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SOCIETY FOR HAWAIIAN ARCHAEOLOGY
The Society for Hawaiian Archaeology is a registered tax-exempt organization established in
1980 to promote and stimulate interest and research in the archaeology of the Hawaiian Islands;
to encourage a more rational public appreciation of the aims and limitations of archaeological
research; to serve as a bond among those interested in Hawaiian archaeology, both professionals
and non-professionals, and to aid in directing their efforts into more scientific channels; to
encourage the publication of their results; to advocate and to aid in the conservation of
archaeological data; and to discourage unethical commercialism in the archaeological field and
work for its elimination. Members of the Society agree to support the principles of the
organization. For more information, please see the Constitution and Code of By-Laws of the
Society at the SHA Web Page (http://www.hawaiianarchaeology.org/).
Board of Directors (FY 2012-2013)
Officers
Presidents: Kekuewa Kikiloi and Mara Mulrooney
Vice-President: Peter Mills
Treasurer: Victoria Wichman
Recording Secretary: Summer Moore
Standing Committee Chairs
Education: Kelley Uyeoka
Legislative: Sara Collins
Public Relations: Arleen Garcia-Herbst
Publications: Windy McElroy
Standards & Ethics: Holly McEldowney
Student Liaison: Brian Lane
Webmaster: Nick Belluzzo
Acknowledgements
SHA is grateful for co-sponsorship provided by both Kamehameha Schools and the Bishop
Museum. Mahalo to everyone who has assisted in organizing this conference.
Poster and program cover design: Jesse W. Stephen
Program/abstracts: Summer Moore, Mara Mulrooney, Jason Jeremiah
Registration: Victoria Wichman, Nick Belluzzo
Field trip coordination: Windy McElroy, Sean McNamara, Victoria Wichman
Facility and catering coordination: Victoria Wichman, Jenny Poloa
Tribute to Yosihiko Sinoto: Eric Komori, Muffet Jourdane, Toni Palermo
Webpage postings: Nick Belluzzo
Student Volunteers: Mara Mulrooney, Victoria Wichman
Special Mahalo to:
Blair Collis, President and CEO, Bishop Museum
Jason Jeremiah, Land Assets Division, Kamehameha Schools
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HAWAI‘I IN THE CONTEXT OF THE PACIFIC:
THE 26TH ANNUAL SOCIETY FOR HAWAIIAN ARCHAEOLOGY CONFERENCE
HELD AT THE BERNICE PAUAHI BISHOP MUSEUM
Aloha and welcome to the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum! 2013 marks a very significant time in
the Bishop Museum’s history. In September, the Museum celebrated the completion of the major
renovation of the Hawaiian Hall Complex. Built from 1889-1894, this building has become an
iconic landmark of Honolulu. With the recent renovation of Pacific Hall (formerly Polynesian
Hall), the Museum has brought new life into all areas of this historic landmark. It is with a great
sense of pride that the Museum’s staff members welcome you here to Kapālama to gather
together to share the latest research in the field of Hawaiian and Pacific archaeology.
Oli Aloha / Oli Ho‘okipa
Ka Hale Hō‘ike‘ike
The Museum
Na Miki‘ala Ayai
By Miki‘ala Ayau
Unuhi e nā hoa, Kepakamapa 2007
Translated by friends, September 2007
E ala ke aloha ma ka hikina
Ka pi‘ina a ka lā i Ha‘eha‘e e.
The Beloved awakes at the East
The rising of the Sun at Ha‘eha‘e.
Ha‘aheo ‘o Ka‘iwi‘ula i ka la‘i
La‘ila‘i i ka ho‘okipa malihini.
Ka‘iwi‘ula sits proudly in the calm
Peacefully welcoming visitors.
E walea mai i ka pā o lau niu
‘Oluea mai i ke ‘ala hīnano.
Relaxing in the coconut grove
Surrendered to the fragrance of
the Hīnano blossom.
E kipa mai i ka hale ā Pauahi
E ola nō kākou ā mau aku e.
Welcome to the home of Pauahi
We shall live on.
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SCHEDULE AT A GLANCE ~ FRIDAY, OCTOBER 11, 2013
9:00 AM
Field Trip Participants meet at Bishop Museum
Additional information about each field trip and RSVP information are outlined below
9:00 AM – 4:00 PM
North Shore Archaeological Sites Field Trip
9:00 AM – 3:00 PM
He‘eia Field Trip
Led by Windy McElroy
Led by Sean McNamara
10:30 AM – 11:30 AM
Bishop Museum Archaeology Collections Tour 1
1:00 PM – 2:00 PM
Bishop Museum Archaeology Collections Tour 2
Led by Victoria Wichman
Led by Victoria Wichman
Welcome Reception
5:00 PM – 8:30 PM
Hawaiian Hall Atrium and Courtyard
Featuring pupus and drinks, the presentation of the Cultural Stewardship Award, and exclusive access
to Hawaiian Hall and Pacific Hall (6:00 – 8:00 pm) for all conference participants
North Shore Archaeological Sites Field Trip (led by Windy McElroy)
9:00 AM meet at Bishop Museum, carpool to North Shore
10:00-11:00 visit Pu‘u o Mahuka Heiau, the largest heiau on O‘ahu
11:15-12:15 visit Kupopolo Heiau, site of the Spring 2013 UH Mānoa Archaeological Field School
12:30-1:30 lunch in Haleiwa
1:45-3:15 tour of Loko Ea Fishpond with Chris Monahan
4:00 PM return to Bishop Museum
This field trip will involve a moderate amount of walking and a short hike to Kupopolo Heiau.
Wear covered shoes and sunscreen and bring water, snacks, and money for lunch.
He‘eia Field Trip (led by Sean McNamara)
9:00 AM meet at Bishop Museum, carpool to He‘eia
9:45-11:15 tour of He‘eia Fishpond with Paepae o He‘eia staff
11:30-12:30 lunch in He‘eia (possibly at Windward Mall)
1:00-2:30 visit the ‘ili of Waipao (He‘eia mauka) with Papahana Kuaola staff
3:00 PM return to Bishop Museum
This field trip will involve a moderate amount of walking. Wear covered shoes and sunscreen and
bring water, snacks, and money for lunch.
Bishop Museum Department of Anthropology Collections Tour
(led by Victoria Wichman and Carl Christensen)
10:30-11:30 am OR 1:00-2:00 pm
This collections tour will highlight the history of the Anthropology Department at Bishop
Museum and will showcase some of the Archaeology and Malacology Collections.
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SCHEDULE AT A GLANCE ~ SATURDAY, OCTOBER 12, 2013
8:00 – 9:00 AM
9:00 AM – 5:00 PM
9:00 – 9:15 AM
9:15 – 9:30 AM
CONTINENTAL BREAKFAST, Atherton Hālau
PAPERS, Atherton Hālau
Welcome
SHA Board Members
Nā Pua No‘eau 2013 Summer Institute, Cultural Resource Management Course for Hawai‘i
High School Students
Lokelani Brandt and U‘ilani Macabio
9:30 – 9:45 AM
9:45 – 10:00 AM
10:00 – 10:15 AM
10:15 – 10:30 AM
Ho‘opakele Heiau: A Community-Based Approach to Heritage Management
Kathy Kawelu
Wahi Ola: Partnerships for a Vibrant Living Landscape
Sean Nāleimaile
The Phases of Malama: Transforming Research to Reinvigorating Life
Victoria Wichman and Keao NeSmith
Panel Presentation: Community and Cultural Resource Planning from a Hawaiian
Perspective: Challenges and Opportunities for Hawaiians in the Private Sector
Hinaleimoana Wong-Kalu, Matt Sproat, Elmer Kaai, Regina Hilo, Jamaica Osorio, Trisha Kehaulani Watson
10:30 – 10:45 AM
10:45 – 11:00 AM
11:00 – 11:15 AM
COFFEE BREAK
Traditional Hawaiian Cultural Materials Recovered Beneath 1,500-Year-Old Lava Flow
Jeffrey L. Putzi
He Kōkō Pu‘upu‘u? (A Chiefly Gourd Net?): An Analysis of Recovered Fiber Arts from
Makauwahi Cave, Kauai
Damion Sailors
11:15 – 11:30 AM
11:30 – 11:45 AM
The Archaeology of Halawa Cave, North Halawa Valley, O‘ahu, Hawai‘i
Paul E. Langenwalter II and Liana K. Meeker
Continuity and Change at a Pu‘uone Fishpond: New Archaeological Data from Loko Ea,
Kawailoa, O‘ahu
Chris Monahan and Doug Thurman
11:45 AM – 12:00 PM Open Forum
LUNCH BREAK, Bowman Hālau Wa‘a
12:00 – 1:00 PM
1:00 – 1:15 PM
1:15 – 1:30 PM
How Structures Become Archaeological Deposits
Thomas Dye
Spatiotemporal Rainfall Variation on Hawai‘i Island: Implications for Prehistoric Hawaiian
Agriculture
Robert DiNapoli and Alex Morrison
1:30 – 1:45 PM
Features Across Space: A Spatial Analysis of Traditional Hawaiian Archaeological Features
at Kalaemanō, Hawai‘i Island
Carl E. Sholin
1:45 – 2:00 PM
Stars and Stones at Kūkaniloko
2:00 – 2:15 PM
Preliminary Thoughts on Lo‘i Agricultural Systems in Miloli‘i Valley, Kaua‘i
2:15 – 2:30 PM
Adze Procurement and Production Strategies on the Eastern Flanks of Mauna Kea
2:30 – 2:45 PM
COFFEE BREAK
Recent Excavations in the Marquesas: Evidence for the East Polynesian Archaic
2:45 – 3:00 PM
Martha H. Noyes
Jennifer G. Kahn and Alan Carpenter
Peter R. Mills and Stephen P. Lundblad
Barry Rolett
3:00 – 3:15 PM
Ho‘omaka Hou: A Second Look at the Wai‘ahukini Shelter (H8) Faunal Remains
3:15 – 3:30 PM
Before the Fold: Excavations at a Shepherd's Midden on Lāna‘i
3:30 – 3:45 PM
Kelley Esh, Scott Belluomini, and Mara Mulrooney
Nathan DiVito
The Zooarchaeology of Vertebrate Animal Use, Extinction and Extirpation at Halawa Cave,
North Halawa Valley, O‘ahu, Hawai‘i
Paul E. Langenwalter II and Helen F. James
3:45 – 4:00 PM
Remote Sensing Vegetation Classification for Restoration of the Kahaluʻu Dryland Field
System
Natalie Kurashima
4:00 – 4:15 PM
Update on Administrative Rule Changes Affecting Archaeology
4:15 – 4:30 PM
Towards a Statewide Cultural Resources GIS for Hawaiʻi
4:30 – 4:45 PM
Video Presentation: The Archaeology of Kekaulike, O‘ahu
4:45 – 5:00 PM
5:00 – 6:00 PM
Open Forum
6:00 – 9:00 PM
Theresa K. Donham
Nick Belluzzo
Mike Dega
ANNUAL BUSINESS MEETING
LŪ‘AU, Atherton Hālau
Featuring a tribute to Dr. Yosihiko Sinoto, lū‘au banquet, and entertainment
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SCHEDULE AT A GLANCE ~ SUNDAY, OCTOBER 13, 2013
8:00 – 9:00 AM
9:00 AM – 12:00 PM
9:00 – 9:15 AM
CONTINENTAL BREAKFAST, Atherton Hālau
PAPERS, Atherton Hālau
2013 Wahi Kūpuna Internship Program Introduction
Kelley L. Uyeoka
9:15 – 9:30 AM
Wahi Kūpuna Internship Program
9:30 – 9:45 AM
2013 Hawai‘i Historical and Archaeological Research Project Introduction
9:45 – 10:00 AM
10:00 – 10:15 AM
10:15 – 10:30 AM
10:30 – 10:45 AM
10:45 – 11:00 AM
11:00 – 11:15 AM
Ikaika Kapu, Heather Bailey, Isaac Pang, Aloha Kapono, Makana Tavares
Michael Graves and Kekuewa Kikiloi
An Irrigated Agricultural System Linking Makanikahio and Pololū Ahupuaʻa, Hawaiʻi Island
J. Birkmann, Mark W. Oxley, Michael W. Graves, Kekuewa Kikiloi, and Kelley Uyeoka
Inoa ʻĀina o Waiʻāpuka
Kau‘ilani Rivera
COFFEE BREAK
Ho‘opiliwaiola: Water and Relationship in Waiʻāpuka
Kamuela Plunkett
Challenging Our Understanding of Konohiki: A Case Study for Waiʻāpuka, Kohala
Tara Manaea del Fierro
An Analysis of Poi Pounders from the Bishop Museum’s Ethnographic Collection: Examining
Morphological Variability Across the Hawaiian Archipelago
Mark W. Oxley
11:15 – 11:30 AM
11:30 – 11:45 AM
What’s in a Name? The Transformation of ‘Polynesian Hall’ to ‘Pacific Hall’ at Bishop Museum
Mara Mulrooney
New ‘Patterns in Time and Space’: An Update on the Second Edition of Feathered Gods and
Fishhooks
Mark D. McCoy and Patrick V. Kirch
11:45 AM – 12:00 PM Open Forum / Closing Remarks
PAU
12:00 PM
Posters are on display in Atherton Hālau on Saturday and Sunday.
ADDITIONAL FEATURED EVENT
North Kohala: A Cultural Landscape
Photographs by Jan Becket and Jesse Stephen
Pauahi Tower Lobby, Bishop Square, Bishop Street, Honolulu
October 2 through December 27 (Monday-Friday 8-5, Saturday 8-2, Closed on Sundays)
Featured in this exhibition are photographs of pre-contact architectural features in North Kohala,
Hawaiʻi Island. Although drylaid stone serves as the focal point of each image, the images present
not only the foundations of ancient sites but also their presence on the landscape. The selection
of locations photographed includes major named heiau as well as smaller, lesser-known
structures, cumulatively associated with a variety of ceremonial, habitation and agricultural
functions. Three distinct environmental settings are observed: mauka sites on modern ranch land
high on the side of Kohala mountain, makai sites of the North Kohala coast, and sites found in the
transitional leeward/windward valleys and ridges between Hawi and Pololu. Cumulatively, the
body of work presents a wide range of pre-contact architecture and invites further consideration
of North Kohala’s deep and extensive cultural landscape. The images were made over a span of
six years (year to year) in collaboration with archaeological field schools and research projects
held in North Kohala.
Jan Becket teaches photography at Kamehameha Schools Kapālama and works with 4X5 black and white film.
Jesse Stephen is a Ph.D. Candidate in Anthropology at the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa and works in both
archaeology and photography. Interpretive text has been contributed by Michael Graves and Jesse Stephen.
Dr. Graves is a former Chair of the UH Anthropology Department and is currently Professor and Chair of the
Department of Anthropology at the University of New Mexico.
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THE 2013 NĀKI‘IKEAHO CULTURAL STEWARDSHIP AWARD
Dr. Charles Pe‘ape‘a Makawalu Burrows
By Jason Jeremiah, Kamehameha Schools
Dr. Burrows has been an instrumental figure in
the Hawaiian conservation, archeology, and
stewardship fields for many decades.
Dr. Burrows received his B.A. in biology
and chemistry from Linfield College in 1958, his
M.Ed. in biology in 1962, and an M.S. in the Earth
sciences in 1966 from Oregon State University. In
1973, he received his Doctorate in Education, Dr. Burrows at the dedication of the COE ponds project, 2012
majoring in instructional development research (Photo by Rick Kaimi Scudder).
and science education from Indiana University. In January 2000, he retired from Kamehameha
Schools after serving 35 years as a science educator. As a science educator at Kamehameha
Schools, he created the Hui Lama Environmental and Hiking Club for the schools’ students and is
one of the founders of the Sierra Club High School Hikers group, which continues to this day.
Dr. Burrows is the president of ‘Ahahui Mālama I Ka Lōkahi (AML), a native Hawaiian
environmental nonprofit organization, and serves on the boards of various Kailua community
organizations that continue to advocate for the protection, conservation, and restoration of the
cultural and natural resources in the Kailua Ahupua‘a. AML was formed to develop, promote and
practice a native Hawaiian conservation ethic relevant to modern times through research,
education and active stewardship.
He has also served as a member of the Kaho‘olawe Island Reserve Commission, the Office
of Hawaiian Affairs Native Hawaiian Historic Preservation Council and now serves on the boards
of the Kawainui Heritage Foundation, the Kailua Hawaiian Civic Club, the Kailua Historic Society,
the OHA/Native Hawaiian Historic Preservation Council, the UH EPSCoR Community Advisory
Council and Ho‘olaulima i ka Kawainui, a multiple agency conservation consortium.
In the 1980s, Dr. Burrows led archaeological projects in Kailua on the Kūkanono slope
adjacent to Ulupō Heiau and Kawainui Marsh. He organized the restoration and continued
interpretation of the landscapes around cultural resources in Kailua, namely, at Ulupō Heiau,
Pahukini Heiau, and Maunawili Valley. He also led archaeological studies on the campus of
Kamehameha Schools in Kapālama, O‘ahu while he served as an educator on the campus.
In his continuing work with AML, Burrows is well known in the local community for
delivering educational tours and providing conservation service projects in and around Kailua’s
Kawainui Marsh. As a board member of the Kawainui Heritage Foundation and AML, he
collaborated with others to designate the Oahu Kawainui-Hamakua marsh as a Ramsar
“Wetlands of International Importance,” one of only 29 in the United States. He now serves on the
Ramsar U.S. National Committee.
Dr. Burrows also traveled to Alaska to support the Gwitchin people in their fight to
protect the caribou herds in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge and he also worked with the
Alaskan Inupiats to safeguard their marine food resources in the Beaufort Sea. In his travels on
the continent, he constantly sought wetland models for an environmental education center at
Kawainui Marsh.
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A TRIBUTE TO YOSIHIKO H. SINOTO, D.SC.
A Brief Biography of Dr. Sinoto and his Contributions to the Fields of Hawaiian and
Pacific Archaeology
By Eric Komori
Dr. Yosihiko Sinoto, Bishop Museum’s Kenneth Pike Emory
Distinguished Chair in Anthropology and Senior
Anthropologist, began his remarkable and pioneering career
in Polynesian archaeology in 1954, when his steamer ship
traveling from Japan to California stopped in Hawai‘i.
He was en route to enroll at the University of
California, Berkeley and had been issued one of just 115
total US visas given to Japanese citizens that year. During the
stopover, he was invited by Dr. Kenneth Emory,
Anthropology Chairman at the Bishop Museum to visit one
of the first sites archaeologically excavated in Hawai‘i.
Extremely well grounded in archaeology, Sinoto’s
background included the publishing of the first radiocarbon
age estimates in Japan. Emory quickly recognized that his
Dr. Sinoto in his office at Bishop Museum, 2013
knowledge would be invaluable to Hawaiian archaeology
(Photo by Eric Komori).
and told him that he must stay in Hawai‘i.
In spite of much uncertainty, Emory was able to persuade him to change his plans and
Sinoto enrolled at the University of Hawai‘i. Following his graduation from UH and appointment
as a Bishop Museum Fellow, Sinoto began a lifelong association with the museum that was only
briefly interrupted when he returned to postwar Japan to complete his dissertation on
Polynesian prehistory.
In 1962, he was appointed as Bishop Museum Anthropologist and later served as
Chairman and Senior Anthropologist from 1970-1989. During his tenure, Anthropology
Department staff members were able to advance the museum’s role as one of the core research
institutions of the Pacific, and preeminent scholars from around the world came to work in the
collegial environment.
Museum publication series such as the Bulletin, Pacific Anthropological Records, and
Departmental Report Series were expanded greatly to disseminate the results of research
throughout the Pacific. Sinoto’s own publications include hundreds of articles and reports
written in Japanese and French, as well as English.
Renowned for his pioneering research on fishhook typologies, Marquesan prehistory, and
ancient waterlogged canoes and village sites, he is also well-known for his efforts to include local
communities in the protection and preservation of archaeological sites. His field school on the
island of Tetiaroa was the first effort to bring together university students from Hawai‘i and
Tahiti to work on archaeological sites. Another program that he organized sent interns from the
Marquesas and Tahiti to the Bishop Museum for 3 months of training in archaeology and historic
preservation, a particularly rewarding experience for all.
For the past 59 years, Dr. Sinoto has made a series of significant contributions to the fields of
Hawaiian and Pacific Archaeology. At this year’s Society for Hawaiian Archaeology conference, held
at his home institution of the Bishop Museum, we formally recognize his contributions to the
understanding of Hawaiian and Polynesian origins and cultural developments.
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FULL PROGRAM SCHEDULE AND ABSTRACTS
FRIDAY, OCTOBER 11, 2013
Field Trips (9:00 am – 4:00 pm)
Welcome Reception (5:00 – 8:30 pm)
Hawaiian Hall Atrium Courtyard, Bishop Museum
Conference Registration (5:00 pm)
Pupus and Drinks (5:00 pm – 8:30 pm)
Welcome Address (5:30 pm)
Cultural Stewardship Award Presentation (5:45 pm)
Hawaiian Hall and Pacific Hall Open House (6:00 – 8:00 pm)
SATURDAY, OCTOBER 12, 2013
Symposia
Atherton Hālau, Bishop Museum
Continental Breakfast (8:00 – 9:00 am)
Morning Session 1 (9:00 am – 10:30 am)
Welcome
SHA Board Members
Nā Pua No‘eau 2013 Summer Institute, Cultural Resource Management Course for Hawai‘i High
School Students
Lokelani Brandt and U‘ilani Macabio, University of Hawai‘i-Hilo
The effort to inspire and train the next generation of Native Hawaiian cultural resource stewards has
percolated to the high school level. This past June, ten Native Hawaiian high school students from various
islands were selected by the Nā Pua No‘eau Center for Gifted and Talented Native Hawaiian Children
program to spend two weeks immersed in a variety of CRM-related activities and projects on Hawai‘i
Island. The course, titled ‘Uncovering the Past,’ focused on introducing high school-aged students to the
field of CRM from a Hawaiian cultural foundation. The course emphasized cultural preservation through
the building of sustainable and meaningful community relations, expanding the students’ academic and
professional foundation, and exercising their knowledge of Hawaiian traditions and practices.
Ho‘opakele Heiau: A Community-Based Approach to Heritage Management
Kathy Kawelu, University of Hawai‘i-Hilo
Consultation has been a part of archaeology for nearly a half-century, but in recent decades, a growing
number of archaeologists are working toward a more engaged practice, striving for collaboration with
descendant communities and other stakeholders. To this end, archaeologists have partnered with
descendant communities and other supporters who also seek to care for the cultural landscape in our everdeveloping island home. The mission of Ho‘opakele Heiau, a group formed through the partnership of
community members, archaeologists, and college students, is to protect a heiau adjacent to the Hilo
Harbor. By raising awareness of the site, the group seeks to limit the impact of the proposed harbor
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expansion currently in the planning stages. This paper provides an update on the community-based work
taking place along the Hilo coast.
Wahi Ola: Partnerships for a Vibrant Living Landscape
Sean Nāleimaile, Nāki‘ikeaho/State Historic Preservation Division
The future of our wahi kūpuna (ancestral landscapes) depends upon a collaborative management
approach to ensure that the appropriate stewardship of these places is maintained for future generations.
These stewardship efforts need to ensure that there is a respect for the land; that reciprocity is developed
with the land, its descendants, and its current and future users; and that these efforts culminate in a
relationship that is reinforced and maintained for the benefit of all things related to and connected to the
place. The Wahi Ola Project aims to facilitate a process of learning through collaborative relationships
between public, private, and governmental agencies to put into action a process to educate, engage, and
enable communities to increase the awareness of these places of cultural and spiritual value and how they
are impacted by our modern world.
The Phases of Malama: Transforming Research to Reinvigorating Life
Victoria Wichman, Bishop Museum, and Keao NeSmith, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa
Nā Pali Coast ‘Ohana, cultural stewards of Nu‘alolo Kai, Kauai, are continuing with restoration objectives
based within the concept of a traditional Hawaiian “Malama” or moon-phased philosophy, combined with
“Mālama,” which means ‘to take care of.’ This is reflected by the many schools of knowledge shared
throughout this project that support our stewardship’s goals of proactive research, restoration, and
cultural heritage revitalization. This paper will examine the cultural and archaeological methodology in
restoring the “Mālama Wall.”
Panel Presentation: Community and Cultural Resource Planning from a Hawaiian Perspective:
Challenges and Opportunities for Hawaiians in the Private Sector
Hinaleimoana Wong-Kalu, Matt Sproat, Elmer Kaai, Regina Hilo, Jamaica Osorio, and Trisha Kehaulani
Watson, Honua Consulting, Inc.
Lawsuit decisions like the Kalekini decision illustrate the on-going challenges with planning and managing
cultural resources in Hawai‘i. This panel will discuss the challenges and opportunities of being Hawaiian
and working in the private sector. Hawaiian archaeologists and cultural resource specialists have long
called for new methods in researching traditional cultural properties and resources. The resurgence of
Hawaiian language use and cultural fluency offers Hawai‘i’s private sector an exciting opportunity to
evolve research and planning that impacts cultural resources. This opportunity has potential benefits not
only for Hawai‘i, but for all indigenous communities who strive to find ways to plan for the future use of
their traditional resources in culturally appropriate ways. Yet, this effort is not without its challenges.
Hawaiians working in the private sector are constantly challenged by their close relationships and ties to
their community, and this panel will also discuss innovative ways of addressing and resolving community
conflict. Drawing from their experiences across Hawai‘i and the greater Pacific, this panel will offer an
exciting and dynamic discussion on the status of cultural resource planning in Hawai‘i and the amazing
potential for its future.
BREAK (10:30-10:45)
Morning Session 2 (10:45 am – 12:00 pm)
Traditional Hawaiian Cultural Materials Recovered Beneath 1,500-Year-Old Lava Flow
Jeffrey L. Putzi, T. S. Dye & Colleagues, Archaeologists
Renovation of Kona Village Resort following the tsunami of March 11, 2011 required that utilities be placed
underground in accordance with Hawai‘i County’s building code. Excavation with a hoe ran through a
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pahoehoe flow dated by geologists to 1,500-3,000 years ago exposed a poorly sorted beach sand deposit
with traditional Hawaiian artifacts, including broken fishhooks, adze fragments, lava and coral abraders,
worked mammal bone, and volcanic glass flakes. This paper describes the traditional Hawaiian cultural
materials and explores the age of the deposit.
He Kōkō Pu‘upu‘u? (A Chiefly Gourd Net?): An Analysis of Recovered Fiber Arts from Makauwahi
Cave, Kaua‘i
Damion Sailors
In the summer of 2011, several well-preserved pieces of a rare Hawaiian carrying net were recovered from
Makauwahi Cave during an archaeological field school hosted by the University of Hawai‘i and the National
Tropical Botanical Gardens on the south end of Kaua‘i. The complexity and decorative aspects of the type of
knot used for this net’s construction suggest that this item may be a kōkō pu‘upu‘u, or chiefly gourd net.
Because of the perishable nature of both floral and faunal components used in customary cordage
manufacture, Pacific Island rope work generally has poor representation in the archaeological record,
making this uncommon find appealing for detailed investigation. This paper addresses what can be learned
from examining and comparing the physical characteristics of this antiquated example of Polynesian
netting and proposes further research that may show promise regarding Pacific Island fiber arts. A focus on
the stylistic analyses of rope construction and knot work as it is demonstrated between and within Pacific
Island communities is emphasized in this study.
The Archaeology of Halawa Cave, North Halawa Valley, O‘ahu, Hawai‘i
Paul E. Langenwalter II and Liana K. Meeker, Biola University
Halawa Cave (50-Oa-B01-020) was one of two sites excavated by a University of Hawai‘i Archaeological
Field School under the direction of William Wallace during the spring of 1966. The site was selected for
excavation based on surface finds which had been recently reported to the Bishop Museum by a local
collector. Several attempts to produce a site report for excavations at Halawa Cave were unsuccessful. A
recent move to complete the study of the small but diverse vertebrate assemblage facilitated a broader
study of the site to provide environmental, cultural, and temporal contexts for the vertebrate analysis. The
present study is based on a synthesis of the collections and archival materials from the 1966 excavation
held by multiple institutions. The site consists of an approximately 50 cm-deep midden, located inside of a
6x8 m2 rockshelter about 5 km inland of Pearl Harbor in the North Halawa Valley, O‘ahu, Hawai‘i. The
prehistoric assemblage includes gourd cups and a fire plough, along with a variety of shell, bone, and stone
artifacts. Also present are ecofacts that include shellfish, bone, and plant materials. Features associated
with the site are a rock wall, hearths and concentrations of ash, charcoal, and food wastes. The artifacts
and ecofacts provide evidence of occasional Native Hawaiian occupation by the fifteenth century that
extended into the nineteenth century. Halawa Cave was used for intermittent habitation by individuals
apparently engaged in wood cutting and local food procurement.
Continuity and Change at a Pu‘uone Fishpond: New Archaeological Data from Loko Ea, Kawailoa,
O‘ahu
Chris Monahan and Doug Thurman, TCP Hawai‘i, LLC
We discuss the results of a recent archaeological survey at Loko Ea Fishpond in the seaward portion of
Kawailoa Ahupua‘a. This pu‘uone-type fishpond represents the south end of the “long house” of
Laniwahine, the guardian mo‘o of ‘Uko‘a. Excavation into Loko Ea’s oldest, constituent features
demonstrates a complex depositional history of construction, modification, and repair. In the deepest
portion of Loko Ea’s largest wall, just above the water table, we recovered a carved wooden artifact made
of a large piece of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), from which a conventional (AMS) radiocarbon date
of 160 ± 30 BP was obtained. We explore the implications of this and other new findings.
LUNCH BREAK (12:00 – 1:00 pm)
Bowman Hālau
10
Afternoon Session 1 (1:00 – 2:30 pm)
How Structures Become Archaeological Deposits
Thomas Dye, T. S. Dye & Colleagues, Archaeologists
Cathy Cameron’s work on the abandonment of settlements and regions provides a framework for
identifying and describing the different ways that dry stone masonry structures enter the archaeological
record in Hawai‘i. Recent excavations at nineteenth century structures at Manele, Lana‘i illustrate two
different, but common, ways that structures become archaeological deposits. The excavations document
the dynamic nature of the Hawaiian settlement landscape well into the historic era.
Spatiotemporal Rainfall Variation on Hawai‘i Island: Implications for Prehistoric Hawaiian
Agriculture
Robert DiNapoli, University of Hawai‘i-Mānoa, and Alex Morrison, University of Auckland
Pacific Island agricultural research has focused predominately on measuring the degree of uncertainty in
dryland subsistence practices. Environmental risk and uncertainty have been especially important topics
in the Hawaiian Archipelago, specifically in relation to the large dryland agricultural systems of Maui and
Hawai‘i Island. Unlike most windward agricultural systems, leeward dryland agriculture was almost
completely dependent on rainfall. It is generally assumed that dryland field systems were highly
susceptible to droughts, potentially resulting in food shortages with various societal consequences, such as
conflict and the emergence of social complexity. The recent publication of the Rainfall Atlas of Hawai‘i
enables us to build more fine-grained models of spatiotemporal rainfall variation in the Hawaiian Islands.
Using this newly published rainfall archive, we investigate spatiotemporal rainfall patterns on Hawai‘i
Island, with particular emphasis on the Leeward Kohala Field System (LKFS). We employ geostatistical
modeling techniques and time series analyses to quantify the amplitude and periodicity of droughts in the
LKFS, and discuss the implications of our results for Hawaiian agriculture and emerging sociocultural
patterns.
Features Across Space: A Spatial Analysis of Traditional Hawaiian Archaeological Features at
Kalaemanō, Hawai‘i Island
Carl E. Sholin, T. S. Dye & Colleagues, Archaeologists
Detailed archaeological mapping was conducted for a coastal strip approximately 0.5 km wide and 1 km
long at Kalaemanō, Ka‘ūpūlehu Ahupua‘a, North Kona District, Hawai‘i Island during preservation planning
for the Ka‘ūpūlehu Interpretive Center. Locations of the identified archaeological features were
incorporated into a geographic information system (GIS) and classified based on architectural
characteristics. The spatial analysis reported here was aimed toward two research goals: (1) to explore
how distance from the coast influenced the distribution of feature classes, and (2) to identify and
characterize clusters of features.
Stars and Stones at Kūkaniloko
Martha H. Noyes
The piko stone at Kūkaniloko, sometimes called the compass stone or canoe stone, has attracted attention
and curiosity. It is clearly about something, but what? Celestial events marked on the landscape to the east
and west of Kūkaniloko provide clues. This paper offers some reasoned speculation on the purpose of the
piko stone based on the meanings and functions of landscape markers for stars and celestial events.
Preliminary Thoughts on Lo‘i Agricultural Systems in Miloli‘i Valley, Kaua‘i
Jennifer G. Kahn, College of William and Mary, and Alan Carpenter, Hawai‘i State Parks
Site 50-30-01-7179 is an extensive stepped agricultural complex fronting the mouth of Miloli‘i Valley. The
complex is just adjacent to the hale pili site (50-30-01-7206) where the Bishop Museum removed the grass
11
house that is now on display in Hawaiian Hall. We discuss data collected during the detailed mapping and
inventory survey of the 50-30-01-7179 site, including data on the wetland field system and residential
complexes. Surface remains suggest that portions of the lo‘i were segmented through time and/or
transformed into house platforms. Other residential sites are found along the cliff faces along the sides of
the valley, where dense midden concentrations are found. Test excavations at the Mil-10 complex provide
data on the chronology of site construction and subsistence intensification along the Nā Pali Coast. We end
with a brief presentation of artistic reconstructions of the site, based on archaeological data, which will be
used in developing community educational materials to foster site preservation and local knowledge.
Adze Procurement and Production Strategies on the Eastern Flanks of Mauna Kea
Peter R. Mills and Stephen P. Lundblad, University of Hawai‘i-Hilo
The geochemistry of adze debitage from a range of sites in North Hilo and Hamakua is presented, including
sites in Laupahoehoe, lowland Humu‘ula, Niupea/Kealakaha, Ahualoa, Pa‘ako, Waipi‘o, and Laupahoehoe
Nui. Much of the debitage is geochemically consistent with the Mauna Kea Adze Quarry, but coarsergrained, locally available post-shield volcanics are also present. Another geochemical group of finegrained shield-building volcanic material is also present that does not match well with Mauna Kea sources
or the Pololu Adze Quarry in North Kohala. The nearest documented quarry sources with similar
geochemical signatures include Kilauea, Kapohaku, Lana‘i, Waiahole, O‘ahu, and the newly reported
Nanakuli, O‘ahu source. Technological and contextual information is presented to suggest that at least
some of the shield-building debitage in East Hawai‘i derives from yet another source, most likely from
early shield-building stages of the Kohala Mountains, which could be exposed in Waipi‘o Valley and other
portions of Hamakua and Kohala.
BREAK (2:30 – 2:45 pm)
Afternoon Session 2 (2:45 pm – 5:00 pm)
Recent Excavations in the Marquesas: Evidence for the East Polynesian Archaic
Barry Rolett, University of Hawai‘i-Mānoa
The Hanamiai Dune is among a number of Marquesan archaeological sites with cultural deposits
representing the East Polynesian Archaic era. These Archaic deposits, dated to the time period AD 10001450, are typically marked by chronologically diagnostic artifacts such as untanged adzes and rotating
one-piece pearl shell fishhooks. The currently known Hanamiai Archaic deposits were discovered in the
1980s, but early in the following decade they were inadvertently destroyed by sand mining operations to
support road construction. Later excavations at Hanamiai (1997-2010) failed to reveal evidence of the
Archaic. A breakthrough occurred during the 2012 and 2013 field seasons when rich Archaic deposits
were found at depths of 2-3 m below the modern ground surface. The diagnostic artifacts include rotating
pearl shell fishhooks, a whale tooth pendant, and a bone tattooing needle. Our preliminary results are
discussed here in the context of other early East Polynesian sites including Hane, Hanatekua, and Fa‘ahia,
excavated by Yosihiko Sinoto as part of his pioneering research in French Polynesia.
Ho‘omaka Hou: A Second Look at the Wai‘ahukini Shelter (H8) Faunal Remains
Kelley Esh, University of Hawai‘i-Mānoa, Scott Belluomini, and Mara Mulrooney, Bishop Museum
The Wai‘ahukini Shelter (H8) was excavated from 1954 to 1958 by archaeologists from Bishop Museum
and the University of Hawai‘i (Emory, Bonk, and Sinoto 1969), with the lower layer of the cave deposit
believed to represent early occupation of the Hawaiian Islands. Unlike many early excavations, the
bulk sample collection strategy apparently utilized at Wai‘ahukini Shelter is conducive to
a detailed examination of the animal remains. However, outside of a few studies that focused on the South
Point area in general, an analysis of the faunal material from this famous site has not been conducted since
the initial publication in the 1960s. Almost sixty years after the original excavations, we have initiated
12
comprehensive faunal analysis for this collection. Our paper discusses the preliminary findings and future
collaborative projects for this important archaeological collection.
Before the Fold: Excavations at a Shepherd’s Midden on Lāna‘i
Nathan DiVito, T. S. Dye & Colleagues, Archaeologists
Controlled excavation at a nineteenth century shepherd’s midden at Manele, Lana‘i revealed a deeply
buried traditional Hawaiian cultural deposit with artifacts and food remains. Two fire-pit features, one
stratigraphically superior to the other, were identified in the traditional Hawaiian deposit. Suitable dating
materials were collected from each of the features. AMS dates on identified short-lived plant charcoal
establish the time depth of the traditional Hawaiian deposit.
The Zooarchaeology of Vertebrate Animal Use, Extinction and Extirpation at Halawa Cave, North
Halawa Valley, O‘ahu, Hawai‘i
Paul E. Langenwalter II, Biola University, and Helen F. James, Smithsonian Institution
Halawa Cave (50-Oa-B01-020) is a rockshelter located about 5 km inland of Pearl Harbor in the North
Halawa Valley, O‘ahu, Hawai‘i. Evidence of Native Hawaiian occupation is found in an approximately 50
cm-deep midden, inside of the 6x8 m2 shelter. The assemblage includes vegetal, stone, bone and shell
artifacts, along with shell, bone and plant ecofacts. The site appears to have been intermittently occupied
as a base for local resource procurement. Occupation of the site began by the fifteenth century and
continued into the nineteenth century, with the heaviest use of the site during the nineteenth century. The
presence of adzes in the assemblage suggests that wood-cutting was an important activity associated with
the site. A sample of 68 fish, bird, and mammal specimens was recovered during the excavation. This
assemblage provides evidence of limited vertebrate use, butchering practices, resource procurement areas,
and information about the local paleoenvironment. Fish species dominate the assemblage. Two of three
avian species are indigenous and extinct or extirpated. Remains of the extinct O‘ahu Flightless Goose
(Thambetochen xanion) and the Dark-rumped Petrel (Pteroderma phaeopypia) occur in sediments from the
terminal occupation of the site. Introduced species of red jungle fowl, dog, and pig were a significant food
source consumed at the site. The assemblage reflects a focus on fishing, although the mammals were
significant contributors of biomass. Steel tool marks occur on some pig specimens from the terminal
occupation.
Remote Sensing Vegetation Classification for Restoration of the Kahaluʻu Dryland Field System
Natalie Kurashima, Kamehameha Schools/University of Hawai‘i-Mānoa
Kamehameha Schools is seeking to restore and revitalize the Kahaluʻu ϐield system in Kahaluʻu Ahupuaʻa,
North Kona District, Hawaiʻi Island. At 350 acres, the Kahaluʻu ϐield system is one of the largest intact
remnants of the Kona field system, a complex system of rainfed agricultural fields spanning about 140 km2
across about 30 ahupuaʻa. There are over 3,500 documented archaeological features within the Kahaluʻu
field system, which are almost all (98.7%) categorized as pre-contact agricultural features. Though the
archaeological features have been thoroughly documented, no botanical or ecological study has been
undertaken in the site. Restoration and revitalization activities will include clearing of invasive vegetation
for planting of traditional Hawaiian agricultural crops for cultural, community, and commercial uses; thus,
an understanding of the current matrix of vegetation is important for restoration planning, as well as for
obtaining baseline data before restoration in the area begins. Remote sensing provides an opportunity to
analyze the canopy vegetation of the entire 355-acre project area at the species-specific level. Using a
Worldview 2 satellite image, I classified the canopy vegetation of the project area into four major classes:
ʻōhiʻa lehua (Meterosideros polymorpha), christmas berry (Schinus terebinthifolius), strawberry guava
(Psidium catteianum), and a shadow class. I performed a series of supervised classification methods in
ENVI 4.8, the most accurate being the Maximum Likelihood Classification (MLC), with an 85.5% overall
accuracy. The classification indicated 49% non-native canopy cover and 33% native canopy cover, with
the remaining proportion represented as shadow. The resulting classification was also compared with soil
and archaeological features within the system in order to reveal trends and variation across the site. The
13
MLC method provides a sufficient basic vegetation map that can be easily utilized in restoration planning
and future research within the field system.
Update on Administrative Rule Changes Affecting Archaeology
Theresa K. Donham, State Historic Preservation Division
SHPD announced at last year’s SHA conference that changes were being contemplated in Hawai‘i
Administrative Rules (HAR) §13-275 through 284, with a goal of updating requirements to be more in line
with today’s technology and scientific standards. The passage of S.B. 1171 has resulted in a need to provide
conditions under which phased review of projects would be allowed. The justification of this bill was a
need for greater consistency between federal and state historic preservation regulations, which is also
considered in the revision process. Proposed changes to HAR §13-275 and 284, which detail the historic
preservation review process, will be discussed, along with proposed changes to the regulations addressing
inventory survey (§13-276), archaeological site preservation (§13-277), data recovery studies (§13-278)
and permits for archaeological work (§13-282). Also discussed are options for input from the professional
community and other stakeholders.
Towards a Statewide Cultural Resources GIS for Hawaiʻi
Nick Belluzzo, State Historic Preservation Division
The development of a comprehensive, accessible statewide cultural resources GIS is vital to increasing our
understanding of the archaeological record, as well as executing our responsibilities as stewards of these
cultural resources. The State Historic Preservation Division (SHPD) has developed a standardized GIS
database with the intent of aggregating known and newly generated locational information for cultural
resources throughout Hawaiʻi. SHPD has already begun populating the database with legacy data from
SHPD’s own data collections. Strategies have been developed for both contending with legacy data and
incorporating newly generated geospatial information. Additionally, the Cultural Resources Geodatabase
will link to other pertinent datasets still under development, such as tabular site information, library
reports, and correspondence history. The intent is an accessible repository of geospatial data which has
been tempered with an understanding of the sensitive nature of the data.
Video Presentation: The Archaeology of Kekaulike, O‘ahu
Mike Dega, SCS, Inc. (on behalf of Dennis Callahan)
Between 1992 and 1994, a complex Archaeological Data Recovery program was undertaken in downtown
Honolulu, O‘ahu. The Kekaulike Project, occurring on the Ewa Block bordered by Hotel Street and King
Street, was a large-scale excavation undertaken by Archaeological Consultants of Hawaii, which was
headed by the now-deceased Joseph Kennedy. Recently, one of Kennedy’s longtime friends presented a
1993 video he took of an interview with Mr. Kennedy at the site. The 15-minute video not only
encapsulates the complex history of the site but shows the work environment at the site. With his typical
flair, Kennedy walks us through the site showing his knowledge and passion for the past in a video suitable
for beginning archaeology students, old field hands, long-time scholars of the discipline, and those
interested in seeing what a large-scale excavation in downtown Honolulu entails.
Annual Business Meeting (5:00 – 6:00 pm)
Atherton Hālau
Lū ‘au Banquet (6:00 – 9:00 pm)
Atherton Hālau and Hālau Bowman, Bishop Museum
Welcome Address (6:00 pm)
Tribute to Dr. Yosihiko Sinoto (6:15 pm)
Lū‘au Banquet (7:00 pm)
Musical Entertainment (7:00 – 9:00 pm)
14
SUNDAY, OCTOBER 13, 2013
Symposia
Atherton Hālau, Bishop Museum
Continental Breakfast (8:00 – 9:00 am)
Morning Session 1 (9:00 am – 10:15 am)
Session I Title: Kohala I Ka Unupa‘a – Kohala of the Solid Stone
Session Organizer: Kelley L. Uyeoka, Kumupaʻa Cultural Resource Consultants, LLC
2013 Wahi Kūpuna Internship Program Introduction
Kelley L. Uyeoka, Kumupaʻa Cultural Resource Consultants, LLC
Kukui ‘ā‘a kū i ka ‘Āpa‘apa‘a
Ikaika Kapu, Heather Bailey, Isaac Pang, Aloha Kapono, and Makana Tavares, Wahi Kūpuna Program
Internship Program
Our presentation focuses on the research we conducted in the ahupuaʻa of Puanui as part of the 2013 Wahi
Kūpuna Internship Program. In addition to surveying and mapping portions of the Leeward Kohala Field
System within Puanui and Kehena, we also carried out individual research projects that centered on
themes such as ahupuaʻa systems, mauka-makai connections, land use and change, and resource sharing
and trade. Through our cultural, historical, ethnographic, and archaeological research, we learned that
Puanui was a thriving ahupuaʻa and that the resources that are still preserved there today can teach us so
much about resource management, self-sufficiency, and sustainability.
2013 Hawai‘i Historical and Archaeological Research Project Introduction
Michael Graves, University of New Mexico, and Kekuewa Kikiloi, University of Hawai‘i-Mānoa
An Irrigated Agricultural System Linking Makanikahio and Pololū Ahupuaʻa, Hawaiʻi Island
Joseph Birkmann, Mark W. Oxley, Michael W. Graves, University of New Mexico, Kekuewa Kikiloi, University of
Hawai‘i-Mānoa, and Kelley Uyeoka, Kumupaʻa Cultural Resource Consultants, LLC
Field research in windward Kohala since 2011 has allowed us to reconstruct an irrigated agricultural
system that originates in Waikalae Stream in upper Makanikahio 1, Windward Kohala. Stream water is
diverted first by a ditch that redirects the flow through a cut bedrock and traditional ʻauwai that is more
than 250 m long and extended to the north and west into a separate drainage. At the top of this secondary
drainage is a small loʻi complex that is located on ridge lands and excess irrigation water would flow into
the gully adjacent to the west. This gully is known as Kauhaikulepe and extends down the ridge lands to
the north more than 1 km. Pond field and barrage agricultural terraces, as well as a variety of tree crops,
once lined its bottom lands throughout. Towards the bottom of the gully, Kauhaikulepe extends eastward
across Makanikahio 2 and flows down a ravine into Pololū Valley. There the irrigation water feeds the large
marsh loʻi complex about 150 m from its north, upper end.
Inoa ʻĀina o Waiʻāpuka
Kauʻilani Rivera, Hawai‘i Historical and Archaeological Research Project
Place names play an important role in understanding how Hawaiians viewed the traditional Hawaiian
landscape. This study looks at the wide range of meaning interpretations from place names gathered for
the ahupuaʻa of Waiʻāpuka in Windward Kohala. It pulls from historical maps, land commission awards,
testimonies, moʻolelo in newspapers, and oral interviews recorded in various sources of information in
both English and Hawaiian language. Through careful analysis, I translate, interpret, and cross-reference
these names across historical accounts and link them to traditional land units and locations in the overall
15
landscape. Each word’s etymology is broken down and all probable translations and interpretations are
looked at to infer Hawaiians’ past relationships to Waiʻāpuka’s landscape and its resources.
BREAK (10:15 – 10:30 am)
Morning Session 2 (10:30 am – 12:00 pm)
Ho‘opiliwaiola: Water and Relationship in Waiʻāpuka
Kamuela Plunkett, Hawai‘i Historical and Archaeological Research Project
In Wai‘āpuka, Kohala and its adjacent territories we see the inverse of a valley landscape in that gullies
bookend table lands. In the case of Wai‘āpuka, its archaeological irrigation record is anomalous not just in
comparison to leeward areas where the availability of water was relatively scarce, but also with valley
irrigation systems, in that irrigated water does not always return to its source and may not always remain
in its own territory. In effect, water movements in these ahupua‘a display regional irrigation practices that
diverge from the classical imagery of valley ahupua‘a water and resource management. It is the goal of this
paper to discuss the way I have documented the existence of these four agricultural complexes followed
with a hypothesis of their connection via irrigational innovation and intentional utilization of “ridge slope”
landscape. The connectivity of these individual complexes into an agricultural system could thus provide
insight into table/kula land water movement and inter-community cooperation.
Challenging Our Understanding of Konohiki: A Case Study for Waiʻāpuka, Kohala
Tara Manaea del Fierro, Hawai‘i Historical and Archaeological Research Project
This study challenges our current understanding of the role of konohiki in pre-contact times through the
analysis of the archaeological records and historical Land Commission Award (LCA) documents gathered
for the ahupuaʻa of Waiʻāpuka, in Windward Kohala. Examination of LCA documents (awards, native and
foreign registers, and testimonies) within this discrete area of the ahupuaʻa and in the context of its ancient
resources suggests that at least five konohiki, or land stewards, shifted roles and enacted different
strategies of management within a short period of time in the mid 1800s. Thus, this prompts one to
question our current understanding of the traditional concept of Hawaiian konohiki. It also provides
insight as to what additional questions might be asked in future research of the ethno-historical and
archaeological records in Hawaiʻi.
An Analysis of Poi Pounders from the Bishop Museum’s Ethnographic Collection: Examining
Morphological Variability Across the Hawaiian Archipelago
Mark W. Oxley, University of New Mexico
The Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum houses the largest collection of Hawaiian poi pounders in existence,
including the approximately 600 specimens in the museum’s ethnographic collection. While the majority of
the poi pounders in the ethnographic collection do not have any known provenience, at least 255 artifacts
are known or believed to have originated from a specific island. This preliminary research explores the
morphological variability of poi pounders across space, utilizing the artifacts with known provenience.
While previous work has focused primarily on Kaua‘i Island pounders, this research will examine
variability among the main Hawaiian Islands (with the exceptions of Lāna‘i and Kaho‘olawe). This
preliminary work will be expanded into a dissertation study that will analyze the variability and change of
poi pounder technology through the examination of stylistic transmission and technological/functional
innovations.
What’s in a Name? The Transformation of ‘Polynesian Hall’ to ‘Pacific Hall’ at Bishop Museum
Mara Mulrooney, Bishop Museum
Since the pioneering research of archaeologists Kenneth P. Emory and Yosihiko H. Sinoto in the early
1950s, the Bishop Museum’s Anthropology Department has played a central role in the field of Pacific
16
Island archaeology. The department’s prominent role in the field, however, has not typically been
showcased in permanent exhibition spaces at the museum. In the newly renovated Pacific Hall, the field of
archaeology has taken center stage in the 2nd floor of the exhibition space. In this paper, I present a brief
historical outline of the significant transformations that Pacific Hall has undergone since it was built and
dubbed ‘Polynesian Hall,’ and assess the ways in which artifacts from the Archaeology Collections are
currently incorporated into the exhibition space.
New ‘Patterns in Time and Space’: An Update on the Second Edition of Feathered Gods and
Fishhooks
Mark D. McCoy, University of Otago, and Patrick V. Kirch, University of California-Berkeley
As the first book-length treatment of the topic of archaeology across the Hawaiian Islands, Feathered Gods
and Fishhooks broke new ground when it was first published in 1985. Now nearly 30 years on, one of the
challenges for the planned second edition is to provide the reader with a useful synthesis of advances in
regional archaeology. Given the massive body of research that has been produced since the first edition,
the chapter titled, ‘Patterns in Time and Space: Regional Archaeology of the Hawaiian Islands,’ will become
several expanded and revised chapters focusing on individual islands. The purpose of this presentation is
to reflect on how the field has evolved in terms of the spatial and temporal scales that we emphasize in our
work, as well as to give members of the Society for Hawaiian Archaeology an opportunity to comment on
the format and content of the new island chapters.
17
POSTERS
Climate Change, Sea Level Rise, and Cultural Resources in Hawai‘i
Denise DeJoseph, Na Moku Consulting Group
Sea level rise resulting from climate change is occurring. Rising seas will lead to accelerated erosion in
coastal areas and to the likely inundation of some shorelines. Many of Hawai‘i's coastal areas contain preand post-contact cultural sites, landscapes, and features. Recent legislation in Hawai‘i, such as Act 286,
compels state agencies to address climate change impacts to natural and cultural resources. There are
currently no historic preservation protocols to deal with threats to cultural resources from coastal erosion.
A first step must be identifying and ranking those resources that are most at risk. This poster explores how
erosion hazard zone mapping developed by University of Hawai‘i researchers can be used to identify
cultural resources that are most vulnerable to short-term (i.e., within 50 years or less) erosion threats
based on the significance and timing of shoreline change. Using Maui as an example, we combined erosion
hazard zone mapping with GIS data provided by the State Historic Preservation Division to demonstrate
how a collaborative mapping approach can be useful in developing a strategy for prioritizing the
preservation and/or recovery of scientific and cultural values embodied in Hawai‘i’s coastal cultural
resources.
Applied Archaeology at UH-Mānoa: Building Capacity in Hawai‘i and the Greater Pacific
James Bayman, Christian Peterson, Barry Rolett, Miriam Stark, and T. Kawika Tengan, University of Hawai‘iMānoa
The MA track in Applied Archaeology at UH-Mānoa is designed to train the next generation of professional
non-academic archaeologists who seek to be effective advocates for the study and preservation of historic
sites in Hawai‘i and elsewhere in the Greater Pacific and Asia. Although institutions throughout the
continental United States offer graduate training in applied archaeology, our program at UH-Mānoa is
unique in its geographic and cultural focus. We recognize the increasing importance of archaeological
employment opportunities in our state through public and private sectors of cultural resource
management (CRM) and historic preservation. In fact, compliance with state and federal legislation that
pertain to archaeology and historic preservation underlies most public and private funding for
professional archaeology today. Consequently, many private firms, governmental agencies, and non-profit
institutions employ MA level archaeologists to conduct CRM investigations, manage archaeological
collections, and/or engage in community outreach and public education. These growing areas of
professional archaeology now far surpass the demand for academic archaeologists. This poster features
various dimensions of the Applied Archaeology Program at UH-Mānoa.
The Nu‘alolo Kai Kapa: A Preliminary Look at Chronology and Context
Summer Moore, College of William and Mary
Of the extremely broad and diverse collection of perishable artifacts recovered from the cliffside habitation
terraces excavated at Nu‘alolo Kai, the kapa collection is one of the most unique. Although Hawaiian kapa
specimens are present in museum ethnographic collections worldwide, such specimens often lack specific
contextual information, i.e., information about chronology and location of collection. With over 20
fragments represented, the assemblage of archaeological kapa curated by Bishop Museum’s Anthropology
Department provides a unique opportunity to anchor an examination of kapa use in time and space. On this
poster, information from Bishop Museum’s artifact catalogs, unpublished excavation report manuscripts,
and recent radiocarbon dating analysis by other researchers is summarized to provide an introductory
view of kapa use at Nu‘alolo Kai. Because the majority of this kapa appears to be roughly associated with
the late pre-contact and early post-contact periods, it is hoped that this study will provide a springboard
for a more comprehensive examination of the subject, in which the role played by kapa in household life
and beyond during the 18th and 19th centuries can be considered.
18
SOCIETY FOR HAWAIIAN ARCHAEOLOGY ANNUAL BUSINESS MEETING
AGENDA
October 12, 2013, 5pm
Bishop Museum, Atherton Hālau
I. President’s Remarks: Mara Mulrooney
II. Secretary’s Report: Mara Mulrooney on behalf of Summer Moore
- Approval of Minutes from 2012 Annual Business Meeting
III. Treasurer’s Report: Victoria Wichman
IV. Standing Committee Reports:
- Education: Kelly Uyeoka
- Standards & Ethics: Holly McEldowney
- Legislative: Sara Collins
- Publishing: Windy McElroy
- Student: Brian Lane
- Webmaster: Nick Belluzzo
- Public Relations: Arleen Garcia-Herbst
V. Old Business:
- Discussion on rising costs of mailing hard copies of the journal and the alternatives
including raising dues, allowing members a choice of a hard copy or electronic version,
or moving to an electronic-only version of the journal.
- Suggestion to live-stream annual SHA conference via the internet for members who are
unable to attend in person.
VI. New Business:
- Suggestions to publish a volume of Hawaiian Archaeology that is solely devoted to
obituaries & to establish a section of the website for obituaries, memorials & personal
recollections.
- Assessment of annual membership dues.
- Resolution regarding implementation of phased project reviews under Chapter 6E-2,
6E-8, and 6E-42, Hawai‘i Revised Statutes.
19
SOCIETY FOR HAWAIIAN ARCHAEOLOGY ANNUAL CONFERENCE HISTORY
(adapted and updated from Jo Lynn Gunness and Paul Cleghorn 2009)
1
2
Date
19-20 March
1988
Location
Kilauea Military Camp,
Volcanoes National Park,
Hawai‘i Island
Maui Community College,
Kahului, Maui
Bishop Museum,
Honolulu, O‘ahu
University of Hawai‘i Mānoa,
Honolulu, O‘ahu
Kauai Community College,
Puhi, Kauai
Organizers
Gary Somers, Bio Griffin
Keynote Speaker
None
Attendance
c. 50
Agnes Griffin
Leslie Bruce
Tom Dye
None
c. 60
None
c. 100
Terry Hunt
Dr. Janet Davidson, Archaeology
View from Aotearoa/New Zealand
Dr. Timothy Earle,
Significance of Hawaiian
Archaeology
Dr. Patrick V. Kirch, Lapita
Archaeology in the Western Pacific
Dr. Rebecca Cann, Ancient DNA in
the Pacific
Dr. Roger C. Green,
Hawaiian Origins
Dr. Ben Finney,
Polynesian Voyaging
Dr. Patrick V. Kirch, Hawaiian
Archaeology: Past, Present, Future
Dr. Adrienne Kaeppler
Mea Makamae and the Evolution of
the Representation of the Other
Ray Soon, DHHL, Hawaiian Culture
and Preservation Law
Dr. (Sir) Yosihiko H. Sinoto
Huahine Island: Its Position in the
Prehistory of the Society Islands
Dr. P. Bion Griffin, The Hawaiians
Own Their Past and the Past is Not
Dead, It’s Not Even Past
Dr. Robert J. Hommon,
The ECS Files: Culture Biology, and
Complexity
Dr. Michael Graves,
The Future of Archaeology in
Hawai‘i: Challenging Ourselves
H. David Tuggle, IARII
Senses and Places: The Historical
Parks of West Hawai'i
c. 100
3
31 March –
2 April 1989
25 March 1990
4
25 May 1991
5
27-29 March
1992
6
2-4 April 1993
7
1-3 April 1994
8
8-9 April 1995
9
26-28 April 1996
10
11-13 April 1997
11
3-5 April 1998
12
9-11 April 1999
13
6-8 October 2000
14
5-7 October 2001
15
11-13 October
2002
Kauai Community College,
Puhi, Kauai
16
24-26 October
2003
Windward Community College,
Kāne‘ohe, O‘ahu
17
12-14 November
2004
King Kamehameha Hotel,
Kailua-Kona, Hawai'i Island
18
6-9 October 2005
Radisson Kauai Beach Resort,
Lihu‘e, Kauai
19
6-8 October 2006
Maui Community College,
Kahului, Maui
20
19-21 October
2007
21
17-19 October
2008
Outrigger Keauhou Beach
Hotel,
Hawai'i Island
University of Hawai‘i Hilo,
Hawai‘i Island
Alan Carpenter,
MaryAnne Maigret, Carol
Kawachi
Peter Mills
22
23-26 October
2009
University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa,
Honolulu, O‘ahu
Paul L. Cleghorn,
James Bayman
23
15-17 October
2010
30 September 302 October 2011
19-21 October
2012
Aston Aloha Beach Resort,
Wailua, Kauai
University of Hawai‘i Maui,
Kahului, Maui
Outrigger Keauhou Beach
Hotel,
Keauhou-Kona, Hawai‘i Island
Victoria Wichman,
Jennifer Kahn
Janet Six
11-13 October
2013
Bishop Museum,
Honolulu, O‘ahu
Mara Mulrooney,
Summer Moore, Victoria
Wichman, Nick Belluzzo,
Jason Jeremiah,
Kekuewa Kikiloi
24
25
26
Kaluako‘i Hotel,
Kaluako‘i, Moloka‘i
University of Hawai‘i Hilo,
Hawai‘i Island
Kapiolani Community College,
Honolulu, O‘ahu
Aston Wailea Resort,
Wailea, Maui
Kauai Community College,
Puhi, Kauai
King Kamehameha Hotel,
Kailua-Kona, Hawai‘i Island
Kapiolani Community College,
Honolulu, O‘ahu
Kilauea Military Camp,
Volcanoes National Park,
Hawai‘i Island
Maui Community College,
Kahului, Maui
William Kikuchi
Nancy McMahon
Martha Yent
Paul Cleghorn, Agnes
Griffin, Martha Yent
Boyd Dixon, Agnes
Griffin, Martha Yent
Scott Williams
Bion Griffin,
Agnes Griffin
William Kikuchi, Nancy
McMahon, Martha Yent
Laura Schuster,
Carol Kawachi,
Mara Durst
Maurice Major, Muffet
Jourdane,Toni Palermo
Laura Schuster,Peter
Mills, Jadelyn Moniz,
Tom Wolforth
Theresa Donham,
Melissa Kirkendall,
Hal Hammatt
William Kikuchi,
Nancy McMahon,
Martha Yent
Paul L. Cleghorn,
Jim Bayman
Stanley Bond, Tom
Wolforth, Rick Gmirkin,
Maria Orr, John
Peterson, Carol Kawachi
Alan Carpenter,
Tim DelaVega,
Mike T. Carson
Janet Six
Sean Nāleimaile,
Kathy Kawelu
20
184
159
151
c. 150
c. 120
160
150
c. 150
c. 100-150
c. 100-150
E. Kalani Flores
...Cultural Treasures...
c. 100-150
Dr. Patrick V. Kirch
Hawaiian Archaeology: Nine years
later…
Kekuhi Keali‘kanaka‘oleoheililani
The Beauty of the Forest
c. 100-150
Sean Naleimaile, Defining Hawaiian
Archaeology: A Hawaiian's
Perspective
Dr. Terry L. Jones, Polynesian
Diaspora: The Chumash Connection
and Beyond
Dr. Patrick V. Kirch, When Did the
Polynesians Settle Hawai‘i?
Kewewehi Pundyke
Lo‘iloa Restoration in ‘Iao
Dr. Michael Wilcox, Writing
Indigenous Peoples Back Into the
Present: Indigenous Archaeology
and the Narratives of History
In Honor of
Dr. (Sir) Yosihiko Sinoto
c. 100-150
c. 100-150
c. 165
c. 120-140
c. 100
c. 100-120
NOTES
21
NOTES
22
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