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Cadastral Audit and Assessments Using Unmanned Aerial Systems Keith W. Cunningham, PhD Research Assistant Professor University of Alaska Fairbanks A Quick History Aerial systems & photography Cadastral mapping & taxation Property sketches Computer Aided Mass Appraisal (CAMA) CAMA integration with imagery Manned Aerial Systems Cameras evolved with platforms Love for airborne platforms 1858: First air photos Nadar in a balloon over Paris http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadar_%28photographer%29 Unmanned Aerial Systems Cameras & platforms evolved 1903: Neubranner used pigeons with cameras As pigeon flew home, a picture every thirty seconds: the first flight line Kites were more reliable platforms http://dc.about.com/od/photos/ss/PhotosSpyMuseum_4.htm Aerial Systems for Disaster Response San Francisco after the 1906 earthquake and fire A kite photo for property loss determination http://employees.oneonta.edu/baumanpr/geosat2/RSHistory/HistoryRSPart1.htm Manned Aerial Systems 1909 – Wilbur Wright mounts camera on a plane. www.papainternational.org/history.html Stereo Imaging Cadastral Aerial Surveys www.iphotocentral.com/search/detail.php/256/Fairchild+Aerial+Surveys,+Inc./0/2853/3 Alaska’s Experiences Unmanned Aerial Systems • Rocket launches since 1969 • Airspace management • UAS payload & platform research Cadastral Mapping • Vast size & uninhabited • Native Villages with communal culture • Poor and non-existing cadastre Poker Flat Research Range (PFRR) Owned and operated by the University of Alaska Fairbanks • Cooperative agreement with NASA • Only university rocket range • Largest rocket recovery range • 300 sounding rocket missions • 1,500 high-altitude atmospheric rocket experiments • High-altitude atmospheric sounding experiments • Aurora studies up to 1,500 km in altitude Sounding Rockets Airspace Control Airspace management during launch and recovery is critical • Work closely with the Federal Aviation Administration • Ensure that the airspace is clear of aircraft during launch • Coordinate recovery with many agencies Safe-airspace legacy allows PFRR to operate a variety of UAS • UAS operation since 2003 • Military and civilian research partnerships Radar Monitoring UAS Research Poker Flat has operated UAS with: • Thermal infrared cameras • Hyperspectral imagers • Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) • Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) • Atmospheric aerosol samplers • Volcanic ash samplers • Many optical sensors ScanEagle for Wildfire Mapping Dull Dirty Dangerous Alaskan Cadastral Mapping Alaska lags behind US standards • Due to state’s enormous size and low population • Especially true for remote Alaskan Native villages • Many homes built without property surveys Traditional photogrammetry is not as practical in Alaska • Not cost effective due to village remoteness • Short flying season when snow-free & leaf-off Tanana Chiefs Conference (TCC) TCC provides government functions to Alaskan Native villages Headquartered in Fairbanks near the University • Population served is only 10,600 people • Spread through 42 member villages • Area served is nearly the size of Texas TCC started its own Cadastral Mapping Office in 1993 Vast Size TCC Cadastral Mapping TCC surveyors support community development • Boundary surveys • Topographic surveys • Public works & engineering Slow and expensive land surveys during the short summers In 2007, TCC began researching alternatives • low-altitude, do-it-yourself photo surveys • Excellent off-the-shelf digital cameras • new generation of low-cost orthomosaic software First Proof of Concept 2007 Village of Huslia, no surveyed lots or boundaries. • Thirty ground-control targets (GCT) • A small helicopter flew 400 meters above ground • Lumix camera outside the window • Collected image pairs with a 60% overlap • Imagery provided 4 cm pixels Village of Huslia Villages are communal so no fences to define possession Ownership is defined by lines of occupation Evolving Sensors & Platforms Targets & Control Control Results An accurate orthophoto mosaic with Topcon PI 3000 software • GPS checks confirmed accuracy The ortho-mosaic could be relied upon for the design of • Lot lines • Rights-of-way • Utility easements Limitations learned included • Helicopter platform, lens calibration & ortho software Second Proof of Concept Alternate cameras • Faster shutter speeds – reducing vibration & motion blur • Improved Image resolution • Fewer corner distortions typical of non-metric cameras Alternate platform • Fixed-wing aircraft capable of slow flight speeds • Operational costs were less than the helicopter • Fuselage camera port Digital Surface Model Draped Imagery Conceptual Methodology Orthoimagery fused with survey data • Photogrammetric-cadastral plats • Communal village meetings to resolve – Property lines, rights-of-way, easements – Issues of trespass Legal issues resolved with • Property sales • Home improvement loans Four more villages mapped in 2008 Villagers Defining Their Parcels Survey & Monument 250 lot corners the next day using RTK with corner coordinates Third Proof of Concept New software, sensors & platforms • New software capable of automatic tie-point generation • Self-calibrating interior and exterior orientation parameters • Acquired a Gatewing X-100 Partnership with Poker Flat Research Range to operate the UAS • PFRR manages the airspace • PFRR operates the UAS for research purposes • Imagery collected is shared with TCC for cadastral mapping International Association of Assessing Officers (IAAO) Imaging is integral to property measurement and valuations Imaging ensures tax rolls are accurate and complete, providing a basis for fair and equitable valuations and tax assessments Locate missing properties - More taxes collected All properties taxed - Taxes can be equalized More fair and equal taxes - Lower tax rate Lower and fairer taxes - Government trusted IAAO Imaging Standard Imaging is can be used for property measurement IAAO incorporates imaging as part of property measurements This includes orthos, obliques and street-views IAAO standard, Section 3.3.5, is widely used in the US as well as by other nations around the world Property Imaging Standard CAMA Computer Aided Mass Appraisal CAMA Imagery Orthos, Obliques & Street-views Summary Rural Alaska has poor and non-existent cadastral surveys The timing of new technologies permits the development and fusion of technologies not used elsewhere in the United States PFRR operating experience and the unique needs of TCC encourage the cooperative development of new cadastral mapping technologies Surveying in Alaska Contact Information Keith W. Cunningham, PhD University of Alaska Fairbanks [email protected] Gregory Walker, Manger Poker Flat Research Range [email protected] Eric Stahlke, Manager Tanana Chiefs Conference - Cadastral Survey Program [email protected] Rayjan Wilson, Engineer University of Alaska Fairbanks [email protected]
