paranormal experiences and their relationship with the meaning of life.

Transcription

251
PARANORMAL EXPERIENCES AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP WITH THE MEANING OF LIFE
PARANORMAL EXPERIENCES AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP
WITH THE MEANING OF LIFE
Alejandro Parra* y Juan Manuel Corbetta**
Instituto de Psicología Paranormal, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Received: 09 December 2012
Accepted: 19 April 2013
ABSTRACT
The effects that have paranormal experiences in the life of the people were investigated. The results of a sample of 24
people actively interested in thinking new age and esoteric issues that reported having at least one paranormal experience
were collected. Such experiences increased their interest in spiritual matters as well as the subjective sense of well-being.
They also showed a decrease in fear of death, depression or anxiety, isolation and loneliness; concerns and fears about the
future. A large majority of the respondents indicated that these effects were a combination of more than one spiritual,
paranormal and transcendental experience. The magnitude of the changes in welfare and spirituality were positively associated
with the number of anomalous experiences. Well-being scores and the importance of spirituality were positively associated
with changes in welfare and spirituality which resulted from the anomalous experiences. Although 45% of respondents
indicated that the paranormal experience had been frightening, this fear seemed to be temporary or mixed with positive
feelings.
Keywords: Paranormal experiences, well-being, spirituality
Introduction
The interest of many people has been observed by an
open vision with regard to the aspects of life that go beyond
the realm of the physical and the material, which can lead to
health and well-being (Borysenko, 1993; Gartner, Larson, &
Allen, 1991; Koenig, 1990; Larson et al., 1992; Ornish, 1990).
A remarkable aspect of the spiritual-paranormal experiences
is that, although they are unique and transient, they have
an enormous impact in people who experience them. An
individual may experience a change in values after a neardeath experience or a spiritual healing experience (Cardeña,
Krippner& Lynn, 2000). The personal meaning of the
anomalous experiences can even stimulate the emergence
and development of religious ideologies.
* [email protected]
** [email protected]
LIBERABIT: Lima (Perú) 19(2): 251-258, 2013
However, a paranormal experience can also produce
unrest in two ways: the reactions of others and the same
reactions of the individual against such experiences. For
example, having conversations with supernatural beings
can mean from support and admiration to rejection and
marginalization. An indirect form through which a disorder
can mislead a paranormal experience is through disturbances
in the identity, difficulties in self-esteem, certain disorders
of personality and traumatic events. Those who have
experienced trauma may develop irrational beliefs, which in
ISSN: 1729-4827 (Printed)
ISSN: 2223-7666 (Online)
252
ALEJANDRO PARRA AND JUAN MANUEL CORBETTA
turn, may give rise to the emergence of
paranormal experiences. Fears associated with
paranormal experiences can range from fear of the
unknown and fear to «becoming crazy» to the inability to
communicate their experiences orfrighten other people.
A factor that influences in the consideration or not of a
paranormal experience as evidence of significant
psychological discomfort, are the beliefs and cultural
expectations. Spiritual experiences associated with auditory
perceptions tend to be considered psychopathology in
greater degree than if they include Visual perceptions. For
example, it is less likely that hearing voices is considered a
sign of psychopathology in a culture where this experience
is common (e.g. a spiritualist community), that in a culture
where it is considered a symptom of mental illness. To some
extent, as dysfunctional a paranormal experience will depend
on the response of the society. Thus, individuals
maintaining dialogues with their gods or spirits are less
likely to suffer a worsening unctionality if they are
surrounded by individuals who accept and even want to
experience it, than if they are immersed in a group which
rejects it or belittles it.
There is very little research of the effects of paranormal
experiences in the lives of the people (Kennedy, 1994)
Kennedy, 1995a, b; Milton, 1992, Parra, 2008b). For example,
some studies found that near-death (ECM) experiences
induce positive changes or psychological transformations
in several persons (Gallup & Proctor, 1982; Greyson &
Stevenson, 1980; Ring, 1984, 1995), but this conclusion has
not spread to other types of paranormal experiences. Milton
(1992) made an exploratory survey of the effects of
paranormal experiences in the lives of the people. Blackmore
(1988) and White (1990) consider that it is urgent to carry
out this type of study.
* [email protected]
On the other hand, it has also been discussed the fact
that some people may feel disturbed by these experiences
and need psychological help (Gomez & Parra, 2003;
Hastings, 1983; Siegel, 1986; Weiner, 1980). Although the
paranormal experiences have been the subject of interest in
the recent psychological and psychiatric literature (Bem &
Honorton, 1994; Bull, 1991; Fenwick, 1985; Persinger, 2001;
Ross & Joshi, 1992; Thalbourne, 1994; Williams & Irwin,
1991), the fact that some people feel such experiences as
disruptive and require orientation has been a topic of
discussion in Psychology (e.g.. Dean, 1980; Hastings, 1983;
Siegel, 1986). For many people, a paranormal experience
may frighten or cause anxiety. The fear is apparently an
initial reaction relatively common toward the paranormal
experience. Sometimes, people who have experienced such
events seek help with friends or relatives, academic help
(psychologists and physicians) or religious help by their
experiences (Gomez & Parra, 2004, 2005; Parra, 2003, 2006).
The objective of the present study is to evaluate the
changes resulting from the experiences, the effects of
paranormal experiences in the lives of the people, and relate
these experiences with the purpose of life.
Method
Participants
The sample was composed of 24 participants, 16 women
(66%) and 8 males (44%) whose age range was 21 to 71
years old (Median = 43.92 years; DT = 12.06), believers in a
variety of events and paranormal experiences. The majority
of the participating are holders of good cultural level (91.1%),
more than two-thirds expressed to practice the Catholic
faith (77.6%) and feel very spiritual (65.7%).
Procedure
Through an ad on the Internet (www.alipsi.com.ar) it
was convened to people interested in participating
voluntarily in reflection groups of paranormal/spiritual
experiences in the Institute of Paranormal Psychology (Parra
& Corbetta, 2012). In an initial meeting it was provided
information on the use of questionnaires in general,
however none of the evaluated had knowledge of the scale
that would be used. During one of the meetings, participants
received one of the three questionnaires and also completed
an informed consent form.
Instruments
Paranormal experiences may include experiences outside
the body, healing, communication with the dead,
appearances, etc., described by people who have had a
variety of anomalous experiences that affect their lives. The
transcendental experiences may include deep mystical or
spiritual experiences, «a feeling of peace and unity with all
creation, or a deep sense of divine presence». For this study,
oral narrations of experiences were classified into 10 types
of experiences reported in groups: extrasensory, spiritual
contact, spiritual-paranormal experiences in dreams, healing
(such as healing), experiences outside the body, mystical
experience, haunting (hear or see appearances), spiritual
possession, perception of light/energy («aura») and neardeath experiences.
•
Index of changes resulting from the experiences (Parra,
2008a).Designed to see if theParanormal or
transcendental experiences have increased or decreased,
or there has been no change in the 18 feelings or beliefs.
A correlation (Pearson’s r) took place between the total
score of the PIL with each feeling or beliefs in the
columns of the right (see Table 2).
* [email protected]
253
•
List of effects of experiences (Parra, 2008).Contains 20
claims of possible effects of theparanormal or
transcendental experiences and asks the participant to
check each one with an X by applying it to himself.
Although several narrations of where to get statements
for creating this list were used, the main were responses
from people about the effects of anomalous experiences
of semi-structured interviews.
•
Purpose in life Questionnaire’s (PIL, Crumbaugh &
Maholick, 1964, 1968).Compounded by 22 items that
allows obtaining a measure of the sense of lifeversus
existential vacuum from logical-therapeutic approaches
(Crumbaugh, 1964). According to Guttman(1996),
internal consistency with a Cronbach Alphais 0.88
(Noblejas, 2000). It has been used part A of thePIL, a
scale of 20 items whose score is done with a Likert type
scale (from one to sevenfor each item), and the numerical
values thatthe subject selected areadded. Scores can
rangebetween 20 and 140. Following Noblejas (2000),
the analysis PIL factor distinguishes four factors:1)
perception of sense, 2) sense experience,3) goals and
tasks, and 4) destiny-freedom dialectic.
Three questionnaires were delivered in counterbalanced
order to avoid bias in responses. The purpose of the study
was to obtain information identifying and describing the
effects of the paranormal-transcendental experiences.
Results
The participants showed a greater number of
experiences of extrasensory communications and spiritual
contact (81%), followed by experiences in dreams and
experiences as healers (76%), experiences outside of the
body (66%) and mystical experiences (62%). Only three
people reported to have near-death experiences.
254
Table 1
Spiritual-paranormal experiences reported by participants (N = 24)
Spiritual-paranormal experiences
N (%)
1. Extrasensory communication
17 (81.0)
2. Spiritual contact
16 (81.0)
3. Spiritual-paranormal experiences in dreams
16 (76.2)
4. Healing (as healer)
16 (76.2)
5. Out of body experiences
14 (66.7)
6. Mystical experience
13 (61.9)
7. Haunting (or seeing appearances)
12 (57.1)
8. Spiritual possession
9 (42.9)
9. Perception of light/energy (aura)
9 (42.9)
10. Near-death experiences
3 (14.3)
Index of changes resulting from the experiences
The questionnaire index of changes resulting from
theexperiences showed an increase of interest and beliefin
spiritual issues and an increase in welfare. Themore radical
change is observed in the related itemswith the spiritual, as
the desire to help others,greater interest in the paranormal,
belief in life afterdeath and interest in having more
knowledge of topicsreligious and spiritual. Answers are
found in thenegative items, for example, decrease of the
fear of dying, having more material goods and less feeling
of isolation and loneliness.
With regard to the meaning of life, those who
hadparanormal experiences indicated having greater
purposein life and less concern for fears about thefuture
(r = .67 and -.56, respectively).
Table 2
Results of the changes resulting from lessons index questionnaire
Feelings or beliefs
Increased
Unchanged Decreased
F.1
Sense
perception
Purpose in
F.2
F.3
F.4
life
Sense
Goals and
Dialectic
experience
tasks
Destiny/freedom (Total)
1.
Sense of purpose in life
62.5%
29.2%
8.3%
.622(*)
.579(*)
.739(**)
.636(**)
.679(**)
2.
Concerns and fears about the future
20.8%
45.8%
33.3%
-.481
-.523(*)
-.565(*)
-.611(*)
-.564(*)
3.
Fear of dying
8.3%
50.0%
41.7%
-.280
-.110
.018
.086
-.089
4.
Desire to help others
79.2%
20.8%
0%
.173
-.058
-.147
-.159
-.043
5.
Desire to have a higher standard of living
25.0%
41.7%
33.3%
.142
.156
.331
.442
.262
6.
Sense of connection with others
75.0%
25.0%
0%
-.121
-.178
-.178
-.210
-.176
7.
Live in the present
54.2%
45.8%
0%
-.251
-.291
-.254
.024
-.231
8.
Interest in the paranormal
83.3%
16.7%
0%
-.110
-.322
-.308
-.212
-.257
9.
Belief in a higher power
45.8%
50.0%
4.2%
-.036
-.260
-.317
-.273
-.232
10. Frustration with incompetent individuals
16.7%
70.8%
12.5%
-.303
.034
-.133
-.072
-.127
11. Feelings of happiness and well-being
54.2%
37.5%
8.3%
-.244
.009
-.142
-.041
-.116
12. Ability to express love
54.2%
33.3%
8.3%
-.064
.018
.013
-.082
-.021
13. Feeling that my life has no sense
25.0%
50.0%
25.0%
-.030
-.059
.021
.115
.000
14. Motivation for staying healthy
58.3%
33.3%
4.2%
.393
.250
.418
.560(*)
.404
15. Belief in life after death
75.0%
25.0%
0%
-.016
-.175
-.147
.053
-.094
16. Tolerance to others
66.7%
33.3%
0%
-.356
-.259
-.279
-.062
-.272
17. Desire to achieve greater awareness
87.5%
12.5%
0%
-.344
-.341
-.294
-.338
-.343
18. Feelings of isolation and loneliness
25.0%
45.8%
29.2%
-.193
-.212
-.243
-.161
-.219
* [email protected]
255
Table 3
Results from the list of effects of experiences
Claims
SI (%)
1.
I made a more significant spiritual or religious conversion as a result of my paranormal or transcendental
experience.
54.2
2.
One or more paranormal or transcendental experiences helped me to accept and understand death.
54.2
3.
As a result of my paranormal or transcendental experience, I am sure that there is life after the death.
50.0
4.
A paranormal or transcendent experience was one of the most powerful experiences of my life.
45.8
5.
When I was thinking to make a positive change in my life, one or more paranormal ortranscendental
experiences seemed to confirm or reinforce that I should make this change.
45.8
6.
I have seen or experienced a paranormal phenomenon which scares me.
37.5
7.
One or more paranormal or transcendental experiences motivated me to make a positive change in mylife
that I hadn’t thought of making.
37.5
8.
One or more paranormal experiences helped me to avoid damage or avoid serious personal or financial
problems.
33.3
9.
One or more paranormal or transcendental experiences appeared to confirm or reinforce that I was doing
what I should.
45.8
10. I feel like I have a purpose or mission in life as a result of my paranormal or transcendental experience.
70.0
11. One or more paranormal or transcendental experiences played a role in helping me find anotherimportant
person for my personal or professional relationship.
33.3
12. I have had paranormal or transcendental experiences since my childhood.
62.5
13. One or more paranormal or transcendental experiences helped me to overcome my personal problems.
33.3
14. As a result of my paranormal or transcendental experiences, I believe that my life is guided orobserved
by a superior force or being.
54.2
15. My paranormal or transcendental experiences have made me more happy and sure of myself.
45.8
16. My paranormal or transcendental experiences have made me more anxious and insecure.
12.5
17. My paranormal or transcendental experiences have frightened me and lack any positive value that I can
find.
0
18. I have had one or more experiences that were certainly paranormal, and not just a productofcoincidence
or imagination.
87.5
19. One or more of the above statements were due to a sequence or combination of more than one paranormal
or transcendental experience.
62.5
20. My paranormal or transcendental experiences have little or no impact on my life.
8.3
* [email protected]
256
The list of effects of experiences results confirm the
impact of the experiences in spiritualityand well-being. As
shown in table 3, 87.5% differentiatestheir experiences of
imagination or coincidence, 70%indicates that their
paranormal experiences had apurpose or mission in life,
62.5% hadparanormal or transcendental experiences
sincetheirchildhood, 62.5% the experience is due to the effect
of thecombination of several experiences (and not just one),
and thathis life is guided or observed by a superior force or
being (54.2%).
Discussion
People who are interested in paranormal topics and who
have had experiences that interpreted as such, indicated
that they have reinforced their spiritual beliefs and their
subjective perception of well-being. In general, these effects
are the combined result of one or more experiences. Fear is
one of the most common initial reactions of paranormal
phenomena, but in this group the long-term effects appear
to be positive.
These results seem to confirm the conclusions of
McClenon (1994), who notes that the anomalous
experiences induce well-being and spiritual feeling. They
are similar to near-death experiences (Ring, 1984, 1995) and
religious experiences (Hay, 1979), suggesting that different
types of experiences can induce positive effects (only
presented three cases of near-death experiences). These
results are nothing more than the most reasonably
representative sample of individuals interested in
paranormal phenomena, or who voluntarily participate in
groups of paranormal culture. The population in general
cannot be extended since it could be a group with unusually
positive reactions to paranormal experiences (Broughton,
1988; Weiner & Geller, 1984).
The fact that the paranormal experiences produce
positive reactions in some people is very important for
positive psychology. The obtained data confirm that the
emergence of different types of experiences tend to be
correlated (Kohr, 1980;McClenon, 1994; Palmer, 1979; Ring,
1984). In surveys carried out by Gómez and Parra (2004a)
and Palmer (1979), these, suggest that the distinction
between those who have many experiences and those who
have few or none is more interesting than the distinction
between those with or without experience; In addition, they
* [email protected]
point out that experiences can be associated with side
effects more positive than the paranormal experiences, which
is consistent with other studies; It is also recommended
that future research will need to differentiate and study
specific types of paranormal experiences.
Possibly, having a paranormal belief/experiences system
can act as a protective mechanism, allowing subjects to
accept and explain their experiences, while subjects without
such a system can be vulnerable to emotional disturbance
that triggers the experience. Possessing a system of beliefs
probably leads to adaptive paranormal experiences,
associated with a reduction in depression, anxiety, and
anhedonia; the lack of this belief system –in one hand could mean that the experiences are not expected and
frightening. Paranormal experiences that conform to a
system of beliefs (or interpretations) may be considered
much more pleasant compared to the experiences in
individuals without that context, who find them intrusive
and disruptive.
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* [email protected]

paranormal experiences and their relationship with the meaning of life.

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