20 years

LJ
1959.1960.1961.1962.1963.1964.1965.1966.1967.1968.1969.1970.1971.1972.1973.1974.1975.1976.1977.1978.1979.ICCROM GOMES OF AGE.1959
I960.1961.1962.1963.1964.1965.1966.1967.1968.1969.1970.1971.1972.1973.1974.1975.1976.1977.1978.1979.IO::RCM CTMES OF AGE.1959.1960
1961.1962.1963.1964.1965.1966.1967.1968.1969.1970.1971.1972.1973.1974.19"J5.1976.1977.1978.1979.ICCROM COMES OF AGE.1959.1960.1961
1962.1963.1964.1965.1966.1967.1968.1969.1970.1971.1972.1973.1974.1975.1976.1977.1978.1979.IOCROM COKES OF AGE.1959.1960.1961.1962
1963.1964.1965.1966.1967.1968.1969.1970.1971.1972.1973.1974.1975.1976.1977.1978.1979.IOCBOM COMES OF AGE.1959.1960.1961.1962.1963
1964.1965.1966.1967.1968.1969.1970.1971.1972.1973.1974.1975.1976.1977.1978.1979.ICCR0M COMES OF AGE.1959.1960.1961.1962.1963.1964
1965.1966.1967.1968.1969.1970.1971.1972.1973.1974.1975.1976.1977.1978.1979.IOCROM COMES OF AGE. 1959.1960.1961.1962.1963.1964.1965
1966.1967.1968.1969.1970.1971.1972.1973.1974.1975.1976.1977.1978.1979.ICCPOM COMES OF AGE.1959.1960.1961.1962.1963.1964.1965.1966
1967.1968.1969.1970.1971.1972.1973.1974.1975.1976.1977.1978.1979.ICCROM COMES OF AGE.1959.1960.1961 .1962.1963.1964.1965.1966.1967
1968.1969.1970.1971.1972.1973.1974.1975.1976.1977.1978.1979.ICCRCM COMES OF AGE.1959.1960.1961.1962.1963.1964.1965.1966.1967.1968
1969.1970.1971.1972.1973.1974.1975.1976.1977.1978.1979.IOCROM COMES OF AGE.1959.1960.1961.1962.1963.1964.1965.1966.1967.1968.1969
1970.1971.1972.1973.1974.1975.1976.1977.1978.1979.ICCRCM COMES OF AGE.1959.1960.1961.1962.1963.1964.1965.1966.1967.1968.1969.1970
1971.1972.1973.1974.1975.1976.1977.1978.1979.IOCROM CCMES OF AGE.1959.1960.1961.1962.1963.1964.1965.1966.1967.1968.1969.1970.1971
1972.1973.1974.1975.1976.1977.1978.1979.IOCROM COMES OF AGE.1959.1960.1961.1962.1963.1964.1965.1966.1967.1968.1969.1970.1971.1972
1973.1974.1975.1976.1977.1978.1979.ICCRCM COMES OF AGE.1959.1960.1961.1962.1963.1964.1965.1966.1967.1968.1969.1970.1971.1972.1973
1974.1975.1976.1977.1978.1979.IOCROM COMES OF AGE.1959.1960.1961.1962.1963.1964.1965.1966.1967.1968.1969.1970.1971.1972.1973.1974
1975.1976.1977.1978.1979.ICCROM CCMES OF AGE.1959.1960.1961 .1962.1963.1964.1965.1966.1967.1968.1969.1970.1971.1972.1933.1974.1975
1976.197-7.1978.1979.ICCRCM CCMES OF AGE. 1959.1960.1961.1962.1963.1964.1965.1966.1967.1968.1969.1970.1971.197?.1973.1974.1975.1976
1977.1978.1979.IOCROM CCMES OF AGE.1959.1960.1961.1962.1963.1964.1965.1958.1967.1968.1969.1970.1971.1972.1973.1974.1975.1976.1977
1978.1979.ICCROM COMES OF AGE.1959.1960.1961.1962.1963.1964.1965.1966.1967.1968.1969.1970.1971.1972.1973.1974.1975.1976.1977.1978
1979.ICCROM CCMES OF AGE. 1959.1960.1961.1962.1963.1964.1965.1966.1967.1968.1969.1970.1971.1972.1973.1974.1975.1976.1977.1978.1979
ICCROM COMES OF AGE. 1959.i960.1961.1962.1963.1964.1965.1966.1967.1968.1969.1970.1971.1972.1973.1974.19751976.1977.1978.1979.ICCRO
1959.1960.1961.1962.1963.1964.1965.1966.1967.1968.1969.1970.1971.1972.1973.1974.1975.1976.1977.1978.1979.ICCFCM COMES OF AGE.1959
1960.1961.1962.1963.1964.1965.1966.1967.1968.1969.1970.1971.1972.1973.1974.1975.1976.1977.1978.1979.ICOROM CMES OF ACE.1959.1960
1961.1962.1963.1964.1965.1966.1967.1968.1969.1970.1971.1972.1973.1974.1975.1976.1977.1978.1979.ICCROM COKES CF AGE.1959.1960.1961
1962.1963.1964.1965.1966.1967.1968.1969.1970.1971.1972.1973.1974.1975.1976.1977.1978.1979.ICCROM COMES OF AGE. 1959.1960.1961.1962
1963.1964.1965.1966.1967.1968.1969.1970.1971.1972.1975.1974.1975.1976.1977.197B. 1979.ICCRCM CCMES OF AGE.1959.1960.1961.1962.1963
1964.1965.1966.1967.1968.1963.1970.1971.1972.1973.1974.1975.1976.1977.1978.1979.ICCRCM
COMES OF AGE.1959.1960 1961 " 1962 * 1963 1964
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1979.ICCRCM COMES OF AGE.1959.1960.1961.1962.1963.1964:1965.1966.1967.1968.1969.1970.1971.1972.1973.1974.1975.1976.H77.1978.1979
ICCRCM COMES OF AGE.1959.1960.1961.1962.1963.1964.1965.1966.1967.1968.1969.1970.1971.1972.1973.1974.1975(976.1977.1978.1979.ICCRO^
1959.1960.1961.1962.1963.1964.1965.1966.1967.1968.1969.1970.1971.1972.1973.1974.1975.1976.1977.1978.1979.ICCROM COMES OF AGE.1959
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1961.1962.1963.1964.1965.1966.1967.1968.1969.1970.1971.1972.1973.1974.1975.1976.1979.1978.1979.ICCROM COMES OF AGE.1959.1960.1961
1962.1963.1964.1965.1966.1967.1968.1969.1970.1971.1972.1973.1974.1975.1976.1977.1978.1979.IOCROM CCMES OF AGE. 1959.1960.1961.1962
1963.1964.1965.1966.1967.1968.1969.1970.1971.1972.1973.1974.1975.1976.1977.1978.1979.ICCRCM COMES OF AGE.1959.1960.1961.1962.196*3
1964.1965.1966.1967.1968.1969.1970.1971.1972.1973.1974.1975.1976.1977.1978.1979.ICCRCM COMES CF AGE.1959.1960.1961.1962.1963.1964
1965.1966.1967.1968.1969.1970.1971.1972.1973.1974.1975.1976.1977.1978.1979.ICCRCM COMES OF AGE.1959.1960.1961.1962.1963.1964.1965
1966.1967.1968.1969.1970.1971.1972.1973.1974.1975.1976.1977.1978.1979.ICCROM COMES CF AGE.1959.1960.1961.1962.1963.1964.1965.1966
1967.1968.1969.1970.1971.1972.1973.1974.1975.1976.1977.1978.1979.ICCRCM COMES OF AGE.1959.1960.1961.1962.1963.1964.1965.1966.1967
1968.1969.1970.1971.1972.1973.1974.1975.1976.1977.1978.1979.ICCROM CCMES OF AGE.1959.1960.1961.1962.1963.1964.1965.1966.1967.1968
1969.1970.1971.1972.1973.1974.1975.1976.1977.1978.1979.IOCROM CCMES OF AGE.1959.1960.1961.1962.1963.1964.1965.1966.1967.1968.1969
1970.1971.1972.1973.1974.1975.1976.1977.1978.1979.ICCRCM COMES OF AGE.1959.1960.1961 .1962.1963.1964.1965.1966.1967.1968.1969.1970
1971.1972.1973.1974.1975.1976.1977.1978.1979.ICCROM COMES OF AGE.1959.1960.1961.1962.1963.1964.1965.1966.1967.1968.1969.1970.1971
1972.1973.1974.1975.1976.1977.1978.1979.ICCRCM COMES OF AGE.1959.1960.1961.1962.1963.1964.1965.1966.1967.1968.1969.1970.1971.1972
1973.1974.1975.1976.1977.1978.1979.ICCR0M COMES OF AGE.1959.1960.1961.1962.1963.1964.1965.1966.1967.1968.1969.1970.1971.1972.1973
1974.1975.1976.1977.1978.1979.ICCROM COMES OF AGE.1959.1960.1961.1962.1963.1964.1965.1966.1967.1968.1969.1970.1971.1972.1973.1974
1975.1976.1977.1S78.1979.ICCROM COMES OF AGE.1959.1960.1961 .1962.1963.1964.1965.1966.1967.1968.1969.1970.1971.1972.1933.1974.1975
1976.1977.1978.1979.TCCROM CCMES OF AGE. 1959.1960.1961.1962.1963.1964.1965.1966.1967.1968.1969.1970.-1971.197?.1973.1974.1975.1976
contents
• PREFACE
3
• THE FIRST DECADE
5
• THE SECOND DECADE
11
• THE FUTURE
15
• SOME FACTS AND FIGURES
21
STATUTES
21
COUNCIL
24
SECRETARIAT
25
COURSES
26
COURSE
PARTICIPANTS
MEMBERS AND BUDGET
28
30
Preface
By Harold J. Plenderleith,
Director Emeritus
This commemorative booklet is issued
to mark the 20th anniversary in the life
of the International Centre for the Study
of the Preservation and Restoration of
Cultural Property.- It is severely factual
in describing the origin, the current activ
ities and the future policies of the orga
nisation without any pretentions towards
being comprehensive. Initially, because
of its comprehensive but rather lengthy
title, the organisation was known as the
"Rome Centre", then as the International
Centre for Conservation, Rome, which
was abbreviated into ICCROM.
In going to press the Secretariat feel a
sense of great indebtedness to those
who first realised the necessity for such
an organisation, to Unesco under whose
aegis it came into being and to those
devoted members of the " Conseil Provisoire " who gave so generously of their
time and experience in supporting it in
the early days.
From the first it has been blessed with
a succession of Council Members devot
ed to its interests, mostly friends of long
standing whose deliberations, a model
of their kind, have been a constant source
of inspiration to the Secretariat.
For those making first contact with this
work it should be stated that the raison
d'itre of the Centre is to make effective
intervention in helping to solve the im
mense problem of preserving cultural
property on a world scale. The magni
tude of this task knows no limits. Like
wise there is no end to the resources
that might be, that are or that eventually
must be called into service in its resolu
tion, but they require coordination. It is
the mission of the Centre to search out
and coordinate these multifarious re
sources, whether offered by individuals
or organisations, private, national or in
ternational.
From the first the auguries have been
auspicious and remain so, for during its
20 years of existence the Centre has
been honoured and encouraged by the
favours of a host country rich beyond be
lief in cultural property, having a deep
appreciation of its eternal value and ded
icated to the preservation of this heri
tage for the future enjoyment of mankind.
Note.
Harold J. Plenderleith
(chemist), was
the founding director from 1959-1971.
He was
succeeded by his deputy, Paul Philippot (art
historian, professor, University Libre de Bruxelles), 1971-1977. The present director, Bernard
M. Feilden (architect), took over on 1 July 1977.
The First
Decade
By Hiroshi Daifuku, Chief, Operations and Train
ing Section, Cultural Heritage Division, UNESCO,
Paris
On April 27, 1957, the Government of the Italian
Republic and the Director-General of Unesco
signed an Agreement by which an International
Centre for the Study of the Preservation and
the Restoration or Cultural Property would be
established in Rome. The Statutes came into
force in 1958, after five States had adhered,
and the Centre was established in 1959 with
Dr. H. J. Plenderleith as its Director. It is useful
to review the background of the Centre, its
achievements and its future prospects, after the
first ten years.
During the first years of its existence, a large
part of Unesco's programme was concentrated
on the need to establish cooperation in the
fields of education, science, culture and mass
communications.
Contacts, disrupted
by the
war, had to be re-established. Hence meetings,
conferences and publications played an important
role in the early programme of Unesco.
Many nations were also concerned with the
problem of repairing damage to monuments
caused by the war. One of the early publications
of Unesco, Sites and Monuments (vol. 1,
Museums and Monuments Series, 1950), was
a report of a committee of experts (October
17-21, 1949) which met to review the condition
9
of sites and monuments throughout the world.
The problems and the challenge to preserve the
architectural heritage of different Member
THE BACKGROUND
The early history of Unesco must needs be sum
marized, with respect to its programme for the
conservation of cultural property, to understand
the reasons for decisions taken to establish the
Centre.
In the latter half of 1942, a meeting of the Allied
Ministers of Education or their Representatives
was held to discuss educational matters of
common interest to the United Nations.
On
November 1, 1945. a Conference was called in
London — to which 45 countries sent delegates
— to prepare for the establishment of a United
National Organization for education and cultural
cooperation. Understandably, at this period, the
primary emphasis given was to " further the
attainment of international security and peace
and to advance the welfare of the peoples of
the world" (Preface to the Draft Proposal).
One of the principal functions of the proposed
organization was to " Facilitate consultation
among leaders in the educational and cultural
life of all peace-loving countries ".
of Article II of the Draft Proposals).
(Para. 1,
States were reviewed and analyzed.
A common problem was the lack of an adequate
budget, and one idea was the possibility of
obtaining, through international means, financial
contributions for the preservation of sites and
monuments. Thus, the General Conference of
Unesco. at its 5th Session (Florence, Italy. 1950)
adopted a resolution to study the possibility of
adopting an international convention instituting
a special tax on tourism, the proceeds of which
would be used to finance an international fund
for monuments. However, the use of a tax on
tourists ran counter to prevailing tendencies to
liberalise travel formalities and in many cases,
special taxes (such as airport fees) were
considered to be an important source of income
which governments were reluctant to increase
for purposes other than travel facilities.
When it appeared that it was not feasible, at
that time, to establish an international fund for
monuments, the Swiss Government introduced
a resolution at the 6th Session of the General
Conference which suggested that Unesco should
256, Via Cavour where the Centre occupied the 1st floor
from 1959 lo 1973.
establish an international centre to encourage
the study and the diffusion of technical methods
of conservation and restoration instead of at
tempting to raise funds.
This resolution was
adopted by the General Conference. In deciding
221, Via Cavour where the Centre occupied the 6th floor,
then the 4th floor from 1969 to 1972.
Property ', hereinafter called ' The Centre ', shall
exercise the following functions:
a)
• treat major problems involved in conserva
tion, such as lighting;
• call upon a wide range of specialists from
different countries;
study and
circulate
documentation
concerned with the scientific and technical
problems of the preservation and restoration
of cultural property;
upon the role of the Centre, experts from various
parts of the world and specialized institutions
were consulted.
Mr. Georges Henri Riviere
(then Director of ICOM) was appointed chairman
of a sub-committee of the International Commitee for Monuments of Unesco for the creation
of the Centre. The members of this Committee,
when discussing the proposed functions of the
Centre (September 25, 1953), considered that
such a body could, for example:
collect,
b) coordinate, stimulate or institute research in
this domain, by means, in particular, of com
missions to bodies or experts, international
meetings, publications, and exchanges of
specialists;
c) give advice and recommendations on general
or specific points connected with" the preser
vation and restoration of cultural property;
d) assist in training research workers and
technicians and raising the standard of
restoration work ".
• provide information to countries which lack
laboratories;
• treat problems concerned with the preserva
tion of monuments;
• coordinate research, and having a stronger
moral authority, eventually prevent badly
trained conservators from undertaking resto
ration of important works of art.
9
FUNCTIONS
The Sub-Committee then suggested that the
Centre should have four primary functions which,
except for minor modifications in wording, are
found in Article I of its current Statutes:
" The ' International Centre for the Study of
the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural
•
SOCIAL AND POLITICAL CHANGES AND
THEIR EFFECT ON THE PROGRAMME
Unesco had 125 Member States in 1969. It is
useful to note that of this total, forty-two States
became Members during the decade of 19581968. Most of these were newly independent,
with all the attendant problems such as lack of
trained personnel, need for diversifying their
economies and need to establish within the
shortest possible period social, political and
economic goals based upon industrialization and
the expectations raised with independence.
Programmes to ensure " consultations "
by
re-establishing contacts disrupted by war were
gradually changed to the diffusion of information
and techniques to meet the needs of developing
countries.
The hospice of San MIchele where, since 1972, ICCROM pccupies the buildings around the Sth courtyard on the extreme right
The first mission of experts sent by Unesco to
advise on problems concerned with the preser
vation and restoration of cultural property took
place in 1959, when, at the request of the
Peruvian Government, a team was sent to advise
on the reconstruction of the ancient Inca and
colonial capital of Cuzco, which had been
severely damaged by an earthquake.
In 1953-54
a budget of $ 12,000 existed for missions of
experts.
Since this modest beginning, UNESCO's pro
gramme has grown considerably, reflecting the
interest and priorities of its Member States.
For example, in 1979-80 a budget of $ 804,000
exists for the preservation of the cultural heri
tage and the development of museums under the
Programme of Participation. The extra budget
ary projects for the preservation and presenta
tion of sites and monuments amount to an esti
mated $ 10 million for this biennium, with every
prospect of continued increase.
the time came for the end of Unesco's subven
tions, efforts were made to increase the number
of its members. In the face of growing demands
for its services and a small budget, the Centre
did not have a financial crisis, but rather a
continuing crisis to which the Director and his
staff responded nobly. Dr. Frederic Gysin, who
was for many years president of the Council,
worked indefatigably on the problem of members
and the drive was also, of course, aided by
Unesco.
Many sessions of the Council were devoted to
the problem of finances.
It was only after
considerable discussion that the Council decided
to submit, to the Member States of the Centre,
a modification of the basis of their contributions.
Instead of having a fixed amount based upon
Unesco's 1957 budget, it was decided that
Member States should have their annual con
tribution based upon 1% of their contributions
paid to Unesco during a given year. Thus the
Centre would
benefit by
increases
made
Unesco's budget by its Member States.
»
FINANCIAL PROBLEMS OF THE CENTRE
During
its first years
the
Centre was
fully
occupied with organisational problems - staffing,
creating a documentation centre, working with
existing institutions and organisations to stim
ulate or to help coordinate research, etc. The
cooperation of the
International
Museums
Laboratory Committee of I COM, IIC, local
institutions such as the Istituto Centrale del
Restauro, were invaluable. During its first four
years Unesco contributed the equivalent of
$ 12,000 a year towards its expenses, and
$ 10,000 a year for the 4 succeeding years. The
small number of its Member States (5 to begin
with), contributed the equivalent of 1% of their
contributions to Unesco for the year 1857. As
proposition
was
submitted
to
the
to
This
General
Assembly of the Centre in 1963 (in accordance
with Article 6, para (f) of its Statutes). The
Delegates decided to have this question referred
to their, respective Governments and, happily,
the majority of the States voted in favour of
this change.
The decision took place in time to make up for
the end of Unesco's subvention and enabled the
Centre to operate on a basis promising continual
growth. It should be added that it was after
this decision^hat many " donor " countries such
as France, the Federal Republic of Germany, the
United Kingdom and Japan became members.
Rapid growth resulted, and the Council, under
the Chairmanship of Professor Stanislaw Lorentz,
was involved
pansion.
in problems
resulting
from ex
The staff of the Centre continued to contribute
to the interchange of information and stimulation
of research throughout this period. Its library
improved with the aid of a grant from the
Gulbenkian Foundation and its staff undertook
missions to a number of countries to advise on
the conservation of cultural property.
It also
advised Unesco on the establishment of regional
training centres, such as projects to train
restorers and laboratory technicians in Mexico
City and New Delhi.
number of applicants coming from all parts of
the world exceeded the openings available.
Similarly, in cooperation with the Istituto Centrale and other Italian institutions, a course was
developed to teach the preservation of mural
paintings.
Work-shop
seminars
of
advanced
technicians were also organised, dealing with
the preservation of paper and other problems
so that the latest methods and materials could
be widely diffused.
Unesco supported these activities with grants
for student scholarships and expert lecturers
and the purchase of equipment.
Conservation today, whether it involves a paint
•
TRAINING
As in the case of Unesco, the Centre has
responded to changing poitical and social
conditions. The lack of personnel and shortage
of training facilities — even among the so-called
" developed " countries — were among the
most important factors leading the Centre to
cooperate in developing training programmes.
A striking example is the need for architectrestorers. The individual who decides to make
a career in this field first has to have a degree
in architecture, and secondly acquire a wide
range of differing techniques and experience in
order to become qualified.
The number of
positions is limited and hence, in schools of
architecture, enrolment tends to be small, but a
large teaching staff is required.
In 1965, therefore, a solution was worked out
between the School of Architecture of the
University of Rome, and the Centre to interna
tionalize the course which the University had
previously given, thus ensuring large enrolment
and making it possible to have many lecturers
come from several different countries to cover
their specialities.
Only four years later, the
ing, sculpture or a building, depends upon accu
rate analysis of the factors contributing to dete
rioration and the use of the best possible met
hods and materials which would ensure long
term preservation. Thus the laboratory, utilizing
specialized techniques in physics and chemistry,
has become increasingly important. Many major
laboratories do have training programmes
coupled with research. For the most part they
are geared to take advanced students, either for
refresher courses or those working for master's
and doctor's degrees. With difficulty, some have
also been taking care of beginners (this problem
has been alleviated by the setting up of regional
centres) and intermediate level trainees, to
meet the needs of countries in which qualified
personnel does not exist.
The Council of the Centre discussed this prob
lem in many of its sessions. Finally, in 1965,
it decided to introduce the problem to the
General Assembly and to suggest that the Centre
take over the role of training intermediate level
trainees and the training of " monitors " [super
visory level technicians). The discussions were
chaired by the President of the Assembly, the
late Dr. Paul Coremans, the founder and the
Director for many years of the Institut Royal du
One of the rooms in the library.
Patrimoine Artistique in Brussels. The General
Assembly approved the project and invited the
Government of Italy to consider the future
requirements of the Centre in view of its pro
jected expansion in training programmes.
The Centre's original
quarters, generously
provided by the Government of Italy, were
located at Via Cavour.
The growth of its
activities and responsibilities eventually neces
sitated renting several nearby apartments and
converting them into offices and lecture rooms.
The library was growing, samples of building
material, stones, wood and other materials used
for cultural property were accumulating and
the need for more training facilities was becom
ing acute.
AM these factors underlined the
necessity for new headquarters.
In response to this need, the Italian Govern
ment offered to convert one of the five court
yards of the vast 17-19th century hospice of
San Michele, located on the bank of the Tiber
river.
The Istituto Centrale del Restauro and
other Italian institutions were destined to have
adjacent parts of the premises and the Centre
to have the equivalent of 8000 m2 of floor space.
This would enable the Centre to have an audi
torium, lecture and seminar rooms, teaching
laboratories, work-shops (ateliers), documenta
tion centre and library, offices, etc., to meet
its new responsibilities.
During 1966-67, under contract to Unesco, the
Centre cooperated with the Italian authorities.
Unesco, private and governmental institutions in
the Campaign for Florence and Venice.
a most important role to play.
It had
By 1969 the Centre had passed through its most
difficult period, though it undoubtedly would
have " growing pains " in the next few years as
necessary adjustments were made.
Its future
was bright.
The Second
Decade
Paul Philippot, Director from 1971 to 1977.
opportunity to broaden his cultural horizon in
matters of conservation.
This kind of cultural exchange, which for some
time had been particularly limited to Europe for
The growth of the Rome Centre into ICCROM
has depended upon its staff, its corpus
of consultants, finance, and new premises. It
has also been fortunate to have the leadership
of its directors, who have borne tremendous
budgetary reasons, could be progressively
extended to include all cultures of the world.
Missions were organised to stimulate this kind
responsibility and represented the aims of the
organization in every corner of the globe. During
of approach at the regional level, in connection
with the development of Regional Centres, and
these were also fruitful in helping the Centre
itself to elaborate the philosophy and practice
of their various programmes.
the first decade, Dr. H. J. Plenderleith provided
the inspiration and guidance which transformed
the Centre from an idea to a viable entity.
Formerly of the British Museum, he was one of
the great pioneers in the scientific study of
conservation. On his retirement from the Cen
Two developments during the second decade
tre in 1971, 55 countries had become members,
merit special mention. In 1971 another " donor
country ", the United States, became a member,
contributing significantly to ICCROM's pos
many activities had been initiated, and the fu
ture held exciting prospects, as seen previously.
In recognition of his leadership, the General
Assembly
named
Dr.
Plenderleith
sibilities for growth. Then between 1972-74 the
move to San Michele was accomplished, dra
matically expanding our working space. Work
Director
Emeritus.
on San Michele is still going forward and even
tually will again more than double ICCROM's
present facilities.
The second decade was marked by significant
developments under Paul Philippot, an art histo
rian who had the great gift of making partici
pants «see» and understand the messages
contained in works of art.
Under
attention to the integration of humanistic and
disciplines
in the
methodology
Philippot's
guidance,
two
more
closely in touch with the museum world. First
in 1973 came the course on Fundamental Princi
ples of Conservation (now called Conserva
In matters of general policy, he gave special
scientific
Paul
courses were initiated which put ICCROM more
of
tion Science), which was planned to provide
a survey of the structure and deterioration of
conservation and developed the programmes
and the structure of the Centre in such a way
He also felt the importance of developing
the Centre as a place where the main trends
materials.
This course is interdisciplinary in
nature and provides a common grounding and
language for scientists, curators, conservators,
archaeologists, librarians and architects.
In 1975, a two-week refresher course, " Secu
between them was encouraged as a way of
contributing to a deeper understanding of fun
damental conservation concepts, and so that
a stay at the Centre might offer to any spe
cialist, whatever his traditional background, an
At the end of Paul Philippofs era. ICCROM
had expanded and its main activities could be
described as follows:
that they might appear as an example of inter
disciplinary collaboration.
rity, Climate Control and Lighting in Museums ",
was introduced. This put us in touch for the
first time with mid-career museum profes
sionals.
of thought in the field of conservation were
equitably represented, so that the dialogue
11
Being
a
scientific organisation
in
the
sense
and the International Institute for Conservation
of Historic and Artistic Works (IIC) *, and
that it has its disposal the permanent services
of specialists, ICCROM is able to keep closely
in touch with problems in the various fields of
a series of " Technical Notes " compiled for
participants of courses organised by ICCROM.
ICCROM publishes a yearly Newsletter about
its competence, with the ultimate aim of ap
plying its resources to the best advantage for
the conservation of cultural property on a world
scale.
its activities.
The training of conservationists takes place in
many academic establishment's throughout the
world, up-to-date details of which can be
obtained from ICCROM.
The activities of ICCROM are primarily intended
for the benefit of its Member States and their
official conservation services, of Associate
Members and of UNESCO.
ICCROM runs four courses at its address in
Rome
(a) The materials of which
is made.
cultural
only
for
professionals
with
previous
experience:
In all its activities ICCROM approaches the
study of conservation of cultural property
through four main stages:
Over 80% of the lectures are given by visiting
experts, thus keeping the courses up to date
and in contact with the rapid developments in
property
conservation
practice.
The course participants have come from 79
countries in all parts of the world.
ICCROM also organizes individual study visits
to various specialized national institutions with
(b) The causes of their decay.
(c) The scientific methods by which they may
be conserved.
an international reputation and, upon request,
can organise courses in any country.
(d) The activities by which conservation is put
into practice: inspections, analysis and method
ology, including legislation.
ICCROM is considering organising other courses
to meet the needs of training in conservation
throughout the world.
ICCROM makes available to specialists and
students a library and documentation service
covering every aspect of the conservation of
cultural property — primarily archaeology,
Teaching material to facilitate the trainee's
understanding is being specially compiled at
ICCROM.
It ranges from reference files to
models and a complete exhibition.
Some of
architecture, archives, libraries and museums.
It now has 11,000, books and 40,000 cards in
its index. In order to help store and retrieve
information ICCROM has a computer terminal.
these materials are available to other teaching
institutions.
ICCROM's assistance to Member Countries and
Associate Members may take various forms:
technical correspondence, expert missions, or-
The ICCROM publication programme comprises
a collection of " Works and Publications ",
fundamental works — original or in transla
tion — published in conjunction with the Inter
national Council on Monuments and Sites
(ICOMOS) *. the International Council of Mu
seums
(ICOM) *
Conservation
Committee
* See supplement to Studies in Conservation Vol. 18.
No. 1. Feb. 1973 or ICOM News Vol. 25. No. 4. Dec. 1972.
for a definition of the role of ICOM and IIC. The role
of ICOMOS is defined in their Newsletter No. 9, Autumn
1976.
12
In Baghdad: A group of participants of a regional course on the conservation of monuments in Arab countries.
ganisation of pilot excavations and rescue mis
sions in the case of disasters.
ICCROM contributes to the promotion of
research through the organisation, in conjunc
tion with ICOM, ICOMOS, IIC, universities and
other national institutions, of meetings between
experts, and by entrusting specific tasks
experts by means of research contracts.
to
ICCROM also pursues a policy of regional ac
tivity which involves answering the need for
the dissemination of knowledge and the de
centralization of control. Specifically, this pro
gramme comprises support of training centres
intended to encourage the development of
conservation and the study of specific problems
in various parts of the world.
It is the policy of ICCROM to extend and stim
ulate training activities with Regional Centres
for Conservation.
These
Centres will
assist
in setting up National Centres within the region
al area.
ICCROM maintains close relations with non
governmental organisations such as ICOM,
ICOMOS. IIC and other institutions which have
their own experts in various fields of conserva
tion. Regular contact with these experts ensures
that adequate attention is given to all facets
of the programme and thus consolidates the
work of ICCROM, compensating at the same
time for any limitations that might result from
its intergovernmental status.
In recognizing
these features and exploiting the inherent pos
sibilities as defined in the Statutes (Article
1b), ICCROM is essentially different from all
the other institutions with similar aims.
ICCROM is an institution of moderate size and
means, created to consider quality before quan
tity. The simplicity of its functioning, i.e. free
dom from rigid and complex administrative re
quirements, makes it^possible to take versatile
and rapid action in situations requiring im
mediate attention and to maintain close contact
whenever required.
13
The Future
By Bernard M. Feilden, Director, ICCROM
The present Director, Bernard M. Feilden, discussing with
the Deputy Director, Giorgio Torraca.
A review of present and future possibilities
and some general considerations will complete
this booklet.
ICCROM fosters these conservation concepts
through activities which can be divided roughly
into three areas:
1)
the collection, recording and presentation
2)
the
Our understanding is that there is one method
of the body of knowledge accumulated so far,
through library documentation and publications;
which are based
training programs, missions and technical advice;
ology common
to
all
conservation
activities,
on cultural preparation
de
riving from art history, anthropology, archaeol
ogy, the history of technology and architecture;
this preparation gives the observer the ability
to understand what he sees.
Careful inspec
tion, recording and understanding are neces
sary so that the knowledge contained in the
natural sciences may be applied correctly.
Sound judgement, a sense of proportion, and
ability to communicate are also essential. How
ever, above all, the " conservator" must treat
cultural property with love and respect.
For
conservation, Cevat Erder of Turkey has pro
posed a version of the Hippocratic oath, which
all physicians are supposed to take, that reads
as follows:
diffusion
of
nor will I counsel such, and especially I will
not aid to demolish whatever monument I enter.
There I will go for its benefit and the benefit
of society, refraining from all wrong doing and
corruption, and especially from any act of seduc
tion. And I will document and publish every step
that I take ".
knowledge
through
3) the stimulation of its growth through re
search and special projects.
Plans and possibilities for action in these three
areas are discussed below.
•
Library, Documentation and Publications
Researchers are able to use our excellent
library in Rome or to refer to our documentation
service which is now being computerized and
based on UNISIST cataloguing methods.
The
catalog is gradually being published as com
puterization proceeds.
" The regimen I adopt shall be for the respect
and the benefit of my monuments according
to my ability and judgement, and not for their
hurt or for any wrong. I will give no deadly
treatment to any, though it be asked of me,
this
Our library system is
also being linked to the sister documentation
centres of ICOM and ICOMOS in Paris; all are
agreed on a common index using " key words
out of context" (KWOC), because this system
is more flexible and adaptable. As a first step
in forming a common index, ICCROM has pro
duced its own " thesaurus ". It is anticipated
that the linking of the documentation centres
will take three years or more to achieve; how
ever, this planned
progress
is evidence that
conservation is growing up.
The production of some twenty text books, in
which both ICCROM and UNESCO are partici
pating with IIC, will be an important project in
the development of a thorough survey of present
knowledge in the field:
15
s
Mission to Romania: Restoration on exterior mural paint
ings of the church at Humor, by a mixed team of ICCROM
Mission to Tunisia: Consolidation work by Bruno Miihle-
thaler on the lid of a 4th century B. C. wooden punic
sarcophagus.
members and Rumanian specialists.
The first book of this series is " The Museum
Environment" by Garry Thomson of the National
Gallery in London.
The other proposed titles
to date are: " Books and Archival Material ",
" Metalwork "," Ceramics "." Stained and Paint
ed Glass ", " Paintings on Wood and Canvas ",
" Wall Paintings and Mosaics ", " Furniture,
Wood, Textiles ", " Leather, Bone, Ivory and
Other Animal Products ", " Drawings, Watercolours and Graphic Arts including Miniatures
and Oriental Art"," Stone and Stone Sculpture ",
" Natural History" and the " Chemistry and
set up a Standards and Training Committee to
take up this major task, which is of vital im
portance to conservators everywhere.
the help and support of UNESCO.
tually established
at elementary, middle
and
advanced levels.
Another aspect of training is that ICCROM is
often asked to provide specific courses for
Member States. Such courses do riot compete
with existing programmes, for their purpose is
ICCROM promotes publications in all fields of
conservation.
We have recently produced in
French the great work of Paolo and Laura Mora
and Paul Philippot entitled " La Conservation
to fill gaps where a lack is felt, or to break
new ground. These courses can be given either
in the country/region itself or in Rome. Related
A text on Japanese
to this, ICCROM organises symposia, travelling
scroll and screen painting will follow, as well
exhibitions, study tours and other means of
as reports on seminars held in 1977 on " His
toric Buildings and Engineering Interventions "
and " Mosaics Conservation ".
Bernard Feilden's book, " Conservation of Historic Build
ings ", will be published in England in 1980.
" consciousness raising " about interesting or
neglected aspects of conservation.
Two Newsletters are published for those inter
ested in the fields of mosaics and painted and
stained glass. A computerized directory of con
Missions
servators, museums and government agencies
is also under preparation, and work continues
on our regular series of technical notes.
O
It should
help national organisations and practitioners to
get the recognition they deserve. Furthermore,
standards and syllabi for training will be even
Physics of Conservation ".
des Peintures Murales ".
As con
servation is a fairly new activity, it is possible
for this initiative to come from ICCROM with
ICCROM has the ability to set up missions at
the request of national governments, UNESCO,
universities, and all non-profit organisations.
Before choosing the expert who can give the
correct analysis it is first necessary to identify
accurately the problem to be solved; such a
task is best done by a generalist in the field
of conservation. The expert, or group of experts
Training
for a many faceted problem, should be supported
by a " young professional " whose task would
be to continue the work with a local profes
sional, side by side on an equal footing, both
In promoting research and practice at the high
est level, ICCROM must establish concepts
and world standards for conservation through
training programmes. The Council has recently
16
Mission to Peru: Studies of the conservation problems
of adobe buildings at Chan-Chan.
Mission to Borobodur:
Paolo
Mora was .called upon to
advise on the conservation of stone
statues, during the
dismantling of the temple of Borobodur.
curator, art historian and archaeologist must
understand the complexity of conservation
having a shared responsibility to see the project
through with the help of regular supervision by
the appropriate expert. In this way, missions
can be made effective and instructive:
The
Council having approved this scheme, it is
hoped that governments will make young pro
fessionals available to ICCROM; although it is
realized that conservators of all types are in
short supply, careful consideration of the gains
to each party should be convincing. Again, com
munication problems must be considered and
treatment, and the skills it requires, in order
to give informed direction. We all have to learn
the art of communication in work that is essen
tially multi-disciplinary.
Research at ICCROM will need financial support
from governments and foundations.
There is
no shortage of subjects.
here the needs of the host country dictate what
working language would be used; nor can geo
graphical distances and travel costs be ignored.
There
are now a
large
number
of
•
trainees all over the world who could be used
on such missions, and we should see that they
are constructively employed to further the
Being international in character, ICCROM is in
an ideal position to act as a clearing house for
conservation developments in every part of the
world, as well as to identify topics in need of
further study.
Its inter-governmental status
enables it to implement timely programmes and
to bring little known problems to the attention
of the governments concerned. Some of these
considerations are given below:
interests of conservation.
As in the past, emergency missions involving
quick mobilization of expert advice will also
continue to be one of ICCROM's concerns.
•
Future considerations
ICCROM
Research
• Trained personnel are needed everywhere to
practice conservation in all fields, but we must
admit that the influence of existing institutions
is still small relative to the amount of work
to be done. Something new like conservation
always has to fight for its existence and growth.
Needs differ widely in different areas, with dif
ferent cultures at different stages of devel
The study of the decay of materials coupled
with finding methods of slowing down this
decay by applying the knowledge of the natural
sciences is the central problem to which
ICOROM addresses itself. This means research
activities linked to identifying the problems in
the field; without field study, research is liable
to go in the wrong direction.
The scientist
must be persuaded to come out of his labora
tory and look, whilst the conservator must learn
how to ask the correct questions in a way that
opment. Even now, some countries do not have
an antiquities service or other department
responsible for conservation of cultural proper
ty, both movable and immovable. Some coun
tries are wasting their human assets and not
properly using persons trained in conservation.
is specific and intelligible to the scientist. The
17
partly because they do not understand or ap
preciate the level of skills required. Professor
Majewski of New York University has remarked
that it takes as much training to form a conser
vator as an atomic physicist. Taking these long
years of preparation into account, it is probably
true to say that few, if any, countries remu
nerate their conservators adequately. In devel
oping countries, trained conservators who are
desperately needed have often had to find their
living in more lucrative activities. Yet it can
be shown that conservation policies save money.
techniques needs special training and the guid
ance of a conservator/restorer.
9 In some quarters there is a lack of respect
for traditional techniques which contain a vast
storehouse of scientific and cultural informa
tion, painfully accumulated over centuries.
Indeed the history of technology is the summa
tion of the history of the human race and is a
fascinating study in itself. Much of real history
is embodied in the traditional crafts, but these
have not been properly recorded nor respected.
Archaelogists have shown that the modern
• Some advanced countries waste their assets
by failing to see that conservation has one
methodology. They have great institutions that
are proud and independent and determined to
remain independent, so they miss.vital opportu
nities for multi-disciplinary collaboration, for
sharing scarce skills and equipment and spread
carpenter has only one tool that was not invent
ed before 1800 BC- that is, the cranked brace,
which was a mediaeval invention.
Advanced
technology can ignore the lesson contained in
the storehouse of tradition at its peril. To quote
one example: some makes of plastic paint have
failed due to the manufacturer's failure to realize
that moisture vapour must be able to pass
though the paint film. Another is the often mis
guided use of Portland cement in the repair of
historic buildings. There is a big field open for
cooperation between conservation and industry.
ing knowledge.
• The conservator must be able to justify the
cost of his work by reference to the multiple
values in cultural property. If we cannot con
serve everything we must have priorities,
which implies estimating and budgeting so
as to secure proper allocation of the all too
little money that is available.
Productivity in
conservation must be studied.
Conservators
Conservators should establish a " white list"
of products suitable for use on cultural proper
ty so that materials of known characteristics
can be specified and used.
must not do repetitive tasks that are better left
to technicians and experienced craftsmen, who
have acquired the highest manual skills through
constant practice; it must be understood that
• It should be publicised that if the principles
of conservation of cultural property are cor
rectly applied the legal owners of that property,
often governments, will save money as'well as
such skills are as difficult to acquire as academ
ic knowledge.
Cultural property is irreplace
able and much too valuable to be conserved
by less than the highest skill available; however,
the craftsman using either traditional or
get their property cared for.
pay skilled practitioners
Not to employ and
fs a
policy
of
false
economy which may result in the loss of valu
able property.
new
18
■.f
i **'
By holding meetings of specialists and lectures, ICCROM seeks to promote research and circulate information: Here.
Albert France-Lanord presents a method for excavation in the laboratory.
9
restorer is not regarded at the worst enemy
of the object.
Correct concepts are vital to
ensure that each individual case is dealt with
properly, and ICCROM's aim is to promote these
concepts with every means at our disposal.
Yet it must be said that discovery of the most
effective products, application of the best
techniques, training of the most highly qual
ified specialists in conservation, will be of no
avail if the general public, high level administra
tors and politicians ignore the fact that cultural
property is vital to mankind.
Conclusion
All who practice conservation at whatever level
are welcome at ICCROM, which is an interna
tional forum where all ideas are expressed and
tested. Our course participants are expected
actively to share their experiences and know
ledge.
In this way the concepts of the Venice
Charter and Murray Pease report are validated,
kept up to date and made relevant within the
context of each nation so
that the previous
19
Some Facts and Figures
•
STATUTES
STATUTES OF THE INTERNATIONAL CENTRE FOR THE
STUDY OF THE PRESERVATION AND RESTORATION OF
CULTURAL PROPERTY
Admission to Associate Membership shall be on the
recommendation of the Executive Board of Unesco and
by decision of the Council of the Centre taken by a
two-thirds majority.
The present Statutes were adopted by the General
Assembly of the Centre at its second session on 24
April 1963.
b) public or private institutions of a scientific or cultural
nature of those Member States or Associate Members
of Unesco.
The art. 7 b) and 14 have been modified during the 7th
session of the General Assembly held on April 12th.
Admission to Associate Membership shall be by decision
of the Council of the Centre taken by a two-thirds
1973.
majority.
m Article 1
% Article 4
Functions
Organs
The " International Centre for the Study of the Preserva
tion and Restoration of Cultural Property", hereinafter
called " The Centre ", shall exercise the following func
The Centre shall comprise: a General Assembly, a Coun
cil, a Secretariat.
tions:
a) collect, study and circulate documentation concerned
with scientific and technical problems of the preserva
tion and restoration of cultural property
» Article 5
The General Assembly
b) co-ordinate, stimulate or institute research in this
domain, by means, in particular, of commissions to
bodies or experts, international meetings, publica
tions and exchanges of specialists;
The General Assembly shall consist of the delegates of
the States belonging to the Centre, each of which shall
be represented by one delegate.
These delegates should be chosen from amongst the
best qualified technical experts and if possible rep
c) give advice and recommendations on general or
specific points connected with the preservation and
, restoration of cultural property;
resenting specialized institutions of cultural property.
The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural
d) assist in training research workers and technicians
and raising the standard of restoration work.
Organization and Associate Members may be represent
ed at sessions of the General Assembly by observers,
who shall be entitled to submit proposals, but not to
vote.
» Article 2
The General Assembly shall meet in ordinary session
Membership
nary session by the Council. Unless the General Assembly
every two years.
It may also be convened in extraordi
or the Council decides otherwise, the General Assembly
shall meet in Rome.
The membership of the Centre shall consist of those
Member States of Unesco which send a formal declara
tion of accession to the Director-General of the Orga
The General Assembly shall elect its President at
the beginning of each regular session.
It shall adopt
nisation.
its own Rules of Procedure.
% Article 3
» Article 6
Associate Members
The General Assembly:
The following shall be eligible for Associate Membership
of the Centre:
a) public or private institutions of a scientific or cultural
Functions
The functions of the General Assembly shall be to:
a) decide on the policy of the Centre:
nature of States which are not members of Unesco.
21
b) elect the members of the Council;
h) The Council may entrust any definite task or tasks
to a Special Committee of which it will decide the
c) appoint the Director, on the proposal of the Council;
d) study and approve the reports and the activities of
the Council;
composition.
i) The Council shall adopt its own Rules of Procedure.
e) supervise the financial operations of the Centre, exam
ine and approve its budget;
f) fix the contributions of members, on the basis of
the scale of contributions for the Member States
♦ Article 8
of Unesco;
The Council:
g) decide on the application of sanctions as laid down
Functions
in Article 13.
The functions of the Council shall be to:
a) carry out the decisions and directives of the General
Assembly;
» Article 7
b) exercise such
to it by
The Council
other
functions
the Assembly;
as
may
be assigned
c) establish the draft budget, on the proposal of the
Director, and submit it to the Assembly;
d) examine and approve the work plan submitted by
the Director;
e) establish the contributions of the Associate Members.
a) The Council shall consist of members elected by the
General Assembly and special members.
b) The number of members elected by the General
Assembly should not be less than twelve.
This
number may be increased by one person for each
group of five Member States after the first thirty.
c) Special members shall be: a representative of the
Director-General of Unesco; a representative of the
Italian Government; the Director of the Institut Royal
du Patrimoine Artistique, Brussels; the Director of
the Istituto Centraie del Bestauro, Rome; a represen
tative of the International Council of Museums and
a representative of the International Council on Mon
» Article 9
Correspondents
The Council may, in accordance with its Rules of Pro
cedure, appoint corresponding experts, who may be
consulted on all questions within their special com
petence.
uments and Sites.
d) The Director of the Centre, representatives of other
institutions and experts appointed by the Council may
attend the meetings of the Council in an advisory
» Article 10
capacity.
Except that they shall not be entitled to
vote, they shall participate in the work and discus
sions of the Council on the same footing as the
members proper.
Secretariat
The Secretariat shall consist of the Director and such
staff as the Centre may require.
e) The members elected by the General Assembly shall
be chosen from amongst the best qualified experts
concerned with the preservation and restoration of
cultural property taking into consideration equitable
representation of the major cultural regions of the
world.
They must all be of different nationalities.
The Director shall be appointed by the General Assem
bly, on the proposal of the Council.
The appointment
to a vacancy occurring in the intervals between session
of the Assembly shall be made by the Council, subject
to confirmation by the General Assembly, which shall
also fix the term of office.
f) The members elected by the General Assembly shall
be elected for a term of two years, and shall be
Assistants to the Director shall be appointed, on the
proposal of the Director, by the Council.
eligible for re-election.
to
g) The Council shall meet at least every two years.
any vacancies
occurring
in
the
Appointments
intervals
between
sessions of the Council shall be made by the Director.
22
Ordinary session of tha General Assembly.
subject to confirmation by the Council, which shall also
fix the term of office.
The Director and his
assistants must
be
specialists
The
Interim
Assembly.
Council
shall
convene
the
first
General
in
different branches of study; they may not be of the
same nationality.
The other members of the Secretariat shall be appointed
» Article 13
by the Director.
Sanctions
In the discharge of their duties, the Director and the
staff shall not seek or receive instructions from any
government or from any authority external to the Centre.
The Members and Associate Members who have not
paid their contribution of two or four consecutive, years,
shall be liable respectively to a penalty of suspension
or exclusion.
0 Article 11
# Article 14
Legal status
__^
Revision
The Centre shall enjoy, on the territory of every member
Amendments to the present Statutes shall be adopted
by the General Assembly by a two-thirds majority vote
thereof, the legal capacity necessary for the attainment
of its aims and the exercise of its functions.
of the members present and voting.
Proposals for amendments shall be communicated to all
members and to Unesco six months prior to the session
of the General Assembly on whose agenda they are to
be placed. Proposed amendments to such amendments
The Centre may receive gifts or legacies.
» Article 12
Transitional provisions
shall be communicated three months prior to the beginning
of the session of the General Assembly.
For the first two years, the annual contribution of mem
bers shall be 1 % of their contribution to Unesco for
the year 1957.*
» Article 15
For each of the first four years. Unesco's contribution
shall not be less than S 12.000.
Withdrawal of Member States
Until the first meeting of the General Assembly which
shall take place, at latest, within 18 months of the entry
Into force of the present Statutes, the functions vested
In the General Assembly and the Council shall be exer
cised by an Interim Council composed of:
Any member may give notice of withdrawal from the
Centre at any time after the expiry of a period of two
years from the date of its accession. Such notice shall
take effect one year after the date on which it is com
municated to the Director General of Unesco, provided
that the member concerned has, on that date, paid its
a representative of the Director-General of Unesco;
contributions for all the years during which it belonged
to the Centre including the financial year following the
a representative of the Italian Government;
the Director of the Laboratoire Central des Musees.
Belgium;
the Director of the tstituto Centrale del Restauro, Rome;
and a fifth member appointed by the Director-General
of Unesco.
date of the notice of withdrawal. The Director-General
cf Unesno shall communicate said notice to all the
members of the Centre and to the Director.
» Article 16
' In 1963 the majority of Member States of the Centre
voted to have their annual contributions established
at 1% of their contributions to Unesco for the current
Entry into force
These Statutes shall enter into force when five States
have become members of the Centre.
year.
23
• COUNCIL
R. Sneyers (IRPA)
R. Soelro (Brazil)
PRESIDENTS OF COUNCIL
J. Taubert (Fed. Rep. of Germany)
G. Trlpp (Austria)
H. de Varine-Bohan (ICOM)
Upon his retirement in 1967, Dr. Frederic Gysin, Founda
tion President of Council for nine years, was awarded
the title of Honorary Member of Council by the General
1966...
1967-69
1967...
1960-69
1965...
Assembly.
He was succeeded by the following Presidents, to whom
As the number of Member States grew, the Statutes
were modified to enlarge the Council and thus to ensure
we also owe special recognition:
Prof. Stanislaw Lorentz
Or. A.F.E. Van Schendel
Sir Norman Reid
Dr. Johan Lodewijks
MEMBERS
wider representation from the conservation field.
In
1979 there are 24 members, 18 elected and 6 ex officio
as before. Those who served during the second decade
1967-71
1971-75
1975-77
1977-79
were:
O.P. Agrawal (India)
G. Bazin (France)
A. Almagro Gorbea (Spain)
K. Balkan (Turkey)
A. Ballestrem (Fed. Rep. of Germany)
G. Bonfil Batalla (Mexico)
SE I'Emir M. Chehab (Lebanon)
K. Dabrowski (Poland)
H. Daifuku (UNESCO)
A. Daoulatli (Tunisia)
Y.O. Dawodu (Nigeria)
V. Dragut (Romania)
F. Chueca Goitia (Spain)
A. Garcia Gil (Spain)
P. Gazzola (Italian Govt.)
T. Iwasaki (Japan)
V. Karageorghis (Cyprus)
M. Koller (Austria)
OF COUNCIL
The Council generally meets once a year, although some
of its committees, such as the Finance Committee, meet
more frequently.
The provisional Council of 1958-1960
consisted of:
President, F. Gysin
Ex-officio Members, P. Gazzola,
C. Brandi, P. Coremans
J.
van
der
Haagen,
Observers, Messrs. De Angelis d'Ossat, Shahbaz. Riviere
Fleischmann and Miss Shirley Guiton
By 1969. there were 14 Council members, 8 elected as
specialists in the field and 6 ex-officio, representing
official bodies or Institutions: UNESCO. ICOM. ICOMOS.
the Italian Government, the Institut Royal du Patrimolne
Artlstique, and the Istituto Centrale del Restauro. Those
who served on the Council during this decade were:
G. Alomar (Spain)
G. Bazin (France)
C. Brandi (ICR)
M. Chehab (Lebanon)
P. Coremans (IRPA)
H.
T.
P.
L.
F.
J.
T.
Daifuku (UNESCO)
Gairola (India)
Gazzola (Italian Representative)
C. Gwam (Nigeria)
Gysin (Switzerland)
van der Haagen (UNESCO)
Iwasaki (Japan)
R. Lemaire
(ICOMOS)
S. Lorentz (Poland)
R. Nunoo (Ghana)
N. Reid (United Kingdom)
G. H. Riviere (ICOM)
P. Rotondi (ICR)
A. Saadawya (Libya)
A. Sefrioui (Morocco)
A. van Schendel (Netherlands)
B. Kurata (Japan)
1975-7S
C.F. Mannerstrale (Sweden)
L. Monreal (ICOM)
A. Naji (Iraq)
S. Naqvi (UNESCO)
L. Ortiz Macedo (Mexico)
P. Perrot (USA)
N. Reid (United Kingdom)
C. Rehmat Ullah (Pakistan)
P. Rotondi (ICR)
A. Van Schendel (Netherlands)
H. Schneider (Switzerland)
A. Szpakowski (Poland)
1973-76
1973-79
1975-79
1978-79
1971-72
1973-79
1969-76
1973-74
1961-72
1960-74
1975-76
1975
B.
J.
J.
Y.
G.
H.
S.
1975-76
1971-79
1967-75
1975-77
1973-79
1965-72
1975-79
P.
R.
J.
S.
K.
Dates of service
(...indicates continuing)
1969...
1965...
1958-61
1967...
1959-65
1961...
1963-67
1958...
1963-64
1958-67
1958-60
1969...
1969...
1960...
Lasko (United Kingdom)
Lemaire (ICOMOS)
Lodewijks (Netherlands]
Lorentz (Poland)
Malinowski (Poland)
W. Na Songkhla (Thailand)
R. Sneyers (IRPA)
196S67
1969...
1958-64
1961...
1965-67
1960-63
1960...
24
1971-79
1965-70
1975-76
1973-74
1977-79
1973-74
1967-79
1977-79
1961-74
1975-79
1975-79
1973-79
1975-76
1973-74
1958-79
1969-74
1973-79
1973-79
Tezcan (Turkey)
Taralon (France)
Taubert (Fed. Rep. of Germany)
Turchenko (UNESCO)
Urban) (ICR)
de Varine-Bohan (ICOM)
Zaldivar Guerra (Mexico)
1977-79
1969-79
1975-79
1960-70
1971-74
1977-79
1966-79
The Staff in 1979.
•
ADMINISTRATION AND GENERAL SERVICES
THE SECRETARIAT
ICCROM
began
in
1959
with
five
members
of
Paolo Pegazzano, Administration
Filippo Nicolini, Accounting
Danilo Paganelli, Technical Maintenance
the
Secretariat:
Natalino Proietti. Transport
Antcnio Tito, Sales/Travel
Liliana Vecchio. Reception
Harold J. Plenderleith. Director
Paul Philippot, Assistant Director
Italo C. Angle, Executive Secretary
Elena Fiorini. Secretary
Due to the intensive pressure on the permanent staff
and their need for administrative support, some new
Antonio Tito. Senior Warden
appointments are anticipated.
Ten years ago. in 1969, the Secretariat consisted of:
Harcld J. Plenderleith. Director
Paul Philippot. Assistant Director
Giorgio Torraca. Scientific Assistant
Italo C. Angle. Executive Secretary
Giulio Catena. Accountant
Lucetta Amendola. Librarian
Caroline Eales-Barkay. Secretary
Marcelle Szmer, Secretary
ASSISTANTS • FIXED TERM CONTRACTS
ICCROM could not have carried out its programmes
without the help of a large number of young professionals,
technicians, secretarial aides and so forth. For instance,
in February 1979. the following persons are serving
ICCROM in various capacities: Alejandro Alva Balderrama
(Architectural Conservation), Christine Borruso (Conser
Antonio Tito, Senior Warden
Elena Fiorini, Bilingual Shorthand-typist
Gemma Berardinelli, Bilingual Shorthand-typist
Natale Proietti, Chauffeur-janitor
Now twenty
follows:
DIRECTORATE.
years
old.
ICCROM's
vation
Science),
Veronique
Demaret
(Exhibitions
and
publications), Madeleine Hanaire (Mural Paintings), Sergio
Lucarelli (Photogrammetry). Roberto Marta (Architectural
Conservation).
Gianna
Paganelli
(Library). . Simonetta
Peroni (Architectural Conservation). Victoria Richardson
Secretariat
is
(Documentation), Arnaldo and Gilda Ruzza (Custodian and
as
cafeteria). Constance Silver (Mural Paintings). Francesco
Tomasi (Photocopy).
SCIENTIFIC
AND
TECHNICAL
SERVICES
CONSULTANTS
Bernard M. Feilden. Director
Giorgio Torraca. Deputy Director
Gael de Guichen, Special Programmes
Jukka Jokilehto. Architectural Conservation
Cynthia Rockwell, Documentation
The corpus of consultants is a great source of strength
ror
ICCROM.
Some
are
permanent
consultants,
such
as Paolo Mora (Mural Paintings/Technical Assistance) or
Louis-Jacques
Rollet-Andriane (Liaison. World Heritage
Committee); others, although not officially part of
ICCROM, generously contribute time and effort to the
courses and missions and symposia, ensuring that the
highest standards have been maintained. Added to this
Paul Schwartzbaum, Mural Paintings
Marie-Christine Uginet, Library
Christopher Wheatley, Conservation
Lena Wikstrom. Conservation
corpus is a growing group of former course participants *.
many of whom will be the consultants of the future.
When they are constructively deployed throughout the
world, one can say that ICCROM has come of age.
Even now. on missions to countries, it is gratifying to
find them in key positions and rising to the top of their
SECRETARIES
Charlotte Acker, Courses
Elizabeth Ambrosi, Direction
Gemma Berardinelli. Financial Section
Elena Fiorini. Training Section/Scholarships
organisations.
Susan Inman, Special Programmes
Margaret Ohanessian, Library
' See pages 28 and 29.
25
Architectural conservation:
Visit to a quarry.
Conservation of Mural Paintings: Work site in the Church
of Santa Maria dell'Orto.
Course II: Conservation of Mural Paintings
COURSES
ICCROM organises four annual courses, as given below,
and others upon request.
Course I: Architectural Conservation
The course of Architectural Conservation offered since
1965 by ICCROM and the Faculty of Architecture of the
University of Rome originated from the development and
the internationalization of the " Scuola di specializzazione
per lo studio ed il restauro dei monumenti ", created and
directed since 1960 by Prof. Guglielmo De Angelis d'Ossat.
It intends to give participants, in a limited period, the
broadest possible survey of cultural and technical prob
lems of architectural conservation, while stressing the
methodological aspects dictated by a strict approach to
conservation problems.
The course has been conceived as post graduate study
for participants with practical experience and includes:
— lectures on theory and methodology of architectural
conservation.
— a programme of practical
seminars and guided visits.
application,
discussions,
Conservation is considered from the complementary points
of view of the individual building, the materials used, and
the historic environment of which it is a part whether this
Technically and aesthetically linked to architecture, mural
paintings have their own particular conservation problems,
often posed by the condition of the structures in which
they are found.
In the hope of making an effective contribution towards
improving the quality of restoration work carried out on
mural paintings, a regular course of training is being of
fered to students wishing to specialize in this field. This
has been made possible by an agreement between ICCROM
and the Istituto Centrale del Restauro, which has consent
ed to make available its considerable experience in the
conservation of mural paintings.
What is offered, therefore, is a short course of training
in the conservation of mural paintings organised by
ICCROM and placed under the scientific direction of the
Istituto Centrale del Restauro, in agreement with the
Italian " Direzione Generale Antichita e Belle Arti\
The aim of the course is to give restorers the theoret
ical and practical knowledge essential for diagnosing
the causes of deterioration and planning the most ap
propriate methods of conservation and restoration.
The
course includes the broad theory of .conservation and
stresses
its
multi-disciplinary
nature.
The course is intended for conservators, restorers, cura
tors and conservation scientists holding a diploma or
having professional experience of at least four years.
It is held annually for four months, starting in midFebruary. It is given in French in odd years and English
in even years.
The number of participants Is limited
to 14.
involves historic centres or landscape or regional planning.
Professors, selected among experts of different countries,
share with the participants their most recent experiences
and thus allow them to compare the special contributions
of the most significant trends in international thought on
conservation, within the ambit of a systematic meth
odology.
This course is given for six months annually, from January
to June. The language of the course is English and the
number of participants is limited to 25.
It is open to
architects, civil engineers, urban designers, art historians
and archaeologists with a university degree and at least
4 years of professional experience in conservation.
26
Conservation Science:
Course
Security and environment in museums:
Biology course.
Conservation
minance in an ethnographic museum.
Course IV: Security, and Environment in Museums
Science
A deeper knowledge of the structure of matter and of
the behaviour of materials as affected by the environ
ment allows contemporary problems of conservation to
be dealt with in the light of general scientific principles.
Specialists in museum protection consider that judicious
lighting of displays, climate control, and protection against
fire and theft are the measures essential to respon
sible conservation of museum collections.
Conservation techniques should follow naturally as a
consequence of the knowledge of deterioration processes,
attemps to arrest them and to minimize their unfavou
Many museum curators are called upon to make choices
fixing conservation policy in this area without sufficient
familiarity with current scientific information and tech
niques to enable them to make informed decisions.
rable consequences.
The
hypothesis
underlying
a
course
Measuring illu
on
Therefore, this refresher course is insended to meet this
need by touching on the basic aspects of museum protec
Conservation
Science is that it can be taught to any person of a
sufficient cultural level and particularly that it can be
taught to all people concerned with the conservation of
cultural property together, when assembled in the same
classroom or laboratory
tion today.
Displays, demonstrations, and lectures by
specialists of international standing make up the twoweek course.
It has been especially designed to aid
the curator in understanding the technical problems with
which he is confronted and in making decisions with a
knowledge of the most practical solutions.
It is not assumed however that such a course will have
the same effect on all participants: graduates in humanities,
scientists, curators, restorers, trainees certainly reach
different degrees of comprehension of the informative ma
terial offered to them and the material retained may vary
widely, bcth qualitatively and quantitatively, from case
to case.
It is assumed that each participant has his
particular field of interest illuminated by the approach
to the basic principles underlying deterioration processes,
conservation techniques and methodology of restoration.
The course is held for two weeks annually, starting in
late September. It is given in English or French according
to demand, and is limited to 14 participants. It
is
intended for museum curators or administrators and
architects in mid-career.
This course aims to show the basic principles through
experiments, after discussing them in informal lectures
and seminars.
Its backbone is constituted by a series
of exercises mostly performed by the students them
selves.
However, since often a totally practical demon
stration is not possible, experiments are integrated with
visual
aids, visits, seminars, etc.
This course is not meant to be a restoration course.
Participants interested in improving their ability in special
fields must refer to specialized institutions where their
skill can be developed through continuous application to
actual restoration problems.
OTHER COURSES
ICCROM has also carried out, under contract to UNESCO,
courses on the conservation of stone, held in Venice
in 1976 & 1978 and scheduled for autumn 1979.
The course is intended for conservators, curators, mu
seum scientists and restorers (age between 25 and 40).
It lasts for four months, usually starting in mid-February,
and is held in English.
The number of participants is
limited to IS.
ICCROM s teaching personnel have assisted in the
training programmes of various UNESCO Regional Centres
and have set up short courses at the request of Member
States.
27
COURSE PARTICIPANTS
1
Brazil '
Bulgaria *
Burma
Burundi
Beylorussian SSR
Cameroon
Canada *
Central African Empire
The followings table shows the number of course par
ticipants and their countries since the courses were
initiated.
Course
I
Course II
Course III
Course IV
III
7
11
IV
3
1
3
4
1
Tot
10
12
8
—
onau
Architecture started in 1965.
Mural Paintings started in 1968.
Conservation Science started in 1973.
Chile
China
Colombia *
Security and Environment started in 1975.
Congo
Costa Rica
Cuba*
Cyprus *
Czechoslovakia
Dem. Kampuchea *
Denmark *
Dominican Repubi.'
ICCROM Member States are marked with an asterisk.
Tho countries listed are UNESCO Member States.
The Course on Architecture was organised with the
Faculty of Architecture of Rome University, which explains
the large number of Italian participants.
Ecuador
Egypt *
El Salvador
Ethiopia *
Finland
Due to the fact that the 4th course was initially financed
by the Direction des Musees de France, there is a
noticeable preponderance of French participants in that
France"
Gabon *
course.
2
1
B
2
2
3
6
1
2
3
1
11
1
4
4
6
6
1
4
1
2
4
2
2
1
2
2
4
1
7
22
2
3
3
14
1
4
7
2
3
10
46
1
Gambia
Germ. Dem. Rep.
1
Afghanistan
Albania '
Algeria *
Argentina
Australia '
Austria *
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Barbados
Belgium *
Benin (People's Republic of)
Bolivia
II
III
II
IV
2
2
2
2
4
6
14
4
1
6
4
1
8
1
1
14
3
Germany Fed. Rep. of *
Ghana *
Greece
Grenada
Tot.
1
1
11
1
1
26
6
25
2
1
2
30
6
Guatemala *
Guinea '
Guinea-Bissau
Guyana
Haiti
6
6
Hungary
2
2
Honduras *
1
2
3
2
13
Iceland
India *
Indonesia
16
3
28
1
1
3
2
5
1
1
10
2
Some Facts and Figures
II
1
Iran*
Iraq*
Ireland
Israel '
Italy *
Ivory Coast
Jamaica
23
6
2
5
6
4
3
1
1
2
2
4
2
1
Nigeria *
Norway
Oman
Pakistan'
Panama
Papua New Guinea
Paraguay *
Peru*
Spain *
Sri Lanka'
Sudan *
Surinam
Sweden *
Switzerland *
Syrian Arab Rep. *
Thailand *
6
1
1
—
1
Togo
Trinidad & Tobago
Tunisia *
Turkey *
Uganda
Ukrainian SSR
USSR
1
—
1
1
—
23
3
1
27
—
—
1
United
United
United
United
Upper
1
■
—
3
1
2
6
1
2
4
5
13
1
—
2
3
2
4
S
—
3
1
1
1
Arab Emirates
Kingdom *
Rep. of Tanzania
States of America *
Volta
Uruguay
Venezuela
Viet Nam *
Yemen Arab Rep.
Yemen (People's Dem. Rep. of)
Yugoslavia *
—
2
12
1
1
Somalia
—
3
1
Tot.
5
16
5
San Marino
Saudi Arabia
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Singapore
10
7
2
6
1
IV
Rwanda
—
2
III
Qatar
Romania *
1
1
1
New Zealand
Nicaragua *
Niger
2
247
2
1
II
Philippines
Poland *
Portugal *
—
Mauritius
Mexico *
Monaco
Mongolia
Morocco'
Mozambique
Nepal *
Netherlands '
I
28
9
—
Korea Rep. of *
Kuwait'
Laos (People's Dem. Rep. of)
Lebanon *
Lesotho
Liberia
Libyan Arab Rep. *
Luxembourg *
Madagascar *
Malawi
Malaysia '
Malta'
1
Tot.
—
6
4
Mali
1
2
IV
—
2
232
Japan'
Jqrdan *
Kenya
Korea (Dem. People's Rep. of)
4
III
4
2
Zaire
12
6
23
8
2
1
11
18
25
6
9
6
5
5
5
12
1
19
21
36
1
4
1
4
2
22
2
24
Zambia
—
—
9
5
1
TOTAL
15
29
627
163
62
57
909
Member States
MEMBERS, FUNDING AND BUDGET
The finances of ICCROM depend upon its membership
and their contributions.
A comparison of the position
Ghana
Guatemala
in 1969 with the present is revealing.
It is unfortunate,
however, that worldwide inflation had made the increases
especially
in
the
Mexico
1962
1975
1962
1964
1961
1972
1961
1958
1960
1967
1958
1961
1968
1962
1958
1959
1978
1963
1966
1965
1961
Morocco
1958
Nepal
Netherlands
1969
Guinea
much less useful than might have been hoped. ICCROM
is now short of funds if it is to pursue an active policy,
Honduras
India
regions.
Iran
Iraq
Israel
Italy
Japan
Jordan
Kampuchea Rep.
Korea
Kuwait
Lebanon
Libyan Arab Rep.
Luxembourg
Madagascar
Malaysia
Malta
Member Spates
Albania
Algeria
Australia
Austria
Belgium
1962
1973
1975
1957
1959
1964
Brazil
Bulgaria
1959
1978
Canada
Colombia
Cuba
Cyprus
Denmark
Dominican
Rep.
Egypt. Arab Rep
Ethiopia
France
Year of
1969
1979
Membership Contribution Contribution
$
S
1971
1971
1963
1972
1958
1959
1975
1964
1961
Gabon
Germany. Fed. Rep. of 1964
143
1.896
3.684
3.005
608
143
,
143
145
1.452
22.070
9.147
15.536
14.955
2,032
43.705
679
1.161
145
20.218
83.780
143
23.611
145
110.787
1959
250
143
143
5,867
715
214
679
10.911
12.735
143
143
393
290
290
145
145
9.728
5,808
1,161
3,339
48.642
124.291
145
1.887
214
2.178
178
143
435
2.323
580
145
1.306
145
143
357
143
2.933
11,325
321
726
_____
145
3.899
20,473
145
Nicaragua
1971
1961
465
1.887
Pakistan
Paraguay
Peru
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Spain
Sri Lanka
1963
1973
1962
1958
1967
1960
1958
1958
1960
1969
1959
1959
1967
1969
1959
1967
1.252
1.016
145
871
Sudan
Switzerland
Syrian Arab Rep.
Thailand
Tunisia
Turkey
United Kingdom
United States of
America
143
321
4.936
536
1,216
178
178
178
2.897
20.037
2.758
3,484
280
290
145
17.859
13,794
1.180
22.287
290
1.452
290
4,356
65,049
1.323
363.000
435
5.662
143
429
1971
Soc. Rep. of Viet Nam 1972
1959
Yugoslavia
30
1979
1969
ntribution Contribution
S
S
Nigeria
Sweden
1.597
1.597
145
9.147
290
Year of
Membership
iccnoM...........
ICCROM Member States 20 years after its foundation.
1969
1979
150
100
Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation
Canberra College of Advanced
Oept. Archaeology & Museums,
Bangladesh
100
Farabi
University.
Isfahan
100
fur
DDR. Berlin
Tehran
&
Denkmalpflege
in
Institute
of
Methodology
Budapest
Institute
Conservation
of
1 "etude
26
nil
Lerici Foundation, Rome
ISO
100
Museu
Arte
Sao Paolo
100
100
National Gallery of Victoria
90
100
National Library of Australia
—
100
International Institute for Con
servation (IIC)
Contemporanea.
Rep. Zavod za Zastitu Kulture,
—
S
1963-64
1965-66
1967-68
1969-70
1971-72
1973-74
1975-76
1977-78
1979-80
30.695
19.698
65.185
70.105
219.462
269.639
439.099
584.426
749.054
1.138.695
1.724.085
2.500.000
100
Smithsonian Institution
—
100
University of Washington
—
100
Vatican Museums
1960
1961-62
100
100
Zagreb
YEAR
1958-59
25
de I'art
progress.
&
Museums,
pour
States join ICCROM and as UNESCO contributions
increase, so our budget also improves. A study of the
increase in the overall bi-annual budget shows significant
100
_
Suisse
Our Member State contributions are figured at 1% of
100
Institute of Advanced Architec
tural Studies, York
THE BUDGET
their yearly UNESCO contribution. Thus as more Member
100
Education
Institut
•
Contribution Contribution
S
$
Associate Members
These figures do not include extra-budgetary funds, such
as contracts and subventions for special purposes.
Salaries, albeit rather below those paid by the Interna
tional Civil Service, are good enough to attract staff
of the highest calibre from certain countries.
nil
31
H959.1960.1961.1962.1963.1964.19bb.1!H>b.iyb/.l9bB.1969.19/0.19/1 .1972.19/3.1974.1975.1976.1977.1978.1979.ICCROM COMES OF AGE.1959
11960.1961.1962.1963.1964.1965.1966.1967.1968.1969.1970.1971.1972.1973.1974.1975.1976.1977.1978.1979.IO::ROM CTMES OF AGE. 1959.1960
'1961.1062.1963.1964.1965.1966.1967.1968.1969.1970.1971.1972.1973.1974.1975.1976.197?.1978.1979.ICCROM CCMES OF AGE.1959.1960.1961
1962.1963.1964.1965.1966.1967.1968.1969.1970.1971.1972.1973.1974.1975.1976.1977.1978.1979.IOCRCM CCMES OP AGE.1959.1960.1961.1962
1963.1964.1965.1966.1967.1968.1969.1970.1971.1972.1973.1974.1975.1976.1977.1978.1979.ICCROM COMES OF AGE.1959.1960.1961.1962.1963
1964.1965.1966.1967.1968.1969.1970.1971.19/2.1973.1974.1975.1976.1977.1978.1979.ICCROM COMES OF AGE.1959.1960.1961.1962.1963.1964
1965.1966.1967.1968.1969.1970.1971.1972.1973.1974.1975.1976.1977.1978.1979.ICCHOM COMES OF AGE. 1959.1960.1961.1962.1963.1964.1965
1966.1967.1968.1969.1970.1971.1972.1973.1974.1975.1976.1977.1978.1979.ICCROM CCMES OF AGE.1959.1960.1961.1962.1963.1964.1965.1966
1967.1968.1969.1970.1971.1972.1973.1974.1975.1976.1977.1978.1979.ICCROM COMES OF AGE.1959.1960.1961.1962.1963.1964.1965.1966.1967
1968.1969.1970.1971.1972.1973.1974.1975.1976.1977.1978.1979.ICCROM COMES OF AGE.1959.1960.1961.1962.1963.1964.1965.1966.1967.1968
1969.1970.1971.1972.1973.1974.1975.1976.1977.1978.1979.ICCROM CCMES OF AGE.1959.1960.1961.1962.1963.1964.1965.1966.1967.1968.1969
1970.1971.1972.1973.1974.1975.1976.1977.1978.1979.ICCROM COMES OF AGE.1959.1960.1961.1962.1963.1964.1965.1966.1967.1968.1969.1970
1971.1972.1973.1974.1975.1976.1977.1978.1979.ICCROM COMES OF AGE.1959.1960.1961.1962.1963.1964.1965.1966.1967.1968.1969.1970.1971
1972.1973.1974.1975.1976.1977.1978.1979.ICCROM COMES OF AGE.1959.1960.1961.1962.1963.1964.1965.1966.1967.1968.1969.1970.1971.1972
1973.1974.1975.1976.1977.1978.1979.ICCROM CCMES OF AGE.1959.1960.1961.1962.1963.1964.1965.1966.1967.1968.1969.1970.1971.1972.1973
1974.1975.1976.1977.1978.1979.ICCROM CCMES OF AGE. 1959.1960.1961.1962.1963.1964.1965.1"66.1967.1968.1969.1970.1971.1972.1973.1974
1975.1976.1977.1578.1979.ICCROM CCMES OF AGE.1959.1960.19b1.1962.1963.1964.1965.1966.1967.1968.1969.1970.1971.1972.1933.1974.1975
1976.1977.1978.1979.ICCROM COMES OF AGE. 1959.1960.1961.1962.1963.1964.1965.1966.1967.1968.1969.1970.1971.1972.1973.1974.1975.1976
f 1977.1978.1979.ICCROM COMES OF AGE.1959.1960.1961.1962.1963.1964.1965.1966.1967.1968.1969.1970.1971.1972.1973.1974.1975.1976.1977
1978.1979.ICCROM COMES OF AGE.1959.1960.1961.1962.1963.1964.1965.1966.1967.1968.1969.1970.1971 .1972.1973.1974.1975.1976.1977.1978
1979.ICCROM CCMES OF AGE.1959.1960.1961.1962.1963.1964.1965.1966.1967.1968.1969.1970.1971.1972.1973.1974.1975.1976.1977.1978.1979
f ICCROM COMES OF AGE. 1959.I960.1961.1962.1963.1964.1965.1966.1967.1968.1969.1970.1971.1972.1973.1974.1975J976.1977.1978.1979.ICCRO
1959.1960.-1961.1962.1963.1964.1965.1966.1967.1968.1969.1970.1971.1972.1973.1974.1975.1976.1977.1978.1979.ICCiOl COMES OF AGE.1959
1960.1961.1962.1963.1964.1965.1966.1967.1968.1969.1970.1971.1972.1973.1974.1975.1976.1977.1978.1979.IO::ROM CWES OF AGE.1959.1960
1961.1962.1963.1964.1965.1966.1967.1968.1969.1970.1971.1972.1973.1974.1975.1976.1977.1978.1979.ICCROM COMES OF AGE.1959.1960.1961
1962.1963.1964.1965.1966.1967.1968.1969.1970.1971.1972.1973.1974.1975.1976.1977.1978.1979.ICCROM COMES OF AGE.1959.1960.1961.1962
1963.1964.1965.1966.1967.1968.1969.1970.1971.1972.1973.1974.1975.1976.1977.1978.1979.ICCROM COMES OF AGE.1959.1960.1961.1962.1963
1964.1965.1966.1967.1968.19C>9.1970.1971.19/2.1973.1974.1975.1976.1977.1978.1979.ICCROM CCMES OF AGE.1959.1960.1961.1962.1963.1964
1965.1966.1967.1968.1969.1970.1971.1972.%m&*A834wrUkTS. 1976.1977.1978.1979,jJflas^bsWB&.aF AGE. 1959.1960.1961.1962.1963.1964.1965
i9I9.io.iui cures cr NZ.iMt.itu.i
«? ina mi i9Ja i»m ivi i»tj 1374 i>
1966,1967.1968.1969.1970.1971.1972.1 VB*A9ZAi>l&1b%.\&h&).A&77 A978A9^9.JQC^mlCSt^'.GSA^C&i'^Ba9,Jt9e0A96^ A 962 A963^964^965.1966
KCKMCOIU CT MX.int.1M0.IMI.lMl.IMl.il
<M.1M4.19to.l971.l9?I »••" I«T4 1915 |9H |«T |v
1967.1968.1969.1970.1971.1972.1973*18a4<r1«7l6-.1976.i.1*7.*».1«7&.1979.ICOBGM.OSME& OF AGE.19Sfl7.rtflj6ft.1961.1962.1963.1964.1965.1966.1967
».i«u.imi.im>
•M*.i»?.me.i»9
i.nii.ini.nn,!
-*x oms u-»*
1968.1969.1970.1971.1972.1973.197H»TOtf«76.1977.1976*.1#7<9>» ICCROM <CeNE».GR AGE. 1959.196fi«ie6.V#i962.1963.1964.1965.1966.1967 1968
ttl.HW "»>.<
1.1M9.1970.1971.
>1«. IVi.ll>».l«>
X! |K9 ,M ,,
1969.1970.1971.1972.1973.1974.197&tW7*»1977.1978.197t»».IGCeGM COMB&.<*.i*G6.1959.1960.196Wl863uifl63.1964.1965.1966.1967.1968.1969
•kl.lM4.lMt.
J. 1971.1(71.!»>.
IVI.1UI.IHI.I
« 1M. ,mj im
1970.1971.1972.1973.1974.1975.1976.1977.1978.1979.IGERfiM'CGMES OF.iAGB».1«6e.1960.1961.1962uia63«ia64.196D.1966.1967.1968.1969.1970
.972.197).1974.197%
.1970.19rt,ICCID
,» IKj 1*44 1*4*
.UXMMCtMSCT
j |Mi IM4 |«)
1971.1972.1973.1974.1975.1976.1977.1978.1979.ICCROW'OSMBSSF AGE..1fl6a»J960.1961.1962.1963ji()64«}&65.1966.1967.1968.1969.1970.1971
.l9Il.t9T4.14TS.197|>.>
1972.1973.1974.1975.1976.1977.1978.1979. ICCRO»'OSlMBS.fiS1..*GE. 1959.1B60 «r1-86.1.1962.1963.1964*ifl66ui866.1967.1968.1969.1970.1971.1972
1973.1974.1975.1976.1977.1978.1979.ICCROM OSMES^ALe! 1959.1960.T&&M662.1963.1964.196^1666^1867.1968.1969.1970.1971.1972.1973
.19)4.191*.I97».197».l»-
lt*9 19M 1MI 1»
MS 1*69 I4IA t»i
1974.1975.1976.1977.1978.1979.ICCROM CaB8.eP.iW3E. 1959.1960.1961.1«fia,.iefiJ..1964.1965.1"66«ie£i1,,ie68.1969.1970.1971.1972.1973.1974
1975.1976.1977.1578.1979.ICCROM COMB8:©5i!*iiBi'i'95d. 1960.19b1.1962.196&MI6&1965.1966.19fi!i'°:ifl68«1969.1970.1971.1972.1933.1974.1975
1976.1977.1978.1979.ICCROM COMES C^UttiMi»5&w4a6fl^-Uao1«.1»962l.1fi63.196^Q^A'^^m}''A^»W6S. 1970.1971.197?. 1973.1974.1975.1976
T7.l9)a.llf9.UrKHOMS CT KC.I9)9.1960.1961.1S62.I9
IM? 1K6 IM« 1970 1111 \iil 1411 l«7A 1«T'
'
1977.1978.1979.ICCROM COMES OF AGBrf959»iia6O»ia6U1^av.1fi6ai.1«64.1965.19*A...ia67»,.1fl68.i:ifi6e»:i970.1971.1972.1973.1974.1975.1976.1977
,
n
m».unr«a»fla or Mx.i9a.i.i9to.mi.i963.iM}.i9e4.i»
-s, 1*71 •«*, .«.,». ,«,< ..
197«. 1979.ICCROM COMES Of AGE. 1959v1960T1-96ftW63iW63tW64v 1-965.1966.1967.1968., 1869-i 1970.1971.1972.1973.1974.1975.1976.1977.1978
1979.ICCROM COMES OF AGE. 1959.1960.1961.1962.1963.1964.1965.1966.1967.1968.1969.1970.1971.1972.1973.1974.1975.1976.1977.1978.1979
ICCROM COMES OF AGE. 1959.t960.1961.1962.1963.1964.1965.1966.1967.1968.1969.1970.1971.1972.1973.1974.1975?976.1977.1978.1979.ICCRO
1959.1960.1961.1962.1963.1964.1965.1966.1967.1968.1969.197*0.1971.1972.1973.1974.1975.1976.1977.1978.1979.ICCOW COMES OF AGE.1959
1960.1961.1962.1963.1964.1965.1966.1967.1968.1969.1970.1971.1972.1973.1974.1975.1976.1977.1978.1979.ICCROM CWES OF AGE.1959.1%0
1961.1962.1963.1964.1965.1966.1967.1968.1969.1970.1971.1972.1973.1974.1975.1976.1977.1978.1979.ICCROM COMES OF AGE.1959.1960.1961
1962.1963.1964.1965.1966.1967.1968.1969.1970.1971.1972.1973.1974.1975.1976.1977.1978.1979.ICCROM COMES OF AGE.1959.1960.1961.1962
1963.1964.1965.1966.1967.1968.1969.1970.1971.1972.1973.1974.1975.1976.1977.1978.1979.ICCROM COMES OF AGE.1959.1960.1961.1962.1963
1964.1965.1966.1967.1968.1969.1970.1971.1972.1973.1974.1975.1976.1977.1978.1979.ICCROM COMES OF AGE.1959.1960.1961.1962.1963.1964
1965.1966.1967.1968.1969.1970.1971.1972.1973.1974.1975.1976.1977.1978.197"$'.ICCROM COMES OF AGE.1959.1960.1961.1962.1963.1964.1965
1966.1967.1968.1969.1970.1971.1972.1973.1974.1975.1976.1977.1978.1979.ICCROM COMES OF AGE.1959.1960.1961.1962.1963.1964.1965.1966
1967.1968.1969.1970.1971.1972.1973.1974.1975.1976.1977.1978.1979.ICCROM COMES OF AGE.1959.1960.1961.1962.1963.1964.1965.1966.1967
1968.1969.1970.1971.1972.1973.1974.1975.1976.1977.1978.1979.ICCROM CCMES OF AGE.1959.1960.1961.1962.1963.1964.1965.1966.1967.1968
1969.1970.1971.1972.1973.1974.1975.1976.1977.1978.1979.ICCROM COMES OF AGE.1959.1960.1961.1962.1963.1964.1965.1966.1967.1968.1969
1970.1971.1972.1973.1974.1975.1976.1977.1978.1979.ICCROM COMES OF AGE.1959.1960.1961 .1962.1963.1964.1965.1966.1967.1968.1969.1970
1971.1972.1973.1974.1975.1976.1977.1978.1979.ICCROM COMES OF AGE.1959.1960.1961.1962.1963.1964.1965.1966.1967.1968.1969.1970.1971
1972.1973.1974.1975.1976.1977.1978.1979.ICCROM COMES OF AGE.1959.1960.1961 .1962.1963.1964.1965.1966.1967.1968.1969.1970.1971.1972
1973.1974.1975.1976.1977.1978.1979.ICCROM COMES OF AGE.1959.1960.1961.1962.1963.1964.1965.1966.1967.1968.1969.1970.1971.1972.1973
1974.1975.1976.1977.1978.1979.ICCROM COMES OF AGE. 1959.1960.1961.1962.1963.1964.1965.1-V66.1967.1968.1969.1970.1971.1972.1973.1974
11975.1976.1977.1978.1979.ICCROM COMES OF AGE. 1959.1960.19b1.1962.1963.1964.1965.1966.1967.1968.1969.1970.1971.1972.1933.1974.1975
1976.1977.1978.1979.ICCROM COMF= OF AGE. 1959.1960.1961.1962.1963.1964.1965.1966.1967.1968.1969.1970.1971.197?.1973.1974.1975.1976
INTERNATIONAL CENTRE FOP THE STUDY OF THE PRESERVATION ANO THE RESTORATION OF CULTURAL PROPERTY
13 VIA Ol 8. MICHELE • OO193 ROME - TEL. DBOBO21 • BQOaSOS - SBQaa&S
008<l7d1 - TELES. INTEflCONCEFtTO
ROME - TELEX B1311<J IC
>OM