Planning for the Developmental Athlete

Planning for the Developmental Athlete
Adolescent Periodization
Planning of T / C / R
Structure and Hierarchy
Athlete
Long Term Athlete Development
Annual Plan
Cycles of Annual Plan
Periods
Phases
Mesocycles
Microcycles
Sessions
Planning of T / C /R
Structure and Hierarchy
Athlete
Chronological Age
Developmental Age
Training Age (General)
Sport-Specific Training Age
Long Term Athlete Development
Active Start
Fundamental Phase
Learn to Train
Train to Train Phase
Train to Compete Phase
Train to Win Phase
Active for Life
Annual Plan
Single periodization
Double periodization
Triple periodization
Multiple periodization
Cycles of the Annual Plan
Periods
Preparation period
Competition period
Transition period
Phases
General preparatory phase
Specific preparatory phase
Pre-Competitive phase
Competitive phase
Transition phase
Mesocycles
Developmental mesocycle
Stabilizing mesocycle
Per-Competitive mesocycle
Competitive mesocycle
Restorative mesocycle
Transitional mesocycle
Microcycles
Introductory microcycle
Developmental microcycle
Shock microcycle
Stabilizing microcycle
Taper microcycle
Peak microcycle
Maintenance microcycle
Restoration microcycle
Transition microcycle
Sessions / Microcycle
6:1 (4; 6; 9; 12; 15; 18; 18+)
5:1 (5; 8; 9; 10; 10+)
4:1 (4; 6; 7; 8; 8+)
3:1 (3; 5; 6; 6+)
3:1 – 2:1 = 5:2
Developmental age and periodization
Who are the training, competition and
recovery programmes are designed for ?
Athlete
Chronological Age
Biological Age
Training Age
-General
-Sport-Specific
Micro Cycles
Introductory
Developmental
Shock
Maintenance
Taper
Peak
Restoration
Transition
Annual Plan
Single
Long-term Athlete
Development
Double
Triple
Multiple
Periodisation
FUNdamental
Learning to Train
Training to Train
Training to Compete
Training to Win
Meso Cycles
Developmental
Stabilizing
Pre-Competitive
Competitive
Restorative
Phases
General
Specific
Per-Competitive
Competitive
Transition
Sessions
6:1= 4 / 6 / 9 / 12 / 1 5
5 : 2 = 3:1 - 2:1
Evaluation
Periods
Preparation
Competition
Transition
NEW
PLAN
GEARING UP FOR HIGH
PERFORMANCE
DEFENSIVE OFFENSIVE
COMPLEX
FIXED
PLAYS
CLOSED
OPEN
PASSION
STRATEGIES
SKILL
SELF
CONTROL
COMMITTMENT
EMOTION
ENERGIZE
CONFIDENCE
PERFORMANCE
INTEGRITY
PSYCHOLOGY
FOCUS
CHARACTER
RESPECT
PHYSIOLOGY
NUTRITION
ENVIRONMENT
LEADERSHIP
HEALTH
TEMP
FITNESS
FACILITIES
ALTITUDE
hwenger04
PERIPHERAL
CENTRAL
AEROBIC
PULMONARY
OVER
TRAINING
DISEASE
OXYGEN
TRANSPORT
ANAEROBIC
LACTIC
ENERGY
SYSTEMS
ANAEROBIC
ALACTIC
HEALTH
EXPLOSIVE
INJURY
PHYSIOLOGY
POWER
SPEED
RECOVERY
REST/FATIGUE
STRENGTH
SLEEP
SPECIFIC
NUTRITION
REPAIR
RELATIVE
FUELS
NUTRIENTS
ABSOLUTE
HYDRATION
hwengeroo
Daily Cycle- 14th October 1999
Time
Rotation
Court
1:30-3:00pm
Drilling
14
3:00 -4:30pm
IPI
Dome
3:00 – 3:45pm Mental Conditioning. (M/T)*
4:30-6:00pm
Match-play
21
Note: *On Monday’s each student will have 45 minutes of mental conditioning.
On Thursday a mental conditioning staff member observes each student on
the courts.
Rotation 1 – Drilling
Time: 1:30-3:00pm
Objective: Match Simulation Drills
1. W/Up: Mini Tennis
10 min
2. Defend B/line X-crt
15 min
3. Attack B/line D-T-L
15 min
4. Control Center & Close In 15 min
5. Change of Direction
15 min
6. Depth & Consistency
10 min
7. W/Dn: Stretch & Hydrate 10 min
Total 90 min
Rotation 2 – IPI (Fitness)
Time: 3:00 – 4:30
Objective: Download before competition
1. Warm-up
2. Agility
3. Balance
4. Speed
5. Rest
6. Strength
7. Power
8. Pre-habilitation
9. Regeneration
10 min
10 min
10 min
10 min
10 min
10 min
10 min
10 min
10 min
Total 90 min
Rotation 3 – Mental Conditioning
Time: 3:00 – 4:00 pm
Objective: Increase mental toughness
.Testing Evaluation
.Goal Setting
.Quality Practice = Quality Performance
.Attitude / Concentration / Effort
.Developing Rituals
.Self Awareness
Note: These are some of the topics that are covered
throughout the year.
Rotation 4 – Match Play
Time: 4:30 – 6:00
Objective: Practice Set
•
•
•
•
•
The Five S’s of Training and
Performance
Stamina
Strength
Speed
Skill
Suppleness
Attila the Hun's
principle # 1 on
periodisation
(Dick, 1985)
Horizontal and Vertical Integration
The Art and Science of Coaching
(Balyi, 1995)
T ra in in g / H o riz o n ta l P ro g re s s io n
S tre n g th
Speed
S k ill
S u p p le n e ss
A n n u a l C yc le / W e e k s 1 - 5 2
Vertical Integration
S ta m in a
P e rfo rm a n c e
Choosing early,
average or late
maturers?
Consequences of the Growth Spurt
Training and Children
(C. Williams, 2005)
• Poor evidence of large physiological benefits
studies in children
Growth spurt
•
Loss
of
co-ordination
• Growth and maturation effects often
• Biomechanical
unaccounted
breakdown
• Improvements have been found but generally
• Skill break down
prepubertal < adolescents < adults
Arm Span
Arm Span
Sitting Height
Sitting Height
Standing Height
Distribution of Training and Competition Ratios
(Balyi and Hills)
Program Design for the Developmental Athlete
Conception des programmes pour l’athlète en
développement
Trainability - Capacité d’entraînement
• Based on chronological
age:
– Skill
– Speed
– Suppleness
• Based on
developmental age
– Stamina
– Strength
• Biological markers
– onset of PHV
– PHV
– onset of menarche
• Fondée sur l’âge
chronologique :
– Habiletés
– Vitesse
– Flexibilité (souplesse)
• Fondée sur l’âge de
développement :
– Endurance
– Force
– Jalons biologiques (début
du pic de croissance rapidesoudaine et croissance
rapide-soudaine)
Developmental age - PHV
•
•
•
•
How to measure ?
What to measure ?
When to measure ?
What tools to use for
the measurements ?
• Who should measure ?
• How to administer
measurement data ?
•
•
•
•
Comment le mesurer?
Quoi mesurer?
Quand mesurer?
Quels outils utiliser
pour mesurer?
• Qui devrait mesurer?
• Comment administrer
les données de mesure?
Âge de développement
– pic de croissance rapide-soudaine
How to Measure PHV
• Tools and equipment for measuring
• If stature data is going to be heavily incorporated into training
plans, data must be very accurate, and thus, the more expensive
the purchased equipment should be.
• Ideal equipment:
• A free standing or wall mounted stadiometer
• This stadiometer would need to have sliding headboards and a dial
or digital (or digital read outs), which would aid in the ease of use
• Acceptable equipment includes:
• An anthropometer or retractable steel measuring tape
• A headboard
• A platform for measuring, about 1 m2 made out of standard ply
wood, ideally with adjustable feet
Unacceptable equipment includes:
•
•
•
•
•
A cloth measuring tape
Flexible material
Carpeted floor
An uneven floor
No backboard
Example 1 – Two measurements within 0.4 cm of each
other
Stature measurement #1
166.2 cm
Stature measurement #2
166.3 cm
The above two measurements are within the acceptable
range and the mean measurement recorded as 166.3 cm.
Example 2 – Two measurements not within 0.4 cm
each other
Stature measurement #1
Stature measurement #2
Stature measurement #3
158.2 cm
162.9 cm
162.6 cm
The above two measurements are not within 0.4 cm
of each other; therefore, the median of the three
scores needs to be used, and the recorded score is
162.6 cm.
Determining a Velocity Curve
To determine the velocity curve, the
increase in stature from one
measurement time period to the next
consecutive measurement time period
is subtracted one from the other. For
example, from 9 years to 10 years the
increase in stature is 4.8 cm.
Total Growth from Year to Year starting at age 5:
Year
5
to
6
6
to
7
7
to
8
8
to
9
9
to
10
10
to
11
11
to
12
12
to
13
13
to
14
14 to
15
15 to
16
16
to
17
17
to
18
18
to
19
19 to
20
Ht (cm)
5.0
4.8
5.0
4.8
5.0
4.8
8.6
12.0
7.7
3.3
2.3
1.9
1.3
0.9
0.5
15
10
cm/year
5
0
Age 6
8
7
10
9
12
11
14
13
16
15
18
17
20
19
•By plotting the velocity curves it will be
possible to clearly distinguish the rate of
growth from one point in time to another.
•The velocity curve will immediately show
distinctive growth points (for example, the
onset of the acceleration in the curve, the
peak in the curve and the deceleration in
the curve).
• Protocol for Standing Height Measurement
•
•
•
•
•
The student stands erect in bare feet with heels, buttocks and
shoulders pressed against the stadiometre
Heels together with arms hanging freely by the side (palms
facing thighs)
The tester applies gentle upward traction to the skull behind
the ears
The student is instructed to look straight ahead, take a deep
breath and stand as tall as possible
Draw down the measuring bar to the student’s head and record
standing height to the nearest 0.1cm
The orbitale (O) is located on the
lower or most inferior margin of
the eye socket. The tragion (T) is
the notch above or superior to
the tragus or flap of the ear, at
the superior aspect of the
zygomatic bone. This position
corresponds almost exactly to
the visual axis when the subject
is looking directly ahead.
Protocol for Sitting Height Measurement
•
•
•
•
•
Athlete sits on the base of the
stadiometre with knees slightly bent.
Hands rested on knees
The buttocks and shoulders rest lightly
against the standiometre, which is
positioned vertically behind the student.
Ensure there is no gap between buttocks
of student and stadiometre
The tester applies gentle upwards
traction to the skull behind the ears to
ensure the trunk is fully stretched
Draw down the measuring bar to the
students head and record sitting height
to the nearest 0.1cm
Once sitting height is calculated, it can
be subtracted from the stature
Protocol for Arm Length Measurement
• Mount a tape measure on the wall about shoulder height of the
students being tested. Ensure the starting point of the tape
measure is fixed to a corner of a wall. This is where the
student’s fingers must be fixed
• The student stands erect with their stomach and toes facing the
wall, feet together and head turned to the right
• The arms are extended laterally at shoulder level (horizontal)
with palms facing forwards. Fingers stretched
• The tip of the middle finger is aligned with the beginning of the
tape measure (corner of wall) and arms are out-stretched along
the tape measure
• Use a ruler held vertically to the tape measure to record total
arm span to the nearest 0.1cm.
Phases of Measurement Phases de croissance
Phase
1
25
Phase
2
Phase
3
Phase
4
Phase
5
Phase
6
Very Rapid Growth
Croissance très rapide
20
Very rapid deceleration
Décélération plus rapide
CM
15
Rapid deceleration
Décélération rapide
Rapid growth
Croissance très rapide
10
Slow deceleration
Lente décélération
5
Cessation of growth
Fin de la croissance
Steady growth
Croissance régulière
0
1
Age
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Recommended procedure
Marche à suivre recommandée
• Phase 1: Age 0 to 6
– Very rapid growth followed by very rapid deceleration
– Measure standing height and weight on birthday - take a
head and shoulder and a full stature photo just for the
family record
• Phase 1 :
– Croissance très rapide suivie d’une décélération rapide
– Mesurer la taille debout et prendre le poids à la date de
naissance (prendre une photo de la tête et des épaules et
une photo pleine taille juste pour l’album de famille!)
Recommended procedure
Marche à suivre recommandée
• Phase 2:
–
–
–
–
Age 6 to the Onset of PHV
Steady growth until the onset of PHV
Measure standing height and weight on birthday
Measure standing height quarterly – every 3 month
If measurement takes place in the club, replace birthday
with an annual starting point of measurements
• Phase 2 :
– Croissance régulière jusqu’au début du pic de croissance
rapide-soudaine
– Mesurer la taille debout et prendre le poids à la date de
naissance
– Mesurer la taille tous les trimestres – tous les trois mois
Recommended procedure
Marche à suivre recommandée
• Phase 3: From the onset of PHV to PHV
– Rapid growth until peak is reached
– Measure standing height, sitting heights and arm span every
3 month
– Measure height and weight on birthday – for the family or
personal record
• Phase 3 :
– Croissance rapide jusqu’à ce que le pic soit atteint
– Mesurer la taille debout et la taille assise ainsi que les bras
tendus tous les trois mois
– Mesurer la taille et prendre le poids à la date de naissance –
pour le suivi
Recommended procedure
Marche à suivre recommandée
• Phase 4 :
– Décélération rapide
– Mesurer la taille debout et la taille assise ainsi que les bras
tendus tous les trois mois
– Mesurer la taille et prendre le poids à la date de naissance –
pour le suivi
• Phase 4: From PHV to Slow Deceleration
– Rapid deceleration
– Measure standing height, sitting heights and arm span every
3 month
– Measure height and weight on birthday – for the family or
personal record
Recommended procedure
Marche à suivre recommandée
• Phase 5: From Slow Deceleration to Cessation
– Slow deceleration of growth until cessation of growth
– Measure standing height every 3 month
– Measure height and weight on birthday – for the family or
personal record
• Phase 5 :
– Lente décélération de la croissance jusqu’à sa fin
– Mesurer la taille debout tous les trois mois
– Mesurer la taille et prendre le poids à la date de naissance –
pour le suivi
Recommended procedure
Marche à suivre recommandée
• Phase 6 :
– Fin de la croissance
– Mesurer la taille et prendre le poids à la date de
naissance – pour le suivi, si on veut
• Phase 6:
– Cessation of growth
– Measure height and weight on birthday – for
personal record, if interested
The Role of Monitoring Growth
in Long-Term Athlete Development
www.ltad.ca
Next month
Sensitive periods for development of motor abilities
in young swimmers (Schramm at al., 1984)
Boys
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Coordination/agility
Rapidness/motor reaction
Speed of locomotions
Extensive aerobic endurance
Intensive aerobic endurance
General strength endurance
Rapid strength [small resistance]
Maximal Strength
Special strength endurance
Girls
Coordination/agility
Rapidness/motor reaction
Speed of locomotions
Extensive aerobic endurance
Intensive aerobic endurance
General strength endurance
Rapid strength [small resistance]
Maximal Strength
Special strength endurance
Sensitive periods for development of motor abilities in young
swimmers (Vorontsov, Solomatin, Sidorov, 1986, 1988)
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Coordination/Agility
Flexibility/Mobility
Aerobic Capacity
Aerobic Pow er
Anaerobic Abilities
Speed/Strength
Maximal Strength
General Strenghth Endurance
Special Strength Endurance
Pulling Force
Girls
Coordination/Agility
Flexibility/Mobility
Aerobic Capacity
Aerobic Pow er
Anaerobic Abilities
Speed/Strength
Maximal Strength
General Strenghth Endurance
Special Strength Endurance
Pulling Force
Fundamentals
Long Term Player
Development - FEMALE
Training
to Train
Learning To Train
Train to Win
Train
to Compete
DEVELOPMENT
Yrs
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
Stamina
Aerobic Base
F
♦
♦
♦
♦
♦
☺
☺
☺
☺
☺
☺
☺
☺
☺
Speed Endurance
(short – sustained
period)
F
♦
♦
♦
♦
♦
☺
☺
Strength Endurance
( repetitions)
F
♦
♦
♦
☺2
☺2
☺
☺
☺
Maximum Strength
(one rep. maximum)
F
♦
♦
♦
♦
☺
☺
☺
☺
Speed Strength
(Power)
F
♦
♦
♦
♦
☺
☺
☺
Speed
(efforts less than 5
secs)
F
☺1
☺1
☺1
☺
☺
Flexibility
F
☺
☺
☺
☺
☺
Coordination/
Agility / Balance
F
Basic Techniques
CPKS
F
Advanced
Technical
F
Go Games/
Tactical
F
☺
☺
☺
FEMALES
☺
♦
☺
☺1
☺1
☺1
☺2
♦
♦
♦
♦
♦
♦
♦
☺2
☺2
☺2
☺
☺
☺
☺
☺
☺
☺
☺
☺
☺
☺
☺
☺
☺
☺
☺
☺
☺
☺
☺
☺
☺
☺
☺
☺
☺
☺
☺
☺
☺
☺
☺
♦
Not a Priority
☺2
☺2
Should be Avoided
♦
☺2
Moderation
Optimal Training Age
20
As Needed
☺1 and ☺ 2
Adapted from Canadian Coaching Association publication
Mero
• Windows of Trainability refers to the sensitive
periods of accelerated adaptation to training, which
occurs prior, during and early post puberty.
• All systems are always trainable, thus the windows
are always open
• The window is fully open during the sensitive periods
of accelerated adaptation to training and partially
open outside of the sensitive periods.
Meta analysis
Viru et.al. Age periods of accelerated improvements
of muscle strength, power, speed and endurance in
the age intervals of 6 – 18 years.
(Biology of Sport. Vol.15, No 4, pp.211-227)
• 31 studies and 11 reviews (peer reviewed, internationally
verified)
• Cross sectional studies, number of subjects 83 to 21175
• Longitudinal studies 65 to 90
• Age range 6 to 18 years
• Clearly defined endurance, strength and speed windows
The Five S’s
(Dick, 1985)
•
•
•
•
•
Stamina
Strength
Speed
Skill
Suppleness
The Trainability of the Five S’s
Endurance
• Always trainable
• Sensitive period - window of
accelerated adaptation to stamina
• On-set of PHV = aerobic capacity
• PHV peak (deceleration of growth)
aerobic power
Kobayashi et al.
Aerobic power as related to body growth and training in Japanese
boys: a longitudinal study
Journal of Applied Physiology, Issue 5, 666-672, 1978
• A remarkable increase in aerobic power was not
observed in trained boys before the age of PHV.
• Beginning approximately 1 yr prior to the age of PHV
and thereafter, training effectively increased aerobic
power above the normal increase attributable to age
and growth.
Rushall, B. The Growth of Physical
Characteristics in Male and Female Children.
In: Sports Coach, Australia. Vol.20. No 64, Summer, 1998. pp. 25 – 27.
(Electronic Version)
• “… studies at the International Centre for Aquatic
Research in Colorado Springs have shown that
swimmer’s aerobic capacity reaches its ceiling level
at the time of the onset of the adolescent growth
spurt.”
Sport Science Summit USA
Swimming
• Sport Science Summit for Young Swimmers:
Learning about Athlete Development.
• VO2 max shows significant growth from 10-13 to 14
years and peaks between 17-21 for males and 12-15
for females.
• This time frame, when significant growth can occur
(sensitive periods), should be maximised in training
to develop the athlete’s long term potential
• Pre-pubescent athletes show significant
improvements in long duration, low intensity events
• Coaches should optimise aerobic training during
this “sensitive period” (12-15 for females / 17-21
years for males) to maximise athlete’s aerobic
development.
• It is suggested that pre-pubescent athletes (ages 912/15) should focus on longer distances for reasons
related to both skill development and aerobic
capacity development.
DEVELOPMENT OF
ENDURANCE IN YOUNG
SWIMMERS
A.R.Vorontsov,
PhD, GB Swimming,
Russian State Academy of Physical Education
© A. R. Vorontsov, 1996, 1998. Last upgrade - 2002.
AEROBIC VS ANAEROBIC
TRAINING [rationale]
Pre-pubescent children are more predisposed to
extensive aerobic training since heart size and
blood volume increase in proportion with body
size (peak increase of heart size in boys - at the
age of 13-14 years; in girls 11-12).
Intensive training exercises should be applied
with caution and their volume increased
gradually.
A.R.Vorontsov,
THEORY OF SENSITIVE (critical) PERIODS
IN PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT AND MOTOR
LEARNING
Maximal effect on growth patterns and
development of motor abilities may be
achieved by:
1) exposing juvenile athletes to specialized
training during the periods of rapid growth
2) changing training accents and content in
accordance with the rhythm of the growth
A.R.Vorontsov,
Theory of “Sensitive Periods” in motor
learning and development
MYT should be subdivided into stages in accordance with
particularities and rhythm of the growth and development
Best form extensive
steady state
training
•
•
•
Purposeful training for development of cardio-respiratory
and vascular systems may be effectively used in prepubescent and early in pubescent periods of individual
development. This training aims first the development of
aerobic capacity and efficiency.
Onset of growth spurt and maturation - most appropriate
time for development of aerobic power (VO2 max)
Training of maximal strength and anaerobic endurance
will be most efficient in post-pubescent young athletes.
A.R.Vorontsov,
• Kaizen – one of the 10 key factors influencing LTAD
• This is the LTAD Expert Group’s interpretation of the
existing literature
• Dr. Colin Higgs, Dr. Mary Bluechardt, Dr. Steve
Norris, Charles Cardinal, Richard way and Istvan Balyi
Stamina / Endurance
Trainability in Weight-Bearing Sports
Stamina
Trainability in Non-Weight-Bearing Sports
Stamina
Aerobic Capacity
Aerobic Power
• After the onset of the growth spurt train the aerobic
system selecting non-weight bearing training
methods (i.e., stationary, mountain or road bike,
treadmill, swimming or water running, rowing or
kayaking,etc.)
• Keep weight bearing training for sport-specific
technical-tactical training
The Trainability of the Five S’s
Strength:
• Always trainable
• Critical window of accelerated
adaptation to strength training:
• Window 1 for females immediately
after PHV
• Window 2 for females with the onset
of menarche
• 12 – 18 month after PHV for males
Accelerated Adaptation to Training
Strength
• Strength training before maturation is
Central Nervous System training and
motor coordination improvements
• Medicine balls
• Swiss balls
• Own body weight
• When the legs are growing train upper body and core
(trunk)
• When the arms are growing train lower body and
core
• When the trunk is growing train lower body and
upper body and the core!
The Trainability of the Five S’s
Speed:
•
•
•
•
•
Always trainable but declines with age
Sensitive period - window of accelerated adaptation
to speed training (Viru, 1995: Borms, 1986):
Males:
– Window 1: 7 - 9 years of age
– Window 2: 13 – 16 years of age
Females:
– Window 1: 6 – 8 years of age
– Window 2: 11 – 13 years of age
– (Chronological age)
Paradigm shifts in coaching – speed all year round
Speed
• Window 1 is agility, quickness window.
• Change of direction, linear, lateral and multi
directional speed
• Segmental speed
• Duration of intervals less then 5 seconds
• Window 2 is anaerobic alactic power and capacity
window
• Linear, lateral, multi directional and chaotic speed
• Duration of intervals 5 – 20 seconds
• It should be noted that speed should be trained all
year round regardless of the annual phases of
training
• It should be trained at the end of the warm-up (no
CNS or metabolic fatigue) – thus, no interference
with any other training activity and the volume
should be low
• Appropriately periodized “block” speed training
should be implemented within the annual cycle
• These speed training blocks should be longer during
the sensitive periods for speed training
Skill - Review Article
Jan Borms - The child and exercise: an overview
Journal of Sports Sciences, 1986, 4, 3-20
• Numerous publications have emphasized the
importance of a “golden age” period to learn all kinds
of movement patterns”
• "Most authors agree that this sensitive period can be
located between 9 and 12 years of age."
Skill
• In late specialisation sports the window is open
longer, (until the onset of PHV) especially when the
fundamental movement and fundamental sports
skills have been acquired
• The onset of PHV will have a strong negative impact
on skill acquisition
• However, as a policy, we want to encourage all
sports to develop fundamental movement and sports
skills before age 12-13
Consequences of the Growth Spurt
Training and Children
(C. Williams, 2005)
• Poor evidence of large physiological benefits
studies in children
Growth spurt
•
Loss
of
co-ordination
• Growth and maturation effects often
• Biomechanical
unaccounted
breakdown
• Improvements have been found but generally
• Skill break down
prepubertal < adolescents < adults
“Adolescent maintenance”
Training Priorities
• During the General Preparatory Phase and the
Specific Preparatory Phase the sensitive periods of
accelerated adaptation to stamina, strength, speed,
skill and suppleness should be prioritized
• Competition programs should be carefully planned
and are secondary in importance to optimal training
(exploiting the periods of accelerated adaptation)
(Viru, 1995)
• “Adolescent maintenance” should be introduced in
early specialization sports
Early,
Average and
Late maturers
Maturation de
l’individu (hâtive,
normale ou
tardive)
Development Age of a 14 year old
Conclusion
• Children are not miniature adults
– Physical, mental-cognitive and emotional development
• Monitor growth
– Proper measurements
• Reactive periodization
– Adjust the training, competition and recovery programmes
to the tempo of growth
• Ensure that “adolescent maintenance” will be
implemented when required in all sports
Hi above the hushed
crowed, Rex tried to
remain focused. Still,
he couldn’t shake one
nagging thought. He was
an old dog and this was
a new trick.