough plants m With them. Scotts, maker Bnd taker of green, says that a 50 by plot of fawn turf releases enough oxygen to supply a family of ~ >('. , four. _ . '. 2, Gersome clf1!1ner bags, you kn~w, those all·plastic ones with all the dreadfu{ warnmgs about this is nqta toy, and ger same scotch .tape and lay rands on ~'{blower of ~me kind. a small fan. Mqther's:hair dryer I:~ ideal and a vacupm cleaner blower is powerful. Tape the ppen end 'o f the, cleaner bag around the delivery end of wha tever bloWBrjpr arot/?d the guard of the fsn. -Turn on thl! power, Notice wrat happens, even thougrh the nack hola of the bag has been left oPtn. For the structure to become i'lflated, more seafing:~/I and rh,e ceding the floor and the door IS rollmg around the clli/my somewher6 " wlrh tape. _Essentially all inflatables work by encapsulating air witJjJn -B closed ;;iembrsne. fflle8~ a (otof e"nergy that is usually confined by the xyz planes of rhe nortn81 '1i .. 'SOt;In.you will b,egin to notice'the bag gettlrig lim~r.' Obyiously, air iUJcaping thru boX-foom. The new-dimensional space becomes more or Jess whatever people dflo '" h'6les apd creases in your lousy taping job, Rep68t tM {J)(psriment using Iho t knife to a cide i t ;s _ a a funhouse, a torture device, i/pleasure dome. A ' $fiji th'e O!J.en end By the across the except fi small orifice, the paggle,can be b/~wn yp tightly lI.ke a rubber balloon jJnd ualtHJIW"th. touc_ of' confereflC6, party, wedding, 'meeting, regular Saturday afternoon bllComes.,8 festival. , " ~ hot Iran: N~t1ce the wrlnk~es m. the p lastIc, if you hav~ bll!.'im .It up tightly. , '. ~'X '\,. To unfold, infla te and see each o ther in a black white red purple cloudballoon can (can ditions right) help to break down people'; category walls about each other and their own .. . . ' . abilities and can be a hmt at the Jdea that maybe maybe any,body can should ,;ust take space.making beautifying inco her, his o wn hands. ... . --'-- -- ,~ ,, ,. I I ; 7lI" pft~1u " 5 , ' -----.--.----~- ; '/#" h.,, / @.---r-",\\' CUT ME OUT ;II I " I Tape stripS of poly together mto a large square . . . . ,, , , ,, L _ ____ _ __ ' ' - - - -- -- - ~ Fe\ d edse'5 over and tape .. _. . . STICK ME ON f LAG · l Make tube for , mfl-ate & etlt-entrv-siit-:-;-spend the nIsht t08@t\qe-r.--- ~. ," . ._, ".- , - KIDS .u: .u: .u: ~i[j!L ~U!L ~ ~ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ i \ \ \ d ------- ---- - - GEOMETRY ! Pt£cE., ( ,,+ I \ ~I ~I .. ! ~! -w I L ~ ,, -' ~-----fI , " , . ..... • ".#'J ,, , ., ", ,,", ,'/ ,, ,, ""- \ , , ',! -"- , ,. . , ,, ~ ietrahedron ~; ,, ,, ~ , ,, , '- -, .' " -. , ~? " ,, "- .. , . --~ -- I ~ as . ~ - -_._-_ ..' . - = - ~ CO LOR or: COLO R The most easily available colors are clear and black (used in concrete construct ion wor k) but white and colored poly can also be found. Clear is decidedly magical. Its drawbacks arerthat it gets tremendously hot inside if there is sun and it is a hot day. It can cook the people inside and the grass underneath. T h is can be turned to good advantage in cool we~ther for solar heat or, in warme r wea ther good lor water environments, sauna baths, oil ma1ssages, etc. Be careful of leaving a clear bubble on a green lawn for too long as it will ste~m tKe grass in its own juice in a few hours if the sun is hot. White reflects heat, but it ge; s very bright inside. You can project on it at night or bounce colored lights around ins'ide it. One good design compromise is a half white/half clear bubble - you can put the white side up to the sun or t he clear side up on cool o r cloudy days. It's best to find shade, or bring your own _ a big P<lrachute over a bubble helps a great !:leal on hot d ays. F rosted poly is best for rear projection, whi te for front projection (although white will work for rear projection - it just isn't quite as bright an image). Some poly sold as clear is w hat is called "natural" whic h is slightly frosted, although not frosted enough to work we ll for rear projection. With usage, clear becomes frosted - you can facilitate the process by rubbing it un,til the static charge picks up dust. Colored poly gives a fine colored light inside. Sources for colored poly are 1) sheetrock and some other building materials are shipped on Ilatcars covered wi th 20'X50' sheets of colored poly. Talk to the people who unload the cars. Orice we got a brand new red cOlIer from the US Gypsum factory in Ho uston. 2) Colored po.iy dropcloths from paint or hardwara stores. 3 ) Manufacturers of gas station and used earl lot banners. Bergman BanMrs in San Francisco stocks nine colors in 36" width (4 mil) and sells it for. $.03/sq.ft. 4) Union Carbide will make any color for you in lots of 5,000 Ibs. It i"oossible to buv colors that thev alreadv have in 1,OOO-lb.lots. _ _ .-._ ¥ We started out using four mil (.004") for everything (it's cheapest) but now we use 6 mil wherever we can _ 6 mil strikes a pretty good balance between cost and longevity. The life~pan of the membrane depends on 1) the surface the bubble will sit on (grass is bestl 21 that the wind will do to it (High winds may destroy the plastics just by the force of the wi d, but more often the damage is done by the wind ripping the poly on branches, corners of hings, etc,); 3) the use it is put to. Public events with high energy sources such as ro ck music tend to wear hard - stable uses such as greenhouses or sleeping places tend to wear weil. Under optimum conditions (minimum sun & wind) the material should last about a year. 4) (for public places particularly) understanding of the nature of the material by the people using it. Users need to be made aware, someho~, to take off their shoes before entering, not to walk on (through) the walls, not to tear the doors as they go through, and not to block the air·supply tunnels, Generally we try to reinforce areas of heavy usage and make air tunnels where you can't get to t hem or make them big enough to crawl in without blocking the air flow. It's better to design in durabi lity than have to pol ice the vulnerable details (e.g., sel f·closing doors in Geometry section). PO( YETHYLENE - (dictionary definition) impervious to moisture, lighter than water, tou~h, pliable. outst anding at dielectric high frequenc ies; excellent chemical resistance. We used polyethylene because of low cost CInd easy handling. With a material as abstract as a micro-thick plastic film, and easy to join as polyethylene, one can transit the entire design-then-build process in such a short time 85 to be able to see the process as II whole. In th is sense polyethylene can be a medium lor learning about whole design processes. MATERI A LS " _I _ H 1.6~ 1<\0 CLEAR NA N.A WHITE 2¢ '2 :2~ l.b4 1.1 d; BLACK Mr. Zimmler is a fine !lJY. He doesn't like to fill orders smaller than $100. He can send an o rder by UPS air freight to San Francisco in three days. He will cut his 9 mil vin yl tape (for use on polyethylene) to any width. Price is $1.20/inch of width for a 36 yd. roll in any color except clear (which comes in 4" only and is about $4.50/roll1. The 4" clear stuff is very good for on the spa', patching. 3" width is good in the colored tape. J im Cook (who has a good de al of experience in poly inflatables which he is usually pretty open to sharing) sells 4" wide polyethylene tape (36 yd rolls) which is also excellen t tape. The price is comparable to Arista's on 4" clear but the service isn't quite as fast. ' , 'C " ",* J'i!"' ~ ~ .,~ . _. - p.---- - -.-. r-- P' - Let us know of any other good sources and we will publish the info. H. T. McGill Co. P.O. Box 5 17 4511 Front St. Brookshire, Texas 77423 Arista Custom Tape Co. Foot of Farm Ad. Secaucus, N.J. 07094 864·3131 Tape can be had from: or: TAPE Polyethylene can be heat·sealed, but we use tape because it eliminates hardware, can be used in t he fie ld, and the technique can be mastered by large n umbers of people. The most common kind o f tape is 2" poly tape available from most polyethylene outlets, but it's not the best. Good tape comes in wider sizes, and is much stronger (it the seam is taped well, the poly will ri p before the seam). TAP E Also see attached Sears price list .. (Note: Prices in San Francisco aren't low for building materials. Price per square foot doesn't seem to increase for larger size pieces. White only comes in 4 miL) hrMll &v.t1 WE.IGHT 4 n<l11 Best prices we've found in the San Francisco Area (per sq.ft.) -_ .- I ·L- Building supply stores are the most widespread sources of polyethylene (good last minute, Saturday sources) but packaging houses and concrete construction supply companies usually are cheaper and carry a larger stock of different weights and sizes of black and clear. They can usually order white (in San Francis50 area, the Visqueen distributor has whitr. . . L or: TAPING PROCESS He had to do a lot of talki ng to get it at that price. There are a lot of companies producing mylar now, but we haven't investigated. Again, let us know what you find out. Si lvered mylar is a good refl~tjve surface and VERY magical. 2 mil mylar is roughl y 'equivalent in strength to Gor a mil poly, and it can be taped together li ke poly. Joh n Reeves in Boston got a quantity of it from Eiser Ind ustr ies in Revere, Mass. for $.20/sq.ft. POLYESTE R (mylar is a trade name for polyester) Someone from Oregon sez: You can seal poly with a regular clothes iron (Teflon if possible). rl'!e quality of the seam va ries greatly with the skill of the person who is seaming, so practice fi~st. I saw a dome bubble that got destroyed by the wind as the seams had been heat·sealed this way by amateurs. Put a couple pieces are cardboard together up right under the overlapping edges and rUn the iron along it smoothly and evenly. HEAT SEA LIN G Th is is best worked out by you, partly depending on the number of people you have taping togethe r. AVO IO WRINKLES in t he tape ilS the wrinkles will gather water, particularty when th e bubble is left uninflated in the rain. This will eventually destroy the bond of ilny of these tapes. TAP ING PROC ESS • tekture. There is also a company in Houston named Griffolyn that produces this stuff. dqn't know how their prices compare. 'I (See Sears catalog page.) This is fine, strong stuff, alt hough a little difficul t to tape due to REI NFORC ED POLY good reinforcing for places that get heavy stress o r traffic, like doors ilnd where t u~nels join floors. " I t'~ ,. CdNTACT PAPER (the stuff you put on shelves, " lVI~h"" , I",,,,_ 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) (. (0Y self·exti ngu ishing properties of inflated polyethylene rip through exit doors (thinness of the poly) the huge number of doors you have length of time required to deflate the building wit h holes in it the pressure at which the buildings runs t he number of CFM of air you are providing per person how powerful your back up fan is (this is a must for public events) Good things to talk about with Fire Marshalls: 'WI [.>Of j Fire codes are necessary, witness c ircus tent fire tragedies. T hey are usually primarily concerned wi th exits in public structures. Polyethylene inflatables have a vi rtual 360' exit because anyone can rip his way ou l, but this is someti mes hard to communicate to a fire marshall :"ecause he will have no precedent for allowing that type of ex it. He wilt also want to test the fire resistance of t he membrane itself, usually by holding a small piece of it over a bunsen burner for ten seconds. then removing it. If it remains burning for mo re than two seconds it is not considered self·extinguishing. However, when the polyethylene is inflated, the structu re has internal pressure which wo rks to extinguish the flame as soon as it burns through the membrane. (Charley Tilford in New York has done some research o n this and has a fi lm of his efforts.) Try to explain this. We put up inflatables in many public situations wit h mixed success - we did not get approval from t he San l eandro Fire Marshall for Stewart Brand's hunger show. but we did get approval (wi t h the diligen t a id of Dr. Frank Oppenheimer) for an intermedia event in the Palace of Fine Arts in San F rancisco. We didn't consult a fire marshall before Altamont. but remember you are responsible for the safety of your struc tu re. Ve've never had any injuries due to str uctural failure. =rom Tensile Structures, Volume One by Fret Otto: " ... pneumatic buildings are safer :han any other form of structure. The main advantage of the pneumatically stretched nembrane is its small weight; eve n with spans of more tha n 100m. the weight of the .tructure does not exceed 3kg/sq.m. Even jf the compressed air supply should fail, it YOuld take a long time for large envelopes to collapse, since the enclosed air can leak out lilly slowly. Even large holes and tears are not dangerous. Although the pressure d rops luite rapidly. the force due to the weight of the membrane is so small t hat, in large :nv'i!lopes. it may take days before the enclosed air escapes even if the openings are large." 3AFETY CODES AND THI: I-IHt: RECYCLING The best way to recycle polyethylene is to reuse it, but when it gets many holes in it, it is no longer good as a rain cover. The worst thing you can do with it is to put it in a garbage can - it will probably end up as land fill and ne ver decompose. The best thing you can do with it is BURN it. When polyet hy lene burns it breaks down into CO 2, H20, and carbon which is the ugly black smoke produced but whic h will precipitate out of the air quickly and be absorbed by the earth. It is possible to recycle poly chemically, but it's an elaborate process and all the big manufacturers find it more profitab le to make it from fresh natural resources (petroleum), We think inflatable shelter is a much bener use for petroleum than buming it in an internal combustion engine. We also like inflatables because they aren' t in any one place long enought to leave marks on the earth after they're gone. --~ . - - ..' • Clear Polyethylene .... u..... 10 tQ. Mesh-:teinforoed Plastic . Black Polyethylene "'...... ll!.o . . . _- tL--4 mil· 10dl tt."'" low.. •• "bout FHA ...... 1 Nt~ • . xlllO).lL"'" 3 . . thAD Steel.niDforad. Woyera wire meSh, DOI1-ravd edges, d~ mo.tcd with liquid c:dIub.e ~te. BumiDa' ~ of 9>:10t mesh is 1091bs.; of lul4t mesh lS71bs. Lub sevo::nJ. seasons. Cut With scissors. 0 lo.r.o-1t. - ' ..... " mild....., Keeps out ~ Jjght, ultra-violet raY$. Lasl$ J to s times loaget in · sunli&bt tlwI dea:r polyethylene. Salt-proof, WOIl't rot ot' paint-proof, oil-proof .. can't becWDaged by COI". rosive compost « 5ibge ..ods. Cut to tile willi scisaon. Available in 6 to fO-tt. width!. Utility Plastic for ~~: atm.. ~, .carpets" 11 0",(2 1 Milk-white tnnSluCJeft1 30 iDc:he -..ilk. Giyas ~ effect OD. -b&thmom 1Irindows, shower doon.. IckaI. f..- temporvy . carpet tuIIDer5. Diamond embossed 6Jm (1) hugNaterslip~ ribOed fdm (2) is "'IOl'e pliable; both typQ c:aD. be easily deaud by ' shaking. Sold pel" foot or in I~ rO&. . _. &.~ Fi..... "2 ltibbocl fi... . . ", 1 ~MOnd l'u it. Shippiq ...t.. • oz. . Per It. ShiJl1)iD« 1Ri«bt .. = 32:oa.m~';~2f~ 32 W42276C . _: •...•.... S30..!I5 . 32~~·;'i:iibr2f: .. 32 W 42272C ••••.•.... _.$19095 ,1,' AccesaorieIJ to ~ anchor plastics , l [j~~~~r~~~~[~~~~; 1ncl000000oitdoor V{oterproof CIaTh Tope. 60-£1. 3;l W.4291~ lridth. W1. 6 oz.. Roll $1.19 Daub..-fcc.d Mounting Tape. Strong ivory paper lrith adhesive t.cklllf on b:>th sides.. 54-11. roll. nw 429l1~-in.1ridth. W1." oz.•••. Roll 7k .A",",~ ,!o.11e Cloth Tap •• W~~roof. M&kei:.... cdlm\ sealant for air duct.., }OUIlII( Qr :1IIOUi..1iriiplastiC sboetIna:. 6O-foot ron. 2-1n.. width. ·l2"W-.4291:1-';'WU lb ..••.••• . : •.•... •Roll $1.65 . \'.t:b..·tNdc·... mill 0ne ....1 I._"""",,*,,,",, troo ., -~ -~'" .............. --. -; (. quidtly. Crowns all 2x2·llIch pn:smre 5e115itive tape. ond I Snap Fallene ... 10 Snap waOO 04 Studs on 5tape ocwood SCIt1JS. eachrovtn per pkg. Tape -lItOUnted dud. for smooth surfac:ea. 32 W429D3-Pq . '" 10. Wt." 0&. . • . , •••••• pq. fie Screw-in Stud. lor rough surfaces.. . 32 W~Pq. of 10. WL 4 01.. •••••• ••• ·. Pq. 99c: Breon G _. t.d Pla,tIc Ti. DowI\J.. ;Pressure. 4 5 6 sensitive a.dhesive. 4.!ix2.in. 32 W42902-Pq. 01 10. WL 4 oz. .•. ...... •.•• pq. 990:. Molding Strip. Rei!! treated e&rd~, taW. For moullting sheeting. " in. by 36 in. long.. . 32 W~5-Pq. oi l s.. WL 1 lb. .••••••....•• Pte. SSt , '7 8 grouod. IutlOrl 510.... 101" -anchoring ph$tk 61n;long, DOtchtd. Pkt. of 40. 13 W'lml -5hiPPinll .. ~~' p/:', J;.~~ ~ht ~ 6 " " - . ....... pq. til $1~ . ,1 Since.polyethylene is so light (1200 sq.ft. of 4 mil weig~s about 20 Ibs. ) a fa n usual ly is a I .~ I better air source than a blower. A blower gives more pressure than is necessary to support the weight. Blowers tend to be high-pressure low-volume ai r sources; fans give out more air at lower pressure. In measuring t he output of a fan o r blower there are two considerations: number of cubic feet per minute (CFM) of air delivered and the static pressure at which that air is delivered. A water manometer is an easy W<1'( to measure static pressure. A manometer will give you a lot of interesting and useful information about your bubble. Wind effects, for example, do not always increase the pressure inside the bubble (see Anchoring section) . You can tet1 how mu(:h pressu re your seams w ill wi thstand. Make your seams strong enough to withstand 2/5" pressure, because windloading is best withstood by maintaining a tight skin. If the skin isn't tight, the wind will make a sail in·the side of the bubble and then you .are a~,th .. wind's mercy ... I ,.'.".i ,- , ... Remembe r that for a public event it is . ~ I ~ ... necessary to have a back-up fan that will •• , "' • support t he whole bubble if t he nu'mbe r . (' .1...(, '" " J ... .~ , (./ • one fan should fai l. Each fan must be " • \..·v . -:.ro' . _, - ' capable of supplying at least 5 CFM per person indise the bubble. Having a working generator on hand is iI good idea if your power source is at all dubious. (We have panicked when a fuse inside a locked building blew.J' This;s the 100' pil low before we put a net on it. When it was half inflated, we stopped inflating it to patch up t he little strings we had taped to it for tie·downs. A storm blew up and the wind made the 40'X l 00' sail tl1at you see in this picture. All the little string9 popped and the bubble took off. We finally stopped it by cutting a 60' slit in the back side to release all the air. Imagining a sail boat with a sail t hat big will give you an idea of t he magnitude of force involved. This was an . . - . _ - - ' - - _ . _ ...... extreme case of low pressure, bu't you get the idea . . . rl A good source of fans and specifications on fans is Grainger's (a national chain of wholesalers). ' They sell a large variety of fans and blowers, each one listed in the catalog with its output. I usually try to match up a used fan r am buying with something in their catalog for an output estimate. To get a catalog or buy from them you have to show some company credentials or a purchase order, but it is worth the hassle as t heir prices are abo ut 1/2 to 3/5 retail. A new fan is usually cheaper than a used one in the long run jf you get it wholesale, " but any fan you can get for free can be made to work. (Beware of used fans for public events, though, unless you are sure the fan is good. About the best fan we've used for medium-sized inflatables is Charley Tilford's old-time office fan that he talked the city of New York out of whe n they air-conditiOf'led some offices. This fan is a 24" diameter, l' h.p., direct-dri..,e, two-speed fan with' a cast-aluminum, t h ree-prop air-foil blade and a sturdy, c lose-mesh guard. This fan probably put out about 5,000 CF M at 0" pressure and maybe 4,000 at 1''' pressure. Hav ing a strong guard on any fan is important if there are going to be any general public, little kids, or stoned people. . ! >. Charley cut down the pedestal so that the fan was near to the ground for more stability. The easiest way to attach the air tunnel to this type of fan is to tape it directly to the 'blade guard (another reason for a strong guard). Since the building will probably move around - especially if there is no net and the bubble is on a hill or in the wi nd - it is a good idea to make the air supply tunnel long enough so that the building can move without pulling the fan over. We've lost some good fans t his way. (A good invention might be some skids on the bottom of your fans.) de1ivery tube ~ ~?"'~ eJ" best fan for large bubbles (used on the 100' pillow) is a four-foot diameter, six·blade . * -:;e:~;~ii:P::o::w::,:,;~ed by a h.p. motor. We scrounged this fan from a house that got The original motor (l' h.p.) got burned out by a faulty generator, so test your ... if at all possible. If you are renting a generator get the rental place to test it for you. The replacement '%. h.p. motor we got (and all the fans and blowers we've gotten since) has overload protection. This is simply a device inside the motor that shuts t he motor oft automatically when the motor overheats (due to overloading, incorrect voltage, etc.). The page from the Craftsman Motor Selection and Installation Guide shows how motor speed relates to fan speed determined by pulley sizes. This is a good booklet you can get from Sears. (HOW TO SELECT AND INSTALL ELECTRIC MOTORS) The attic fan puts out about 15,000 CFM at 0" and very approximately 12,000 at 1/8". A STRONG mesh guard high ly recommended. ""," screen is good. (Hinge pins a re remdveabfe for transporting.) i il I Charley recommends this fan for medium to big inflatables. This frame is made with e lectrical conduit. Included are the specs for this fan from the Grainger catalog. 12" TO 24" VENTURI-FRAME EXHAUST FAN KITS .,, 1200 to 6IOCI CFM. 1 &. 2·Speltd Tot . ll y En ( lose-Q' C.yton Motol"$. A lulllinu m Blltdes U" FAN :::mab~~ffi!l!~~~~~or~ $27• 69 at a savinI up to 30%. Tb.l.II venturi_fr.me prefl!ITed everywhere lftI s. u. bec.nse of ealle of Installation IlIId efficient ventUaUon. Kit comes complete. Totally-enclo&ed Dmon 1500 RPM sbaded pole or 1725 or 1725/1140 RPM .splitp'base, llSV. 60 Cy. motors: Motors 1 ~~ied.u~':J~.:t r:nt1~l:ee:=. Q~Ie!i~'1= frame with venturl dlschule. A bible prepunched motor hue taatent to vert cal. suPPort. with O-boIL'l supplied. Panel has mOWltlDJr hole ' In each comer tor easy, seeu", mountlnJC.l1arcI_ ware kit included. Panels are 4"" wider I nd hlll:her than fan blade sUe. For Ihutten, see ru,"",";-'.L!'""""e·,·~~",c=",.,----;;;;...",;;:;",;;;-' 8c\'~ RPM c~ ~. ~O:- . 1ItU.!I ~~; s:~. lroo 1200 1/20 7C867 S3O.3O $18.12 $ 17.53 13 .J ,II WARN ING, Fl)NKY GENERA TORSI EAT FAN MOTORS ;1 10 rNn our/fllldtd. moror nn burn ;1 oul. ~~"'iHUO,,sl, DD", ",. rI,.". If f r« citaJblion of ai. 10 • molD' is Il:IlriCfN (by di rt. "'s or p~~r, Of closing ,I up ,n J boll) il ove,heau - may bu.n 0111. Kul' mOIOT ...d d,/,. If u~d ,,·hUt ..·nod ch'!". dUll. t iC. Can ~nlU 'n. "de. blo ... oul Ihe inler 'o ....ilh dry compruH:d a,. - or UK a " I(\Iorn cleaner. DON'T "SUFFOCATE" MOTOR When \'(l ltl gc at n>O<OI drop .. u l cdr the ' liM ching I.. p~nl H .. hn1 .he motor is o~rlo.dN. W ith 100 link " /ud" ;1 is (in eRea) "" crworlced - hen .. up _ and "'ill burn 0IJc. UK Imple siu ,,·iring. DON'T LET VOLTAGE DROP I'~cl o.~rll»ding 1 DON'T OVERLOAD MOTOR 1».. .. D,;"" DI.: ~ ~",., _ $oo"i '.I M.,t.l•• ito_.I_ot bUllon, al .... ys ....;1 /0' tlolor 10 fOol 1.'/0" ----- 1 3 '."ll I! I- I~ I~ ,1m ~ ~ - -- plrn. Any trouble "'Ih 1l:' J«ling .. ill probably be due 10 du.ll between the con •• eu - and bID ....· ing :I"'y the dUllI, Or simply holding the bllnon in firmly ... ill correct thi,. UlIing the n:«t. Ntrn hammer the n:.J« <if ;1 S«mS 10 ~Hick " ), u this ..iII brnk oIf the _ilCh rest( If you hI ve an ""e.load pl1M«tOf ... ith a m:lnual USE RE·SET PROPERLY Motora with b .....ze belr;nae d o reqlllre oe· ceel"",1 _ 1."1 ..ot 100 I"",u~ ..' 0, ,.cessi". ' - lubric.tl on . It ' , beel to check "'a rl,.. e nd edd • few drope each Om.. Too ",,,eb oil cen c eu . . trouble by celtina Ollt of the burlnl: Into the molD •• LUBRICATE MOTOR PROPERLY ;~ If ~ W !! ~ f ~ ~ iI' f-.\ ' ~ ~ ? • .. , - I L I t.. ' I ....--r--"'l • 8!tlllltlHlI., --- ~~, Volume (tt3) '" CFM required Inflation Time (min.) Inflation Time Imin.! - -- --_. __ ._-_. 3) How fast you want to Inflate the bubble. It is unusual that you would want to inllate the bubble so fast that the size fan required would be larger than that reQt.liredby the cooling requirements. But if you do use this as a design factor, take a rough estimete of the volume of the bubble (in cubic feet), divide by the number of minutes you want to take to inflate the bubble, and the quotient is the the required CFM output for the f~ 1) The pressure at which the bubble will be running. Th is is determmed by tn~ size end shape of the bubble in relation to the wind. This is dealt with in the "Anchoring" chapter. Running pressure is about llb/sq.ft. (lIS" pressure in a water manometer) . Under heavy wind as much as 2 Ib/sq.ft. may be needed. 2) Heat calculations. Unless you have access TO a giant heating or cooling system, your only controls over the temperature inside will be a. color of the polyethylene - clear gets the warmest, white is coolest b. shade - getting the bubble into the shade is by far the easiest and generally the most successful way to cool a bubble; frequently this is impoSSible, though c. how much air you pass through the bubble - these calculations are primarily what we are dealing with below Figuring out what size fan to use, in a more thorough way than just referring to thichart. It invol\/8$ taking into consideration all the demands on the fan. These are: SIZING FAN ·We bought a huge centrifugal blower at the flea markat, but the motor went out on UI after only two events. The problem, with used motors is that they only go out It crucial moments when there is the most strain on a motor, i.e., in a wind Of when there .are a lot of people going in and out. When you buy I used fan or blower, run it for 15 minutes first to see if it heats up. If this heats it up (hot to the touch), don't buy it, beclUse if it heats up with no load, it is almost sure to burn out under strein. The wheel on this blower is abou t 12" X 12". We have used the 0/. h.p, motor on ttlis blower, which probably puts out around 3500 CFM at IO"pressure and 3000 at J(," pressure. It would probably pop the seems of any bubble if thare were no air outlet (such as a door). " \~t'" 11\, ":Il~: ':1 ~ ~~-6' .,-'.{ "'; . L - , -~ -""=L The mOior fra~ should be conn«lN, by ... itt: of P""" "u uted in line 10 moIor, 10 • Mlil.ble ground (""'Ier pi,," or a grounding rod properly i.uullni) - biKh ro pl1Mcct you, and 10 prOicct lhe moeor in cue oJ an mlemal shon C;taJiL GROUHD MOTOR PROPERLY _.1'..'::. ________________ • PRECAUTIONS THAT WILL SAVE YOUR MOTOR ""-,. I .. ....,;., • ''''YIN polio, .p •• 4 ..... ~ . . . . . " , . l,n, ' ,... ...., ... f .... l . ~lO ' PM .... ,.. 4.. ~1. 1M , ... d, 1I".d. TIIO iIii.alilWf ItiiIs 11("" spttds of driven pullcys .. hen IIlinS nriouJ com· binations of dri~ and dri~ pulley I;U:II (in inche3). V.pulk)1 In: mnlured from cdSe. 10 edge ( .. o/ in gYllo,·t) . The following uble gives you the SELECTIIG PULLEYS aOOuI \/4 inch. If too Joos,e, Ilippige 01 the pulle)'ll .. ill "'u.r ;1 01.11. If too light, il ;ncreaxs motor load and wur on the MarinS'- ~.II.., -=-L -- -- 'C · A Ixl. Iho\Ild be jUSl liSN mougn SO thu '"ger PresAln: midway ~n pulleys .. ill deflect ;, --- . 'L j 0 i . 0 "cc \ I:. I I ~G:I C\ ~ ). ::t: ~! ~ S o I: .• Z G' -z IIJ~~ sl·· N V\ I~I~ • :::-- ..--- _.... -- - O· I( ~ --------- . , 7'" tf{ ' ' . .' + (iURVe. fill' P5I\AIIII'IAtIIZ -~ , ~ r It\Che5 w~er !'N1"IIre 1- ' I I I I I I -! - FAN _1I1'\.'\'T~ EXHAU~T 1M I-I.P. 24" VENlVRl fRAME the Grainger catalog. ' Us,i ng the given working pressure of II bubble to be 1 .. pressure (see " Anchoring" ) this particular fan will be putting out about 3500 CFM. . . 1 ----4 The specifications we are tryfng to' get for the fan can be expressed as II perform8floe curve. All the figures being dealt with here are approximations, 50 you will have to adiu.st your bubble operating condition according to what feels right when the bubble is up (more holes, choking the fan tunnel with II string, etc.). This curve is different for each fan. We will give as an example here the approximate curve for the 24" Venturi-Frame Exhaust Fan from - -,,- - , In order to arrive at how much ai r the fan is going to put into the bubble and how much area of holes it will take for this air to pass through the bubble whiie maintai ning the proper pressure in the bubble requires a series of calculations. Since the amount of air ~ aTI! going to pass through depends on the heating and cooling req uirements. we must figure out woat conditions ate going to make it hotter and how much ho tter, then balance this with the factors t hat are going to cool the bubble. HEATING FACTORS 1) sunshine 2) people. inside COO LI NG FACTORS 3) conduction through the bubble skin 4) passing air through the bubble How to figure these follows: 1) HEAT GAIN DUE TO SUNSH INE Heat gain due to sunshine is Very Approximately 300 BTU/sq. ft./hr. of direct sunshine (s un at 90 degrees to the su rface of the bubble). Heat drops off towards sunset o r as the angle the sun makes with the surface of the bubble diminishes. It should be noted here that if you're using white polyethylene, which you should be if you be somewhat less, are doing anything in the sun in hot weather, the heat 98in will but we will design for the maximum heat so we will have a little more cooling power than necessary rather than a little less.... 2) HEAT GAIN DUE TO PEOPLE INSIDE Heat gain due to people inside is very approximately 400 - 1,000 BTU/pe rson/hr. This depef,ds on the level of activity of t he people. If the bubble is going to be-in full sun, this figure will be negligible compared with the heat gain due to the sun. HEAT GAIN HEAT LOSS DUE TO CON DUCTI ON T HROUGH THE BUBB LE SKIN a '" (AH T HU) Q .. conduction loss in BTU!hr A " surface area of t he bubble (not counting that which is one the ground) T " the diffe re nce in temperature inside and outside the bubble in degrees Fahre nheit U " heat transfer coefficient for polyethy lene (a.bout 1.2) APP. HEAT GAIN DVE TO SUN 4) HEAT LOSS DUE TO PASSING A IR THROUGH THE BUBB LE c Qair .. heat loss in BTU/hr W Cp T 11 & 'i2 .. cubic ft. of air moved per hour .. heat capacity of air (about .016 BTU/ft 3 ) .. d ifference between inside and outsjde temperature in degrees Fahrenheit Now in order to use t hese fi gures, add together all the gains from heat and people. subtract from t his the heat loss due to cond uction, and solve the 4th formu la for W or the amount of air you are QOing to have to move. ...~ :::l :n 5)"" In order to pass this much ai r t hrough a bubble, it is necessary to have some holes fo r the air to flow out. To get a rough idea of how big these holes should be, we will use the fan performance curve (which has been dete rm ined by the above figuring) figure obtained above for the requ ired nu mber of CFM to be moved, and the following formu la: lpHv2 ) Pd "'2"G ... 0.:. <z: AN&LE TO e.U88~e -.:...1 " Pd = pressure drop at a hole (about 1Ib./sq.ft. P = density of air which is about .07 Ibs./ft.3 under normal conditions V = air velocity at the hole (in ft.Jsee.) G = acceleration due to gravity 2G :. 64 ft./sec.2 , \ v = (approx) 30 for normal conditions Within the figures for V are the variables we are playing with: LOOKS ? Q:1,+1PLEX V -.W 8UY,/IIe;. ~ 60 seconds for determining fan and size 0' .J1n'~ ~[1'0 ~I "-L ',,, 1 ,,~t~yv 3 r"T}-SS'uwnii'9Glfoal':l.Lrnl=-:-"22'5506;oo's,o,q-yttr----1250 sq ft exposed to 45 degree sun (see chart) J1.xi.iRx.:tll~KIiIX1%¥ will gain, 1 50 BTU/hr/sq ft. '" \f OV 187500 BTU gain/h r from SUD 2)Body heat gain1l0 BIWik.ip.~x •• 'f)CJt{.:J~'\ . gener,ating 500BTU/hr/person = 0,000 BTU gain per hr r.t (" ~v 3)Conduction Loss- L~\VV ~ "t, EXfhS' 1250 x 150 \ 'ic "".., ~ \\ EXAMPLE 50'X50' p illow, white on top. To be used in daytime -maximum exposure to the sun will be about half the pillow getting 45 degree angle sun for noon hours. There.will probably be about 100 people at medium tohi!tl activity as there will be rock music. Outside temperature is about 60' Fahrenheit - temperatures up to 80' F are acceptable inside. O.K. Little sketches are helpful for getting rough estimates so ... ---~~, ~ z " (the variable here to change minutes to seconds) HYPOTHETICAL PILLOW DESIGN (fllN ifftl&e,E ,Erc) ANP CALCVLAT I ON5 BERJIlE II (from calculation 4 above) ~quare feet of opening NOPE I ITS c-Z. HERES "rN £XAfYlPt.E TO SHOW YiJV HdW. ,GO OVER YO()R MSVMPT/()N5 ={ CFM at which fan is operating) ~ v l' Q=MTU .<?, Q= (3500)(20)(1.2) = 85,000 BTU/hr Loss from conduction .ox ta 187,500 T yO" ooo - 85 ,0 0 Total Ga in per hour . I I , = ;!A,OO Q" , Wa.:tx~x 4) Heat Loss Due to Passing Ai r ihrougb ilUl;8Rx 150,000 =(W)(.016)(20) W = 480,000 cubic ft per hour ,480 ,0 00 60 W expressed in CFH W = 8 ,0 00 CFH = 5) 30 =V v.=(m r ~sI ft 60 ) opening Two medium-size fans (around 5000 CFH) migh t be a good solution, providing good control over the ••• xax x.xxaiaxi air-flow as wellaas a double blower system• opening = 4.5 sq ft. Rough guess your door openings i •• x:tkia a bit zxza¥xXakaxZk •• smaller to allow for zka(inevitable)tears which will increase the area of air leakage. ~xJl.x or 'I.' ANCHORING If your inflatable is going to be up outdoors in any wind, it will need an anchoring system, For small volume (500 sq.ft. of floor area or less) interior weights should work; these could be sand bags or water bags. Larger structures require heavier.anchoring. There are a number of ways of doing it: integrally made tie downs, buried edge, weighted edges, taped edge, or tension net anchors. Buried edge is good for a semi.permanent installation where you can dig a trench. A taped edge is good for a small installation on'a smooth floor; tie downs and tension nets are good for sites with existing things to tie to (trees. fire hydrants), or where it wou ld be easy to drive tent stakes or augers. The anchoring system must wi thstand not only windloading but also the internal air pressure of the structure. Precise structural ca1cul~tions shou ld be left to 2 engineers, 3 Ph.D. mathematicians, and a computer, but a little rough math can give you a close enough estimate of wha t anchors to use. We will deal first with inflation pressure and second wi th wind loads. PRESSURE LOAD ... On any suriace that is curved in one direction, i.e., a cylinder or a long pillow, the tension per unit of width is equal to the internal pressure multiplied by the radius of curvature. Work in pounds and feet. Some ball.park figures on figuring pressure: the highest pressure you are likely to get with a pov.-erful direct ,drive fan is 2 pounds per sq. ft. (2Ib.fsq.ft.). A normal wo rking pressure is llb./sq.ft. On a water manometer, 1" of water equals 5Ib.fsq.ft. (see monometer drawing). Indoors you can keep a structure up with as little as Y.lb./sq.ft. Make a sketch of the shape, find the radius of curvature by making a section through it, on this diagram the tension equals pressure times radius of curvature. ' The tension is the downward force you need per foot of edge. 200/ TIft '" (P)(Rc) TIft P Rc + J I ++ ++ +- ~l Ii ,, ,,:.'..... EXAMPLE: The Earth Day Bubble by Charley Tilford in' New York City was 200' X 60', radius of curvature was 30'. The anchors we re parking meters spaced at 9' along the long edges (the 200' dimension). The pressur!! which the bubble was designed to withstand was 2Ib./sq.ft. The ropes spanned between parking meters so the load on each rope was (tension per foot of width) ti~es(spacing between meters) . Tension = (30·)(2Ib./sq.ft.l and Tension per rope " (9)(30·J(2Ib./sq.ft.) .. 540 Ibs. per rope. 2500 Ibs test 3/8 inch dia nylon rope was used. If you want to do an inflat.able with the weighted edge (instead of a plastic floor): findthe total downward force required, then divide by the perimeter to get force required per unit of length of the perimeter. WINDLOADING To figure windloads: find the area of resistance the structure presents fu the wind. (len"gth)(height). The horizontal force from the wind blowing on the structure can be up to 10Ib./sq.ft. d~ending on the shape of the structure and the wind velocity. A lower, more shallow-sloping profile will create less resistance (and will ...... createmeo..-e.: negative pressure on the leeward side of the bubble. ~l , downward force needed per foot of edge pressure (in Ibs./sq.ft.) .. radius of curvature (in feet) "':\ Bubble I presents a large area to the wind. The negative pressure is concentrated on the back side. (This negative pressure is created the same way as lift is created by an airplane wing.) Bubbles II and III are actually getting some lift help from the wind. Bubble III would probably need less fan pressure in the wind because of the negative presS'-:Jre on the outside created by the wind blowing over the low profile. A structure to be left up for more than , say, an afternoon (or a structure for an event which you don't want to have to postpone due to high wind) shou ld be designed for 101b./sq.ft. pressure. For a structure 50' long and 15' high, the design force would be (50'H15')(10Ib./~q.ft.l which is 7500 Jbs force on the structure. FORMULA (area presented to the wind)(10Ib/sq.ft.l '" wind load If 7500 Ibs seems like a lot, think of the force on just the minimal area your body presents to the wind in a good, high wind. I I - TOTA L LOAD 1 This wind load must be added to the inflation load to get the total load that the anchoring sy5tem has to counteract. If it is possible that the whole wind-load could be on one anchor point (such as when a square pillow with a square net anchored down at each comer presents one comer to the wi nd). then the total windload must be added to the inflation load on each anchor. If the wind is coming di rectly against one side, then the windload divided by the number of anchors that will be under tension should be added to the inflation load for each anchor. I I TYPES OF ANCHORING SYSTEMS TheSe systems have the structural advantage of distributing the forces evenly around the whole perimeter of the building. We used one with pieces of pipe taped into t he edge over a waterbed environment so that we were able to remove t he inflatable by lifting it over the bed without having to move the water bed which weighed 3000 Ibs. Because t he plastic floor is eliminated. this type of inflatable wou ld also be good for a .gre!!!lhouse, storage facility, pool cover, etc. These types might tend to last lcoger, too, because they are more static so people probably wquJdn't walk through the walls or otherwise freak out at the expense of the plastic. WE IGHTED EDGE Weighted Edge is anythi ng heavy that can be laid on the edge taped into the edge. See illustration. of the plastic or I saw an interesting inflatable that John Reeves did in the Summer T~ing program in Boston that was an inflated hemisphere (out of 2 mil silver mylar) that tied down to a pieC1l of telephone cable that he had gotten the phone company to donate. A 20' diameter circle of this phone cable weighed abo ut 200 Ibs. The pho ne company usually just chops it up and melts it down again. John's bubble leaked air between the"cable and the edge of the plastic. This could be desireable if you want to circu late a lot of air, but if you have pressure proble ms a flap could be taped on inside the bubble. like on giant Bird·Air and most commercial inf latables. A section of the detail might look like this:* Looking at the elevation drawing of this, notice the catenary curves between each tie-down point. This is the natural configuration the line between two weighted points on an inflatable takes, so it will strengthen your bubble to actually cut a curve to an approximate shape, reinforce t he edge by taping a piece of cord into the edge and running the tie-down loops through the string. This will distribute the force of the t ie-downs throug, the whole edge of the inflatable, rather than gathering the stress at the point where the tie-<iown meets the edge of the plastic. This will minimize wrinkles and tears due to concentrated stress. Inflatables that are to be tied to stakes can be made in the same way as this. ~~------- :::r:=: ... "• .. . " ' J • . ' L j L L l , , - .~ L l fIItotO"TO .... , ...,.•• """""""~.'" v, ,y,_ '.' _ a .~ . • ""'II ~' {CW" I .. dtt ~C<4 CDl"d6 M \ I~ .t.r.n~ ' Is Mt. I~ ~11''' 'S h&kI Pj 10,000 II' ~u,~ .- tilt ~ ' This Is one of the few weys to make a poly bubble that has fI plastic floor without a net. Another way Is lust t o put some heavy things like people or bricks wrapped In something soft Inside the bubble while infl~ting It. TAPED ROPES Wrap the poly at least one time all the way arou nd the smaller piece of wood before nailing or bolting this ont to the 2 X 4. The frame will eet as ten$lon r ing containing the Inflation pressure, as well as acting as a hold-down against the wind. J im Cook ,Iso showed us pictures of a system he did with two by four frames. FRAME EDGE Jim Cook at H. T. McGill Co. in Houston showed us th is method of burying edges. He has had extensive 8xperillflce with it. His company has done polyethylene swimming pool covers, Christmas tree warehouses, and other stuff. The holes In the bottom ere important. Unless they are there, the underground poly collects water. makes mud, and the lubricated plastic slips out of the ground. BURIED EDGE Ii ~ - "I',I ,.j; Ir I, , Edges can be taped to anything smooth enough to tape To TAPED EDGE ~~ - e;DbE. ~ ~- 'I~:~ C /f ( \Q;~ 1. rRAM~D (~- ~ .. hI<' ",,«I "'l"t • ~ [" ..,,,,,,11- j 1 i; 1;I' ,: 1/2.~ &f&" ~"I" II ro· ~",. P~e DIAMETER 1.:t1O* "'~,1f !!!SO "" ,~" I~" '2. ~O" BREAKING POINT NYLON l"ItJO~ "'~II" '1150· eao "" 1300'" Ch.rley Mnd. from New York the accompuny lng approximate rope Itrength chert: ROPE STRE NGTH The 100' pillow nat: Our fint net was this 100' squara. We used parachute cord for the bulk of tha nat, %" nylon rope for tha 2nd, 3rd, and 4th rop85 from the edge, end 3/8" nylon rope for the edge. At each corner we tilKh " 0" ring to avoid the rope rubbing and cutting Itself at this strass point. From tha 0 ring to the anchor we used soma 10,000 lb. nylon strapping that we got from a surplus store with a dooble D ring on the and 50 that we could tighten and loosen the net. Tlghtanlng the net In the wind helped quite a bit in lowering the profile of the su rface prasented to the wind. We used 10,000 lb. uugers. Chtlrley Tilford has since mede another 100' pillow out of 6 mil poly (the original was 4 mill using 8 net with 20' aquares Instead of 6' squores. Tha knots at the adge of the nat ware just square knots, tiad onto loops in the adge rope. If you are tying knots, thi nk about knots that don't involve slipping the whole rope through aach knot. each rope, slipping tha vertical ropes through and popping the knots. by staking down ali tha horizontal ropes. then tying slip knots every 5 feet in Building a net can be a major job. Wa made a 100'X 100' net with a 5·foot grid To design your net. make a model of your bubble and start playing with string. If yOU can, set up the model somewnere tha t you can nail into lhe floor (like a piece of plywood) to simulate anchoring points. If you already halle a site fOf the bubble picked out, put nails in where there are natural anchon, like parking meters or trees or cars. If you are going to use your own augers, then you are ,totally free to do anything with the net, spider webs, star shapes, giant grids, whatever ... To test your model, get the fan that is going to hold up your big bubble and use It as a wind source. This testing can be really informative if you very the wind and the pressure inside the inflatable. Nylon string (hardware storel is a nice model material. Advantages of a plastic-floor building with a net are portability. lotal enclosure, large inflatables, and ease of construction of the anchoring system. In a large inflatable, it would be difficult to make a connection between a tie-down rope and polyethylene that could withstand the great forces on the bubble. Nets till also be very beautiful. NETS • 1'" . "'- :,). .. " re~· '(--~"o", · 00 ",A 1-"0" c ••-. f~ ~~ JtI.. When you have your bu bble up and the wind comes up, tighten your net and increase your inflation pressure. The increased air pressure will keep the side of the bubble from caving in and the tigh tened net will I:jecrease the area presented to the wind. (See photo of bubble about to take us all for a ride In Air Supply Sectioo.l We got our 10,000 lb. augers from a telephone supply co. in Housto n. Telephone stlpply co.'s are generally a good so urce lor these. These augers are about 5 feet tall . A,B. Chllnce Co., Jersey Ave., New Brunswick, N.J. has 10,000 Ib (1" X66" shaft, S" hel ix) augl!rs for about S6. 15. Big augers generally have an eye at the top that you nic stit:k u long (6'1 heavy pipe through and twin them into the ground . This generally takcs 2 Ilcople. Smull bubbles can be anc hored with dog· anchors wh ich cost about $1.25 cuch from a pet store or hardware store. Trees, light poles, lire hydrants, parking me ters. cars, etc., are still the cheapest. ANCHORS " =- - r 8NI~ Alddn~ 3~nSS3~d H81H ~ /- • fi, rJ I V') I- Z - ~ o a::: -> Z w -----. ---.; :J' I I \ . --', ..-- .-/" -- .1 '• ., .'r:",: < '• . ", u .. +1 Cl ..: '" I U '"o ~ . \UCA: z ".::~ ..: '" ~ , --.,.:J • • ,;...: 1- _. . • . .: , , "-'--'-- .'"...' ~ • \ \ .. IIi , ,.. i I . l:::::::==:::L~ • ! I rI -', 45° Angles. FlatCnearly flat;) T~ . P"~~rB/anket 4· F;'n Patch ZiPper Hatchways Access Panels ~ . ~ ... . . _ - " - ,., '-'.- , .. ~- ~~'-- ',,", ", ' . .'. , I I r--;---"';Out5100 ,. . it , ·1 Riehl; anale Joint& - - + ___ 4 ruJ to flat or nearly fiat; surface ., IOutolde ~ I , U ._---- ~ '~ T~l ~ ~I~e~~ _ I~ r--:Jtt~~ I. I - -,-----. 1_ _1'-_ . 1 "III • U '/ ' .hat themost ccm~'e)< tunnelo ca be - - -----~ - -- - - fittecl be ore. the majOr r.liloW5 are wp'ed up· ~ <t Plan ahead So fi\6ke UP a few .PInts 8~ead of t,me w ith care ~~ .~ I I· .. To fmd out how to do thiS one Just take apart. , at! old pair , of pent'S " , ,, , , I , ' " _.1 - ~----'<:=---- 'm e 12 ,.. we Wnnk~ in I"<-f" p<11q.v """n the p'lasuc skm ,. stre'6<d alonS wnnkks II There are litt'le or no stres!h the cthei wav ~ 1(1 II" ~ . Re.nfutred poIoch ' . . , , ,- ,, ,, ' " A ,;lit cut &rQ~~. the wrinkles will tend to spread . cpen and leak. air: !-Jot. recommen ded !\ rin8 or hula hoop taped around 8 arcular hole will ~rne Il self cioslns door tf It " located SO It rests flat on the f':I'WNi when no ore IS mtennS' I.S7d . ~ length of ~ cin:vmfererce of do'lOt ~ • I ! <t iI ~. 1-0 I~ I . In "c c .".--- ...... relnfon:~ holes , I "... <f 1J + t '1; ] £ p u ~ ,. , '" Hot Ltps, a floroy donut- at the end cf" low Pre5'5U r e wnnel. When conne;:.rea 100 'the blower; small holes ad mit air to tile nJnnel from the I i~, 1VIer1:eY InflA!tlr1(S It -e-,~ ., .0 I 2Q p Curv!lture determines stress : a tmy plast IC rose carnes /3 hundrol pounQs pressure and a huqe w eather balloon has a p",ssure barely above atmc<pt1enc. Yet we stresses on both -the \'x:J5e wall and W balloon .skin may be the spme - The tinY vA:Je will i IS shan:1y curveq ari:\ the weacher n~ lIcorl s<-l'f<lce Is'fitirter: :r:r the etlrttJ were a giant. ballccn, nrl"flne row "We pressure WOL/Id IX neruecl 'InSide tv tense ty1e hom on ~ trqht! Make a little cube out of th in elastic sheet. Then Inflate. Tk con1ers , sharply curved, MnA ~ 'mpli J1)nrlc the m,dJ:l)lnts 3rc taut enougn tb burst! Be,ne, chese areas t8/tl more streSS. 1l1e ewe tries 'to IXcome a sphere - a shate In which the skm curves !1:> a n . ,. equal amount In all dl Y'ceDons. deprly, the best shaPe 15 a Sphere, an.d these. pageo; are c:levot<lct 'to get;t;! riP, as c.IoSt 10 :;phencal CIS \ rutter, , ,, ~-- -- - / <f" Surf&::e IS' lV,ded '"to .' ,, , , \ \ se.r tile ;;t POLYGON METHOD WIt/1 flat rntltena s. ',, , ,,, , ~~ , , I I e more p:>ly tIll<ci., the , -' p~l llle 11UI1Y ,, ,, , •, ,, ,, poly'JOl'l'< , ,'\, ,, , ,, , mat. a ' phenc8 surface.. • Get Ideas from : l:esebBIi;" volleyballs, =~I ~~odeSlc ciomery,zot1'\€s, Aform made of rhornb . idlall'lOl\d\) IS economical ~to "":::,,",," maKe 'trom rolls of pla.uc. ,, , GO'" -.I ....... Surlace IS or JlC"es. GoRE METHOD * MabnB the leJ18th ,.f the rne cm:umfe.~e5 equal of the base BlVes a half· sphe!ical shape. Get ideas from' peehnB tilneennes we2the.r PDlloons, Inner tubes, bead1 bails, Inflataole warehouse!>, Bloves, wotic1 globes. @ ® . ... "- §ta,I_-, , j-"'7"-=;:::= \ , , - -- Ta~. toeeth<;r' ,& Inflate ., " ! " -- --"---=""- ..... :q F - ~ , ; ,''. -. .. ..:~.:- , ,- . - ........ . . ,, " ,, ------- --- , ,, , ~ , R:Ly Ir I ----,--- i , (1 ~')' I THesE ""'" ltl6El11ER ~es !wo , , TAPE" ' ' I I I ----- ._-- -. _----._--- -----,--- ----. ---+- , I I I , "-_ _ _ _--'lliJG="'l:H"--'OF"---"''5I~ __ J:~.QJ.f.tl_...•.. _ .. ----.---.-- - - - - - - - 4 - I PNEUM,I..TtCS: At K~Y Td -.Ai~k HYBRID STRUCTURING _no ATtIJ'f Mr. Bird', tmpre.lve c:hNw. m.n1l1nd h_lng Mr. Lundy'. enthuulIm I lIrilh to introci.lct .• note of construct..... pn6lim11m. P..JmImc.lly. I comider thet the tppUc.t1on· in the field of ItrUctures · of pnlUmltic techniques Is 106 involved whh tpfving norrnal structural Ind shelter probL 'It'h1l.1h.lntwmittent enclowre of . "mmlng pool, or protection of trMtitionli , ormruetion wori( b extremely uMfuI, ...ch IIPPllcadom, if 100 iNkietpreld, can well reaJl, in the fo'lowlng actionf which .re detri· menU! to increasing the development of V E pneumatic technology : 11 Over-emphasis may be given to the static siting of .ir structures.. 2) Direct cost comparisons with traditional structures m~ be made. 3) The fixed-period accommodation avail· able with air structures may only be exploi- .., ted for disaster or random-use of air structures. All these actions can retard the investigation of new applications requiring improved and more complex air-structures. In addition the development of new materials and fabrication techniQUes snould be related to new applications rather than concentrate on trie perfection of existing applications since these very applications are still extremely arbitrary. White space exploration and defence programs provide a valuable technical "spin-off' of the development air-structure technology, its very peculiarity is likely to restrict, in the near future, the technological advance of air structuring related to civil and social activities. Too many architects and desi{11ers wait to see what NASA and various Defence projects will produce. This conference must increase the content and frequency of exchange between scientists, engineers, manufacturers, architects, planners and social administraton_ An immediate task could be to agree on the semantic definition of the various structures and systems we are now discussing (air·supported structures; airinflated structures; air structures; pneumatic membrane structures; sealed pneuma"i:ic structu res). I n this paper, reference to air structures ir.:;:ludes air-supported and air-inflated structures, together with air-controlled and air-moved structures. In addition, we must keep mutually aware of the alteration of attitudes of authorities and others to the employment of air structures. In September 1965 the Department of Architecrure and Civic Design of the Greater London Council refused to license a h igh-p ressure air-beam structure for temporary use as a place of public entertainment on the grounds that it constituted merely "a tent withou_t poles or frame". December 1965 the same department of the G L C were prepared to consider the use of the identical structure on receipt of calculations related to stability. Only when a continuous exchange is estab- In IMtdc.n "IndNlW.i 'giroups- hi my c...chlteci:t tnd phy.icll pI.nnen· make eccure!l' ~ aJblUntlltld dem~ on pneumatic UdtnolOW. At 'itl, mge of the conference II1.t some.epec:tI of thi' technology which are of ~rtk:ul ... Intcnst to mt • an ...-ch it8ct: a) Multi-memb,-.ne construction which enIIbfes variable preauriution tnd containment (ct. paper by R. Szilard). bl The lNllilllbility and performance If)«:ification of trlfllParent membranes . cl The contrd of light and radiation by both membranes. intennembrane conatruct· Ion and contained gaaes. or l!quidl (ct. p.,..-s by R. S:dl.-d and N. Laing). V dl The containment of granular tubatances between membranes to control humidity, sou nd transference etc. e) The capacity of controlled air movement· through the material of the membranes. Such a possibility enables changes in the norm" methods of foul air evacuation. fl Multi·layer bonding enabling v.iable cel constnJction. Such hybrid construction can enable the simultaneous use of hi!ll presaJre seated volumes and low pressure air-supported volumes.. gl UltrHonic bonding enabling an increased variation of membrane material. An incre. sed use of various materiats is urgently required not only to enable varying structural perfonnance specifications to be met but also to achieve varying textural qualities. h) Further information on the performance of hi!ll and low pressure structures in movement. "tie existing U K inflatable vehicle transporter which both protects the vehicle and propels it on the Hovercraft principle is an example of this. Movement must include the employment of the Hover craft or Ground Effect Machine (G E M) principle. iI Self·packing, on deflation, of large votume membranes. il A new method of costing air·structures which is related to the variation of use and not merely material and unit plant cost. Any mechanical plant, pumps, blower etc. must be accepted as a structural element. The variation and individual control of volumes singly or in combination enables the separation of membranes related to the elimination of particular adverse conditions Ict. paper by R. Szilard). As roofs, walls and floors no longer exist in the conventi011al sense, their pneumatic equivalents no longer need to provide the additive structural support normally reo quired. Only col lective stability is requ ired and the air one breathes can become the major structural force. This being so, the interior fittings or divisions of such sbUctures become relatively more perman· em (see the interior of Lundy/B ird US Atomic Energy Commission's travelling exhibit). Movement of such internal parts must alsO be investigated. The use of air-pallets for such intermittent movement is extremely valid. The use of an air-cond itioni ng plant as the structural pressure fee<i is onlv one ; 671721 D5 1 1 Paper given at 1st International Colloquium on Pneumatic Structures Stuttgart example of the advantage of co-ordinated use of air within such structure"s. Methods of cleaning and mOl/ement related to the whole or part of the structure should also be indudod_ I n the past major urban congregation areas were detennined by the location of a large pennanent structure providing mass accommodation or shelter such as the Roman Circus, the Mediaeval Cathedral, the Market Hall and Itle Sports Stadium. With L the use of air structures such permanence is not requiredand so the additional restrictions of the fixed site should now be avoided. In effect large air structures can enable planner5 to r:everse the pattern of traditional urban congregation and seNicing nodes found in existing towns or cities. In new proposed urban settlements such nodes need no longer be pennanent generators of fixed urban patterning. Theuse of air structures to provide sAonterm small and medium sized ~ial facilities enables the siting of shon-term mobile housing to be independent of towns offering similar facilities. Air structures are already used to provide industrial production space panicularty where the demand for such space is likely to fluctuate. Thus in effect we already have the mobile factory, but it must be further develope4 and its potential further exploited . Work on disaster control and emergency planning has, over the past years, produced a wide range of pneumatic appliances and applications such as fabddams, dracones, vehicular hover-pads and GEMs or hovercraft. However, such uses of air structures have not yet been seen as a method of reducing the dependence of emergency planning. That is, they have not been viewed as a potential asset to society enabl ing rapid yet variable control and communication to be achieved. Such realisation, backed by increasing design and developmeht work, can enable air structures to contribute to a higher degree of sensitivity in society's continuous control of the physical environment. This conference and the possibilities of future exchange that it has created must assist in establishing new priorities for future work. While I accept the fact that development of present projects is by no means perfect. a desire to achieve greater accuracy in -the immediate tasks must not impair our realisatiol"l. of the future potential. Pneumatic.s, as far as partial or total structuring are concerned, are likely to stagnate unless this is realised. The field of valid application has scarcely been touched. The determination of the extent, interaction and location of activities that require buildings is no longer a sufficient brief. The quantitative assessment of the valid social life related to panicular location must also be made and designed for. .. • ~;" This then is the major role for <-if structures now and in the future . .-"=-". -". ". • L L A RESPONSIBLE METROPOLITAN NEWS PAPER' , DAILY j Faculty Urges U.C Contr%f Air Labs Tr;ou", ...., ..... F·310," Some dared to enter, others iust gaped at th is huge plastic air container In lower Sproul Piau .it the U.C. Campus Breathing- That's Their Bag 3F,IlKELEY- A 4O-by.w-foot piastic bag was the theater, ~:.z.g~ a.nd prop yesterday Illr a chWingly realistic bit of theater about a "day when the air becomes too polluted to breath!. "Air Emergency" was ~n. ceived and built by a Sausall· to "family" of dropout ar· chilecls called the Ant Farm. The commune, touring. Amerir can cam pus e ~ ~... iih their Clean Air Pod (CAP 1500) performed outdoors at the Uni· to take shelter in lbe CAP vemty of california campus as part of a three-day Envi. tested "in Akron under government contract," The air ronmentai Teach-in. As an 'air raid siren drew U.C. students to lower Sproul Plaza, a monotone loudspeak. er voice informed them that an "air failure" had occurred and those who couldn't escape from the pollution would die - - wtthin""1S"li'illitites. system inflating CAP 1500 also screens out deadly pollutants, the voice said. Those who didn't go Into CAP 1500 were given "nega· tive census forms" to fill out before dying. White·jacketed Ant Far m members wearing gas masks The voice invited onlookers 1500 which, it said, had been affixed small yellow cl'rcles to oruookers' foreheads. ''These are sensors w.mch can be monitored by a Human Re- &lurces Sat e III t e whidl is t r-a c kin g your fmaJ movements," it was amiably ex. p I a fn e d by a I man called "F·310," who described him· sell as a " human mentad pro. g ram m e d only to answer questions from the press." The teach-in toncludes to.. day. r_c:::7_~ ~ J / I / I • "'~" '" 2.~~ CO> ~" . c::: c:: ~-- " ~~ --..,:;;~;P ~~~~~ ~ "- <>--,. '=' -"" ..,,!it: "e.,,~ '- ..." ~ ". £" \\'~J 'tO '" ~ - '"'-' ~~ ~<ro}~~ ~ ~..:~.~ <= "i ~ ~!~<:!Jc:::...- " GLOBE err\" TODA Y was a one night show at the Sausalito Art Center in which we were given tolal cont rol over the environment. music, admission charge, etc. We infla ted a weather balloon dome abou t 30' dia , in the cen ter, with a long tube entrance and squeeze-through hOI lips at ei ther end. plus a sma il inflatable wit h a water bed in it. a shrouded picture phone cen ter with the help of The Cine ma Wo rkshop vid eo equ ipment. an inflatable sculpture. and o ther ex tras (see Plan). Admissio n was by barte r. or $ 1.50 donation - we go t 44 dollars, 4 joint s, and one Budweiser - not eno ugh to pay expenses. a lot of peopl e got in fre e. There was a band tha t never came. but the environm ent took over and especially the picture phone was a dynamit e invisible environment between the inside (of the balloo n) and the outside. Thi s event would have been idea l for a seq uential time audience like a museum where we could live in it for say a week. It was a treme ndous energy output for a o ne night stand , we forgot to take any phot os. _ I :', D, , - ~ Q l~t ,~ -~\1 ~-.; ~ <>'"' teO, I}~" ~' " : :? ": " ,,' ~ ~< , "~~ ..« ' ~ - t • I Sl:J3!SIl<l • ~. 0 '3~ .lJJHh\ • 7 • frt~ <-::- W I/ H51 • I •• '" T 0 .......... 0 o ~ J , , ue Ul'A"UT"f" OIlJ""IV£ ,...0 KUI' ItUobIIido ,",ITIN". JUo40 ,ALIt.ITlci .~'\."'l . ~",""IN(, UIM'1UNk.A.TIt>"4 ~ /HO,'f"O UALS. Iii D'~TIO 4t"IC.~1'1' ,.~ $A~ @ c.-..I~"t. MO\C, . .wDUIT'. ... . CON I ~- ~.it'UCCIt N.lD oTteR ,....... """*" ~ IHlXf'OIi,11/I. ~. ~ Ql ~ _0 I'4J.#'( I\A,\T"- c»ttSItlATUlN '" 1lC -'8cNI TllQl..i INT.. /II MDeM.A T)W)I,l(oHT I'1t«.HS 4oTU4u\"\TW/tf .L 4'C"~Tl!:H ~T ~ TO A. .. ~ ~ 'TUU . CIoII..° L • i • ,-, --;:::::- ---a> ", ~- - ~ ". ' ~\ I---~_, ... 0- " " " --<>" '"... <>'" ", ... ... '"... 0- '" " '" " • '" - L - • ~~ ~~' ~ 10,0 f/l STt f"G(;. JQ~"ft3t46 . - -- -'- --- ,.. ... .. L ,t , . • . 1 I :. , , , I )d <5' ~ I,II ~ , , r Ip! ,, I, 1 , , , " ",, .. - L1. T_ ~~I: ~ . "-, " ; \: - ' ~- , : I}, ~ II-- t:! ~ ~...,: ~tru--~ ~ " ~, ,- , : , I '\ ', i ~, \:, '" " ;~ \i ~ _ 1 '. .;. ' f \t-,," ,\ r " :f ~. r ~'i-< =, ~ 'I f ~ ,' ! 'I ~-}l:;;- ~ ,I , \ , t I' I , l' ,. , , /), \ IF, ') ,I ( I 1,1 \,I I), , , ) i ', ;,-). f P , , \ ' f\ ,'r ' f ~~fh... ~ i" t; 'k ~E! J" ~., ' ~I' ,',...r! \ ,,IIr' '/ I "" ,, ,' .' ," 'I ' \ \ r r '/ ., \ I , ' /I (l,' I ' I/,iI"', , '! : \ I U ,f ~I\' .,. 4.iJ;l · r , v , I I J t.!~ ~~ - .- b~ - ":: ~ \ 1" ~~ rk '\ \' t~ I) :.- --::: - Q *"", >. > F. . ' : ' I 1\ ""---=-. 'I!'\.,,' ' \ i~·\" : \i \ .L \\-(it\i L I ~ ~I I ) \ \r ~ ( ~ , ~ II --- ~ 2 ,.,. r " ~ ,-\v--=: ~ f: \,; \rf ~I ~., , ..... :, \ I \ I fifp : . ' ~ .." \ .L- - L- - --. : :. ' :r-J \:'\\"V i:( 1,1"'-:'.'" • I~ ; : ' - .- , , ,, \ ) L -..- :1 '.11 --.;";'; i:~ '".,>, ~ ~ " ... M N ~ « «w ~ :" ' 0w ' ::;0 ' ", , c< , >- i lX) ~ O"'1f 3"" 0"> -u,,3 SL ;0 ~ w ~u . , ~ .0 ~o a: LL .,; 01 N ..r I") 0 g 9 > .., ~ 0' · " 0 ~ :E.. ' ::l u I ... - "'. a. l! u"' ; ! ~:5 :;: 1 ii: : ... . ... - ~ ~ . " PNEUMADS 4 3 2 l~ ' M' M L ONDO N ~ 04~ ..I ~ e 0110 !.I1:;1 'dd OZ£~l96 l $OS'ZZ SUO!leJ1Snm 099 ~ sO l qqnq deos ssa ..l:j.:j."" w s qnl J UOOll'q 5a:j. n4 : 1 ""..I ""d L oLpa sa qn:j. ..Iauu ~ 6 Joquopu~H S1V1N3WVONnJ 'r'N from: Ruru k Ekstrom AlA 1035 1- Barcan Ci rcle Columb i a MO. 25.. 0 , '" DNIMQfONV 'OJ OJue4J'B -V al\V "aS Jar ~J~MsunJ8 ~ 'f - ~ ... " lE !i ~ 5' ,f 3 ~ g- , ~. C:: $ . ID :j"Ol , !:N~2 '" (D _ ::! g-~~: 6 cn ,:;o~' x 0 ... }>o;'O"'}>o ':::oQ.=;' MaN (") 0 ~• ~ •~ ~ -- n ;;: m ::J < -, a :::J ~ ~c g>~ N W 6 59 ABEROARE GRROENS ARCH I GRHm mAGAZ I NE IS PUBLISHED fRom June 1966 issue has a complete issue o n pneumatic structures. Architectural Design The only periodical to consistently publish state o f the art material on pneumatic structures. 13.50$ per year Architectural Design 26 Bloomsbury Way l ondon w.e. l ' England DJ:::J V o ~ m • o n , _... ii' (l)01~ .;;; ~.::: ~~:> CI. X ~b ~ c:: . ;i g.2 m ~ ~ A ~ < - ID ID ... n ., -<}>o!:; 0.... :E:::J !l ID 9~~ z - ... !!!.. 01~ ~~~ ::::: ..... CI. FANTASY 10 9 B 7 6 5 4 3 2 fo r an i nf l atab l e co ll ege and a ki nf of feasi~ility report BUBBLE PRIMER - phi l osophy 11 25 Cl ev l and La Gra nge Pk I II 60525 Jay St e inhau er Alley Friends 3300 Rage St Phi l ade l phia Pa 19104 saml:lnJlS :l!lBWnaUd auo awnlOA 53Jnl:)nJ1S "1!SU"l s:j.eoq ")(DOa ~uo..j"J ·Vl~IUO.A t I AlddnS MIV ..Ia6u ~ eJ9 " .., :t U ,,> ~ :!i- ;;:""" .. ... ~ l"': '" C : : : : ! l 5 ! : ~ ... i ""I l{ t; !( p .s. =::::!' : i S e:2.! .... Hi i ,.; ;;;: :Q~ : : t:;:; ~ ~ ~l. 5)!~::; ~ 3 ts o _ ~ .. !::! ..: ,=:."'~::<5<> !ii ii:~>l~~::: Uj ": ," -:! ~ - t .• ": ::f ..: 001717 5LL 2l£ B.909 III o6eJ ~4 J ~S PJeMOH 6565 ::r:o.,;..,.r:o >-, . r:o ... 0 LL u x ~ ::i!: ..... .. "'z !:! d ~E:§ ~ ~ I::J ..,"' :5- .Ii! . !!!.19 ... ...J.., ~ l f.!)UlEu li .; ~~> ...: i:j: • ~ ;1: N M '" i3... ~ Bud Donnel l y POBox 2181 Cin ci nnati Oh io 45202 VEl 6ole~eJ .:c&~zz .'i:!o~--» '" u-:q~18 ; 9:;; Z EE : ~::? >~ & l'l q o '- ~:t~~ ~6~~ ('}~ n;I~ €-t~ .f-l C ~ C ~ '" VI<lJ$:",C ~ -0 0 QJ ..... ..!o:: VI ~ ~ ~ ~ ... >o ,'" ... rn _ '" "''' M N ~ ~ ~ ~ 3 EVENTS Reasonab l e Facsimile Earth Wks. TH E INFLATQ-NETWO RK (liS we know it) John Paski ew i cz Charley Ti 1 ford 17 We l sford %Ant i och Pittsburgh Pa 15 2]3 Co l umbi a Md . ., • Erwi n S Strauss Chrysa li s /P ar i s 'rT A Enterpr i ses 7 Rue Des Ecuyers 1015 Laguna St suite 10 7800 St.Ge rmain En Laye Santa Barbers Ca , 93 101 France Bob Co l omb Hugh McCarney POBox 8103 ., 20 Will iam St Ka nsas City 0"10 . 04 112 Mt Ve rp on N.Y . 10552 2 ~ "m " ~ c ,, ~ ~ "»cz r m ~ ~ r :z » r n " m ;: 8;: m ~ i'im '" m ~ m m ~ '"