Low resolution - The National Petroleum Council

Transcription

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.PetroleU• Storage & .'rr&l)sportatiQn
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Petroleum Liquids Transportation
PetroleUID Storage & Transportation
National Petroleum Council
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April 1989
William E. Swales, Chairman, Committee on Petroleum Storage & Transportation
NATIONAL PETROLEUM COUNCIL
Edwin L . Cox , Chairman
Lodwrick M . Cook , Vice Chairman
Marshall W . Nichols, Executive Director
U.S.
DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY
James D. Watkins ,
Secretary
The National Petroleum Council is a federal
advisory committee to the Se cretary of Energy .
The sole p urpose of the National P e troleum Council
is to advise , inform, and make recommendations to
the S e cretary of Energy on any matter requested
by the Se cretary relating to
petroleum or the petroleum industry .
All Rights Reserved
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 8 9-607 6 1
© National P etroleum Council 1 9 8 9
Printed in the United States of America
VOLUME V
P ETROLEUM L IQU IDS TRAN SPORTAT I ON
TABLE OF CONTEN T S
INTRODUCT I ON
1
E XECUT IVE SUMMARY
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Overview o f P ipe l in e s . . . . .
C rude O i l P ip e l i ne Sy s tems
Product P i p e l ine S y s tems
LPG P ipe l i ne S y s tems
Waterborne T r an s portation
Tank C a r s and T ank Truc ks
Gove rnme nt Regu l at i o n
Con c l u s ion
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CHAPTER ONE:
U . S . P E TROLEUM LOG I S T IC S SY S TEM
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CHAPTER TWO:
PETROLEUM P I PEL INE C HARACTERI S T I C S
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P i pe l ine B a s i c s . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
P ip e l ine S a fet y and Regu l a t i on
Crude Oil P ipe l ine Sy s tems . . . . . .
P roduct P ip e l ine Sy s tems . . . . .
LPG P i p e l ine S y s tems
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WATERBORNE TRANSPORTAT I ON
CHAPTE R THREE:
Mar i t ime Ve s s e l s . . . . .
Change s S in c e 1 97 9
P r i n c ipal Con s tr a i n t s
Regu l a t i o n
I ndus try P er spec t ive
S ummary . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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CHAP TER FOUR:
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TANK CARS / TANK TRUCKS
Tank Car s
Tank Tru c k s
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63
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68
71
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APPEND I C E S
Append i x A:
Append i x
Append i x
Appendix
Append i x
Appendix
B:
C:
D:
E:
F:
Append i x G :
Appendi x H:
Reque s t Letter and De s c r ip tion o f the
Nat i onal Pe tro l eum Counc i l
S tudy Group Ro s te r s
C rude O i l P ipe l ine Map s and T ab l e s . . .
P ro du c t P ip el ine Map s and Tab l e s . . . . .
LPG P i pe l ine Maps and T ab l e s
NPC 1 988 Survey o f U . S . P e tro l e um
P ipe l ine Capac i t i e s ( C rude O i l
and P roduc t s ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
T ank e r and B arge Append i c e s
G l o s s ary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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INDEX
Order F o rm for P ro f i l e s o f Compan i e s P ar t i c i pat ing in the
National P e tro l eum Counc i l ' s 1 9 88 S u rvey o f U . S . P e t ro l eum
P ipe l ines
A- 1
B-1
C- 1
D-1
E- 1
F-1
G- 1
H-1
IN- 1
INTRODUCTION
In Febru ary 1 987 , the S e c re tary o f Ene rgy r e que s ted the
Nat ional P e tro l eum Counc i l ( NPC ) to de term ine the c apac i t i e s o f
the nat ion ' s petro l e um and gas s torage and tran s po r t a t ion f ac i l i
t i e s a s part o f the fede r a l gove rnment ' s overa l l r e v i ew o f emer
The Counc i l h a s c onducted s im i l ar
gency preparedne s s p l ann ing .
s tud ie s a t the r eque s t o f the feder a l government s ince 1 9 48 .
The
mo s t re cent repo r t s are the 1 97 9 report en t i t l ed P e t ro l eum S tor
ag e and Trans po r t a t i on C a p ac i t i e s and the 1 98 4 r eport ent i t l e d
Pe tro leum Inventor i e s and S to ra g e C ap ac it y .
( S e e Append i x A for
the comp l e te text of the S e c r e tary ' s requ e s t l e t ter and a de
s cr ipt ion o f the N a t i on a l P e tro leum Counc i l . )
To r e spond to the S e c re t ary ' s reque s t , the NPC e s tab l i shed
the Committee on P e tro l e um S torage & T r an s por tat ion , c h a i re d by
The
Wi l l i am E . Swa l e s , V i c e C h a i rman - Energy , U S X Corpo r a t i on .
Honorab l e H . A . Me rk l e in , Admin i s trato r , Energy I n f orma t i on Ad
min i s trat ion , s e rved as Government Coch a i rman o f the Comm i t te e .
A Coord inat ing S ubcomm i t t e e and four tas k group s wer e formed to
as s i s t the C omm i t tee .
The L i quids T r anspor tat i on T as k Group ,
c ha i re d by John P . D e s B a r re s , P r e s id ent , S anta F e P a c i f i c P i pe
l ine , I nc . , wa s reques ted to upd ate and exp and the in forma t ion
conta ined in the p e t ro leum p i pe l ine , waterbo rne , and tank c a r /
Rona l d W . O ' N e i l l ,
tank truck vo lume s o f the 1 97 9 NPC report .
Chie f , Indu s try Ana l y s i s B ranch , P e tro leum S upp l y D ivi s i on ,
Energy In format i on Adm i ni s t r a t i on , s erved a s Gove rnment C o c h a i r
man o f the T a sk G roup .
( Ro s te r s o f t h e s tudy group s re spons ib l e
for thi s volume are conta ined i n Append i x B . )
The Counc i l ' s o ver a l l report , P e tro l eum S to r ag e
ortation
, i s be ing i s sued in f ive vo l ume s :
p
&
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Volume I - Executive Summary
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Vo lume I I
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Vo lume I I I - Natu r a l Ga s Tran s po r t a t i on
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Volume IV - P e tro l eum Inventor i e s and S to r age
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Trans
Sy s tem Dynamic s
Vo lume v - P e tro leum L i qu ids Tran s po r tat ion .
In add i t ion , deta i l e d pro f i l e s o f the c ompan ie s that part ic ipated
in the natural ga s trans po rtation and petro l eum p i pe l ine s urveys
are ava i l ab l e from the NPC .
PETROLEUM P I PELINES
In th i s repo r t , c apac ity data a s of D e c embe r 3 1 , 1 9 87 , a re
pre s ented for common - c a r r i e r crude o i l l ine s , re f ined pe tro l e um
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produ c t l ine s , and l i que f i e d pe tro l eum ga s
form o f map s and tab l e s .
( LP G )
l ine s in the
The map s inc lude:
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S ep a r ate u.s. maps for c rude o i l , pe tro l eum produc t ,
and LPG pipe l ine s
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Regional maps for c rude o i l and p e t ro l eum p roduc t p ip e
l ine s by P e t rol eum Admin i s t r a t i on for D e fense D i s t r i c t
The PAD D i s tr i c t s a r e shown i n F i gu r e 1 .
( PADD )
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D e t a i led area maps for ma j or r e f in ing and p ipe l ine
c ente r s .
N. DAK.
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Figure 1. Petroleum Administration for Defense Districts (PADDs).
Tab l e s pre s ent ing mor e deta i led in format i on a s we l l a s the
above-mentioned map s are inc luded in Append i c e s C , D , and E .
To deve lop the se data , a pe tro leum p i p e l ine que s t i onna ire
wa s d i s t r ibuted by the Nat ional Petro leum C ounc i l ( s ee Appen
dix F ) .
A ma i l ing l i s t was prepared with the a s s i s tanc e o f the
A s s o c i a t i on o f O i l P ipe L i ne s , who s e member c omp an i e s transport
more than 9 5 pe rcent of the pe tro leum in the Un i te d S t a te s ; the
l i s t inc l uded membe r s a s we l l as nonmembe r s o f the a s s o c i at ion .
Thu s , a l l o f the ma j or transporte r s o f pe tro l eum i n the Uni ted
State s wer e among tho s e surveyed .
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N inety- n i ne c ompan i e s re sponded to the s urvey , furn i sh ing
stat i s t i c a l data cover i ng v i rtua l l y every s ign i f i c an t c ommon
c arr i e r p i pe l i ne s y s tem in the Un ited State s .
Other r e s ponde n ts
noted th a t th e i r s y s tems are e i ther gath e r i ng l i ne s o r pr ivate
Some pr ivate l i n e s are inc luded i n th i s r e po rt , but
l i nes .
gather ing l i ne s are not within i t s s c ope .
D e t a i l e d pro f i l e s o f
the pipe l in e s y s tems o f the c ompa n i e s that p a r t i c ipated i n the
Th e s e p ro f i l e s
survey are ava i l ab l e i n a s eparate vo lume .
provide a br i e f d e s c r i p t i o n , maps , and data shee t s for each
pipe l i ne sys tem .
An o r d er form i s inc luded i n the back of th i s
vo lume .
I n an e f fo r t to e nhance the us e fu ln e s s o f the ba s ic i n forma
tion p r e s e nted i n th i s vo lume o f th e report , s e ve r a l i tems not
found i n the 19 7 9 report h ave bee n inc luded:
•
Add i t ional area map s ind i cat ing interconne c t ion s o f
p i pe l ine s i n the v i c i n i ty o f ma j o r re f i n i ng and d i s
t r ibu t i on c e nter s .
A s with the 19 7 9 area maps , the s e
map s e xpand o n the gene ral map s by p r e s e n t i ng d e t a i l s
o f inte rconnec t i o n s to s to rage and d i s tribution t e rmi
n a l s , re f i n e r ie s , and other fac i l i t i e s .
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An update on the s tatus o f the pr i nc i p a l c rude o i l and
pe tro l eum product expan s ion p ro j e c t s p l anned or under
con s t ruc t i o n a t the t ime of the 19 7 9 repor t .
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A s ummary o f p i pe l ine pro j ec t s c omp l e ted betwee n
January 1 , 19 7 9 a nd December 3 1 , 19 8 7 t h a t w e r e n o t
ide n t i f ie d a s pr inc ipal cr ude o i l o r pe tro l eum p roduc t
expan s ion pro j e c t s in the 19 7 9 report .
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The i ntegration o f p i pe l i ne , wate rbo rne , and tank
c a r / tank truck informat ion i n to one c omprehen s ive
"L iqu i d s T r a n s portation Vo lume . "
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Long i tude and l a t i tude data r e l a t ive to p ipe l ine o r i g i n
a n d d e l ive ry po i n t s .
Th i s in forma t i o n enhanc e s the
ab i l i ty to ana l y z e the pipe l i ne i ndu s tr y and provide s
the bas i s for c ompu ter-ai ded dra ft i ng o f the i nd iv idual
p i pe l i ne sys tems .
The waterbo rne tran s portat ion portion o f th i s s tudy
inc lude s :
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An upda te o f the 19 7 9 NPC inve n to ry o f waterborne
petrol eum transportat ion equ ipment , n ot ing equ i pme n t
age a n d o t h er s ign i f i c ant trends
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An updated ex amination o f n av iga t i o n a l s truc ture s and
wate rways
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An ex am i n a t i on o f con stra ints on the waterbo rn e tran s
po r t at i o n i ndu stry s uch a s we ath e r - re l ated , f a c i l i t y
r e l ated , a n d r e gu l atory- r e l ated impe dime nt s .
S t a t i s t i c a l d a ta were obta ined from nume rou s gove rnmen t
age nc i e s and t r a d e group s .
P r i n c ipal data s ourc e s were the U . S .
C o a s t Guard , th e u.s. Mar it ime Admi n i s trat ion , and the u.s. Army
Corps o f E ng i n ee r s .
The study pre s en t s data on waterborne tr a n s po r t a t i on equ i p
ment th a t c a r r i e d a val i d c er ti f i c ate i s s ued b y t h e U . S . C o a s t
Guard a s o f D e c embe r 3 1 , 1 9 8 7 ( s ee Appendix G ) .
A l s o i n c luded
are data on equ i pment under cons truc tion or under c o n s truct i o n
contra c t .
The tank c ar / tank truck portion o f the 1 9 7 9 s tudy wa s
updated to:
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P rovide an an a ly s i s o f the u.s. r a i l tank c a r f l eet
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D et e rm i n e the number o f tank veh i c l e s that m i gh t be
c a l l e d upon to s a fe l y haul p e t r o l eum produc t s ( i nc lud
ing LPG ) i n the event of a nat iona l emergency .
The As s o c i ation o f Ame r i c an Ra i l r oads provided the d ata for
The A s s o c i ation
th e analys i s o f th e U . S . rail tank c ar f l e et .
ma inta i n s a r e c o rd of th e U . S . r a i l c ar f l ee t i n its Un i ve r s a l
Mach ine Language Equ ipme nt Re g i s ter c omputer f i l e .
The tank veh i c l e data we r e obta ined f r om r e c e nt s urve y s
conducted for the U . S . Department o f T r a n s po r t a t i on .
The s e data
we re not s e gr e gated beyond PADD s , becau s e truck s are r e ad i l y
mobi l e i n t h e ev en t o f an emergency .
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EXECUT I VE SUMMARY
Th i s report wa s prepa red to provide det a i led i n fo rmation on
the na tion' s l iquid petro leum tran sportat ion s y s tem .
Th i s s y s tem
i s compri sed o f c rude oi l , petroleum produ c t , and LPG p i pe l i nes ;
r a i l road tank c a r s and tank trucks ; and mar i ne c arr ie r s i nc luding
barge s and oceango ing t anker s .
Descr ipt ion s o f the var iou s
tran s portation mode s , pet roleum movements , per t i nent regu l a t i on s ,
and s igni f i c ant deve lopments s i nce the 1 97 9 NPC report , a s we l l
a s future pro s pec t s , are summar i zed below .
OVERV I EW OF P I P E L INES
At the end of 1 98 6 , the n ation's petro leum p i pe l ine network
tota led app rox ima te l y 2 0 4 , 0 0 0 mi les .
Th i s network encomp a s sed
over 1 08 , 0 0 0 mi les o f c rude oi l p i pe l ine s c ar r y i ng dome s t i c and
imported crude o i l from p roduc ing fields and por t s to re f iner ies;
some 72 , 0 0 0 mi les o f re f i ned-product l ine s mov ing g a s o l ines and
other produ c t s to market ; and some 2 3 , 0 0 0 m i l e s o f LPG l i ne s
tran s port ing commo d i t i e s such a s propane and ethane .
Dur ing the p a s t dec ade , the overa l l redu c t ion in the demand
for petro leum produ c t s and some s h i f t s in supply and demand pat
terns have had an imp a c t on the pipe l i ne s y s tem .
C r ude o i l p i pe
l i ne mi leage dec l i ned , wh i le product p ipe l i ne m i leage i n c lud ing
LPG l i nes , i n c rea sed , with total mi leage rema in ing approx imate l y
Con s truc t ion o f both crude o i l and petro leum produc t
the s ame .
pipe l i nes tot a led 2 3 , 9 0 9 mi les .
Compa r i sons to the 1 97 9 NPC report i n d i c ate that c rude o i l
movements to the Mid-Cont i nent have decrea sed f rom both PADD I I I
and PADD IV .
C rude o i l movements from A l a s k a and impor t s from
Canada , however , have i n c rea sed .
The c apab i l i t ie s o f p roduct
p ipel ines were i n c re a sed in PAD D s I and V in re s ponse to in
crea sed demand s , wh i le p i pel ine s ys tems in PAD D s I I and I I I
underwent a s ign i f i c an t restructu r ing ne ce s s i t ated by reduced
The tot a l
crude oi l produc tion and dec reased re f i n ing c apac i ty .
s upp ly o f LPGs h a s increased s l ight l y , b u t there h ave been ma j or
sh i ft s in s upp l y and demand requ i r ing mod i f i c a t ions in the p i pe
l i ne sys tem .
For the future , there appears to be amp le c rude o i l p ipel i ne
c apac i ty in total , and no ma j or log i s t i c a l prob lems a re en
v i s ioned .
As i n the p a s t , the i ndustry wi l l c on t i nu a l l y make
mi nor log i s t i c a l ad j u s tment s to accommod ate s h i f t ing s upply
demand patte rn s .
F u ture p roduct pipel ine a c t i vi t ie s w i l l be
prima r i l y d i rec ted toward removing bott leneck s in certa i n
p ipe l i ne- s y s tem f l ows .
Fur ther modi f i c a t ions o f the LPG l i nes
are ant i c ipated to accommodate s uch development s a s i n c re a sed
waterborne and Canadian imports of LPG .
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CRUDE O I L P I PEL INE S YS TEMS
Every day , c rude o i l pipe l ines transport mi l l ions o f barre l s
o f o i l from produ c i ng f i e l d s and port s to re f i ne r i e s .
The amount
of o i l proc e s s ed at re f iner ie s ( c rude o i l run s ) is the u l t ima te
determinant o f c rude o i l movements in the United S ta t e s .
B e tween 19 7 9 and 19 87 , tota l r e f inery c rude o i l runs dropped
from 14 . 6 mi l l ion barre l s per day ( MMB / D ) to 12 . 9 MMB /D .
A l ow
o f 11 . 7 MMB / D was reached in 19 83 .
Howeve r , wh i l e re f i nery runs
in PADD I I dec l i ne d by as much as 24 . 3 percent , We s t Coa s t ( PADD
V) r e f i ne ry runs i nc r e a s ed by j us t over 3 percent .
Dome s t i c c rude o i l produc t ion a l so h a s an impor tant imp a c t
on c rude o i l movements .
Wh i l e production wa s dec l i ning i n PADDs
I I I and I V , to tal A l a sk an produc tion was s te a d i ly incre as ing .
As
overa l l U . S . produ c t i on h as dec l i ned , crude o i l import s h ave
increa s e d s ince 19 85 .
The se change s in r e finery runs , dome s t i c produc tion , and
crude o i l impor t s c au s ed mod i fi c at i o n s i n the c rude o i l p ipe l ine
Two ma j or l i nes , S e away and Texoma , wh ich were c o n
s y s tem .
s tructed i n the mid- 19 7 0s t o move fore ign c rude o i l from t h e Gul f
C o a s t to Okl ahoma , we r e converted to n atura l gas s ervice b y the
mid- 19 80s due to low vo lume s .
Re s ponding to a p r o j e c te d r enewa l
o f demand i n the M i d -Continent , ARCO h a s reve r s e d a p i p e l ine to
move up to 100 thou s and b arre l s pe r d ay ( MB / D ) o f imported o i l to
PADD I I .
Other pipe l i ne s transport ing c rude o i l i nto the Upper
Midwe s t , such as C ap l ine and Mid-Va l ley , have expe r ienced
s i gn i f i c ant throughput dec l ine s .
Re centl y , howeve r , C a p l i ne
throughput h a s inc r e a s ed and at t ime s h a s re ached i t s d owns i z e d
c apac ity .
Dur ing the s ame period , the Trans -Al a s k a P i p e l i ne S y s t em
( TAP S ) increased c apac i ty from about 1 . 6 MMB / D to 2 . 1 MMB / D by
adding more pump s ta t i o n s and us ing a drag-reduc t io n add i t ive .
The s e expan s ions we re nece s s ary to handle vo lume s or i g i n a t ing
from new A l a skan North S lope ( ANS ) sys tems bui l t to accommodate
new f i e l d s c oming on s tream .
At a point when C anad i an c rude o i l
import s were dec l i n i ng , Koch Indu s tr i e s cons tructed a 15 0-m i l e
l i n e t o c onne c t the Wood River P ipe l ine s y s tem i n I l l i no i s t o the
M i nne sota crude o i l marke t .
The A l l Ame r i c a n P ipe l in e , a 3 0- inch
heated h e avy-o i l s y s tem or iginating in Santa B arbara County and
extend ing i n to Texas , wa s cons tructed and brought i nto s ervice i n
l ate 19 87 .
O f f the coa s t o f C a l i fo r n i a , the Po int Perdern a l e s s y s t em
or i g i n a t ing from P l a t form Irene and terminat ing ne a r Lompoc had
throughput of 20 MB / D by year-end 19 87 .
And i n the Gul f o f
Mex i co , the Lou i s iana O f f shore O i l Port ( L OOP ) s y s tem c ame i nto
operation in 19 81 to h andle import vo lume s .
Wh i le LOOP was
largely underu ti l i z ed in its e a r ly years , r e c e n t i nc re a s e s in
economic a c tivity and consumption and r i s ing c rude o i l impor t s
have s ee n th i s f ac i l ity operat ing at a s ub s t ant i a l ly h igher
leve l .
- 6 -
S ome t ime in 19 89 , the Po int Argue l l o P i pel i ne S y s tem ,
located o f f the c oa s t o f C al i forn i a , i s expec te d to be brought
into service to bring a shore inc re a s ing p roduc t ion .
Long e r - term
exp lorat ion and deve lopme nt in Al a s k a , the Lowe r - 4 8 S ta te s , and
However ,
o f fshore may requ i r e th e cons truc tion o f n ew l in e s .
with mode s t product-demand growth forec a s t through the e a r ly
1 9 9 0 s , the e x i s t i n g s y s tem - - with minor modi f i c at i o n s - - shou l d
prove adequate t o m e e t c rude o i l tran s portation needs .
PRODUCT P I PELINE SYSTEMS
P etro leum produc t pipe l in e s p l ay a ma j or r o l e in the t r a n s
portation o f r e f i ne d products from re f i n ing c e n t e r s a n d por t s t o
consuming marke t s .
Mo re than 5 0 d i f ferent produc t s f l ow through
the system including various grade s o f ga s o l i ne , horne h e a t ing
o i l , and kero s ine .
Dur ing 19 87 , the tot a l annu a l amount o f
produc t moved by a l l c a r r i e r s in the 7 2 , 0 0 0 mi l e s o f p ipe l ine
network amounted to 1 . 6 tr i l l ion barre l-mi les .
From 19 7 9 to 1 9 83 , pe tro l eum product demand fe l l 18 percent
to 15 . 2 MMB / D from 18 . 7 MMB / D .
Al though there h a s been a s ub s e
quent incre a s e in demand , consumption rema ins about 1 0 percent
be low 19 7 9 leve l s .
I n th i s s ame period , re f ined product impor t s
increa s e d 7 . 5 percent , par t i c u l arly into PADD I I I .
And , a s
noted , re f inery throughput dec l i ne d , part i c u l a r l y i n PADD I I .
In re s pon s e to the se trends , over 3 , 7 3 2 mi l e s o f new ,
looped , and /or c onverted l in e s h ave been p l a c e d i n produc t
service , wh i le approximately 2 , 0 7 2 mi l e s o f l i nes have been t aken
out of th i s s ervice .
Notab l e expans ions dur ing that dec ade
include C o l on i a l ' s c a p ac ity expan s ion in 1 9 80 , by looping and
hors epower add i t ion s , from the Gul f C o a s t to the E a s t C o a s t , a nd
Explorer's hors epower expan s ion in 19 86 to provide add i t i ona l
c apac ity from the Gu l f C o a s t to t he C h i c ago area .
( Looping i s
the a dd i ti on o f a new l ine para l l e l t o a n e x i s ting l in e . )
Sun
expanded c apa c i ty between the Ph i l ad e l ph i a area and New York
Harbor in 19 83 .
Within e ac h PADD , numerous pro j ec t s have been c omp l eted
s ince 19 7 9 .
For example , in PADD I I , 1 MMB / D o f r e f i n i n g c ap a
c i ty w a s t aken o u t o f servic e , which p laced inc r e a s e d r e l i ance on
produc t s upp ly from the Gu l f Coa s t and the Northern T i e r r e f in
eries .
W i l l i ams P ip e l ine r e s ponded b y e xpand ing a n d i ntrodu c ing
reve r s a l c apabi l i ty i nto its system .
Wh i l e a c o n t i nued trend o f supply r e s truc tur ing may be ex
pected in the future , no s igni f i c ant log i s t ic a l prob lems are
antic ipated .
A new 2 0 - inch S anta Fe l ine f rom Co l to n , C a l i
forn i a , t o Phoen i x , Ar i z ona , wi l l provide a n a dd it i o n a l 6 3 MB / D
o f new c apac i ty i n e ar ly 19 89 .
Depending on marke t demand for
servi c e , th i s pro j ec t may inc lude a 1 6 - inch l i ne reve r s a l from
Phoen ix to Tuc son , wh ich wi l l a l l ow the c ap a c i t y for movemen t o f
5 0 MB / D .
A total o f 4 5 7 m i l e s o f new l i n e s are e xp e c te d t o be
added , wh i l e 4 4 m i l e s of l ooping is pro j ec te d .
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7
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LPG P I PELINE S YS TEMS
In th i s s tudy , the term LPG inc lude s both l ique f i e d p e tro
leum ga s and n a tu r a l g a s l iquid s .
There are two s e p a r a te s ys tems
for tra n spo r t ing LPGs .
Gathe r ing sys tems c o l l e c t the product
from gas proc e s s ing p l ants , fractionator s , and re f iner i e s and
d e l iver it t o s to r age hubs .
D i s tr ibution s y s tems move the
produc t from s torage to market ing o u t l e t s such as chemi c a l
p l an t s , r e f in e r ie s , a n d numerous other l oc at ions o f e n d - u s e .
Thr ee typ e s o f s torage are av ai lable for LPGs .
The g athe r
ing system genera l ly de l ive r s LPGs into s a l t forma tion s to rage .
Mined caver n s and s t e e l pre s sure ve s s e l s are u s e d to s tore
P re s s ur i z e d s te e l
produc t moved out of the d i s t r ibution s y s tems .
s torage t ank s a r e gene ra l l y found a t the end-u s e r s i t e s , a s we l l
a s a t truck and r a i l te rmina l s .
S in c e 1 9 7 9 , the re have been s ign i f ic ant i n c r e a s e s in LPG
produc t ion in the Ove r thru s t B e l t area .
As a r e s u l t , new LPG
l ines were c o n s tructed from Wyoming to We s t Texas , and from We s t
Texa s to the Hous ton-Mont Be lvieu area .
A l arge d e c l i ne in trad i t iona l , re s ident i a l / c ommerc i a l , in
du s t r i a l , and agr i c u l tu r a l u s age resu l te d in s igni f i cant vo lume
decreas e s on s ome l ine s .
Conver s e l y , an i nc r e a s e in the t r a n s
portation o f L P G fee d s tocks to chemi c a l c omp an i e s h a s been
i n s t rument a l in the a dd i t i on of d i s t r ibution l ine s s erving the
Gu l f C o a s t area .
Wh i l e no new c o n s truction p l ans h ave been announc e d , i n the
future a number o f pro j e c t s may prove f e a s i b l e .
Among the s e
could be LPG p i pe l i n e s to new e thyl ene p l an t s a l ong the Gu l f
C o a s t ; new conn e c t ions , and po s s ibly new l in e s , to h and l e
pro j ected incre a s e s in C anad ian a n d waterborne impo rt s ; a new
pipel ine sys tem from Mont Be lvieu to s erve the re f inery and
chemic a l indu s try in New O r l e an s ; and an E a s t C o a s t p i p e l ine
pro j ect to transport exc e s s re f inery butane s r e s u l t ing from the
propo sed r e duc t io n s in g a s o l ine vapor pre s s ur e s c he d u l e d to go
B a s ed on Energy I n forma t i on Adm i n i s tration
into e f fe c t in 1 9 8 9 .
( E IA ) pro j ec t i o n s of LPG demand , the e x i s t i ng s y s tem , w i th minor
add i tions and mod i f i c a t i on s , wi l l have the c ap ac i ty to handle LPG
transportat ion vo lume s into the 1 9 9 0s .
Mar ine c ar r i e r s transport more petro l eum than any other
c ommodi ty , dome s t i c a l ly a s we l l as wor ldwi de .
Wat erborne
petro l eum c ommerce in the Un ited States i s c ompr i s ed o f f o r e i gn
and dome s t i c tra f f ic .
Fore ign tra f f i c c o n s i s t s pr imari l y o f
imports o f fore ign c rude o i l from the Midd l e E a s t , A fr ic a , Latin
Ame r i c a , the Nor th S e a , and Southea s t A s i a , carried by o c e ango ing
tanke rs .
Dome s tic t r a f f i c is l argely comp o s e d of petroleum
produ c t s produced by re finer i e s and moved i n l and by r iver barge s
and along the coa s t by o c e ango ing tanker s and tug-barge un i t s .
- 8 -
Al s o inc luded in the dome s t i c tr ade are sub s t ant i a l vo lume s
o f Al a s k an crude o i l carr ied on U . S . f l ag t anke r s .
The ma j or
petro leum product imported into the Un i ted S tate s r ema i n s r e s id
u a l fue l o i l , which in 1 9 8 7 accounted f o r approxima te ly 3 0 per
c ent o f produc t i mports .
Mar i t ime C a r r i e r s
The o ceangoing ve s s e l s i nvo lved in dome s t i c trade vary from
tanke rs o f over 1 7 5 , 000 de adwe i ght tons ( DWT ) to sma l l e r c o a s t a l
tankers and tug-barge s o f between 2 0 , 000 a n d 8 0 , 000 DWT tha t move
petro leum a long the U . S . c o a s t .
Fourteen o f the l arger t anke r s
a r e current ly transporting A l a skan c rude o i l .
The nation ' s port fac i l i t i e s vary in the i r abi l ity to h and l e
oceangoing tanke r s .
Mo s t p o r t s have depth s i n t h e r ange o f 3 5 t o
4 0 f e e t a n d are c apable o f be rthing tank e r s i n t h e 4 0 , 000- 6 0 , 000
DWT c l a s s .
We s t C o a s t port fac i l i t i e s provide s ome o f the deep
est tanker berths - - Lo s Ange l e s and Long Beach have termi na l s
with depth s o f 5 0 feet ( 1 00 , 000 DWT ) and 6 0 feet ( 1 9 0 , 000 DWT ) ,
and the Puget S ound area o f f e r s a port fac i l i ty with a 6 5 - foot
depth ( 2 6 0 , 000 DWT c apab i l ity , a l though other re s tr i c t i on s l imit
capac ity to 1 2 5 , 000 DWT ) .
I n 1 9 8 1 , the s ta r t - up o f oper a t i on s at
LOOP made ava i l a b le for the f i r s t t ime a port f ac i l i ty on the
Gu l f Coa s t that could h andle U ltra Large Crude Carr i e r s ( ULCC s ) .
S ince the 1 9 7 9 NPC report , the two mo s t s ign i f icant trend s
i n the des ign and c o n s truc t i on o f oce ango ing ve s s e l s invo lve the
type and number o f ve s s e l s bu i l t .
New tanker c o n struc t i o n in
u.s. shipyards h a s s t e a d i l y de c l ined .
From 1 9 8 0 to 1 9 8 7 , only 3 9
tanker s wer e d e l ivered to the U . S . F l ag F l ee t .
The o n l y ve s s e l s
currently under cons truc t ion are be ing bui l t for mi l i ta ry needs .
However , wh i le the number o f tankers be ing bu i l t i n U . S . sh ip
yards decre a s ed , the ave rage deadwe igh t tonnage per ve s s e l in
crea s ed by 2 8 percent , from 5 4 , 000 DWT a t the end o f 1 9 7 9 to
almo s t 7 0 , 000 DWT at the end of 1 9 8 7 .
Muc h o f th i s i n c r e a s e ,
however , i s the r e s u l t o f very l arge tank e r s bu i l t for ANS
service .
S ince c rude o i l and pe tro l eum product imports are expec ted
to increase , the r e l a tive share of u.s. f l a g tank e r s as a mode o f
petro leum tran sportation wi l l continue to d e c r e a s e .
The total
inve s tment in u.s. f l ag tank e r s o n the part of indu s try w i l l
decr ease due t o r e t i rements and l ack o f new con s truc t i o n .
Mo s t
future industry inve s tment wi l l be i n mar i ne f ac i l i t ie s and
improvements , and po s s ib ly in deepwater ports .
Inl and Waterway C a r r i er s
The i n l and waterway s y s tem inc lude s more than 2 5 , 000 m i l e s
o f navigab le river s flowing into the Atl antic a n d P ac i f i c o c e a n s
and the Gu l f o f Mex i c o , such a s the the M i s s i s s ip p i and i t s
tributar i e s , intracoa s t a l waterways , cana l s , channe l s , and other
waterways .
Ne arly 2 5 percent of the i n l and wate rway s y s tem i s
le s s than s ix feet deep a n d a lmo s t 8 0 p e r c e n t i s l e s s t h a n 1 4
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feet d e ep .
Thus , d r a f t a nd l ength l imits a re impo s ed on
commerc i a l tr a f f ic .
Tank barge s are the princ ipal means o f tran s port a t i on o n
inl and waterway s .
T h e y are t h e s econd l arge s t dome s t ic t r a n s
porter o f petro l eum produc t s , exceeded o n l y by pipe l ine s .
In
1 9 8 6 , tank b arge s c a r r i ed 1 9 8 . 8 mi l l ion s h o r t tons , a pprox imat e l y
1 , 3 7 7 mi l l io n barr e l s o f re fined petro l eum produc t s .
I n the p a s t 1 0 ye ars there h a s been only a 7 percent i n
c r e a s e i n t h e p e t r o l eum tonnage sh ipped on i n l and waterway s .
But
techno l o g i c a l innovation h a s led t o improveme n t s i n produc t i v i ty .
The s e innovat ion s inc lude the devel opment o f swin g ind i c ator s ,
fue l management s y s tems , and better commu n i c a t i on s .
Marine ope r a t ing s y s tems are , however , reach ing the phy s i c a l
l imi t a t i o n s o f the i n l and waterways .
P r i n c i p a l c o n s t ra i n t s in
c lude weathe r , mar ine route s , and outmoded naviga t iona l s tr u c
tur e s s uch a s locks , d a rns , a n d l ow bridges .
Low-water c o nd i t ions
a s evidenced i n 1 9 8 8 c an h ave a s er ious e f fe c t on oper a t i o n s , a s
c an flooding a n d i ce .
Ob s o l e te locks c an c au s e pro l onged d e l a y s .
Widening and deepening o f waterway s can s igni f i c an t l y i nc r e a s e
mar ine movemen t s .
The s ta r t -up o f ope r at i o n s on the Tenne s s e e -Tornb i gbee
Waterway in 1 9 8 5 and the ongo ing pro j e c t to permit c omme r c i a l
navigat ion o n the Red River h ave been the p r inc i p a l con s truc t i on
activit i e s on the n a t ion ' s inl and waterway s y s tem .
I n the immed i ate futur e , Upper Mi s s i s s ippi l ockage de l a y s
wi l l be gre a t l y a l l ev i a te d by comp l e t i on o f the r e p l acement L o c k
a n d D a rn 2 6 near A l to n , I l l inoi s .
Con s truc t ion o f other new
mar ine f ac i l i t i e s wi l l b e impeded by th e reduced avai l ab i l ity o f
fede r a l fund s for waterway pro j e c t s and the i n c re a s e d c o s ts o f
bu i ld in g por t f ac i l i t i e s by the private s e c to r .
For the l ong term , s ub s tantial coa s t a l and i n l and waterway
trade in petrol eum p roduct s wi l l cont inue , with t ank barges b e ing
Howeve r , to
an e f f ic ient and v i ab l e me ans of tran s po r t a t io n .
accommodate th i s trade , ma j or inve s tme nts wi l l be n e c e s s ary t o
mode rn i z e and upgrade deter i o ra t ing and outmoded navi g a t i o n a l
fac i l i t i e s a l on g the s e waterways .
TANK CARS AND TANK TRUCKS
Tank trucks and r a i l tank c ars are p r ima r i ly invo l ved in the
de livery o f f i n i shed produc t s to red i s tribution termi n a l s and to
u l t imate c o n s uming l o c a t i on s .
Truck movemen t s from re d i s tr ibu
tion termina l s to s ervice s ta t ions and r a i l s h i pments of l ub r i
c ants , a s pha l t s , a n d petro leum s o lvents t o c u s tomer s are examp l e s
S ome exc ept ions to th i s gene r a l ru l e are c rude
o f th i s s ervi c e .
o i l and condens ate gathe r ing and del ivery by trucks f rom produc
ing f i e ld s to p ipe l ine s to rage points or re f i n e r i e s .
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10
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Reduction o f the federa l government's e c onomic regu l a t i on o f
the r a i l indus try h as r e s u l ted in improved e a r n i ng s , a l lowing a
ma j or reinve s tment in e qu i pme nt and f ac i l i t i e s .
As a r e su l t , the
sys tem � a s become s a fer and more e f fic ient .
Tank c ar s are mak ing
�ore tr1p s per ye ar , and each trip is tak i n g l e s s t ime today than
1n 1�79.
Improvement s h ave a l s o been made i n c ar d e s i gn , r e s u l t
i n g 1n l arger average c a r s i z e and improved s a f e t y .
Tank truc k s operate over a U . S . h i ghway sys tem tha t provid e s
The trucking indu s try h a s a l s o
for a h i gh degree o f f l e x ib i l i ty .
seen the prac t i c a l e l imination o f economi c r e gu l a tion .
A l though
there h a s been substanti a l economic re s tructuring i n the tank
truck indus try , more tank truck c apac i ty is ava i l ab l e today th an
in 1979, and the indu s try is far more adaptabl e in i t s abi l i ty to
handle changing demand s .
Both tank truck and tank c a r transportat ion w i l l c o n t i nue to
have e s s ent i a l ro le s in the transportation o f c rude o i l and
pe tro leum produc t s .
GOVERNMENT REGULATI ON
All modes o f the nat ion ' s l i qu i d petro leum transportation
sys tem experience d i f ferent de gree s o f re gu l a t ion by government
in a number o f a r e a s i nc luding s a fety , environment a l , and eco
nomic re gu l a t i on .
They are also sub j e c t to r e gu l a t ion on the
s tate and l o c a l leve l s .
S ince 1979, fed e r a l economic regu lation o f the r a i l tank c a r
and truck indu s tr i e s h a s b e en sub s tan t i a l l y reduced , with po s i
The water
tive bene f i t s in improved s ervice and produc t i vity .
borne segment s do not expe r ience direct e conom i c r e gu l a t i on ,
a l though U . S . f l ag c ompani e s operating in dome s t i c trade are
requ ired by the Jones Act to operate U . S . -manned and U . S . -bui l t
ships a t a c o s t two t o three t ime s that o f for e i gn -bu i l t ve s s e l s .
Through various programs , the federa l governmen t h a s attemp te d to
provide guaranteed loans for u.s. f l ag ve s s e l s ope r a t i ng in
dome s tic and fore ign trade , and cons truc tion s ub s id ie s for U . S .
operator s in fore ign trade .
The waterborne indus try has had d i f f ic u l t i e s with a l ack o f
con s i s tent regu l at ions among various gove rnment agenc ie s .
For
example , s ta te - impo sed environmental regu l a t i o n s may be in d i r e c t
con f l i c t with tho s e e s tab l i shed a t the fede r a l l e ve l .
Current l y ,
s evera l s tate s are cons idering , and a few are deve l o p i n g , the i r
own requirements t o c ontro l vapor emi s s io n s .
The NPC b e l ieves
that rational uni form s tandard s , app l i c a b l e n a t i onwide , wou ld be
a far pre ferable regul atory cour se .
Under the prov i s ions o f the Port and Tanker S a fe ty Act o f
i t i s e s timated that the U . S . f l ag tank e r f l e e t h a s s pent
a lmo s t $ 3 00 mi l l ion for po llut ion and s a fe ty s y s t ems .
The s e
expend iture s have b e e n made f o r items s u c h a s o p t i o n a l c l e a n
1978,
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ba l l a s t t anks , c rude o i l wa s h ing equ ipment , and d u a l radar /
c o l l i s io n a vo i dance feature s .
I n the s ame per iod , o i l pipe l in e s continued to be e conom i
c a l ly r e gu l ated u n d e r t h e Inters tate Commer c e Act by t h e F e d e r a l
B y me ans o f precedent
Energy Regu l atory Commi s s ion ( FERC ) .
setting c a s e s and l e g i s l a t ive propo s a l s , all branche s o f the
federa l government -- l e g i s l a t ive , j ud i c i a l , and e x e c ut ive -
wre s t l e d wi th c r a fting a new , viable ec onomic c l imate for the
indu s try .
More than 10 years h ave p a s s ed with no r e s o l u t i o n o f
the fundame n t a l r e gu l atory i s sues .
Th i s " track record " h a s
c re ated a n a tmo s phere o f unc erta inty , p ar t i cu l a r ly with re spe c t
to both pres ent and future o i l p ipe l i ne inve s tme n t s .
On a more po s i t i ve note , dur ing the s ame 10-year p e r i o d , the
Congr e s s enac ted the c omprehens ive H a z a rdou s L iq u i d s P i pe l i ne
S a fety Act .
Under th i s s tatute , the U . S . Dep artment o f Tra n s
portation h a s promu lgate d a numbe r o f s ign i f i c an t r e gu l at i o n s .
Coope r a t i on between the petro leum indu s try and the f ed e r a l
government a n d the i r j o int e f fo r t s h ave demon s tr ab l y contr ibuted
to e n s u r i n g that o i l pipe l in e s continue to be the s a fe s t mode o f
tra n s po r t at i on .
As to the future , the que s t i on o f whether o i l p ipe l ine s
shou ld cont i nue to b e e conomi c a l l y regu l ated wi l l b e a ma j o r
i s sue for the petro leum i nd u s try and a matter be fore the Congre s s
and the executive br anch .
Env i ronmental i s su e s wi l l a l s o c on
t inue t o h a v e a s igni f icant impact on waterbo rne c a r r i e r s and
pipe l ine s .
Environmenta l ly i nduced change s in g a s o l i ne spec i fi
c a t i o n s , a s we l l a s i nc re a sed regu l a tory requ i r eme n t s i nvolving
product pipe l i n e s and s torage fac i l i ti e s , may nece s s i tate a dd i
t io n a l inve s tment .
CONCLU S I ON
S ince the 19 7 9 NPC report , a l l mod e s o f t r a n s po r t at ion
concerned w i th the movement of petro l e um l iqui d s have been
a f fected by a redu c tion i n demand for p e t r o l eum produc t s and by
shi f t s i n the supply- and-demand patterns .
Rec en t l y , howeve r ,
ma j or p i e c e s o f environme ntal and s a fe ty l e g i s l at ion h ave been
enacted whi ch a f fe c t the s e petroleum c ar r i e r s .
Techno l o g i c a l
i nnova t i o n s a n d changing i nve s tment opportu ni t i e s h ave a l s o h a d
I n s ome i n s tanc e s , the s e deve lopmen t s have c au s e d
impa c t .
e conomic d i s l o c a t ions and l o s s o f bu s i ne s s ; i n other i n s tanc e s ,
new bus ine s s and product ivity g a i n s h ave re s u l ted .
Future pip e l in e inve s tment dec i s ions , h oweve r , wi l l n o t only
be dependent upon the u.s. supply-demand e qu a t i on and individual
PADD ' s needs , but a l s o upon c ongre s s iona l a c t ion to a l l e v i a te the
regu l atory unc e r t a inty tha t exi s t s .
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12
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CHAPTER ONE
U . S . PETROLEUM LOG I S T I C S S YSTEM
The gene r a l t ransportat ion log i s ti c s o f the petrol eum i nd u s
try enta i l the i n i t i a l gather ing o f crude o i l i n produc ing f i e ld s
-- d ome s t i c and f o r e i g n - - a n d the de l ivery o f tha t commo d i ty to
re finerie s .
From re fine r ie s , f i n i shed produc t s are then moved to
markets throughout the n a t i on .
Transportat ion i s ac c omp l i shed by a var ie t y o f l and and
mar ine mod e s including p i pe l i ne s , r a i l tank c a r s , tank truck s ,
On a vo l ume b a s i s , pipe l in e s and
barge s , and oce ango ing tanke r s .
mar ine c a r r i e r s are predominant , but trucks and r a i l tank c a r s
have e s s en t i a l fun c t i on s .
Substanti a l tankage mu s t a l s o be
ava i l ab l e within thi s transportation network to e n s ur e its v i a b l e
operation .
C rude o i l i s de l ivered to 1 9 5 re f i ne r i e s in 3 5 s ta te s .
Oce ango ing tankers de l iver fore i gn and A l a s k an c rude o i l to
mar ine termina l s , from wh ich point pipe l i n e s cont i nue the
movement .
S ome t ime s thi s movement is only a few yards to a
conveniently adj acent re f inery , but o ften d i s ta nc e s a s l ong a s
tho s e from the Gu l f o f Mex i c o t o the Great Lake s a r e invo l ve d .
Mo s t o f dome s t i c a l ly produced c rude o i l i s d e l ivered by
l arge - d i ame ter p i pe l in e s to re fineri e s .
Again , the d i s ta nc e s
invo lved vary , from short hau l s s uch a s E a s t Texas t o B e aumont
Port Arthur to long h au l s s uch a s C a l i forn i a to the Gu l f C o a s t .
Trunk pipel ine movements are o ften routed through hubs where
seve r a l p i pe l ines converge .
At s uch po i nt s , t r an s f e r s may be
made into conne c t ing p i pe l in e s for del ivery to various d e s t i na
tions .
S u f f i c ient s torage c apac i ty mus t be avai l ab l e a t the s e
locations t o provide for the segregation , hatch ing , and i nventory
accumu l a t ion nec e s s ary for c ont inuous p i p e l i ne opera t ion s .
The produc t d i s tr ibution sys tem from re f i n e r i e s to end- u s e r s
i s compo sed o f p ipe l i nes , b arge s and tank e r s , a n d t ank c a r s a n d
trucks .
The d i s tanc e s transported a g a i n vary .
For examp l e ,
produc t s such a s g a s o l i ne and home heat ing o i l are moved d a i ly by
the mi l l ions o f b arre l s through p i p e l i n e s from Hou s ton to New
York and Hous ton to I owa a n d M inne sota .
Truck s d e l iver prod u c t s
d irectly from re f ine r i e s o r termin a l s to l oc a l market s .
Rail
tank c ar s p r imar i ly c arry sh ipments o f l ub r i c an t s , waxe s , a n d
a spha l t .
S ub s tant i a l vo l ume s o f produc t are transported by barge o n
the i n l and waterways , inc luding the M i s s i s s ipp i and Oh io r iver s ,
Oceango ing tankers and
and the Hud s on and Co l umb i a r iver s .
barges a l so transport produ c t s a l ong the P ac i f i c , Gu l f , and
Atlantic c o a s t s to ports such as Bo s ton , Char l e s to n , Tampa ,
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13
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Hou s ton , and S e at t l e .
O c e ango ing tank e r s a l s o b r i n g products
r e fined in other c ountr i e s into many o f the s e p o r t s .
A t a l l the s e many d e s t ina tion marke t s , and a t mark e t s a l ong
p ipe l in e and marine route s , another i n f r a s tructu r e of t ankage
mus t be i n p l ac e to r e c e ive the incoming product and to provide
s torage .
F rom th i s point , de l ivery i s made , u s ua l l y by t ruck , to
the many d i s tr ibutor s o f petro leum produc t s s uch as fuel o i l
de a l ers , bulk p l ant operator s , and service s t a t i on s , and
u l t imate ly , i n the c a s e of heating o i l , to ind ividual home s .
- 14 -
C HAPTER TWO
PETROLEUM P I PEL INE CHARACTERI S T I C S
P IPEL INE BAS I CS
H i s tory
After o i l was di s c overe d in we s tern Penns y lvan i a i n Augu s t
18 5 9 , crude o i l wa s c a rr ie d i n barre l s l o a de d o n hor s e - dr awn
I n 18 6 2 , a ra i lroa d l ine i nto the we s te r n
wagon s or on b arge s .
Pennsy lvania o i l f i e l ds wa s c omp l e t e d , and o i l wa s move d t o
re fine r i e s in p r imit ive tank c a r s con s i s t i ng o f f l at c a r s w i th
two l arge woo de n drums .
The f i r s t c r u de o i l p ipe l ine s were bu i l t dur ing the 18 6 0s
with woo d, c a s t iron , and wrought iron .
P i pe l ine c omp an i e s wer e
forme d and rapi dly replace d barge s , wagon s , a n d r a i l r o a ds a s the
pr imary c ar r i er of crude o i l , because they r e du c e d c o s t , conge s
tion , an d s p i l l age .
The f i r s t sys tem de s i gne d expre s s ly to move
o i l from we l l s to p i p e l ine s torage wa s c omp l e te d in 18 6 5 , an d
p ipe l ine c ompan i e s began to prov i de o i l s to rage for the ir c u s
tome r s the f o l l owing year .
B y 18 7 0 , approximate ly o n e mi l l i o n
barre l s o f s torage exi s te d in the we s tern P e n n s y lvan i a o i l
reg ion .
The s e e ar ly p ip e l i n e s were sma l l , having di ame t e r s o f two or
three inche s .
In 18 7 9 , a 108 -mi le , s ix - i n c h p i pe l ine was c om
p lete d from we s tern to central Pennsylva n i a a n d in 18 8 8 wa s ex
tende d to B ayonne , N ew J e r s ey .
E a r ly p ip e l ine a c t iv i ty c e nte r e d
in Penn s y lvan i a , We s t Virgin i a , Kentucky , Oh io , a n d I ndi an a ,
where cru de o i l produc t ion and the r e f in ing c e n te r s o f P i t t s burgh
I n 19 01, the f i r s t hatch ing o f re
and C l eve l a n d were l o c a t e d .
fined produc t s th rough a crude oil p ip e l ine wa s p e r forme d .
Con
s truction of product p i pe l in e s began in earne s t i n the 19 3 0s .
The sma l l - di ame ter l ap-we l de d c a s t i ron or wrought i ron p ip e l i n e s
o f the 18 6 0s have g iven way t o the s te e l c o r r o s ion-prot e c te d
pipe l ines o f to day , wh ich range i n di ame ter up t o 4 8 inche s .
Con stru ct ion a n d operation o f TAPS , an 8 18 -mi l e , 4 8 - inch c ru de
o i l p ipe l ine , i s perhaps the b e s t and mo s t r e c e n t e x amp l e o f the
techno l og i c a l a dvanc e s in pipel ine mate r i a l s and c o n s tru c t ion
that h ave taken p l ac e .
I n dus try Overview
From a few thou s an d mi l e s of gather i ng and sma l l - di ameter
crude o i l transportation l i nes a century ago , the o i l p ip e l ine
industry h a s deve l op e d into a network of app r o x ima te ly 2 04 , 000
mi l e s o f gath e r i ng a n d trunk l i ne s operating i n a l l 5 0 s ta t e s a n d
own e d b y many dive r s e e n t i t i e s .
The p ip e l ine n e twork in the
United S t a t e s in 19 8 7 encomp a s s e d over 108 , 000 m i l e s of c r u de o i l
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p ipe l in e s c arrying d ome s t i c and impor ted c rude o i l from p rodu c ing
f i e l d s and por t s to r e f iner ie s , and some 9 5 , 000 mi l e s o f product
pipe l ine s c arrying re f ined produc t s and LPG to te rm i n a l s and
indu s tr i a l c u s tome r s .
Dur ing 19 8 6 the s e p ipe l ines carr ied over 5 7 8 b i l l io n ton
mi l e s o f petro leum , or about 23 percent of the n a t i o n ' s t o t a l
i nterc i ty fre i ght tonnage , a t appro ximat e l y 2 . 9 p e r c e n t o f the
inte r c i ty fre i gh t c o s t .
Th i s tonnage gene r a l l y move s at a very
low transportat ion c os t .
For about 2 to 2 . 5 ¢ per g a l lon , ga s o
l in e c an be moved from Hous ton t o the New Y o r k a r e a , and c rude
o i l can be moved from the New Orleans area to C h i c a go for about
1 . 5 ¢ per ga l l on .
T ab l e 1 shows the ave r age revenue s per ton -mi l e
o f var ious mode s o f t r a n s portat ion .
The U n i te d S t a t e s i s a n e nergy intens ive country , r e l y i ng on
petro leum product s to grow its crops , heat its home s , and fue l
Every day , n ea r l y 17
i t s facto r i e s and transportat ion mode s .
mi l l i on b arre l s are c o n s umed in a l l the s e nece s s ary ac t iv i t i e s .
To mee t the s e needs , o i l pipel ines per form the s e rvice o f tra n s
porting petro leum produc t s t o con sume r s i n a s a fe a n d dependabl e
manne r .
TABLE 1
A VERAGE REVENUE PER TON-MILE
B Y MODE OF TRANSPORTAT I ON
( I n Cents )
19 8 5
19 8 6
19 8 7
A i r Fre ight
Truck *
Rai l
B arge
O c e an
T anker
Oil
P ipe l in e §
102 . 2 3
110 . 6 0
112 . 7 0
22 . 90
21. 63
20. 67
3 . 04
2 . 92
2 . 73
. 8 00
. 76 2
. 742
. 480
. 457
. 445
. 854
. 8 14
. 8 16
* LTL ( l e s s than truck load)
in 19 8 7 was 9 . 7 8 cents .
carriers .
Truck l o ad avera ge
§ E xc lude s revenue s for TAPS .
Sources :
Tran s portation Po l i cy A s s o c i a ti o n , " Tr a n s porta
tion i n Ame r i c a , " 6th ed . , March 19 8 8 , supp l ement July 19 8 8 ;
and Tran s port a t ion Cente r , Northwe s tern U n i ve r s i ty , Evan s to n ,
I l l i no i s .
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Owner ship
There are three b a s ic forms o f owne r s h ip o f p e t r o l eum pipe
l i ne s :
who l l y owned , j o int ven ture , and und ivided i nter e s t .
A who l ly owne d p ipe l i ne i s owned by one c ompany .
That com
pany may be a crude o i l producer , a re finer , a produc t marketer ,
or a c ompany that s imp ly own s and operate s the p i p e l i n e a s a
busine s s venture .
Th i s p ipe l i ne c an be e i ther a c ommon c a r r i e r
o r a propr ie tary ( pr ivate ) l ine .
All i nter s t a te c ommo n - c a r r i e r
pipe l ine s mu s t f i l e the i r tar i f f s with FERC .
A j o int venture s tock c ompany invo lve s two o r more c omp a n i e s
or ind ividua l s that form a new company t o bui ld , own , and manage
The s e own e r s u sua l l y have an inte r e s t in s h ippi ng
a pipel ine .
the ir own petro leum through the pipe l i ne whe n i t i s c o n s tructed .
The
The lega l form o f the c ompany may be s tock o r par tn er sh i p .
s tock company f i l e s its own i nters tate t ar i f f s w i th F E RC .
An undivided i ntere s t pipe l ine a l s o invo lve s a number o f
compan i e s own ing a s ingle p ipe l ine .
E ach und i v ided i ntere s t
owner , however , owns a s pe c i f i c portion o f the p ip e l i n e 's capa
c i ty and f i le s tar i f f s as i f it were a s eparate p i pe l ine .
One
c ompany , o ften the l arge s t s ingle owne r , serves a s the ope r a tor
for the entire sys tem .
Mu l t i p le own e r s h ip o f pipel ine s v i a j o int venture s tock
companies and undivided intere s t pipe l i nes have made po s s ib l e the
bu i ld ing o f large r - d i ame ter p ip e l ines by the s h a r ing of c ap i ta l
and r i sk .
The inve s tme nt requi red to c o n s truc t a l arge- d i amete r
pipel ine proh i b i t s mo s t c ompan i e s from under tak ing s uc h a p ro j ect
on an individua l b a s i s .
Pipe l ine D e s ign
The Dec i s ion to B u i l d a P ipe l ine
The de c i s ion to bui ld a new pipe l ine requ i r e s a demons trated
need and mu s t be phy s i c a l ly , economica l ly , and environme n t a l ly
fe a s ible .
New pipe l i ne s or expans ions o f exi s t i ng p i pe l ine s are
c ons idered whe re ther e is a need to c onne c t one geographic re
gion ' s over s upply ( o f c rude o i l , re f i ned-product produc t i on , o r
mar ine termi n a l impo r t s ) w i t h another region ' s und e r s upply ( o f
crude o i l for re f inery i nput , re fined produ c t for c o n s ump t i on , o r
mar ine termi n a l export s ) in a manne r t h a t i s c o s t- e f f ic ient ver
sus a l te rnat ive me ans ( other pipel ine sys tems , barge s , t ank c a r s ,
tanker s , and truck s ) .
The expected f i n an c i a l re turn from a pro
posed pipel ine mu s t be acc eptable for the l eve l o f the r i sk in
A typ i c a l
vo lved i f the pro j e c t i s to be e conomi c a l ly s ound .
l arge-diameter p i p e l ine requ i r e s a t l e a s t f ive y e a r s for p l an
n ing , des ign , eng i ne er i ng , envi ronmental permit s , and c o n s truc
tion .
F ac t o r s c o n s idered in d e termining the fe a s ib i l i ty and
expec ted l i fe o f a pro j e c t are pro j e c t i o n s o f :
•
P roduct-demand growth
•
R e f inery c o n s truction , expan s ion , and s hutdown s
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17
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•
Ch ang e s i n dome s t i c c rude o i l produc t i o n
•
P o t en t i a l c rude o i l and petro leum product imports
•
P o s s i b l e c o n s truc tion o f c ompeting new p i pe l in e s
•
C ompe t i t io n from other p i pe l in e s or mode s o f
transportation
•
E conomic regu l a to ry facto r s
•
P roduct p r ic e s
•
F ed e r a l , s tate , and l o c a l government regu l a t i on s .
A company 's u l t imate dec i s ion to bui ld a new pipe l ine de
pend s on c a p i t a l a va i l ab i l ity , and the a l l o c a t ion of tha t c a p i ta l
among the a l te rna tive inve s tme nts ava i l able t o them .
The obv i ou s
fact that p ipe l in e s are c ap i t a l - intens ive and h ave i n f l e x i b l e
route s , wh i l e t h e forc e s o f s upp ly and demand a n d free-marke t
c ompe t i t ion are dynamic , creates uncertainty that trans l a te s i nto
"risk . "
P ipe l ine inve s tments c arry varying degree s o f r i s k ,
which i s a c r i t i c a l e l ement in the dec i s io n to bui l d .
Determining the S i z e o f a New P ipe l ine
Norma l ly , a p i p e l ine c ompany or the group d e s igning the
p ipe l i ne c o ntac t s a l l prospec t ive sh ippe r s , i f they can be
ident i f i e d , to determine the i r intere s t in own e r s h i p or use of a
pipe l i ne and the ir long- term sh ipment forec a s t s through the l ine .
A fter compi lation o f a l l s h i ppe r s ' forec a s t s , an a d j u s tme nt c an
be made to account for p r ospec t ive sh ipper s who are a s yet un
The a d j u s t e d total
ident i f i e d or who do not s ubmi t a forec a s t .
o f the s e forec a s t s is then c ompared aga i n s t the e s t imate o f
market s i z e , supply ava i l abi l ity , compe t i t ion , and pro j e c t e d
marke t s h a r e t o arr ive at a rea l i s t i c vo lume pro j e c t ion a n d a
proper d e te rmi nation o f the requ ired s i z e o f the p ipe l ine and
fac i l i t ie s .
When pipe l ine s are de s igne d , they u s u a l l y take into a c c ount
some bui l t - i n capab i l i ty for expan s ion , o ften re ferred to a s
" no rmal expans ion c apab i l i ty " o r " econ omic expan s io n capab i l ity . "
The s e expan s ions can be made by adding boo s te r pump s ta t ions , o r
by add ing or incre a s ing pumping c apac ity a t e x i s ti ng s ta t i on s .
The s e expan s i o n po s s i b i l i t i e s are p l anned whe n the p ipe l i ne i s
de s igne d , but whether they t ake p l ac e depends upon d emand a fter
it begins oper a t ing .
I n the p a s t few years , drag-reduc ing chem i c a l add it i ve s h ave
pl ayed an important r o l e in providing add i t i o n a l c apac i ty , p r i
Th i s me thod requ i r e s a
mar i ly i n crude o i l p ip e l ine s y s tems .
lower c a p i t a l expenditure than adding h o r s e power o r looping , but
operating expen s e s are norma l l y h i gher .
Drag r educ e r s mu s t be
in j e c te d downs tre am o f each pump s ta t i on b e c a u s e the drag reducer
i s d e s t royed i n p a s s ing through the pump , l imit ing its
e f f e c t ivene s s .
P ip e l ines that h ave been expanded to the i r l im i t s by add ing
boo s ter s ta t ions and pump ing equ ipment can be expanded further
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18
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only by l ine looping ( i . e . , cons truct ion o f a new p i p e l i n e p a r a l
lel t o a n exi s t ing pipe l ine ) or rep lac ing t h e e x i s t ing l ine w i th
l arge r -d i ame ter pipe .
Route S e le c t i on
A ma j or part of p l anning a new pipe l i n e i s route s e l ec t i o n .
The key cons ide r a t i o n s for routing are the o r i g i n , d e s t i na t i on ,
and intermedi ate d e l ivery po int s .
Produ c t p i p e l i ne s typ i c a l ly
have a number o f intermed i ate de l ivery p o i n t s b e c au s e product
demand tends to be d i s tr ibuted with popu l a t i on ; c rude o i l p ip e
l ine s norma l l y h ave only a few interme d i ate de l ivery p o i n t s ,
wh ich are de termined by re f inery l o c a t ions o r by p ipe l i ne
d i s tr ibut ion c e nte r s .
Ano the r c o n s ider ation i s topography .
H igh te r r a i n gene r a l l y
me ans h igher cons truc t i on and pump ing c o s t s ; i t take s more power
to pump petro leum uph i l l than it doe s to pump it a long f l at ter
rain .
Rive r c ro ss ings are more expen s ive to c on s truct b e c au s e o f
bur i a l requ i r eme n t s to accommodate shi fting current s , f l oo d
p l a i n s , course change s , a n d so on .
Where po s s i b l e , urban a re a s
and r iver c ro s s ings a r e avo ide d bec ause o f h igher con struc t i on
costs .
The p ipe l ine c ompany mus t obtain r i gh t - o f-way ( i . e . ,
perm i s s ion to lay the pipe a c ro s s a private p i e c e o f property )
for the route , e i ther by pur cha s e o f the l and o r purc h a s e o f the
r ight-o f-way from the l andowne r s .
As common c ar r i e r s , p i p e l i ne
compan i e s have the auth o r i ty to exerc i s e the r ight o f emi ne n t
doma in under appropr i a te s tate l aw .
A concurrent s tep i s to obtain perm i t s f rom various agen c i e s
o f feder a l , s tate , and l o c a l governments .
The p r e c i s e requ i r e
ments vary , b u t government permit s f o r mo s t ma j or p ro j e c t s now
Obj e c t i on s to p ip e l i n e
require one to three years to proce s s .
cons truct ion gene r a l l y come from environme n t a l group s , l and
The se obj e c t i o n s may l e a d to a r e ro u t i ng
owners , and deve lope r s .
o f the l i ne o r , i f no r e s o lut ion c an be re ached , s u s pe n s ion or
cance l l at ion of p ipe l ine cons truc tion p l an s .
B a s ic D e s ign
Petroleum p ip e l i n e s norma l l y carry e i the r c rude o i l or
pe trol eum produc t s , a l though a few pipe l ine s c arry both in a
The fun c t i o n o f a p i pe l in e i s to move a
segregated f a s h i on .
commod i ty f rom a s ource to a market .
Crude o i l pipe l i n e s move crude o i l from produc i ng o i l f i e ld s
( o ften hundreds o f o i l wel l s ) and marine termi na l s to r e f i ne r i e s .
" Gather i ng " l in e s ( ge n e r a l l y sma l le r - d i ame t e r p i pe l ine s ) connect
the var ious produc i n g we l l s into " trunk " l i n e s ( ge ne r a l l y l a rg e r
d i ame ter p i p e l ine s ) .
P e t ro l eum product p i pe l in e s move r e fined
products from re f iner i e s to te r mina l s from wh i ch d i s t r ibuto r s
move them t o marke t .
C rude o i l and petroleum produc t s are pumped through p i p e
l ine s in a c o n t i nuou s f l ow .
P ip e l i n e s are connected to s to rage
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19
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fac i l i t i e s ( tank farms and termina l s ) a t the i r po i n t s o f o r i g i n
and de s t i n a t i o n , a n d a r e s ome t ime s connected t o " br e ak - ou t " tanks
A l l petro leum ente r ing o r l e a v i ng the
at i nterme d i a t e p o i nt s .
sys tem is me asured to a c c ount for any d i f fe rence s b e twee n r e
c e ip t s into the p ip e l ine and de l ive r i e s o u t o f t h e p i p e l ine .
P ipe l ine C apa c i ty
P e tro l eum p i pe l ine c apac ity i s d i f f i c u l t to de f in e , tends to
be ove r s imp l i f i e d , and i s , in genera l , an e lu s ive concept .
The
c ap ac i ty of a p i pe l in e c annot be de s c r ibed with a s p ec i f i c , s in
gle f i gure .
Rather , tot a l c apac ity var i e s s igni f i c ant l y , d epend
i ng on the produc t sh ipped and ope r at ing cond i t i on s .
The c l a s s ic
de f i n i ti o n o f c apac ity i s the maximum vo lume that a pipe l ine c a n
move be tween two po i nt s during a given t ime p e r i o d u s ing e x i s t ing
equ ipment , and is dependent on the fo l lowing f a c tor s :
•
P ip e l ine d i ame ter
•
P ipe l ine l ength
•
P ump i ng equipme nt
•
D i s tance between pump ing s tat ions
•
P ip e l in e topography
•
P e tro leum v i s c o s ity , tempe rature , and gravity
•
Amb i e nt ground tempe rature .
S e a s o n a l var i at i o n s i n v i s cos i ty , temp e r a ture , and gravity
For e x amp l e , dur ing the
can r e s u l t i n c apac i ty d i f ferenc e s .
winter s e a so n , produ c t p i p e l i n e s mus t move mor e h e a t i n g o i l s .
The s e heat ing o i l s h ave h i ghe r vis c o s i t i e s than g a s o l i ne s , wh ich
me ans that they wi l l move through the p ipe l ine mor e s l owly , c au s
ing a reduc tion i n r e f ined-product pipe l in e capac ity .
I n a dd i
tion , lowe r amb i e n t temperatur e s in t h e winte r wi l l i n c r e a s e the
v i s c o s i t i e s o f both re f i ne d product s and c rude o i l , a l s o c a u s ing
reduc t i o n s i n p i p e l ine c apac i t ie s .
P ipe l ine Techno l o gy
1
Cons truction
Hor s e s wer e u se d to haul pipe and e qu ipment dur ing c o n s truc
tion o f the e a r l i e s t petroleum pipe l i ne s , and mo s t o f the work
wa s done manua l l y .
L and was c le ared , d i tches wer e dug , p i p e
length s were s cr ewed together and lowered i nto d i tche s , a n d the
d itche s were b ac k f i l led by hand .
S te e l pipe f i r s t be c ame ava i l
ab l e in 18 9 5 and underwent seve r a l important deve l opme n t s i n the
e ar l y 1900s .
P ip e l i n e j o ints were s oo n gas we lded , and in 19 28 ,
1
For furth e r in formation regarding p i pe l ine te chno l o gy ,
Introduc t ion to the O i l P ipe l ine Indus try , 3 r d e d . ( Au s t i n :
Unive r s ity o f Texas Petroleum Exten s i on Servi c e , 19 8 4 ) .
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20
-
see
electric arc we lding and the techno l ogy to manu facture 4 0- foot
s eaml e s s p ipe s e c t i on s were deve loped .
The se deve l opme n t s repre
sented s ign i f ic ant improvements over e a r l i e r , l e s s r e l i ab l e we ld
ing techniques and short l engths of p ipe requ i r ing more f requent
we ld s .
Rec e nt improvement s in p ip e l ine c o n s tru c t i o n techno logy
have been d r amat i c a l ly demons trated in the bui ld ing of TAP S
acro s s the Ala skan wi lderne s s .
For examp l e , to avo i d d i s turb ing
the surround ing perma fro s t , portions of the p i p e l i ne were c on
s tructed on heat- s hedding s tanch ion s .
Another s ign i f icant tech n i c a l deve lopme nt h a s been the u s e
o f dri l l ing equ ipment to bore hor i z ontal ho l e s unde r maj or
r iver s , c ana l s , and ship c hanne l s for p ip e l ine c ro s s ings .
Thi s
me thod o f ins ta l l ing c ro s s ings prevents s o i l e ro s ion , e l im i n a t e s
s i l ting , a n d perm i t s c o n s truct ion with min imum inter ference to
norma l r iver tra f f ic .
Today , pipe l ine s are u s u a l l y cons tructed by s p ec i a l i z e d
pipe l ine contrac·to r s .
F i r s t , t h e pipel ine's r i gh t - o f -way i s
c leared to accommod a te c o n s truct ion equ i pment .
P ip e s e c t i o n s ,
o ften 6 0 to 8 0 feet in l ength , are pl aced ( or '' s trung " ) a long the
c l eared r ight-o f -way , and the d i tch is dug with a d i tch ing
machine .
Where nece s s ary , the p ipe i s bent to fit the d it c h ,
we lded e ither manua l ly or automat ic a l ly , and l owe r e d into the
ditch .
We lded j o in t s are v i s ua l ly inspecte d and mo s t are
examined by X-ray to detect f l aws .
Upon c omp l e t ion o f the p i p e
l ine , the entire s y s t em i s hydr o s t a ti c a l ly te s ted to a min imum o f
1 25 percent o f t h e e xp e c te d operat ing pre s sure .
P r ior to 1 9 6 9 , l iqu i d s p ip e l i n e s and fac i l i t i e s we re con
struc ted in accordance with s tandards deve loped and pub l i shed by
the organ i z ations l i s ted b e l o w :
•
Americ an Petrol eum Ins t i tute
•
Ame r i c an S o c i e ty o f Mechan i c a l Engineer s
•
Manu factur e r s Standard i z at i on Soc i e ty
( MS S )
•
Ame r i c an Nat ional S tandards I n s t i tute
( AN S I )
•
Nation a l F i re P revention A s s o c i a t i o n
•
Ame r i c an I n s ur ance As soc i a t ion
( AP I )
(AlA )
( ASME )
( NF P A )
•
Also , s ta te and l o c a l bui lding and f i re codes were f o l l owed in
des igning fac i l i t i e s .
In 1 9 6 9 , the U . S . Department o f Transport at i on i s s ue d CFR
1 4 9 , Part 1 9 5 , wh i c h e s t ab l i shed s tandards gove r n i n g p i pe l i ne
cons truct ion .
Th i s code i ncorporated many o f the s tandard s o f
the organ i z ation s l i s te d above .
The s tandard known a s ANS I B 3 1 . 4 , L iqu id P e tro leum T r an s
por tation P iping Sys tem , i s the mo s t wid e l y u s e d code for p ip e
l ine d e s ign .
I n add i t ion , the Nat iona l E l e c t r i c Code , wh i ch i s
one o f the s eve r a l NFPA c od e s , and s tate a n d loc a l b u i l d i ng a n d
f i r e code s a r e u t i l i z ed .
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21
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Mater i a l s and Equ ipment
In the p a s t d e c ade , many advan c e s h ave been made i n the
mate r i a l s u s e d in p ipe l ine s .
In turn , the s e new mate r i a l s h ave
led to the deve l opmen t o f new cons truc t i on e qu i pmen t and tech
niques .
For e x amp l e , the tens i l e s trength o f p ipe s t e e l h a s
r i s e n s te ad i ly , thus perm i t t ing the u s e o f th inne r -wa l l ed p ipe .
Today , p ipe c ommon l y h a s a tens i l e strength o f up to 7 0 , 000
poun d s per s quare inch , an increase o f 25 to 3 5 p e r c e n t over
stee l s u s ed 1 0 to 20 ye ars a go .
At the s ame t ime , n ew a l l oy s
have improved t h e d uc t i le charac te r i s t i c s a nd t h e l ow-t emperature
proper t i e s o f the pipe .
The s e deve lopme n t s have improved s e rvi c e
over a wide r ange o f cond i t ion s , r e s u l ting i n s igni f i c a n t l y l ower
cons truc t ion c o s ts .
We ld ing proc e s s e s have a l s o change d .
Automat e d p ipe we l d ing
technique s are c ommon today .
New we ld ing rod s with h i gh tens i le
s trength s and s pe c i a l prope r t i e s that prevent the c r ack i ng o f
h i gh-y ie ld-s tr ength we ld met a l have been deve loped for u s e with
new s t e e l s and a l l oy s .
New we lding pro c e s s e s perm i t f a s te r con
s truction and h i gher qua l i ty we ld ing .
New mat e r i a l s and proc e s s e s for c o a t i n g both the o u t s ide and
ins i de o f p i p e have reduced corro s i on -re l at e d prob l ems and
extended p ipe l i fe .
The external c o a t ing wa s p r e v i ou s ly made o f
a spha l t , c o a l tar , o r e n ame l with laye r s o f f e l t , g l as s , o r
Recent l y , there h a s been increas ed u s e o f p l a s t i c tape ,
paper .
extruded p l a s t i c , a nd fus ion-bonded e poxy t h i n - f i lm c o a t i ng s to
coat both the i n s ide and out s ide o f p i pe .
Mo tor s and pumps u s e d on pipe l in e s h ave not changed d r a s
t i c a l ly i n r e c e n t years , b u t s ome improvemen t s are c o n s t a n t l y
More e f f ic ient y e t sma l ler e le c t r i c mo tors to dr ive
b e i ng made .
pipe l ine pump s re s u l t in reduced co s t s and i n s p ac e s av i ng s .
Low- speed indu s tr i a l and h i gh -s peed a i rc r a ft turb i n e s are a l s o
u s e d t o d r i ve p ipe l in e pump s , in a dd i t i on t o d i e s e l a n d e l ec t r i c
dr iver s .
Whe r e e le c t r i c a l power i s inacce s s i b le o r v e r y expe n
s ive , turb i n e s can be fue led by gas o r a sma l l p o r t i on o f the
petrol eum be i ng pumped .
TAPS h a s s everal smal l r e f i n e r i e s a l ong
i t s route tha t take c rude o i l from the p i pe l i ne , r e f ine a fue l
product from i t t o s upp ly the pipe l i ne ' s turbine s , and r e turn the
unused portion o f the c rude o i l to the p i p e l i ne whe r e it mixe s
back i n to the pa s s ing c rude o i l .
E le c tron ic , pneuma t i c , and hydrau l ic e qu i pment for c ontro l l
ing and mon i to r i n g p ip e l i n e s h a s changed s ub s tant i a l ly .
C om
pute r i z ed s uperv i sory s y s t ems and s o l id s tate e le c tr o n i c s have
re s u l ted in more e f f i c ient c e ntra l i z e d p i p e l ine o p e r a t i on s .
One
or more p ip e l i ne s y s tems c an now be mon i tored f rom a c ompute r i z e d
contro l cente r , requ i r in g fewer people a n d prov i d i ng s ub s tan
t i a l ly more data than previous sys tems .
S ate l l i t e c ommu n i c at i on s
a r e increa s i n g l y u s e d today to relay s igna l s b e tween the p ipe l i ne
contro l center and each remote pump s ta t i on , r e c e ipt , o r d e l ivery
point .
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22
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S tate -o f-th e -art computers and remo te t e rmina l uni t s have
high r e l i a b i l ity and provide proce s s ing power to per form c omp l i
c ated sequence contro l s , c a l cu l ate c omp l i ca t e d f low e qu a t i o n s ,
and provide for d i g i t a l contro l loops o f a n a l o g proce s s e s , thus
making pipel ine ope r at ions even s a fer and more e f f i c ient .
The
e f f i c i ency of e le c tronic e quipment has increa s ed s igni f i cant l y
s ince 19 7 9 .
The s e e f f i c i e nc ie s have a l l owed s y s t em d e s igne r s and
engineers to ins ta l l much more soph i s t i c a t e d S y s tem Contro l and
Data Acqu i s i tion sys tems than ever be fore .
The innovative u s e o f highly re l iable c ommu n i c a t i o n s s ate l
l ites now a l lows p i pe l ine ma s te r contro l s ta ti o n s to send and
rece ive data from any l o c a t i on in the c o n t i guous 48 s ta t e s with
out te lephone conne c t ions .
The key e lement is a s ate l l i t e that
geo synchron ou s l y orbits the e arth ( f ixed over a point on the
e arth ) 2 2 , 5 00 mi le s in spac e .
The s a te l l i te s igna l s are r e c e ived
by f i e l d un i t s c a l l e d Very Sma l l Aper ture Termi n a l s ( VSAT ) ( se e
F i gure 2 ) .
Many p i pe l i ne compa n i e s are u s ing internal i n s p e c t ion
devi c e s c a l led inte l l i gent " p i g s " ( F i gure 3 ) to i ns p e c t the i r
pipe l ines f o r me t a l l o s s a n d other anoma l ie s s uc h a s dents .
P ig
s i z e s range from 8 to 48 inche s in d i ame ter .
The s e i nte l l igent
pigs emp loy inter n a l l y mounted compute r s and rec order s to gather
pipe l i ne data from s e n s o r s mounted on the outer c ir c umfe rence o f
the p i g .
The s en s ors currently u s e an e l e c troma gn e t i c f lux o r
VSAT Link
in
Geosynch ronous Orbit
VSAT Field
Units
0
(
Pipel ine
Pipeline Master
Control Station
Figure 2 . Schematic of a Satellite Communications Network
for Pipeline Operations.
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23
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28-inch Magnetic Inspection Veh icle
PRIMARY
MAGNETIC
SENSORS
G U IDE WHEELS
SECONDARY
MAGNETIC
SENSORS
MAGNETIC BRUSHES
Vehicle overall length 1 3 ft
Vehicle mass
3,200 lbs
Figure 3 . Diagram of an Intelligent Pig.
u l t r a sonic techn ique s to mea sure p ip e l ine wal l th ickne s s .
The s e
s e n s o r s are ab l e t o d e te c t l o s s o f me tal f rom the inner o r outer
The l o c a t ion o f p ipe wa l l anoma l i e s i s d e r ived f rom the
wa l l .
too l 's odome te r s , from g i r th-we ld po s i t ions , magn e t i c marke r s ,
and s u r f a c e -mounted marke r s .
The number o f m i l e s o f d a t a that
c an be r e corded in one p a s s through a p ip e l ine depend s on a
mu l t i tude o f factors s uch a s f l ow rate and battery capac ity .
There have been s ign i f i c ant advanc e s s in c e 1979 i n the area
o f p ipe l ine c ontro l and l e ak detec tion s y s t ems .
P ip e l ine c ompa
nie s have i n s t a l led h igh l y soph i s t i c a te d c ompute r s to c ontrol
p ip e l i n e ope r a t i on s .
The techn iqu e s app l ie d to s o lv i n g p i pe l ine
contro l a nd l eak detec tion prob lems inc lude c omp l i ca t e d h yd r au l i c
mode l s , sophi s ti c ated net vo lume input -output c a l c u l a t i o n s , and
mon i tored hydr au l i c trans ients to detect l e a k s .
Th i s eme r g i n g
techno logy h o l d s great prom i s e f o r t h e futur e .
Ope r at ions and M a i ntenanc e
Operations
A pipe l in e can be a s ingle l ine of un i fo rm-d i amet e r p ip e
with l iqu i d s pumped a t a uni form r a te f rom o n e p l a c e t o anothe r ,
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24
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or it c an be a s ub s tant i a l ly more comp l e x sys t em .
The l in e might
have interme d i ate entry and exit po int s , d i f fe r ing d i amet e r s o r
pumping c apab i l it ie s at var ious po int s , o r be seve r a l separate
pipe l ine s o f varying d i ame ters runn ing s i de by s i de - - the c om
b inations are a lmo s t l imitle s s .
The typ i c a l pipe l i ne wi l l h ave
po ints o f o r i g i n and d e s tinat ion , breakout t ankage , a nd decre a s
ing o r increa s ing capac ity a s the l ine approac h e s i t s terminu s .
Al l o f the s e factors make s chedu l ing p ipe l ine moveme n t s and
oversee ing p i p e l ine operat ions c omp lex and cha l l enging t a sk s .
As noted e a r l ier , the vo lume o f l iquid a p i pe l ine c an c arry
depend s upon the s i z e of the p ipe l ine , the c ap ab i l it ie s of i t s
pumps , and the grav i ty and vi scos i ty o f the l i quid be ing pumped .
P ipe l ine operators pub l i sh t ar i f f s that e s t ab l i s h pr i c e s for
sh ipp ing , and s tate the cond i t ions and spec i f i c a t ions for wha t
S pe c i f i c a t i o n s wi l l norma l ly
may be sh ipped through a p i p e l ine .
be set on the pour point o f the l iquid ( th e tempera ture a t wh i c h
the l i qu id wi l l no longer f l ow ) a n d i t s v i s c o s i ty ( a me asure o f
the re s i s tance exhibited by the l iqu id ) , b e c au s e the r a te o f f l ow
in a pipe l i ne i s determined by the s lowe s t -moving l i qu i d i n the
I n add i t ion , crude o i l pipe l in e s usua l l y c arry s pe c i
pipe l i ne .
fications o n the s u l fu r content , gravity , vapo r pre s s ur e , b a s i c
sediment and water , and l imits o n contaminants s uch a s met a l s and
chlorides .
P ro duc t p i pe l in e s may have l imited capac i t i e s for
ce rta in produc t s , and the re fore r e s t r i c t ions for the s e produc t s
wi l l b e s t ipu l a te d .
The r e a s on s for e s tab l i sh ing spec i f i c a t ions
on mate r i a l s hand l ed in crude oil and petro l eum p roduc t p ip e
l ines a r e t h e n e e d t o ma inta in an opt imum r ate o f f l ow and the
de s i re to avo id downgr ad ing or c ontamin a t ing the c rude o i l or
petrol eum produc t s norma l ly sh ipped .
Contaminat ion c a n re s u l t in c o s t l y pen a l t i e s to the p ip e
l ine , the re f i ne r , or the d i s tr ibutor who receives t h e c o n t ami
nated crude o i l o r p roduct .
P ip e l ine s prote c t c rude o i l and
product qua l i t i e s by means o f c are ful qua l i ty-control p r a c t i c e s .
Separat ion o f d i f ferent grade s o f crude o i l or pe tro leum produc t s
i n a p i pe l ine i s c a l le d " b atching . "
The m i x i n g o f d i f ferent
produc ts a t the inter face in a pipe l ine is m i n imi z ed by m a i n t a i n
i n g pipel ine pre s sure , but b atche s a r e s omet ime s phy s i c a l ly
separated by batching devi c e s such a s reus able rubber s phere s .
Regardle s s o f separ a t i on method , some mixing a t the i n t e r f a c e
occur s .
T o m i n imi z e t h e e f fects o f th i s mixing , s h ipme n t s are
batched in a cont inuou s , orderly s equence w ith produc t grade s o f
s im i l ar qua l ity .
Crude o i l i s norma l ly b atched by s equenc ing
compat ible c rude o i l s ; such qua l i t i e s as s pec i f i c g r a v i ty , v i s
cos ity , s u l fur content , and whether the c rude o i l i s a spha l t i c ,
par a f finic , or n aphthenic b a s e d are taken i nto a c c ount .
P rodu c t s
are typ i c a l l y sh ipped i n group s that move f rom l i ghter to heavier
gravi t i e s and then back to l i ghter again in cyc l e s such a s the
fol lowing :
g a s o l ine-kero s ine - fue l o i l -kero s in e - ga s o l ine .
Cyc l e s
are typ i c a l l y 5 t o 1 0 days i n length depe nding on t h e pipe l i ne
c apac i ty , schedu l in g o f re f inery oper a t i on s , and marke t d emand .
A 10-day cyc l e tran s l a tes to 3 cyc l e s per month and 3 6 cyc l e s
per year .
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25
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P ip e l i n e s are operated a s e i ther " segregat e d " o r " fung ib l e "
pipe l ine s o r both .
I n a s egregated p i p e l ine , s p e c i f i c s h i pments
are ident i f i e d as the property of a sh ipper and are moved through
the p i pe l in e in such a way a s to maintain the integr i ty and
In a fung i b l e produc t s p i pe
iden t i ty o f the spec i f i c produc t .
line , the p ip e l i ne c omp any s e t s a r ange o f spec i fi c at io n s for
e ach g r ade of fung i b l e ( or s imi l a r ) produc t .
A l l v o l ume s of that
produ c t grade are commingled i nto a s ing l e b at ch .
When the fun
g ib l e batch r e a c h e s the de l ivery po int , every sh ippe r r e c e ive s
i t s sh are o f the volume .
I n a common-s tream c rude o i l p i p e l ine , the c rude o i l the
sh i pper rece ive s may vary from the o i l the s h i pper put i nto the
p ip e l ine .
When the poten t i a l d i f ferenc e in qua l i ty is sma l l
( that i s , the a c c eptab l e qua l i ty range d e f i ne d b y the p ip e l ine
for e ach c ommon s tr e am grade is narrow ) , then the s h ipper s imp ly
take s h i s share of th a t grade- type to wh i ch he contributed .
Whe n
large d i f ference s e x i s t i n t h e qua l i ty o f c rude o i l in j e c te d i n to
a p ip e l i ne , a g r a v i ty - s u l fur b ank may be e s t ab l i shed a s a mea n s
o f mone tar i ly c ompe n s at ing a sh ippe r who r e c e ived a p o o r e r qua l
ity c rude o i l than i t put i n with fund s a s s e s s ed a s h i pp e r who
r e c e i ved a better qua l i ty crude o i l than i t tendered .
E f f i c i e nt p ipe l ine operations depend on l arge s h i pment s ,
which r e s u l t in l ower operating c o s t s for the p i p e l i n e and , con
sequen t l y , l ower t r a n s portat ion c o s t s to s h i pper s .
For e f f i
c iency and t o ma i n t a i n product integr i ty , p i pe l in e s norma l ly
e s t ab l i s h min imum batch s i z e s r anging upward from 25 , 000 b a r re l s .
The e f fe c t o f e s tabl i shing min imum batch s i z e s i s to r e duce the
number o f i n t e r f a c e s a nd thu s minimi z e l o s s e s due to i n t e r f a c e
contamination .
Any c ompa ny wi s h ing to s h i p c rude o i l o r p e t r o leum produc t s
on a common- c a r r i e r p i pe l i ne h a s the r i ght t o d o s o provided i t
mee t s the r e qu i reme n t s o f the pipel ine ' s publ i shed t ar i f fs and
ind ic a te s an intention to requ e s t space for ( or " nomi nate " )
Th i s nomination mu s t s t i pu l a te the
s h ipment on the p ipe l ine .
produc t s and vo l ume s to be s h i pped dur ing a s pe c i f i e d month , and
mu s t be s ubmi tted p r i o r t o the p i pe l in e ' s nominat ing d e a d l ine for
the month .
The p ip e l i ne c o n f i rms the movement and a sh ipment
date once the s h ipper mee t s the pub l i s he d rul e s and r e gu l a t i on s
I f reque s t s for s h i pments dur ing a
o f the p i p e l i ne ' s tari f f .
month are greater than the c apac ity ava i l ab l e , the p i p e l i n e
manag e r s m a y h a v e to apportion ( or " prorate " ) ava i l ab l e c a pa c i ty
among a l l tho s e n ominating for i t .
The phys i c a l characteri s ti c s o f p i pe l ine ope r a t i o n s require
a p i pe l i n e to be fu l l be fore any de l iverie s c an b e made .
Th i s
l ine f i l l i s norma l l y fur n i shed and owne d by a l l o f the sh ippe r s
on a p i pe l in e b u t r ema i n s in the c u s tody o f the p i pe l i ne c ompany .
I t inc lud e s p i p e l i ne f i l l , man i fo ld ing and t ank l in e f i l l , and
work ing s to rage in tank age .
L ine f i l l can be a s much as s everal
mi l l ion barre l s depend ing on the l ength and d i ameter o f the
p ipe l in e a nd a s so c i ated tank age .
- 26 -
Schedu l ing sh ipme nt s through a pipe l in e i s a c omp lex and ex
act ing j ob .
The pipe l ine c omp an i e s mu s t b a l ance a l l the v a r i o u s
nominations o f d i f ferent qua l it i e s o f c rude o i l o r grade s o f
produc t s , the i r entry p o i n t s and de s t in a t i o n s , and the i r s h i pmen t
and arrival date s .
Many p i pe l ine c ompan i e s u s e c omput e r s to pre
pare and ad j u s t short- and long-r ange s chedu l e s and update them
on a regu l ar b a s i s .
S ch edu le change s o ften c au s e s h i pment d a te s
to be s h i fted from day t o day or week to week .
The s e change s are
c aused by re f in e ry s hutdown s , p ipe.l ine ope r a ting prob l em s , er
ratic tanker arriva l s , and volume change s by s h ippe r s .
In a d d i
tion , pipe l i ne sched u l e s v a r y s e a so n a l l y a s produc t d emand
change s .
Trunk l ine operations are mon i tored around the c lock f rom a
centr a l locat ion by d i spatching personne l , many u s ing s up e rv i s ory
contro l equi pme n t .
D i spatcher s c ontrol oper a t i o n s a t remo te , un
manned f ac i l i t ie s ; keep tr ack of the grade , quant ity , and owner
ship of each batch ; c oo r d inate with f i e ld operation per s onne l at
manned f ac i l i t i e s ; and mon i to r f low rate s , pre s s ure s , and sh ip
ments to ma i n t a i n s a fe and e f f i c ient ope r a t i on s .
Al though th i s v i ew o f pipel ine ope r a t i o n s i nd i c a te s how c om
p lex the operation o f a p ipe l ine can be , o n l y the o p e r a t i on o f a
s ingle pipe l ine or p ipel i ne sys tem h a s been c o n s idered .
I n prac
t ice , a sh ipment o f c rude o i l or petro leum product may c h ange
sys tems s ever a l t ime s be fore i t is de l ivered to its f i n a l de s
t ination .
For examp l e , c rude o i l from s outhe a s te r n U t ah c an move
sequentia l l y through the Texas -New Mex i c o , B a s in , C u s h i n g to
Chicago , Lakehead , and Interprovinc i a l s y s tems to the B u f f a lo ,
New York area for de l ivery to Warren , Pennsylvan i a ; or produc t s
can move from Lake Char le s , Loui s iana , t o product d i s t r ibution
termin a l s in P it t s burgh , Pennsylvan i a , through e i ther the
Colon i a l and Laure l s y s tems o r the Explore r , ARCO , and Buckeye
sys tems .
The s e sh i pme n t s may be moved o n p i pe l ine s w i th varying
qual ity requi rement s o r may be moved through s eve r a l d i f ferent
s torage f ac i l i t i e s b e tween p i pe l ine s , but they w i l l mee t the
shipp e r 's qua l i ty s p ec i f ic a tions a t the ir d e s t in a t ion .
Maintenance
P ip e l ine i n s p e c t ion and ma intenance i s cont i nuous -- from
routine maintenance o f the p i p e l i ne ' s f ac i l i t i e s ( pump s t a t i on s ,
equ ipment , and tank farms ) and r ight s -o f-way , to emergency r e p a i r
and ma j or ma i ntenance such a s l ine l owe r ing , r e p l aceme n t , o r re
location .
S ome p ipe l ine comp a n i e s have ma i n te n a n c e c rews that to
varying degree s h and l e t a s k s in e ach o f the s e ma i ntenance a r e a s ,
wh i l e o the r s u s e contr ac t per s onne l .
A l l p ipe l in e c omp an i e s u s e
the ir emp loyee s t o s upervi s e and inspect the wor k p e r formed by
o ther s .
Corro s ion c ontro l i s o f great importance , i n both the d e s i gn
and maintenance o f p ipe l i n e s .
Corro s ion c an c au s e me t a l l o s s to
a p i pe l ine s y s tem due to external force s ( so i l condi t io n s ) o r due
to the character i s t i c s o f produ c t s moved in the p ipe l ine ( e . g . ,
hydrogen s u l f i d e entra ined in wate r ) .
Exte r n a l c o r ro s i o n i s
- 27 -
mi t i ga te d by c o at ing the out s i de o f the pipe l ine and by impre s s
ing and care ful ly contro l l ing the f l ow o f e l e c t r i c current b e
I nt e r n a l
tween t h e s o i l a n d t h e p i p e l ine ( c athod i c protec t ion ) .
corro s i o n i s contro l led through use o f c o a t i ng s y s tems a pp l ie d t o
the i n s i d e o f t h e p ipe and / or through t h e u s e o f chemi c a l c o rr o
s ion i nh ib i tor s i n j e c ted d i rectly i n t o t h e produc t s tr e am .
In
order to e n sure t h e e f fe c t ivene s s o f the s e c o r ro s ion c ontrol
me thod s , numerous in spect ion techn ique s are emp loyed .
The s e
include v i s u a l i n s p e c tion o f the pipe , u s e o f interna l i n s p e c t i o n
devi c e s ( inte l l igent p i g s ) , a n d survey o f p i pe - to - s o i l e l ec tr ic a l
potent i a l s a l ong the p i pe l i ne .
P e r io di ca l ly , p ip e l ines are c leaned interna l l y o f a c c umu
late d d i r t , s ed iment , water , wax , and other matter by u s e o f
s crape r s ( or p i g s ) , wh ich are cyl i ndr i c a l ly s h aped met a l or
po lyur e thane d ev i c e s with wi re bru she s o r a s e r i e s o f protru
s ion s .
They are put i nto and t aken o ut o f the p i p e l i n e through
p ipe and va lve a s s emb l i e s c a l led " sc raper tra p s . "
The s e s c rapers
are pushed by the o i l in the p i pe l i ne at the f l ow r a te and de
po s i t the d i rt o r wax into the scraper trap whe r e i t is r emoved .
The s e s c raper traps a l so fac i l itate the u s e o f inte l l igent p i g s .
Mo s t prob l ems a long the pipeline c a n be l o c ated and i d en t i
f i e d by c ompu ter s a t the p i p e l ine's contro l c e n te r , wh i c h a n a ly z e
the ope r a t i ng data fed back t o i t from the var i ou s s ta t i on s a long
the p i p e l ine ' s route .
Vi s u a l inspec t io n is u s u a l l y done by
aer i a l p a t ro l , to check the pipel ine route for abnorma l c o n d i
t ions s uc h a s washout s a n d new con s truct i on o n o r n e a r a p i p e
l ine .
A l l main l i n e s are inspecte d a t l e a s t once e v e r y two weeks
a nd i n mo s t c a s e s more frequently .
Aer i a l and ground i n s p e c t ion
are e spec i a l ly important in reduc ing the poten t i a l for d amage by
leak s c au se d by thi rd p a r t ie s .
Th ird par t i e s c o n s t i tute the
s ingle l a r ge s t c a u s e o f d amage and leaks .
Whe n a l e ak i s de tected , the p ip e l ine i s imme d i at e l y s hu t
down a n d ma i ntenance c rews a r e di spatched to unc over t h e l ine and
pl ace a s pe c i a l ly d e s igned c l amp around the pipe to s top the
leak .
After f l ow in the l ine is s topped , one o f seve r a l me thods
for a sma l l l e ak , a fu l l e nc i r
may be used to r e p a i r the l i ne :
c lement s leeve i s i n s t a l l ed ; for a l arger l e ak , the l in e s e gme nt
is i so lated and d r a ined , the damaged s ec t ion i s r emoved , and a
A l l new we l d s are t e s te d and coa ted
new s ec t ion we lded i n p l a c e .
to prevent c o r ro s ion .
Concurrent with the repa i r , a c l e an-up
operation is under t aken to protect the environment .
P I PELINE SAFETY AND REGULATI ON
As might be expecte d , i ndus try and the gover nment interact
P ip e l ine
in many way s , on many s ub j e c t s , and a t many leve l s .
compan i e s pay taxes , obtain r ight s - o f -way , condu c t c ommun i ty
i n format ion programs , and engage in numerou s o ther a c t i v i t i e s
that bring them in contact with feder a l , s tate , and loc a l author
ities .
Th i s re l a t i o n s h i p has become more perv a s ive a s s t atute s ,
government a ge nc ie s , and regu lations have pro l i fer ated i n r e c e nt
- 28
-
years .
Three are a s o f p a r t i c u l ar importance - - s a fety , env iron
menta l , and ec onomic regu l a t i on -- are set forth i n more d e t a i l
i n thi s s e c t ion .
Pipe l ine S a fety Legi s l a t ion and Regu l a t ions
Fac i l i t i e s
Over many years , the o i l p i pe l ine industry h a s c omp i led an
out s tand ing sa fety record .
Th i s i s attr ibutab l e to a number o f
factor s , mo s t important o f wh ich i s the i ndu s try ' s r e s pons ib l e
approach t o the des i gn , cons truc t i o n , operation , and ma i ntenance
of i t s fac i l i ti e s .
I ndeed , vo luntary indu s try s tandard s deve l
oped for pipel ine c o n s truction and operation h ave s e rved a s the
bas i s for federal regu l a t i on s .
The indus try h a s worked d i l i gently to advance p ipel i n e
te chnology and operating prac t i c e s th at a f fe c t s a f e ty .
The l a s t
four decades have seen great improvement s in corro s io n contro l ,
qua l i ty o f p ipe and equ i pment u s ed in pipe l i ne s , and ins trumen
t ation for pres s ure contro l and l e ak detect i on .
There are many i ncentive s for the indus try to operate
s a fe ly .
The se inc lude r e spon s ib i l i ty to the pub l ic for poten t i a l
inj ury , lo s s o f l i fe , and property damage ; l o s s o f p roduc t
transported and throughput revenue s ; s igni f ic ant c a p i t a l
inve s tment ; and the n e e d t o attrac t inve stor , emp l oyee , and
gene ra l pub l ic good wi l l .
Fede r a l invo lvement in pipel ine s a fety h a s b e e n a re l a t ive ly
recent deve lopment .
I n 1 9 0 8 , the Congr e s s e n a c t e d the Transpor
tation of E xplo s ive s Act ( TOEA ) , wh ich app l i e d to p i pe l ine s only
because o f i t s gener a l app l i c ab i l ity to h a z ardous mater i a l s
transportation .
I t d i d not c ontemp l ate a n ove ra l l fede r a l p i pe
l ine s a fety program .
I n 1 9 7 8 and 1 9 7 9 , the Congre s s c onducted a s e r i e s o f
hear ings on propo s e d le g i s l ation a f fe c t ing the o i l and natural
gas p ipe l ine indu s tr i e s .
Wh i l e conc lud ing tha t " p ipe l i ne s are
the s a fe s t means of transporting the s e c ommod it ie s , " the Congr e s s
found that the e xi s t i ng " NGP SA and the TOEA do n o t provide a l l
the nece 2 s ary too l s for a s e n s ible and e f f e c t ive Federal pipe l in e
s a f e ty . "
Ac cordingly , i n November o f 1 9 7 9 , the H a z ardous L i qu i d s
Pipel ine S a fety A c t ( HLPSA) w a s s igned into l aw , s igna l ing many
comprehens ive change s in the way pe tro leum p ipe l in e s a fety i s
regu l ated a t the federal leve l .
The s tatute provided a c l ear
preempt ion by the fed e r a l government of author i ty over the s ta t e s
2
Report o f the Committee on Commerce , S c ience and
Transportat ion , May 1 5 , 1 9 7 9 .
NGPSA is the Natu r a l Gas P ip e l ine
Sa fety Ac t enac ted i n 1 9 6 8 .
- 29 -
for regu l at io n o f inte r s tate p i pe l ine s .
I t e s t ab l i shed federa l
j ur i s d i c t i on over intra s t a te petro leum pipe l i n e s for the f i r s t
time , a s we l l a s c r im i n a l pena l t i e s f o r v i o l a t i o n s o f the l aw .
Under the s t a tute , a grant s - i n - a i d program wa s c re at e d whe reby
states wou l d e s tab l i sh p i pe l ine sa fety programs in r e s p o n s e t o
incent ive s from the fede r a l government .
Under th i s s tatute , there have been a number o f s igni f i c an t
regu l a t i on s promu l g a t e d by the U . S . Depar tmen t o f T r a n sportat ion
( DOT ) dur ing the l a s t s ever a l years .
The s e have i n c l ud e d the
requi rement of hydr o s ta t i c t e s t ing o f a l l p i pe l in e s tran spo r t i ng
h igh ly vo l a t i l e l iqu i d s to 1 . 2 5 t ime s the i r max imum oper a t ing
pre s sur e , mandatory s tandards for operat ion manu a l s for a l l
petro leum p i pe l ine s , and the revis ion o f the repo r t i ng forms for
p ipe l i ne inc idents in order to provide better d a t a on the i r
causes .
P i p e l ine operators now are requ ired to repo rt to both fede
r a l and s tate agenc i e s the e x i s tence of un s a fe cond i t ions w i th in
a very short t ime of the i r d i s covery .
P ipe l ine operators are
a l s o subj e c t to s trenuou s aud i t s of the i r ope r a t i o n s b y i n s p e c
t o r s o f DOT , wh i c h r e c e n t l y h a s mad e a number o f improvements t o
standard i z e the i n s p e c t ion c r i te r i a and frequency .
I n order to
e ncour age greater pub l ic partic ipation i n t h e p i p e l i n e s a fety
rul emak ing and po l icy d eve lopment proce s s , D OT h a s formed an
adv i sory c omm i t te e , the H a z ardous L iqu i d s P ip e l i n e S a fe t y
Stand ards Commi ttee , whi ch gives it independent adv i c e o n a n
ongo ing b a s i s .
Dur ing the current Congre s s ion a l s e s s ion , a d e t a i l e d rev i ew
o f the NGP SA and the HLPSA h a s been unde rtake n , and a number o f
amendmen t s were propo s ed , s ome o f whi c h were enac ted into l aw i n
October 1 9 8 8 .
The i ndus try gene ra l ly s upported th i s l e g i s l at ive i n i t i a
tive .
C e r t a i n o f t h e provi s ions , s u c h a s tho s e p e r t a in ing to
one- c a l l s y s tems and pen a l t i e s for wi l l fu l ly d ama g i ng or de fac i ng
pipe l ine marker s , r e c e ived who l ehearted indus try s upport .
One
c a l l sys tems a l l ow anyone excavating to c a l l one te l ephone number
to noti fy p a r t i c i p a t i ng underground fac i l i ty own e r s of p l anned
a c t ivity in a g iven geogr aph ic are a .
The s in g l e large s t c au s e o f
ac c ident s h a s been third-party-excavator damage , and the l egi s l a
t ion d ir e c t s DOT to i s s ue min imum fede r a l r e qu i reme n t s f o r the
ope r a t i on o f one - c a l l s y s tems for adoption by the i nd iv i d u a l
s ta te s .
Other provi s io n s requ i re more frequent i n s pe c t i on s , author
i z e DOT to c o n s i d e r the need to i s s ue s tandard s for te s t ing and /
or certi fying i nd iv idua l s re spons i b l e for o p e r a t i on and ma inte
nance , and requi r e operators to provide mor e i n forma t i on re l a t i ng
to the i r f ac i l i t i e s .
The j o int e f fo r t s o f i ndus try and gover nment i n the a r e a o f
s a fety h ave demo n s t r ab l y c o ntr i buted to e n s u r ing that p ip e l i n e s
have bee n , are , a n d wi l l be the c ountry's s a fe s t mode o f c rude
-
30
-
o i l and petrol eum produ c t transportati on .
F i gure 4 c omp a r e s the
s a fe ty records of d i f ferent mode s o f transpo r t a t ion .
Pub l i c and Per sonne l S a fety
Dur ing the p a s t s everal years , the p ip e l ine i ndu stry and DOT
have taken i n i t i a t ive s to deve lop and promote c lo s e r contact be
twe en petro leum p ipe l i nes and membe r s o f the pub l i c who l ive near
pipe l i ne fac i l i t i e s .
DOT regu l at i ons requ ire each operator t o
e s t ab l i sh c on t i nu i ng pub l ic educ a tion a c t i vi t i e s to e n a b l e the
pub l ic , appropr i a te government organ i z at ions , and p a r t i e s i n
volved i n exc ava t i on to recogn i z e a pote n t i a l h a z ardou s l iquid
pipe l ine emergency and to report i t to the operator , the f i r e
department , p o l ice , or o ther pub l i c s a fety organ i z at io n .
L iqu id p ipe l ine sys tem operators have deve l oped p rogr ams to
meet th i s need .
Pub l ic educ ation programs typ i c a l ly inc lude d i s
tribut ion o f in forma t i o n a l brochures and c a l e n d a r s , p e r s o n a l con
tact o n a periodic b a s i s with re s idents and fire and po l i c e
o f f i c i a l s a long t h e r i ght-o f-way , spo n s or s h i p o f pub l ic s ervice
announc eme n t s on te levi s ion and radio , and d i s tribution of educa
tiona l mater i a l s to e xcavator s .
The indu s try a l s o h a s s upported the need for c lo s e c oopera
tion betwe en l iqu id pipe l ine comp a n i e s and pub l i c agenc i e s
charged with r e s pon s ib i l ity f o r eme rgency re spons e .
The indus try i s deve loping in formation to a s s i s t pub l ic
agenc i e s in learning how pe tro leum p i pe l in e s operate and how
pipe l i n e s and agenc i e s c a n c ooperate i n the event o f a n eme r
gency .
Compan i e s currently provide pub l ic o f f i c i a l s wi th
mate r i a l s a fe ty d a t a s h e e t s as requ i re d by the Occupa t i o n a l
S a fety a n d H e a l th Admin i s tr a t ion .
P e r s onne l t r a in ing i s a c r i t i c a l c omponent o f e ac h c ompany ' s
s a fety program and i s another are a regu l a ted by DOT .
The i ndu s
try spo n s or s a pipe l ine te chno logy s choo l with the Un i ve r s i ty o f
Texas and ho l d s regu l ar conferenc e s o n new deve l opme n t s in tech
no logy and p i pe l ine d e s ign and operating pract i c e s .
DOT requ i r e s
each company t o e s t ab l i sh a n d document ope r a t i on s , ma intenance ,
E a c h company i s r e qu i red to e nsure
and emergency proc edure s .
that its emp loyee s are fami l i ar with the s e procedure s .
Envi ronmental Regu lation
Pe tro leum p i p e l i n e s en j oy s ever al n a tura l advan t a g e s over
other modes of transportation in terms of the env i ronment .
They
operate prima r i ly underground in c l o s ed s y s tems a nd c au s e min imum
interference to the pub l i c , above -ground tra f f ic , and a i r and
P ip e l i n e s are u su a l l y c omp a t i b l e w i t h o th e r forms
water qua l ity .
of l and u s e .
Dur ing the l a s t de c ad e , a s s o c i e ty h a s become mor e c o n s c ious
of the need to protect the environment , a numbe r of l aws and reg
ulations have b e e n enacted that d irec t ly a f fe c t pe tro l e um p i p e
lines .
P etro l eum p ipe l in e s a r e sub j ec t to t h e requ i reme n t s o f
- 31 -
PASSENGER CARS
2 4 ,835
LARGE TRUCKS
837
��-..-- P E DAL CYCLES
TOTAL
H IG HWAY
943
46,330
MOTORIZED CYCLES
3,971
OTH ER
H IG HWAY --�
PICKUP TRUCKS & VANS
1 ,0 1 3
7,948
ALL OTH ER
MODES
TRAN S P O RT AT I O N F ATALITI ES*
49,306- I N 1 987
2,976
RECREATIONAL
1 ,036
GENERAL
AVIATION
805
GRADE CROSSING
(61 7r·
RAILROAD
591
MARINE
1 ,21 7
AVIATION
1 , 160
P IPELINE
8...
ALL OTH ER M O D ES
**
Prelim inary estimates
The grade crossing fatalities are counted in the h ighway and rail categories.
Natural Gas pipelines accounted for all 8 fatalities. Liquid pipelines had 0 fatalities.
SOURC E : National Transportation Safety Board, Washington, D.C.
Figure 4. Safety Record of Different Modes of Transportation.
- 32 -
many s tatute s for wh ich the Environmental Prote c t i o n Agency ( E PA )
i s the primary regu l atory agency .
The se inc lude t h e C l e an Water
Ac t , the C l e an Air Act , the S a fe Drinking Water Ac t , the Re s ource
Conservation and Re covery Act , and the Comprehens ive Environ
mental Re spon s e Compensat ion and L i ab i l i ty Ac t .
The s e l aws have
provided sweep ing new autho r i ty to l imi t po l lu t i o n into the en
vironment .
Examp l e s inc lude d i s charge s to groundwater and the
improper h and l ing o f h a z ardous wa s t e s and o ther by-produ c t s o f
indu s t r i a l a c t ivity .
Mo s t o f the se l aws a l s o provide a s igni f i
c a n t enforcement r e s pons ib i l i ty for the s tate s .
Economic Regu l ation
S ince 1 9 0 6 , o i l pipe l ines engaged in inte r s tate c omme rce
have been regu l ated under c e r t a i n prov i s ions of the I nte r s ta te
Comme rce Ac t .
The n ature o f th i s regu l a t i on h a s been two- fold ;
to ensure that the rates charged by p ipe l i ne s are " j u s t and r e a s
onable , " a n d t h a t s h ippe r s h ave acce s s to t h e l ine s o n a non
d i s c riminatory b a s i s .
From 1 9 0 6 unt i l the 1 9 7 0 s , the Inter s t a te Comme r c e Commi s
s i o n exerc i s ed regu l a tory j ur i sdict ion over t h e c a r r i e r s .
Shipper c omp l a in t s we r e few and the Comm i s s ion adopted a " l ight
handed " approach , not undertaking regu l atory p r o c e e d i n g s wi thout
a comp l a i n t and e s ta b l i shing rate-o f - r e turn guide l i ne s that
encouraged indu s try inve s tment and deve lopment .
I n 1 9 7 7 , the Department o f Energy Author i z at i on Ac t t r an s
ferred ec onomic regu l atory j uri s d i c t i o n o f o i l p i p e l i n e s under
the I nters tate Comme rce Ac t from the I n te r s ta t e Comme r c e Commi s
s ion to FERC .
At that t ime , the F arme r s Union c a s e was pending be fore the
United States Court o f Appe a l s for the D i s t r i c t of C o l umb i a .
Th i s c a s e wa s an inqu iry into the rate-ba s e me thodo logy and rates
of return that had been app l i c able to oil p i p e l i n e s for 40 year s ,
and wh ich had recently been re a f f irmed by the fu l l I n te r s ta te
Comme rce Commi s s ion .
In 1 9 7 8 , a t the reque s t o f FERC , the C ourt o f Appea l s re
manded F armer s Union to FERC for further proc e e d i n g s " to attempt
for i t se l f t o bui ld a v i ab l e modern precedent for u s e in future
cases . "
The c a s e was again appe a l ed to the Court o f Appe a l s , and in
March 1 9 8 4 , that C ourt aga i n remanded the c a s e to FERC for fur
ther proc e e d ings , not ing tha t the Commi s s ion " mu s t c ar e fu l ly
scrut i n i z e the rate base and rate o f return methodo l o g i e s to s e e
that they wi l l ope rate toge ther t o produce a j u s t a n d r e a s onab l e
rate . "
The Court a l s o noted that the rate o f return shou l d take
account of the r i s k s as soc iated with the regu l a t e d enterpr i s e .
In June 1 9 8 5 , wi thout add i t ional evident i ary h e ar ings , FERC
i s sued Opinion 1 5 4B .
Th i s opin ion adopted the concept o f a
trended o r i g i na l - c o s t rate b a s e for the indu s try without , how
ever , r e s o lving a number o f fundamental que s t io n s , inc luding the
- 33 -
appropr i a te r a te ( s ) o f re turn to be app l i e d .
Other fundame n t a l
i s sue s , s uc h a s r a t e d e s i gn , were n o t addre s s e d .
The s e matt e r s
were l e ft t o be r e s o lved on a c a s e -by- c a s e b a s i s .
The F a rme r s Union c a s e wa s again appe a le d ,
that appe a l was vacated with the consent o f a l l
the b a s i s o f a s e ttlement that had been entered
tho s e having a f inanc i a l i ntere s t in the c a s e .
howeve r , d i d not r e s o lve any o f the fundame n t a l
b u t s ub s eque n t l y
the part ie s on
i nto b e tween
That deve lopme n t ,
i s s ue s .
S ince the i s s uance o f Op i n i on 1 5 4B in 1 9 8 5 , a numbe r o f
c a s e s have been c ommenced a t FERC wh ich a ttempt t o r e s o lve que s
tions o f r ate b a s e , r a te o f re turn , and other i s su e s l e ft unr e
None o f the s e c a s e s h a s b e e n d e c i de d by
s o l ved by t h a t Op inion .
FERC .
Further , F E RC h a s d ivided one o f the s e c a s e s i nto two
s tage s , the f i r s t be ing a n inqu i ry into que s t ions o f c ompe t i t i on
and the p r e s e n c e or ab sence o f market power .
Whe n any d e c i s i o n s
c an be expected i s p u r e speculation .
Ten y e a r s o f a dm i n i s tr a t i ve
and j ud i c i a l proceedings with no re s o lu t i on o f fundament a l i s s u e s
r e l a t i ng to the e c onom i c regu l ation o f the indu s t r y h a s cre ated
an a tmo s phere of unc e r t a inty , particularly r e l at ing to both
pre sent and future p i pe l in e inve s tment s .
During the l a s t seve r a l years , indus try and the gove rnme nt
have been se eking way s to r e s o lve th i s re gu l atory and j ud i c i a l
mora s s .
One prom i s ing approach was t o s eek l e g i s l at ion f rom the
Congre s s that wou l d e i ther appropr i a t e l y amend the I nt e r s tate
Commerc e Ac t or c r e a te a new and part i a l ly deregu l a ted environ
ment .
I n thi s e f for t , beginning in 1 9 8 1 , s evera l b i l l s we r e
introduced i n both the S enate and the Hou s e o f Repre s e nt a t ive s ,
and nume rou s hearings we r e conducted on the me a s ur e s .
In 1 9 8 2
and 1 9 8 3 the Adm i n i s tr a t ion te s t i f ied in f avor o f d e re gu l a t i n g
the indus try .
W i th i n the p a s t year , a s a r e s u l t o f nume rous me e t in g s b e
tween the Adm i n i s trat ion a n d intere s ted p a r t ie s , s ign i f i cant
progr e s s h a s been made i n d r a fting legi s l a t io n tha t addre s s e s
carr ier needs for e conomic deregu l a t i on a s we l l a s sh ipper c on
I n the
c erns f o r s a feguard s a ga i n s t d i s c r iminatory treatme n t .
fa l l o f 1 9 8 8 , c omprehens ive deregu l ation b i l l s ( S - 2 7 7 0 and
H R- 5 2 8 9 ) wer e s ubmi tted to the Congre s s a nd are gen e r a l ly
suppor ted by the indu s try .
Under th i s b i l l , o i l p ip e l i n e s wou l d b e econom ic a l l y de regu
lated as to the s ett ing of rate s , but a s h i pper wou l d h ave an
opportun i ty to c ha l l enge the c omp e t i t ivene s s of an ind ividu a l
market ; a n d t h e U . S . Department o f E nergy , a ft e r a n adm i n i s tr a
t ive proceeding , wou l d dec ide whe ther o r n o t t h a t market s hou l d
cont inue t o be regul ated .
Further , c ommon - c arr i e r ob l i ga t i o n s
wou l d r emain in e f fe c t t o e n s ure nond i s c r iminatory t r e a tment o f
sh ipper s .
The b i l l , s ubmi tted i n September 1 9 8 8 , r e f le c t s the
ration a l i z ation o f two b i l l s previou s ly introduced in the
- 34 -
Congre s s :
the Admin i s tr a t ion ' s b i l l and the b i l l s upported by
the o i l pipel ine i ndus try .
Both legi s l at ive propo s a l s r e f l e c t
the emerging c o n s e n s u s that deregu l ation o f o i l p i p e l ine r a t e s i s
now both appropr i ate and nec e s s ary .
The importance o f th i s c ommon con s e n s u s c annot be over
empha s i z e d ; there i s no d i s agreement betwee n the indu s try and the
execut ive br anch o f the government as to the need for regu l atory
re form .
One of the ma j or cha l l enge s of the l O l s t Congre s s i s
that a c t i on mu s t be taken i n a t ime ly manne r t o remove the c l oud
of uncerta inty wh i ch now preva i l s in the area o f p i pe l ine rate
regu l a t i on .
CRUDE O I L P I PEL INE SYSTEMS
The crude o i l p ipe l ine indu s try ' s current po s i t ion i s shown
in Table 2 and c l e a r l y re f l e c t s shi fting supp l y - a nd -demand trend s
that have taken p l a c e over the p a s t dec ade .
Crude o i l barre l
mi leage fe l l dur ing the 1 9 7 9 - 1 9 8 7 period , re f l e c t ing lower r e
f inery runs , shor te r h au l s , incre a s ing Canadian impo r t s , and
shi fting import patter n s .
Th i s leave s the indu s try with s ub s tan
tial unu sed crude o i l p ipe l i ne c apac ity .
The r e d o not appe a r to
be any maj or log i s t i c a l problems on the h or i z o n that are beyond
the indus try ' s abi l i ty to hand l e .
TABLE 2
1 9 8 7 P IPELINE MOVEMENTS OF CRUDE O I L BETWEEN PADDs
( Thous and s of B arre l s per Day)
From
PADD
I
PADD
II
To
PADD
I II
PADD
IV
PADD
v
PADD
I
X
0
0
0
0
PADD
II
1
X
75
20
0
PADD I I I
0
1 , 418
X
0
0
PADD
IV
0
198
59
X
0
PADD
v
0
0
20
0
X
- 35 -
Ove r a l l D e s c r ipt ion o f Crude O i l Moveme nts
Re f inery r e qu i reme n t s are the u l timate d e t e rminant o f c rude
Re f i nery throughput f i gure s
o i l movements i n the United States .
r e f l e c t the s igni f ic ant change s that have taken p l a c e i n the
crude o i l p ipe l ine sys tem between 1 9 7 9 and 1 9 8 7 .
For examp l e ,
tota l r e f i n ery c rude o i l runs droppe d from 1 4 . 6 MMB / D i n 1 9 7 9 to
1 2 . 9 MMB / D in 1 9 8 7 , a 1 2 . 2 percent de c l i ne .
A low o f 1 1 . 7 MMB / D
was reached i n 1 9 8 3 , s ome 2 0 . 2 percent be low 1 9 7 9 .
I n 1 9 8 7 , re f inery runs in PADD I I we re down by 8 8 5 MB / D , a
decl ine o f 2 3 . 7 percent s ince 1 9 7 9 , a lmo s t twi c e the n a t i o n a l
Re finery runs on the We s t Co a s t ( PADD V ) we re up by 7 8
average .
MB / D , or 3 . 3 percent over 1 9 7 9 .
The dec l ine in re finery runs in PADD I I h a s c au s ed a d r a s t ic
reduc t ion in l ong-h aul p ipe l i ne movements from PADD s I I I and I V
into PADD I I .
I n mo s t c a s e s , the ma j or l ines from Texa s , Ok la
homa , and the Rocky Mount a i n region to the S t . Loui s , C h i c ago ,
and Detro i t are a s s u f fered heavy volume r educ t ions with the im
Sh ipme n t s out
pact on barr e l -mi l e s be ing even more pronounc e d .
of PADD IV wer e a l s o l imited becau s e of re f inery requ i r emen t s in
the Rocky Moun t a i n area .
Dome s t i c produc t ion i s ano ther key factor that prov i d e s a
pic ture o f the u t i l i z at ion o f crude o i l p i pe l ine s for c rude o i l
Wh i l e dome s t i c produc tion c l imbed gradu a l ly be tween
moveme n t s .
1 9 7 9 and 1 9 8 5 , the p r i c e co l l ap s e of 1 9 8 6 h a s contr ibuted to a
At the s ame t ime ,
6 2 2 MB / D d e c l ine over the p a s t two years .
tot a l A l a s k an prod u c t i on h a s i ncre a s ed s te ad i ly over the 1 9 7 9 1 9 8 7 per iod , ave r aging a lmo s t 2 MMB / D l a s t ye ar .
PADD I
PADD I re finer i e s are fed pr imar i ly by waterborne fore i gn
imports de l ivered i nto the mid-At l an t i c Co a s t .
To a s igni f i
c an t ly l e s s e r extent , C an ad i an impo rts a r e r e c e i ved at Warren ,
Pennsy lvan i a , v i a the I nterprovinc i a l - K i a tone p i pe l in e s .
I n l and
waterway movemen t s o r i g i n at ing in Ohio s erve the spe c i a l ty r e
f i n i n g a r e a s i n we s tern P ennsylvan i a .
PADD I I
C anad i a n c rude o i l sh ippe d through I nterprovinc i a l P ip e l i ne
i s a ma j or supply s ou r c e for the Great Lake s region .
V i r tu a l l y
a l l o f the 4 6 5 MB / D o f C an ad i an crude o i l proc e s s ed in PADD I I i n
1 9 8 7 e ntered t h e d i s tr i c t v i a I nterprovinc i a l P ipe l i ne .
The
we s tern port ion o f th i s region , cons i s ting p r ima r i ly of r e f i n e r s
i n t h e Twin C i t i e s , r e c e ive s North D akota p roduct ion and a m i n i
m a l amount o f for e i gn c rude o i l p ipe l ined v i a the U . S . Gu l f Co a s t
into Wood R ive r , I l l i n o i s .
Rocky Moun t a in ( PADD I V ) c rude o i l
produ c t i on a l s o arr ive s a t Wood River .
I n add i t ion to C anad i an supp l y through Lakehead P ip e l i ne ,
the U . S . e xten s ion o f I nterprovinc i a l P ipel ine , c rude o i l s upply
- 36 -
for the e a s tern Gre at Lake s region i s provided from several o ther
ma j or s ource s includ i ng :
Rocky Moun t a in c rude o i l de l ive red by
P l atte , Amoco , and c onne c t ing carrie r s ; fo r e i gn import s tran s
ported from the Gu l f o f Mex i c o acro s s C ap l ine and connec t ing
carriers ; Texas produ c t i on mov ing northe a s te r l y over the Mid
Va l ley and Mob i l sys tems ; and Texa s / Mid-Conti nent crude o i l
sh ippe d acro s s the Midwe s t into Chic ago v i a the Amoco and ARCO
pipe l ine s .
In add i t i on , Texas /Mid-Cont inent produc t i on ente r s
the lower Midwe s t through the O z ark pipe l in e i n t o Wood River .
The Mi s s i s s ippi River and connect ing waterway s provide s t i l l
another supply l ine both into and within PADD I I .
The PADD I I re f iners loc ated in the Mid- Cont i nent are s up
p l ied predominan t l y by PADD II and We s t Texas produc t io n t r an s
ported ove r ma j or pipe l i ne sys tems inc luding Amoco a n d B a s in .
The recently reve r s e d ARCO P ipe l ine now provi de s the potent i a l to
feed fore ign impor t s into PADD II via p ipe l ine from the u. s. Gu l f
Coa s t .
PADD I I I
I n add i t ion to prov id ing supp ly for the Mid-Continent and
Midwe s t , We s t Texa s / New Me x i c o crude o i l is t r a n s po r te d south e a s t
to Texas Gu l f C o a s t r e f iners .
The s e r e f in e r s a r e a l s o supp l ied
by waterborne fore i gn imports and PADD V produc t ion .
PADD V
vo lume s , con s i s t ing largely o f ANS and C a l i fo r n i a Outer C o n t i
nental She l f ( OC S ) c rude o i l s , move into the Gu l f C o a s t re gion
aboard tankers ( through the P anama Canal or a round the s outhern
tip of South Ame r i c a ) or acro s s the newly c o n s tructed All Ame r i
c an P ipel ine , f l owing e a s t from the S anta B arbara a r e a a n d c on
nec t ing with ma j or p i pe l ine sys tems in Texa s .
E a s t Texa s c rude o i l produc t i on i s p ipe l ined to l oc a l re
fine r i e s and re f i nerie s in Lou i s iana and the Texas Gu l f Coa s t .
Re fine r i e s located in southern Lou i s iana mee t s up p ly requ i reme n t s
primar i ly w i t h Lou i s i an a onshore and o f fshore produ c t io n a nd
mar ine tran s fers o f fore i gn impo rts or ANS c rude o i l into the
area .
PADD IV
PADD IV i s a n e t c rude o i l exporter to other PADD s , sh ipp ing
vo lume s e a s tward into K a n s a s , Mi s s ouri , and I l l ino i s over the
Amoco and P la t te p ip e l i n e s .
Imports into the r e g i o n , howeve r ,
are a l s o s igni f i c ant , with C anad i an imp o r t s mov i n g s outh to re
f in e r i e s located in Montana , Wyoming , and C o l orado ac r o s s the
Continenta l and T e x ac o / Butte s ys tems .
PADD V
Dome s t ic produ c t i on i n PADD V i s e i ther r e f in e d o n the
We s te rn S e aboard or e xported on mar ine ve s s e l s to r e f iner i e s on
the u. s. Gu l f C o a s t and Atlantic C o a s t .
Re c en t l y , the A l l
Ame r i c an P ip e l ine h a s c ommenced ope r a t i on s , t r a n s p o r t ing PADD V
crude o i l e a s t into PADD I I I .
- 37 -
Impo r t s
The p e ak y e a r f o r c rude o i l impo rts w a s 1 9 7 7 .
B e twee n 1 9 7 9
and 1 9 8 3 , c rude o i l impor t s dropped f rom 6 . 5 MMB / D to 3 . 3 MMB / D .
Re cen t l y , however , dec l in ing Lower- 4 8 produc t io n and i n c re a s in g
demand c omb ined to i n c re a s e c rude o i l impor t s to a lmo s t 4 . 7 MMB / D
The s e inc r e a s e s a r e expec ted t o c o n t i nue .
Crude o i l
in 1 9 8 7 .
impor t s b y PADD are i l lu s t rated i n Tab l e 3 .
F o l l owing a s h i f t in C anadian crude o i l export po l ic y , im
ports o f C anad i a n c rude o i l incre a s ed s h arp l y b e tween 1 9 7 9 and
1 9 87 .
In 1 9 8 7 , the U n i ted S t ates imported 6 0 8 MB / D from Canad a ,
repre s e n t i n g a 1 2 4 percent i ncre a s e over the 1 9 7 9 l eve l .
The
ma j or i ty o f C anad i an vo lume goe s to re f in i ng cente r s in the Upper
Midwe s t ( PADD I I ) .
D e s p ite shi fting pattern s , the Gu l f C o a s t
cont inue s to be the gateway for approximat e l y 6 0 percent o f the
nation ' s imported crude o i l .
TABLE 3
F ORE I GN CRUDE O I L IMPORTS B Y PADD
( Thou sands o f Barre l s per D ay )
PADD
IV
PADD
v
u.s.
Tot al *
2 , 969
65
528
6 , 519
530
1 , 734
38
210
3 , 329
870
2, 431
65
197
4 , 674
PADD
I
PADD
II
PADD
III
1979
1 , 432
1 , 526
1983
817
19 87
1, 111
% D e c l ine
1 9 79 - 1 9 8 7
( 22 . 4)
( 43 . 0)
( 18 . 1)
0
( 62 . 7)
( 28 . 3 )
*To t a l s may not add due to independent round i n g .
Change s S ince 1 9 7 9
Operat ing U . S . c rude o i l d i s t i l l a t i o n r e f in in g capac i t y
peaked in 1 9 8 1 at a lmo s t 1 8 . 1 MMB / D a n d by 1 9 8 8 s tood a t ove r
1 5 . 0 MMB /D .
Dec l i n ing con sumption h a s contr ibuted to the per
manen t c lo s ing or mo thba l l ing of the n a t i o n ' s l e a s t e f f i c i e n t
a n d acc e s s ib l e r e f in in g c apac ity , wi th much o f th i s reduc t i o n
occur r in g in the Mid-Cont i nent and Midwe s t .
Th i s me ant a s ig
n i f i c a n t d e c l i n e i n p ipe l i ne movements from t h e Gu l f Co a s t t o
the interior .
The S e away ( a 5 0 0 -m i l e , 3 0 - inch l i ne ) and Texoma
- 38 -
( a 4 5 7-mi le , 3 0 - i nch l ine ) p i pe l ine s , wh i c h c onnected the e a s tern
Gu l f C o a s t of Texas w i th the Cush ing , Okl ahoma a r e a , were b u i l t
By
in the mid- 1 9 7 0 s s pe c i f i c a l l y t o move fore ign c rude o i l s .
1 9 8 4 , S eaway and Texoma we re c onver ted to natu r a l gas s ervi c e
with a f l ow reve r s a l to sou th from north .
Both C ap l ine and
Mid-Va l ley p ip e l ine throughput fe l l dur ing the s ame p e r i od .
In
addi t ion , the P a l ine P ip e l ine Sys tem from B eaumon t t o Longvi ew in
E a s t Texas wa s a l s o s o ld for convers ion to a l t e rn a t ive s e rv ic e .
The c onvers ions o f S e away and Texoma reduc e d capac ity from PADD
I I I to PADD I I by 6 0 0 MB / D .
F o l lowing the s e c onver s ions , two crude o i l l in e s running
north from the e a s tern Gu l f C o a s t of Texas rema i ne d in s e rv i ce .
Sun P ipe Line opera t e s a 1 0 - inch , 3 5 MB / D p ipe l in e from Neder l and
to Longview , Texas , where it c onnec t s with Mid-Va l l e y pipe l in e
ARCO operat e s a c omb i n a
and u l t imately the Upper O h i o V a l l ey .
t i o n gather ing- trunk l i ne s y s tem , wh ich c o l l e c t s c rude o i l in
E a s t Texa s and j o i n s the c ompany ' s Houston-Jac k s boro l ine at
Wortham , Texa s .
Th i s sys tem wa s made reve r s ib l e in 1 9 8 7 .
Southbound c apac i ty i s e s timated to be approx ima te ly 1 7 0 MB / D .
Northbound capac i ty , from Jacksboro to C u s h ing , i s 1 0 0 MB / D .
The Lou i s iana O f f shore O i l Port ( LOOP ) and the c onnec ting
LOCAP pipel ine sys tem c ame on s tream in 1 9 8 1 .
LOOP was bu i l t to
meet the need for h and l ing a s te ady incre a s e i n import vo l ume s ,
part i c u l a r ly long-h au l imports transported from the Middle E a s t
b y l arge crude o i l c a rr ier s .
Whi le LOOP was l arge ly underut i l i z e d in i t s e a r l y ye a r s ,
supp ly patterns have been shi ft ing and contr ibut ing to i n c re a s ed
throughput .
Betwe en 1 9 8 5 and 1 9 8 7 , incre a sed e conomic a c t iv i ty
and lowe r o i l p r i c e s have contributed to an increa s e i n con sump
t ion o f about 1 MMB / D ; at the s ame time , with l ower o i l pr i ce s ,
dome s t ic product ion dropped by more than 6 0 0 MB / D .
The r e s u l t
h a s been a return t o r i s ing crude o i l import leve l s , with
Bec au s e o f a
imports reach ing about 5 MMB / D by early 1 9 8 8 .
s igni f ic ant incre a s e in l ong-haul foreign crude o i l coup led with
us age of sma l l e r- s i z ed ve s s e l s than o r i g i n a l l y con temp l a te d , LOOP
is now opera t i ng at a sub s tant i a l l y h i gher leve l o f u t i l i z at ion .
The five s torage s i te s and re l ated f ac i l i t i e s l o c a t e d a l ong
the Lou i s iana and E a s t Texas Gu l f Coas t , wh ich make up the S tra
tegic Pe tro leum Re s erve ( S PR) , had an inventory of 5 6 0 mi l l ion
Thi s comp a r e s with an S PR
barre l s of crude oil at year- end 1 9 8 8 .
The S P R shou l d reach
inventory o f 9 1 mi l l ion a t the end o f 1 9 7 9 .
i t s maximum invento ry of 7 5 0 mi l l ion barre l s in 1 9 9 4 , under an
ticipated f i l l rates .
Eme rgency d i s tr ibution o f SPR invento r i e s was o r ig ina l l y
planned through thre e ma j or p ipel ine sys tems - - S e away , Texoma ,
and Capl ine - - but the conve r s ions o f Se away and Texoma to n a tu
ra l g a s s ervice e l iminated much o f th i s d i s tr ibut i o n capab i l i ty .
Although Se away i s no longe r an option , t i e - i n s s t i l l e x i s t to
A new p i pe l i ne wa s l a id
the Phi l l ip s sys tem a t F reeport , Texas .
to conne c t the S P R Bryan Mound s torage fac i l i ty to ARCO at Texas
- 39 -
C i ty .
The lo s s o f Texoma i s e xpec ted to be r e c ouped b y a p ipe
l ine conne ct ing We s t H ackberry , Loui s i ana , w i th L ake Char l e s ,
Lou i s iana , a s we l l a s by improvements and add i t i o n s to mar i ne
termina l s a t Lake Char l e s and Neder l and , Texas .
A d i r e c t p ipe
l i ne conne c t ion to C ap l ine i s b e ing cons truc ted a t S t . J ame s ,
Lou i s i ana , and a d d i t i o n a l dock f ac i l i t i e s are s chedu l ed for
conne c t i on to Cap l ine .
Whe n the se modi f i c a t i on s are c omp l e te d in
1 9 9 2 , S P R drawdown capab i l i t i e s wi l l be 4 . 5 MMB / D .
Dr awdown
capab i l i t i e s were tes ted in 1 9 8 5 at a l e s s e r capac ity .
The C anadian N a t io n a l Ene rgy P l an , de s i gne d to pre s e rve
Canad ian r e s ou rc e s , r e s u l ted in a redu c t i o n o f Canad i an expor t s
to t h e U n i te d S t a t e s be tween 1 9 7 9 a n d 1 9 8 3 .
F o l l owing the
revi s ion o f th i s po l i cy in 1 9 8 5 , import s o f C a n a d i a n c rude o i l
have mor e than doub l e d and the recently dra fted U . S . - C an ad i an
Free Trade Agreement i s e xp e c te d to cont inue th i s trend .
Four p r imary p ipe l ine sys tems move C anad i an c rude o i l into
The Trans -Mountain P ipe l i ne s erve s the
the Un i ted S tate s .
P ac i f ic Northwe s t ; the Continental and Texaco P ip e l i n e s s upply
the Rocky Mountain region ; and Lakehead P ipe l ine s erve s the Great
Lake s area through both its s outh and north l e g s .
The m a j o r i ty
o f Canadian impor t s move through the Lakehead s y s tem to C h i cago
and the Upper Ohio Val ley ; s ign i f ic ant vo lume s are d ive r t e d to
the Minne s o ta P ip e l ine at C l e arbrook , Minne s o ta .
I n re s pon s e to the forme r po l icy o f the C an ad i an government ,
Koch Indu s t r i e s , I nc . , cons tructed 1 5 0 mi l e s o f p i pe l ine to
connect the Wood River P ipe l ine Sys tem near S t . Loui s , M i s s ouri ,
to the Minne s o t a c rude o i l marke t .
Crude o i l c a n move to
Minn e so t a f rom the Gu l f C o a s t by e i ther b arge or C a p l ine to the
The Wood River S y s tem i s a l s o c onnec ted
Koch Woo d River Sys tem .
to Mid-Cont inent sources o f c rude o i l .
A t i e - in to P l atte ' s
2 0 - inch d iame t e r p i p e l ine sys tem a l l ows the de l ivery o f Rocky
Mountain s our c rude o i l into Minnes ota .
S ince 1 9 7 9 , produc t ion o f Canadian sweet c rude o i l h a s been
on the d e c l ine , wh i l e output of heavy o i l has incre a s ed .
Th i s
trend h a s c ontr ibuted t o cont inuing expan s ion o f the I nterprovin
c i a l / Lakehe ad S y s tem .
I t i s l ik e l y that a dd i t iona l capac i ty wi l l
eventua l ly b e requ i r e d t o transport C anad i a n c rude o i l i nto PADDs
I I and I V .
Produ c t i on f rom PADD V , exc luding A l a s k a , h a s inc re a s ed by
1 2 . 7 percent between 1 9 7 9 and 1 9 8 7 .
Wh i l e p i pe l in e a c t iv i ty h a s
d imin i s he d throughout much o f the country , i t h a s a c c e l e r ated in
Ca l i forn i a a s a r e s u l t o f i nc re a s ing product ion i n tha t s tate .
Mo s t o f the product ion i n c r e a s e has re s u l te d from s e condary and
I n re spon se , seve r a l m a j o r o i l
tert i ary re covery activi t ie s .
c ompanies h ave upgraded o r modern i z e d the i r p ipe l ine s y s tems .
At year-end 1 9 8 7 , two new maj or p i p e l i ne pro j ec t s were on
l ine and a th ird wa s e s s enti a l ly comp l e te .
The l arge s t o f the s e
pro j e c t s i s the A l l Ame r i c an P ipe l ine , a 3 0 - inch h e a te d h eavy- o i l
sys tem or i g inating i n S anta Barbara County , wh i c h wi l l even tu a l l y
- 40 -
Th i s i s the f i r s t l arge - d i ame ter p i pe l i ne
reach Hou s ton , Texas .
A pro j ec te d e xc e s s o f PADD
runn ing e a s tward from the We s t Coas t .
V produc tion , l arge ly OCS , was a ma j or force beh ind the l ine ' s
Al l Ame r i c an i s capab le o f mov ing both OCS and
cons truc t i on .
inland C a l i fornia produc tion , a s we l l a s ANS o i l , v i a a connec
tion with the Four Corner s y s tem in C a l i fo r n i a ' s Mo j ave D e s ert .
Inl and C a l i forn i a and ANS o i l be gan moving through the s ys tem i n
Ce leron Gathe r i ng Company h a s c o n s tructed a 1 6 - i nch
late 1 9 8 7 .
gather ing l i ne beginn ing i n the B e l r i dge area and conn e c t ing with
By b l ending
the Al l Ame r i c an s ys tem we s t o f Emi d io , C a l i fo r n i a .
l i ght and heavy c rude o i l s , the All Amer i c an s y s t em wa s mov i ng
unheated crude o i l a t year -end 1 9 8 7 .
The sec ond ma j or C a l i forn i a pro j e c t was the P o i n t Pederna l e s
sys tem ( see F igure 5 ) , or i g i n a t ing from o f fshore P l a t fo rm I rene
( B lock 4 4 1 ) , and terminat ing at Unoc a l Corpor a t i on ' s propr ietary
S a n Francisco
L
P. -�
N
O
EV
C!:::!_
:::.�
�
�
�R
H::_:
---�
..-
�!:6
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
BY P . L. TO S . F .
B Y P . L. TO COAST
__.--- B Y P . L T O COAST R E F I N E RY
BY P . L . TO L . A .
To Texas
San (}'
Miguel
POINT
P E D E RNALES
P.L.
0
Lompoc
Coastal Area
A LL A M E RICAN P . L .
La 's Flo res
To Leta Santa
0Barbara
Point
Arg u e l l
PO I NT
AR G U E LLO
P . L.
To S . F . & L.A.
by Water
I
V e ntu ra
FO U R
COR N E R S
P.L.
To G u l f Coast
by Water
- - - PROPOS E D
Q
\
Los A n g e les
P I P E LI N E CO N N E CTION
PAC I F I C
T E XAS
P . L.
Figure 5 . Southern California Crude Oil Pipeline System.
- 41 -
sys t em near Lompo c .
Throughput a t ye ar-end 1 9 8 7 was
approximat e l y 2 0 MB / D .
The P o i nt Argue l lo P ip e l ine s y s tem i s awa i t i n g s tart- up o f
produ c t ion from s eve r a l p l a t fo rms s outh o f B l ock 4 4 1 .
The 2 4 inch s y s t em w i l l b e c apab l e o f de l ivering a s much a s 1 0 0 MB / D to
Gavio t a , a mar i n e - pipe l i ne termina l we s t o f S an t a B arbara .
At
t h i s t ime , c rude o i l de l i vered into Gaviota wou l d have to b e
del ivered o u t v i a s h ip or b arge , b u t a cons truc t i o n perm i t f o r
conne c t i o n w i t h t h e A l l Amer i can s y s tem h a s been granted b y S an t a
Barbara County .
TAP S , wh i c h went o n l ine in 1 9 7 7 , i s a 4 8 - inch p ipe l ine
s tr e t c h i ng 8 0 0 mi l e s from P rudhoe B ay to the Port of Va l de z .
TAPS s t arted up with a c apac i ty o f 1 , 1 6 0 MB / D .
Add i t iona l pump
s ta t io n s r a i s e d mec h an i c a l c apac i ty to 1 , 4 2 0 MB / D in 1 9 8 0 .
An
innovat ive program o f drag- reduc t ion add i t ive i n j e c t ion , whi c h
began i n 1 9 7 9 , h a s r e s u l te d in TAPS c apac i t y inc r e a s ing to about
2 , 1 0 0 MB / D .
The i nc re a s e s in TAP S c apac i ty have kept p a c e wi th r i s ing
Prudhoe Bay current l y produc e s
Ala skan c rude o i l produc t i on .
The Kuparuk River Uni t , wh ich c ame o n s tream i n
1 , 6 0 0 MB / D .
December 1 9 8 1 , wa s produ c i n g 3 0 0 MB / D b y t h e beginn ing o f 1 9 8 8 .
The L i s burne Un i t , whi c h s tarted up i n D e c ember 1 9 8 6 , curren t l y
contr ibut e s about 5 0 MB / D to A l a skan produc t i on .
L a s t l y , the
Duck I s l and Un i t c ame o n l ine in October 1 9 8 7 a t about 1 0 0 MB / D .
Be s ide s TAP S , three c ommon- c ar r i e r p ipe l ine s y s tems operate
on the North S lope .
Kuparuk Transpo r t a tion Company ope r a t e s a
2 8 -mi l e , 2 4 - inch d i ameter p ipe l ine connec t i ng the Kuparuk River
Unit with TAP S Pump S t a t ion Number 1 .
M i lne P o i n t P ip e l i n e
Company own s a 1 0 -mi le , 1 4 - inch d i ame ter p ipe l i ne c o nne c t e d to
The M i lne Point sys tem s u s pended o p e r a t i o n s
the Kuparuk sys t em .
in January 1 9 8 7 d u e to t h e c o l l ap s e o f o i l p r i c e s and t h e moth
b a l l ing of Mi lne P o i nt produc t i on f ac i l i t ie s , wh i c h a c c ounted for
about 3 0 MB / D .
The End icott P ipe l ine Company s y s tem , whi c h
s ta rted ope r a t i o n s i n October 1 9 8 7 , i s a 2 5 -mi le , 1 6 - in c h d ia
meter p i p e l ine c onnec t ing the Duck I s l and Un i t to TAP S P ump
Station Number 1 .
The Duck I s l and Un i t i s to the e a s t o f P rudhoe
Bay , approximat e l y two m i l e s o f f shore i n the B e au fo r t S e a .
W i th the expo r t o f ANS crude o i l curren t l y prohib i te d by
fede r a l s tatute , A l a s k a n o i l that c anno t find a market on the
We s t Coa s t o r is no t s h ipped e a s t v i a p ipe l in e from the L o s
Ange l e s a r e a mus t move a round t h e t ip o f S outh Ame r i c a o r a c ro s s
the I s thmu s o f P an ama .
Unt i l l a te 1 9 8 2 , movemen t s acro s s P an ama
were e xc l u s ive ly by C an a l ; th i s requ ired t r an s sh i pment from Very
Large C rude Carr i e r s ( VLCC s - - ve s se l s in the approx imate 2 0 0 , 0 0 0
to 3 0 0 , 0 0 0 DWT c ap ac i ty r ange ) to sma l l e r t anke r s c ap ab l e o f
n avigat ing the Cana l .
The Tran s -Panama P i pe l in e S y s tem ( P ana
pipe ) , an a l tern a t ive to C a n a l movements , now unloads VLC C s at
the P ac i f ic port of Puerto Armue l l e s .
The o i l then f lows 8 2
mi l e s th rough a 4 0 / 3 6 - inch d i ame ter p ip e l ine to the A t l a n t i c port
of C h i r i qu i Grand e .
The sys tem h a s a c apac i ty o f 8 0 0 MB /D .
Th i s
h a s e l im i n a ted tanke r s wa i t ing t o navigate the Cana l , and permi t s
- 42 -
the u se o f optima l l y s i zed tankers to move A l a s k a n c rude o i l from
Dur ing the 1 9 8 2 - 1 9 8 7 p e r i od ,
Chir iqui Grande to the Gu l f C o a s t .
P anap ipe operated a t a h igh throughput l e ve l .
Future P l an s
At year- end 1 9 8 8 , the c rude o i l pipe l ine i ndu s try was
ac t ive l y invo lved i n a number of expans ion pro j e c t s .
F ou r o f
the se pro j ec t s had rece ived final approval o r h ad a l r e ady
progre s sed to the cons truc tion ph ase ( s ee T ab l e 4 ) .
I n add i t i on ,
two s i gn i fi c ant pro j e c t s - - the Ange l e s and P ac i f i c Te x a s p i p e
l ines - - h a d b e e n propo sed f o r the southwe s tern Un i te d S ta te s .
Ange l e s P ipe l ine
The Ange l e s P ip e l ine , or Southe rn C a l i forn i a P ip e l ine
Sys tem , is a propo s e d crude o i l pipe l i ne from Emi d i o , C a l i forn i a ,
to Lo s Ange le s .
Current l y , three compan ie s a r e p ar t i c ipat ing in
the s tudy phas e of th i s p i p e l ine :
Chevron , Texac o , and S he l l .
An Envi ronmental Impac t Report wa s i s s ue d e ar l ie r thi s year .
The propo s e d Ange l e s P ipe l ine wou ld be 1 4 0 m i l e s long and
I n i t i a l de s i gn capac i t y i s p l anned at
have a 3 0 - inch d i amete r .
3 0 0 MB / D with a max imum capac ity o f 5 0 0 MB / D .
The l i ne wou l d
move l o c a l S a n Joaqu in Val l ey heavy c rude o i l a n d S anta B arbara
Channe l c rude o i l via the All Ame r i c an P i pe l ine from Gaviota to
Emid io .
The e s t imated c o s t is $ 4 0 0 mi l l ion .
Conne c t ion p o i n t s in the Lo s Ange l e s B a s i n wou ld b e the Four
Corner s ' Hyn e s Tank F arm in Long Beach , the She l l Wi lmington
Re f inery , and the Texaco Wi lmington Re f i ne ry .
Pac i f i c Texa s P ipe l ine
The " Pac i f ic Texas P i pe l ine " i s a propo s ed c rude o i l pipe
l i ne from Long Beach , C a l i fornia , to Mi d l and , Tex a s .
The
" P ac i f i c Texa s P ip e l i n e Company " is in the perm i t t i ng p ha s e o f
th i s pro j ec t .
The f i n al environme n t a l s tudi e s and report s for t h i s pro j e c t
were approved in November 1 9 8 5 .
The C a l i forn ia Coa s ta l C omm i s
s ion approved the o f f- l oading fac i l it i e s i n S an Pedro B ay and h a s
ex tended the cons truc t i o n perm i t t o May o f 1 9 8 9 .
The proposed " P ac i f i c Texa s Pipe l ine " i s p l an ne d a s a 4 2 inch d i ameter l i ne des igned t o rece ive and transport ANS c rude
oil .
The l ine wou l d be 1 , 0 2 6 m i l e s long and wou l d h ave a c apa
c i ty of 9 0 0 MB / D .
The $ 2 b i l l ion pro j ec t wou ld inc lude two dredged s e a i s l ands
in Los Ange l e s H arbor for d i s ch arging ANS from VLCC s .
Summary
Desp i te the dramat i c s h i fts in dome s t i c s upp ly-demand p a t
tern s betwe en 1 9 7 9 and 1 9 8 7 , the p ipe l ine s egmen t o f the i ndu s try
-
43
-
TABLE
4
PRINCIPAL CRUDE OIL PIPELINE FUTURE EXPANSION PROJECTS PLANNED OR UNDER CONSTRUCTION IN
( 0 may indicate that no data were provided)
Pipeline
Com�
All American
,):>.
,):>.
I
Arco
Arco
Arco
Cllevron
DOE
Lakehead
lliillips P .L.
Pt . Arguillo
Location
McCamey T X to
Webster TX
Las Flores Canyon CA
to Gaviota GA
Santa Maria GA to
Sisquoc CA
Houston TX to
Wichita Falls TX
Houston TX to
Wichita. Falls TX
Houston TX to
Wichita Falls TX
San Joaquin Valley CA
to Los Angeles CA
St. James LA
West Hackberry LA to
Lake Char les LA
North Cass Lake MN
& Floodwood MN
& Superior WI
Bridger Lake Station UT
Pl atform Merriosa CA to
Gaviota CA
1988
Diameter
( Inche s )
Present
Capacity
(MB/D)
Approximate
Anticipated
Capacity
(MB/D )
Completion
Date
Type of
Expansion
Miles
New Line
512
30
0
300
New Line
11
24
0
300
New Line
24
24
0
150
Reversal
58
12
41
100
01/01/88
Reversal
152
18
41
100
10/ 10/88
Reversal
150
20
41
100
01/01/88
New Line
New Line
130
30
0
330
0 7/90
1
30
0
960
04/03/88
New Line
12
36
0
BOO
01/3 1/89
Horsepower
Unknown
0
0
0
0
1 1/01/88
27
6
12
18
09/30/88
New Line
26
24
0
100
0 7/88
has been ab l e to me e t the crude o i l requ i reme n t s o f the n a t i o n ' s
re finer i e s .
B a s e d on p r e s ent and pro j ec ted c rude o i l s upply
s ervic e s , a long w i th mode s t product-demand growth forec a s t
through the e a r ly 1 9 9 0 s , the ex i s ting sys tem ' s surp l u s c apac i ty
wou ld tend to be f i l led , bu t with minor mod i f ic a t i o n s , and expan
sions shou ld be ab l e to cont inue mee t ing tho s e needs .
PRODUCT P I PEL INE SYS TEMS
Ove r a l l D e s c r ipt ion of Product Movements
S imi lar to th e c r ude oil p ip e l i n e s network , the petro leum
product p ipe l ine indu stry ' s current po s i t ion re f l ec t s s igni f ic ant
In
change s in s upp ly and demand trends in the l a s t 1 0 ye a r s .
particular , the indus try h a s adapted t o s tructu r a l change s i n
supp ly sourc e s a s a r e s u l t o f re f inery c lo s ure s a n d s h i f t i ng
Wh i le a continued trend o f s upply re s tructur ing
import pattern s .
may be expected in the future , there do not appear to be any
s igni ficant log i s t i c a l problems that wou ld impede the pe tro leum
product p i p e l ine indu s try ' s ab i l ity to handle future demand s .
P roduc t p ipe l in e c o n f igurations are the reve r s e o f c rude o i l
pipe l ine c o n f iguration s .
Crude o i l l in e s gene r a l ly b e g i n from
sma l l - d i ame ter g athe r i ng l i ne s and incre a s e to much l arge r one s
as they approach the re f i ne r i e s .
Conve r s e l y , product p i pe l ine s
o ften s tart with large r - d i ame ter l ines a s they or i g in a te from the
re f ine r i e s and / o r wa ter por t s and bec ome sma l le r in d i ame te r a s
they arr ive a t s torage and loading termin a l s o r o ther e nd - u s e r
fac i l i t i e s .
Produ c t s move through the sys tem a t a r a te ranging
from three to e ight miles per hour , depending upon the d iame ter
of the p i pe l ine and the pres sure , a s we l l a s the d e n s ity and
v i s c o s i ty o f the product .
Accordingly , petro l eum produc t s
trave l ing in l ines from Hou s ton , Tex a s , wi l l arr ive in the N ew
York C i ty area with i n 1 4 to 2 2 days .
More than 5 0 d i f ferent grades o f re f ined p e t r o leum produc t s
f low through the transportation sys tem .
The s e inc lude s uc h
dive r s e produc t s a s l eaded a n d unleaded g as o l i ne s , home h e a t ing
o i l , aviation turbine fue l , keros ine , and d i e s e l fue l .
S ome
product p i pe l ine s a l s o move other type s o f spec i a l i ty produc t s
such a s l ique f i e d propan e , butane , ethane , anhydrous ammon i a ,
various feedstocks , and b l ending components f rom produc ing p l an t s
t o market termina l s .
D u r i n g 1 9 8 7 , the t o t a l a n n u a l movement o f
re f ined produ c t s by a l l c a r r i e r s amounted to 1 . 9 t r i l l i o n
barre l -mi l e s through t h e approx imately 7 2 , 0 0 0 mi l e p e t r o l eum
product p ipel ine ne twork .
F i gure 6 ge ne r a l ly dep i c t s the overa l l
f low o f petro leum produc t s within the p r imary p i p e l ine d i s t r ibu
tion network .
P e tr o l eum product pipelines p lay a ma j or r o l e in
the transportation of re f ined produ c t s from the ma j o r re f in i n g
cente r s , s u c h a s t h e Gu l f C o a s t , t o t h e ma j or c o n s uming are a s o f
the country ( s ee T ab l e 5 ) .
Change s S ince 1 9 7 9
E s c a l ating energy p r i c e s o f the e a r l y 1 9 8 0 s c oup l e d with
other e conomic factors led to reduced e conomi c a c t iv ity and ,
-
45
-
"""
0"1
Figure 6. Pipeline Movements of Petroleum Products Between
Petroleum Administration for Defense Districts (PADDs) .
TABLE 5
1 9 8 7 P I PELINE MOVEMENTS
OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS BETWEEN PADD s
( Thou s ands o f Barre l s per D a y )
PADD I
PADD I I
To
PADD I I I
PADD IV
PADD V
From
PADD
I
X
222
PADD
II
81
X
PADD I I I
2 , 070
0
PADD
IV
0
0
0
185
70
0
7 34
X
0
56
47
33
X
41
Sourc e :
Energy I n format ion Admi n i s tr a t ion , P et ro leum
Supp ly Annu a l , 1 9 8 7 .
cons equently , an over a l l reduc t ion in pe tro leum product demand .
By 1 9 8 3 , U . S . petrol eum product demand had f a l l e n 1 8 percent ,
from 1 8 . 5 MB / D to 1 5 . 2 MB / D .
I ncre a s ed ene rgy c o n s e rvation , the
lo s s of i ndu s tr i a l load , and end-use swi tching to n a tu r a l g a s a l l
contributed to the ove r a l l dec l ine i n demand .
S i nce 1 9 7 9 , con
servat ion me a sures have p l ayed a key role .
The amount o f petro
leum consumed per d o l lar of Gro s s National P roduct ( GNP ) c an be
used as a me asure of the gene r a l e f fe c t ivene s s of c o n s e rvation
I n te rms o f thou s and B r i t i s h therma l u n i t s ( BTU s ) con
e f forts .
sumed per 1 9 8 2 do l l ar of GNP , petro leum con sump t i on dec l i ned 3 0
percent from 1 2 . 1 9 in 1 9 7 9 to 8 . 5 4 in 1 9 8 7 .
D e s p i te a robu s t e conomy a fter the 1 9 8 2 rece s s ion , to ta l
U . S . pe tro leum product consump ti on rema i n s 1 0 percent be low 1 9 7 9
leve l s .
L ikewi se , wh i l e future demand i s e xp e c ted to i n c re a s e ,
1 9 9 2 demand i s not expec t e d to exceed 1 9 7 9 l e ve l s ( s ee T ab l e 6 ) .
D e s p i te the ove r a l l produc t-demand dec l i ne f rom 1 9 7 9 to
1 9 8 7 , re f ined product impo r t s to the U n i te d S tate s h ave in
creased by 7 . 5 percent ( s ee Table 7 ) .
Al though s ign i f i cant
incre a s e s h ave been w i tne s s ed in the Gu l f C o a s t ( PADD I I I ) , the
ch ange in the mix o f he avy and l ight product imp o r t s h a s reduced
the demand for trans fers from PADD I I I to PADD I .
Dec l in in g produc t d emand coupled w i th changing governme n t
regu lations led t o i n c r e a s ed pre s sure to e l iminate i ne f f i c ie nt
- 47 -
TABLE 6
u.s. PETROLEUM PRODUCT DEMAND
( Thous ands o f B arre l s per D a y )
% Change
1979
1983
1987
Mo tor G a s o l i n e
7 , 034
6 , 622
7 , 206
+2 . 4
7 , 310
D i s t i l l ate Fue l
3,311
2, 690
2, 976
-10 . 1
3 , 440
Re s idua l
2 , 826
1 , 421
1 , 264
-55 . 3
1 , 330
LPG
1 , 592
1 , 509
1, 612
+1 . 3
1 , 780
Other
3 , 749
2 , 989
3 , 606
-3 . 8
3 , 680
18 , 513
15, 231
16, 665
-10 . 0
17, 540
Total
1979-1987
1992
Sourc e :
Energy I n forma tion Admin i s tr a t i o n , Pe tro l eum
Supply Annu a l , 1 9 8 7 , and Annual Energy Outlook .
TABLE 7
REF INED P RODUCT IMP ORTS BY PAD D I STRICT OF ENTRY
(Thou s ands o f B arre l s per D ay )
PADD I
PADD I I
PADD I I I
PADD I V
PADD V
Total
u . s.
Ye ar
1979
1 , 520
1 89
79
23
126
1 , 937
1983
1 , 157
181
266
21
97
1 , 722
1987
1 , 404
107
388
19
86
2 , 004
( 7 . 6)
( 43 . 4 )
391. 1
17.4
(31 . 7)
% Change
1 9 7 9- 1 9 87
S ou rc e :
Ene rgy I n formation Admin i s tr a t ion , Petro l eum
Supply Annu a l , 1 9 8 7 .
-
48
-
3.5
re finer ie s .
The number o f re finer i e s ope r a t i ng i n the Un i te d
States de creased from 3 0 1 i n 1 9 7 9 t o 1 9 5 b y 1 9 8 7 , w i t h a r e s u lt
ing dec r e a s e in re f i ne ry d i s t i l l ation c apac i t y of approx imate ly 3
MMB / D .
Thi s trend was mo s t pronounced in PADD I I , where re f i ne ry
runs dec reased by 2 3 . 7 percent s ince 1 9 7 9 .
I n r e s ponse to the s e trends , the petro l eum product p ipe l ine
network adapted to accommodate changing s upp ly i n the l a s t 1 0
year s .
Over 3 , 7 3 2 mi l e s o f new , looped , and c onve rted l i ne s h ave
been p l aced i n product s e rvice wh i l e approximate ly 2 , 0 7 2 m i l e s o f
produc t l ine s have been taken out o f servi c e .
At the t ime o f the
l a s t NPC survey in 1 9 7 9 , 5 9 0 mi l e s o f new product p i p e l i n e s were
under c o n s truc t i on .
Further , 3 3 6 mi l e s of p i p e l ine l oop ing and
54 m i l e s of l ine replacement were a l s o under con s tru c t ion .
All
o f the s e pro j ec t s have been c ompl e ted .
S ince 1 9 7 9 , nume rous produc t p ipe l ine pro j ec t s h ave been
unde rtaken .
A c omp lete l i s ting i s contained i n Table 8 .
In
PADDs I and V , the c apac i t i e s o f produc t p ipe l in e s were i n
crea sed t o h andle increa s ed demand s wh i l e i n PADDs I I a n d I I I a
s ign i f icant change o c c urred i n p ipe l i ne s y stems to a c c ommodate
supp ly res tructur ing nece s s i tated by reduced crude o i l produ c t i on
and re finery shutdown s .
Notab le pro j e c t s w i th r e s p e c t to the s e
ad j u stments inc lude :
C o l o n i a l ' s c ap ac i ty expan s ion from the Gu l f
Coa s t t o the E a s t C o a s t v i a new l ines and i n c re a s ing c apac i ty on
ex i s t ing l i nes with hors epower expans ions ; Explorer ' s hor s epowe r
expan s ion and de-bo t t lenecking to prov ide add i t io n a l c apac i t y
between the Gu l f Co a s t a n d the Ch i c ago area ; Ph i l l ip s ' Borger ,
Texa s , to P ao l a , Kan s a s , 1 6 - inch l ine ; Texas E a s t e rn ' s 1 9 7 9
loop ing o f i t s e x i s t ing sys tem betwee n the Gu l f C o a s t and
Seymour , I n d i ana .
Within e ach PADD , numerous pro j e c t s h ave been c omp l e ted
s ince 1 9 7 9 to prov ide add i t io n a l c ap ac ity to a c c ommodate i n
c rea sed demand a n d changing sources o f s upply .
W i th i n PADD I I ,
the re h a s been a pronounced trend toward r e - o r i e n t ing pipe l i n e
systems t o h and l e s h i f t ing supp ly source s .
S ince 1 9 7 9 , app ro xi
mate ly 1 MMB /D o f re f i n ing c apac ity has been taken out o f s ervice
in PADD I I , re s u l t ing i n increa sed re l i ance on s up p l y from Gul f
Coast re f i ne r ie s a s we l l a s re finer i e s i n the N orthern T i e r that
have acce s s to C anad i an crude o i l .
No tab l e p ip e l ine pro j e c t s
inc lude W i l l i ams ' expan s ion and reve r s a l o f i t s p i pe l ine s y s t em
to pump produc t s from re f in e r i e s in Minn e s o t a and W i s con s in s outh
to I owa , South Dakota , and I l l i no i s .
L ikewi s e , Koch in 1 9 8 8 h a s
commenced opera t i on o f a new l i ne from the Twi n C it i e s are a t o
the Mad i s on and Mi lwaukee , W i s c o n s in , area .
Future P l ans
B a s ed on r e s po n s e s r e c e ived by the NPC f rom the recent
que s t ionnaire , product p ip e l ine c apac i ty is adequate for the
immediate future ( through 1 9 9 2 ) .
Mo s t ly , future pro j e c t s r e f l ec t
activi t i e s that wi l l remove the bott lenecks i n c e r t a i n p ip e l ine
sys tem f lows .
The ma j or i ty o f the pro j e c t s are i n PADD V , spe
c i f i c a l ly i n i t s s outhwe s tern region .
A new 2 0 - i nch l i ne from
- 49 -
TABLE 8
PRINC IPAL PETROLEUM PRODUCT PIPELINE FUTURE EXPANS ION PROJECTS PLANNED OR UNDER CONSTRUCTION IN 1988
(0 may indicate that no data were prov ided)
Pipeline
Com�
lT1
0
Project
Number
Buckeye
Colonial
3
1
2
Explorer
3
I Phi l l ips P . L .
72
Plantation
1
s.
Sun Pipe Line
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1
Union Pacific
2
1
Pacific
Location
JFK NY to Inwood NY
Knoxville TN Stubl ine
S . Albany GA to
Bainbridge GA
Port Arthur TX
to Tulsa OK
Alven T X t o Pasadena TX
Bremen GA to Austell GA
Colton CA to Phoenix AZ
Richmond CA to Concord CA
Pendleton Loop CA
Rosevi l le CA to Reno NV
Phoenix AZ to Tucson AZ
Watson CA to Colton CA
Orange Loop CA
Walnut Station CA
Line Between Icedale PA and
Syracuse (North Line ) NY
Newark NJ Eas t Line
Valley We ll CA
Approximate
Anticipated
Capacity
(MB/D)
Type of
Expans ion
Miles
Diameter
( Inches )
Present
Capacity
(MB/D)
New Line
Loop Line
6
20
12
16
108
0
0
0
Loop Line
51
12
31
64
536
41
28
28
12
10
477
85
0
477
100
0
01/01/88
03/3 1/89
03/31/88
257
26
25
23
112
62
19
0
20
16
16
10
16
16
16
0
112
60
112
38
0
0
105
290
175
175
138
46
50
115
112
340
01/3 1/89
0
0
0
6
0
0
16
126
58
17.6
160
65
07/01/89
Horsepower
New Line
Abandonment of
10" P/L
New Line
New Line
Loop Line
Replacement Line
Reversal
New Line
Loop Line
New Station
Drag Reducer
New Line
Horsepower
Comp letion
Date
03/3 1/88
05/01/89
Col ton , C a l i forn i a , to Phoen ix , Ar i z ona , w i l l provide a n add i
t ional 6 3 MB / D o f new c apac i ty t o a growing mark e t .
Tab l e 7 repr e s e n t s the re spon s e s that were r e c e ived by the
NPC from i t s 1 9 8 8 s urvey .
All in a l l , 4 5 7 mi l e s o f new l ine wi l l
b e added , wh i l e 4 4 mi l e s o f looping i s pro j e c t e d .
Add i t io na l ly ,
2 3 mi l e s o f p ipe l ine are expec ted to be r e p l a c ed .
S ince demand for pe troleum produc t s i s n o t expe c te d to in
cre a s e dramati c a l ly , i t is not surpr i s ing that no ma j o r change s
The
are p l anned by the pe tro leum produc t pipe l in e i ndu s try .
sys tem has proved ab l e to manage and r e s pond to changing s upply
pattern s , de-bo t t lenecking problem are a s and c ompen s a t i ng for
d i s rupt ions .
Summa ry
As me nt ioned previou s ly , envi ronmental i s su e s have had , and
wi l l cont inue to have , a s igni f icant imp a c t o n inve s tmen t in
r e f i n ing c apac i t i e s , terminal fac i l i t ie s , and product pipe l ine s .
Environmenta l ly induced ch ange s in g a s o l ine spec i f i c at ions ( e . g . ,
lead pha s e -down , oxygenate s , vapor pre s s ure ) , a s we l l a s in
cre a s e d regu l a tory requi rements invo lving pipe l ine and s to rage
fac i l i t ie s , may requ i re add i t iona l inve s tmen t by the p i p e l i n e
compan i e s i n order t o con form to such l e gi s l a t ion .
Howeve r , i t
i s an t i c ipated that such i n i t i a t ive s oan b e a c c ommodated wi thout
fundamenta l change s in the e x i s ting petr o l eum p ipe l i ne n e twork .
Future p ip e l i ne inve s tme nt dec i s ions wi l l n o t only be de
pending on the U . S . s upply-demand equat ion and individual PADD ' s
needs , but a l s o on congre s s iona l ac t ion to a l levi ate the r e gu l a
tory ma l a i s e that now c louds the p ipe l ine inve s tment proc e s s .
The uncertainty i nherent i n the s ituation a s i t e x i s t s today and
the ch i l l ing e f fe c t wh i ch th i s unc erta inty has imp o s e d on pro
spect ive o i l p i p e l ine inve s tmen t dec i s i o n s i s c le ar l y not in
the pub l i c intere s t or the national s ec ur i ty i n t e re s t of the
nation .
The exec ut ive branch o f the government , the l O l s t Congre s s ,
and the indus try mu s t a c t in the near future to deregu l a te the
h igh ly comp e t i t ive and e f f i c ient l iqu i d p i p e l ine tran s po r t a t ion
sys tem and remove any unc e r t a i n t i e s a f fe c t ing future p i pe l ine
inve s tmen t dec i s ions .
LPG P I PELINE SYS TEMS
Ove r a l l De s c r ipt ion of LPG Movements
Some produ c t p i pe l i ne s are dedic ated to the t r a n s p o r t a t i on
o f LPG , wh i l e other p i pe l in e s batch LPGs with other produc t s .
LPGs inc l ud e ethane , propane , norma l butane , i so -butane , and
Ethan e s are pr imar i l y u s e d a s
mixture s of the se produc t s .
chemi c a l feedstocks a t e thylene p l ants .
Propane s a r e s upp l i ed
for res ident i a l / commer c i a l h e a t ing , agr i c u l tu r a l u s e s , and
- 51 -
chemic a l feeds tock .
Butane s are u s e d by re f i n e r i e s for the
b l end ing of g a s o l ine .
( S ee Tab le 5 for produc t c o n s umpt io n . )
LPG p ipe l in e s are pr imar i ly owned by ma j or , integrated
petro leum c ompan i e s and by i ndependent pipe l i n e c ompan i e s .
Many
are j o i n t l y owned by tho s e comp an i e s with produc ing a nd / or mar
keting intere s t s .
There are two d i s t in c t s y s tems for transpor t i ng L P G s :
g a th
ering sys tems ( F i gure 7 ) and d i s tr ibut i on s y s tems ( F i gure 8 ) .
Gathe r i ng s y s tems c o l l e c t produc t from g a s proce s s ing p l a nt s ,
frac t ionato r s , and r e f in e r ie s and de l i ve r i t to s to r a ge hubs .
A
ma j ority o f the gathering s ys tems are owned by produc e r s o f LP Gs .
D i s tr ibution sys tems de l iver produc t from s torage to such market
ing ou t le t s a s chemic a l p l ant s , re finer i e s , and nume rou s other
locations o f end-u s e .
A s ign i f ic ant number o f d i s t r i bu t i on
sys tems are owne d by c ommerc i a l end-us e r s s uch a s r e f i ne r i e s and
chemic a l p l an t s .
Large -capac i ty s tor age fac i l i t i e s are e s s en t i a l to both
There are three typ e s o f
gather ing and d i s tr ibution sys tems .
s torage ava i l a b l e for LPG s :
s a lt- forma tion s to r a ge , mined
caverns , and p re s s u r i z ed s tee l tank s .
The g a ther ing s y s tem
genera l ly de l ive r s LP G s into s a l t - dome s torage ( F i gure 9 ) .
Mined
caverns and s t e e l tanks are u s ed to s tore produc t moved out o f
the d i s tr ibution s y s tem .
Mined c averns ( F igure 1 0 ) are u sed for s torage a t l o c a t ions
ne eding l arge s torage vo l ume s where s a l t - dome s torage is unav a i l
able .
P re s s ur i z ed s t e e l s torage tanks a r e genera l ly found at the
end - u s e r ' s s i te as we l l as at truck and r a i l t e rmi na l s .
They are
the mo s t e xpens ive and r epre sent sma l ler volume s o f LPG s torage
on p ipe l ine s y s t ems .
Ma j or s to rage hub s we re p r imari l y deve l oped i n tho s e are a s
having g e o l o g i c s a l t dome s o r s a l t format ions .
S a l t -dome s torage
i s the l e a s t expens ive to deve lop and the mo s t a bund ant form o f
LPG s torage .
S a l t-dome s torage i s created by l e ac h i n g the s a l t
dome with fre sh water unt i l the des i red s i z e o f s torage c avern i s
ach ieved .
( Once the s torage i s p l ac e d i n s ervice , br ine i s u s e d
t o move the p roduc t out .
Th i s prevents further expan s io n through
l e aching . )
I t i s e c o nomi c a l ly more fea s ib l e to u t i l i z e s a l t- dome
s torage ver s u s mined c ave rns or stee l t anks .
The three ma j or s a l t - formation s torage are a s i n the U n i te d
States are loc ated at Mont Be lvieu , Texa s ; H a t t i e sbur g , Mi s s i s
s ippi ; and Conway- Hutchin son , Kans a s .
The ave rage c avern s i z e at
Mont Be lvieu and H at t i e s burg is 1 . 5 mi l l ion b ar re l s , c ompared to
The s e three s torage a r e a s
2 0 0 , 0 0 0 barre l s a t Conway-Hutchinson .
gather a n d s upp ly t h e b u l k o f t h e L P G s t o t h e approp r i ate d i s t r i
bution sys tem f o r d e l ivery .
Change s S i nce 1 9 7 9
Al though demand for c rude o i l and re fined petro l e um produc t s
h a s dropped , the to t a l supp l y and demand for LPGs h a s i n c r e a s e d
- 52 -
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Prepared by MAPSe81Ch Services • 11/88
B r i n e Water I n or Out
LPGas I n o r Out
Figure 9 . Cross Section of a Salt Cavern Storage System.
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4
-�
-
I
..._
"'
•
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s l igh t l y s ince 1 9 7 9 .
Howeve r , i t mu s t be noted that s ign i f ic ant
mod i f i ca t i on s in the p i pe l i ne indu s try have r e s u l ted from ma j or
shi fts in LPG supply and demand .
The s e inc lude the f o l lowing .
Supp l y s ide :
•
L arge incre a s e s in LPG produc t ion o c c ur r e d in the
Ove r thru s t B e l t area .
The Overthrus t produc t i on
increase r e s u lted in the cons truc t i on o f a new Mapco
l i ne from Wyoming to We st Texas for d i s tr ibut i on to the
Midwe s t and Gu l f C o a s t area s .
•
Th e S emino l e l ine was cons tructed to t r a n s port LPGs
from Hobb s , New Mexico , and We s t Texa s to the Hou s t on
M o n t B e lvieu , Texas , area .
Demand s ide :
The LPG demand , exc luding chem i c a l and re
finery demand , h a s dec l ined from 8 9 2 MB / D in 1 9 7 9 to 7 3 0 MB / D i n
1987 .
The large drop in demand h a s re su l te d i n a s igni fic ant
l o s s of bu s ine s s to the ma j or LPG l ines that s e rve tho s e mark e t s .
I n s p i te o f the s e reduced demand s on LPG pipe l in e s , a number o f
pipel ine pro j e c t s h ave taken p l a c e to addre s s s pe c i f i c market
n iches .
E xamp l e s are :
•
Mapco e xtended the ir p ipe l i ne s y s tem f rom the Chic ago
are a to s erve the Quantum chem i c a l p l an t in Tu s c o la ,
I l l in oi s .
•
W i l l iams conve r te d a forme r Mob i l product p i p e l ine -
extend i ng from near Topeka , Kan s a s , t o S ioux F a l l s ,
South Dakota - - to propane s e rv i c e .
•
Enron c o n s t ruc ted a new l ine from the
Conway-Hutch inson , Kans a s , area to K an s a s C i ty .
Conver s e l y , the incre a s e in chem i c a l d emand - - from 7 0 0 MB / D
in 1 9 7 9 t o 8 8 2 MB / D i n 1 9 8 7 - - h a s been i n s trumen t a l in the
add i t ion of s eve r a l d i s t r ibut i on l ines to the Gu l f C o a s t a r e a .
Th i s i s e spec i a l ly evident i n the t ran s po rt a t io n o f LPG
fee d s tocks to chem i c a l c ompani e s .
•
T exa s E a s tman cons truc ted an LPG l in e from Mon t
Be lvieu , Texas , to the ir chemic a l p l an t in Longv iew ,
Texas .
•
Koch c on s truc ted an LPG l ine to t r a n sport e thane
propane mix from Med ford , Ok l ahoma , to Mont B e lvieu ,
Texas .
Future P lans
Wh i le the i ndu s try h a s not announced the s t ar t- up of any
ma j or pipe l i ne pro j e c t s , it s e ems c e r t a i n that a numb e r of such
pro j ec t s may arise in re spon s e to l og i s t i c s need s .
The s e w i l l
re sult from :
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•
The p r o j e c tion o f l arge incre a s e s in waterborne LPG
imports a l ong the Gu l f C o a s t
e
The e xpan s io n o f e thylene capac i ty through de
bo t t l e necking
•
The announc ement that each o f three n ew l y propo s ed
ethylene p l ants ( Phi l l ip s at Swee ny , Dow at Choco l a te
B ayou , and Quantum at LaPorte ) wi l l have the f l e x i
b i l i ty to u t i l i z e betwe en 4 0 and 5 0 MB / D o f L P G e a c h
•
The pro j ec t ion o f large i ncre a s e s i n Canadian LPG
impo r t s , with further impact on the Midwe s t and
Northe a s t .
The p ropo s ed re duc t i o n s in g a s o l i ne vapor pre s s ure s wi l l
have a s ign i f i c ant impact o n the amounts o f butane blended into
g a s o l ine .
For examp l e , the s e reduc t i o n s i n vapor p re s s ur e wou l d
l ike ly r e s u l t i n a t o t a l U . S . butane demand reduc t i on o f 1 0 0 t o
The exc e s s butane s d i s p l a c ed
3 0 0 MB / D during the s umme r months .
from the g a s o l ine poo l may be u s ed in seve r a l way s :
re f i nery
fue l , s tored produc t for winter b lending , pe trochemi c a l feed
s tock , or a s a spur to s ome new demand .
Indus try wi l l b e l ooking at the fol l owing typ e s o f pro j e c t s
as a r e s u l t o f t h e above trends and deve lopme n t s :
•
New LPG connections to e thy lene p lants a long the Gu l f
Coa s t .
•
New c onne c t ions , and po s s ibly new l i ne s , to hand l e the
pro j e c te d C an ad i an impo r t s .
S ar n i a , Ontar io , i s
emerg ing a s a hub for s torage and d i s tr ibution .
•
C on s truc t i on o f new l ine s to e x i s t ing Gu l f C o a s t import
( Thi s may involve the add i tion o f s ome n ew
fac i l i t i e s .
impo rt fac i l it i e s , a s we l l . )
•
A new p i p e l i ne sys tem from Mont B e l v i e u a nd / o r new
l ine s and c onne c t i o n s from a Lou i s iana import t e rm i n a l
t o s erve t h e re f inery a n d chemi c a l indu s try i n t h e N ew
O r l e a n s area
•
An E a s t C o a s t p i pe l ine pro j e c t to handle e xc e s s
r e f inery butane s r e s u l t ing from the prop o s e d reduc t i on
in g as o l ine vapor p r e s sure .
Summary
S ince l ong-hau l LPG p ipe l ines h ave greater e xc e s s c ap ac i ty
today than in 1 9 7 9 , the e x i s ting sys tem , with minor mod i f i c a
t i on s , s hould b e ab l e to mee t p ro j ec ted L P G demand i nto the
1990s .
The s e mod i f i c a t i o n s wi l l inc l ud e new p i pe l i n e s for short
d i s tanc e s and add i t io n a l p ipe l i ne conne c t i o n s to mee t new logi s
t i c s requireme n t s r e s u l t ing from change s in s upply s ou rc e s and
demand areas .
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CHAPTER THREE
More petro l eum i s tran sported by water than i s any o ther
commod ity , dome s t i ca l ly as we l l a s wor ldwide .
There are two
type s o f waterborne pe tro l eum c ommerce in the Uni ted S t a te s :
fore ign tra f f i c and dome s t i c tra f f ic .
D ome s t i c t r a f f i c inc l ude s
a l l commerc i a l tra f f ic betwe en points in the Un ited S ta t e s
inc lud ing A l a sk a , H awai i , Puerto Rico , t h e u. s. V i r g i n I s l ands ,
and Guam .
Fore i gn tra f f i c inc lude s a l l movement b e twe en the
Un ited States and fore i gn count r i e s .
P r ac t i c a l ly a l l foreign
movement i s hand l e d by o c e ango ing tanker s , whi l e dome s t ic tra f f ic
i s moved by r iver barge s , integrated tug-barge s for lake and
c oa s ta l service , and c o a s t a l tankers .
S ome por t s are u s ed by both deep-dr a f t and sha l l ow-dr a f t
ve s se l s .
S ome o f the port fac i l itie s have b e e n s tr a i ned s ince
both deep and sha l low- d r a f t ve s s e l s have transported gre a t e r
vo lume s in r e c e n t ye ars i n re sponse t o t h e n a t i o n ' s incre a s ed
demand for foreign petro l eum-ba s ed energy .
Fore i gn tra f f i c i s dominated by imports o f for e i gn c rude o i l
from the Middle E a s t , We s t Afr i c a , Latin Ame r ic a , the North S e a ,
and Southe a s t As i a .
From 1 9 8 5 to 1 9 8 7 , U . S . impo r t s o f c rude o i l
came princ i pa l ly from Latin Ame r i c a .
Howeve r , a s shown in Table
9 , Latin Amer ic a ' s share dec l i ne d from 3 7 percent i n 1 9 8 5 to 2 8
pe rcent in 1 9 8 7 .
During the s ame period , c rude o i l impor t s from
the Middle E a s t ro s e s igni f ic antly .
In 1 9 8 5 , M i d d l e E a s t c r ude
o i l repr e s ented j us t under 8 percent o f a l l u. s. c rude o i l
import s , but t h i s share incre a s ed to over 2 1 percent o f the to t a l
in 1 9 8 7 .
The l arge s t volume o f petrol eum produ c t s imported i nto the
United States i s r e s i du a l fue l o i l .
In 1 9 8 7 , r e s i d u a l petro l eum
imports averaged 5 6 5 MB / D , o r a lmo s t 3 0 percent o f a l l u. s.
petro l eum product import s , a s shown in Table 1 0 .
The s o ph i s ti
c a t i o n o f u. s. re f i n e r i e s a n d the ir ab i l i ty to upgrade r e s i du a l
fue l s i n t o g a s o l i n e s and d i s t i l l ate a c c ounts for t h e d i s propor
t ionate share of r e s idu a l fuel o i l impo r t s r e l a t ive to c o n s ump
tion .
However , the leve l o f res idual fue l o i l impor t s h a s been
decl ining a s a percentage o f total U . S . produc t impo r t s .
For
example , the res idual fue l o i l share o f to t a l u . s. produc t
imports was 9 2 percent i n 1 9 4 9 , gradua l l y dec l i n i n g to about 6 0
perc ent by 1 9 7 7 , and i t i s now about 3 0 percent .
Th i s c omp a r e s
w i t h t o t a l g a s o l i n e s , wh ich c omp r i s e about 2 0 p e r c e n t .
A rapid
de c l ine i n re s i du a l fue l oil imports began in 1 9 7 8 and h a s c on
t inued .
The r e a s o n for the dec l i ne is the s igni f i c an t reduction
in the dome s t i c u s e of r e s idua l fue l o i l for h e at , powe r , and for
ves s e l fuel bunke r s .
-
59 -
TABLE
9
u . s . IMPORTS OF CRUDE
B Y MAJOR GEOGRA P H I C REG I ON ,
( Th o u s a n d s
R eg:ion
L a t i n Ame r i c a
Mex i c o
Ven e z u e l a
C o l omb i a
Tr i n i dad
Ecuador
&
Tobago
Gu a tema l a
Ar g e n t i n a
Peru
Middle
East
Saud i
Arab i a
I r an
I r aq
Kuwa i t
U.A.E .
Oman
Africa
N igeria
Ango l a
A l ge r i a
E gypt
C ameroon
Z a i re
Congo
Tun i s i a
Ben i n
Brun e i
C a n ad a §
United
Europe
K i ngdom
Norway
South e a s t A s i a
I ndone s i a
S ub to t a l
O ther
Total
*
T o ta l s
rounding .
1985-1987
Per Day)
may
not
equ a l
*
1985
1986
1987
1 , 186
715
306
0
98
56
0
0
12
1 , 265
1 , 308
602
488
1 15
75
23
245
132
27
46
4
35
2
792
618
19
81
28
38
8
984
642
98
82
70
56
35
584
280
104
84
3
0
743
437
102
78
10
38
25
1 , 000
529
180
1 15
54
42
35
468
570
608
309
278
31
370
317
53
374
304
70
292
297
262
3 , 084
4 , 037
4 , 536
117
141
138
3 , 20 1
4, 178
4 , 674
621
416
57
93
64
5
0
9
51
34
16
12
0
0
Gabon
Northern
o f Barre l s
OIL
3
2
1
26
20
3
1
4
s um o f compon e n t s
due
22
16
0
3
4
to
i nd e p e n d e n t
§Movement pr ima r i l y by p i pe l i ne .
S ourc e :
Annua l , 1 9 8 5 ,
E n e rgy
1986 ,
I n forma t i on Admin i s tr a t i o n ,
1987 .
and
- 60 -
P e t ro l e um Supply
TABLE 1 0
U . S . IMPORTS OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS
( Thous ands o f B arre l s per D ay )
-
-
1987
Quan t i ty
P roduct Type
Re s i dual Fue l O i l
D i s t i l late Fue l O i l
F i n i shed Motor G a s o l ine
U n f i n i shed O i l s
LPG
G a s o l ine B l ending Components
Jet Fue l
565
255
384
299
190
60
67
1 , 820
Subtot a l
184
Other P roduc t s
2 , 004
Tot a l
Energy I n formation Admi n i s tr a t io n , P e tro l eum
Sourc e :
Supply Annua l , 1 9 8 7 .
Dome s t i c waterborne t r a f f i c con s i s t s o f dome s t i c oce anborne
I n the l a s t 1 0 ye ar s ,
trade and dome s t i c i n l and waterway trade .
the compos it ion o f u.s. dome s t i c waterborne tr a f f ic h a s been
formed by the various streams of petro l eum produc t s produced by
U . S . re finer i e s and the very s ign i f icant introdu c t i o n o f the ANS
crude o i l produc tion .
Th i s c argo mix h a s changed gre a t l y s ince
1979 .
C rude o i l i s the ma j or movement fo l l owed by re s i du a l fuel
o i l , motor g a s o l i ne , midd l e d i s t i l late fue l o i l s , and other
r e f ined produc t s .
T ab l e s 1 1 and 1 2 show the waterborne move
ments between PADDs for crude o i l and petro l eum produc t s .
More than 2 5 , 0 0 0 m i l e s o f i n l and waterways c on s t i tute the
inl and waterway s y s tem o f the United S t a t e s and inc lude navi
gab le r ivers f l owing into the At lantic and P ac i f ic o c e an s , the
Mi s s i s s ipp i and i t s tr ibutar i e s , intracoa s ta l waterway s , cana l s ,
channe l s , and o ther wat e rway s .
Water depth , the width o f the
waterway , and the navigab i l ity of its bend s , l o c k s , and channe l s
are important i n determining i t s comme r c i a l u s e fu lne s s .
Nearly
2 5 percent o f t h e total i n l and waterway s y s tem i s l e s s t h a n 6
feet deep and a lmo s t 8 0 percent i s l e s s than 1 4 f e e t deep .
Thu s ,
draft and l e n gth l im i t s are impo sed on the c omme rc i a l t ra f f i c
operating on the i n l and waterway s y stem .
I n 1 9 8 6 , 1 5 0 mi l l ion short tons o f p e t r o le um produ c t s wer e
moved on t h e i n land waterway s y s tem .
Th i s repre s en t s 2 6 . 8
pe rcent o f the tot a l tonnage o f c argo moved on the s e waterway s .
-
61
-
TABLE 1 1
1 9 8 7 WATERBORNE MOVEMENTS OF C RUDE O I L
BETWEEN PADDS
( Thou s ands o f B arre l s per D ay )
F rom
PADD I
PADD
I
PADD
II
PADD I I I
PADD IV
PADD v
*
X
3
10
0
46
PADD I I
To
PADD I I I
1
0
0
X
0
0
PADD v
0
0
0
X
*
PADD I V
0
0
0
0
X
0
539
X
0
Le s s than 5 0 0 barre l s per day .
TABLE 1 2
1 9 8 7 vvATERBORNE MOVEMENTS OF P ETROLEUM P RODUCTS
BETWEEN PADD S
( Thous ands o f Barre l s per D a y )
From
PADD
PADD
PADD
PADD
PADD
PADD I
I
II
III
IV
v
X
61
509
0
0
PADD I I
3
X
137
0
0
To
PADD I I I
5
11
X
0
1
PADD IV
0
0
0
X
0
PADD V
0
0
4
0
0
The T e nne s s e e - Tombi gbee Waterway was c omp l e te d and began
ope ration i n 1 9 8 5 , conne c t ing the Tenne s s ee River to the B l ac k
Warrior Rive r , g i ving Mi s s i s s ippi and Al abama ac c e s s t o t h e Gu l f
Coa s t a t Mob i l e , A l ab ama , and the Oh io River v i a the Tenne s se e
River a t P aducah , Kentucky .
T h i s l ink proved c ruc i a l to the o i l
indu s try i n the summe r o f 1 9 8 8 , when drought reduced the
In
M i s s i s s ippi River water l eve l s to ne arly unnavig a b l e l ows .
add i tion , the U . S . Army Corp s o f Engineer s i s c o n s truc t ing a
pro j ec t on the Red River that wi l l provide c omme r c i a l n avig a t i o n
on t h e R e d R i v e r to Shrevepor t , Lou i s iana , f rom i t s con f luence
with the Mi s s i s s ippi River near Baton Rouge .
- 62 -
MARITI ME VES SELS
Among the d i f ferent type s o f ve s s e l s and ve s s e l c o n f i gura
tion s are oc e ango ing t anker s , c o a s t a l tug - b ar ge u n i t s , i n l and
t ank barge s , and tugbo a t s and towboat s that provide the power to
move barge s .
The short-hau l coastal trade is s ervi c e d pr imar i l y
b y the u s e o f sma l l , s h a l l ow-dra ft c o a s ta l tanker s , i ntegrated
tug-barge u n i t s , and c onvent i o n a l tug-barge un i t s .
Whe r e a s the
longer-haul trade , s uch a s movements from the Gul f C o a s t to New
York , is serviced by deep-draft t anke r s , i n l and trade i s s e rviced
pr imar i l y by the u s e of i n l and tank barge s .
Oceangoing t anke r s over 1 7 5 , 0 0 0 DWT are emp l oyed pr imar i ly
in the carri age o f c rude o i l .
According to D rewry S h ipp ing
Consu ltants , n e a r ly 1 6 0 mi l l ion DWT were emp loyed i n the c rude
o i l trade s wor l dwide in 1 9 8 6 , o f wh ich 8 2 mi l l ion DWT we re
1 7 5 , 0 0 0 DWT o r above .
Approx imately 1 2 mi l l io n DWT , o r 1 5
percent , o f tank e r s over 1 7 5 , 0 0 0 DWT were emp loyed i n the U . S .
import and dome s t ic t r ade s .
At pre s en t , there a r e 1 4 tanke r s o f
1 7 0 , 0 0 0 DWT and above and 2 2 ve s s e l s o f 7 5 , 0 0 0 - 1 7 0 , 0 0 0 DWT a c t ive
in the U . S . dome s t ic f l ee t , operat ing in the ANS c rude o i l trade
to the Gu l f C o a s t and the We s t C o a s t .
The deve lopmen t o f a super tanker o f over 1 7 0 , 0 0 0 DWT h a s
he lped t o reduce t h e transpo r t a t i on c o s t c omponent o f b o th im
ported and dome s t i c c rude o i l .
For examp l e , t anker voyage and
operat ing c o s t s on a per - c argo - ton b as i s are a lmo s t 5 0 percent
lower for a 2 5 0 , 0 0 0 DWT tanker than for an 8 0 , 0 0 0 DWT t anker .
Although s ome We s t C o a s t ports c ou l d h and l e fu l ly loaded
tankers l arge r than 1 7 0 , 0 0 0 DWT , i t was not unt i l 1 9 8 2 that a
Th i s o ccurred w i th the s tart
U . S . Gu l f C o a s t port could do so .
up of LOOP , wh i c h can h and l e VLCC s a nd ULC C s .
The c omp l e t ion o f
LOOP , a s prev i ou s ly s ta t ed , h a s he lped t o r e duc e the n e e d t o
" l ighter " o r o f f - l o ad a portion o f the c argo i n t o s h a l l ower dra ft
ve s s e l s pr i o r to dock ing .
We s t C o a s t f ac i l i t i e s provide the
L o s Ange l e s and Long
deepe s t tanker berth s i n the Un i ted S t a te s .
Beach have termina l s with depths of 5 0 f e e t ( 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 DWT ) and 6 0
feet ( 1 9 0 , 0 0 0 DWT ) .
The Puget Sound area o f f e r s a f ac i l i ty with
a 6 5 - foot ( 2 6 0 , 0 0 0 DWT ) capabi l ity a lthough o ther r e s t r i c t i o n s
l imit t h e c apac i ty to 1 2 5 , 0 0 0 DWT .
The ma j or i ty o f U . S . tanker
fac i l i t ie s f a l l i n the r ange of 3 5 to 4 0 f e e t , c ap ab l e o f
berthing tanker s i n the 2 0 , 0 0 0 - 8 0 , 0 0 0 DWT c l as s .
Coa s t a l tankers and oce ango ing tug-b arge u n i t s o f b e twe en
2 5 , 0 0 0 and 5 0 , 0 0 0 DWT are important in the t r a n s po r t a t i on o f
For shorter c o a s t a l move s , a
petro leum a l ong the U . S . c o a s t .
Mo s t
growing percentage o f produc t i s moved by tug-barge un i t s .
o f the c o a s t a l tank e r s average 1 5 . 5 knot s , wh i l e oce angoing
barge s average 8 . 5 knot s .
Tanke r s and b arge s o f a sma l l e r s i z e
( up to 3 5 , 0 0 0 DWT ) c an gene ra l ly be l o aded o r u n l o ad e d i n 2 4
hour s under i de a l cond i t ions , wh i le the l ar ge t anke r s requ i re
between 2 4 and 3 6 hou r s .
T ank barge s , pu s hed by towboats or pu l le d by tugbo a t s , are
an important me ans o f inl and transpo r t a t i o n and are the s e cond
- 63 -
l arge s t dome s t i c me an s o f moving pe tro l eum , p r e c e d e d on ly by
pipe l in e s .
B arge s c ompe te with pipeline d e l iver i e s and take
primary r e spons ib i l ity for the transpo r t a t i o n o f v a r i o u s
produc t s , spe c i a l ty pe trochemic a l s , and c rude o i l n o t sh ipped by
Towboats pu shing barge s are the mo s t c ommon ve s s e l
pipe l ine .
con f igura t i on for i n l and water route s .
Towboat s are f l a t b o t
tomed and d i e s e l powered .
They a r e s h a l l ow-dra ft ve s s e l s
equipped w i th mu l t ip l e s c rews and rudders that a f ford maximum
contro l i n narrow waterway s .
The tugboa t con f i gu r a t i on i s not
gene ral ly u s ed on i n l and waterways because o f its l ac k o f
maneuve r ab i l ity .
I n 1 9 8 6 , acc ord i ng to d a t a c o l l e c te d by the
U . S . Army Corp s o f Engineers , t ank b arge s c ar r i e d 1 9 8 . 8 mi l l ion
short tons o f pe tro l eum produ c t s ( exc luding c rude o i l ) i n dome
S e l f -prope l led tankers c a r r i ed 6 2 . 2 mi l l io n s hort
s t i c trade .
tons of the s e c ommod i t i e s .
By compa r i s on , i n 1 9 8 6 d ome s t i c
pipe l in e s c a r r i ed 5 1 1 . 0 mi l l ion short tons o f pe tro l eum produc t s .
A tow may c on s i s t o f a s many a s 1 2 tank b arge s norma l ly
pu shed by a towboat , a l though the average c o n f iguration i s 3
barge s .
The ab i l i ty to push l arge numb e r s o f barge s perm i t s the
formation o f f l ot i l l a s with c apac i t i e s o f up to 3 0 0 , 0 0 0 b a r re l s .
I n s ome c a s e s , l oc a l r e s t r i c t ions d i c tate sma l l er tows , r e du c i ng
the carrying c a pac i ty .
Trave l time s o f the s e movemen t s are
a f fe c te d by the particular char ac ter i s t i c s of the wate rway and
its lockage c o n s t r a i nt s , and th e hors epowe r c ap ab i l i ty of the
towing ves s e l in re l a t ion t o the s i z e o f i t s tow .
CHANGES S INCE 1 9 7 9
I n l and Waterways
I n the p a s t 1 0 ye ars , there h a s been o n l y a 7 percent
inc r e a s e in the tot a l petro l eum tonnage sh ipped o n the n a t i on ' s
in l and waterways .
But techno logi c a l deve l opme nt h a s l e d to
improvemen t s i n produ c t i v i ty .
Deve l opmen t o f fue l management
sys tems , a c e l lu l a r VHF s y s tem with data and vo i c e t r a n smi s s io n s ,
the Kar t no z z l e , the tunne l hu l l and doubl e s k i n t an k b a r ge s , and
the swing ind ic ator h ave all he lped to a c e r t a i n extent to keep
the mar i ne s y s tem s a fe and c ompetit ive .
Marine ope r a t i n g sys tems
are , however , currently reaching the phy s i c a l l im i t a t i o n s o f the
inl and waterway s y s tem .
Re se arch and deve lopment a c t i v i t i e s mu s t
extend t o a r e a s other than floating e qu ipment t o ma i n ta i n or
improve produ c t i v i ty ; and future e f fort s shou l d focus o n improved
i n fras tructure s uc h as terminal fac i l i t i e s and mar in e s tructures
- - lock s and d arns .
Ocean Tanker s
The two mo s t s igni f ic ant change s in the d e s ign a n d c o n s truc
tion of tank ves s e l s ( se l f- and non- s e l f- prope l l e d ) s ince 1 9 7 9
involve the type and number o f ve s s e l s bu i l t .
I n 1 9 7 9 , l arge
tankers ( over 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 DWT ) were s t i l l under c o n s truc t i on for the
ANS crude o i l trade .
B e tween 1 9 6 8 and 1 9 7 9 , the p e r i o d covered
-
64
-
in the l a s t NPC report , 8 8 new tankers we re de l ivered , o f wh i c h
I n the l a s t 1 0 ye a r s , new t anke r
3 3 were over 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 DWT .
con s truct ion in U . S . sh ipyards has s tead i ly de c l ined .
The o n l y
l arge oce ango ing ves s e l s currently under c o n s truction are be ing
bui l t for mi l i tary needs .
Dur ing 1 9 8 0 - 1 9 8 7 , o n ly 3 9 tankers were d e l ivered to the U . S .
F lag F leet , o f wh ich 3 7 we re bui l t for dome s t i c s ervi c e .
Nearly
75 percent of the to t a l number were de l ivered dur i ng 1 9 8 1 - 1 9 8 4 .
Therea fter , de l iver i e s s lowe d and no new orde r s were p l ac e d ,
( 1 ) adequate tonnage wa s ava i l ab l e in the dome s t i c
becau s e :
trade , ( 2 ) wh i l e demand dec l ined , product p ipe l ine throughput
rema ined cons tant , ( 3 ) produc t impor t s to the E a s t C o a s t c arr ied
by fore ign f l ag ve s s e l s increased , and ( 4 ) d e c l ine s in A l a skan
crude o i l movemen t s were forec a s t .
A l l the s e e lement s , l a i d
agai n s t pro j ec ted supply-demand ba l ance f o r ve s s e l s , d i d not
attract capital for " newbu i lding s . "
The most s igni f ic ant event regarding p e tro l eum r e c e iving
fac i l i t i e s wa s the deve lopment and s tart-up o f LOOP , a d eep-water
port fac i l i ty in the Gu l f C o a s t a l wat e r s o f the Un ited S ta te s
that i s c ap ab l e o f h and l ing l arger tanker s o f c rude o i l , ULCC s .
LOOP l im i t s the amount o f o f fshore l ighte r ing r e qu i re d and
subs tant i a l ly redu c e s the amount o f sma l l tanker tra f f i c on the
lower M i s s i s s ippi River .
A l though unde rut i l i z e d at f i r s t , it h a s
s igni f icantly i n c r e a s e d vo lume s i n 1 9 8 7 and 1 9 8 8 , a s c rude o i l
impo rts increased .
The petro l eum tanker segment o f the U . S . f l ag merchant f l eet
has dec l i ned in both the number of ve s s e l s and numb e r o f owne r s .
Tanker s h ave decre a s e d in numbe r from 2 8 8 in 1 9 8 0 to an e s t imated
2 2 5 as o f December 3 1 , 1 9 8 7 .
As a r e s u l t o f the l arge tanke r s
bui l t f o r ANS s ervic e , the aver age deadwe i ght tonnage per ve s s e l
incre a s ed by 2 8 percent from 5 4 , 0 0 0 DWT a t the end o f 1 9 7 9 to
a lmo s t 7 0 , 0 0 0 DWT at the end o f 1 9 8 7 .
Tab l e 1 3 re f le c t s the
change in the numbe r o f tanke r s .
The greater u s e o f c o a s twi s e
barge s and fore ign produc t impor t s ( wh i c h are imported i n fore i gn
flag ve s s e l s ) have a l s o c ontr ibuted to th i s d ec l i ne .
I n the p a s t 1 0 years , an over supply o f t anke r s h a s d e
Th i s
pre s s e d fore i gn f l ag fre i gh t rate s t o break-even leve l s .
has not d ir e c t l y a f fe c ted u.s. f l ag ve s s e l s , a s the o n l y
" fo r e i gn " c argoe s c a r r i e d b y u.s. f l ag ope rators a r e a l im i t e d
few o f tho s e obtained under u.s. government pre ference programs .
Even i f a u.s. f l ag ve s se l in fore i gn trade i s bui l t ove r s e a s ,
U . S . f l ag operator s ' c o s t s are h igher than fore ign c ompe t i tor s ,
due to tax l aws that are not internat iona l ly c ompe t i t ive and due
to c rewing c o s t s .
At b e s t , the s e h i gher c o s t s are o n l y part i a l l y
o f fs e t b y the mar i t ime promotional programs o f the u.s.
I n add i t io n , s ome foreign gover nme n t s d ir e c t l y or
government .
ind i re c t l y s upport the i r national f l e e t s with bene f i t s no t
usua l ly ava i l a b l e to U . S . f l ag ope rator s .
The princ i p a l d i re c t - subs idy programs that have b e e n pro
vided by the u.s. government have been c o n s tru c t i o n d i f feren t i a l
- 65 -
TABLE 1 3
NUMBER OF TANKERS AND I NTEGRATED TUG-BARGE VES S ELS
1 9 8 0- 1 9 8 7
1980
1982
1984
1985
1986
1987
Fre i ghte r s
263
252
233
216
209
197
T anke r s
288
29 6
274
247
235
225
C argo
7
7
7
6
8
8
Bulk Carri e r s
20
19
24
23
25
26
578
5 74
538
4 92
477
4 56
TyEe
Pas s .
&
Total
CDS ve s s e l s
*
§
§
*
130
E s t imate b a s ed on i ndu s try s urvey ( 1 2 / 3 1 / 8 7 ) .
CDS
=
cons truc t ion d i f ferent i a l s ub s idy .
sub s id ie s , wh i c h we re not funded a fter 1 9 8 2 ; ope r a t i n g d i f feren
t i a l s ub s id ie s ; and Title XI loan guarante e s .
T i t le X I provided
the opportun i ty for U . S . t anke r and barge c ompan ie s to o b t a i n
low-co s t f i nanc i ng for n ew con s truction through government
guaranteed l o an s .
The program was an e f fort to make U . S . f la gged
ve s s e l s c ompe t i t ive i nternation a l l y .
T i t l e X I h a s been l e s s than
succ e s s fu l in two way s .
E xpande d to inc lude d ome s t i c trade c om
pan i e s , the program was taken beyond i t s o r i g i n a l intent .
Th i s
expan s ion l e d t o a l arge number o f de f au l t s , wh i c h have i n c r e a s e d
S econdly , T i t l e X I d o e s n o t addre s s
the c o s t o f the program .
operating c o s ts , and thu s h a s not made u.s. f l agged ve s s e l s c om
peti tive wor ldwide .
To h e l p maintain the viab i l ity o f our dome s t i c s h ipbu i ld ing
indu s try i n the face of ove r s e a s c ompe t i t ion , c ab o tage l aw s
( Jones Ac t ) requ ire t h e u s e o f U . S . -bu i l t a n d manned tank e r s in
dome s t i c s e rv i c e .
The h i gher re s u l t ing c o s t o f c o n s t ru c t i on ,
some two to three t ime s that o f fore i gn-bu i l t ve s s e l s , mu s t be
recovered by dome s t ic operators through h igher f e e s i n the
prote c te d tr ade mark e t s granted them .
A re l ated and no teworthy trend s ince the 1 9 7 9 report i s the
decl ine o f the u.s. sh ipbu i ld ing and repai r i ndus try and r e l ated
supp l ier i ndu s tr i e s .
As s tated in the S e p tembe r 3 0 , 1 9 8 7 report ,
The F ir s t ReEort o f the Commi s s ion on Merchant Marine and
" Th e C ommi s s io n ' s
Defense :
F i nd i ngs o f F a c t and Conc lu s i on s :
- 66 -
analy s i s s hows that , in the industry a s a who l e betwee n 1 9 8 2 and
the e nd o f 1 9 8 6 , approximate ly 5 2 , 5 0 0 j ob s we re l o s t ; 7 6
shipyards and s h ip repair fac i l it ie s ' were c l o s e d ; and 2 2 bu i ld ing
ways , 1 7 f l o at ing dry-dock s , 2 1 graving docks ( a l l capab l e o f
accommodating s h i p s over 4 0 0 feet i n l ength ) , and nume rous p l ant
fac i l i t ie s were lo s t .
In Augu s t 1 9 8 7 , at l e a s t 1 5 o f the
surviving f i rms were operating under Chapter 1 1 bankruptcy pro
tec t ion . "
As a r e s u l t o f th i s dec l ine , a v i r tu a l h a l t i n
c ommerc i a l s h i p c o n s truc t ion in the Un ited S ta t e s h a s occurred
bec ause o f the i nab i l i ty of our s h i pbui l d ing i ndus try to c ompe te
wor l dwide .
I n 1 9 8 0 , there were f ive sh ipya r d s w i th ac tive
cons truc tion .
By the end o f 1 9 8 7 , there wer e no c omme r c i a l s h i p s
unde r cons truc t ion , even f o r J o n e s Ac t trade .
The report a l s o
po ints out that the d e c l i ne o f the dome s t i c s h i p cons truc t ion and
repair indu s try is fol l owed by the dec l ine o f the s h i pyard
suppl i e r s .
Mo s t s h i pyards a long the Mi s s i s s ippi and i t s tr ibut a r i e s
have s topped cons truc t i on o f both towbo a t s a n d b a r g e s f o r the
past s everal years , and 5 0 percent of the ma j or yards have c e a s e d
operation s .
Tho s e rema in ing are engaged i n repair work only .
Thi s tre nd doe s no t appear to have a negat ive impact on the
comme rc i a l s ide o f the waterborne i ndu s try as o f yet , but i s
worth ment ioning , and i t doe s reduce our n a t i o n ' s s tr a t e g i c
mi l itary advantage .
Under the prov i s ion s o f the Port and Tanker S a fe ty Act o f
1 9 7 8 ( PTSA) , many tankers c a l l ing a t U . S . por t s are r equired to
be e qu i pped wi th anti -po l lution systems and enhanced s a fety
equipment .
The s e requi reme n t s vary depending upon the s i z e and
Depending on ve s s e l s i z e and age , the PTSA
type o f tanke r .
requ i re s optional c l ean ba l l a s t t ank s ; c rude o i l wa s h i n g
e quipment ; ine rt g a s s y s t ems ; a n d d u a l radar / co l l i s io n avo idanc e
feature s .
B a s ed on an ana ly s i s o f the PTSA e qu ipme nt that h a s been
instal led on the current U . S . f l ag tanker f l e e t , and based on
pre l iminary Coa s t Guard and indu s try e s t ima te s o f the c o s t o f
th at equ ipment , the U . S . Mar i t ime Admi n i s tr at io n e s t imate s that
ves s e l owner s s pent a lmo s t $ 3 0 0 mi l l ion for po l lu t i o n and s a fety
s y s tems on the i r s h ips .
Al though the e qu i pment c o s t repre s en t s the ma j or f inanc i a l
impac t o f the PTSA , add i t i ona l c o s t s we re i ncurred b y tanker
operators due to the d imin i shed c arrying c a pa c i ty of tanke r s
re s u l t ing from retro f i t t o meet PTSA regu l a t i on s .
For s ome
r etro f i tted ves s e l s , the b a l l a s t requ i reme n t s reduce the c argo
vo lume of the tanke r , and decrea s e the revenue e arned on each
voyage .
I n add i t ion , s ome owners dec ided to s c rap o lder ve s s e l s
rather than incur re tro f i t c o s t s , whi ch r e s u l te d i n ove ra l l
revenue redu c t i o n s for tho s e operator s but may have he l p e d in
cre a s e un i t revenue s .
Th i s i s not to say the s e c o s t s are o r are
not j u s t i f i e d , but that they a f fect the i ndu s t r y .
- 67 -
The c o s t o f bu i ld ing a t anker i s not d i re c t l y propor t i o n a l
to i t s s i z e .
A l arge h u l l c o s t s cons iderably l e s s p e r DWT t h a n a
sma l l e r one , and the c o s t o f mach inery , acc ommoda t i on s , and c ar go
The c o s t
hand l i n g equipment does not incre a s e g r e a t ly w i th s i z e .
o f a l arge s h i p i s o n l y about 8 5 percent o f t h e c omb i ne d c o s t s o f
two s h i p s o f h a l f the s i z e .
T h i s g ives the l arger s h i p a c ap i ta l
cos t advantage t h a t i s gene r a l l y re f l e c te d in i t s l ower u n i t
charge s .
Even though ope r a t ing c o s t s ( in suranc e premium s , r e p a i r
a n d ma i ntenanc e , wage s , prov i s ions , a n d a dmi n i s tr a t ion ) r i s e in
abso lute terms a s s h i p s i z e incre a s e s , the s e c o s t s b e c ome pro
gre s s ive ly sma l l e r as re l ated to c apac i ty o r un i t c o s ts .
But
because of l imited port fac i l i tie s , the l ar ge s t e s timated f u l l y
loaded tanker th at c an b e h andled in the U . S . E a s t and Gu l f Coa s t
are a s ( ex c l ud i n g L OOP ) i s only about 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 DWT , with l im i t a
S ome We s t Coa s t
t i o n s o f 4 0 , 0 0 0 t o 5 0 , 0 0 0 DWT in mo s t ports .
ports a r e c apab l e o f a c c ommodating fu l l y loaded tanker s o f up to
The deve l opment o f the supertank e r o f over 1 7 5 , 0 0 0
1 5 0 , 0 0 0 DWT .
DWT h a s thu s had s ev e r a l s ign i f icant e f fe c t s on the U n i t e d
it r educed the transportation c omponent o f imported o i l
State s :
c o s t s ; and i t prompte d the e s tab l i shment o f l i gh t e r ing p o i n t s
where c ar go e s c ou l d b e trans ferred to sma l l e r t ank e r s th at c o u l d
tolerate t h e s h a l l ow d r a f t o f U . S . ports .
The p r imary c omp e t i t ion o f c o a s t a l tanke r s , wh i ch g e ne r a l l y
a r e sma l l er i n s i z e , i s t h e ne twork o f petrol eum p roduc t p ipe
l ines , wh ich h a s changed the economi c s and f l ow pattern o f prod
uct s moving to the north e a s tern Uni ted S tate s from Gu l f C o a s t
Sub s t an t i a l c o a s t a l trade i n petro l eum produc t s wi l l
re f iner i e s .
cont i nue , s inc e the p i pe l ine s d o no t s erve a l l port are a s and
ge ne r a l ly do not c a rry re s i dual fue l o i l , s pe c i a l i ty p rodu c t s /
lubr i c a t ing o i l s , o r o ther heavy p roduc t s .
A l s o , b e c a u s e they
are common c ar r i er s , the s e p i p e l i ne s are required , at c apa c i ty ,
to imp o s e proration o n the ir cus tome r s , s h i f t i ng vo l ume to mar ine
movemen t s .
S i nce c rude o i l and petroleum produ c t impor t s are expe c te d
t o i n c r e a s e , the r e l a t ive share o f u . s . f l a g tank e r s a s a mode o f
The l e v e l o f i nve s tment
petrol eum transportation wi l l decre a s e .
in tanker transpo r t a t i on on the part of the U . S . o i l i ndus try
wi l l be min ima l in the future .
Mo s t inve s tmen t wi l l b e i n the
fo rm o f mar i ne fac i l it i e s and improvements thereto , and po s s i b l y
deepwater ports .
Another important trend gradua l ly becoming apparent i s
improved s a fety by operators on the waterway s .
More and more
contr a c t i o n s and merge r s have been occurring s in c e the 1 9 7 9 NPC
s tudy .
The r ema i n ing c omp an i e s tend to be s tronger f i nanc i a l ly
and have inve s te d mor e h e avi ly in s a fety equipme nt and programs .
Many have a l s o empha s i z ed improved s a fety re s u l t s even w i th
reduced mann ing requi rement s .
PRINC I PAL CONSTRAINTS
The waterborne transportation i ndus try has long been recog
n i z e d by sh ippe r s a s an e f f i c ient , s a fe , dependab l e , and f le x i b l e
- 68 -
mode o f transportat ion .
Howeve r , opera tiona l con s tr a i n t s do
ex i s t that can and do c reate s e r ious interrup t i on s .
The mo s t
serious c on s tr a ints are noted i n th i s s e c t ion .
Con s tr a in t s c an be c l a s s i f ied into three g e n e r a l a r e a s :
weather , mar ine route s , and navigat iona l structures ( l o c k s and
dams , bridge s , port s , and harbors ) .
Weathe r c on s ide r a t i o n s adve r s e ly a f fe c t ing the e f f ic ient
operation of the waterborne transportation i ndu s try ( and in
particular , the f l e e t s oper ating in the upper o r n orthern por
tions of the i n l and waterway s and the Great Lake s ) are beyond the
e f fective contro l of the indus try and the gove rnmenta l agenc i e s
re s pons ible for t h e maintenance o f the s e waterways .
Gene r a l ly s peaking , the natural cons t r a i n t s o f h igh- and
low-water s ea s o n s are exper i enced at s ome t ime o n a l l por t io n s o f
the i n l and waterway s y s tem .
The s e c ond i t io n s r e s u l t i n s l ower
movement o f b arge s dur i ng h igh f low and l ight l o ading of b arge s
during l ow f l ow .
F looding on the Upper M i s s i s s ippi River s y s t em , c au se d by
snow me l t and rain f rom tr ibutary s treams , h a s been a ma j or
problem in the p a s t , and thi s s ituation i s e xpected to c o n t i nue .
Mi s s i s s ippi River f l o o d s norma l l y occur during the spr in g runo f f
per iod betwe en Apr i l and June .
Dur ing p e r i o d s o f h igh f low ,
operating mach inery a t the locks and dams i s removed , rend e r i ng
the locks inoperab l e .
The re are no f e a s i b l e r e s er vo i r s i t e s
along t h e ma in s tem o f t h e M i s s i s s ippi R iver b e c au s e o f the
h igh ly deve l oped nature of the f l ood p l a i n .
Re s e rvo i r s on the
large tr ibutary s treams and l o c a l f l oo d protec t ion p ro j e c t s and
f lood p l a i n management prac t i c e s a long the main s tem appear to be
the b e s t s o lutions to the f l ood prob l em .
The r e c ord f loods o f
Apr i l 1 9 6 5 and spr ing 1 9 7 3 c au s ed wide spread d amage a long the
rive r and its t r i butary s treams .
In 1 9 8 3 , s e r i o u s f looding on
the Upper Mi s s i s s ippi stopped barge tra f f i c for a lmo s t two wee ks .
Low-water cond i ti o n s on the i n l and waterway s s y s tem c a n h ave
a s s e r ious an e f f e c t on the e f f ic ient ope r a t i o n o f the waterborne
tran s portation indus try as can f lood i ng .
Low-wa ter c o nd i t io n s
n o t o n l y forc e barge operato r s to navigate w i th l i ghter l o a d s to
avo id ground ing , but a l so cause them to cut the s i z e o f the i r
tows , s ince maneuve ra b i l i ty i s impai red a s water l eve l drops .
When an operator c u t s the draft o f the barge , add i t i o n a l boats
and barge s mus t be used to c a rry the s ame vo l ume of c ar go .
Reduc ing the draft by one foot l e s s e n s the p a y l o a d o f a s ingle
barge 2 0 0 to 6 0 0 tons , depending upon i t s s i z e .
I n add i t ion , the
cost o f moving a l ight l y loaded barge is near l y the s ame a s for a
fu l ly l oaded one .
A l s o , l ow-water cond i t ions i n c r e a s e trans i t
t ime s , adding from one t o two d ay s , for e xamp l e , t o the normal
five - day trip from S t . Lou i s to New O r l e a n s .
As a re s u l t ,
freigh t rate s mu s t be increased s easona l ly to c over the add i
tional c o s t s .
198 8 .
An extreme exampl e o f thi s prob l em o c c ur r e d i n the s umme r o f
Low-water cond it ions incre a s ed f r e i gh t rate s by a s much a s
- 69 -
3 0 0 percent in l e s s than a month in s ome a r e a s o f the M i s s i s
s ippi , though rates subs e quen t l y returned t o mor e norma l l e ve l s
i n the f a l l .
Another s e r io u s e f fe c t o f low-water c ond i t i o n s ( a s we l l a s
o f h i gh water and f l o od ing ) i s the creat ion o f s hi ft ing channe l s ,
which r equ i re dredg i n g , and the replacement and r e po s i t io n i n g o f
many channe l buoys and navigational marke r s .
Thus , a dd i t i o n a l
a n d mor e frequent dredg i ng mu s t be under taken by t h e U . S . Army
Corp s o f Enginee r s - - an a c t ivi ty tha t c au s e s fur th e r d i s rupt i o n s
in norma l r ive r moveme n t s .
Th i s k ind o f dredging , a s we l l a s
schedu led dredging by the Corp s o f Engineer s , h a s been l im i t e d by
budge tary c o n s t r a i n t s a s we l l a s the lack o f cooperation from
some s ta t e s with r e s p e c t to supply ing s i te s whe r e dredging s po i l s
can b e properly p l ac e d .
I c e c an be a prob l em from January through March in the upper
i n l and waterway sys tem as we l l as the Great L ak e s .
On the Great
Lake s , i c e forma t ions are gene r a l ly so extens ive that they
actua l l y close down a l l water moveme nts except for tho s e e s s en
t i a l to public we l fare , and even the s e movemen t s a r e made on ly
with u.s. Coast Guard cut ter e scort and / or spec i a l ly cons tructed
a l l -we ather tanker s and b arge s .
The cond i t io n and ant iqu ated method o f opera t i on o f s ome o f
the locks and d ams o f the inl and waterway s y s tem are a c au s e o f
gre at concern to the waterbo rne tran s po r t a t i on i ndu s try .
A l e ad
i n g c au s e o f d e l ay s to b ar ge tra f f i c o n t h e Oh i o R i v e r i s the
The rep l a c ement o f Locks
phy s i c a l c o n s t r a i n t o f o b s o l e te locks .
52 and 5 3 i n the l ower Oh io Va l l ey with the n ew locks under the
O lmsted Pro j e c t should correct the s i tuation .
C o n t i nued work on
the Ga l l ipo l i s Pro j e c t is a l s o needed .
The Upper M i s s i s s ip p i
a l s o h a s l ockage de l a y s that wi l l be va s t l y improved b y c omp l e
tion o f t h e repl acement Lock and D am 2 6 n e a r Al ton , I l l ino i s .
Other f ac i l it i e s in imme d i ate need o f replac eme nt o r improvement
inc lude the C a l c a s i eu Lock on the Gu l f I ntrac o a s t a l Waterway and
the I ndu s t r i a l Canal Lock at New Orleans .
Two other f a c t o r s cons i de red to be c o n s t r a i n t s to the water
borne transportation i nd u s try are :
the e s c a l a t i ng volume o f
tra f f i c a t the sma l l e r locks , and the br idge s s pann ing the i n l and
waterway sys tem with r e s tr i c t ive hor i z on t a l and ver t i c a l c l e ar
ance s , wh i c h repr e se n t another type o f navig a t iona l concern .
P l anned ma intenance and rehab i l itat ion o f an e f fe c t ive
in land waterway s y s tem r e qu i r e s an in-depth a n a l y s i s and
comp ar i s on o f the current s y s tem ' s capab i l i t i e s and pro j ec t i o n o f
growth po tent i a l i n order to determine the be s t u s e o f avai la b l e
re s ources .
The Gu l f I nt r ac o a s t a l Waterway i s typ i c a l o f tho s e
por t i o n s o f the waterway s y s tem that requ i r e a dd i t ion a l a n a ly s i s .
Whe n th i s waterway wa s autho r i z ed in the 1 9 2 0 s , i t was a n t i c
ipated t h a t i t wou l d h andl e 5 mi l l ion t o n s o f c a rgo per year .
In
th e e ar ly 1 9 4 0 s , the waterway w a s h and l ing 1 8 mi l l ion tons p e r
year , and Congr e s s author i z ed that i t s depth be i n c re a s ed f rom 9
feet to 1 2 feet and the bottom width be inc re a s e d from 1 0 0 f e e t
- 70 -
Curren t ly , th i s waterway i s hand l ing i n exce s s o f
to 1 2 5 fee t .
1 0 0 mi l l io n tons o f c ar go annual l y and h a s a lmo s t r eached i t s
maximum c apab i l i ty .
There are proponen t s o f b o th the widening
and deepening of th i s sys tem and a thorough a n a l y s i s of both
sugge s t ion s should b e made .
The u.s . Army Corps o f Eng ineer s , under l e g i s l a t io n p a s s ed
by the Congre s s , h a s the r e s pon s ib i l ity o f ma i n t a i n in g the
waterways o f the Un i te d S tate s for navigat ion , and the U . S . Coa s t
Guard h a s the re spon s ib i l i ty o f ma intain ing a i d s t o nav ig a t ion ,
inc luding br idge s acro s s navigab le waterway s .
The U . S . Mar i t ime
Admin i s tration and the operator s and u s e r s o f the waterway s y s tem
recogn i z e the impor t an t e f fe c t s that natu r a l and phy s i c a l
con s traints have on t h e produ c t ive , e f f i c i e n t o pe r a t ion o f the
s y s tem .
The se group s are working together to e n s ure that the
waterway sys tem operate s with a minimum of n a tur a l and phy s i c a l
con s tr a int s .
REGULATI ON
As i s the c a s e with o ther mode s o f tran sportat ion , the
waterborne transportat ion indus try i s regu l a t e d by various loc a l ,
s tate , and fede r a l government agenc i e s i n the operat ion o f i t s
fac i l i t i e s a n d service s .
The pr inc ipa l probl em w i th th i s
approach to regu l a t ion i s the l ack o f con s i s t e ncy b e twe en regu l a
t i o n s impo s e d upon t h e waterways indu s try by t h e var ious govern
ment agenc ie s .
As an examp l e , s everal s tate s are c on s id e r i ng ,
and a few are deve l oping , requirements to control vapor emi s s ions
from the l oading and b a l l a s t ing of tanks h i p s and barge s c a rr y i ng
vo l a t i l e organ ic compounds , ma inly hydrocar bon s .
The s e requ i r e
men t s s hould be made con s i s tant with fede r a l s tandards admin
i s tered by EPA .
I n Apr i l 1 9 8 2 and March 1 9 8 7 , the Mar i t ime Admin i s t r a tor
sent to the EPA Admin i s trator propo sed amendme nt s to the C le a n
Air Act , deve loped j o in t l y b y t h e U . S . Mar i t ime Admi n i s tr a t ion
and the U . S . Coast Gu ard , wh i ch wou l d g ive the federal gove rnmen t
exc lus ive j ur i s d i c t i on over t h e regu l a t i on o f a i r po l lutan t s
emi tted b y comme r c i a l ve s s e l s within t h e j u r i sd ic t io n o f the
U n i te d S t a te s .
Th i s l eg i s l a t ive propo s a l wou l d , among o th e r
th ing s , enc ourage t h e deve lopment o f interna t i o n a l s tand ard s by
the I nternational Mar i t ime Organ i zat ion .
W i thout a c t i o n s uch a s
thi s , the impo s i t io n by any one s tate o f nonu n i form s a f e ty and
environmental requi reme n t s c ould requ i r e s igni f ic a n t and u n i que
ch anges in equipment and operations and c ou l d be an intru s io n
into f e d e r a l regu l a t i on o f sh ipping and o f i n te r s tate and
internat iona l c ommerce .
The deve l opme nt o f r a t ional uni form
s tandards app l ic ab l e n a t ionwi de wou l d prevent the poten t i a l l y
harmfu l economic , s a fety , and envi ronmen t a l c o s t s o f incon s i s tent
s ta te requi rements .
I n summary , i n s t i tutional con s tr a i n t s upon the waterborne
transport a t i on indu s try inc lude con f l i c t ing o r nonuni form l aws ,
- 71 -
d i re c t ive s , and regu l at ion s o f feder al , s tate , and l o c a l govern
ment s .
Such c on f l ic t s tend to re s t r i c t dome s t i c mar ine c ommer c e
and gene rate unne c e s s ary ec onomic uncerta inty .
INDUS TRY PERSPECT I VE
There i s a s igni f icant amount o f pub l i c i nv e s tmen t i n navig
Mo s t mar i ne equipment and port f ac i l i t i e s are
able wate rway s .
f inanced through the private c ap it a l marke t .
E s c a l at ing c o s t s
are c r i t i c a l i s su e s , a s the c o s t o f new c o n s truc t ion appea r s to
be r i s ing f a s ter than the r e s u l tan t bene f i t s o f p ro j ec t s .
The
change in emph a s i s of federa l goa l s and the reduc e d ava i l ab i l i ty
o f , and i n c r e a s e d c omp e t i t ion for , feder a l fun d s for waterways
pro j e c t s a l s o contr ibute to the unc e r t a i nt y in f in anc i a l mat te r s .
The enactmen t o f P ub l i c Law 9 9 - 6 6 2 , e s tabl i sh ing a t o l l or
user tax on d i e s e l fue l for i n l and waterway ope r a to r s , mandated
that the I n l and Wate rway User Board deve lop and make r e c ommenda
tions regard ing new c o n s t ruc t ion and rehab i l i t a t io n pr i o r i t i e s .
Recommenda t ions are made to the As s i s tant S e c re tary o f the Army
for C iv i l Work s .
The Board ' s f i r s t mee t ing wa s h e l d i n J u l y
1987 .
Compa rat ive mode l s tud i e s point out that the Ame ri c an pub l i c
bene f i t s from a l l current mod e s o f t r a n s portat i on b y r e c e iving
the be s t s e rvice for a spec i f ic app l i c a t ion .
B e c au s e the wate r
way indu s try i s o n e o f t h e mo s t fue l -e f fi c ient forms o f tran s
port a t ion , me asure s that wou l d r educe the u s e o f waterborne
transportat ion wou ld be counterproduc t i ve .
The i dent i f ic a t ion and planned d eve l opmen t o f e f f e c t ive ,
c areer- o r i ented p e r s onne l programs requ i r e ana l y s i s o f the
indu s try ' s current and pro j e c ted r e s ourc e s and needs .
The c o r r e
lat ion between ava i l ab l e pers o nne l , exi s t ing j ob s , l abor force
growth trends , a nd pro j ec te d future emp loyme nt oppo rtun i t i e s
figures g r e a t l y in t h e deve l opment o f programs t o a t t r a c t h igh
c a l iber , we l l -mo t ivated people to c areer po s i t i o n s i n the water
I t i s a l s o important to provide
borne tran s portation i ndus try .
properly t r a i n e d ve s s e l -operating per s onne l through modern
I n add i t ion , a need
tra i n ing method s and adequate f ac i l i t ie s .
e x i s t s to fos t e r the c o n t inued growth o f the waterborne tran s
portation indu s try through t h e recru i tmen t and r e t e nt ion o f
e f f i c ient , h i gh l y qua l i fi e d pro fe s s ional manage r s ; thro ugh
emph a s i s on the need for properly trained ve s s e l -ope r a t i ng
per s onne l ; and through i de nt i f icat ion o f any future manpower
shortage s by s k i l l and by domes t i c shipping area .
SUMMARY
S ince the 1 9 7 9 s tudy , the fol l owing has occurred :
•
Fewer U . S . f l a gged ve s s e l s are in s ervice , but the
e x i s t i ng ve s s e l s p o s s e s s h ighe r c arrying capa c i ty and
- 72 -
are more e f f i c ient ( a r e s u l t o f the c o n s t ru c t i o n o f
l a rger t anke r s o f 1 7 0 , 0 0 0 DWT and above for ANS move
me nts to the Lower- 4 8 S t a te s ) .
•
A s ig n i f icant redu c t i on h a s taken p l a c e in the U . S .
shipbu i ld ing indu s try ( the produc t io n o f U . S . -bu i lt
tankers for c ommerc i a l u s e h a s c ome t o a h a l t ) .
•
I ntroduc t i on o f d i e s e l -powered tanke r s h a s imp roved
e f fic iency and reduced oper a t io n a l c o s t s .
•
I ntroduc t i on o f ANS crude o i l produc t ion h a s made c rude
o i l the l arge s t percentage o f l iqu id c argo moved
domes t i c a l l y .
•
A decre a s e in the number o f product t anke r s h a s
r e s u l ted from decreased demand and i n c r e a s e d product
imports .
•
F ewe r c ompan i e s are involved i n mar ine transpor t a t i on ,
but they tend to be l arger and financ i a l ly s tronger .
•
The i n l and and shal low-dra f t s y s tems are be ing pu shed
to c apac i ty and wi l l requ ire l arge c ap i ta l i n fu s i o n s to
grea t ly a l l ev i a te future prob l em s .
•
P r ivate a nd pub l i c ent i t i e s have worked to f i ne - tune
the s y s tem so tha t more vo l ume c an be e f fe c t i ve l y
shipped .
•
Various s tate and fede r a l agenc i e s are developing
con f l i c t ing a nd c o s t ly l aws and r e gu l at i o n s to d e a l
with pr imar i ly environmental i s sue s .
•
Three maj or fac i l ity improvemen t s have been undertaken
- - LOOP , Tenne s s e e - Tomb i gbee Waterway , and the Red
River Pro j e c t .
I n s ummary , a good j ob h a s been done hand l ing growth , but
the re is i ncr e a s e d concern about the future , f o c u s e d on improving
and expand ing the i n l and waterway s y stem , and o n a g i ng ve s s e l s ,
many o f which are u n l ike ly to be replaced un l e s s ANS c rude o i l
production i s s u s t a ined o r governmen t intervent io n occur s .
- 73 -
CHAPTER FOUR
In order to mee t the logi s t i c a l requ i r eme n t s o f the petro
leum marke t , d i s tr ibution of r aw mate r i a l s and r e f i ned produ c t s
take s place under two broad c ate g o r i e s - - transportation and
de l ivery .
Tran sportat ion i s broad ly de fi ned a s the movemen t o f r aw
mate r i a l s into re f ine r i e s and the outbound movement o f re f ined
produc t s to r e d i s tr ibut ion termina l s and to o ther pe tro leum
re fine r i e s o r chemi c a l p l ants .
Th i s " transport a t io n " i s gene
rally per formed by p i pe l i ne and marine mode s .
T r a n s po r t at ion
imp l i e s a s tock moveme nt from one pha s e o f the l o g i s t i c s s y s tem
to anothe r , gener a l l y for manufac ture or s torage w i t h i n the d i s
tribution c h a i n .
The economic s o f l arge - vo lume movement invo l ve d
in the se pha s e s o f d i s t r ibution d ic tate t h a t r a i l and truck modes
play l i tt l e part i n the proce s s .
D e l ivery can be de f ined a s the movement o f f i n i shed produc t s
t o u l t imate consuming locat ions .
Re l at ive ly sma l l -vo l ume p arce l s
are de l ive red to numerous de s t ination s .
Truck moveme n t s from
red i s t r ibut ion termina l s to service s ta t i o n s , and r a i l s h i pment s
o f lubr i cants , a s pha l ts , waxe s , petro leum s o lvent s , e tc . , t o c u s
tomer s ( i . e . , b lende r s , manu f ac tur e r s , d i s tr ibutor s , re t a i l e r s )
are the ma j o r examp l e s o f " de l ivery . "
D e l i ve ry i s gen e r a l l y
performed b y r a i l and truck mod e s .
Mo s t de l iver i e s i nvo lve a
s a l e r ather than a s tock trans fer .
Trucks and r a i l c ar s are gene r a l l y not u s e d i n the up s tre am
s ide o f the log i s t i c s c h a i n .
Some exceptions to th i s are c rude
oil and cond e n s a te g a ther ing by truck from we l l to p i pe l ine
s torage po ints , or re finer ie s and natu r a l gas l iquid movement
into re f iner i e s where pipe l i ne c o n s tru c t i on is not f e a s i b l e .
Rai l c a r s and trucks may o c c a s iona l ly be u s e d to t r an s fe r
I n s ome i so l a te d c a s e s ,
feed s tocks betwee n re f i n ing location s .
r a i l c a r s are u s e d to move c rude o i l to re f i n e r i e s whe re p i pe l ine
cons truction is not fe a s i b l e .
Wh i l e there are l im i ted
app l ic a t i on s for r a i l and truck in the u p s t r e am s e c to r , the
cap i t a l inve s tment nece s s ary and the i r re l at ive i ne f f i c iency for
large - s c a l e vo lume movement render them impra c t ic a l for u s e in
any ma j or supp l y d i s ruption .
S ince trucks and r a i l c a r s are
primari ly dedic ated to d e l ivery in the d i s tr ibution c h a i n , i t is
un l ik e l y they could e f fect ive ly be d iverted to " tr a n s portat i on "
u s e wi thout ma j or d i s rupt i on to the d own s tream s ec to r .
Wh i le the ava i l ab l e data ind i c a te a very l ar g e r a i l t ank c a r
c apac i ty , t h e ma j or ity o f the s e c a r s are d e d i c a t e d to c hemic a l ,
food , and veg e t ab l e o i l s ervi ce .
I n a p e tro leum s upp l y eme r
gency , i t i s not l ik e l y that many ra i l c a r s c ou l d b e spared f rom
-
75
-
tho s e v i t a l indu s t r i e s .
Mo s t tank trucks are u s e d for g a s o l ine
de l ivery to service s tat ion s or the sh ipment o f chem i c a l s ,
fer ti l i z e r , food produc t s , and vegetable o i l .
There i s l i t t l e
l i k e l ihood they c o u l d be read i l y shi fted t o petro l e um
tran s portat ion s ervice wi thou t caus ing s ub s t an t i a l h arm to the
d i s tribution s ys tems they s erve .
TANK CAR S
Tank c ar s move over a u.s. r a i l s y s tem that h a s b e e n c hanged
subs tant i a l ly s ince p a s s age of the Transpor tat ion Ac t o f 1 9 8 0 -
c ommonly known a s " The S taggers Ac t . " As a re s u l t o f " S t agger s , "
the r a i lroad c ar r i e r s have been granted f ar more f l e xi b i l i ty i n
the i r ec onomic dec i s ion making a n d s ub s t an t i a l freedom i n the i r
ab i l i ty to abandon a n d d i spo s e o f unpro f i t ab l e r a i l s e gmen ts .
The ma j or r a i lroads h ave r e s tructured the i r phys i c a l s y s tems
s ince 1 9 7 9 , abandoning trackage and s e l l ing unpro f i table b r anch
l ines to loc a l o r r e g i o n a l c a r r i e r s .
A s umm a ry o f the U . S . tank
car f l e e t is shown i n Tab le 1 4 .
Tank c a r s are t i e d to the e x i s t i ng r a i l s y s tem , thu s l im i t
Thi s l imited acc e s s h a s c au s e d n o ma j or d i s
i n g acc e s s ibi l i ty .
rupt ion t o the movement o f petro leum products and r aw mater i a l s
unde r norma l d i s tr ibut ion patterns .
Howe ve r , i t h a s made the
r a i l tank car l e s s f lexible as a veh i c l e for u s e in emer gency
s i tuation s .
The re are s ome locations no l onger s erved by r a i l
that once hand led tank c a r de l ive r i e s .
E conomi c d e r e gu l at ion h a s improved the pro f i ta b i l i ty o f the
U . S . r a i l industry .
One impac t o f th i s added pro f i t ab i l ity h a s
been gre atly improved phy s i c a l pl ants throughout t h e Un ited
State s for all l ar ge r a i lroads .
Today ' s improved s y s tem h a s
provided the petro leum indus try with the abi l ity t o g a in marked
produ c t i v i ty in i t s r a i l tank c ar f l e e t .
Tank c a r s are making
more trips per year and e ach tr ip is tak ing l e s s t ime per m i l e
than w a s the c a s e i n 1 9 7 9 .
Improveme n t s h ave a l s o been made in c a r d e s ign and i n c o n
s truc t ion , further imp roving s a fety a n d p e r formanc e .
As a result
o f de s i gn c hange s , w e c o n t i nue t o s e e t h e average c a r s i z e i n
crea s e .
T h e sma l ler , l e s s e f f i c ient r a i l tank c a r s a r e b e ing
replaced by fewer but l arger-capa c i ty c a r s .
T h i s e f f i c i e nc y im
provement doe s , howeve r , reduce f l e e t f l e x ib i l i ty .
As f ewer c a r s
move more produc t , ther e a r e fewer spare s a n d a h igher concentra
tion of c ap ac i ty in the trad i t io n a l service s to wh i ch r a i l t ank
c ar s are d e d i c a te d .
The tank c ar s upp ly s ide h a s a l s o und ergone c hange s in c e
197 9 .
The number o f supp l i e r s bu i ld ing t ank c a r s h a s been r e
duced from seven to three .
C apac ity t o bu i ld c ar s peaked a t
1 1 , 0 0 0 per y e a r in 1 9 8 0 a n d i s now e s t imated a t 7 , 0 0 0 c a r s p e r
ye ar .
T h i s reduc t ion i n bui ld ing c apac i ty i s s ign i f icant but
doe s no t imp a i r the indus try ' s ab i l ity to mee t norma l , new c o n
s truction demand s .
S ince new cons truct ion requ ire s a s ix-to-
- 76 -
TABLE 14
THE U . S. RAIL TANK CAR FLEET
AS OF FEBRUARY 16, 1988
Under
11, 499
(Gal . )
1 1 , 50018 , 499
(Gal . )
18, 5002 4 , 4 99
(Gal . )
2 4 , 5003 1 , 499
(Gal . )
4 , 972
2 , 073
5 , 143
499
29 , 435
1 5 , 772
9 , 868
1 , 508
231
7
49, 649
19 , 859
1 , 040 , 288,552
396 , 35 7 , 073
1 2 , 690
1 0 , 602
30 ,662
23 , 72 5
36,524
34 ,628
1 , 767
1 , 529
50
47
8 1 ,693
70 , 53 1
1 , 462 , 488, 567
1 , 293 , 93 1 , 704
1 7 , 66 2
3 5 , 805
6 5 , 959
1 1 , 635
281
13 1 , 3 4 2
2 , 50 2 , 777, 1 19
71
6 , 081
331
6 , 966
801
1 , 917
2 , 661
2 , 834
16 , 1 27
7 , 828
1 9 , 991
2 5 , 6 26
641 , 231 , 599
559 , 70 5 , 6 2 7
6 , 15 2
7 , 297
2, 718
5 , 495
2 3 , 955
45 , 6 1 7
1 , 200 , 937 , 2 26
2 3 , 814
43 , 102
68, 677
1 7 , 130
2 4 , 236
176 , 959
3 , 703 , 714 , 345
990
443
3 , 074
17
6 , 300
1 , 186
1 , 547
0
3 , 753
33
1 5 , 664
1 , 679
359 , 543 , 827
2 9 , 439, 917
1 , 443
3 , 091
7 , 486
1 , 547
3 , 786
1 7 , 343
388 , 983 , 744
4 , 7 45
7 , 234
4 , 627
90
183
1 6 , 879
249 , 984, 475
2 9 , 992
53 , 427
80, 790
18, 767
28, 2 05
2 1 1 , 181
4 , 3 4 2 , 682, 564
Over
3 1 , 500
(Gal . )
Total
Number of
Tank Cars
Total
Capacity
(Gal . )
Suitable Tank Cars
Non - Pressure
Uninsulated
Coiled
Insulated
Coiled
Subtotal
Pressure
Uninsulated
Insulated
Subtotal
Total
Unsuitable Tank Cars
Canadian
Mexican
Total
Aluminum/Other Cars
Grand Total
Source :
Association of American Railroads , Universal Machine Language EqUipment Register.
- 77 -
e i ght-month p e r i od , short- term needs o f the p e t r o l eum indu s t ry
c annot be met by new- c ar cons truct i on .
The re fore , the impac t o f
reduced new- c ar c ap ac i ty i s o f l i t t l e importance to the emergency
requ ireme n t s of petro l eum s h ipper s .
TANK TRUCKS
Tank truck s operate over a U . S . h ighway s y s tem that pro
vides a h i gh degree of f l e x ib i l i ty .
Th i s f l e x i b i l i ty has been
further enhanced by the Motor C arr ier Ac t o f 1 9 8 0 , wh i ch h a s
prac t i c a l ly e l imina ted federa l economi c regu l a t i on o f t h e c a r
r i e r s i nvo lved i n provid ing tank truck s ervi c e to the p e t ro
I n s ome c a s e s , th i s federa l deregu l a t ion h a s
leum indu s try .
c arried over i n t o s ta t e s that h ave a l s o f r e e d tank truck c ommon
and contrac t c ar r i e r s from e conomi c regu l a t i on .
Wh i l e e c onomic dere gu la t ion has created s ome i n s ta b i l i ty in
the tank truck indus try , it has no t r e s u l ted i n any negat i ve
impact on the amount o f s ervice or equipmen t a va i l ab l e to the
I n fac t , in s p i te o f several ma j o r bus ine s s
petrol eum i ndus try .
fai lure s i n the tank truck i ndu s try , more t ank truck capac i ty i s
ava i l ab l e today than ever be fore , and the i ndu s try i s f a r more
f l ex i b l e i n its ab i l i t y to handle change than it was i n 1 9 7 9 .
Summa r i e s o f the n a t i o n a l tank truck inventory by PADD and DOT
s pe c i f i c a t io n are shown in T ab l e s 1 5 and 1 6 .
TABLE 1 5
NAT IONAL CARGO TANK TRUCK INVENTORY
BY MAJOR DOT SPECIFICATION
Ave rage Cap ac i t y
Numb e r o f
in Gal l ons p e r Unit
Uni t s
( e s t ima t e d )
DOT S p e c i f i ca t ion *
T o t a l Capac ity
in Gallons
( e s t imat ed )
MC 3 0 6
5 7 , 900
8 , 00 0
4 6 3 , 20 0 , 0 00
MC 3 0 7
2 2 , 00 0
6 , 500
1 43 , 00 0 , 000
MC 3 1 2
1 2 , 6 00
4 , 500
5 6 , 7 0 0 , 000
MC 33 1 §
1 0 , 000
10 , 000
1 00 , 0 0 0 , 000
To tal
1 0 2 , 500
*
The s e f our s p e c i f icat ions cove r a l l crude o il , p e t r o l eum produc t s
( including chemical s ) ,
§
7 6 2 , 9 0 0 , 00 0
and LPG t rans p o r t ing v eh ic l e s .
Liqu e f i e d P e tro leum Gas
(LPG)
S e rv ic e .
- 78 -
TABLE
16
NATIONAL CARGO TANK TRUCK INVENTORY
BY PADD AND DOT SPECIF ICATION
DOT Sp e c i f icat ion *
P ADD I
PADD II
PADD III
PADD IV
T o t al
PADD V
MC 3 0 6
1 7 , 950
18 , 500
8 , 700
1 , 750
1 1 ' 0 00
5 7 , 9 00
MC 3 0 7
6 , 800
7 , 050
3 , 30 0
660
4 , 190
2 2 , 000
MC 3 1 2
3 , 9 00
4 , 03 0
1 , 900
400
2 , 3 70
1 2 , 6 00
MC 33 1 §
3 ' 100
3 , 20 0
1 , 5 00
3 00
1 , 900
1 0 , 000
To t a l
*
The s e four s p e c i f i c a t ions cover all crude o i l , p e t r o l eum p roduc t s
( including chemical s ) ,
§
1 0 2 , 500
and LPG t ransport ing vehic l e s .
Liqu e f ied P e t ro leum Gas
(LPG)
S erv ic e .
- 79 -
Appendices
APPENDIX A
STUDY REQUEST LETTER AND
DESCRIPTION OF THE NATIONAL PETROLEUM COUNCIL
The Secretary of Energy
Washington, DC 20585
Fe b r u a ry 2 0 , 1 98 7
Mr . R a l p h E .
C h a i rman
B a i l ey
Nat i on a l Pet r o l e u m C o u n c i l
1 6 2 5 K S t reet , N . W .
Wa s h i n gton , D . C .
2 0006
Dear M r . B a i l ey :
T h e Nat i on a l
Pe t ro l eum Counc i l
h a s p r e p a re d n u m e r ou s
s t u d i es i n
t he p a st on t h e n at i on ' s p et r o l eum i n v e n t o ry , s t o ra g e , a n d
t r a n s po rt at i on sy s t em s .
The C o u n c i l ' s l a st com p r e h e n s i v e study o n
t h i s s u bj e c t w a s c om p l et ed i n 1 97 9 .
The p r i n c i p a l o bj e c t i v e s o f
that s t udy we re to a n a l yze cu r rent i n vento r i e s , e s t i m a t e mi n i m u m
o p e r at i n g i n v e n t o ry l ev e l s , dete rm i ne t h e t ot a l s t o ra g e c a p a c i ty o f
t h e p r i ma ry pet r o l e u m d i s t r i but i on sy stem , a n d p r o v i de d e t a i l e d
i n f o rmat i on on t he na t i on ' s t ra n s po rtat i on sy s t em f o r o i l a n d
nat u r a l g a s .
I n 1 98 4 , t h e C ou n c i l i s su e d a r e p o rt u p d at i n g a n d
e x p a n d i n g t h e i n v e n t o r i e s a n d sto rage c a p a c i ty p o rt i o n s o f t h e 1 9 79
study .
Th e s e s t u d i e s a re t he mo s t c u rrent , com p re h e n s i ve t re a t m e n t o f
pet rol e u m s t o r a g e a n d t ra n s po rt at i on t h at a re av a i l a b l e fo r
refe re n c e , w i t h s ome d a t a b e i n g nea r l y a d e c a de o l d a n d t he most
recent from ea r l y 1 9 8 3 .
S i nce t h e re l ea s e o f t h e s e s t ud i e s , t h e re
have been maj o r c h a n g e s i n t he p ro d u ct i on a n d t r a n s po r t at i on o f
c r u d e oi l a n d n at u r a l g a s , r e f i n e ry o p e rat i on s , pet r o l e u m p r o d uc t s
d i st r i b u t i on n e t w o r k s , a n d t h e ma r k e t s t h ey s e r ve .
A c c o r d i n g l y , I am reques t i n g t h e C o u n c i l to u n de rt a ke a
comp rehe n s i ve n ew s t udy on p e t r o l eum i n ve n t o ry , s t o r a g e , a n d
t ra n s po rt a t i on c a p a c i t i e s u p d at i n g t h e C ou n c i l ' s ea r l i e r s t u d i es a s
n e c e s s a ry .
E m p h a s i s s h o u l d be g i ven t o t h e ree x am i n at i on o f m i n i mum
o p e rat i n g i n v e n t o ry l ev e l s , t h e l ocat i on o f s t o ra g e f a c i l i t i e s a n d
a v a i l a b i l i ty o f i n v e n to r i es i n re l at i on to l o c a l demand , a n d t he
c a p a b i l i t i e s of d i s t r i b u t i o n netwo r k s to move p ro d u c t s f rom r e f i n i n g
cent e rs t o t h e i r p o i n t o f con sumpt i on p a rt i c u l a r l y d u r i n g p e r i o d s o f
stres s .
F o r t h e p u r po se o f t h i s s t u dy , I des i g n a t e Dr . H . A . Me r k l e i n ,
Admi n i s t rat or , E n e rgy I n fo rmat i on Admi n i st ra t i on , t o r e p r e s e n t me
a n d to p r o v i de t h e n e ce s s a ry c o o rd i n at i on betwe en t h e D e p a rtment o f
E n e rgy a n d t he C o u n c i l .
You r s t r u l y ,
��
J ohn S . H e r r i n gton
A- 1
DESC RI PTION OF
t he
th e
THE NATIONAL
PETROLEUM COUNC I L
I n May 1 9 4 6 , the P r e s i d e n t s ta te d tha t h e had been i mp r e s se d by
c o n t r i bu t i on made t h r o ugh gover nme n t/ indus t r y coop e r a t ion to
s uc c e s s o f t h e Wor ld War I I p e t r o l e u m p r og r am .
He f e l t t h a t
th i s c lo s e r e l a t i o n s h ip should b e cont i nu e d a nd s u gg e s te d t h a t the
Sec r e ta r y o f the
I n te r ior e s t a b l i s h an i nd u s t r y or g an i z a t io n to
p r ov i de
adv i ce
on
oil
and
I n te r ior Sec r e ta r y J . A .
Cou nc i l ( N PC } on June 1 8 ,
gas
ma t te r s .
Pu r s u a n t
Kr u g e s ta b l i s h e d
1946 .
I n Oc tobe r
to
th i s
r e que s t ,
th e Na t ion a l Pe tr o leum
1 9 7 7 , the D e p a r tme nt of
Ene r g y wa s e s t a b l i s he d and the Cou nc i l ' s f unc t io n s we r e t r an s f e r r e d
to
t he
The
new depa r tme n t .
so le
p u r po s e
of
the
NPC
is
to
adv i s e ,
i n fo r m ,
and
ma k e
r ecomme n d a t i on s t o t he Sec r e ta r y o f Ene r g y on any ma t te r , r e que s te d
by h im , r e lat i ng to pe t r o leum o r t h e pe t r o leum i n d u s t r y .
Ma t te r s
t h a t the S ec r e t a r y wou ld l i ke to h av e c on s i d e r e d by the Counc i l a r e
s ubm i t te d a s a r e que s t i n the form o f a le tte r o u t l i n ing the n a t u r e
and scope o f t he s t udy .
The Cou nc i l r e s e r v e s t h e r i g h t to d e c i de
wh e t h e r
i t w i l l c on s i d e r
any ma t te r
r e f e r r ed
Examp l e s o f r e c e n t ma j o r s tud i e s
r e que s t of the Sec r e ta r y inc l ude :
to
u nde r t a k e n
it .
by
the
NPC
at
the
•
Re f i ne r y F l e x i b i l i ty
•
Unc onv e n t iona l G a s
•
Em e r gency P r e p a r e d ne s s for I n te r r up t ion o f Pe t r o le u m Impor t s
i n to t he Un i ted S t a te s ( 1 9 8 1 }
(1980}
Sou r c e s
(1980}
•
u.s .
•
Env i r onme n t a l Con se r v a t ion -- The O i l & Ga s I nd u s t r i e s
•
Th i r d Wor ld Pe t r o leum Deve lopme n t :
( 1982}
•
Pe t r o leum
•
Enha nc e d O i l Rec ov e r y
•
The
Ar c t i c O i l
&
(1981}
Inv e n tor i e s
S t r a te g i c
and
u. s .
•
Fac tor s Af f ec t i ng
•
I n te g r a t i ng
u.s.
A S t a te me n t o f P r i nc i p l e s
Cap ac i t y
(1983 ,
1984}
(1984}
(1986 )
Oil
R&D Effor ts
not conce r n
(1982)
(1984}
P e t r o leum Re f i n ing
N PC doe s
S tor a g e
P e t r o leum Re se r v e
•
The
Gas
&
Ga s Ou t loo k
(1987)
(1988) .
i ts e l f w i th
t r a de
pr ac t i ce s ,
nor
doe s
The
i t eng ag e in any o f the u s u a l tr ade a s soc i a t io n ac t iv i t i e s .
Counc i l
is
s ub j ec t
to
the
p r ov i s ions
of
t he
Fede r a l
Adv i so r y
Comm i t te e Ac t o f 1 9 7 2 .
Membe r s o f
the Na t iona l
Pe t r o leum Cou nc i l a r e
appo i n te d
by
the
S ec r e t a r y
of
E ne r gy
and
r epr e s e n t
all
s eg m e n t s
of
p e t r o l e um
i n te r e s t s .
The N PC is headed by a Cha i r man and a V i c e Cha i r man , who
a r e e l ec ted by t he Cou nc i l .
The Cou nc i l is s uppo r ted e n t i r e ly by
volunta r y con t r i b u t i o n s
f r om
i t s membe r s .
A- 2
NATIONAL PETROLEUM COUNC I L
MEMBERSH I P
1989
ADAMS ,
Wi l l i am L .
Cha i r man
Ch i e f
BOWEN , W . J .
Cha i r man o f t h e Boa r d
and
Exec u t i ve
Un i on Pac i f i c
ALLEN , Jac k M .
Cha i r man o f the
Tr an s c o Ene r gy Comp any
Of f i c e r
Re sou r ce s
Comp any
BRINK LEY ,
Pr e s i d e n t
Boa r d
Ch i e f
Don a ld
and
R.
Exec u t ive
Of f i c e r
P ipe l i n e
Company
Alp a r
Re sou r c e s ,
I nc .
Co l on i a l
AMES ,
Eug e ne
Jr .
BURGU I ERES , P h i l i p
Cha i r ma n , Pr e s i d e n t
L. ,
Pre s ident
Venu s O i l Company
ANDERSON ,
Pr e s i d e n t
Hondo O i l
ANGELO ,
Ch i e f
Came r on
Robe r t 0 .
&
Gas
Er ne s t ,
Ch ie f
the
Ch i e f Exec u t i v e Of f i c e r
B u r k e , Maybo r n Comp a n y , Ltd .
Cha i r man ,
and
Of f i c e r
Euan
Pre s i dent
and
MAPCO
I nc .
BASS ,
Sid
C a lde r ,
I nc .
C ARL ,
W i l l i am E .
Ga s Co .
C ARVER , John A . , Jr .
C o l l eg e o f Law
Un ive r s i ty o f Denv e r
BARNES , Jame s E .
Pr e s i d e n t and
Exec u t i ve
Br u c e
P r e s ide n t
Car l Oi l &
Ch i e f Exec u t i ve Of f i c e r
S ch lumbe r g er L im i ted
Ch i e f
Jr .
CALDER , B r uc e
Pres ident
Boa r d
Exec u t iv e
D.
Inc .
Jr .
Un i ted Me r id i an Cor po r a t ion
BAI RD ,
I r on Wo r k s ,
BURK E , Fr a n k M . ,
Cha i r man and
Ra lph E .
Cha i r man o f
and
Of f i c e r
Comp any
P e t r o leum Eng i ne e r
Mid l and , Texa s
BAI LEY ,
Exec u t i v e
CASH ,
R.
D.
Cha i r man ,
Of f i c e r
Ch i e f
Que s ta r
Pr e s ident
and
E x e c u t ive O f f i c e r
Cor por a t io n
R.
Pr e s i de nt
B a s s Broth e r s
En te r p r i s e s ,
CHAND LER , C o l l i s P . , Jr .
Pre s ident
Chand l e r & As soc i a te s , I nc .
I nc .
B LACK BURN , C ha r l e s L .
Cha i r man , P r e s id e n t and
CHENAULT ,
Ch i e f Exec ut ive O f f i c e r
Ma xu s Ene r g y Co r por a t ion
Vice
Lone
A- 3
Jame s
E. ,
Jr .
S t a r S te e l Comp any
C HR I SMAN , Ne i l D .
S e n ior V i c e P r e s i d e n t
Mor g an Gu a r an ty Tr u s t Company
DORN , Dav i d
Pr e s i d e n t
Fo r e s t
o f New Y o r k
CONK LI N ,
P a r tner
Ph i lcon
COOK ,
We s te r n
Dev e lopme n t Co .
Er i c k son
G.
Benn e t t
Equ i t y
Pr e s i d e n t
Cou r son O i l
&
Mana tt ,
Cou nc i l
&
Ga s ,
Ga s ,
Bureau
I nc .
Ha l l i b u r ton
H.
D I ETLER ,
Co r t l and t
and
&
L.
Ec onom i c
of
Jame s
Geo logy
Texas
at
Au s t i n
F.
and
Jame s W .
Gene r a l P a r tne r
La z a r d F r e r e s &
Co .
G LASSE R , Jame s J .
Cha i r man and P r e s i d e n t
and
Of f i c e r
GATX
Chev r on Corpor a t i on
Cha i r man
of
G LANV I LLE ,
Of f i c e r
Company
Exec u t i ve
Ro t h e n be r g
I n te r na t io n a l Bu s i ne s s
Ene r g y Adv i so r
Hono lu lu , Hawa i i
I nc .
DERR , Kenne th T .
Cha i r man o f the Boa r d
Ch ie f
M i c h ae l
Phe lp s ,
Un ive r s i ty
GARY ,
Exec u t i ve
J.
FI S HER , Wi l l i am
D i r ec tor
D.
C RU IKSHANK , Thom a s
P r e s ide n t and
Ch ie f
Comp any
Evan s
COX , Edw i n L .
Cha i r man
Cox O i l
Oil
FARRELL ,
Pa r tn e r
COPULO S , M i l ton
P r e s i de nt
Ha r o ld
Pe t r o le u m Corpor a t io n
EVANS , F r e d H .
P r e s ident
Cope land , Landy e ,
and Wo l f
Na t iona l De f e n s e
Founda t i on
Ron a l d A .
Cha i r ma n o f t h e
Exe c u t ive Comm i t t e e
Cha ir man o f the Boa r d and
Ch i e f E x e c u t i ve O f f i c e r
At l an t i c R i c h f i e ld Company
COU RSON ,
Pe t r o l e u m Comp any
ER I CK SON ,
Lodwr i c k M .
Mar k
O i l Cor por a t io n
EMI SON , Jame s W .
Pr e s ident
Danny H .
COPELAND ,
P a r tne r
F.
S.
Cor po r a t io n
GON ZALE Z ,
Richard
Ene r g y Econom i c
Ch ie f Exec u t i ve O f f i c e r
As soc i a ted Na tu r a l G a s
Cor por a t ion
Au s t i n ,
J.
Con s u l t a n t
T e xa s
GOTTWALD , F . D . , Jr .
Cha i r man o f the B o a r d ,
DONAHUE , Al i ce C .
I n te r n a t iona l Pr e s i de n t
Ch i e f Exec u t i ve Of f i c e r and
Cha i r man of the E x e c u t ive
Comm i t te e
Ethyl Co r po r a t ion
Gene r a l Fede r a t i on o f
Women ' s Cl ub s
A- 4
H ES S , Leon
Cha i r ma n o f the Boa rd and
Ch i e f E x e c u t ive O f f i c e r
GUNN , Ro be r t D .
Gunn
Oi l Company
Ame r ad a
HALBOUTY , M i c he l T .
Cha i r man o f the Boa r d and
Ch i e f Execut i ve O f f i c e r
M i ch e l T .
HALL ,
Los
HOWSON ,
Ch i e f Exec u t ive
Ash l and O i l , I n c .
HUFF I N G TON ,
Cha i r man o f
Off i c e r
F r e de r ic
Boa r d
Off icer
& Hau n ,
HAU P TFUH RER ,
and
HUNT ,
I nc .
P.
D i amond
Sham r oc k
HEND RIX , Denn i s
Pr e s i de n t and
Of f i c e r
Co r po r a t ion
L.
Ray
the
Boa r d
Hunt Oil
Comp any
JOHNSON ,
A.
Clar k
A.
V. ,
Jr .
Par tne r
Jone s Comp any
JONES , Jon
P a r tne r
Re x
Jone s Comp any
K E P LINGER , H .
Cha i r man of
R.
Of f i c e r
R&M ,
D.
Cha i r man o f
JONES ,
HEFNER , Raymond H . , J r .
Cha i r man and
Ch ie f Exec u t i v e Of f i c e r
Bon r ay Ene r gy Co r po r a t ion
Cha i r man and
Ch ie f Exec u t i ve
Ro be r t
Cor por a t io n
P r oduc t ion Company
Rog e r
and
Cha i r man and
Ch i e f Exec u t ive Of f i c e r
Un ion T e x a s P e t r o l e um
Cha i r man and
Ch ie f Exec u t i ve Of f i c e r
S u n Explo r a t ion and
HEMM INGHAU S ,
Roy M .
t h e Boa r d
Ch i e f Exec u t i v e
P anhand le · Ea s te r n
Boa r d
Robe r t
HUNSUC K ER ,
Cha i r ma n ,
Joh n D .
the
and
C h i e f Exec u t ive Of f i c e r
Roy M . Hu f f ing ton , I n c .
Occ i de n ta l Pe t r o leum Co r po r a t i on
Cha i r man o f
Boa r d
C.
Cha i r man , Ch i e f Execu t iv e
and Pr e s i d e n t
Ham i l ton O i l Co r po r a t ion
HAMMER , Ar mand
Cha i r man o f the
E.
the
Ch i e f Exec u t ive Of f i c e r
Mc D e r m o t t I n t e r n a t ional Inc .
C I TGO Pe t r o l eum Co r po r a t ion
Bar low
Ca l i fo r n i a
Ro be r t
Cha i r man o f
Of f i c e r
HALL , Ron a ld E .
Pr e s i dent and
Ch ie f Exec u t i ve
HAUN ,
Ang e le s ,
R.
Cha i r man and
HAM I LTON ,
Co r po r a t ion
HO BBS , Ma r c i a W i l son
Commun i t y Le ade r
Ha lbou ty Ene r g y Co .
John
He s s
Kep l i ng e r
I nc .
F.
the
Ho ld i ng s ,
K ETELS EN , Jame s
Cha i r man and
R.
Ch i e f
Tenneco
Texas Ea s te r n Co r po r a t i on
A- 5
Boa r d
Ltd .
L.
Exec u t ive
I nc .
Of f i c e r
K INNEAR , Jame s W .
P r e s i de n t and
Ch i e f Exec u t i ve
Texaco I n c .
MAGU I RE , Ca r y M .
Pr e s i d e n t
Mag u i r e O i l Comp any
Of f i c e r
MAYER ,
KOC H , Cha r le s G .
Cha i r man and
C h i e f Exec u t i ve
Koch
I nd u s tr i e s ,
R.
Of f i c e r
Inc .
ME I D I NGER , Judy
Cha i r man of the Boa r d
KUEHN , Ron a ld L . , Jr .
Cha i rm a n , P r e s i de n t and
Ch i e f Exec u t i ve O f f i c e r
Sonat
Fr eder i c k
C a z a Dr i l l i ng &
Explo r a t ion Compan i e s
Inc .
Kon i ag ,
I nc .
M I LLER ,
C.
Joh n
P a r tner
LAY ,
Kenne th
L.
Mi ller
Cha i r man of the Boa rd and
M I S BRENER ,
Pr e s i de n t
Enron Co r p .
L I C HTBLAU ,
Pr e s i de n t
Pe t r o l e u m
Indu s t r y
LI EDTK E ,
J.
Cha i r man of
Jo s e ph M .
O i l , Che mi c a l &
I n te r na t ional
Joh n H .
Founda t i on ,
Ene r g y Comp any
Re s e a r c h
M I TCHELL ,
I nc .
Atom i c Wor k e r s
Un i o n , AFL-C I O
Geo r g e
P.
Cha i r ma n , Ch i e f E x e c u t iv e
and P r e s i d e n t
M i t c he l l Ene r g y a n d
Hug h
the Boa r d
Off icer
Dev e lopme n t Cor por a t io n
Penn z o i l Company
MOFFETT ,
McC LEMENTS ,
Cha i r man of
Ch ie f Execu t ive
Sun Compan y , I nc .
Mac DONALD ,
O f f i c er
Amoco Co r po r a t ion
Tr i ba l Counc i l
MUNRO ,
Mc FARLAN D ,
Lee
Cha i r man o f
McNUTT ,
R.
MORROW , R i c h a r d M .
Pe t e r
Cha i r man
The Nav a j o
Mc Far l and
Jame s
Cha i r ma n o f the Boa r d and
Ch i e f E x e c u t iv e O f f i c e r
F r e e por t -McMoRan Inc .
Ro be r t , Jr .
the Boa r d and
Pr e s i d e n t
Munr o Pe t r o le u m &
Te r m in a l Co r po r a t ion
C.
t h e Boa r d
Ener gy ,
Joh n Thoma s
I nc .
MURPHY ,
Jac k W .
Joh n
J.
Pr e s i de n t and
C h i e f Exec u t i ve O f f i c e r
Mu r p hy O i l Corpor a t i on
Cha i r ma n , P r e s i d e n t and
C h i e f Exec u t i ve Of f i c e r
D r e s s e r I nd u s t r i e s , I nc .
Mc PHERSON , Fr a n k A .
Cha i r man and
K e r r -McGee Cor por a t ion
MURRAY ,
Allen
E.
Cha i r man o f t h e Boa r d , P r e s i d e n t
and Ch i e f E x e c u t ive O f f i ce r
Mo b i l Cor por a t io n
A- 6
N I CAN D RO S , Con s ta n t i ne S .
P r e s i dent and
Ch ie f Exec u t ive O f f i c e r
Conoco I nc .
NOBLE ,
RAWL , Lawr e n c e G .
Samue l R .
Cha i r man o f
REED ,
the B oa r d
Rob e r t
Cha i r man o f
and Ch i e f
Noble Af f i l i a te s
P ac i f ic
O ' CONNOR ,
Vi c e
and
Ch ie f Exec u t iv e Of f i c e r
Exxon Co r po r a t ion
G.
III
t h e Boa r d , Pr e s i d e n t
Exec u t iv e Of f i c e r
Re sou r ce s ,
I nc .
Raymond J .
P r e s i de n t
C i t i ban k ,
RICHARD S ON ,
N .A .
Pres ident
Ch i e f
Fr a n k
H.
and
Exec u t iv e
Of f i c e r
PACK ER , Wi l l i am B . , Sr .
Cha i r man of the Boa r d
S he l l
Seav iew Pe t r o leum Company
RO SENBERG , He nr y A . , Jr .
PALMER ,
C.
R.
Ch i e f
Cha i r man o f the Boa r d , Pr e s i d e n t
and Ch i e f Exe c u t ive O f f i c e r
Rowan Compan ie s ,
PARKER ,
Rob e r t
Dr i l l i ng
PERRY ,
K e nne th W .
the
Ame r i can P e t r o f i n a ,
Tr av i s
P I CK ENS ,
Gene r a l
Me sa
Boa r d
H.
Boone ,
Inc .
Jr .
Pitts
Phillips
and
Pr e s i d e n t
S l awson Compan i e s
Fr a n k
SMI TH ,
Ene r gy Group
Sm i t h
Cla ir
S. ,
Jr .
En te r p r i s e s
Lou i s i an a
Raymond
Cha i r man and
Ch ie f Exec u t ive O f f i c e r
Apache Co r po r a t ion
P RU ET ,
and
Off icer
Pe t r o le u m Comp any
S h r ev epo r t ,
P LANK ,
Boa r d
Execu t iv e
S LAWSON , Dona ld C .
C h a i r ma n o f the Boa r d
Par tne r
L.
Ch i e f
Of f i c e r
S IMMONS , Don a ld M .
P r e s id e n t
S immon s Roy a l ty Comp any
L im i te d P a r tne r sh ip
P I TT S ,
Owner
Jame s H .
S I LA S , C . J .
Cha i r ma n o f the
I nc o r po r a ted
Re so u r c e s
T.
P e t r o l eum
B P Ame r i c a I n c .
Cha i r man
B u r l i ng to n
Of f i c e r
P r e s ide n t and
Company
Cha i r man o f
PETTY ,
Exec u t iv e
C r own Ce n t r a l
Co r por a t ion
ROSS ,
L.
Par k e r
Vice
Comp any
Inc .
Ch i e f Execu t ive O f f i c e r
Vice
Oil
Che s ley
P r e s i de n t
P r u e t Dr i l l i ng
SM I TH , We ldon H .
B i g 6 D r i l l i ng Comp any
R.
SMI TH ,
Company
Cha i r man
Wo lve r i ne
A- 7
W i l l i am T .
Explo r a t io n Comp any
SOREN SEN ,
WEST , Ro be r t V . , Jr .
Te so r o Pe t r o le u m Co r po r a t io n
G.
Ar lo
P r e s ident
M . H . Wh i t t i e r
Cor por a t ion
WI LLIAMS , Jo s eph H .
STEGEME I ER , R i c ha r d J .
Pr e s i de n t and
Ch i e f Exec u t i ve O f f i c e r
Unocal Co r p o r a t ion
H.
ST EWARD ,
Cha i rman ,
P r e s i d e n t and
Off i c e r
Exec u t i ve
Ch ie f
Ch i e f
The Lou i s i ana Land and
Explor a t ion Company
A. ,
Tr u e
VETTER ,
Edwa rd
0.
Ve t te r
Assoc i a te s ,
Ch i e f
Baker
Exec u t i v e
ZARROW ,
&
I nc .
Of f i c e r
I nc o r po r a te d
Hu g h e s
He nr y
Pres ident
Soone r P i pe
WARD , L . 0 .
Owner - P r e s i de n t
Wa r d
J.
WOOD S , Jame s D .
0.
Edwa rd
Comp any
Pr e s i d e n t
D a lwood Cor po r a t ion
Jr .
P r e s ide n t
Of f i c e r
P r oduc i ng
Da l ton
WOOD S ,
Company
Oil
Exec u t i ve
P anhand le
SWALES , W i l l i am E .
Vi c e Cha i r man - Ene r g y
U SX Co r po r a t i on
TRU E , H .
P a r tner
I nc .
S.
I r ene
W I SCHER ,
and
and
Off icer
Compan i e s ,
The Wi l l i ams
Le i g h ton
P r e s ident
Execu t iv e
Ch i e f
&
S upp ly Co r po r a t ion
Z E P PA , K e a t i n g V .
Cha i r man
De l t a U S Cor por a t ion
Pe t r o leum Co r por a t ion
A- 8
APPENDIX B
STUDY GROUP ROSTERS
NATIONAL PETRO LEUM COUNC I L
COMM I TTEE ON
PET RO LEUM
STORAGE
& TRAN S PORTATI O N
C HAI RMAN
GOVERNMENT COC HAI RMAN
Wi l l i am E .
Swa l e s
Vi c e Cha i r ma n
H.
- Ene r g y
A.
Me r k l e i n
Admi n i s t r a to r
U SX Cor por a t io n
E ne r g y
u.s.
I n fo r ma t io n Admi n i s t r a t io n
Dep a r tme n t o f
E X OFF I C IO
E X O FF I C IO
Edw in L . Cox
Cha ir man
Lodwr i c k M . Coo k
Vi c e C h a i r ma n
Na t io n a l
Na t io n a l
Pe t r o l e u m Cou nc i l
Ene r g y
Pe t r o le u m Cou nc i l
SECRETARY
Ma r s h a l l w . N i ch o l s
Exec u t i v e D i r e c to r
Na t ion a l Pe t r o leum Cou nc i l
*
w.
J.
Bow e n
Cha irman o f
Kenne th
the
Tr ansco E n e r gy
Rona ld A .
Boa r d
Ch i e f
Lay
the
Boa r d
Exec u t i v e
and
Of f i c e r
Enr on Co r p .
Er i c k so n
Joh n
H.
L i c h t b la u
Pr e s i d e n t
Pe t r o l e u m I nd u s t r y
Fou n d a t i on , I n c .
Re s e a r c h
Ha ll
Cha i r man
a nd
Ash l and O i l , I n c .
Rona ld E .
Pr e s i de nt
Ch i e f
L.
C h a i r ma n o f
Comp any
Cha i r man o f t h e
Exec u t i v e Comm i t te e
Er i c k s on Pe t r o l e um Co r po r a t ion
Joh n R .
*
*
Robe r t Mc C l e me n ts , J r .
C h a i r ma n of t h e Boa r d a n d
Of f i cer
C h i e f Exec u t iv e
S u n Comp any , I n c .
Ha l l
a nd
Exec u t i v e
Of f i c e r
R i c h a r d M . Mor r ow
Cha i r ma n o f t h e Boa r d
Amoc o Co r po r a t io n
Of f i c e r
C I TGO Pe t r o l e um Co r po r a t ion
B- 1
COMM I TTEE ON PETROLEUM
Al l e n
E.
STORAGE
& TRAN S PORTATI O N
c.
Mu r r a y
C h a i r man o f t h e Boa r d ,
P r e s i de n t and
Ch i e f E x e c u t ive O f f i c e r
J.
Si las
Cha i r ma n o f t h e Boa r d a n d
Ch i e f E x e c u t i v e O f f i c e r
Ph i l l i p s Pe t r o le u m Comp a n y
Mob i l Cor por a t io n
Ro b e r t G .
Ree d
Cha i r ma n o f
Pr e s ident
Ch i e f
Pac i f i c
the
a nd
III
Boa r d ,
Exec u t i v e
Re s ou r ce s ,
R i c ha r d J . S te g e me i e r
Pr e s id e n t a n d
Ch i e f
Off i c e r
Exec u t i v e
Unoc a l Cor p o r a t io n
Inc .
Jo s e ph H . Wi l l i ams
Cha i r man of the Boa r d and
Th e
Wi l l i ams
Compan i e s ,
B- 2
I nc .
Of f i c e r
NAT I ONAL P ETROLEUM COUNC I L
C OORD I NA T I NG SUBCOMMI TTEE
OF THE
C OMMI TTEE ON
&
P E TROLEUM S TORAGE
TRAN S PORTAT I ON
CHAI RMAN
GOVERNMENT C OCH A I RMAN
R.
J imm i e
L.
Peter sen ,
Off ice
of
O i l and Gas
N.
Y amm i n e
P r e s ident
Ern r o Ma r k e t i n g
Comp any
D ir ector
Ene r g y I n fo r ma t i on Adm i n i s t r a t ion
U . S . D e p a r tme n t o f E n e r g y
A S S I STANT TO TH E CHAI RMAN
SECRE TARY
C . M . P a lme r , Man a g e r
C r ud e O i l S c h e d ul i n g
J o h n H . G uy , I V
D e pu t y E xe c u t i v e D i r e c t o r
Ma r a thon P e t r o l e um Comp any
Na t i o n a l
*
S upply and T r an spo r t a t i o n
S h e l l Re f i n i n g and Ma r k e t i n g
Company
Ron a l d J .
Robe r t B . K e i f e r , J r .
G r oup V i c e P r e s i d e n t
In t e r s t a t e P i pe l i n e s
G a s P ipel ine Group
S upply and T r a n s p o r t a t i o n
A s h l a nd P e t r o l e um Comp any
E n r on C o r p .
S t ephen L .
John P .
C r oppe r ,
P i pe
L i ne
DesBar r e s ,
P r e s ident
Comp a n y
P r e s ident
S an t a F e P a c i f i c P i pe l i ne s ,
Br uce D .
D . R . H a yw a r d
V i c e P r e s id e n t
U . S . S upply
Ma r k e t i ng & Re f i n i n g
D iv i s ion - U . S .
Mob i l O i l C o r po r a t i o n
Bu r n s
Pres ident
W i l l i am s
*
*
Ro n a ld J . B e r t u s
V i c e P r e s id e n t
P e t r o l e um C o u n c i l
Rod g e r W . Mu r t a u g h
V i ce P r e s ident
Ope r a t i o n s P l a n n i ng
a nd
T r a n s po r t a t i o n
Amo c o O i l Comp a n y
Inc .
Frol ich
V i c e P r e s iden t
S u pply & D i s t r i b u t i o n
Ch e v r o n U . S . A .
Ro be r t P . Ne u s c h e l
D i r e c to r , T r a n s po r t a t i o n Cen t e r
No r thwe s t e r n U n i v e r s i ty
In c .
B -3
COORDINATING SUBCOMMITTEE
W i l l i am M . O l le r
Execu t ive Vice Pres ident
Te x a s E a s t e r n P r od u c t s
P i p e l i n e Comp a n y
L.
E.
J . E . S h am a s
P r e s i d en t
Te x a co T r ad i n g and
T r a n s po r t a t i o n I n c .
S co t t
Vice P r e s iden t
C r ud e S upply and T r a n s po r t a t i o n
Unoc a l
Re f i n i n g
a n d Ma r ke t i n g
D i v i s i on
Unoc a l
Co r po r a t i o n
Ray G .
S t e i ne r
S u pply
and
Vice
Pres iden t
Ph i l l i p s
B- 4
66
Comp a n y
NAT I ONAL PETROLEUM COUNC I L
L IQ U I D S
TRANS PORTAT I ON TASK GROU P
O F THE
C OMM I TTEE ON
P E TROLEUM S TO RAGE & TRANSPORTA T I ON
CHA I RMAN
John P .
G OVERNMENT C OCHAI RMAN
Ron a ld W . O ' Ne i l l , C h i e f
I nd u s t r y An a l y s i s B r a n c h
DesBar r e s
Pres ident
S a n t a F e P ac i f i c P i pe l i n e s ,
Pe t r o l e um S upply D i v i s i o n
I nc .
E n e r g y I n fo r ma t i on Adm i n i s t r a t i on
U . S . D e p a r tme n t o f E n e r g y
AS S I S TANT TO
SECRETARY
THE CHA I RMAN
Buddy J . Cur r e n s , D i r e c tor
E n g i n e e r i ng a n d C omp l i an c e
B e n j am i n A . O l i v e r , J r .
Comm i t t e e C oo r d i n a to r
S u n P i pe
Nat ional
L i n e Company
*
S t e ph e n
L.
C r oppe r ,
W i l l i am M . O l l e r
Execut ive Vice Pres ident
Te x a s E a s t e r n P r od uc t s
P i p e l i n e Comp a n y
L ines
Pres iden t
P i pe L i n e Comp any
Ch a r l e s A .
Re s e a r c h a n d S p e c i a l P r og r am s
Adm i n i s t r a t io n
w.
D e p a r tme n t o f
G r een ,
NGL D i s t r i b u t i o n
Ph i l l i p s
Dav i d
F.
S y s tems
66
Johnson ,
Pres iden t
I nv e n to r i e s
D i r e c to r
and
Thoma s ,
Man a g e r
Jo i n t I n t e r e s t P i pe l i n e
B P Ame r i c a I nc .
Company
P l a nn i ng
Th a c k e r ,
Lar ry c .
D i r ec tor
&
L.
L i n e Comp any
Unoc a l P i p e l i n e Comp a n y
Tr an spor t a t i o n
Robe r t D .
Ry s e ng a
Pr e s iden t
Ma r a t h o n P i pe
M . Cyn t h i a Doug l a s s
Adm i n i s t r a t o r
u . s.
*
*
P a t r i c k H . C o r c o r an
E x e c u t i v e D i r e c to r
As soc i a t i o n o f O i l P i p e
W i l l i ams
P e t r o l e um C o u n c i l
R.
An a l y s i s
S co t t V a nD y k e
P r e s id e n t a n d
Ch i e f E x e c u t i v e O f f i c e r
E x p lo r e r P i p e l i n e Comp a n y
D i v i s io n
S t r a t e g i c P e t r o l e um Re s e r ve
u . s. D e p a r tme n t o f Ene r g y
Lawr e n c e W .
Pe t e r E . L u i tw i e l e r
Vice Pres ident
S upply a n d Log i s t i c s
C I TGO Pe t r o le um Co r po r a t i on
Se n i o r
Vog e l
P r og r am Ma n ag e r
S c i e n c e Appl i c a t i on s
I n t e r n a t i on a l Co r po r a t i on
B-5
L I QU I D S TRANS PORTAT I ON TASK GROUP
S PEC IAL AS S I S TANTS
Le s te r c . B e d i e n t
Se n i o r V i c e P r e s i d e n t , Re t i r e d
C r ow l e y M a r i t i me Co r p .
Ro be r t L . G r ay , C o n s u l t an t
Ma r i n e T r a n spo r t a t i o n
A s h l a nd P e t r o l e um Comp any
Howa r d B .
C . J . Co le s s i d e s
S e n i o r P lann ing Analys i s
The W i l l i am s Comp a n i e s ,
H i le
As s i s t a n t V i c e P r e s i d e n t
-
Ma r k e t i n g
Inc .
Ma r i t r an s Ope r a t i n g P a r t n e r s L . P .
W i l l i am A .
C r e e lman
Ma r k B .
Deputy Ma r i t i me Adm i n i s t r a t or
Ma r i t ime Adm i n i s t r a t i on
Joh n k e
S t a f f Ass i s tant
M a r a th o n P i p e
T imo t h y M .
David G .
I n v e n t o r y a n d S y s t em s
Con t r o l Man a g e r
I n t e r n a t i o n a l S upply
Tr an spo r t a t i o n
I n land
Dou lg a s C .
C omp any
E.
D.
Land
M icha e l R .
Lun c e f o r d
Company
Ne t t l e
Manage r , I nventory & S tor age
Te x a s E a s t e r n P r o d u c t s P i p e l i n e
Company
M i ch e l E . D a b ba r , Ma nag e r
Wo r ld w i d e C r u d e O i l S upply and
Mar i t i m e Tr an spo r t a t i o n
66
Compa ny
F l e e t Man ag e r
Exxon Sh ipping
and
C I TGO P e t r o l e um Co r po r a t i o n
Ph i ll ips
L in e
C r o we
O lmo ,
Ma n a g e r
S h e l l O i l Company
Fr ake s
T r a n spo r t a t i o n S y s t em s A n a l y s t
S c i e n c e Appl i c a t ion s
I n t e r n a t i o n a l Co r po r a t ion
Joh n W .
Shannon
Co n s u l t a n t
W i l l i am D . Van d e r b i l t
Man a g e r
J o i n t Ve n t u r e P i pe l i n e s
B P Ame r i c a
B- 6
Inc .
APPENDIX C
CRUDE OIL PIPELINE MAPS AND TABLES
MAPS:
- NatloiJ8l. - U.S.
Pages
•• • • • •• •• •• •• • • • • •• • • • • • • •• ••• •• •• •• •• •• •• •• •• •• • • • • • •• •• •• •• •
- RegioiJ8l. - PAD Dls"t:rlcts
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
- Area - Transportation and Refining Centers ...
C- 1
C-3 - C-1 1
C- 13 - C-3 1
TABLES:
- Cross-PADD Ca.pa.cl:t:l:ties
- m'tta.-PADD Ca.pa.cl:t:les
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
C-32 - C-34
C-35 - C-45
- Expansion Projects
Planned or Under Construction in 1979
.......•...
C-46 - C-47
Completed Between 1/1/79 and 12/31 /87.......
C-48 - C-54
CRUDE OIL PIPELINE CAPACITIES*
AS OF DECEMBER 3 1 , 1 987
(THOUSANDS OF BARRELS DAILY)
C A N A D A
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)>
2.
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co
......
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...
·suMMER CAPACITY
AI.
LEGEND
@
CRUDE OIL GATHERING AREA
[f)
PIPELINE STATION 0A TERMINAl.
@
REFINERY 0A REFINERY AREA
�
WATER TER
....INAI.
e
PIPELINE CONNECTION
- CRUDE LINES
- - CRUOE UNE HANOUNG LPG
G U L F O F
M E X I C O
• • ••
PRODUCT LINE HANOUNG CRUDE
• • •
UNDERCONSTRUCTION
C-1
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WESTOVER. CA
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VIRGINIA
.--
--
--
- - --
NORTH
CAROLINA
\- - - (
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@) CRUDE OIL GATHERING AREA
0 PIPELINE STATION OR TERMINAL
@ REFINERY OR REFINERY AREA
� WATER TERMINAL
•
PIPELINE CONNECTION
CRUDE OIL PIPELINES
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PIPELINE CAPACITIES* FOR
PAD DISTRICT 1
AS OF DECEMBER 31, 1 987
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•
SUMMER CAPACITY (THOUSANDS OF BARRELS DAILY)
._
__
__
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ILLINOIS
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CANTON
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INDIANA
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TENNESSEE
, .J
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ST ..lAMES. LA
CRUDE OIL PIPELINES
PAD DISTRICT 2
EAST OF THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER
AS OF DECEMBER 31, 1987
•
()
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LEGEND
0
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PIPELINE STATION OR TERMINAL
REFINERY OR REFINERY AREA
PIPELINE CONNECTION
CRUDE LINE HANDLING LPG
G
RICHEY. MT
NORTH DAKOTA
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- - - -- - --
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MINNESOTA
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CHICAGO. IL
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CAALTON CO
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PATOKA.. II..
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JACKSBORO,
TX
CORSICANNA.
TX
CRUDE O I L PIPELINES
PAD DISTRICT 2
WEST OF THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER
SA8
NE. TX
LEGEND
@
�
@
•
PIPELINE CONNECTION
- - - - PRODUCT LINE HANDLING CRUDE
- - - CRUDE LINE HANDLING LPG
()
•
� L-------�
.
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- - - --,
PATOI<A 1L
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NEW MEXICO
- - - - - -- - -
LILCAOH
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LEGEND
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0
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G
SPA
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•••••••••••·•··
STRATEGIC PETROLEUM RESERVE
t'
PIPELINE CONNECTION
UNDER CONSTRUCTION
-- -
_,
AAitRJCA�PCTROFi'¥.4. EXXON
M00A AllC() CHl'VRON
TE•ASMWAID<IOO BASIN SHeLL
..... ""- ..... .....
t" --- -
'\,_ ./
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HJGHISUNO
(19
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WATER TERMINAL
-
\.
NATIONAL PETROLEUM COU NCIL
I BlM\110($
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CRUDE OIL PIPELINES
""'- .....
..
PAD DISTRICT 3
,
•
C- 9
CRUDE OIL PIPELINES
PAD DISTRICTS 4 & 5
MONTANA
'
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WASHINGTON
' SUMMER CAPACITY (THOUSANDS OF BARRELS DAILY)
I
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LEGEND
0
(!]
0
B
e
\.._ - - � - ., -- - -
_ __ _ ___'
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OREGON
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PIPELINE CONNECTION
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CALIFORNIA
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UTAH
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T 12"
�
LEGEND
---
AA
ALL AMERICAN
AN ANCHOR
CE
CELERON
CO COASTAL PETRO
cv CHEVRON
DE
FC
FOUR CORNERS
GB GOLDEN BEAR
Gl
GIBSON
KR
KERN OIL
MO MOBIL
A D ROAD O I L
SB SABRE
SJ
SAN JOAQUIN
SH
SHELL
SL
SUNLAND
T
TEXACO
U N UNOCAL
WC WEST COAST
D
Q
•
()
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IT '\ "\\: �
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10�, 1 2",
14"
BAKERSFIELD
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ELK HILLS
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NPR N0. 1
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10"
TAFT
PI PELINE STATION
REFINERY
I
PI PELINE CONNECTION
T 10"
BAKERSFIELD AREA
CRUDE OIL PIPELINES
FC 10"
GAVIOTA
CUYAMA
FC
10"
·-·
.. TO WINK, TX.
BEAUREGARD, LA.
()
I
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WEST HACKBERRY, LA.
<:>"-'
tf.T 22"
LAKE CHARLES, LA.
HOUSTON, TX.
BEAUMONT-PORT ARTHUR AREA
CRUDE OIL PIPELINES
'\+·
f<,V�· BIG HILL, TX.
��
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Cj
-
LEGEND
AP
cv
DE
EP
lA
MO
so
su
T
UN
WT
AMERICAN PETROFINA
CHEVRON
EXPLORER
INDEPENDENT REFINERY
MOBIL
SOHIO
SUN
TEXACO
UNOCAL
WEST TEXAS GULF
D
0
•
PIPELINE STATION
REFINERY
PIPELINE CONNECTION
SUPERIOR, WI.
t
LEMONT
BLUE ISLAND
WHITING
LK 34"
AM 20"
MOKENA TAKEOFF
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LEGEND
CYGNET, OH
AM
AR
cc
AM 20"
CG
CL
CTC
LK
MO
TC
T
UN
FREEMAN, MO.
n
I
.......
Ul
NATIONAL P ETROLEUM COUNCIL
CUSHING, OK.
PATOKA, IL.
CHICAGO AREA
CRUDE OIL PIPELINES
D
0
•
AMOCO
ARGO
CHI CAP
CITGO
CLARK
CUSHING TO CHICAGO
LAKEHEAD
MOBIL
TECUMSEH
TEXACO
UNOCAL
PIPELINE STATION
REFINERY
PIPELINE CONNECTION
()
I
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0'1
�
AH
AP
CH
CT
EX
KO
MO
PN
OH
SG
SN
SU
TR
UP
VR
0
0
•
AMERADA HESS
AMERICAN PETROFINA
CHAMPLIN
COASTAL STATES
EXXON
KOCH
MOBIL
PERMIAN
QUINTANA-HOWELL
SIGMOR
SOUTHWESTERN (KERR McGEE)
SUN
TRIFINERY
UNION PACIFIC
VALERO REFINING
REFINERY
PIPELINE STATION
PIPELINE CONNECTION
CORPUS CHRISTl, HARBOR ISLAND,
REFUGIO, TEXAS AREA
CRUDE OIL PIPELINES
PATOKA, ll.
WICHITA FALLS,
TX.
A R 1 2"
HOUSTON
BEAUMONT/PORT ARTHUR
CRUDE PIPELI N ES
LEGEND
AR
CV
EX
ARGO
CHEVRON
EXXON
MO
T
MOBIL PUMPING STATION
TEXACO
WT
W. TEXAS G U L F
D
PIPELINE STATION
e
PIPELINE CONNECTION
NATIONAL PETROLEUM COU N C I L
CORSICANA/WORTHAM/TEAG U E AREA
C- 1 7
WOOD RIVER, fl.
()
I
1-'
(X)
ARKANSAS CITY,
KS.
CIMARRON,
OK.
T 8"
LEGEND
PH
SH
AMOCO
ARCO
BASIN
CUSHING TO CHICAGO
CONOCO
HUDSON
KOCH
OSAGE
OZARK
PHILLIPS
SHELL
T
TO
SUN
TEXACO
TOTAL
AM
AR
BN
CTC
co
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KO
OS
oz
su
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•
•
IU b
4
EL DORADO, KS.
" . .. / • D
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b
0
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PANOVA,
OK.
NATIONAL P ETROLEUM COU N C I L
PIPELINE STATION
CUSHING A N D DRUMRIGHT AREA
PIPELINE CONNECTION
SEMINOLE,
OK.
WICHITA FALLS,
TX.
CRUDE OIL PIPELINES
SARNIA
AREA
MOSHERVILLE, MI.
DETROIT AREA
MA 1 6 "
ONTARIO
LEGEND
BE
IP
LK
MA
MU
TO
D
0
•
BUCKEYE
INTERPROVINCIAL
LAKEHEAD
MARATHON
MI D·VALLEY/MARATHON
TOTAL
PIPELINE STATION
REFINERY
PIPELINE CONNECTION
TOLEDO AREA
DETROIT - SAMARIA - SARNIA - TOLEDO AREA
CRUDE OIL PIPELINES
C- 1 9
SULPHUR MINES
()
I
N
0
CITGO
CONOCO
CS
CALCASIEU REFINING CORP.
DE
T
TEXACO
0
D
•
REFINERY
PIPELINE STATION
-t5
,,o
PIPELINE CONNECTION
PIPELINE UNDER CONSTRUCTION
;,
�
T 22"
FROM HOMA, LA.
LAKE CHARLES AREA
CRUDE OIL PIPELINES
LAKE E R I E
SAMARIA, M I.
TOLEDO
HAMMOND, IN.
TC 20"'
� - �E _s·:_
_ _ _ _
FINDLAY
w
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AS 1 2"
CANTON, OH.
AS
LEGEND
PATOKA, IL.
LEBANON JCT.,
KY.
LIMA-CYGN ET-TOLEDO A R EA
C R U D E OIL PIPELINES
AS
BE
MA
MD
ASHLAND
BUCKEYE
MARATHON
M I D-VALLEY
MU
TC
SO
SU
M ID-VALLEY/MARATHON
TECUMSEH
SOHIO
SUN
0
D
•
--
REFINERY
PIPELINE STATION
PIPELINE CONNECTION
CRUDE LINES
- - PRODUCT LINES HANDLING CRUDE
C-2 1
·�
()
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HEALDTON, OK.
LEGEND
AM
AR
CG
EX
LG
MD
MO
PN
SC
SH
SO
SU
T
UN
WT
0
D
•
AMOCO
ARGO
CITGO
EXXON
LA GLORIA
MID VALLEY
MOBIL
PERMIAN
SCURLOCK
SHELL
SOHIO
SUN
TEXACO
UNOCAL
WEST TEXAS GULF
\
----·_..HAYNESVILLE, LA.
HAWKINS
\
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EX 1 6"
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a SHREVEPORT, LA.
su
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EX 8"
·
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REFINERY
PIPELINE STATION
PIPELINE CONNECTION
VAN ZANDT
TROUP
�
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�
5
a:
:::1
�
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�0
(/)
m
LONGVIEW, TEXAS AREA
CRUDE OIL PIPELINES
VENTURA, CA.
NEWHALL, CA.
NEWHALL, CA.
LOS ANGELES
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INGLEWOOD
WHITTIER
CV B", 1 0"
cv 2·1 2''
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MURPHY
FC 16"
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u.
RED MESA, UT.
· �
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(.)
HUNTINGTON
BEACH
cv
LOS ANGELES - LONG BEACH AREA
CRUDE OIL PIPELINES
,....
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LEGEND
AR
ARGO
CV
CHEVRON
DG
DOUGLAS
ED
EDGINGTON
FC
FOUR CORNERS
LT
LUNDAY THAGARD
MO MOBIL
SH
SHELL
T
TEXACO
D
REFINERY
UN UNOCAL
Q
•
PIPELINE STATION
PIPELINE CONNECTION
0
(')
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ti:
0
z
::.:
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TS
TS
SARNIA, CANADA
30
"
30
"
(o
::J
(/)
24
"
(o
UJ
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0
(')
Co
0
0
(o
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0
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SAMARIA, MI.
&
TOLEDO, OH.
LEGEND
BE
BUCKEYE
DO
DOME
LK
LAKEHEAD
su
SUN
TO
�
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TOTAL
PIPELINE TERMINAL
TRUCK UNLOADING STATION
C-2 4
MARYSVILLE, MI. AREA
CRUDE OIL PIPELINES
BORGER, TX.
CADIZ, CA.
SEMINOLE, TX.
ANDERSON, TX
WINK, AREA
U'
.y
IS•
AA 16"
CG a·
I MA 16"
:,
�
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(.)
r
EL PASO, TX.
�
WEBSTER, TX.
r
TMB"
TM 12"
AA 30"
- - -
HOUSTON, TX.
.
HOUSTON, TX.
(SA
A)
KEMPER AREA
RA 24"
SAND
HILLS
cv 10"
()
I
N
01
LEGEND
AA
AP
AM
AR
BN
CG
ALL·AMERICAN
AMERICAN PETROFINA
AMOCO
ARCO
BASIN
CITGO
CV
EX
F
MA
ME
MO
PH
CHEVRON
EXXON
FINA
MARATHON
MESA
MOBIL
PHILLIPS
PN
RA
SH
SU
TM
UN
WT
PERMIAN
RANCHO
SHELL
SUN
TEXAS·NEW MEXICO
UNOCAL
WEST TEXAS GULF
0
D
•
REFINERY
PIPELINE STATION
PIPELINE CONNECTION
UNDER CONSTRUCTION
ODESSA, CRANE, MIDLAND & COLORADO CITY, TEXAS AREA
CRUDE OIL PIPELINES
ROBINSON, IL.
b
N
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N
<
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N
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(.)
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0
0
CHICAP
�
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MARATHON2·24"
TEXACO
22"
ASHLAND
20'
0
N
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T 12"
CLAY
CITY,
IL.
AS 20"
SALEM, IL.
SALEM, IL.
ST. JAMES, LA.
MARTINSVILLE, IL.
LEGEND
AS
CP
CC
ASHLAND
CAPLINE
CHICAP
CW CAPWOOD
MA MARATHON
MO MOBIL
SO SOHIO
T
TEXACO
WP WOODPAT
D
•
PIPELINE STATION
PIPELINE CONNECTION
PATOKA AREA
C-2 6
CRUDE OIL PIPELINES
'0
%'6
�-
I MARINE
GAVIOTA
'0
"t:
'tv
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TERMINAL
>'��o
ct
IRENE
MO
8", 1 0", 1 2"
BLOCK 441
FROM SAN ARDO
PT. BUCHON
ESTERO BAY
PACIFIC OCEAN
0
I
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-..)
LEGEND
AA
CV
G
MO
PA
T
UN
D
0
•
ALL AMERICAN
C H EVRON
GAVIOTA TERMINAL CO.
MOBIL
POINT ARGUELLO P/L CO.
TEXACO
UNOCAL
PIPELINE STATION
REFINERY
PIPELINE CONNECTION
SANTA MARIA AREA
CRUDE OIL PIPELINES
KO
CONVENT, LA.
0
..
0
"'
"'
0
"'
0
M
w
0
BATON ROUGE LA.
7·40"
40"
PATOKA. IL.
CP 40"
GIBSON, LA.
DE 36"
T 18"
LC 48"
CLOVELLY, LA.
GARYVILLE, LA.
MA 30"
Wii:J:IIl
HOUMA, LA.
CP
DE
CAPLINE
EX
KO
LC
MA
EXXON
KOCH
LOCAP
MARATHON
SHIP SHOAL
TEXACO
SS
T
C-2 8
0
D
ST. JAMES, LA. AREA
CRUDE OIL PIPELINES
DOCK FACILITIES
PIPELINE STATION
•
PIPELINE CONNECTION
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g
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SATSUMA
FAUNA
LEGEND
AA
AH
AM
AR
CG
CR
DE
EX
H
LY
MA
OT
PH
RA
SH
T
TCR
TM
0
D
•
MIDLAND, TX.
ALL AMERICAN
AMERADA HESS
AMOCO
ARCO
CITGO
CROWN
EXXON
HILL PETROLEUM
L YONDELL PETROLEUM
MARATHON
OIL TANKING OF TEXAS
PHILLIPS
RANCHO
SHELL
TEXACO
TEXAS CITY REF.
TEXAS-N. MEXICO
-�
TM 12�
!-.
HOUSTON
HOPE, TX.
REFINERY
MCCAMEY, TX.
PIPELINE STATION
PIPELINE CONNECTION
LINES UNDER CONSTRUCTION
<'-"
lf->0*-"''
�
<;?-0
PH 20'
:I:
Q.
TEXAS CITY, PASADENA, HOUSTON AREA
CRUDE OIL PIPELINES
()
I
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1.0
GULF OF MEXICO
(")
I
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0
0
v?.
0-,
'1l0
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J 1 0"
VALLEY CENTER
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co
CONOCO
CRA
CO-OP/FARMLAND
CT
COASTAL STATES
DB
DERBY
J
JAYHAWK
T
TEXACO
WM
WILLIAMS
0
D
REFINERY
P I PELINE STATION
7
6'.
.....
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0
WICHITA
0
�
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WHITE TANK FARM
�
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§E
x
C/J
:::>
(.)
R
Co
NATIONAL P ETROLEUM COUNCIL
f-
VALLEY CENTER, WI CHITA, E L DORADO AREA
CRUDE OIL PIPELINES
BETHANY, MO.
KO 20"
CW 20"
PATOKA, IL.
CW 20''
WOOD RIVER
CW 20"
HARTFORD
�
-
SH 10"
MA 24"
WP 22"
SALISBURY, MO.
LEGEND
CW CAPWOOD
CL
CLARK
KO
KOCH
MA MARATHON
OZ OZARK
PT
PLATIE
SH
SHELL
WP WOODPAT
()
I
w
f-.>
D
0
�
e
PIPELINE STATION
REFINERY
WATER TERMINAL
PIPELINE CONNECTION
WOOD RIVER AREA
CRUDE OIL PIPELINES
PATOKA, IL.
TABLE C - 1
CROSS-PADD CRUDE OIL PIPELINE CAPAC ITIES AS OF DECEMBER 3 1 , 1987
(Thousands of Barrels per Day )
PAD District
To
From
Origin and Type*
Destination and Type*
Company
Can.
Can.
Portland , ME - (W)
Marysville , MI - (PL)
Montreal , Can . - (R)
Sarnia , Can . - (PL)
Portland
Lakehead
Can .
Can.
Can .
I
II
IV
Can.
v
Westover , Can. - (PL)
Edmonton, Can . - (PL)
Oldman , Can. - (PL)
Regina , Can . - (PL)
Sweetgrass , MT - (PL )
Sumas , Can . - (PL)
Buffalo , NY - (PL ,R)
Clearbrook , MN - (PL)
Aurora , MT - (PL)
Poplar , MT - (PL)
Cutbank , MT - (R,PL)
Ferndale , WA - (PL )
Lakehead
Lakehead
Conoco
Texaco
Cenex
Transmountain
I
II
(}
I
w
1'0
AL
- (R,W)
Avera�e CaEacitl
Summer
Winter
186
562
748
186
5 40
726
106
1 , 346
79
36
20
160
1 , 747
101
1 , 3 14
79
36
20
160
1 , 7 10
Exxon
84
80
Sheerin, TX - (R)
Borger , TX - (R)
Borger , TX - (R)
Shamrock
Phil lips
Phillips
17
53
24
15
50
23
Corsicana, Teague , and
Wortham , TX - (PL)
Mobil
47
141
46
134
I
III
Jay , F L - (GA)
Mobile ,
II
III
Sturgis , OK - (PL)
Cushing, OK - (PL)
Beaver , OK - (PL)
Ardmore , OK,
Area - (GA)
TABLE C- 1 (Continued)
PAD District
To
From
III
II
Destination and Type*
Company
North Texas Area - (PL)
Monroe , TX - (PL)
Wichita Falls and
Jacksboro , TX - (PL)
Colorado City ,
TX - (PL)
Cushing , OK - (PL)
Cushing, OK - (PL)
Amoco
Amoco
55
177
55
1 77
Cushing, OK - (PL )
ARCO
52
49
Cushing, OK - (PL)
Bas in
Shel l
382
24
690
382
24
687
Wichita Falls and
Jacksboro , TX - (PL)
Oklahoma City , OK - (PL)
Conoco
47
47
Corsicana , Teague , and
Wortham , TX - (PL)
St. James , LA - (PL ,W)
Patoka , IL - (PL)
Patoka , IL - (PL)
Mobil
§
Cap line
150
1 , 078
1 , 228
148
1 , 029
1 , 1 77
55
55
238
230
--
--
6
29
10
45
6
29
10
45
"
0
I
w
w
Avera�e CapacitX
Winter
Summer
Origin and Type*
"
"
"
Coll iersville, MS - (PL) Memphi s , TN (R)
Cleves and Lima,
Longview , TX - (PL)
OH - (PL)
§
Map co
Mid-Valley
2 , 2 58
II
IV
Cartwright , ND - (PL)
Fryburg , ND - (PL )
McKenzie Co . , ND - (GA)
Sidney , MT (PL)
Baker , MT (PL)
Baker, MT (PL)
Texaco
Texaco
Belle Fourche
2 , 196
TABLE C-1 (Continued)
PAD District
To
From
II
IV
IV
III
0
Ori2in and !ype*
v
IV
v
III
*
Legend :
§
KS
- (PL)
Sterling, CO (PL)
Fort Laramie - Guernsey ,
WY - (PL)
Carlton , CO - (GA)
Sterling , CO - (PL)
Salisbury , MO - (PL)
Sturgis , OK - (PL)
Gurley , NE - (PL)
Aneth and Red Mesa ,
UT - (GA, PL)
Bisti ,
Long Beach and Los
Angeles , CA - (W)
Aneth and Red Mesa ,
UT - (PL)
Maricopa, CA - (PL)
Wink , TX - (PL)
II
I
w
.!::>
Destination and Tlpe*
II
Laton ,
II
NM
II
-
(PL)
Companl
Avera2e CaEacitl
Summer
Winter
Amoco
165
165
Pl atte
Shamrock
Unocal
185
17
20
387
185
15
20
385
Texas -New Mexico
Four Corners
42
70
112
38
65
103
Four Corners
60
57
All American
300
300
(GA) - Gathering Area; (PL) - Pipeline Terminal; (R) - Refinery ; (W) - Water Terminal .
Undivided interest pipel ine systems .
TABLE C-2
INTRA-PADD C RUDE PIPELINE CA PACITIES
AS OF DECEMBER 31. 1987
DIAMETER
PADD IZ
Sunniland - S unniland, FL to Fort Lauderdale, FL
*
SUMMER
(MB/D)
WINTER
(MB/D)
4"/6"/8"
12
12
Amoco - Tioga, N D to Mandan, ND
Drumright, OK to Freeman, MO
Freeman, MO toWhiting, IN
Laton, KS to Freeman, MO
Healdton, OK to Cushing, OK
1 0"/1 2"/1 6"
12"
1 2"/20"/22"/1 8 "
24"
1 2"
65
90
200
1 72
55
65
90
190
172
55
Ringling, OK to Panova, OK
Panova, OK to Cushing, OK
Cushing, OK to Caney, KS
Caney, KS to Humboldt, KS
Humboldt, KS to Salisbury, MO
S alisbury, MO to Chicago, IL
1 6"
1 8"
24"
24"
24"
22"
90
1 80
29 1
265
29 1
285
88
1 60
29 1
265
29 1
285
Ashland - Patoka, IL to Owensboro, KY
Lima, OH to Canton, OH
Cygnet, OH to Findlay, OH
20"
1 2"
8"
219
79
20
206
74
19
Buckeye - Findlay, O H to Lima, OH
Marysville, MI to Samaria Jet., MI
S amaria Jet., MI to Toledo, OH
10"
1 6"
1 6"
40
1 00
1 00
40
1 00
1 00
Chicap - Patoka, IL to Chicago, IL
26"
400
380
6"/8"
8"
6"
12"
12"
8"
1 2"
14
29
23
1 02
68
32
49
14
29
23
102
68
32
49
8"
9
3
1 2"
10"
12"
1 0"
10"
8"
30
37
86
37
32
32
28
35
82
35
30
30
PADD II
Arco -
Conoco - Letsch, KS to Valley Center, KS
Valley Center, KS t o Ponca City, OK
Franks Creek, ND to Fryburg, ND
Cushing, OK to Ponca City, OK
Oklahoma City, OK to Ponca City, OK
Oklahoma City, OK to Cushing, OK
Tussy, OK to Oklahoma City, OK
Enron - Humboldt, KS to El Dorado, KS
Jayhawk - Meade, KS to Chase, KS
Laton, KS to Chase, KS
Chase, KS to McPherson, KS
Chase, KS to Valley Center, KS
Valley Center, KS to McPherson, KS
Augusta, KS to Valley Center, KS
C-3 5
*
DIAMETER
Kaw - Bemis, KS to Sullivan, KS
Bemis, KS to Sullivan, KS
Sullivan, K S to Big Creek, KS
Sullivan, KS to Big Creek, KS
Big Creek, KS to Allen, KS
Big Creek, K S to A llen, KS
B i g Creek, K S to Allen, KS
Allen, KS to B ortz, KS
Allen, KS to B ortz, KS
Bortz, KS to Claflin, KS
Bortz, K S t o Claflin, KS
Bortz, KS to Claflin, KS
Claflin, KS to Chase, KS
Lakehead - ND/Can. Border to Superior, WI
NO/Can. Border to Superior, WI
NO/Can. Border to Superior, WI
Superior, WI to Chicago, IL
Chicago, IL to Marysville, MI
Superior, WI to Lewiston, MI
Lewiston, MI to Marysville, MI
Marathon - Stoy, IL to Robinson, IL
Patoka, IL to Robinson, IL
Bridgeport, IL to Robinson, IL
B ridgeport, IL to Robinson, I1
B ridgeport, IL to Robinson, IL
Patoka, IL to Martinsville, IL
Patoka, IL to Martinsville, IL
Martinsville, IL to Lebanon, IN
Lebanon, I N to Indianapolis, IN
Lebanon, IN to Lima, OH
S amaria Jet., MI to Detroit, MI
Mosherville, MI to Samaria Jet. , MI
Loudon, IL to Patoka, IL
Wood River, IL to Patoka, IL (Woodpat)
Mid-Continent - Weber, OK to Enid, OK
Wide Awake, OK to Enid, OK
Stillwater, O K to Cushing, OK
Enid, OK to Stillwater, OK
Hennesey, OK to Enid, OK
Oklahoma City, OK to Hearn, OK
Enid, O K to Cushing, OK
C- 3 6
SUMMER
CMB/D)
WINTER
CMB/D)
8"
12"
8"
1 2"
8"
8"
1 2"
8"
8 "/10"
8"
10"
12"
12"
9
14
5
39
15
15
23
24
30
14
18
22
54
9
14
5
39
15
15
23
24
30
14
18
22
54
18"
26"
34"
34"
30"
30"
30"
228
412
706
623
623
562
562
225
402
687
625
625
540
540
10"
20"
10"
8"
8"
20"
1 0"
22"
1 2"
22"
1 6"
8"
6"/10"
22"
57
171
50
32
32
27 1
47
318
50
275
1 10
15
17
311
57
17 1
50
32
32
27 1
47
318
50
275
1 10
15
17
311
6"
6"
8"
8"
6"
8"
8"
11
10
30
24
10
14
8
11
10
30
24
10
14
8
*
DIAMETER SUMl'vfER
(MB/D)
WINTER
(MB/D)
Mid-Valley - Hornsby, TN to Lima, OH
Lima, OH to S amaria Jet., MI
(Mid-Valley-Marathon)
22"
238
230
22"
340
330
Mobil - Healdton, OK to Addington, OK
Hough, OK to Hardesty, OK
Patoka, I L t o Chicago, n__
Doniphan, MO to Patoka, IL
8"
8"
18"
20"
27
19
1 50
1 50
26
17
1 48
1 48
Osage - Cushing, OK to El Dorado, KS
20"
280
280
Owensboro - Ashland Owensboro, KY to Catlettsburg, KY
24"
230
218
Platte - Gurley, NE to S alisbury, MO
Salisbury, MO to Wood River, IL
20"
20"
173
1 50
173
1 50
Portal - Maxbrass, ND to Minot, ND
Grenora, ND to Beaver Lodge, ND
Trenton, NO to Beaver Lodge, ND
Beaver Lodge, ND to Minot, NO
Minot, ND to Clearbrook, MN
10"
10"
8"
1 2"
1 6"
12
24
24
80
1 00
12
24
24
80
1 00
Shell - Salem, IL to Patoka, IL (Capline)
Patoka, IL to Wood River, IL (Capwood)
Cushing, OK to Wood River, IL (Ozark)
40"
20"
22"
1 078
224
315
1 029
224
3 15
Sohio - Salem, IL to S toy, IL
Stoy, IL to Lima, OH
10"
1 2"
46
39
44
37
Sun - Cromwell, OK to Bad Creek, OK
Bad Creek, OK to Beggs, OK
Beggs, OK to Tulsa, OK
Ada, OK to Nahola, OK
Nahola, OK to Wynnewood
Eola, OK to Wynnewood
Maysville, OK to Eola
Fitts, OK to Cromwell, O K
Duncan OK to Velma, OK
Velma, OK to Seminole, OK
Seminole, O K to Cromwell, OK
Cushing, OK to Drumright, OK
Cushing, OK to Drumright, OK
Drumright, OK to Tulsa, OK
6"/8"
10"
1 0"/8"
6"
6"
6"
6"
4"/6"/8"
6"
6"
8"
6"
10"
1 2"
28
30
29
12
13
20
10
12
4
10
24
15
34
64
28
30
29
12
13
20
10
12
4
10
24
15
34
Tecumseh - Chicago, IL to Cygnet, OH
20"
1 00
1 00
C- 3 7
64
Texaco - El Dorado, KS to Cimarron Jet. , OK
Oklahoma City, OK to Cimarron Jet. OK
Cimarron Jet., OK to Cushing, OK
Cushing, OK to Tulsa, OK
Valley Center, KS to El Dorado, KS
B urns, KS to El Dorado, KS
S alem, IL to Clay City, IL
Patoka, IL to Clay City, IL
Clay City, IL to Bridgeport, IL
Clay City, IL to Mt. Vernon, IN
Alexander, ND to Keene, ND (Mondak)
Franks Creek, ND to Fryburg, ND (Mondak)
Cunningham, KS to Arlington Jet., KS
Arlington, Jet., KS to Burrton, KS
B urrton, KS to El Dorado, KS
Lyons, KS to Burrton, KS
Isabel Jet. , KS to Cunningham, KS
Lamed Jet., KS to Arlington Jet. , KS
Total - Garber, OK to See, OK
Cushing, OK to See, OK
See, OK to Fishe Jet., OK
Fishe Jet., OK to Phelps, OK
Phelps, OK to Arkansas City, OK
Fishe, OK to Arkansas City, OK
Fishe, OK to Fishe Jet., OK
Bivens, OK to Wasson, OK
Dundee, OK to Wasson, OK
Wasson, OK to Ardmore, OK
Ardmore, OK to Wynnewood, OK
Stockbridge, MI to Crystal, MI
Crystal, MI to Alma, MI
Farewell, MI to Crystal, MI
Bay City, MI to Alma, MI
Williams - El Dorado, KS to Des Moines, lA
Des Moines, IA to Minneapolis, MN
*
SUMME R
(MB/D)
WINTER
CMB/D)
8"
8"
8"
10"
1 0"
8"
8"
1 2"
10"
1 2"/6"
8"
2-6"
1 2"
1 2"
1 2"
8"
8"
8"
19
24
37
44
40
15
9
5
10
5
23
31
16
35
55
15
10
12
19
24
37
44
40
15
9
5
10
5
23
31
16
35
55
15
10
12
6"
6"
6"/8 "
8"
8"
1 0"
8"
8"
8"
8"
1 2"
8"
2-6"
8"
10"
10
12
17
34
38
41
34
20
24
50
36
20
32
25
35
10
12
17
34
38
40
34
19
24
50
35
20
32
25
35
1 0"/1 2"
1 2"
NR
62
NR
56
10"
10"
48
45
48
45
12"/26"
8"
36
14
36
14
DIAME1ER
PADD III
American Petrofina - Midland, TX to Port Arthur, TX
Crane, TX to Corpus Christi, TX
Amoco - S abine, TX to Texas City, TX
Sabine, TX to Yantis, TX
C-3 8
DIAMETER
Mexia, TX to Texas City, TX
Mexia, TX to Bowie, TX
Slaughter, TX to Monroe, TX
Arco - Texas City, TX to Houston, TX
Houston, TX to Teague, TX
Teague, TX to Troup, TX
Teague, TX to Jacksboro, TX
Hobbs, NM to Midland, TX
Wood, TX to Midland, TX
Midland, TX to Crane, TX
Jacksboro, TX to Wichita Falls, TX
Chevron - Empire, LA to Pascagoula, LA
Fourchon, L A to Empire, LA
Venice, LA to Ostrica, LA
Venice, LA to Ostrica, LA
Romere Pasa, LA to Empire, LA
Grand Bay, LA to Ostrica, LA
Black Bay, LA to Ostrica, LA
B axterville, MS to Lumberton, MS
Yates, TX to Wink, TX
Wink, TX to El Paso, TX
S nyder, TX to Wink, TX
Snyder, TX to Colorado City, TX
S nyder, TX to Colorado City, TX
Crane, TX to Midland, TX
Crane, TX to Midland, TX
Monahans, TX to Crane, TX
Monahans, TX to Crane, TX
Sandhills, TX to Crange, TX
Wink, TX to Monahans, TX
Keystone, TX to Midland, TX
Midland TX to Colorado City, TX (Mesa)
Citgo - Haynesville, LA to Longview, TX
Haynesville, LA to Longview, TX
Longview, TX to Sour Lake, TX
Houston, TX to Sour Lake, TX
Sour Lake, TX to Lake Charles, LA
*
SUM.rvlER
(MB/D)
WINTER
CMB/D)
10"
1 2"
1 6"
24
30
1 77
24
30
1 77
36"
20"
1 2"
18"
8"
8"
8"
1 2"
840
72
13
87
23
41
25
62
840
70
12
85
23
40
24
60
20"
20"
1 2"
6"
1 6"
1 0"
8"
14"
10"
20"
10"
8"
8"
10"
8"
1 0"
10"
8"
8"
2-8"
24"
141
1 82
1 09
18
207
45
25
1 65
25
1 10
25
25
30
32
15
52
44
38
39
62
280
141
1 82
1 09
18
207
45
25
1 65
25
1 10
25
25
30
32
15
52
44
38
39
62
280
8"
8"
1 2"
12"
20"
26
26
70
67
182
26
26
70
67
1 82
Coastal - Vanderbilt, TX to Corpus Christi, TX
Cotulla, TX to Corpus Christi, TX
8"
6"/8"
40
30
40
30
Conoco - Grand Isle, LA to Golden Meadow, LA
Tepetate, LA to Lake Charles, LA
Deer Creek, TX to Wichita Falls, TX
8"
8"
6"/8 "
21
27
15
21
27
15
C- 3 9
DIA:rvtETER* SUMMER
CMB/D)
Twin Butte, TX to Wichita Falls, TX
Mt. Pleasant, TX to Hawkins, TX
WINTER
CMB/D)
6"
6"
12
18
12
18
D-S - Hawley, TX to McKee, TX
10"
36
36
Exxon - St. James, LA to Baton Rouge, LA
Raceland, LA to St. James, LA
Grand Isle, LA to Manilla Jet., LA
Empire, LA to Manilla Jet., LA
Manilla, Jet., LA to Raceland, LA
S unset, LA to B aton Rouge, LA
South Bend, LA to Sunset LA
Clovelly, LA to B aton Rouge, LA
Liberty, MS to Baton Rouge, LA
Soso, MS to Liberty, MS
Finney, LA to Baton Rouge, LA
Lon view, TX to Finney, LA
Hawkins, TX to Longview, TX
Talco, TX to Longview, TX
Sour Lake, TX to Baytown, TX
Ector, TX to Crane, TX
Crane, TX to Kemper, TX
Crane, TX to McCamey, TX
Kemper, TX to S atsuma, TX
Yates Pecos, TX to Kemper, TX
Hearne, TX to S atsuma, TX
Conroe, TX to S atsuma, TX
S atsuma, TX to Webster, TX
S atsuma, TX to B aytown, TX
Webster, TX to B aytown, TX
Webster, TX to Texas City, TX
Kemper, TX to Ingleside, TX
Harbor Island, TX to Ingleside, TX
Ingleside, TX to Baytown, TX
1 6"
1 6"
1 6"
1 2"
1 2"
1 6"
1 2"
16"
12"
10"
22"
18"
1 6"
8"
8"
18"
18"
8"
18"
10"
1 2"
8"
1 2"
20"
8"
8"
1 2"
1 2"
1 6"
101
95
95
47
95
72
72
151
59
42
1 47
1 07
63
8
18
1 37
179
65
1 30
22
48
25
79
210
1 00
46
35
89
1 02
Locap - Clovelly, LA to St. James, LA
48"
1 200
1 200
Loop - Offshore Terminal to Clovelly, LA
48"
1 400
1 400
Marathon - S t. James, LA to Garyville, LA
Yates, TX to Iraan, TX
Iraan, TX to Midland, TX
30"
1 6"
1 6"
288
45
1 00
288
45
1 00
Mid-Valley - Longview, TX to Mayersville, MS
Haynesville, LA to Magnolia, AR
Delhi, LA to Mayersville, MS
20"
8"
1 2"
238
26
37
230
24
35
C- 4 0
96
90
90
45
90
69
69
144
56
40
1 40
1 02
60
7
17
1 30
1 79
62
1 25
21
46'
24
75
200
95
44
34
85
97
DIAMETER* SUMMER
CMB/D)
Vanderbilt, TX to Sealy, TX
Luling, TX to Sealy, TX
Sealy, TX to Hull, TX
Hull, TX to Beaumont, TX
Corsicana, TX to Conway, AR
Burt, TX to Ringgold, TX
Ringgold, TX to Corsicana, TX
Crossroads, NM to Seminole, TX
Mallet, T X to Seminole, TX
Seminole, TX to A ndrews, TX
Seminole, TX to Andrews, TX
Seminole, TX to A ndrews, TX
Andrews, TX to Midland, TX
Andrews, TX to Midland, TX
Fullerton, TX to Andrews, TX
Scurry, TX to Iatan, TX
Halley, TX to Midland, TX
Midland, TX to Corsicana, TX
Kilgore, TX to Corsicana, TX
Corsicana, TX to Beaumont, TX
WINTER
CMB/D)
8 "/10"
8"
(3-8")/8"
1 6"
20"
8"
1 6"
8"
8"
8"
8"
8"
10"
1 2"
6",8",4"
8"
10"
( 1 2",8 ")/ 1 6"
1 6"/20"
1 2"
20"
33
28
28
61
1 50
24
43
18
42
29
29
29
32
53
31
37
29
73
1 42
12
250
32
27
28
61
148
24
42
176
41
28
28
28
31
52
31
37
29
73
1 42
12
250
14"
1 2"
83
64
78
62
Shamrock - Perryton, TX to McKee, TX
Dixon, T X to McKee, TX
6"
14"/ 1 6"
14
95
14
92
Shell - Wasson, TX to Jal, NM
Wasson, TX to Hendrick, TX
Wasson, TX to McCamey, TX
Odessa, TX to Midland, TX
McCamey, TX to El Dorado, TX (Rancho)
El Dorado, TX to Houston, TX (Rancho)
Hope, T X t o Houston, TX
McCamey, TX t o Colardo City, TX
Lovington, NM to Wink, TX
Wink, TX t o Hendrick, TX
Wheeler, TX to Hendrick, TX
Hendrick, TX to McCamey, TX
McCamey, TX to Kemper, TX
Kilgore, T X to Houston, TX
Ostrica, LA to Norca, LA
Gibson, LA to St. James, LA (Ship Shoal)
S t . James, L A to Collierville, MS (Capine)
1 2"
6"
1 6"
6"
24"
24"
8"
10"
10"
6"
10"
1 0"
6"
6"
1 0"
10"
1 6 "/20"
20"
40"
1 00
20
1 00
24
3 12
388
17
24
15
38
50
48
13
13
38
45
212
341
1078
1 00
20
1 00
24
3 12
388
17
24
15
38
50
48
13
13
38
45
212
341
1 029
Mobil -
Phillips - Odessa, TX to Borger, TX
Missouri City, T X to Sweeny, TX
C-4 1
DIAME1ER
*
SUMMER
(MB/D)
WINTER
CMB/D)
Sigmor - Refugio, TX to Three Rivers, TX
1 2"
45
45
Sohio - Clovelly, LA to Alliance, LA
Alliance, LA to Mereaux, LA
Ostrica, LA to Eimers Jet., LA
B ay Marchand, LA to Eimers, Jet., LA
Eimers, Jet., LA to Alliance, LA
24"
24"
1 2"
1 2"
1 8"
283
178
1 35
150
1 95
269
1 69
1 28
1 42
1 85
6"/8"
8"
8"
8"
10"
10"
10"
12
16
45
7
48
36
55
12
16
44
7
47
35
53
14"
56
56
8",6"
8"
8"
1 6"
10"/12"
1 6"
1 2"
24"
12"
8"
18"
18"
22"
22"
22"
20"
1 2"
20"
22"
22"
1 2"/1 6"
8 "/10"
8"
28
17
14
33
48
1 25
36
292
12
10
205
309
1 83
249
360
1 07
27
288
338
370
66
23
22
28
17
14
33
48
1 25
36
292
12
10
205
309
1 83
249
360
1 07
27
288
338
370
64
23
22
1 6"
1 6"
8 ",6"
68
98
31
66
94
30
Sun - South Bend, TX to Colorado City, TX
Jameson, TX to Colorado City, TX
Clairmont, TX to Colorado City, TX
Sour Lake, TX to Nederland, TX
Nederland, TX to Sour Lake, TX
Sour Lake, TX to Grissom, TX
Ingleside, TX to Corpus Christi, TX
Tenneco - Empire, LA to Chalmette, LA
Texaco - Markham, TX to W. Columbia, TX
Withers, TX to W. Columbia, TX
W. Columbia, T X to Texas City, TX
W. Columbia, T X to E . Houston, TX
Caillou, LA to Houma, LA
Caillou, LA to Houma, LA
Golden Medow, LA to Houma, LA
Clovelly, LA to Houma, LA
Lafitte, LA to Houma, LA
Paradise, LA to Houma, LA
Houma, L A to St. James, LA
St. James, LA to Convent, LA
Houma, LA to Gibson, LA
Gibson, LA to Erath, LA
Erath, LA to Port Arthur, TX
Houston, TX to Port Arthur, TX
Sour Lake, TX to Port Arthur, TX
Jal, NM to Midland, TX (Basin)
Midland, TX to Colorado City, TX (Basin)
Colorado City, TX to Wichita Falls, TX (Basin)
Wichita Falls, TX to E. Houston, TX
South Bend, TX to Wichita Falls, TX
White Deer, TX to Amarillo, TX
Texas-New Mexico - Bisti, NM to Lynch, NM
Lynch, N M to Jal, NM
Shafter Lake, NM to Jal, NM
C- 4 2
DIAMETER
*
SUMMER
CM B/0)
WINTER
CMB/0)
8 "/14"
14"
1 2"
1 0"/1 2"
8"
12"
12"
12"
10"
38
50
78
90
18
96
48
69
58
36
48
74
90
18
94
47
68
56
8"
16
16
10"
10"
45
30
45
30
26"
20"
26"
440
1 47
335
440
1 47
335
Butte - Baker, MT to Osage, WY
Osage, WY to Guernsey, WY
16"
1 6"
94
1 10
94
1 10
Chevron - Ranglely, WY to Salt Lake City, UT
10"
48
48
8"
(8", 10")/ 1 0"
8"
8"
1 2"
1 2"
8"/10"
1 2"
8"
8"
19
56
24
21
29
29
27
54
35
22
19
56
24
21
29
29
27
54
35
22
8"
63
60
6"
1 2"
(8",6")/8"
8"
11
50
26
10
11
50
26
6
Montana - Cut B ank, MT to Great Falls, MT
5"
6
5
Phillips - B ridger Lake, UT to Bridger, WY
6"
12
11
Vacuum Pool, NM to Jal, NM
Kimbrough, N M to Jal, NM
Jal, NM to Crane, TX
Sundown, TX to Midland, TX
Midland, TX to Crane, TX
Crane, TX to McCamey, TX
Crane, TX to Rozansky, TX
Rozansky, TX to Houston, TX
Jo-Mill, TX to Colorado City, TX
Union Pacific - Welder Ranch, TX to Corpus Christi, TX
Unocal - Van, TX to Bullard, TX
Bullard, TX to Nederland, TX
West Texas Gulf - Colorado City, TX to Wortham, TX
Wortham, TX to Longview, TX
Wortham, TX to Beaumont, TX
PADD IV
Conoco - Lance Creek, Wy to Guernsey, WY
Guernsey, WY to Denver, CO
Guernsey, WY to Cheyenne, WY
Aurora, MT to Cutbank, MT
Aurora, M T to Cutbank, MT
Aurora, MT to Cutbank, MT
Cutbank, MT to Billings, MT
Cutbank, MT to Billings, MT
Billings, MT to Laurel, MT
Frannie, MT to Laurel, WY
Exxon - Silver Tip, MT to Billings, MT
Marathon - Elk Basin, WY to Byron, WY
B yron, WY to S i1vertip, MT
Grass Creek, WY to Chatham, WY
Chatham, WY to Byron, WY
C- 4 3
*
DIAMETER SUMMER
(MB/D)
WINTER
CMB/D)
Platte - B yron, WY to Chatham, WY
Chatham, WY to Lost Cabin, WY
Lost Cabin, WY to Casper, WY
Casper, WY to Guernsey, WY
1 2"/14"
1 6"
1 6"
20"
64
86
96
1 85
64
86
96
1 85
Texaco - Savageton, WY to Reno, WY
Sidney, M T to Richey, M T (Modak)
MT/Can. Border to Richey, MT (Mondak)
Richey, MT to B aker, MT (Mondak)
6"
8"/6"
1 2"
1 0"/1 2"
17
19
36
29
17
19
36
29
8"/6"
20
20
10"
1 0"
8"
25
17
30
25
17
30
Union Pacific - Brady, WY to Wamsutter, WY
Unocal - Merino, CO to Sterling, CO
Lisbon, UT to Aneth, UT
Grieves, WY to Casper, WY
PADD V
All-American - Gaviota, CA to Cadiz, CA
30"
300
300
Alyeska - Pmdhoe Bay, AK to Valdez, AK (TAPS)
48"
1 480
1 420
1 6"
1 00
1 00
10"
1 2"
1 2"
1 6"
1 8"/2- 1 2"
22
27
60
72
92
22
27
60
72
92
20"
85
85
10",( 1 6"/ 1 4")
1 6"
1 60
60
1 35
57
Kenai - MGS Terminal, AK to Kenai, AK
Swanson, AK to Kenai, AK
1 2"
8"
70
16
65
14
Kupamk - Kuparuk, A K to Prudhoe Bay, AK
24"
330
330
Milne Point - Milne Point, AK to Kupamk, AK
1 2"
36
36
Mobil - S an Ardra, CA to Estero Bay, CA
Rincon, CA to Ventura, CA
Belridge, CA to Los Angeles, CA
1 2"
22"
1 2"
30
72
65
72
61
Celeron Gathering - Beldridge, CA to Pentland, CA
Chevron - Midway, CA to Belridge, CA
Rio Bravo, CA to Beldridge, CA
Belridge, CA to Estero, CA
Belridge, CA to Kettleman, CA
Kettleman, CA to Richmond, CA
Cook Inlet - West Forelands, AK to Drift River, AK
Four Comers - Elk Hills, CA to Los Angeles, CA
Long Beach, CA to Cadiz, CA
C- 4 4
28
DIAMETER
*
SUMMER
(MB/D)
WINTER
(MB/D)
Shell - Ventura, CA to Los Angeles, CA
Bakersfield, CA to Coalinga, CA
10"
1 4"/ 1 8 "
53
83
53
83
Texaco - Ventura, C A to Newhall, CA
Cameras, C A to Coalinga, CA
Coalinga, CA to San Francisco, CA
Cameras, CA to Bakersfield, CA
Olig, CA to Emidio, CA
8"
1 6"
20"
1 6"/10"
10"
28
80
238
40
40
28
78
233
39
40
20"
1 6"
1 6"
1 60
1 60
1 60
1 60
1 60
1 60
1 2"/1 6"
8"
8"
8"
1 2"
8"
8"
8"
1 2"
82
30
25
28
40
38
24
20
60
82
30
25
28
40
38
24
20
60
Trans-Mountain - WA/Can. Border to Laurel, WA
Laurel, WA to Ferndale, WA
Laurel, WA to Anacortes, WA
Unocal - Kern County, CA to San Francisco, CA
McKittrick, CA to Kern County, CA
Lompoc, CA to Santa Maria, CA
San Luis Obispo, CA to Kern County, CA
Santa Maria, CA to Avila Beach, CA
Santa Maria, CA to Avila Beach, CA
Santa Maria, C A to Avila Beach, CA
Brea, C A to Wilmington, CA
Torrey Canyon, C A to Los Angeles, CA
*
The following symbolic conventions are used in this table:
I
,
( )
indicates a change of diameter.
indicates an additional separate pipeline.
indicates that the reader should interpret the symbols inside the parenthesis
first.
N - X" indicates N multiple pipelines of X" diameter.
C- 4 5
TABLE C - 3
STATUS OF PRINCIPAL CRUDE OIL EXPANS ION PROJECTS PLANNED OR UNDER CONSTRUCT ION
AS REPORTED IN 1979 NPC SURVEY
Pipel ine
Com�
ARCO
Ashland
Project*
Number
1
2
3
4
0
I
�
0"1
Cap line
Citgo
Exxon
5
6
7
8
Lakehead
9
Loop Inc.
10
Marathon
ll
Mid-Val ley I
Marathon
Northern
Pipeline
Shamrock
Alyeska
12
13
14
15
Location
Texas City TX Ship Dock
Patoka IL to
OWensboro KY
Owensboro KY to
Catlettsburg KY
Lima OH to Canton OH
S t . James LA to
Patoka IL
Fauna TX to Sour Lake TX
Cloverly Dome LA to
LaFourche Parish LA
Racland Station LA to
LaFourche Parish LA
Griffith IN to
Marysville , MI
Cloverly LA to
St. James LA
St . James LA to
Garyville LA
Lima OH to Samaria MI
Wood River IL to
Pine Bend MN
Borger TX to Dumas TX
Prudhoe Bay AK to
Valdez AK
Present
Capacity
(MB/D}
IN 1979
Approximate
Anticipated
Capacity
(MB/D}
Type of
Expans ion
Miles
Diameter
( Inches}
New Lines
37
36
-
500
Yes
-
20
161
2 19
-
-
-
-
-
24
173
216
Yes
Yes
Yes
Horsepower
12
12
76
82
Yes
Horsepower
New Line
-
-
1 , 03 2
34
12
-
60
Yes
Yes
New Line
7
20
-
170
Yes
New Line
13
20
-
120
Yes
Loop Line
Horsepower
35
30
-
-
65
-
Add.
Yes
Yes
New Line
52
48
-
1 , 350
Yes
New Line
19
30
-
300
Yes
-
22
2 78
338
Yes
4 76
24
-
135
44
14 , 16
-
40
Yes
Yes
-
-
1 , 230
1 , 3 60
Yes
New Stations
New Stations
Horsepower
New Stations
New Line
New Line
Horsepower
§
1 , 098
Completed
TABLE C - 3 (Continued)
Approximate
Present
Pipeline
Project *
Co�
Number
16
Wi l liams
SPR Proj ects
11
Type of
Location
Capacity
Capac ity
Miles
( Inches)
(MB/D)
(MB/D)
-
18
-
8
30
NA
Des Moines IA to
Mason City IA
17
Expansion
Bryan Mound TX
19
Bryan Mound TX
Nederland TX
20
21
Bayou Choctaw LA to
Nederland TX
()
I
M=:>
....J
St. James LA
Yes
-
387
Yes
NA
387
1 , 054
Yes
42
42
-
402
Yes
NA
NA
402
1 , 400
Yes
37
36
-
240
Yes
NA
NA
240
480
Yes
16
16
-
100
Yes
67
36
-
590
Yes
NA
NA
-
**
720
Yes
New Storage
Expansion
New Storage
and Lines
Expansion
New Storage
and Lines
22
Bayou Chocktaw LA t o
23
Sulphur Mines LA t o
New Storage
Weeks Island LA to
New Storage
24
25
St . James LA
Wes t Hackberry LA
St . James LA
St . James Terminal LA
Expansion
and Lines
and Lines
Dock and
Pump Station
*
Corresponds to pro j ect number on Table 2 of the NPC ' s 1988 Survey of U . S . Petroleum Pipeline Capacities .
§
Des ign crude oil capacity .
�leted
-
New Line
and Lines
18
Anticipated
Diameter
Annual average capacity wi l l be higher .
11
Sys tems are government - owned and capac ities are drawn - down capacity .
**
Combined pumping capacity to Weeks Island and Bayou Choctaw .
TABLE C-4
OTHER PRINCIPAL CRUDE OIL EXPANS ION PROJECTS COMPLETED BETWEEN 1 /1/79 and 12 /31/87
Approximate
Present
Type of
Pipe line
Com�
All American
Alyeska
Amoco
Location
Expansion
Miles
Anticipated
Diameter
Capacity
Capacity
Completion
( Inches )
(MB/D)
(MB/D)
Date
Gaviota CA to Cadiz CA
New Line
341
30
75
300
12/06/87
Cadiz CA to McCamey TX
New Line
871
30
75
300
1 2 /06/87
Alaska
New Station
0
0
0
1 , 960
Alaska
Flow Improver
0
0
0
2 , 100
New Line
2 18
20
3 25
0
1 2/01/84
Natrona Co . WY
New Line
290
16
75
0
1 2/01/83
Pasadena TX
Union Co . NM to
Yoakum Co . TX
Summit Co . UT to
()
Texas City TX to
I
�
(X)
ARCO
Conversion
33
12
100
0
12/01/84
Offshore to Texas City TX
Conversion
91
14
0
0
01/01/83
Texas City TX
Horsepower
0
0
0
0
07/01/87
Carson Crude CA
S torage Tanks
0
0
0
450
10/01/87
New Station
0
0
28
40
10/01/80
06/01/82
Shiprock NM and Oatman AZ
Tonalea AZ , Danby CA,
Corona CA
North S lope AK
North Slope AK
North Slope AK
Chandeleur
Mobile Block 861 to
Chevron
Southwest Pass W-2 to
Mob ile Block 902 AL
Dixon Bay Junction LA
0
0
40
55
New Line
37
24
340
340
10/01/84
New Line
37
18
340
340
10/01/84
New Line
37
12
340
340
10/01/84
New Line
11
12
1 14
0
08/85
Loop Line
3
10
125
0
09/82
Loop Line
4
10
1 29
0
10/84
New Line
6
10
118
0
1 2 /84
New Station
Dixon Bay Junction to
West Bay Station LA
South Tinbalier 52A to
35D LA
TABLE C-4 ( Continued)
Approximate
Present
Type of
Pipel ine
Company
Chevron
Location
�ansion
Miles
Anticipated
Diameter
Capacity
Capacity
Completion
( Inches )
(l-18/Dl
(MB/D)
Date
Eugene Island Block 5 1
t o Block 42 LA
New Line
7
4
9
0
09/84
New Line
15
8
43
0
02/81
West De l ta 109 to
West Delta 53 LA
East Cameron 2 3 to
28 SSTI LA
New Line
13
4
7
0
06 /81
New Line
3
6
45
0
/82
Pelto 13 LA
New Line
13
8
41
0
1 2 /84
South Marsh 268A LA
New Line
10
4
7
0
12/84
New Line
13
12
131
0
1 2 /84
New Line
*
4
18
0
04/86
.Abandonment
4
6
0
0
0 1 /87
Idle
16
4
5
0
Idle
16
6
18
0
New Line
23
4
0
0
09/84
Loop Line
5
8
0
0
/85
Loop Line
3
8
0
0
04/85
Acquis it ion
6
10
24
0
/85
Loop Line
6
6
0
0
09/85
Main Pass 299A to 2998 LA
Ship Shoal 69 to South
Eugene Island Block 133 to
()
I
�
1.0
Eugene Island 361 to
Texas Pipel ine LA
Main Pass 69G to Main
Pass 69B LA
Southwest Pass E-2 to
E- 3 LA
Ven ice to Ostrica
Terminal CA
Venice to Ostrica
Terminal CA
Marathon Yates
LPG to
Shell Tippet TX
Midland
LPG Stat ion to
M.P. 4 . 7 TX
Midl and to She l l Tippet
Junction TX
Carpenteria to Mob i l Rincon , CA
MP 25 . 7 to MP 19. 3 ,
Bridgeport TX
TABLE C-4 (Continued )
Approximate
Pre sent
Type of
Pipeline
Com�
Conoco
Location
Expansion
Miles
Anticipated
Diameter
Capacity
Capacity
Comp letion
( Inches)
(MB/D)
(MB/D)
Date
P . S . 70 miles n . o f
Denver CO
Glenrock WY to Douglas WY
Carway MT to Roundup MT
Conrad MT and Utica MT
.
Judith Gap MT and
Rayes ford MT
Conrad MT and Utica MT
P . S . in Service
70
10
40
56
03/01/81
Reversal
44
6
3
4
06/01/82
Viscous Crude
291
12
88
59
04/01/81
Deactivated P . S .
276
8
25
20
07/01/82
Reactivated J. G .
3 44
12
47
54
04/01/85
Rebuilt P . S .
276
8
47
54
08/01/86
1
20
0
240
07/15/82
Clifton Ridge Marine
Terminal LA
Mermentau LA to
0
I
(J1
0
Tepetate LA
Geuda Springs KS
New Line
Sold
15
16
9
0
1 2 /30/82
New Station
11
8
20
20
09/01/87
Reversal
50
8
13
17
07/01/82
Reversal
50
8
17
14
05/02/85
0
0
17
14
07/01/85
0
0
17
20
06/01/85
0
0
20
28
06/01/85
9
6
8
13
06 / 15/87
System
14
8
21
27
04 /10/83
Horsepower
30
8
22
10
04/ 10/83
31
8
27
19
07/21/86
Valley Center KS to
Geuda Springs KS
Valley Center KS to
Geuda Springs KS
Geuda Springs P . S . KS
Remove Drag
Valley Center P . S . KS
Inject Drag
Ponca City OK to
Bi -Directional
Carson TX to
Increased Line
Reducer Skid
Reducer
Geuda Springs KS
Twin Butte TX
Iowa LA to Lake Charles LA
Ville Platte LA to
Tepetate LA
Tepetate LA to Iowa LA
1 Way
Size
Flow Improver
Trimmed Pump
Impel ler
Approximate
Present
Pipel ine
Com�
Conoco
Cook Inlet
Type of
Location
Manchester LA
Downsized Pump
Capacity
Completion
( Inche s )
(MB/Dl
(MB/Dl
Date
12
4
7
4
03/25/85
0
0
205
0
01/01/80
Horsepower
0
0
205
0
01/01/84
New Line
46
40
1 , 000
1 , 000
07/3 1/87
New Storage & Lines
26
36
1 , 000
1 , 000
09/30/87
Sold P/L
9
4
0
0
Sold P/L
9
3
0
0
10/01/85
Acquis ition
66
12
0
0
01/01/83
Acquis it ion
23
4
0
0
01/01/83
New Line
32
10
20
24
06/04/85
New Line
3
2
0
0
1 2 /01/81
County KS
New Line
4
3
0
0
11/01/84
County KS
New Line
1
3
0
0
04/01/84
0
0
0
0
10/01/85
0
0
0
0
05/01/84
New Line
2
6
0
0
06/01/87
New Line
2
4
0
0
10/01/87
New Line
2
3
0
0
1 2 /01/87
Bryan Mound TX to
Texas City TX
Big Hill TX to
Nederland TX
Diamond Shamrock
Miles
Capacity
Horsepower
Granite Point AK
West Forelands AK
DOE
Expansion
Anticipated
Diameter
AWP Field Gathering Exxon TX
AWP Field Gathering Exxon TX
Refugio TX -
0
Three Rivers TX
I
(J1
I-'
Clay ton Lateral TX
Farmers
Jayhawk
Cut Bank MT Area
Anadarko , Texas County OK
Kinney Field , Stevens
Steinle Gathering, Rus sell
McPherson Station ,
McPherson County KS
Station Construction
and Erection
of Tank ( 1 20 MB)
Chase Stat ion , Chase KS
Churchman Bible Field,
Stevens County KS
Horsepower, Add
800 HP Motor
Larabee Field, Stevens
County KS
Red Cliff East , Clark
County KS
TABLE C-4
(Continued}
Approx imate
Present
Type of
Pipeline
Com�
Jay hawk
Location
Expansion
5 Stations - 26" Line
(MB/D}
Date
Horsepower
662
2
0
0
0
0
0
1 2 /01/87
Loop Line
13
48
0
705
1 1/01/87
Saxon Station WI
Horsepower
0
0
0
0
1 2/01/86
Naub inway MI
New Station
0
0
0
562
10/01/87
Mokena IL
New Station
0
0
0
623
12/01/87
Deer River MN
Conversion
0
0
0
0
06/01/81
& Floodwood MN
New Stat ion
0
0
0
0
1 1/01/85
Gall iano LA
01/01/79
N. Cass Lake MN
(.}1
1\.)
Completion
(MB/D}
Minnesota-34" Line
Clearbrook MN to
I
Capacity
( Inches}
Acquisit ion of
Mob il Facilities
0
Capac ity
Central & East KS
Pipel ines
Lakehead
Miles
Anticipated
Diameter
LOOP Inc.
Grand Isle LA to
New Line
43
48
1 , 400
1 , 400
Marathon
Albion IL to Gaddy IL
Abandonment
23
10
0
0
04/01/81
Gaddy IL to Bridgeport IL
Abandonment
8
8
0
0
04/01/81
Gila IL
Chatham WY to Kirby WY
Abandonment
0
0
0
0
06/01/82
Abandonment
4
12
0
0
08/01/81
Cody WY to
Amoco Junction WY
Purchase
17
8
3
3
02/01/84
Frannie WY
Abandonment
11
6
0
0
08/01/81
08/01/81
Whistle Creek WY to
W. Bonanaza WY to
Torch light WY
Abandonment
Neiber Dome South WY
15
8
0
0
Abandonment
10
4
0
0
10/01/83
Texas City TX
Horsepower
0
12
62
162
06/ 1 1 /80
Sal isbury MO
Horsepower
Casper WY
0
20
150
150
05/30/86
Horsepower
0
16
0
0
10/16 /84
Horsepower
0
6
5
5
1 1 / 15/83
Horsepower
0
8
22
22
09/30/84
Horsepower
0
8
21
21
05/ 12 /80
Maverick Station WY
Pilot Butte Station WY
Yates Station West TX
Approximate
Present
Pipel ine
Company
Type of
Location
�ansion
Miles
Anticipated
Diameter
Capacity
Capacity
Completion
( Inches )
(MB/0)
(MB/D )
Date
Marathon
Garyville LA
0
16
180
180
07/3 1/80
Phill ips P . L.
Borger TX to Laverne OK
Sold
110
8
0
0
01/01/82
Cushing OK to Yale OK
Sold
10
18
0
0
01/01/83
Sold
2 15
10
0
0
01/01/83
01/01/83
Products Station
Horsepower
Burbank OK to
Kansas City KS
Burbank OK to
Kansas City KS
Sold
215
8
0
0
Sold
105
6
0
0
01/01/83
Yale OK to Burbank OK
Sold
99
12
0
0
01/01/84
Cushing OK to Borger TX
New Station
Borger TX to McKee TX
New Line
Lyons KS to Thrall KS
('}
I
(J1
w
277
10
26
50
09/2 1/84
37
12
36
45
10/31/85
McKee TX to Borger TX
Place Line in Crude Serv .
Portal
Wi l l iams County NO
Portland
Maine , New Hampshire ,
Vermont , Quebec , Canada
Conversion
37
6
0
7
1 2 /09/87
New Line
65
8
25
25
11/01/83
Deactivation
71
12
0
0
0 1 / 1 1 /82
Deactivation
166
12
0
0
01/ 1 1 /8 2
Abandonment
166
12
0
0
0 1/03/84
Abandonment
71
12
0
0
0 1/03/84
Deactivation
165
18
0
0
0 1/01/86
Deactivation
70
0
0
0
0 1 / 10/86
Lease
165
18
0
0
0 1 / 11/87
Lease
70
18
0
0
01/11/87
Vermon t , Quebec , Canada
Maine , New Hampshire
Ma ine , New Hampshire ,
TABLE C-4 {Cont inued )
Approx imate
Present
Type of
Pipeline
Com�
Location
Of fshore LA
Shel l
Sohio Pipe and
�pans ion
Miles
Anticipated
Diameter
Capacity
Capacity
Completion
{ Inches )
{MB/D)
{MB/D)
Date
Offshore LA
New Line
27
12
24
85
New Line
27
12
51
52
Salem I I to Stoy IL
Conversion
Gathering
74
10
42
42
Stoy IL t o Lima OH
New Station
238
12
37
37
01/01/81
Sale
186
10
46
0
01/01/84
Sale
8
8
34
0
05/01/85
New Line
12
4
5
0
10/01/87
07/01/87
Sohio Oi l Co .
1 1 / 20/67
Longview TX to
Sohio
Port Arthur TX
Port Arthur TX to
Smiths Bluff TX
Sun Pipe Line
Stockbridge MI - Purchase
Mob i l Crude Line
0
I
01
�
Total Pipel ine
& Station
Ponca City OK to
Arkansas City KS
New Line
29
10
46
0
Ponca City OK and West
New Line
9
10
43
0
1 2 /01/84
Healdton OK
New Line
10
8
20
0
06/ 24/86
Ardmore OK
New Line
4
10
50
0
10/06/87
Lone Grove OK
Loop Line
4
8
50
0
04/19/84
New Line
15
6
3
0
01/17/83
New Line
1
4
3
0
10/04/73
New Line
9
8
24
0
05/01/79
Horsepower
0
0
6
9
05/01 /86
Crude Line
436
12
0
0
Carter & Love Counties OK
Carter & Love Counties OK
Arkansas City KS to
Geuda Springs KS
Union Pacific
Violet Station TX to
Williams P . L .
Sheldon MO to
Nueces County TX
Wi lmington IL
*Less than half a mile .
APPENDIX D
PRODUCT PIPELINE MAPS AND TABLES
MAPS:
- Nati.onal - U.S.
Pages
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
- Regional - P.AD Dist:r'icts
•••••••••••••••••••• ••••••••••••••••••••••
- Area - Transportation and Refining Centers ...
D- 1
D-3 - D- 1 1
D- 13 - D-3 1
TABLES:
- Cross-P.ADD Ca.pa.citltles
-
In:'b'a.-P.ADD Ca.pa.citi.es
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
D-32 - D-34
D-35 - D-48
Planned or Under Construction in 1979 ...........
D-49 - D-50
Completed Between 1/1 /79 and 12/31/87.......
D-5 1 - D-58
PETROLEUM PRODUCTS P I P E L I N E CAPACITIES*
AS OF D E C E M B E R 3 1 , 1 987
�-
C A N A D A
--------�----
-----
NO
0
()
m
)>
2
*FOR PUMPING #2 FUEL OIL (WINTER)
LEGEND
@
[!] TEAM NAL AREA
G U L F
O F
e PIPEL NE CONNECTION
M E X I C O
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_ __ _ _ _ _ _
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FLORIDA
•
TERM INAL AREA
TRUCK TERMINAL
WATER TERMINAL
PIPELINE CONNECTION
PRODUCT PIPELINES
MIAMI INTEFtNATIC>tAL
AIRPORT
•
PAD DISTRICT 1
FIGURES INDICATE WINTER CAPACITY IN THOUSANDS OF BARRELS PER CALENDAR DAY
FOR PUMPING #2 FUEL OIL. IF NOT AVAILABLE, NORMAL MIX USED.
t1
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TENNESSEE
LEGEND
PRODUCT PIPELINES
PAD DISTRICT 2
EAST OF THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER
' FIGURES INDICATE CAPACITY IN THOUSANDS OF BARRELS PER CALENDAR DAY
tJ
I
(.11
0
0 REFINERY OR REFINERY AREA
(2] TERMINAL AREA
[.!.!) TRUCK TERMINAL
B WATER TERMINAL
•
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1
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-
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- - - - -- -
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,- - - -- -- I
- - - ---- - -
'
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,
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___
LEGEND
PRODUCT PIPELINES
PAD DISTRICT 2
(!] PIPELINE STATION OR TERMINAL
(2] TERMINAL AREA
� TRUCK TERMINAL
•
PIPELINE CONNECTION
PRODUCT LINE HANDLING CRUDE
- - PRODUCT LINE HANDLING LPG
' FIGURES INDICATE WINTER CAPACITY IN THOUSANDS OF BARRELS PER
CALENDAR DAY FOR PUMPING tt2 FUEL OIL. IF NOT AVAILABLE. NORMAL MIX USED.
0
I
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'
�- -- - - -
1
I
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--- - ---
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'
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--
--
--. _
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I
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- - - - -- -
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,- - - -- -- I
- - - ---- - -
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,
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(
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___
LEGEND
PRODUCT PIPELINES
PAD DISTRICT 2
(!] PIPELINE STATION OR TERMINAL
(2] TERMINAL AREA
� TRUCK TERMINAL
•
PIPELINE CONNECTION
PRODUCT LINE HANDLING CRUDE
- - PRODUCT LINE HANDLING LPG
' FIGURES INDICATE WINTER CAPACITY IN THOUSANDS OF BARRELS PER
CALENDAR DAY FOR PUMPING tt2 FUEL OIL. IF NOT AVAILABLE. NORMAL MIX USED.
0
I
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\
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- - -- -
-
-- - - -
\
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I
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BEAUMONT·
POATARTHUR
AREA
PRODUCT PIPELINES
PAD DISTRICT 3
•
FIGURES INDICATE WINTER CAPACITY IN THOUSANDS OF BARRELS PER CALENDAR DAY
\
\
\
\
AMOCO.
MARATHON
TEXAS EASTERN
UCAR
\
'I
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LEGEND
0
@
(2]
ITTI
B
•
PIPELINE STATION O R TERMINAL
TERMINAL AREA
TRUCK TERMINAL
WATER TERMINAL
PIPELINE CONNECTION
D-9
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PRODUCT PIPELINES
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PAD DISTRICTS 4 & 5
AS OF DECEMBER 31 , 1 987
LEGEND
0 PIPELINE STATION OR TERMINAL
[!!) TRUCK TERMINAL
� TERMINAL AREA
B WATER TERMINAL
ARIZONA
\
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1
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•
I
, ...... _ _ _ _ _ _ 1
•
PIPELINE CONNECTION
FIGURES INDICATE WINTER CAPACITY IN THOUSANDS OF BARRELS PER CALENDAR DAY FOR
PUMPING #2 FUEL OIL. IF NOT AVAILABLE, NORMAL MIX USED.
D-11
CN 36", 40"
.....
0
�
�/' /--....._
..,�
3
",
u
,,.u.1
IOWA, LA.
�6"1Nr>
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• .
(NGL)
�-
LUCAS JCT.
HULL, TX.
BAYTOWN, TX.
PASADENA, TX.
LEGEND
AP
AMERICAN PETROFINA
AM AMOCO
CN
COLONIAL
CV
CHEVRON
EP
EXPLORER
DP
DUPONT
FR
FIRESTONE
�
--
EP 28"
HOUSTON, TX.
MO MOBIL
PF
PORT ARTHUR PRODUCTS FACILTY
PI
PINTO
T
TEXACO
TE
TEXAS EASTERN
UN UNOCAL
t:J
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0
D
•
REFINERY
PIPELINE STATION
PIPELINE CONNECTION
BEAUMONT · PORT ARTHUR AREA
PRODUCT & NGL PIPELINES
0
I
1--'
�
LEGEND
AM
AMOCO
AA
ARGO
AX
BA
APEX
BADGER
BE
BUCKEYE
Bl
CG
BELL OIL
CITGO
CL
CLARK
CONOCO
CO
EC
EP
ER
GN
GX
MA
DETROIT
ENERGY COOP
EXPLORER
ENRON
GREAT NORTHERN
GATX
MARATHON
MAG"
MAT MARTIN
M/0 MAAS OIL
MO MOBIL
PHILLIPS
PH
SH
T
TE
TR
UN
WH
WM
WO
SHELL
TEXACO
TEXAS EASTERN
TROPICANA
UNOCAL
WEST SHORE
WILLIAMS
WOLVERINE
WW WHITE WATER
0
D
e
W0 2·16"
REFINERY
NILES, MI.
PIPELINE STATION
PIPELINE CONNECTION
EP 24"
SCHERERVILLE
CHICAGO AREA
!
�
"CT.
PRODUCT PIPELINES
,..___
.,.
MORRIS, IL. ...
•
INDIANAPOLIS
TOLEDO
.....
CLEVELAND
AREA
BE 12"
HOPKINS
AIRPORT
[3
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BRECKSVIllE
MID·PENN
YEllOW FREIGHT
AMOCO
TRUCK WORlD
MARATHON
TOlEDO, OHJ
MANTUA
ClARK
CYGNET, OH.
BE 2-12"
BE
YOUNGsTOwN
A
_j
so a·
su 10"
r::I
BOARDMAN
TANKAGE
PHilADElPHIA,
PA.
YOUNGSTOWN
..
AR 6"
�
BE 12"
B
TAllMADGE
a:
<
AKRON
GJ
CORAOPOliS, PA.
AR 6"
MOGADORE
TERMINAl
STEUBENVIllE, OH.
AKRON AREA
AKRON
FOSTORIA, OH.
AR
IN 12"
:,
:,
.,
TOlEDO, OH.
AR 6"
�
;;;
AR
AR 6"
CliNTON
CANTON
REFINERY
CANTON
FINDlAY,OH.
OR a·
OR a·
MIDlAND, PA.
......
E. SPARTA
LEGENO
AR
ARGO
AS
ASHLAND
BE
BUCKEYE
cv
CHEVRON
FL
FLEET SUPPLY
IN
INLAND
MA
MARATHON
MO
MOBIL
OR
OHIO RIVER P/L
SH
SHELL
so
su
SOHIO
UN
UNOCAL
D
0
•
HEATH, OH.
SUN
CLEVELAND/AKRON AREA
PRODUCT PIPELINES
PIPELINE STATION
REFINERY
PIPELINE CONNECTION
D- 1 5
SAN ANTONIO, TX.
SAN ANTONIO, TX.
�
VICT
, TX .
...... _ _
--
--
--
CORPUS
KINGSVILLE, TX.
CHRISTl
BAY
LEGEND
AH
CA
CH
CT
KO
MO
QH
SG
SN
VR
0
0
•
AMERADA HESS
CASA
N
STATES
KOCH
MOBIL
QUINTANA-HOWELL ( I D LE)
SIGMO R
SOUTH WESTERN
VALERO
g��}�
REFIN ERY
PIPELINE STATION
PIPELIN E CONNECTION
NATIONAL PETROLE U M C O U N C I L
CORPUS C HRISTI AREA
D- 1 6
--
PRODU CT PIPELINES
KO
1 0"
EX 8"
LEGEND
CV CHEVRON
EX EXXON
KO KOCH
PRODUCT P I P ELINES
NATIONAL PETROLEUM COUNC I L
CORSICANA/WORTHAM/TEAG U E AREA
D- 1 7
0
I
SHEERIN,
TX.
TULSA, OK.
ARDMORE, OK.
.......
co
re
0..
w
I
111111 l l-----EP 12"
EP 12"
CARROLLTON
�
DALLAS/FT. WORTH
0..
w
LEGEND
AR
CG
co
�I
CV
OF
OM
EP
EX
Fl
MO
PH
SH
T
TA
TF
TO
UN
UT
D
�
•
ARCO
CITGO
CONOCO
CHEVRON
DIF.W. INTERNATIONAL
DIAMOND SHAMROCK
EXPLORER
EXXON
FINA
MOBIL
PHILLIPS
SHELL
TEXACO
TEXAS ASPHALT
TUFCO
TOTAL
UNOCAL
UTILITIES
PIPELINE STATION
PIPELINE CONNECTION
:::1
0
:1:
DALLAS/FORT WORTH AREA
PRODUCT PIPELINES
HEARNE, TX.
/
DETROIT AREA
LAKE ST. CLAIR
ONTARIO
0
�
0
;;:
0
w
"'
LEGEND
;;:
:iii
:::e
0
0
w
w
a:
IL
LAKE ERIE
AM
AR
AS
AMOCO
ARCO
ASHLAND
BE
CP
CV
KO
MA
MO
PH
SH
SM
SO
ST
BUCKEYE
CONSUMERS POWER
CHEVRON
KOCH
MARATHON
MOBIL
PHILLIPS
SHELL
SEMTA
SOHIO
STERLING
SU
SUN
TO TOTAL
UN
UNOCAL
WO WOLVERINE
"'
w
"'
0
0
•
W0 16"
CHICAGO
AR B"
PIPELINE STATION
REFINERY
PIPELINE CONNECTION
DETROIT - SAMARIA - SARNIA - TOLEDO AREA
PRODUCT PIPELINES
D- 1 9
0
I
N
0
•
0
w
:J
-'
<{
� :I:
Q <l:
::;: ::;:
u
:.::'
rn
W <{
rn O
W oiS
c
T 8"
"'
:;:
s:
.1-��
-1&
1$>
:if--1
0r
;.
' 1-�
Co
::;:
<{
Co
u
::.::
W M B"
W M 5-B", 3-12"
AM
CO
KC
CONOCO
KANSAS CITY P I PELINE
P H I LLIPS
TEXACO
T
W M WILLIAMS
0
0
s:
-'
<{
c
rn
z
a:
<{
Ill
AMOCO
ARCO
PH
�I I �
�
0
_j'
AR
SUGAR
CREEK
AM 1 6"
•
REFINERY
P I P E L I N E STATION
P I P E L I N E CONNECTION
NATIONAL PETRO L E U M COUNCIL
KANSAS CITY A R E A
PRODUCT PIPELINES
SULPHUR STATION
OX 10· (PROPANE)
J.ElWjJ2
CG
CITGO
CN
COLONIAL PIPELINE CO.
CO
CONOCO
CS
CALCASIEU REFINING CORP.
OX
DIXIE
EP
EXPLORER PIPELINE CO.
LC
LAKE CHARLES PIPELINE COMPANY
OX
OXY NGL I NC.
0
D
•
REFINERY
PIPEliNE STATION
PIPELINE CONNECTION
�
8
..
<-
OX 1 T
�+--v
/7
�#�c:_;
._..,
..
<$'
<...
MONT BELVIEU
...
:i l
5
�
0
I
N
......
�
!!?
LAKE CHARLES AREA
PRODUCT PIPELINES
WEST HACKBERRY, LA-
:::>
<JJ
SU B"
BROWN ST.
JCT.
SU B"
ARB"
CHICAGO, IL.
:i
0
ci
a:
0
....
<JJ
0
b
;;;
CYGNET AREA
u.
IN 10"
I N B"
LIMA AREA
LEGEND
COLUMBUS, OH.
DAYTON, OH.
ROBINSON, IL.
CINCINNATI, OH.
COLUMBUS, OH.
AR
AS
BE
DO
DT
IN
MA
MU
OR
PL
SH
ARGO
so
ASHLAND
su
BUCKEYE
UN
DOME
WO
DELTA
INLAND
MARATHON
MID-VALLEY
/MARATHON
OHIO RIVER P/L
PLACID
SHELL
D
0
•
SOHIO
SUN
UNOCAL
WOLVERINE
PIPELINE STATION
REFINERY
PIPELINE CONNECTION
D-22
LIMA-CYGNET-TOLEDO AREA
PRODUCT PIPELINES
B
LOS ANGELES
TAYLOR YARD
LEGEND
AR
CH
CSJ
CV
DFSC
DG
FC
GW
GX
LAX
MO
NW
PW
SO
SH
SP
SPT
T
UN
0
D
•
NATIONAL
ARGO
CHAMPLIN
CENTER STREET JUNCTION
CHEVRON
DEFENSE FUEL SUPPLY CENTER
DOUGLAS
FOUR CORNERS
GOLDEN WEST
GATX
LOS ANGELES
INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT
MOBIL
NORWALK TANK FARM
POWERINE
SAN DIEGO
SHELL
SOUTHERN PACIFIC
SOUTHERN PACIFIC TERMINAL
TEXACO
UNOCAL
REFINERY
PIPELINE STATION
PIPELINE CONNECTION
PETROLEUM
COUNCIL
LOS ANGELES - LONG BEACH AREA
PRODUCT PIPELINES
t:l
I
N
,t:.
-----
MARYSVILLE,
,
-----
MICHIGAN
�
1
SARNIA,
I
I
I
I
r
I
ONTARIO
I
�I- I
;: I
(/)1 c(
o le
c(
w
� �U
�
i
:::l I
LEGEND
AM
DO
AMOCO
DOME PETROLEU M
DW
DOW
ES
IP
ESSO
INTERPROVINCIAL (CANADA)
LK
MV
MARYSVILLE
PO
SH
SU
D
0
•
LAKEHEAD (USA)
POLYSAR
SHE LL
SUN
P IPELINE STATION
REFINERY
PIPELINE CONNECTION
TOLEDO, OH.
AM
1!
0
I
I
,__._________
!
lJ
r
SH
NATIONAL PETROLEUM COU NCIL
PRODUCT & LPG PIPELINES
NEW YORK (NEWARK, BAYONNE, LINDEN) AREA
PRODUCT PIPELINES
LEGEND
AH
AMERADA HESS
GT
GETIY
AM
AMOCO
GU
GULF
AT
ATLANTIC
GX
GATX
BE
BUCKEYE
HB
HARBOR
BP
BRITISH PETROLEUM
MET METROPOLITAN
BUG BAOOKLYN UNION GAS
MO
MOBIL
CCO CARBON CONCORD OIL
NIA
NEWARK INT'L
CG
CITGO
NV
NORTHVILLE
CN
COLONIAL
RO
ROYAL
CR
CROWN
SH
SHELL
CT
COASTAL STATES
SU
CV
CHEVRON
SUN
TEXACO
EX
EXXON
T
TN
D
0
•
WI
QUEENS
TENNECO
WIZARD PETROLEUM
PIPELINE STATION
REFINERY
PIPELINE CONNECTION
BE2-12"
BE2·12"
BROOKLYN
STATEN ISLAND
0
I
N
(J1
LOWER BAY
SEWAREN
0
J.
I
"'
0"1
I�
w
..J
<
0
Ul
9
�
>i
a:
�
z
�
LEGEND
AH AMERADA HESS
AM AMOCO
AT ATLANTIC
BP BRITISH PETROLEUM
CG CITGO
CN COLONIAL
CO CONOCO
CT COASTAL STATES
CV CHEVRON
DP DELAWARE PETROLEUM
EX EXXON
HB HARBOR
KO KOCH
LA LAUREL
MO MOBIL
NH NATIONAL HEAT
SO SOHIO
SU SUN
SW SWAN
T TEXACO
TE TEXAS EASTERN (LPG)
REFINERY
PIPELINE STATION
Q
D
•
PIPELINE CONNECTION
PHILADELPHIA AREA
PRODUCT PIPEUNES
()
z
q
WATKINS GLEN, N.Y.
B E 10"
-----�- 1-
�
�
c
--x._
NEVILLE
�SLAND
LEGEND
A
AG
AM
AT
BE
BO
BP
BT
EX
GU
LR
MO
SU
T
TE
TG
D
•
0
I
1\.)
-.1
AMERICAN REF. GROUP
AGWAY
AMOCO
ATLANTIC
BUCKEYE
BORON
BRITISH PETROLEUM
BUCKEYE TANK TERMINALS
EXXON
GULF/DIY. OF CUMBERLAND FARMS
LAUREL
MOBIL
SUN
TEXACO
TEXAS EASTERN
ALTOONA, PA.
CORAOPOLIS
Mt�
e:EcE,Prs No, P-4
CI(E'I'EL�J:IOM
'E�L
•
So�fve,q
'SilJ(f
TIOGA
PIPELINE STATION
PIPELINE CONNECTION
TE 8" (LPG)
PITTSBURGH AREA
PRODUCT AND LPG PIPELINES
LEBANON, OH.
TE 6" (LPG)
PHILADELPHIA, PA.
TE 6"
LPG
--
EP 24"
0
I
N
00
PORT ARTHUR
DALLAS/FORT WORTH
CORPUS CHRISTl, TX.
CT 12"
LEGEND
AH
AM
AR
CG
CL
CR
CT
CW
EP
EX
GX
H
LY
MA
OT
PH
S
SH
TCR
TE
WA
Q
0
•
AMERADA HESS
AMOCO
ARGO
CITGO
COLONIAL
CROWN
COASTAL STATES
CHEVRON-WARREN
EXPLORER
EXXON
GATX
HILL PETROLEUM
LYONDELL PETROLEUM
MARATHON
OIL TANKING OF TEXAS
PHILLIPS
SEMINOLE
SHELL
TEXAS CITY REFINING
TEXAS EASTERN
WANDA
REFINERY
PIPELINE STATION
PIPELINE CONNECTION
�
w
1-
TEXAS CITY
STRATTON RIDGE, TX.
TEXAS CITY, PASADENA & HOUSTON AREA
PRODUCT PIPELINES
CONWAY, KS.
__ VERDIGRIS, OK.
,.
MC
HEYWORTH, IL.
TU LSA
WEST TULSA
�
l'
tJIRIGH
oRU
oK. I
T 1 0"
CUSHING, OK.
S. GLENPOOL
0.. Co
w N
LEG END
co
CONOCO
CV
CHEVRON
EP
EXPLORER
KO
KOCH
MC
MAPCO
su
s
SUN
T
TEXACO
x
0
WILLIAMS
w
WM
0
•
SINCLAIR OIL CORP.
REFINERY
1...J
...J
PIPELINE STATION
>
PIPELINE CONNECTION
w
w
0-t
�G-.?Q
z
��
'0
�
a:
C!l
N ATIONAL P ET R O L E U M COU N C I L
TULSA AREA
PRODUCT PIPELINES
D-2 9
�&\)��
0
I
'm
w
0
w
z
...
....,o \)«'< ...�
�'V
�
z
w
(!)
g
"0 �
�':>
.\
\'nU.\
,,; •"
'
�0� �'<>·
10" CHAS
E TO DE
N
VER
8" CHASE TO
GREAT BEND
IO" CHASE
VALLEY CENTER
LEGEND
AM
CO
CS
CT
ER
KC
KN
NCAA
PH
T
WM
0
D
AMOCO
CONOCO
CHASE
COASTAL STATES
ENRON
KANSAS CITY PIPELINE
KANEB
NATIONAL COOPERATIVE REFINERY ASSOCIATION
PHILLIPS
TEXACO
WILLIAMS
REFINERY
PIPELINE STATION
s-""
�
v
....,.,�
.Q
�0�<(;-·
�0
0�
«<(:-
WICHITA
:.::
0
it
J:
UJ
::::>
u
:::;;
0
a:
u.
f
lo
0
:><
\ ...,
:D
�
VALLEY CENTER, WICHITA, EL DORADO AREA
PRODUCT PIPELINES
WOOD RIVER
&,
Q,
MA 12"
CHAMi%GN,L
I .
SH 12"
.'?o'*"·
i..\:>
v
WM S"
.-EJ
KANSAS CITY,
MO.
LEGEND
AM AMOCO
AR ARGO
CL CLARK
CO CONOCO
EP EXPLORER
IP
ILLINOIS POWER CO.
JD JD STREET
HW HARTFORD WOOD RIVER
LF LAMBERT FIELD
MA MARATHON PIPELINE
M P MARATHON PETROLEUM
MT MISSOURI TERM
MO MOBIL
PH PHILLIPS
SH SHELL
T
t:l
I
w
.......
WOOD RIVER AREA
PRODUCT PIPELINES
0
D
TEXACO
WM WILLIAMS
•
REFINERY
PIPELINE STATION
PIPELINE CONNECTION
TABLE D- 1
CROSS - PADD PETROLEUM PRODUCT PIPELINE CAPAC ITIES AS OF DECEMBER 3 1 , 1987
Pipe l ine
Summer No . 2
Diameter
(MB/D)
(MB/D)
Summer Normal Mix
Winter No.
(MB/D)
2
Winter Normal Mix
(MB/D)
PADD III to PADD IZ
Colonial
(Helena, AL, to Bremen ,
GA)
Plantation (Helena, AL, to Bremen ,
GAl
36"
NA
1 , 224
NA
1 , 2 24
36"
960
960
960
960
18"
148
164
148
164
30"
297
396
297
396
2 , 744
2 , 744
PADD III to PADD I I
t:l
I
w
N
Shamrock (McKee , TX, to Altus AFB , OK)
Explorer (Greenv i l le , TX, to Tuls a , OK)
Texas Eastern
8"
NA
27
NA
NA
28"
444
360
444
360
20"
186
225
186
225
16"
94
113
94
1 13
8"
NA
NA
26
25
6"
16 11
12
13
12
13
97
1 10
99
111
6"
12
13
12
13
8 11 /12 11
41
45
41
45
12"
NA
45
NA
45
8"
NA
13
NA
(Little Rock , AR , to
Cape Girardeau , MO)
ARCO (Dallas - Ft . Worth, TX, to Ardmore , OK)
River ( Wichita Falls , TX, to Duncan , OK)
Phi l l ips (Borger , TX, to Wichita ,
Emerald (McKee , T X , t o Turp in , OK)
KS)
PADD III to PADD IV
Phill ips
(Borger , TX, to Denver , CO)
PADD I I I to PADD
V
So. Pacific (El Paso , TX, to Tucson , AZ )
58
13
58
TABLE D- 1 (Continued)
Pipel ine
Diameter
Summer No . 2
(l•!B /D )
Summer Normal Mix
!l•!B/D)
Winter No . 2
(MB/D)
Winter Normal Mix
(MB/D)
PADD IZ to PADD IY
Colonial (Chantilly , VA , to Dorsey ,
MD)
36"
32"
996
396
1,392
1 , 038
455
1 , 493
12"
8"
10"
8"
NA
34
90
34
88
34
1 10
45
277
NA
34
90
34
88
34
106
45
2 73
8"
10"
10"
36
45
NA
40
60
36
136
33
45
NA
36
60
36
132
8"
NA
20
NA
20
8"
12"
20
41
61
20
43
63
20
41
61
20
43
63
996
396
1 , 392
1 , 026
438
1 , 464
PADD IZ to PADD II East
Colonial (Atlanta to Chatanooga)
0
Plantation (Bremen to Chatanooga)
I
w
w
PADD II East to PADD IY
Ashland (Canton , OH , to Pittsburgh Area)
Buckeye (Niles , OH , to Pittsburgh Area)
Sun (Youngstown , OH , to Pittsburgh Area )
PADD II East to PADD I I I
Amoco (Whiting ,
IN
t o Decatur ,
AL )
PADD I I West to PADD I I I
Conoco (Oklahoma City t o Wichita Falls , TX)
Sun (Al len , OK, to Ft . Smith , AR)
TABLE D - 1 (Continued)
Pipeline
Diameter
Summer No .
(MB/D)
2
Summer Normal Mix
(MB/D)
Winter No .
(MB/D)
2
Winter Normal Mix
(MB/Dl
PADD N to PADD I I
Cenex (Bi l l ings , MT t o Minot ,
ND)
Wyco (Casper, WY , to Rapid City , SD)
Cheyenne (Cheyenne, WY , to N. Platte , NE)
8"
6"
6"
NA
16
14
17
47
NA
NA
11
17
11
17
14
17
10"
8"
56
17
73
56
NA
56
17
73
NA
PADD I V t o PADD V
t::l
I
w
�
Yellowstone (Helena , MT , to Spokane , WA)
Chevron (Boise , ID, to Pasco , WA)
NA
=
Not avai lable.
56
TABLE D-2
INTRA-PADD PETROLEUM PRODUCT PIPELINE
CAPACITIES AS OF DECEMBER 31, 1987
PIPELINE
DIAMETER *
SUMMER N0. 2
(MB/D)
SUMMER NORMAL
WINTER NO. 2
MIX
(MB/D)
LMBLill
WINTER NORMAL
MIX
(MBD)
PADD IX
1 2"
62
62
62
62
6"
6"
10
12
12
16
10
12
11
16
8"
1 2"
6"
8"
6"
8"
8"
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
29
96
15
46
17
29
27
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
29
96
15
46
17
29
27
Buckeye - Linden, NJ to Macungie, PA
Linden, NJ to Macungie, PA
Macungie, PA to Auburn, NY
Aurbum, NY to Rochester, NY
Aurbum, NY to Utica, NY
20"
1 6"
1 4"
10"
10"
1 37
1 39
86
44
50
1 82
1 39
1 15
58
67
1 37
1 39
86
44
50
1 82
1 39
1 15
58
67
Colonial - Dorsey, MD to Woodbury, NJ
Woodbury, NY to Linden, NJ
30"
30"
996
708
1 03 8
792
996
708
1 038
768
Harbor - Woodbury, NJ to Linden, NJ
1 6"
121
1 29
1 16
1 24
Laurel - Booth, PA to Mechanicsburg, PA
Mechanicsburg, PA to Coraopolis, PA
24"
18"
1 37
54
1 82
72
1 37
54
1 82
72
B uckeye - New Haven, CT to Ludlow, MA
Mobil -
Portland, ME to Bangor, ME
Providence, RI to Springfield, MA
PADD IY
0
I
w
(.}1
Atlantic -
Pt. Breze, PA to Montello, PA
Pt. Breze, PA to Montello, PA
Montello, PA to Kingston, PA
Montello, PA to Buffalo, NY
Montello, PA to Mechanicsburg, PA
Montello, PA t o Mechanicsburg, PA
Mechanicsburg, PA to Pittsburgh, PA
TABLE D-2 (Continued)
PIPELINE
DIAMETER *
tJ
SUMMER NO. 2
(MB/D)
SUMMER NORMAL
WINTER NO. 2
MIX
(MB/D)
(M B/D)
WINTER NORMAL
MIX
(MBD)
Mobil - Malvern, PA to Binghampton, NY
Binghampton, N Y to Waterloo, NY
Waterloo, N Y to Syracuse, NY
Waterloo, NY to Buffalo, NY
Paulsboro, PA to Harrisburg, PA
Harrisburg, PA to Altoona, PA
Midland, PA to Altoona, PA
8"
6"
6"
6"
1 0"
8"
6"
15
13
5
8
27
2
5
18
17
6
10
31
2
6
15
13
5
8
27
2
5
17
16
6
10
31
2
6
Sun - Twin Oaks, PA to Icedale, PA
Icedale, PA to Allegheny, PA
lcedale, PA to Syracu se, NY
Twin Oaks, PA to Newark, NJ
8"
6"
6"
14"
NA
NA
NA
NA
32
14
17
1 28
NA
NA
NA
NA
30
14
16
1 26
Texaco - Delaware City, DE to Twin Oaks, PA
1 6"
1 20
1 50
1 20
1 50
Colonial - Atlanta, GA to Greensboro, NC
Atlanta, GA to Greensboro, NC
Greensboro, NC to Chantilly, VA
Greensboro, NC to Chantilly, VA
Atlanta, GA to Macon, GA
Macon, GA to Bainbridge, GA
Atlanta, GA to Chattanooga Station , GA
Atlanta, GA to Chattanooga Station, GA
Atlanta, GA to Chattanooga Station, GA
Greensboro, NC to S elma, NC
Mitchell, VA to Richmond, VA
Richmond, VA to Norfolk, VA
Mitchell, VA to Roanoke, VA
Chantilly, VA to Fairfax, VA
36"
40"
32"
36"
8"
8"
10"
1 2"
1 6"
1 6"
1 6"
1 4"
8"
22"
888
NA
396
996
59
25
34
NA
90
77
214
1 03
43
384
888
1212
455
1 03 8
67
29
34
88
1 10
89
237
1 23
52
434
888
NA
396
996
59
25
34
NA
90
77
214
1 03
43
384
888
1212
438
1 026
66
29
34
88
1 07
85
230
1 18
49
420
Everglades - Port Everglades, FL to Miami, FL
10"
43
43
43
43
I
w
0'\
PADD
JZ
PIPELINE
DIAMETER *
Plantation - Bremen, GA to Columbus, GA
Bremen, G A to Macon, GA
Bremen, GA to Atlanta, GA
Greensboro, NC to Roanoke, VA
Greensboro, NC to Richmond, VA
Richmond, VA to Newington, VA
t::l
I
w
.....]
SUMMER N0. 2
(MB/D)
SUMMER NORMAL
WINTER NO. 2
MIX
(MB/D)
(MB/D)
WINTER NORMAL
MIX
(MBD)
8"
8"
10"
14"
26"
14"
26"
8"
14"
12"
23
18
59
86
297
86
297
25
70
70
31
24
65
96
396
96
396
33
80
87
23
18
59
86
297
86
297
25
70
70
31
24
65
96
396
96
396
33
80
87
Amoco - Manhattan, IL to LaPlata, MO
Wood River, IL to La Plata, MO
La Plata, MO to Kansas City, MO
12"
12"
12"
38
38
38
38
38
38
36
36
36
36
36
36
Ashland - Louisville, KY to Lexington, KY
8"
30
34
28
32
Badger - E. Chicago, IN to Des Plaines, IL
E . Chicago, IN to Des Plaines, IL
Des Plaines, IL to Rockford, IL
Rockford, IL to Madison , WI
1 2"
1 6"
12"
1 2"
86
1 15
86
80
98
1 34
98
98
86
1 15
86
80
98
1 34
98
98
6"
10"/8"
10"
8"
12"
1 2"
10"
10"/8"
8"
10
17
35
30
41
56
45
35
16
13
22
46
40
55
75
60
46
21
10
17
35
30
41
56
45
35
16
13
22
46
40
55
75
60
46
21
PAD D II
Buckeye - Robinson, IL to Lawrenceville, FL
Lawrenceville, IL to Lima, OH
Lebanon, OH to Lima, OH
Lima, OH to Columbus , OH
Lima, OH to Cygnet, OH
Lima OH to Cygnet, OH
Lima OH, to Cygnet, OH
East Chicago, IN to Lima, OH
Hutington, IN to Clem1ont, IN
0
I
w
co
SUMMER NORMAL
WINTER NO. 2
MIX
(MB/D)
(MB/D)
WINTER NORMAL
MIX
(MBD)
PIPELINE
DIAMETER *
SUMMER NO. 2
(MB/D)
Cygnet, OH to Mantua, OH
Cygnet, OH to Mantua, OH
Mantua, OH to Cleveland, OH
Cygnet, OH to Toledo, OH
Cygnet, OH to Toledo, OH
Toledo, OH to Cleveland, OH
Toledo, OH to Cygnet, OH
Toledo, OH to Cygnet, OH
Toledo, OH to Detroit, MI
Toledo, OH to Detroit, MI
Detroit, MI to Bay City, Ml
Hint, MI to Owosso, MI
Wayne, MI to Toledo, OH
1 2"
1 2"
12"
1 2"
1 6"
1 2"
1 0"
1 0"
1 2"
1 2"
8"
8"
1 2"
43
45
37
41
56
78
43
30
51
40
34
34
43
57
60
49
55
75
1 04
57
40
68
53
45
45
57
43
45
37
41
56
78
43
30
51
40
34
34
43
57
60
49
55
75
1 04
57
40
68
53
45
45
57
Cherokee - Ponca City, OK to Tulsa, OK
Tulsa, OK to St. Louis, MO
Tulsa, OK to S t. Louis, MO
1 2"
1 0"
1 0"
94
41
41
94
41
41
94
41
41
94
41
41
10"
1 0"/1 2"
8"
NA
34
76
88
34
NA
34
76
88
34
8"
24
24
24
24
24"
24"
293
293
300
300
293
293
300
300
8"
4"
18
7
20
7
18
7
20
7
10"
8"
53
22
58
25
51
22
55
24
Colonial - Chattanooga, TN to Knoxville, TN
Chattanooga, TN to Nashville, TN
Chattanooga, TN t o Nashville, TN
Conoco - Tulsa, OK to El Dorado, KS
Explorer - Tulsa, OK to Wood River,
Wood River, IL to Hammond, IN
Indiana F.B .C. - Mt. Vernon, IN to Jolietville, I N
Jolietville, IN to Peru, IN
Inland - Lima, OH to Columbus, OH
Lima, OH to Dayton, OH
64
64
PIPELINE
DIAMETER *
Lima, OH to Dayton, OH
Lima, OH to Fostoria, OH
Lima, OH t o Fostoria, OH
Toledo, OH to Fostoria, OH
Toledo, O H to Fostoria, OH
Cleveland, OH to Magadore, OH
Fostoria, OH to Magadore, OH
Magadore, OH to Canton, OH
Magadore, OH to Akron, OH
t::l
I
w
1.0
Kaneb - Arkansas City, KS to El Dorado, KS
El Dorado, KS to McPherson, KS
McPherson , KS to Geneva, NE
Geneva, NE to Phillipsburg, KS
Geneva, NE to Yankton, S D
Geneva, NE t o North Platte, NE
Yankton, S D to Wolsey, SD
Wolsey, SD to Jamestown, ND
Yankton, S D to Milford, lA
S hickley, NE to Hutchinson, KS
S hcickley, NE to Rock Rapids, ND
Mapco - Mocane, OK to Conway, KS
El Dorado, KS to Conway, KS
Conway, KS to Greenwood, NE
Greenwood, NE t o Whiting, lA
Whiting, lA to Mason City, lA
Mason City, lA to Mankato, MN
Marathon - Robinson, IL to Louisville, KY
Robinson, IL to Lima, OH
Robi n son, IL to Champaign, IL
Wood River, IL to Indianapolis, IN
SUMMER N0. 2
(MB/D)
SUMMER NORMAL
WINTER NO. 2
MIX
(MB/D)
CMB__Lill
WINTER NORMAL
MIX
(MBD)
12"
8"
1 0"
6"
10"
10"
10"/8"/1 2"
6"/5 "
5"
77
36
55
17
67
55
30
19
14
85
40
61
19
74
61
33
21
14
74
35
53
16
64
53
28
18
13
80
38
60
18
61
58
31
19
13
8 "/ 1 0"
8"
1 6"
6"
8"
8"
6"
6"
6"
6"
6"
38
24
1 00
17
33
21
20
13
13
13
13
41
27
1 07
18
38
24
23
15
15
15
15
38
24
1 00
17
33
21
20
13
13
13
13
41
28
1 08
18
38
24
23
15
15
15
15
8"
6"
8"
8"
6"
6"
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
2
2
10
5
4
1
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
2
2
10
5
4
1
1 6"
10"
1 2"
1 2"
62
48
90
90
66
50
94
94
62
48
90
90
66
50
94
94
nA
PIPELINE
DIAMETER *
Champaign, IL to Chicago, IL
Wood River, IL to Indianapolis, IN
Griffith, IN to Muskegan, MI
Hammond, IN to Niles, M I
0
I
""'"
SUMMER NO. 2
(MB/D)
SUMMER NORMAL
MIX
WINTER NO. 2
(MB/D)
(MB/D)
WINTER NORMAL
MIX
(MBD)
1 2"
10"
1 0"
6"
90
48
30
10
94
50
36
12
90
48
30
10
94
50
36
12
NCRA - McPherson, KS to Irvington, NE
6"
13
16
13
16
Ohio River - Canton, OH to Heath, OH
Heath, OH to Dayton, OH
Heath, OH to Findlay, OH
Canton , O H to Rodgers, OH
8"
6"
1 0"/8"
8"
28
17
18
36
32
20
22
40
26
16
15
33
30
18
21
37
1 2"
8"
97
16
1 10
18
99
17
111
18
8"
34
45
34
45
8"
1 2"
1 4"
NA
NA
NA
18
71
1 03
NA
NA
NA
18
71
1 03
6"
8"
8 "/6"
NA
25
39
15
27
43
NA
24
38
15
26
40
8"
8"
1 0"
1 0"/6"
8"
8"
2-8 "/8"
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
38
38
38
14
31
31
20
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
38
38
38
14
31
31
20
10"
12
13
12
13
Phillips - Kansas City, MO to E . St. Louis, MO
E. St. Louis, MO to E . Chicago, IN
0
Plantation - Chattanooga, TN to Knoxville, TN
Shell - Wood River, IL to Lima, OH
Wood River, IL to Lima, OH
Wood River, IL to Des Plaines, IL
Sohio - Cleveland, OH to Magadore, OH
Magadore, OH to Niles, OH
Dayton , OH to Cincinatti, OH
Sun - Toledo, OH to Fostoria, OH
Fostoria, O H to H udson, OH
Hudson, OH to B oardman, OH
Toledo, O H to I n kster, MI
Toledo, O H to I n kster, M I
Toledo, OH to I n kster, MI
Inkster, MI to M arysville, MI
Texaco - Lawrenceville, IL to Mt. Vernon, IN
PIPELINE
DIAMETER *
WINTER NORMAL
MIX
(MBD)
94
1 86
84
1 13
225
94
94
1 86
84
1 13
225
94
6"
6"
24
12
26
14
24
12
26
13
West Shore - Chicago, IL to M ilwaukee, WI
Milwaulkee, WI to Green B ay, WI
1 6"
10"
1 70
50
1 80
55
170
50
1 80
55
Williams - Arkansas City, KS to Ponca City, OK
Ponca City, OK to B arnsdall, OK
Ponca City, OK to B arnsdall, OK
Tul sa, OK to B arnsdall , OK
Tulsa, OK to Heyworth, IL
Oklahoma City, OK to Cushing, OK
Barn sdall, OK to El Dorado, KS
Barn sdall, OK to Kansas City, MO
Barn sdall, OK to Kansas City, MO
Barn sdal l , OK to Kansas City, MO
Kansas City, MO to Columbia, MO
Columbia, MO to Palmyra, MO
Columbia, MO to St. Charles, M O
Cushing, O K to Tulsa, OK
Kansas City, MO to Des Moines, IA
Des Moines, lA to Mason City, lA
Des Moines, IA to Mason City, lA
Mason City, lA to Mineapolis, MN
Des Moines, lA to Iowa City, lA
Grinnel Jet., IA to Waterloo, lA
Iowa City, lA to Middleburg Jet., IA
El D orado, KS to Humboldt, KS
Humboldt, KS to Springfield, M O
8"
1 2"
8"
1 2"
1 2"
8"
1 6"
8"
1 2"
1 2"
8"
8"
8"
8"
12"
12"
1 2"
1 2"
1 2"
8"
8"
8"
8"
32
80
20
77
36
26
86
29
77
79
24
11
20
28
78
71
71
71
69
19
23
26
31
35
89
22
86
38
29
96
32
86
89
27
12
22
31
87
79
79
79
76
21
25
29
34
30
76
19
74
35
24
83
27
75
77
23
10
19
26
76
69
69
69
67
17
22
24
30
33
86
21
83
37
25
93
30
82
86
25
11
21
29
84
77
76
77
74
20
24
27
33
Total - Alma, MI to B ay City, M I
Alma, M I to Lansing, Ml
I
.e.
f-'
SUMMER NORMAL
WINTER NO. 2
MIX
(MB/D)
(MB/D)
1 6"
20"
1 4"
Texas Eastern - Cape Giradeau, MO to Seymour, IN
Cape Giradeau, MO to Seymour, IN
S eymour, IN to Chicago, I L
t:l
SUMMER N0. 2
(MB/D)
PIPELINE
DIAMETER *
El Dorado, KS to Kansas City, KS
1 0"
El Dorado, KS to Des Moines, JA
1 6"
Enid, OK to Ponca City, OK
6"
Enid, O K to Oklahoma City, OK
6"
Humboldt, KS to El Dorado, KS
1 0"/8"
Kansas City, K S to
Sioux Falls, S D
( 8 " , 1 2")/ 1 2 "
1 0"
Independence, KS to Humboldt, KS
8"
Minneapolis, MN to Duluth, MN
Minneapolis, MN to Wausau, WI
8"
Sioux Falls, S D to Alexandria, M N
8"
M arshall, MN to Watertown, S D
6"
Nebraska City, NE to Doniphan, NE
8"
Willmar, MN to A lexandria, M N
1 2"
Rosemount, MN to Willmar, MN
12"
Rosemount, MN to Rochester, M N
8"
Roland, l A t o Fort Dodge, IA
6"
A lexandria, MN to Grand Forks, ND
6"
Albert Lea, M N to M ankato, M N
6"
t:1
I
.t::a
N
Wolverine - Joliet, IL to Niles, M I
Joliet, IL to Niles, MI
Niles, MI to Grand Haven, M I
Niles, M I to Freedom Jet., MI
Freedom Jet., M I t o Toledo, O H
Freedom Jet. , M I to Detroit, MI
SUMMER NO. 2
CMB/D)
SUMMER NORMAL
WINTER NO. 2
MIX
MB/D)
CMB/D)
C
WINTER NORMAL
MIX
(MBD)
41
92
14
9
21
46
1 02
16
10
22
38
89
13
8
20
43
98
15
9
21
54
28
20
20
22
10
25
47
47
14
10
22
13
60
32
22
22
24
11
28
52
52
15
11
22
14
52
27
19
19
21
10
24
45
45
13
9
19
13
58
31
21
21
22
11
26
49
49
14
10
21
14
1 6"
16"
8"
1 6"
1 6"
1 6"
172
80
25
172
52
1 20
1 72
80
25
172
52
1 20
172
80
25
1 72
52
1 20
1 72
80
25
172
52
1 20
8"
17
19
17
19
8 "/12"
8"
NA
NA
25
26
NA
NA
25
25
PADD III
American Petrofina - Big Springs, TX to
Wichita Falls, TX
Arco - Admore, O K to Drumright, OK
Ardmore, OK to Kenneth, KS
PIPELINE
DIAMETER *
Kenneth, KS to Kansas City, KS
Kenneth, KS to Carrollton, MO
Carrollton, M O to Chicago, IL
Carrollton, M O to Wood River, IL
Chicago, IL to Toledo, OH
Toledo, OH to Marion, OH
Marion, O H t o Clin ton, OH
Clin ton, O H to Brecksville, OH
Clinton, OH to Youngtown, OH
Youngstown, OH to S teubenville, OH
t::J
I
ol::>
w
8"
8"
8"
8"
8"
6"
6"
4"
6"
6"
SUMMER N0. 2
(MB/D)
SUMMER NORMAL
WINTER NO. 2
MIX
(MB/D)
(MB/D)
WINTER NORMAL
MIX
(MBD)
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
28
22
18
11
33
17
16
5
16
14
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
27
21
17
11
32
16
15
5
15
13
Coastal - Corpus Christi, TX to McAllen, TX
4",6"
Corpus Christi, TX to S an Antonio, TX 6"/ 1 0"/12"
Corpu s Christi, TX to Houston, TX
1 2"
NA
NA
85
6
28
1 00
NA
NA
85
6
28
1 00
Collins - Mereaux, LA to Collins, MS
1 6"
1 45
151
1 40
148
40"
36"
36"
36"
1 0" , 8 "
NA
960
NA
960
1 44
1 320
960
1 224
960
1 44
NA
960
NA
960
144
1 320
960
1 224
960
144
6"
6"
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
1 2"
28"
28"
1 2"
89
444
444
1 10
96
477
477
1 17
89
444
444
1 10
96
477
477
1 17
8"
8"
37
26
40
28
35
25
38
27
Colonial - Houston TX to Baton Rouge, LA
Houston, TX to Baton Rouge, LA
B aton Rouge, LA to Oxford, AL
Baton Rouge, LA to Oxford, AL
Pelham, AL to Birmingham, AL
Conoco - Greenville, TX to Mt. Pleasant, TX
Greenville, TX t o Dallas, TX
Explorer - Lake Charles, L A to Port Arthur, TX
Port Arthur, TX to Houston, TX
Houston, TX to Greenville, TX
Greenville, TX to Dal las, TX
Exxon - Baytown, TX to Dallas, TX
B aytown, TX to Luling, TX
PIPELINE
DIAMETER *
WINTER NORMAL
MIX
(MBD)
22
18
24
20
21
17
23
19
20"
1 6"
236
1 52
273
1 62
236
1 52
273
1 62
4"
8 "/6"
12"
8"
5
20
76
13
6
25
93
17
5
20
76
13
6
25
93
18
6"
8"
10
26
12
34
9
26
11
34
Phillips - Borger, TX to Amarillo, TX
M issouri City, TX to Pasadena, TX
M i ssouri City, TX to Pasadena, TX
8"
18"
12"
22
1 14
94
25
1 27
94
23
1 18
98
26
1 32
98
Plantation - B aton Rouge, LA to Collins, MS
B aton Rouge, LA to Collins, M S
B aton Rouge, LA to Collins, M S
Pascagoula, MS to Collins, MS
Pascagoula, MS to Collins, M S
Col lins, MS to Helena, AL
Collins, MS to Helena, AL
Collins, MS to Helena, AL
Helena, AL to Bim1ingham, AL
Helena, AL to Bim1ingham, AL
Helena, AL to Montgomery, AL
Helena, AL to Oxford, AL
Helena, AL to Oxford, AL
1 8"
18"
1 2"
1 2"
1 2"
18"
1 8"
30"
10"
8"
8"
1 8"
30"
1 43
140
59
63
61
74
74
297
39
38
32
148
297
1 90
1 56
79
84
68
82
82
396
43
51
35
1 64
396
1 43
1 40
59
63
61
74
74
297
39
38
32
1 48
297
1 90
1 56
79
84
68
82
82
396
43
51
35
1 64
396
4"
8 "/6"
5
20
6
25
5
20
6
25
Marathon - Garyville, LA to Baton Rouge, LA
Texas City, TX to Pasadena, TX
Mobil - Corpus Christi, TX to San Antonio, TX
Beaumont, TX to Houston , TX
Beaumont, TX to Hearne, TX
Beaumont, TX to Waskom, TX
�
�
SUMMER NORMAL
WINTER NO. 2
MIX
(MB/D)
(MB/D)
6"
6"
Luling, TX to San Antonio, TX
Luling, TX to Austin, TX
t:J
I
SUMMER NO. 2
(MB/D)
Navajo - Artesia, NM to E l Paso, TX
Artesia, NM to El Paso, TX
Seadrift - Markham, TX to Seadrift, TX
Beaumont, TX to Houston, TX
PIPELINE
DIAMETER *
t::l
I
Ul
SUMMER NORMAL
MIX
WINTER NO. 2
(MB/D)
<MB/D)
WINTER NORMAL
MIX
(MBD)
1 2"
8"
76
13
93
17
76
13
93
18
8"
8"
6"
8"
6"
8"
8"
6"
6"
8"
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
34
21
9
23
25
25
12
30
12
30
37
24
9
27
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
34
20
8
23
25
25
12
30
12
30
37
22
9
27
6"
1 2"
24"
8"
6"
10"
NA
NA
1 90
NA
NA
NA
15
1 10
1 90
28
15
88
NA
NA
1 90
NA
NA
NA
14
1 10
1 90
28
15
88
6"
8"
13
28
17
36
13
28
17
36
Sohio - Alliance, LA to Collins, MS
20"
204
220
1 96
210
Sun - Ft. S mith , A R to Little Rock, A R
McRae, AR to W. Mephis, AR
1 2"
1 2"
48
48
48
53
48
48
48
53
6"
1 6"
8"
6"
1 0"
16
207
21
10
48
16
212
21
10
48
16
207
21
10
48
16
212
21
10
48
Beaumont, TX to Hearne, TX
Beaumont, TX to Waskom, TX
""'
SUMMER N0. 2
(MB/D)
Seagull - Mt. Belvieu, TX t o Port Arthur, TX
Mt. Belvieu, TX to Port Arthur, TX
Port Arthur, TX to Mt. Belvieu, TX
Sour Lake, TX to M t . Belvieu, TX
Mt. Belvieu, TX to Houston, TX
Mt. Belvieu, TX to Houston , TX
S hamrock - Mc Kee, TX to Amarillo, TX
Amarillo, TX to A bernathy, TX
Abernathy, TX to Lubbock, TX
McKee, TX to Dallas, TX
Shell - Odessa, TX to El Paso, TX
Norco, LA to Baton Rouge, LA
Norco, LA to Garyville, LA
Norco, LA to New Orleans, LA
Norco, LA to Sorrento, LA
Yclosky, LA to Norco, LA
Sigmor - Three Rivers, TX to Corpus Chri sti , TX
Three Rivers, TX to San Antonio, TX
Texaco - McKee, TX to Amarillo, TX
Convent, LA t o B aton Rouge, LA
Hearne, TX to Austi n, TX
Austin, TX to San Antonio, TX
Hearne, TX to Dallas, TX
PIPELINE .
DIAMETER *
.t>
<1\
SUMMER NORMAL
WINTER N0. 2
MIX
(MB/D)
(MB/D)
WINTER NORMAL
MIX
(MBD)
8"
1 6"
20"
1 6"
20"
1 6"
20"
8"
1 0"
1 0"
68
121
1 92
91
1 79
94
1 86
21
31
23
79
161
220
1 10
220
1 13
225
28
42
28
68
121
1 92
91
1 79
94
1 86
21
31
23
79
61
220
1 10
220
1 13
225
28
42
28
6"/1 0"/8 "
NA
37
NA
37
6"
16
17
15
16
2-8"
8"
2-8"
64
NR
64
64
NR
64
NR
64
64
NR
64
Conoco - Billings, MT to Caper, WY
8"
34
34
34
34
Farmers Union - Laurel, MT to Glendive, MT
8"
25
25
25
25
Phillips - LaJunta, CO to Denver, CO
8"
36
39
37
41
Pioneer - Casper, W Y to Salt Lake City, UT
8"
34
34
34
34
6"/8 "
8 "/1 0"
11
42
13
54
11
42
13
54
Texas Eastern - Texas City, TX to Baytown, TX
Baytown , TX to Beaumont, TX
Baytown, TX to Beaumont, TX
Beaumont, TX to El Dorado, AR
Beaumont, TX to El Dorado, A R
El Dorado, AR to McRae, AR
El Dorado, AR to McRae, AR
Tyler, TX to El Dorado, AR
El Dorado, AR to Helena, AR
El Dorado, AR to Arkansas City, AR
t:J
I
SUMMER NO. 2
(MB/D)
Ucar - Texas City, TX to Taft, LA
West Emerald - Amarillo, TX to Albuquerque, NM
PADD IV
Chevron - Salt Lake City, UT to Idahome, ID
Idahome, ID to Pocatello, ID
Idahome, ID to Boise, ID
Wyco - Casper, WY to Mule Creek, WY
Casper, WY to Denver, CO
64
PIPELINE
DIAMETER *
SUMMER NORMAL
MIX
WINfER N0. 2
CMB/D)
CMB/D)
W INTER NORMAL
MIX
(MBD)
Yellowstone - Billings, MT to Bozeman, MT
Bozeman, MT to Missoula, MT
Helena, MT to Great Falls, MT
1 0"
1 0"
6"
60
56
14
60
56
14
60
56
14
60
56
14
Calnev - Colton, CA to Las Vegas, NV
Colton, C A to Las Vegas, NV
George AFB, CA to Edwards AFB , CA
8"
1 2"
6"
NA
55
NA
19
65
12
NA
55
NA
19
65
12
Chevron - Ontario, O R to Pasco, W A
Pasco, W A to S pokane, W A
Richmond, CA to S an Jose, CA
Pittsburg, CA to S acramento, CA
8"
8"
1 0"/8"
8"
17
14
16
12
17
14
16
12
17
14
16
12
17
14
16
12
Olympic - Ferndale, W A to Mt. Vernon, W A
Mt. Vernon, WA to Tacoma, W A
Tacoma, WA to Portland, OR
1 6"
1 4"
14"
1 55
1 19
1 03
1 80
171
1 3. 1
155
1 19
1 03
1 80
171
131
San Diego - Watson, CA to San Diego, CA
1 6"
1 03
111
1 03
111
8 "/4"
NA
15
NA
15
Southern Pacific - B akersfield, CA to Fresno, CA
8"
Concord, CA to Fresno, CA
1 2"
Concord, CA to S an Jose, CA
1 0"
Concord, CA to S tockton, CA
10"
Concord, CA to Sacramento, CA
1 4"
S acramento, Ca to Reno, NV 1 2"/1 0"
S tockton, CA to Atwater/Castle
AFB , CA
8"
Richmond, C A to Concord, CA
4-8"
Richmond, CA to Oakland, CA
1 2"
23
42
56
65
1 22
34
28
55
68
72
1 28
38
23
42
56
65
1 22
34
28
55
68
72
1 28
38
1 2"
1 76
65
15
220
76
12
1 76
65
15
220
76
PADD V
t:1
I
�
�
SUMMER N0. 2
(MB/D)
S hell - Wilmington, CA to Ventura, CA
PIPELINE
DIAME1ER *
Richmond, CA to Oakland, CA
Oakl and, CA to San Jose, CA
Watson, CA to Colton, CA
Colton, CA to Phoenix, AZ
Phoenix, AZ to Tuscon, AZ
Phoenix, AZ to Tuscon, AZ
Tucson, AZ to Phoenix, AZ
Portland, OR to Eugene, OR
Yellowstone - Spokane, W A to Moses Lake, W A
SUMMER N0. 2
CMB/D)
SUMMER NORMAL
MIX
WINlER NO. 2
CM B/D)
CMB/D)
8"
8"
24"
20"
8"
6"
8"
8"
48
31
250
1 04
3
5
30
42
59
38
290
1 12
7
7
40
49
48
31
250
1 04
3
5
30
42
59
38
290
1 12
7
7
40
49
6"
9
9
9
9
0
I
A
CX>
*
The fol lowing symbolic conventions are used in this table:
I
indicates a change of diameter.
indicates an additional separate pipeline.
i ndicates that the reader should interpret the symbols inside the parenthesis
( )
first.
N - X" i ndicates N multiple pipelines of X" diameter.
,
WINlER NORMAL
MIX
CMBD)
TABLE D - 3
STATUS OF PRINCIPAL PETROLEUM PRODUCT EXPANS ION PROJECTS PLANNED OR UNDER CONSTRUCT ION IN 1979
AS REPORTED IN 1979 NPC SURVEY
Approximate
Present
Pipel ine
Project *
Com�
Number
Type of
Expansion
Location
Badger
26
Sys tem , IL and WI
Calnev
27
Hinkle , Umatilla County
Horsepower
Miles
Capacity
Capacity
( Inches)
( MB/D)
(MB/D)
Completed
120
Yes
0
-
90
10
-
4
-
-
6
Yes
100
125
Yes
1 , 92 0
2 , 296
Yes
960
1 , 3 20
Yes
127
Yes
252
Yes
OR to Columb ia River
New Line
Barge Terminal OR
Col l ins
28
Meraux LA to Collins MS
Colonial
29
Houston (Pasadena) TX to
30
Port Arthur TX to Hebert TX
31
Greensboro NC to
New Stat ions
Hebert TX
Mitchel l Jet. VA
t::l
I
""'
\.0
32
Helena AL t o Birmingham AL
33
Atlanta
34
Mitche l l Jet . VA to
35
Dorsey MD t o Woodbury NJ
36
Mitchell Jet . VA to
37
Belton Jet. S C to
GA to
Chatanooga TN
Roanoke VA
Richmond VA
Augus ta GA
Explorer
Cllevron
80
40
8
36
Loop Line
148
36
New Line
12
16
-
Loop Line
92
16
238
Replace 8"
42
12
-
34
51
Yes
768
960
Yes
-
-
125
240
Yes
-
-
27
45
Yes
-
60
72
Yes
Horsepower
-
Horsepower
Horsepower
Horsepower
Port Arthur TX
Loop Line
8
14
101
190
Yes
to Tulsa OK
Horsepower
-
28
3 80
4 40
Yes
Horsepower
-
-
55
10
-
63
230
1
12
-
Atlanta GA to Bainbridge
39
Port Neches TX to
41
Loop Line
Loop Line
-
38
40
GA
Antic ipated
Diameter
Port Arthur T X & Pasadena TX
Mesquite Line-Lucas TX to
Lufkin TX
KS to Dearborn MO
En ron
42
Bushton
Laurel
43
Extension of existing
New Line
35
El Dorado PA to Dancan ville 12" lateral to
connect new term. in PA
Lateral
-
Yes
Approximate
Present
Pipel ine
Pro j ect *
Corn�
Number
Marathon
44
Type of
Location
Miles
Capac ity
Capacity
( Inches )
(MB/D)
(MB/D)
Completed
-
150
2 80
Yes
42
-
54
Yes
158
Yes
Garyv ille LA to
Baton Rouge LA
Mid America
Expans i()ll
Anticipated
Diameter
Horsepower
-
45
Sanborn IA to Mankato MN
New Line
93
8
Phillips
46
Sweeney TX to Pasadena TX
New Line
60
18
Plantation
47
Austell GA to
12
12
-
Clanton AL to Helena AL
Replacement
67
Yes
48
-
-
-
40
Yes
363
8
-
15
Yes
32
20
247
300
Yes
-
-
30
47
Yes
-
16
-
360
-
24
-
240
Cancelled
-
20
-
70
Cance lled
(LPG)
Atlanta Airport GA
to Montgomery AL
Shamrock
49
Horsepower
McKee Ref inery near
Borger TX to Dallas/
Ft. Worth TX area
tJ
I
(.}1
0
Southern Pacific 50
Norwalk CA to Col ton CA
Sun
Fostoria OH to Hudson OH
Addition of pump s ta -
51
New Line
New Line
t ions in Seneca and
Media Counties OH
Texas Eastern
52
Trans gulf
53
Baytown TX to Seymour IN
Baton Rouge LA to
Kissimmee FL
New Stations
Loop Line
Conversion of
Gas Line and
Looping
54
Kissimmee FL to
Port Everglades FL
Conversion of
Gas Line and
Looping
55
24" Line to
Jacksonv ille FL
Wi ll iams
56
Minneapolis MN to
Wausau MN
New Line
Horsepower
-
-
20
-
130
Cance lled
8
26
34
Yes
*
Corresponds to project number on Table 3 of the NPC ' s 1988 Survey of U . S . Petroleum Pipeline Capacities .
TABLE D-4
OTHER PRINCIPAL PRODUCT EXPANS ION PROJECTS COMPLETED BETWEEN 1/1/79 and 1 2 /3 1/87
Approx imate
Present
Company
Amoco
Expansion
Location
Buckeye
I
(JI
1-'
Complet ion
( Inches )
(MB/D)
(MB/D)
Date
Conversion
307
12
45
0
Convers ion
269
12
45
0
12/01/86
Atlantic PA
New Line
1
10
0
0
03/01/85
Atlantic PA
1 2 /01/86
Conversion
3
16
96
0
03/01/85
New Line
22
10
38
0
07/31 /80
Replacement
14
12
60
0
08/3 1/81
142
36
0
0
1 2 /31/80
1 2 /31/80
Lawrencev ille IL to
Rob inson IL
0
Capac ity
Miles
Manhattan IL to LaPlata MO
Findlay OH to Cygnet OH
Colonial
Capacity
Wood River IL to
LaPlata/Freeman MO
Atlantic
Anticipated
Diameter
Type of
Pipel ine
Mitchel l VA to Dorsey MD
Loop Line
Pasadena TX to
Greensboro NC
Greensboro NC to Dorsey MD
Atlanta Jet . GA
Horsepower
0
0
0
0
Horsepower
0
0
0
0
12/3 1/80
Horsepower
0
0
0
0
12/31/80
12/3 1/80
Port Arthur TX to
Horsepower
0
0
0
0
Horsepower
0
0
0
0
12/31/80
Horsepower
0
0
0
0
12/31/80
Linden NJ
Horsepower
0
0
0
0
12/31/80
Mitchell VA to Norfolk VA
Horsepower
0
0
0
0
1 2 / 3 1 /80
Mitchel l VA to Roanoke VA
Horsepower
Dorsey MD to Curtis Bay MD
Loop Line
Hebert TX
Atlanta GA to Bainbridge GA
Atlanta GA to Nashville TN
0
0
0
0
12/31/80
32
12
0
0
1 2 /3 1/81
New Line
8
8
0
0
1 2 /3 1/81
Injection Fac .
0
0
0
0
12/3 1/81
1 2/31/81
Finksburg MD to
Washington DC
Krotz Springs LA
Baltimore MD to
BWI Airport MD
Ben Hill GA to Atlanta
Moundville S tation AL
GA
Montezuma GA to Americus
GA
New Line
1
8
0
0
New Line
6
8
0
0
12/31/82
Inj ection Fac .
0
0
0
0
1 2/3 1/84
28
12
0
0
1 2 /3 1/85
Loop Line
Approximate
Present
Com�
Colonial
Location
Expansion
Miles
( Inche,s )
Capacity
Capacity
Completion
(MB/D)
(MB/D)
Date
7
12
0
0
1 2 /3 1/85
Americus GA to Albany GA
Loop Line
28
12
0
0
12/3 1/86
Line Sold
144
8
0
0
1 2 /3 1 /86
Charlotte NC to Airport
Apex NC to Raleigh -
New Line
6
8
0
0
1 2/ 3 1/87
Suffolk VA to Portsmouth VA
Ben Hill GA to Americus GA
Durham NC
Conoco
Diameter
Type of
Pipeline
Anticipated
Pilot Butte P . S . WY
New Line
New Line
Horsepower
12
8
0
0
1 2 / 3 1/87
177
8
36
37
08/03/87
94
8
36
49
05/20/84
Ponca City OK to
Oklahoma City OK
New Station
Colonial
Horsepower
1
36
1 , 200
1 , 248
04/ 18/79
Horsepower
0
36
1 , 200
1 , 152
04/18/79
Man i fold
0
12
0
204
08/2 2/80
Horsepower
1
36
1 , 248
1 , 392
05/09/81
New Station
71
6
8
14
08/05/85
New Station
02/05/86
Lake Charles Gas LA to
t::l
I
Lake Charles Dis t . LA to
VI
Colonial
1\.)
Lakes Charles LA
Lake Charles Dis t . LA
to Colonial
New Receipt
Caddo Mills TX to
Mt . Pleasant TX
Caddo Mi lls TX to
58
6
8
14
Amarillo TX to Abernathy TX
Horsepower
0
0
0
0
09/01/84
Amarillo Pump Station TX
Horsepower
0
0
0
0
09/01/84
48
6
0
0
03/01 /86
0
0
0
0
09/01/84
48
8
0
0
03/01/86
0
0
9
0
ll/01/84
Grapevine TX
Diamond Shamrock
McKee Refinery TX to
Amarillo TX
New Line
Amarillo TX to
Palo Duro P . S . TX
Horsepower
McKee Ref inery TX
to Amarillo TX
Trans TX P . L . Belvieu TX
New Line
Horsepower
TABLE D-4
(Continued)
Approximate
Present
Type of
Pipel ine
Com�
Diamond Shamrock
Location
Trans TX Russel P . S . OK
Expans ion
Miles
Anticipated
Diameter
Capacity
Capac ity
Completion
( Inches )
(MB/D)
(MB/D)
Date
Horsepower
0
0
0
0
07/01/82
New Line
1
8
0
0
01/01/85
Acquis ition
3
8
0
0
0 1/01/83
Acquisition
59
6
0
0
0 1/01/83
Acqu is ition
69
8
0
0
01/01/83
Pettus P . S . TX to
Coastal TX
Three Rivers to
Corpus Christi TX
Three Rivers to
Corpus Christi TX
Three Rivers to
San Antonio TX
Champl in Sigmore TX
P . O . Sold
tJ
I
Denver Stapleton Airport CO
U1
w
Sale of P . L .
2
6
0
0
11/ 11/85
New Line
1
8
0
0
02/01/85
New Terminal
0
0
0
0
06/01/82
Southlake P . L .
Justin Terminal TX
Southlake P . L .
Russel P . S . OK
Horsepower
Southlake to Altus AFB OK
New Line
NWPRT TX & Russel P . S . TX
Horsepower
Tucumcari Terminal NM
add
Explorer
Marathon
-
100 HP
Horsepower
Tulsa OK to Hammon IN
De-bottlenecking
Dallas-Ft. Worth TX Area
New Station
Velsicol Jet . , Marshal l IL
0
0
0
0
07/01/82
10
8
0
0
08/01/85
0
0
0
0
10/01/85
06/01/87
0
0
0
0
403
24
300
300
01/01/87
74
12
117
117
0 1 /01/86
0
6
0
0
Hammond IN to Niles MI
Purchase Existing
84
6
0
0
10/01/85
Zachary Station LA
Horsepower
1
36
1 , 200
1 , 200
08/20/79
Horsepower
0
16
192
192
10/31/82
Pasadena Station TX
Horsepower
0
0
1 , 200
1 , 200
04/10/80
Pasadena Station TX
Horsepower
0
16
0
0
06/08/80
Horsepower
0
16
2 73
273
07/3 1 /80
P lantation Stations LA
Garyvi l le LA Products
Station
Line
TABLE D-4 ( Continued)
Approximate
Present
Type of
Pipeline
Com�
Mid-Continent
Navajo
N. Rockies
Ohio River
Expans ion
Location
Shawnee OK
New Line
(MB/D)
Date
3
2
0
09/01/86
34
0
07/01/81
New Line
16
6
3
3
01/10/79
Amari llo TX
New Line
3
4
2
2
East Sparta OH to
Remove from
203
8
0
0
06/01/85
81
8
32
0
09/27/82
0
0
131
0
06/01/88
Sold
500
30
0
0
01/01/80
Sold
53
6
0
0
01/01/83
Sold
60
6
0
0
01/01/83
416
16
92
98
09/01/81
0
6
0
0
06/30/79
Guernsey WY
Olympia WA and
Phillips P . L.
Freeport TX to
Cushing OK
KS to
Kansas City
.
Service
Castle Rock WA
Paola
KS
Cushing OK to Yale OK
New Line
ORA Injection
Borger TX to Paola KS
New Line
Austel l GA to
Abandonment of
Atlanta GA Airport
Clanton AL
611 P . L .
New Station
0
0
0
0
10/3 1/79
Newington VA
Horsepower
0
0
0
0
05/31/80
Charlotte NC to Airport
New Line
4
6
0
13
09/30/83
Sal isbury NC
Southern Pacific
Completion
(MB/D)
8
Olympic
Plantation
Capacity
( Inches )
5
New Line
East Sparta OH to Heath
.t::>o
Capacity
40
Artes ia NM
Harpster
t:l
I
01
Miles
Anticipated
Diameter
Shut down Delivery
Term.
Petal MS
0
0
0
0
02/ 28/83
New Line
5
8
0
46
08/31/83
Cleveland TN
New Station
0
0
0
0
1 2 / 15/85
Loudon TN
New Stat ion
0
0
0
0
12/ 15/85
Richmond VA
New Line
13
14
0
109
06/30/86
Richmond VA
Abandonment o f
13
8
0
Bremen GA to Aus tell GA
0
l l/30/86
New Line
28
12
0
65
09/25/87
New Line
26
12
0
55
07/09/86
8 " Spur
Concord CA to
Brentwood Junction CA
Approximate
Present
Pipel ine
Company
Southern Pacific
Type of
Location
Expans ion
Miles
Anticipated
Diameter
Capacity
Capacity
Completion
( Inches)
(MB/D)
(MB/D)
Date
Sacramento CA to
Roseville CA
Colton CA to Phoenix AZ
Brentwood CA to Fresno CA
New Line
23
12
ll4
128
100
20
96
ll2
10/06/85
New Line
65
12
30
55
12/31/84
Loop Line
63
6
103
ll2
1 2 / 15/85
Loop Line
10
10
30
38
10/27/86
Loop Line
10/07/87
SPDC North , South , and
Central Loops CA
Roseville CA to Reno NV
Norwalk CA to
Nogales St . CA
t:l
I
()1
()1
Sun Pipe Line
17
24
290
290
04/30/86
Elmira Station CA
New Stat ion
128
0
90
105
03/10/82
Morgan Station OR
New Station
49
0
34
49
04 /23 /85
Fargo Station OR
New Station
49
0
34
49
04/23/85
Feather Station CA
New Station
36
0
28
36
06/02/87
Oklahoma City OK
Conversion
0
0
0
0
12/31/86
New Line
1
12
128
0
05/01/82
New Line
1
12
128
0
1 2 /01/81
New Line
1
6
14
0
09/30/79
New Line
Tremeley Point NJ Spur Line to Buckeye
Tremley Point NJ
Mogadore , OH Spur Line to Sohio
Indianapol is - Alleghany
Co . PA - Spur Line
New Line
2
8
21
0
03/01/80
Lowe ll OH
New Stat ion
0
0
38
0
09/01/80
Medina OH
New Station
0
0
38
0
09/02/80
Horsepower
0
0
38
0
01/01 /80
Horsepower
0
0
38
0
09/01/80
Horsepower
0
0
128
0
09/01/83
0
0
128
0
09/01/83
Pitt Oi l
Norwalk OH Increased Horsepower
Fostoria OH Increased Horsepower
Twin Oaks PA Increased Horsepower
Bucks County PA
New Station
TABLE D-4
(Continued)
Approximate
Present
Type of
Pipel ine
Company
Sun Pipe Line
�ansion
Locat ion
Miles
Anticipated
Diameter
Capacity
Capacity
Complet ion
( Inches)
(MB/D)
(MB/D)
Date
Tremley Point NJ Spur Line to Getty
New Line
7
14
128
0
12 /01/83
New Line
1
14
1 28
0
1 2 / 01/83
New Line
2
16
128
0
1 2 /01/80
Horsepower
0
0
125
151
09/01/85
02/01/80
Newark NJ - Doremus Ave .
Spur to Getty
Twin Oaks PA - Spur Line
to Chelsea to Twin Oaks
Tenneco Oil
Meraux LA & Crossroads MS
Texas Eastern
Harris Co . TX
New Line
34
8
0
0
Warren Co . OH
Sold
96
10
0
0
03/01/82
Sold
0
0
0
0
08/01/86
Dubberly , Webster Parish LA
t::l
Warren , Bradley Co .
I
(J1
Dewitt , Arkansas Co .
0)
AR
AR
Beaumont , Orange Co . TX
Retired
0
0
0
0
01/01/87
Retired
0
0
0
0
01/01/87
New Station
0
0
0
0
09/01/84
New Dock and Station
0
0
0
0
Beaumont Marine ,
Orange Co . TX
Union Pacific
George AFB CA to
Edwards AFB CA
Colton CA to Las Vegas NV
Will iams P . L .
New Line
57
6
8
0
248
8
19
34
New Line
8
10
53
0
Reversal
46
6
16
0
01/01/83
Reversal
142
8
24
0
01/01/86
Reversal
26
12
86
0
01/01/84
Reactivation
Pine Bend MN to
Rosemount MN
Ponca City OK to Enid OK
Wil lmar MN to
Sioux Falls SD
Kansas City
KS to Olathe KS
10/01/85
Des Moines IA to
Clear Lake IA
Tulsa OK to Heyworth IL
Horsepower
112
6
24
0
01/01/82
Convers ion
476
12
38
0
01/01/84
Conversion
60
8
29
0
01/01/83
New line
80
6
25
0
01/01/84
Cushing OK to
Okl ahoma City OK
Enid OK to Oklahoma City OK
Approx imate
Present
Type of
Pipeline
Com�
Williams P . L .
�ansion
Location
Miles
Anticipated
Diameter
Capacity
Capac ity
Completion
( Inches )
(MB/0)
(MB/0)
Date
Barnsdall OK to
Ponca City OK
54
8
22
0
Horsepower
163
12
52
0
0 1/01 /86
Reversal
Rosemount MN to
Alexandria MN
Des Moines IA to
Chicago IL
Okmulgee OK to Tulsa OK
Decommiss ioned
305
6
0
0
01/01 /86
Decommiss ioned
35
6
0
0
01/01/86
Decommiss ioned
200
8
0
0
0 1/01/87
Nebraska City NE to
S ioux Falls SO
Tulsa OK to
t:l
I
Kansas City
KS
Decommiss ioned
429
8
0
0
01/01/86
Kansas City
KS
Decommiss ioned
109
8
0
0
01/01/86
Decommiss ioned
14
8
0
0
01/01/86
Barnsdall Jet. OK
Decommiss ioned
35
6
0
0
01/01 /88
Minneapolis MN
Decommi ss ioned
35
6
0
0
01/01/88
Decommiss ioned
188
8
0
0
01/0 1/86
Decommiss ioned
188
8
0
0
01/01/86
Decommiss ioned
29
6
0
0
01/01/86
150
18
0
0
01/01/81
1
12
12
12
12/01/87
Humboldt KS to
Ul
..._J
Tulsa OK to
New Perryman OK
Verdigris OK to
Rosemount MN to
Kansas City
KS to
Des Moines IA
Kansas City
KS to
Des Moines IA
KS to
Humboldt KS
Neodesha
Clear Lake IA to
Cottage Grove MN
Wolverine
Romulus and Taylor MI
Sold
New Line
TABLE D-4 (Continued}
Pipeline
Com�
Location
Type of
Expans ion
Miles
Diameter
( Inches }
Present
Capacity
(MB/D}
Approximate
Anticipated
Capacity
(MB/D}
Completion
Date
Product/LPG
Phill ips P.L.
Sun Pipe Line
Texas Eastern
t:l
I
(J1
<X>
318
8
37
41
10/31/85
55
12
41
43
09/ 24/87
1
0
0
0
4
0
0
0
1
0
6
0
0
0
14
0
0
0
16
0
30
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
12/01/84
12/01/79
12/01/79
12/01/79
08/01/79
12/01/79
1 2/01/ 79
08/01/81
09/01/81
1 2/01/79
Decommiss ioned
261
6
0
0
01/01/86
Reversal
261
12
79
0
01/01/84
McKee TX to Denver CO
Selected Sections Between
McKee TX & Lajunta CO
Taylor MI - Spur Line
to Phil l ips
Many LA
Newton County TX
Castor Bienville Parish LA
Mokean Cook Co . IL
E1 Dorado Union Co . AR
El Dorado Union Co. AR
Griffin Posey Co . IN
Griffith Lake Co . IN
Dexter Stoddard Co . MO
New
New
New
New
New
New
New
New
New
New
Des Moines IA to
Minneapolis MN
Minneapol is MN to
Des Moines IA
New Station
New Line
Line
Station
Station
Station
Line
Station
Station
Station
Line
Station
Product/Crude
Will iams P . L .
Product/Crude/LPG
Williams P . L .
APPENDIX E
LPG PIPELINE MAPS AND TABLES
MAPS:
- NatioiJS:l - U.S.
Pages
••••• •••••••••• •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
- Area - Transportation and Refining Centers 000
E- 1
E-3 - E-8
TABLES:
- Cross-P.ADD Ca.pa..citltles
- In:tta.-P.ADD Ca.pa.clties
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
E-9
E- 1 0 - E- 13
Completed Between 1 / 1 /79 and 12/3 1/87000000
E- 1 4
LPG A N D N G L P I P E L I N E CAPAC IT I ES
AS O F D E C E M B E R 3 1 , 1 987
C A N A D A
0
()
m
)>
2.
wv
"'·
...
.
co
NM
LEGEND
Q
FRACTIONATOR GAS PLANT OR REFINERY
[!)
TERMINAL
e
UNDERGROUND STORAGE
@
GATHERING SYSTEM
- - - - LPG & PRODUCTS
· - •
G U L F
O F
LPG& CRUOE
-- LPG
M E X I C O
E-1
CN 36". 40"
,...,..
\
HULL, TX.
BAYTOWN, TX.
PASADENA, TX.
LEGEND
AP
AMERICAN PETROFINA
CN
COLONIAL
CV
CHEVRON
EP
DP
EXPLORER
DUPONT
FA
�
-
EP 28"
HOUSTON, TX.
FI RESTONE
MO MOBIL
PF
PORT ARTHUR PRODUCTS FACILTY
PI
PINTO
T
TEXACO
TE
TEXAS EASTERN
UN UNOCAL
tij
I
w
0
0
•
REFINERY
PIPELINE STATION
PIPELINE CONNECTION
r
/-
"'�
u
'"�"'
IOWA, LA.
�6" !Nn
• .
MO 4"
(NGL)
�-
LUCAS JCT.
AM AMOCO
•
BEAUMONT · PORT ARTHUR AREA
PRODUCT & NGL PIPELINES
v.ofi'." '
._
� ...
,..o .
ov-
ts:l
I
.t>o
l.liGEHD
!:!
"A RCO
CHISOLM
COASTAL STATES
EL PASO
EMPIRE
ENRON
FARAL
KA
KANEB
KO
KOCH
MC
MAPCO
MO
MOBIL
NAT. COOP. REF. ASSOC.
NC
OXY
NGL INC.
OX
PHILLIPS
PH
SENTRY UNDERGROUND STORAGE
SA
TEXACO
T
WM WILLIAMS
(SO) SHUT DOWN
AR
CH
CT
EL
EM
ER
FA
®
•
D
®
•
FRACTIONATOR
PIPELINE CONNECTION
PIPELINE STATION
REFINERY
UNDERGROUND STORAGE
CONWAY, BUSHTON, HUTCHINSON,
WICHITA, EL DORADO, KS. AREA
LPG NGL PIPELINES
•
AUGUSTA
McPHERSON
LEGEND
CV CHEVRON
MO MOBIL PUMPING STATION
D PIPELINE STATION
NGL P I PELI N ES
NATIONAL PETROLEUM COU NCI L
CORSICANA/WORTHAM/TEAG UE AREA
E- 5
ti:I
I
(j)
MARYSVILLE,
MICHIGAN
�----r·----�
�
SARNIA,
i
I
I
i
!
I
ONTARIO
I
I
LEGEND
AM
DO
DW
ES
AMOCO
DOME PETROLEUM
DOW
ESSO
IP
INTERPROVINCIAL (CANADA)
LK
LAKEHEAD (USA)
MV
MARYSVILLE
PO
POLYSAR
SH
SHELL
SU
SUN
D
PIPELINE STATION
0
•
REFINERY
PIPELINE CONNECTION
TOLEDO, OH.
l'l
G
I
I
!
i
I
I
AM
L �
____
!
i
j
I
I
__ _: __
SH
PRODUCT & LPG PIPELINES
.----·
LAKE CHARLES,
LA.
NATCHITOCHES,
LA.
0
BL·B''
•
DM
2·8''
"'
X
0
ANDREWS, TX.
Co
c\,
w
f-
"'
w
f-
TN (3 LINES)
G
X
0
•
OX
"'
c\,
z
w
1 2"
ox 1 0"'
.-
CORPUS
CHRISTl,
TX.
_
GALENA
PARK, TX.
LA PORTE, TX.
PASADENA, TX.
CV
. --_.:...:.:_:::
....t-
LEGEND
AR
BL
CPR
CV
DM
DX
ER
EN
EX
GC
MO
OX
PH
PL
ARGO
BLACK LAKE
CHAPARRAL
CH EVRON
DIAMOND SHAMROCK
DIXIE
ENRON
ENTERPRISE
EXXON
GULF COAST
MOBIL
OXY NGL INC.
PHILLIPS
PLACID (IDLE)
SE
TE
TN
WR
SEADRIFT
TEXAS EASTERN
TENNECO
WARREN
0
Q
0
•
_
20"
j
UR , LA.
TO SU LPH
�---------_J
.;
-:...:----:
_
_
(o
w
f-
MONT BELVIEU AREA
LPG
•
NGL PIPELINES
JUNCTION
FRACTIONATOR
PIPELINE STATION
UNDERGROUND STORAGE
E-7
WATKINS GLEN, N.Y.
trl
I
co
B E 10"
/
NEVILLE
ISLAND
LEGEND
A
AG
AM
AT
BE
BO
BP
BT
EX
GU
LR
MO
SU
T
TE
TG
D
•
AMERICAN REF. GROUP
AGWAY
AMOCO
ATLANTIC
BUCKEYE
BORON
BRITISH PETROLEUM
BUCKEYE TANK TERMINALS
EXXON
GULF/DIV. OF CUMBERLAND FARMS
LAUREL
MOBIL
SUN
TEXACO
TEXAS EASTERN
TIOGA
ALTOONA, PA.
CORAOPOLIS
lvto 8•
""E!Prs
'�
liclrEyE l.:i:;
�•c
B
No, P•
#001 .
So�EVE
ltstBt.E
PIPELINE STATION
PIPELINE CONNECTION
TE 8" (LPG)
PITTSBURGH AREA
PRODUCT AND LPG PIPELINES
LEBANON, OH.
TE 6" (LPG)
PHILADELPHIA, PA.
TE 6"
LPG
--
TABLE E- 1
CRO S S - PADD L P G / NGL P IP E L INE CAPAC I T I E S
A S O F DECEMBE R 3 1 , 1 9 8 7
MB / D
PADD I I I t o PADD I Z
D ix ie
( Ope l ika , AL , to M i lner , GA )
( Ope l ika , AL , to Alb any , GA )
84
25
109
PADD I I I to PADD I I
Texa s E a s tern ( E l Dorado , AR , to C ape
Gerardeau , MO )
Ph i l l ips ( B orger , TX , to Rago , KS )
Eme r a l d ( Sh e e r i n , TX , to Libera l , KS )
MAPCO ( Ske l ly town , TX , to Moc ane , OK)
225*
52
13*
50
340
PADD I I I to PADD IV
Ph i l l ip s
( Borge r , TX , to Denve r , C O )
4 7*
PADD I I t o PADD I Y
Texas E a s tern
( Lebanon , OH , to Green sburg , PA)
61
PADD I I to PADD I I I
Mob i l
( Long Grove , OK , to Cors icana , T X )
10
PADD IV t o PADD I I
Amo co
( Wattenberg , CO , t o B u s h ton , KS )
12
Canada to PADD I I
Lakehead ( Edmonto n , C anada , to S upe r i o r , WI )
Cochin ( Edmonton , C anada , to Tol edo , O H )
Sun ( S ar n i a , C anada , t o Toledo , OH )
Dome ( S arn i a , Canada , to Mary svi l le , MI )
Dome ( S arn i a , Canad a , to S t . C l a i re , M I )
*Combi ned produc t , LPG / NGL , normal mix c apac i ty .
§Comb i ned c rude o i l , LPG / NGL , norma l mix c apac i ty .
E- 9
228§
55
20*
28
28
359
TABLE E-2
INTRA-PADD LPG PIPELINE CAPACITIES AS
DECEMBER 3 1 , 1987
PADD IY
Diameter
Texas Eastern - Greensburg, PA to Philadelphia, PA
Greens burg, PA to Selkirk, NY
*
OF
A v�:. Capacity
6"
8"
17
33
PADD IZ
C&T -
Bethune, S C to Tirzah, S C
6"
12
Dixie -
Milner Terminal, GA to Apex Tenninal, NC
Albany Terminal, GA to Alma Terminal, GA
8"
6"
31
17
Amoco -
Moument, KS to B ushton, KS
6"
12
Arbuckle -
Velma, OK to Knox, Ok
Knox, OK to Maysville, OK
Maysville, OK to Goldsby, OK
Goldsby, OK to Moore, OK
Moore, OK to Kingfisher, OK
8"
8"
8"
8"
8"
8
10
18
23
26
12"
34
8"
40
PADD I I
Badger -
Middleburg Jet. ll.... to Rockford, IL
Chisolm -
Medford, OK to Conway, KS
Cochin -
ND/Canada Border to Detroit, MI
1 2"
55
Kaneb -
McPherson, KS to Geneva, NB
Geneva, NB to Yankton, SD
1 0"
6"
50
25
Mapco -
Partridge, KS to Hutchinson, KS
Conway, KS to El Dorado, KS
"
Con way, KS to Kearney, MO
8"
6"
6"
10"/8 "
10"
10"
8"
10"
8"
8"
6"
10"
8"
1 0"
8"
8"
1 2"/10"
10"
23
16
3
41
17
41
7
41
4
4
9
41
1
13
13
25
19
23
Kearney, MO to Birmingham Jet., MO
"
Birmingham Jet. MO to Iowa City, IA
"
B irmingham Jet . , MO to Farmington, IL
Iowa City, IA to Janesville, WI
Iowa City, IA to Clinton, IA
"
Clinton, IA to Morris, IL
Morris, IL to Tuscola, IL
Hutchinson, KS to Conway, KS
Mocane, OK to Conway KS
E- 1 0
TABLE E-2 (Continued)
Diameter *
Ave. Capacity
Mankato, MN to Minneapolis, MN
11
8
1
81
8"
8 11
11
8
1
81
11
8
6
6
3
3
4
4
15
Phillips -
E . St. Louis, MO to Chicago, IL
1
81
20
Shel l -
Kalkaska, MI to Marysville, MI
8
Texaco -
Conway, KS to El Dorado KS
Conway, KS to Beatrice, NE
II
Beatrice, NE to Whiting, IA
II
Whiting, IA to Mankato, MN
II
II
Texas Eastern - Todhunder, OH to Coshocton, OH
Dexter, MO to Todhunter, OH
Dexter, MO to Calvert City, KY
Seymour, IN to Chicago, IL
Chicago, IL to Joliet, IL
Williams -
Kansas City, MO to Des Moines, IA
Des Moines, IA to Alben Lea, MN
Des Moi nes, IA to Chicago, IL
El Dorado, KS to Humboldt, KS
Humboldt, KS to Carthage, MO
Hoyt, KS to Canton, SD
11
26
6 11
4"
8"
20"
1
81
11
14
6"
24
7
44
228
57
93
93
1 2"
1 2"
6"
8 "/ 1 2"
8"
8"
6"
45
36
24
36
20
25
17
8 11
32
20"
1 0 1 1/ 1 4"
2- 10"
4"
360
1 60
1 60
3
8"/ 1 0"
4"/6"
32
12
8"
45
10"
1 0"
1 2"
1 2"
1 2"
58
74
1 20
1 20
1 13
PADD III
Black Lake -
Black Lake, LA to Mont Belvieu, TX
Chevron -
Galena Park, TX to Mont Belvieu, TX
Ranger, TX to Mont Belvieu, TX
Coahoma, TX to Ranger, TX
S nyder, TX to Big Spring, TX
Coastal -
Corpus Christi , TX to Houston, TX
McA l len, T X t o Corpus Christi, TX
Diamond Shamrock - McKee, TX to Mt. Belvieu, TX
Dixie -
Mont Belvieu, TX to Sulphur, LA
S ulphur, LA t o Breaux Bridge, LA
Breaux B ridge, LA to Hattiesburg, MS
Hattiesburg, MS to Demopolis, AL
Demopolis, AL to Opelika, AL
E- l l
Diameter *
8 11
1
81
8 11
6
19
21
11
8
11
1 0 / 1 2 11
8 11
11
11
10 /12
11
8
1 0 11
29
56
29
56
16
23
11
2-8
11
12
1
81
8 11
8 11
11
11
4 /5 /6 11
11
11
( 8 / 1 2 / 1 4 11/8 11) ,8
10
70
12
15
45
6
42
Exxon -
Conroe, TX to Clear Lake, TX
Mont Belvieu, TX to Kingsville, TX
G arden City, LA to B aton Rouge, LA
Mapco -
Huerfano, NM to Edgewood, NM
II
Edgewood, NM to Hobbs, TX
II
Midkiff, TX to Hobbs, TX
Hobbs, TX to S kellytown, TX
Mobil -
Cameron, LA to Beaumont, TX
Corsicana, TX to Beaumont, TX
Keller, TX to Corsicana, TX
Hull, TX to Mont Belvieu, TX
II
Kinsloe, TX to Beaumont, TX
A vg. Capacity
Plantation -
Pascagoula, MS to Hattiesburg, MS
Seadrift -
Falfurrias, TX to Seadrift, TX
II
Mont Belvieu, TX to Texas City, TX
Texas City, TX to Seadrift, TX
II
1 2 11/8
11
46
8 11
11
10
11 ( 11 11 )
1 0 / 8 ,6
11
6
26
42
46
20
1 4 11
11
14
1 4 11
93
1 04
73
Seminole -
Hobbs, NM to Brenham Dome, TX
Brenham Dome, TX to Stratton Ridge, TX
S tratton Ridge, TX to Houston, TX
S hell -
Malletsville, TX to Pasadena, TX
6 11
10
Sigmor -
Refugio, TX to Three Rivers, TX
8 11
10
Sun -
McRae, AR to West Memphis, AR
1 2 11
NA
Texas Eastern - Mont Belvieu, TX to Fontaine, AR
20 11
228
8 11
54
Union Pacific - Driscoll, TX to Corpus Christi, TX
Carthage, TX to Lufkin, TX
Carthage, TX to Longview, TX
6 11
8 11
11
6
16
15
11
Valero
6 11
14
Ucar -
Napoleanville, LA to Taft, LA
S an Martin, TX to Corpus Christi, TX
E- 1 2
Diameter *
A vg. Capacity
PADD IV
Amoco -
Wattenburg, CO to Seibert, CO
Mapco -
Rock Springs, WY to Dolores, CO
6"
12
1 2"/10"
46
PADD V
Alyeska -
*
Prudhoe B ay, A K to Valdez, AK
48"
55
The following symbolic conventions are used in this table:
I
i ndicates
indicates
indicates
( )
first.
N - X" i ndicates
,
a change of diameter.
an additional separate pipeline.
that the reader should interpret the symbols i nside the parenthesis
N multiple pipelines of X" diameter.
E- 1 3
TABLE E-3
PRINCIPAL LPG EXPANS ION PROECTS COMPLETED BETWEEN 1/1/79
(0 may indicate that no data were provided )
Pipeline
Com�
Diamond Shamrock
Seminole
trJ
I
f-l
.J::>
Sun Pipe Line
Texas Eastern
Valero
Wi ll iams P . L.
Location
Refugio TX to
Three Rivers TX
Bryan TX
Hobbs NM to Mont
Belviev TX
Summerville TX to
Cayhill TX
Snook TX
Bryan TX to Tunis TX
Tunis TX to Lyons TX
Lyons TX to Muellersville
TX
lola TX to Snook TX
Snook TX to Lyons TX
Bryan TX
Bryan TX
Katy TX to East Bernard TX
Orchard TX
Oyster OK
Liverpool TX
Pasadena TX
Sweeny TX to Brazoria TX
Pasadena TX
Wyandotte MI - Spur Line
to Phillips
Harford Mills NY
South Central TX to
Corpus Christi TX
South Central TX to
Corpus Christi TX
Hoyt KS to Canton SD
Type of
�ansion
Conversion
New Line
New Line
Miles
Diameter
( Inches )
AND
12/3 1/87
Present
Capacity
(MB/D)
Approximate
Anticipated
Capacity
(MB/D)
Completion
Date
38
1
8
3
0
0
0
6
06/01/85
635
14
35
97
09/01/81
New
New
New
New
Line
Line
Line
Line
0
3
15
9
4
4
6
4
6
81
7
3
10
81
22
22
09/01/81
09/01/81
09/01/81
09/01/81
New
New
New
New
New
New
New
New
New
New
New
New
Line
Line
Line
Line
Line
Line
Line
Line
Line
Line
Line
Line
26
28
12
0
0
19
1
3
0
1
17
0
8
4
6
3
3
3
2
6
2
14
4
6
14
5
4
17
0
24
24
8
0
0
1
0
39
10
23
60
1
6
24
23
2
132
10
22
09/01/81
09/01/81
09/01/81
09/01/81
09/01/81
09/01/81
09/01/81
09/01/81
09/01/81
09/01/81
09/01/81
09/01/81
1
0
6
0
28
0
0
0
04/01/82
07/01/86
New Line
129
6
14
23
05/18/81
New Line
Conversion
129
289
8
10
14
17
23
0
05/18/81
01/01/83
New Line
New Station
APPENDIX F
NPC 1 988 SURVEY OF
U.S. PETROLEUM PIPELINE CAPACITIES
(CRUDE OIL AND PRODUCTS)
1 988 SU RVEY OF
U .S. PETROLEU M PI PELI N E CAPACITI ES
(CR U D E OI L AN D PRO D U CTS)
Reporting Company:
Address:
------
------
______
Zip Code:
_
_
_
Person in reporting company to be contacted if questions arise :
Phone:
(_)
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
Number of Pipeline Sections Described :.
_
_
_
_
Please submit your response to this survey by May 2 , 1 988, to:
Mr. Benjamin A. Oliver, Jr.
1 625 K Street, N.W.
Washi ngton, D.C. 20006
If you have any questions regarding this survey, please call M r. Oliver,
at the National Petroleum Council office, (202) 393-61 00.
F-1
GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS
In .f.atl..l you are asked to furnish information about your company's overall pipeline system. Re
quested on these pages are:
•
Updates of PAD District system maps (trunk line systems) and detailed area maps supplied in
this mailing.
•
Update status of pipeline projects projected for completion in the 1 979 NPC Pipeline Capacity
report. The list of projects is included in the mailing.
•
A general description of pipeline projects completed during the period from January 1 , 1979
to December 3 1, 1 987, including new pipeline construction, conversions, sales, or abandon
ments that were not previously identified in the 1 979 NPC report.
•
A general description of any planned new pipeline systems and plans for extension and
expansion, conversion or abandonment of existing systems.
Please include all of your company's pipelines, whether common carrier or proprietary. If your
company owns lines (common carrier or proprietary) in undivided interest, do not report these lines
unless you are the operator. Joint interests, stock companies or partnerships should also be reported
by the operator.
Because pipeline companies may own numerous separate systems which are not interdependent,
in Part II you are asked to divide your various systems into suitable sections. Such sections may be
from the origin to termination point or may be further divided by pipeline connection points to other
pipelines, refineries or delivery points. Examples of correct procedures for breaking out sections are
included. Part II concerns each of these sections individually. Please number the pages relating to each
pipeline section consecutively.
If a question does not apply to the pipeline section being reported, please enter "NA" where appro
priate.
If additional blank questionnaires are required, they may be obtained from the National Petroleum
Council office, or they may be copied from these originals. Many of the questions, and information
tables, are formatted on the enclosed personal computer (PC) "floppy disk". The questionnaire
contained on the "floppy disk" is completely self contained and self running on your IBM-compatible
computer. Operating instructions are enclosed with the disk.
F-3
PART I
F-5
Part I, Section I
Pipeline Company
-----
SYSTEM MAPS
PADD System Maps - Please update the applicable maps included in this mailing. Annotate the maps
with any changes, additions or deletions in your pipeline system. Additions should include inform
ation on locations and capacity of the various pipelines. Do not include any daily average throughput
information. In addition, if you have other trunk line maps of your system, please provide them.
Detailed Area Maps - Please update the applicable area maps included in this mailing.
If your pipeline system originates, connects, or terminates at any of the locations listed below, please
circle "X" before the appropriate location. A detailed area schematic is enclosed for a majority of the
locations listed below. If applicable, please update it with your latest information. If no changes have
been made please return the area schmatic with the notation, "No Change". If an area map is not
enclosed for a location in which you operate, please provide one. Circle an "M" before each location
for which an updated or new map is enclosed.
List of Locations
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M
M
M
M
Bakersfield Area
Beaumont - Port Arthur
Chicago
Cleveland - Akron
M
Conway - Hutchinson (Kansas)
M
Corpus Christi
M
Corsicana
M
X
M
Cushing
Dallas -- Fort Worth
M
Detroit -- Toledo
X
X
X
M
Kansas City
M
M
M
Lake Charles
Lima
Longview
Los Angeles - Long Beach
X
X
X
M
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
F- 7
M
Marysville (Michigan)
M
M
M
M
Mont Belvieu
New York (Newark, Bayonne, Linden)
Odessa - Midland
Patoka
M
Philadelphia
M
Pittsburgh
San Francisco Bay Area
M
M
Santa Maria Area
M
St. James - Clovelly - LOOP
M
Texas City -- Houston - Pasadena
M
M
Tulsa
Valley Center -- Wichita -- El Dorado
M
Wood River -- St. Louis
M
Other (specify)
Part I, Section II
Pipeline Company
-------
PREVIOUSLY PLANNED PROJECTS
The following tables (Tables 2 and 3 from the 1979 NPC Pipeline Capacity report) contain pipeline
projects that were planned as of December 31, 1978. If your company has projects on this list please
review them to determine if they were completed as shown, completed with modification, or not
completed. Using the project number in the first column of the list as a reference, indicate the status
of that project on the lines below.
For each project, enter the project number from the attached Table 2 or 3 list. Check the appropriate
box to indicate YES - if the project that was completed as planned; NO - if the project was not
completed; MODIFIED if the project was completed but modified from previous plan.
-
For each project not completed or modified, please indicate the specific reason why it was not
completed or the type of modification that was made. If you need additional space, please continue
on another sheet of paper and attach to this page.
Project
Number
Completion
Status
Reason Not Completed
or Modified
Yes
No
Modified
Project
D
D
D
Project
D
D
D
Project
D
D
D
Project
D
D
D
Project
D
D
D
Project
D
D
D
D
D
D
Project
D
D
D
Project
D
D
D
Project
F-8
TABLE 2*
Principal Crude Oil Expansion Projects Planned or Under Construction
-
1979
Approximate
Project
Pipeline
Number
Company
Arco
Type of
Location
Texas City Ship Dock to Arco
Ashland
3
4
hj
I
1.0
Anticipated
Diameter
Capacity
Capacity
Completion
(MB/D)
(MB/D)
Date
Expansion
Miles
(I nches)
New Lines
37
36
5
42
--
Refinery (Pasadena)
2
Present
Patoka, I L, to Ownesboro, KY
New Stations
Owensboro to Catlettsburg, KY
New Station
-
500
Mid-1980
20
161
219
March 1979
April 1 9 79
Horsepower
-
-
24
173
216
Lima to Canton, OH
Horsepower
--
12
76
82
--
-
October 1 979
5
Capline
St. James, LA, to Patoka, IL
Horsepower
6
Cities Service
Fauna to Sour Lake, TX
New Line
34
12
-
60
7
Exxon
Oovelly Dome to LaFourche
New line
7
20
-
1 70
1 980
New Line
13
20
-
170
1980
Loop Line
Horsepower
35
30
-
8
9
Parish, LA
1,032•
1 ,098•
October 1 980
Late 1 979
Raceland Station to LaFourche
Parish, LA
Lakehead
Griffith, IN, to Marysville, M I
65
Late 1979
(Additional)
10
LOCAP
Oovelly to St. James, LA
New Line
52
48
-
1 ,350
11
Marathon
St. James to Garyville, LA
New Line
19
30
--
300
January 1, 1980
12
Mid-Valley /Marathon
Lima, OH, to Samaria, M I
New Stations
--
22
278
338
First Quarter 1980
13
Northern Pipeline
Wood River, I L, to Pine Bend, MN
New Line
476
24
-
135
Permitting Process
14
Shamrock
Borger to Dumas, TX
New Line
44
14, 1 6
--
40
15
Trans-Alaska
Prudhoe Bay to Valdez, AK
Horsepower
--
-
-
1,230
1,360
16
Williams
Des Moines to Mason City, I A
New Line
--
18
-
--
*Table 2 from Petroleum Pipeline volume of 1979 NPC report, Storage & Transportation Capacities.
Late 1980
July 1 979
January 1 , 1980
Permitting Process
TABLE 2 (continued)
Project
Number
17
Pipeline
Company
Strategic Petroleum
Reserve Projects 1
Location
Bryan Mound at Freeport, TX
Type of
Expansion
New Storage
and Lines
18
Bryan Mound at Freeport, TX
Expansion
h:J
19
West Hackberr , LA , to
Nederland, T
New Storage
and Lines
f-l
0
20
West Hackberr , LA to
Nederland, T
Expansion
21
Bayou Choctaw to St. james, LA
I
�
�
22
Bayou Choctaw to St. james, LA
23
S
t hur Mines to West Hackberry,
A
New Storage
and Lines
Expansion
New Storage
and Lines
24
Weeks Island, Iberia Parish to
St. james, LA
New Storage
and Lines
25
St. james Termimnal, LA
Dock and Pump
Station
2:
r
Design crude capacity. Annual average capacity will be higher.
stems are government-owned and ca acities shown are drawdown capacities.
§ ombined pumping capacity to Weeks sland and Bayou Choctaw.
•
t
Miles
Diameter
(Inches)
Present
Capacity
( M B / D)
Approximate
Anticipa ted
Capacity
( M B / D)
Completion
Date
5
30
--
387
NA
NA
387
1,054
42
42
--
402
NA
NA
402
1,400
69
36
--
240
September 1 979
NA
NA
240
480
May 1 980
17
16
--
1 00
November 1 979
69
36
--
590
March 1 980
NA
-
--
720§
August 1 979
january 1 980
September 1 979
February 1 980
September 1 979
TABLE 3*
Principal Produ cts Expansion Projects Planned or Under Construction -1979
Approximate
Project
Pipeline
Number
Company
Type of
Location
26
Badger
System
27
Calnev
Hinkle, Umatilla County, OR, to
Columbia River Barge Terminal
hj
I
f-l
f-l
Expansion
Horsepower
New line
28
Collins
Meraux, LA, to Collins, MS
New Stations
29
Colonial
Houston (Pasadena) to Hebert, TX
Loop Line
30
Port Arthur to Hebert, TX
31
Greensboro, NC, to Mitchell
Junction, VA
Miles
Present
Anticipated
Diameter
Capacity
Capacity
Completion
(Inches)
(MB / D)
(MB / D)
Date
--
-
90
120
10
4
-
6
--
-
1 00
125
1,920
2,296
1 979
36
960
1 ,320
1 979
"}
80
Loop Line
8
Loop Line
148
Deanber 1 979
May 1979
August 1979
36
.
32
Helena to Birmingham, AL
New line
12
16
-
127
December 1 979
33
Atlanta, GA, to Chattanooga, TN
Loop Line
92
16
238
252
1 979
34
Mitchell Junction to Roanoke, VA
Replace 8"
42
12
34
51
1 979
35
Dorsey, MD, to Woodbury, NJ
Horsepower
--
-
768
960
1979
36
Mitchell Junction to Richmond, VA
Horsepower
--
-
125
240
1 979
37
Belton Junction, SC, to Augusta, GA
Horsepower
--
-
27
45
1 979
38
Atlanta to Bainbridge, GA
Horsepower
--
-
60
72
1979
Port Neches to Port Arthur, TX
Loop Line
8
14
101
190
October 1 , 1 979
Horsepower
--
28
380
440
July 1, 1979
Horsepower
--
55
63
January 1, 1 980
-
35
Late 1980
39
Explorer
Port Arthur and Pasadena, TX,
40
to Tulsa, OK
41
Gulf
Mesquite line - Lucas to
Lufkin, TX
42
Hydrocarbon
Transporation,
Inc. (LPG)
Bushton, KS, to Dearborn, MO
New line
230
10
*Table 3 from Petroleum Pipeline volume of 1979 NPC report, Storage & Transportation Capacities.
TABLE 3 (continued)
Principal Products Expansion Projects Planned or Under Construction
-
1979
Approximate
Project
Pipeline
Number
Company
43
Laurel
Type of
Location
I-'
Miles
Anticipated
Diameter
Capacity
Capacity
Completion
(I nches)
(MB/D)
(MB/D)
Date
Extension of existing B Dorado, PA,
to Duncanville 12" lateral to connect
new terminal in Pennsylvania
1-rJ
I
Expansion
Present
Lateral
3rd Quarter 1 979
1
12
-
-
-
-
1 50
280
January 1, 1980
January 1 , 1 980
44
Marathon
Garyville to Baton Rouge, LA
Horsepower
45
Mid America (LPG)
Sanborn, lA, to Mankato, MN
New Line
93
8
42
54
46
Phillips
Sweeney to Pasadena, TX
New Line
60
18
-
1 58
47
Plantation
Austell, GA, to Atlanta Airport
Replacement
12
12
-
67
August 1, 1 979
--
-
-
40
December 31, 1979
4th Quarter 1 979
48
Oanton to Helena to
N
Montgomery, AL
49
April 1980
Shamrock
McKee Refinery near Borger, TX,
Horsepower
to Dallas - Fort Worth Area
New Line
363
8
--
15
New Line
32
20
247
300
New Stations
--
-
30
47
-
16
--
360
December 1 979
-
24
-
240
Permitting Process
-
20
--
130
Permitting Process
50
Southern Pacific
Norwalk to Colton, CA
51
Sun
Fostoria to Hudson, OH. Addition
of pump stations in Seneca and
Medina Counties
52
Texas Eastern
Baytown, TX, to Seymour, IN
Loop Line
53
Transgulf
Baton Rouge, LA, to
Conversion of
Kissimmee, FL
Kissimmee to Port Everglades, FL
4th Quarter 1 979
Gas Line and
Looping
54
January 1, 1 980
Conversion of
Gas Line and
Looping
55
56
Williams
24" Line to Jacksonville, FL
New Line
-
14
--
70
Permitting Process
Minneapolis, MN, to Wausau, WI
Horsepower
--
8
26
34
July 1 979
Part I, Section III
Pipeline Company
----
NEW PIPELINE PROJECTS
Provide the information requested below for all pipeline projects completed during the period from
January 1, 1979 through December 31, 1987 that were not identified in Table 2 and 3 from Part I, Section
II of this survey. Include new pipeline construction, conversions, flow reversals, sales or abandon
ments. If you have more than two projects, please reproduce copies of this page to describe the others.
Company
Name
Location
of Project
D D D
Type of Project
New
Line
Miles
New
Station
Diameter
(inches)
_
_
_
_
_
Completion Date
Loop
Line
D
Reversal
_______
D
Horsepower
D
Other
Present
Capacity (MB/D)
Anticipated
Capacity (MB/D)
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
Company
Name
Location
of Project
D D D
Type of Project
New
Line
Miles
D
Conversion
_
_
_
_
_
Loop
Line
New
Station
Diameter
(inches)
D
Conversion
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
Completion Date
D
Reversal
D
Horsepower
Present
Capacity (MB/D)
Anticipated
Capacity (MB/D)
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
F-13
D
Other
Part I, Section IV
Pipeline Company
-------
FUTURE PIPELINE PLANS
Provide a general description of any planned new pipeline systems or sections thereof and plans for
extension and expansion of existing systems by location, pipe size, added capacity, and status. Such
expansions should be firm (announced) proposals with anticipated start-of -construction and comple
tion schedules, but do not necessarily need to be budgeted to be included. A brief narrative describing
expected impediments to expansion plans /proposals (governmental, environmental, other) will be
useful. Also, include a description of any planned pipeline conversions, flow reversals, capacity cut
backs or pipeline phase outs. If you have more than two projects, please reproduce copies of this page
to describe the others.
Location
of Project
Company
Name
D D D
Type of Project
New
Line
Miles
_
_
_
_
_
Completion Date
Loop
Line
New
Station
Diameter
(inches)
D
Conversion
D
Reversal
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
D
Horsepower
D
Other
Present
Capacity (MB/D)
------
Anticipated
Capacity (MB/D)
-------
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
Narrative
Location
of Project
Company
Name
D D D
Type of Project
New
Line
Miles
-----
Completion Date
Narrative
Loop
Line
New
Station
Diameter
(inches)
D
Conversion
------
D
Reversal
D
Horsepower
D
Other
Present
Capacity (MB/D)
Anticipated
Capacity (MB/D)
-------
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
F-14
PART II
F-15
Part II
Pipeline Company
-------
Pipeline Schematic
Prepare a schematic, using the attached example on page 1 7, for each of your pipeline systems
including crude oil, products, or LPG service. Include location of the beginning and end of the system,
major origin points, other pipeline connections, refinery receipt or delivery points and pipeline
diameter for each section of the system. For ease of identification, please assign a unique three position
numeric code to each of the points (nodes) in the pipeline as shown in the example on page 1 7. Be sure
the schematic includes the name of the node and its location as shown in the example.
Indicate on the schematic the longitude and latitude (measured as degrees and minutes to the nearest
tenth of a minute) of each of the nodes you have identified. Use the attached example for the preferred
way to show point location for each node. Longitude and latitude information can be easily obtained
from USGS survey sheets. We suggest you check with your engineering department.
Pipeline Section Data
For each pipeline section between nodes identified on the pipeline schematic, provide the information
requested on the attached form using the instructions that follow. Using the example on page 1 7, there
would be seven (7) separate section data forms provided. These would include two pipeline sections
from node 100 to 1 10, and one each from 1 1 0 to 120, 1 20 to 125, 1 20 to 1 30, 1 30 to 1 35, and 1 30 to 140.
When two or more pipeline sections exist between two nodes, uniquely identify each by adding an A,
B, etc., to the three position identifier. In the example on page 1 7 the two lines between nodes 1 00 and
1 1 0 would be identified as 1 00A to 1 10A and 1 00B to 1 1 0B. Photocopy as many copies of the form as
you need.
Section Data Instructions
1. Pipeline System Name -
2. Origin:
a.
Node -
Identify the name commonly used for the pipeline system.
The three character numeric identifier (and letter, if applicable) estab
lished by you to identify the node.
b. Name c. Location d. Type of Facility e. Longitude f. Latitude -
Identify name of the starting node.
City and State of the starting node.
Check the box that identifies the type of facility. If you check other,
describe the type of facility in the space below the box.
Indicate the longitude of this node measured as degrees and minutes to
the nearest tenth of a minute.
Indicate the latitude of this node measured as degrees and minutes to the
nearest tenth of a minute.
F-17
Part II
Pipeline Company
-------
3. Destination: The example on page 17 illustrates the following information.
a.
The three character numeric (and letter, if applicable) identifier estab
lished by you to identify the node.
Node -
b. Name c. Location d. Type of Facility -
Identify name of the ending node.
City and State of the ending node.
Check the box that identifies the type of facility. If you check other,
e. Longitude -
describe the type of facility in the space below the box.
Indicate the longitude of this node measured as degrees and minutes to
the nearest tenth of a minute.
Indicate the latitude of this node measured as degrees and minutes to the
nearest tenth of a minute.
f. Latitude 4. Business Organization -
Check the box that describes the ownership type.
5. Operator - List the company or corporate name of the operator of the pipeline section.
6.
Pipeline Service Check the block that identifies the commodity handled by this section. If more
-
than one comodity is handled by the section, indicate the percentage of each in
the boxes.
7. Regulatory Status - Check the appropriate box for private or common carrier line.
8.
9.
Class - Check the appropriate box to indicate the relationship of the pipeline section to the
pipeline system. An independent section is a part of the main pipeline which is capable
of independent operation. A pipeline subsection is a part of the main pipeline which is
dependent on the prior sections operation. A pipleline spur is principally an exit section
to deliver flow from the main pipeline.
Size:
Diameter Pipeline external diameter in inches.
b. Length Pipeline section length in miles to the nearest tenth of a mile.
a.
-
-
10. Bi-Directional -
a.
Check box to indicate if pipeline currently has capability to reverse flow
direction.
b.
Reverse Capacity - Indicate capacity in thousand barrels per day in reverse
flow direction.
11. Operating Data:
a.
Crude Oil Lines
1 - 4. Capacity -
-
Provide the maximum operating capacity in thousand barrels per day
under each operating condition. Capacity using flow improvers should
be based upon your best judgement of the maximum use of flow im
provers.
F- 1 8
Part II
Pipeline Company
5. Gravity Range -
-------
Range of API Gravities of crude oil normally handled ( 0 API).
6. Viscosity Range
-
Range of viscosities of crude oil normally handled (SSU @ 1 00° F).
Provide the maximum operating capacity in thousand barrels per day
b. Product Pipelines -
under each operating condition. Capacity using flow improvers should
be based upon your best judgement of the maximum use of flow im
provers. For capacity under a normal mix indicate the product mix in
percentages such as 70% motor gasoline, 30% distillate fuel oil.
c. LPG Lines - Provide the average daily capacity in thousand barrels per day.
12. Expansion Potential
-
a. Check box to indicate if pipeline has capability to expand capacity in a
1 -3 month time frame assuming authorizations (internal and external)
have been obtained.
b. Expansion Capacity - Indicate capacity of pipeline after expansion in
thousand barrels per day.
13. Reversibility Potential
-
a. Check box to indicate if pipeline has capability to reverse flow direc
tions in a 1 - 3 month time frame assuming authorizations (internal
and external) have been obtained.
b. Potential Capacity - Indicate capacity of pipeline in thousand barrels
per day when flow is reversed.
F- 1 9
S ection Data
1 . Pipeline System Name
2.
Origin
a. Node
b. Name
c. Location
City
d. Type of Facility
D
Marine
Terminal
f.
State
D D D D D
Pipeline
Terminal
Injection
Point
Storage
Site
Exit
Point
Refinery
D
Other
Longitude
g. Latitude
3. Destination
a. Node
b. Name
c. Location
City
d. Type of Facility
D
Marine
Terminal
f.
State
D D D D D
Pipeline
Terminal
Injection
Point
Storage
Site
Exit
Point
Refinery
Longitude
g. Latitude
4. Business Organization
D
Single
Owner
D
D
Stock
Company
Undivided
Interest
D
Partnership
Jointly Owned
5. Operator
D
D
Refined
D
D
Private
LPG/NGL
F-20
D
D
Other
9. Size:
D D
a.
D O
Diameter: __
Yes
No
1 1 . Operating Data
a. Crude Oil Lines:
1 . Summer capacity
2. Summer capacity (with flow improvers)
3. Winter capacity
4. Winter capacity (with flow improvers)
5. Gravity range
max
6. Viscosity range
max
____
(MB /D)
(MB/D)
(MB /D)
(MB /D)
min ____ (0 API)
min
(SSU @ 100° F)
b. Product Pipelines:
1. Summer capacity (#2 oil)
2. Summer capacity (normal mix)
(MB/D)
(MB/D)
Product mix
3. Summer capacity (with flow improvers)
4. Winter capacity (#2 oil)
5. Winter capacity (normal mix)
(MB /D)
(MB /D)
---- (MB /D)
Product mix
6. Winter capacity (with flow improvers)
(MB /D)
c. LPG Lines:
Average capacity:
a.
D
Yes
(MB /D)
D
a.
-----
D
Yes
No
(MB/D)
F-2 1
D
No
EXAMP L E
140
LYONDELL REFINERY
HOUSTON, TX
ARCO PASADENA STATION
PASADENA, TX
36"
135
RANCHO INJECTION
PASADENA, TX
1 25
EXXON PIPELINE TERMINAL
WEBSTER, TX
130
36"
WEBSTER EXIT
WEBSTER, TX
120
36"
ARCO PIPELINE TERMINAL
TEXAS CfiY, TX
TEXAS OTY EXIT
TEXAS CITY, TX
42" A
8
ARCO MARINE TERMINAL
TEXAS CITY, TX
NODE
LATITUDE
1 00
110
1 20
125
130
135
140
29° 22.8'
29° 21 . 1 '
29° 31 .6'
29° 31 .8'
29° 43.0'
29° 43. 1 '
29° 43. 1 '
F-2 2
LONGITUDE
94°
94°
95°
95°
95°
95°
95°
53.6'
56.0'
06.4'
06.2'
13.2'
13.2'
13.6'
APPENDIX G
TANKER AND BARGE APPENDICES
Pages
TABLES:
- Storage Capacity of Petroleum Tenntnals on
U.S. In1and Waterway SysteiJl..............................
- Storage Capacity of Petroleum Facilities in
U.S. Coastal and Great Lake Ports.....................
G-1 - G-2
G-3 - G-1 0
- u.s. Flag Tank Ships - by Type of Use................
G- 1 1
- U.S. Flag Tank Barges - by Type of Use...............
G- 1 1
- U.S. Flag Tank Ships - by Year Built.....................
G- 12 - G- 13
- U.S. Flag Tank Barges - by Year Bullt
G-14 - G- 1 5
.•.............•..
DESCRIPTION OF THE PRINCIPAL U.S.
INLAND
WA1ERW'�.................................................................
G- 1 6 - G-29
TABLE G-1
STORAGE CAPAC ITY OF PETROLEUM TERMINALS LOCATID ON THE U . S . INLAND WATERWAY SYSTEM
(Capacities in Thousands of Barrels )
(j}
I
I-'
Mixed
Products*
Number of
Terminals
Refined
Petroleum
Crude
Petroleum
Fuel Oil
Asphalt
LPG/LNG
Ohio River System
174
2 1,095
2 , 783
5,609
5,275
217
2 , 4 73
37,452
Ohio River
Allegheny River
Monongahela River
Kanawaha River
Big Sandy River , KY
Licking Rive r , KY
Cumberland River
Tennessee River
Big Spring Creek , AL
Entory River 1 TN
111
5
17
6
3
2
11
17
1
1
1 5 , 430
488
1 , 1 76
565
387
275
1 , 255
1 , 486
33
2 , 358
2 , 5 19
238
688
119
500
24
437
1 , 084
2 , 904
154
340
17
2 , 458
15
2 5 , 686
880
2 , 204
684
2 , 2 87
299
2 , 092
3 , 272
33
15
Illinois Waterway System
43
18 , 0 16
88
1 , 700
464
5 , 205
25 , 4 73
I l l inois Waterway
Chicago Sanitary/Ship Canal
Calumet SAG Channel
Little Calumet River
Des Plaines River
17
21
2
1
2
1 , 463
1 2 , 3 58
1 , 6 78
165
2 , 352
88
1 , 02 7
673
464
185
5 , 020
3 , 22 7
18 , 051
1 , 678
165
2 , 352
Upper Mississ ippi System
56
2 4 , 358
6 , 535
1 , 109
5 , 263
5 , 435
4 2 , 700
Upper Mississippi River
Minnesota River
Black River , WI
52
1
3
23 , 870
6 , 535
966
5 , 43 5
488
143
4 , 930
167
166
4 1 , 736
167
797
Missouri River System
5
1,200
256
453
1,909
Missouri River
5
1 , 200
256
453
1 , 909
400
25
1 , 000
3 75
502
200
Total
Capacity
TABLE G- 1 (continued)
Number of
Terminals
(j)
I
N
Refined
Petroleum
Crude
Petroleum
Fuel Oi l
Asphalt
LPG/LNG
Mixed
Products*
Total
Capacity
Lower Mississ ippi System
68
9,868
3 , 017
6 , 413
354
10,886
3 , 585
34,123
Lower Mississippi River
Arkansas River
Verdigris River
Yazoo River
Ouachita & Black River
52
8
2
5
1
8 , 331
390
3 , 017
5 , 3 20
848
120
2 10
10 , 886
2 , 688
627
2 70
30, 452
1 , 865
5 34
1 , 14 7
125
Tennessee-Tombigbee
Waterway System
18
364
144
1 , 147
125
886
452
2 45
1,947
195
150
40
1 95
262
732
77
3 75
186
120
Tennessee-Tombigbee W/W
Tombigbee River
Black Warrior River
Locust Fork , AL
Mulberry Fork , AL
Alabama/Coosa River
Mobile River
1
2
2
2
2
7
2
222
27
115
Columbia-Snake River
System
6
1,552
40
1,592
Columbia River
Snake River
3
3
4 98
1 , 054
40
538
1 , 054
370
76 , 453
Total
262
5 10
50
260
36
80
1 3 , 309
1 5 , 579
1 2 , 054
1 1 , 103
16 ,698
145, 196
*
This category provides aggregate storage data for those terminals which did not separate storage capacity
by one of the five commodity classifications .
Source :
U . S . Maritime Administration .
TABLE G-2
STORAGE CAPACITY OF PETROLEUM FAC ILITIES LOCATED IN U . S . COASTAL AND GREAT
(Capacities in Thousands of Barrels)
North Atlantic Ports
G)
I
w
Bucksport , ME
Searsport , ME
Portland , ME
Portsmouth , NH
Boston , MA
Baintree , MA
Weymouth , MA
Quincy , MA
Tiverton , RI
Fal l River , MA
Providence , RI
New London , CT
New Haven , CT
Bridgeport , CT
New York , NY
Jersey City , NJ
Sayreville , NJ
Sewaren , NJ
Perth Amboy , NJ
Linden , NJ
Carteret , NJ
Woodbridge , NJ
Elizabeth , NJ
Bayonne , NJ
Newark , NJ
Albany , NY
Number of
Teminals
Refined
Petroleum
Crude
Petroleum
Fuel Oi l
101
9 5 , 019
3 , 450
7 , 54 7
2
2
8
6
14
1
1
2
2
4
ll
2
8
2
9
1
1
1
1
4
1
1
1
4
2
10
1 , 2 50
3 , 582
5 , 261
2 , 03 4
10,627
1 , 2 59
Asphalt
775
LAKES
PORTS
LPG/LNG
Mixed
Products*
Total
Capacity
2 , 403
2 4 , 763
133,957
342
3 , 450
1 , 293
20
165
224
400
974
2 , 7 58
482
1 , 2 11
2 , 449
1 , 904
8 , 563
879
7 , 688
1 , 690
7 , 558
1 , 440
1 , 764
245
181
650
680
1 , 903
1 , 000
141
29
92
2 , 700
5 , 4 79
695
15
125
457
1 7 , 333
1 , 800
9 , 160
6 , 030
15, 975
1 , 2 50
3 , 924
8 , 876
3 , 951
1 4 , 3 79
1 , 259
482
1 , 211
2 , 449
3 , 668
9 , 808
1 , 060
8 , 479
2 , 370
9 , 490
1 , 440
92
2 , 700
6 , 030
2 1 , 469
695
125
457
1 7 , 333
1 , 800
9 , 160
Number of
Terminals
G)
I
..,.
Refined
Petroleum
Crude
Petroleum
Fuel Oil
Asphalt
4 3 , 500
1 2 , 923
6 , 512
1,782
Mid-Atlantic Ports
66
Deepwater , NJ
Crab Point , NJ
Paulsboro , NJ
Gloucester City , NJ
Camden , NJ
Pennsauken , NJ
Burlington , NJ
Duck Island , NJ
Delaware City , DE
Edgemoor , DE
Claymont , DE
Marcus Hook , PA
Eddystone , PA
Philadelphia , PA
Croydon , PA
Tullytown , PA
Fairless Hil ls , PA
Wilmington , DE
Baltimore , MD
Yorktown , VA
Newport News , VA
Portsmouth , VA
Chesapeake , VA
Norfolk , VA
1
1
5
2
4
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
14
1
1
1
2
13
1
1
1
7
1
South Atlantic Ports
60
3 5 , 809
Morehead City , NC
Wilmington, NC
Charleston , SC
3
10
8
865
5, 372
5 , 425
LPG/LNG
2 , 260
Mixed
Products *
43 , 482
325
55
1 , 672
800
2 , 203
2 , 300
3 86
3 , 000
1 2 , 550
8 , 6 19
32
165
2 50
50
4 , 9 75
800
83 5
1 , 780
3 , 500
7 , 728
4 , 448
381
1 , 0 76
611
1 2 , 67 7
2 , 712
524
181
1 , 15 2
16 , 260
2, 796
1 , 6 17
6 , 259
520
410
3 , 210
2 , 500
480
550
3, 485
2,1 1 1
513
13
165
393
600
1, 225
665
Total
Capacity
110 , 4 59
325
55
14,222
9 , 4 19
2 , 400
2 , 300
591
50
7 , 975
800
835
1 7 , 95 7
381
15 , 96 4
611
524
181
1 , 152
20,673
6 , 259
5 20
4 10
4 , 355
2 , 500
43 , 180
1 , 030
6 , 2 78
6 , 038
Number of
Terminals
Savannah , GA
Brunswick , GA
Fernandina Beach , FL
Jacksonville , FL
Port Canaveral , FL
Palm Beach , FL
Port Everglades , FL
Miami , FL
Gul f Ports
G)
I
(J1
Tampa , FL
Port Manatee , FL
Port St . Joe , FL
Panama City , FL
Pennsacol a , FL
Mobile, AL
Pascagoula, MS
Pilot town , LA
Venice , LA
Ostrica , LA
Point A La Hache ,
Alliance , LA
Braithwaite , LA
Mereaux , LA
Chalmette , LA
New Orleans , LA
Avondale , LA
St . Rose , LA
Good Hope , LA
Norco , LA
Garyville , LA
LA
Refined
Petroleum
4 , 900
310
9
1
2
14
1
1
10
1
6 , 499
904
1 , 5 10
9 , 357
667
139
108 , 725
10
1
1
2
2
8
2
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
2
3
1
1
2
1
1
6, 7 70
2 , 500
Crude
Petroleum
550
Fuel Oil
40
55
2 , 345
Asphalt
445
LPG/LNG
Mixed
Products*
7 , 135
310
55
9 , 129
945
2 , 029
9 , 564
667
1 , 200
285
41
519
80, 252
182
25
9,202
1 , 5 19
6 , 183
1 , 4 70
1 , 000
1 76
130 , 9 3 7
914
499
555
1 , 384
433
140
200
3 , 3 10
1 8 , 000
800
700
1, 272
30
570
100
463
20
390
5 , 0 14
15
569
2 , 2 98
3 , 705
1 , 300
1 , 000
5 , 500
5 , 750
3 , 340
4 , 060
4 , 500
9 , 913
600
Total
Capacity
336 , 818
8 , 4 16
3 , 500
914
639
855
5, 7 2 7
18, 000
800
700
1, 725
30
5 , 404
15
569
3 , 598
3 , 705
1 , 000
5 , 500
9 , 090
9 , 913
9 , 160
TABLE G-2 (continued)
Number of
Terminals
G)
I
0'\
Mt . Airy , LA
Paulina, LA
St. James , LA
Convent , LA
Donaldsonville , LA
Geismer , LA
Carville , LA
St . Gabriel , LA
Sunshine , LA
Baton Rouge , LA
Lake Charles , LA
Beaumont , TX
Houston , TX
Texas City , TX
Freeport , TX
Corpus Christ i , TX
Port Arthur , TX
Port Bolivar, TX
Galves ton, TX
Matagorda , TX
Brownsville , TX
.
1
1
4
2
1
2
1
1
1
4
9
8
19
10
2
18
1
1
3
1
3
South Pacific Ports
54
San Diego , CA
Carlsbad , CA
Huntington Beach , CA
Long Beach , CA
Los Angeles , CA
El Segundo , CA
Mandalay Beach , CA
Ventura , CA
1
1
1
6
14
1
1
1
Refined
Petroleum
565
2 , 420
1 , 000
15 , 020
80
9 , 17 1
2 4 , 634
120
1 , 100
1 7 , 242
7 , 900
Crude
Petroleum
127
600
8 , 3 15
2 , 500
Fuel Oil
Asphal t
LPG/LNG
2
1 , 435
46,055
90, 360
6 , 630
35
110
143
60
2 , 415
2 79
4 , 069
1 , 354
1 , 200
107
160
180
340
900
1 , 757
10, 837
2 2 , 762
2 9 , 959
2 4 , 547
10 , 402
10
950
20, 408
20
5,560
1 7 , 737
600
131
2 , 500
600
628
6 , 401
1 , 400
440
280
398
107
600
Total
Capacity
692
2 , 300
1 7 , 365
3 , 535
110
422
60
2 , 415
900
16, 834
16 , 767
44 , 2 18
6 1 , 282
26 , 2 79
7 , 000
3 7 , 062
7 , 900
10
970
2
1 , 435
1 , 700
57
1 , 781
1 2 , 285
4 , 135
1 , 505
5 , 900
8 , 738
Mixed
Products*
8 , 453
6 , 703
2 , 000
131
2 , 500
600
9 , 479
1 5 , 211
2 , 000
400
280
Number of
Terminals
G)
I
-.]
Carpinteria , CA
Estero Bay , CA
Avon , CA
Pittsburg , CA
Antioch , CA
Moss Landing , CA
Redwood City , CA
Alameda , CA
Richmond , CA
Mare Island, CA
Crockett , CA
Ozo l , CA
Martinez , CA
Benicia , CA
Eureka, CA
Refined
Petroleum
1
2
1
1
3
1
1
1
7
1
1
1
2
2
3
1, 000
5 , 3 16
1 , 848
155
North Pacific Ports
53
1 9 , 169
Astoria , OR
Wauna , OR
Westport , OR
Longview , WA
Vancouver , WA
Portland, OR
North Bend , OR
Coos Bay , OR
Umpqua , OR
Toledo , OR
Grays Harbor , WA
Port Angeles , WA
Port Townsend , WA
Tacoma , WA
2
1
1
2
2
14
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
5
107
Crude
Petroleum
Fuel Oi l
Asphalt
LPG /LNG
Mixed
Products *
Total
Capacity
200
200
1 , 270
7 , 700
5 , 404
2 , 372
6 , 000
360
54
20, 806
3 , 860
55
1 , 000
6 , 355
4 , 1 28
155
7 70
500
7 , 700
5 , 404
2 , 37 2
6 , 000
360
54
3 , 706
1 6 , 100
3 , 860
1 , 000
55
92
715
6 , 804
71
194
1 , 039
2 , 280
1 1 , 164
2 , 632
140
3 57
1 , 300
40
1 , 350
450
1 , 33 7
136
100
45
100
1 43
166
45
67
185
166
1 , 300
3 4 , 788
107
40
1, 350
542
7 15
9 , 743
71
194
100
45
100
188
67
325
Number of
Terminals
G)
I
co
Refined
Petroleum
Crude
Petroleum
Seattle , WA
Point We l ls , WA
Renton , WA
Everett , WA
Anacortes , WA
Bellingham , WA
Winslow , WA
Ferndale, WA
7
1
1
1
2
1
1
3
2 , 16 7
1 , 926
6
3 , 009
3 , 2 00
Hawaiian Ports
16
6 , 215
3 , 668
1
1
2
1
1
2
6
1
1
390
41
876
14
27
2 , 265
2 , 453
87
62
28
6 , 333
1
4
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
310
18
56
19
434
213
180
330
Hilo , H I
Kawaihae , HI
Kahului , HI
Kaumalapau , HI
Kaunakakai , HI
Barbers Point , H I
Honolulu , HI
Port Al len , HI
Nawil iwil i , HI
Alaskan Ports
Kenai , AK
Ketchikan , AK
Petersburg , AK
Juneau , AK
Sitka, AK
Haines , AK
Skagway , AK
Valdez , AK
Whittier , AK
Fuel Oi l
Asphalt
LPG/LNG
Mixed
Products*
357
2 , 167
1 , 926
167
38
10,322
9
6
6 , 566
49
10,422
14
404
41
892
14
27
6 , 3 53
2 , 528
87
76
167
38
3 , 695
6 , 62 7
9
420
70
16
3 , 668
4 20
70
5
14
l l , 070
197
55
70
9 , 180
72
Total
Capacity
6 75
5,103
2 3 , 378
4 , 593
4 , 593
365
18
56
89
434
2 13
9 , 43 2
330
Nwnber of
Terminals
Seward , AK
Homer , AK
Nikishka , AK
Anchorage , AK
Kodiak , AK
Dutch Harbor ,
Unalaska, AK
AK
Great Lakes Ports
GJ
I
1.0
Oswego , NY
Sackets Harbor, NY
Toledo , OH
Lorain, OH
Cleveland , OH
Erie, PA
Buffalo , NY
Tonawanda, NY
Trenton , MI
Wyandotte , MI
Ecorse , MI
River Rouge , MI
Detroit , MI
Dearborn , MI
Essexville , MI
Bay City , MI
Ludington , MI
Muskegon , MI
East Chicago , IN
Chicago , IL
Milwaukee , WI
Port Washington , WI
Refined
Petroleum
1
1
3
1
3
1
1
20
732
1 71
3 , 001
428
381
40
63
3 5 , 380
1
1
5
1
8
1
5
1
1
1
1
3
6
1
1
3
1
1
5
2
2
1
380
589
5 , 684
1 , 2 71
2 , 093
200
1 , 365
Crude
Petroleum
Fuel Oil
Aspha lt
1 , 890
LPG/LNG
675
3,158
500
285
12
622
1 , 48 7
133
Mixed
Products*
5 10
2 , 189
165
162
7
835
2 , 263
699
1 , 800
183
1 , 080
238
950
1 , 031
2 , 024
1 19
466
10, 264
1 , 2 15
680
191
51
95
Total
Capacity
20
732
3 , 2 46
3 , 001
4 28
381
40
4 2 , 21 4
3 80
589
5 , 684
500
1 , 8 54
12
2 , 877
2 00
1 , 365
7
835
2 , 501
2 , 680
1 , 800
183
3 , 104
119
466
10 , 3 15
1 , 310
680
191
Number of
Terminals
1
1
3
5
1
Sheboygan , WI
Kewaunee , WI
Green Bay , WI
Escanaba , MI
Superior , WI
Crude
Petroleum
392
220
1 , 265
1 , 490
755
Fuel Oil
Asphalt
LPG/LNG
Mixed
Products*
Total
Capacity
392
2 20
1 , 375
1 , 820
755
1 10
330
Not Available
Puerto Rico/Virgin Islands
580
Total
Refined
Petroleum
3 70 , 5 58
128 , 63 7
50, 890
7 , 910
13 , 752
253 , 829
825 , 576
(j)
I
f-'
0
*This category provides aggregate storage data for those terminals which did not separate storage capacity
by one of the five commodity class ifications .
Source :
U . S . Maritime Administration.
TABLE G-3
U.S. FLAG TANK SHIPS WITH CURRENT USCG CERTIFICATES
BY TYPE OF USE
1 5-Apr-88
MAR 1 1 5 . 1
SOURCE : USCG
CODE
ROUTE
DESCR I P T I O N
cc
TOTAL TANK SH I P S
OVER 5000 GROSS TONS
UNDER 5000 GROSS TONS
NUMBER OF TOTAL CAPAC I TY NUMBER OF TOTAL CAPAC I TY NUMBER OF TOTAL CAPAC I TY CAPAC I TY
VESSELS
( BARRELS )
PER VESSEL
( BARRELS )
VESSELS
VESSELS
( BARRELS )
COASTWI SE
CG COASTW I SE -GREAT LAKES
GG GREAT LAKES
LC L I M I TED COASTW I SE
LL LAKES , BAYS , SOUNDS
00 OCEANS
RG R I VERS-GREAT LAKES
RR R I VERS
TOTAL
20
2
5
3
45
5
4
205 , 57 3
2 6 , 004
1 1 5 , 635
14 , 356
181 , 069
923 , 404
6 , 296
2 , 395
85
1 , 4 74 , 7 32
88, 880
7 5 , 2 98
209
1 03 , 483 , 97 7
211
1 03 , 648 , 1 55
21
3
5
3
45
214
1
4
294 , 453
1 0 1 , 302
1 1 5 , 635
1 4 , 356
181 , 069
1 04 , 40 7 , 381
6 , 296
2 , 395
14 , 022
33 . 767
2 3 , 127
4 , 785
4 , 024
487 , 885
6 , 296
599
296
1 05 , 1 22 , 887
355 , 145
TABLE G-4
U.S. FLAG TAN K BARGES WITH CURRENT USCG CERTIFICATES
BY TYPE OF USE
SOURCE : USCG
ROUTE
DESCR I PT I O N
CODE
cc
CG
GG
LC
LG
LL
00
RG
RR
TOTAL TANK BARGES
NUMBER OF TOTAL CAPA C I TY NUMBER OF TOTAL CAPAC I TY NUMBER OF TOTAL CAPAC ITY CAPACI TY
VESSELS
( BARRE L S )
( BARREL S )
VESSELS
VESSELS
( BARRE L S )
PER VESSEL
49
COASTW I SE
21
COASTW I SE -GREAT LAKES
12
GREAT LAKES
1 30
L I M I TED COASTW I SE
1 10
L I M I TED GREAT LAKES
3 , 141
LAKES , BAY S , SOUNDS
262
OCEANS
R I VERS-GREAT LAKES
247
R I VERS .
709 , 081
387 , 1 34
1 38 , 486
2 , 1 0 5 , 579
1 , 593 , 4 3 3
4 7 , 405 , 59 7
8 , 693, 285
3 , 972
63 , 7 6 5 , 408
TOTAL
3
455 , 4 7 3
67 , 472
1 01
1 6 , 966 , 264
2 , 7 32 , 8 1 3
1 05
G- 1 1
1 7 , 489 , 209
52
21
13
1 30
110
3 , 141
363
1 , 1 64 , 554
387 , 1 34
205 , 958
2 , 1 0 5 , 579
1 , 593 , 433
4 7 , 405 , 59 7
2 5 , 659 , 549
22 , 395
1 8 , 435
1 5 , 843
1 6 , 197
1 4 , 486
1 5 , 093
70 , 687
247
2 . 732 , 8 1 3
1 1 , 064
4 , 07 7
81 , 2 54 , 61 7
1 9 , 930
TABLE G-5
U.S. FLAG TANK SHIPS WITH CURRENT USCG CERTIFICATES
BY YEAR BUllT
SOURCE : USCG
YEAR
BUILT
19
20
24
26
27
28
29
30
31
33
34
38
41
42
43
44
45
47
48
49
50
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
NUMBER OF TOTAL CAPAC I TY
VESSELS
( BARRELS)
1
2
2
2 , 372
1 3 , 506
32 , 701
1 ' 573
90
95
1
2
236
797
5 , 000
1 , 095
2 1 , 000
3 3 , 202
8 , 500
1 5 , 600
1 93
22 , 1 4 1
839 ' 74 7
65
354
867
1 , 22 7
2 7 , 016
2 , 402
1 56
1 4 , 402
7 6 , 874
2 8 , 324
1
3
1
2
4
1
2
1
2
3
1
2
3
2
4 , 330
791
2
4 2 , 274
5 , 700
4
1
2
6 , 637
38 , 000
30 , 429
1 ' 020
1
2
3
3
2
2
5
6 , 296
4 8 , 059
657
5 5 , 308
28 , 837
8 , 187
557
NUMBER OF TOTAL CAPACITY
VESSELS
( BARREL S )
TOTAL VESSELS
NUMBER OF TOTAL CAPAC I TY CAPAC I TY
VESSELS
( BARREL S )
P E R VESSEL
1
2
2
1
1
2
1
3
1
4
3
1 55 , 349
627 , 292
567 , 567
2
6
7
1
1
3
4
1
4
7
7
6
5
4
1
3
5
2
2
4
8
8
7
6
6
10
12
11
14
13
10
233 , 295
875 , 375
1 , 20 5 , 193
4 2 3 , 437
1 , 1 84 , 084
1 , 746 , 526
1 , 81 7 , 567
1 , 851 , 678
1 , 465 , 486
1 , 506 , 498
274 , 355
599 , 908
1 , 850 , 422
795 , 2 37
943 , 36 1
1 , 1 9 6 , 741
2 , 864 , 7 56
3 , 286 , 400
3 , 302 , 1 18
2 , 965 , 595
4 , 963 , 701
5 , 57 5 , 365
5 , 850 , 065
9 , 061 , 332
1 1 , 1 1 8 , 31 6
8 , 468 , 4 1 0
6 , 809 , 1 4 3
G- 1 2
1 5-Apr-88
MAR 1 1 5 . 1
2
2
5
7
2
6
10
9
6
6
5
1
5
6
2
6
5
10
8
8
6
7
12
15
14
16
15
15
2 , 37 2
1 3 , 506
3 2 , 701
1 , 5 73
90
95
236
797
5 , 000
1 , 095
2 1 , 000
3 3 , 202
8 , 500
1 5 , 600
1 55 , 542
64 9 , 433
1 . 4 0 7 , 31 4
65
354
867
234 ' 522
902 , 391
1 , 2 0 7 , 595
4 2 3 , 593
1 ' 1 98 , 486
1 , 82 3 , 400
1 , 845 , 89 1
1 , 85 1 , 678
1 , 4 69 , 81 6
1 , 50 7 , 289
2 74 , 355
64 2 , 1 82
1 , 856 , 1 22
795 , 2 37
949 , 998
1 , 234 , 74 1
2 , 89 5 , 185
3 , 286 , 400
3 , 303 , 1 38
2 , 96 5 , 595
4 , 96 9 , 997
5 , 62 3 , 424
5 , 850 , 722
9 ' 1 1 6 ' 640
1 1 , 1 4 7 , 1 53
8 , 4 7 6 , 59 7
6 , 809 , 700
2 , 37 2
6 , 7 53
1 6 , 351
1 , 573
90
95
236
399
5 , 000
1 , 095
2 1 , 000
11 ' 067
8, 500
1 5 , 600
77, 771
1 08 , 239
2 0 1 , 04 5
65
354
434
1 1 7 , 261
1 80 , 4 78
1 72 , 5 1 4
2 1 1 ' 797
1 9 9 , 748
1 82 , 34 0
205 , 099
308 , 6 1 3
244 , 969
301 , 4 58
2 74 , 355
1 28 , 436
309 , 354
397 , 61 9
1 58 , 333
2 4 6 , 948
289 , 5 1 9
4 1 0 , 800
4 1 2 , 892
494 , 266
7 1 0 , 000
468, 6 1 9
390 , 04 8
651 ' 1 89
696 , 69 7
565 ' 1 06
4 53 , 980
TABLE G-5 (Continued)
U.S. FLAG TANK SHIPS WITH CURRENT USCG C ERTI FICATES
BY YEAR BUlLT
YEAR
BU I LT
VESSELS
( BARREL S )
BO
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
2
4
2
TOTAL
AVERAGE AGE
( YEARS )
VESSELS
( BARRELS)
TOTAL VESSELS
NUMBER OF TOTAL CAPAC I TY CAPAC I TY
VESSELS
( BARREL S )
PER VESSEL
4
15
7
7
5
4
4
3
1 , 66 1 , 002
4 . 638 , 1 94
3 , 4 7 7 , 649
3 , 7 37 , 604
1 , 832 , 3 1 3
7 5 1 , 66 7
2 , 1 50 , 1 02
1 , 863 , 1 6 7
4 1 5 , 251
309 . 2 1 3
496 , 80 7
533 , 94 3
366 , 463
3
4
3
1 , 639 , 264
4 , 63 7 , 983
3 , 4 7 7 . 363
3 , 737 , 4 24
1 , 832 , 31 3
725 , 967
2 , 1 50 , 1 02
1 , 863 , 1 6 7
1 , 4 74 , 732
211
103 , 648, 1 55
296
1 05 , 1 22 , 887
355 , 1 4 5
35 . 9
16.2
13.4
20.0
13.7
2 1 , 738
211
286
180
2
11
5
6
5
2 5 , 700
85
29 . 4
G- 1 3
187 , 91 7
537 , 526
6 2 1 , 056
TABLE G-6
U.S. FLAG TAN K BARGES WITH CURRENT USCG CERTIFICATES
BY YEAR BUlLT
1 5 -Apr-88
MAR 1 1 5 . 1
SOURCE : USCG
NUMBER OF
YEAR
BUILT
13
VESSELS
( BARREL S )
2
15
21
TOTAL CAPAC ITY
1
NUMBER OF
VESSELS
TOTAL CAPAC ITY
( BARRE L S )
TOTAL VESSELS
NUMBER OF
TOTAL CAPAC I TY
( BARREL S )
VESSELS
CAPACITY
PER VESSEL
3 , 746
7 , 492
2
7 , 492
5 , 984
1
5 , 984
5 , 984
6 , 500
1
6 , 500
6 , 500
1 B , 797
1 B , 797
1 4 , 243
4 , 748
3
9 , 680
3 , 22 7
2
5 , 485
2 , 743
24
1
1 8 , 797
1
26
3
1 4 , 243
3
28
3
9 , 680
29
1
31
2
1 , 800
1
5 , 485
1 , 800
1 , 800
32
1
2 , 640
1
2 , 640
2 , 640
33
4
2 7 , 1 56
4
2 7 , 1 56
6 , 789
34
6
57 , 24 7
6
5 7 , 24 7
35
6
2 7 , 500
6
2 7 , 500
36
6
3 1 , 1 31
6
37
15
� . 902
15
38
1
1 , 620
39
5
36 , 305
1 2 1 , 686
41
21
25
42
18
1 64 , 682
43
23
1 5 9 , 1 29
44
9
7 1 , 1 95
40
1
5
21
157, 141
45
21
2 1 5 , 61 4
46
13
82 , 680
25
140 , 168
130 , 889
1
18
24
3 1 ' 131
9 , 54 1
4 , 583
5 , 1 89
� 902
6 , 32 7
1 , 620
1 , 620
.
36 , 305
1 2 1 , 686
157 , 141
1 64 , 682
7 , 261
5 , 795
6 , 286
9 , 1 49
299 , 297
1 2 ,471
10
202 , 084
2 0 , 208
21
215 , 614
1 0 , 267
13
82 , 680
6 , 360
8 , 98 1
47
25
224 , 520
25
224 , 520
48
47
5 7 3 , 853
47
5 7 3 , 85 3 .
49
49
669 , 846
49
669 , 846
1 3 , 670
50
16
1 79 , 22 6
16
1 7 9 , 22 6
1 1 , 202
12 ,210
51
47
785 , 51 3
47
785 , 51 3
16, 713
52
26
434 , 236
26
434 , 2 36
1 6 , 701
53
13
200 , 488
54
25
266 , 42 1
55
46
56
47
57
67
690 , 580
479 , 487
887 , 372
572 , 739
58
57
59
53
60
61
79
1 , 062 , 2 7 2
86
896 , 437
62
77
63
85
64
95
65
1 05
13
265 , 609
1
1 , 402 , 439
1 5 , 422
25
266 , 42 1
1 0 , 657
46
690 , 580
1 5 , 01 3
48
745 , 096
1 5 , 52 3
67
887 , 372
1 3 , 244
57
572 , 739
1 0 , 048
7 14 , 1 78
1 3 , 475
79
1 , 062 , 2 72
1 3 , 446
86
896 , 43 7
53
7 14 , 1 78
1 , 044 , 796
200 , 488
77
229, 609
1
86
1 0 , 424
1 , 044 , 796
1 3 , 569
1 , 632 , 048
18, 977
1 , 2 1 9 , 500
95
1 , 2 1 9 , 500
1 2 , 83 7
1 , 47 6 , 388
1 05
1 , 4 76 , 388
1 4 , 06 1
G- 1 4
TABLE G-6 (Continued)
U.S. FLAG TANK BARGES WITH CURRENT USCG CERTIFICATES
BY YEAR BUlLT
YEAR
NUMBER Of
TOTAL. CAPACITY
VESSELS
( BARREL S )
66
135
2 , 208 , 1 38
67
1 79
2 , 688 , 404
BU ILT
NUMBER Of
TOTAL. CAPAC I TY
TOTAL VESSELS
NUMBER Of
TOTAL CAPAC I TY
( BARRELS)
CAPAC I TY
PER VESSEL
( BARREL S )
VESSELS
1
53 , 095
1 36
2 , 26 1 , 2 33
1 6 , 62 7
2
191 , 94 3
181
2 , 880 , 34 7
1 5 , 914
VESSELS
68
182
3 , 206 , 04 1
3
244 , 081
185
3 , 450 , 1 2 2
1 8 , 649
69
1 46
2 , 592 , 383
2
227 , 585
148
2 , 81 9 , 968
1 9 , 054
70
1 54
2 , 814 , 145
5
786, 229
1 59
3 , 600, 374
22 , 644
71
1 38
2 , 560 , 4 1 2
6
865 , 72 7
144
3 , 426 , 1 39
2 3 , 793
72
92
1 , 620 , 3 1 3
6
763 , 236
98
2 , 383 , 549
24 , 322
3
4 7 7 , 316
1 66
3 , 486 , 02 6
2 1 , 000
73
163
3 , 008, 7 1 0
74
195
3 , 762 , 574
3
6 1 3 , 201
1 98
4 , 375, 775
22 , 1 00
75
182
3 , 6 1 9 , 407
6
844 , 4 7 7
1 88
4 , 463 , 884
2 3 , 744
76
1 33
2 , 463 , 603
9
1 , 209 , 225
1 42
3 , 672 , 828
2 5 , 865
77
127
1 , 97 0 , 886
2
1 59 , 809
1 29
2 , 1 30 , 695
1 6 , 51 7
78
1 54
2 , 482 , 242
3
429 , 206
1 57
2 , 91 1 , 448
1 8 , 544
79
1 37
3 , 01 9 , 884
7
1 , 145 , 7 1 1
1 44
4 , 1 65 , 595
28 , 928
80
286
4 , 446 , 163
10
1 , 372 , 085
296
5 , 81 8 , 248
19 , 656
81
208
3 , 469 , 952
16
3 , 1 90 , 02 7
224
6 , 65 9 , 979
29 , 732
82
64
1 , 7 7 5 , 52 1
8
1 , 292 , 656
72
3 , 068 , 1 7 7
42 , 614
33
51 9 , 1 49
1
1 , 785
34
520, 934
1 5 , 322
84
8
1 78 , 943
3
842 , 004
11
1 , 020 , 94 7
92 , 81 3
83
12
1 4 1 , 989
1 1 , 832
8 , 160
7
83 , 430
1 1 , 91 9
4
2 , 005 , 376
9
2 , 045 , 755
2 2 7 , 306
63, 765 , 408
105
1 7 , 489 , 209
4 , 07 7
8 1 , 254 , 61 7
1 9 , 930
16.8
10.9
9.6
18.3
15.2
85
12
1 4 1 , 989
86
6
75 , 2 70
87
5
40 , 379
3 , 972
18.5
TOTAL
AVERAGE AGE
( YEARS)
G- 1 5
DE SCRIPT ION OF THE PR INC IPAL U . S .
INLAND WATERWAYS
The following is an a lphabet ic l i s t of 23 inland waterways of the
United States including river mileages , controlling depths , name or number
of each lock fac i l ity , and the s ize of lock chamber . The phys ical s ize o f
each lock may not necess ar i ly indicate the maximum s ize o f the tows us ing
each waterway . For example , some of the locks are long enough to handle a
1 , 190 foot tow while others will require double or multiple lock ing . Some
waterways have other restraints , such as vertical bridge c learances ,
approach bends , and low water conditions , which dictate the s ize o f the
tow .
Flooding affects the operation of the locks in d i fferent ways
depending upon the des ign of each fac i lity . For example , most of the dams
on the upper Miss i s s ippi River are the movable weir type that can be
lowered during high water to allow the vessels to pass over the dam
without lock ing ; however , some of the newer locks on the upper M i s s i s s ippi
and ·the newer dams on the Ohio River are f ixed structures and locking
condit ions prevai l full t ime , with no bypass provi s ions , unt i l the water
reaches a maximum operational level and lock ing procedures cease due to
high water .
1.
ALABAMA- COOSA RIVERS : The Alabama River proj ect length is 3 0 5 m i les
from its j unction with the Tombigbee River to about 10 miles above
Montgomery . The Coosa River is 286 mi les long from Wetumpka to Rome ,
Georgia .
WATERWAY/ LOCK
NAME OR NUMBER
RIVER
MILE
WIDTH
( FEET )
LENGTH
( FEET )
LIFT
( FEET )
Alabama River
Claiborne
Millers Ferry
Robert F . Henry
81 . 2
84
142 . 3
84
245 . 4
84
G- 1 6
60 0
600
600
30
48
45
2.
ALLEGHENY RIVER : The Allegheny River proj ect extends 72 miles from
East Brady , Pennsylvania , to Pittsburgh .
WATERWAY/ LOCK
NAME OR NUMBER
Allegheny River
L&D 2
L&D 3
L&D 4
L&D 5
L&D 6
L&D 7
L&D 8
L&D 9
3.
RIVER
MILE
6.7
14 . 5
24 . 2
30 . 4
36 . 3
45 . 7
52 . 6
62 . 2
WIDTH
( FEET )
LENGTH
( FEET )
56
56
56
56
56
56
56
56
360
360
360
360
360
360
360
360
LIFT
( FEET )
ll
14
ll
12
12
13
18
22
ARKANSAS RIVER ( McCLELLAN-KERR ARKANSAS RIVER NAVIGATION SYSTEM ) :
The McClennan-Kerr Arkansas River Navigat ion System extends from
Catoosa , Oklahoma , on the Verdigris River to the waterway ' s j unct ion
with the Mis s i s s ippi River ( 45 0 m i les ) . The Arkansas system includes
the lower most 10 mi les of the White River . The Arkansas system has a
proj ect depth of nine feet and proj ect widths of 25 0 feet on the
Arkansas River , 150 feet on the Verdigris River for 5 0 miles , 300 feet
in the White River , Arkansas Post Canal , which connects the White and
Arkansas Rivers , and the short tributary San Bo i s Creek .
WATERWAY/ LOCK
NAME OR NUMBER
RIVER
MILE
WIDTH
( FEET )
Norrell
Lock 2 & Mills Dam
L&D 3
L&D 4
L&D 5
David T . Terry
Murray
Toad Suck
Ormond
Dardanelle
Ozark
James W. Trimble
W. D. Mayo
Robert S . Kerr
Webbers Falls
Chouteau ( Verd . R )
Newt Graham ( Verd . R)
10 . 3
13 . 3
50 . 2
66 . 0
86 . 3
10 8 . 1
125 . 4
155 . 9
176 . 9
205 . 5
256 . 8
292 . 8
3 19 . 6
336 . 2
36 6 . 6
401 . 5
421 . 6
1 10
llO
llO
llO
llO
llO
llO
llO
llO
llO
llO
llO
llO
llO
llO
llO
llO
G- 1 7
LENGTH
( FEET )
600
60 0
600
60 0
60 0
60 0
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
LIFT
( FEET )
30
20
20
14
17
18
18
16
20
55
34
20
21
48
30
21
21
4.
ATCHAFALAYA RIVER : The Atchafalaya River extends from its j unction
with the Miss iss ipp i River about seventy - s ix mi les above Baton Rouge
to its j unct ion with the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway at Morgan C ity ,
Lou i s i ana ( 12 1 mi les ) . The Red and Atchafalaya Rivers share a s ix
m i le long common channe l cal led the Old River immediately west o f
their j unction with the M i s s i s s ippi River . The Atchafa laya R iver
proj ect channel , including the six mile Old River , is twelve feet deep
and 125 feet wide .
WATERWAY/ LOCK
NAME OR NUMBER
RIVER
MILE
WIDTH
( FEET )
LENGTH
( FEET )
LIFT
( FEET )
120 0
35
Atchafalaya ( Old ) River
Old River
5.
3 04 . 0
75
ATLANTIC INTRACOASTAL WATERWAY : The Atlanti c Intracoastal Waterway
consists of the 8 3 3 m i le long Atlant ic Intracoastal Waterway from
Norfolk to the St . Johns River , about 20 miles east of Jacksonv i l l e ,
Florida , and the 3 7 0 m i le long Intracoastal Waterway from Jacksonv i l l e
to Miami . The AIWW includes the 62 m i le long Albermarle and
Chesapeake Canal Route and the 65 mi le long D i smal Swamp Route . The
main channel , 7 3 9 miles on the AIWW and 3 4 9 mi les on the IWW , accounts
for about 90 percent of the total length of 1 , 2 0 3 mi les . The proj ect
depths are 1 2 feet in the main channel , except for 6 feet in the
D ismal Swamp Canal itself and 9 to 10 feet on the rest of the Route .
The proj ect widths are 9 0 feet on the AIWW main channel and 125 feet
on the IWW main channel , except for 50 to 100 feet on the D i smal Swamp
Canal Route and 125 to 300 in some r iver and open water portions o f
the AIWW .
WATERWAY/ LOCK
NAME OR NUMBER
RIVER
MILE
WIDTH
( FEET )
LENGTH
( FEET )
LIFT
( FEET )
Albermarle and Chesapeake Canal Route
Great Bridge
11 . 5
75
60 0
3
33 . 2
10 . 6
52
52
300
300
12
12
Dismal Swamp Canal Route
South Mills
Deep Creek
G- 1 8
6.
BLACK WARRIOR-MOBILE RIVERS : The Mob i le-Tombigbee-Black War r ior
Rivers system is 453 miles long from Mob ile Bay to the head of
navigation northwest of Birmingham on Locus t , Mulberry , and S ipsey
Forks .
WATERWAY/ LOCK
NAME OR NUMBER
RIVER
MILE
WIDTH
( FEET )
365 . 7
34 7 . 0
338 . 1
261 . 7
110
llO
95
llO
LENGTH
( FEET )
LIFT
( FEET )
Black Warr ior River
John Ho llis Bankhead
Holt
Wm . Bacon Ol iver
Selden ( Warrior )
7.
60 0
60 0
460
60 0
68
64
28
22
COLUMBIA RIVER ( COLUMBIA- SNAKE RIVERS INLAND WATERWAYS ) : Thi s segment
includes the Co lumbia River from Bonneville Lock and Dam ( m i l e 146 ) to
the tr i - cities of Pasco , Kennewick , and Ri chland , Washington , ( mi le
3 3 8 ) , j ust above its j unct ion with the Snake River ; and the Snake
River from its j unction with the Columbia River to Johnson ' s Bar
Land ing , Idaho ( mi le 2 3 3 ) , 92 mi les above Lewiston , Idaho ( m i le 14 1 ) .
The Columbia River proj ect depth is 27 feet from Bonnev i l l e Lock and
Dam to the Dalles Lock and dam , 15 feet from the Dalles Lock and Dam
to McNary Lock and Dam , and 14 feet to Ri chland . The proj ect w idth on
the Columb ia River is 300 feet below the Dallas Lock and Dam and 250
feet above it . The proj ect dimens ions on the Snake River are 14 feet
deep and 250 feet wide to Lewiston and two feet deep thereafter .
WATERWAY/ LOCK
NAME OR NUMBER
RIVER
MILE
Columbia- Snake Waterway
Bonneville
Bonnevi l le ( u . canst . )
The Dalles
John Day
McNary
Ice Harbor
Lower Monumental
Little Goose
Lower Gran ite
146 . 0
146 . 0
19 0 . 0
215 . 0
282 . 0
9.7
41 . 6
70 . 3
107 . 5
G- 1 9
WIDTH
( FEET )
76
86
86
86
86
86
86
86
86
LENGTH
( FEET )
500
675
675
675
675
675
675
675
675
LIFT
( FEET )
65
65
88
llO
75
100
98
98
100
8.
CUMBERLAND RIVER : The Cumber land River exist ing proj ect extends from
Cel ina , Tennessee , near the Kentucky state l ine , 3 8 5 miles to its
mouth near Smithland , Kentucky and inc ludes the nearly two m i l e long
Barkley Canal .
WATERWAY/ LOCK
NAME OR NUMBER
RIVER
MILE
WIDTH
( FEET)
30 . 6
148 . 7
2 16 . 2
3 13 . 5
llO
llO
84
84
LENGTH
( FEET )
LIFT
( FEET )
Cumberland River
Bark ley
Cheatham
O ld Hi ckory
Cordell Hul l
800
800
400
400
57
25
60
59
9 . GREEN AND BARREN RIVERS : The Green and Barren Rivers proj ect inc ludes
about 198 miles to its mouth near Smithland , Kentucky and inc ludes the
nearly two mile long Barkley Canal .
WATERWAY/ LOCK
NAME OR NUMBER
RIVER
MILE
Green/ Barren Rivers
L&D 1
L&D 2
L&D 3�'{
9.1
63 . 1
108 . 5
L&D 4''·
L&D 1
149 . 0
15 . 0
"
*
Not operat ional
G- 2 0
WIDTH
( FEET )
LENGTH
( FEET )
84
84
36
36
600
600
138
138
56
360
LIFT
( FEET )
12
14
17
10 .
GULF INTRACOASTAL WATERWAY : This segment cons ists of the Gulf
Intracoastal Waterway ( GIWW ) from Apalachee Bay near St . Marks ,
Florida , to the Mexican border at Brownsvi l l e , Texas 1 , 1 1 3 mi les ,
including the GIWW alternate route from Morgan C ity to Port Allen ,
Louis iana ( 64 mi les ) ; the Apalachicola , Chattahcochee , and F l int
Rivers ( 29 7 miles ) ; and the Pearl River ( 5 8 mi les ) . The main channel
proj ect depth for the GIWW and the alternate route is 12 feet deep and
125 feet wide , except for 150 feet wide between the M i s s i s s ippi River
and Mobile Bay portion of the GIWW-East . There are about f ifteen GIWW
s ide channels and tributar ies rang ing from two to 3 5 mi les long and
the usual dimens ions are 12 feet deep and 125 feet w i de or 9 by 1 0 0
feet . The GIWW connects with nine non- fuel taxed waterways and 2 3
harbors along the Gulf Coast with over 250 , 000 tons o f traf f i c .
WATERWAY/LOCK
NAME OR NUMBER
RIVER
MILE
WIDTH
( FEET )
LENGTH
( FEET )
Gulf Intracoastal Waterway
Inner Harbor
Harvey Lock
Alg iers Lock
Bayou Boeuf
Leland Bowman Lock
Calcas ieu Lock
Brazos River E . F ldgt
Brazos River W . Fldgt
Colorado River E . Lock
Colorado River W . Lock
92 . 6
98 . 2
88 . 0
93 . 3
162 . 7
238 . 5
404 . 1
404 . 1
444 . 8
444 . 8
75
75
75
75
110
75
75
75
75
75
640
425
760
1156
1200
1 20 6
17
20
18
11
5
4
1200
1200
5
5
GIWWz Morgan City - Port Allen Route
Port Allen
227 . 6
Bayou Sorrel
131 . 0
84
56
1202
747
45
21
AQalachicola2 Chattahooche2 and F l int Rivers
106 . 3 1
Jim Woodruff
154 . 3
George w . Andrews
Walter F . George
18 2 . 8
82
82
82
450
450
450
33
25
88
Pearl River
Lock 1
Lock 2
Lock 3
65
65
65
310
3 10
310
17
15
11
28 . 7
40 . 8
14 . 0
G-2 1
LIFT
( FEET )
11 .
ILLINOIS WATERWAY ( CALUMET- SAG CHANNEL ) : The I l l ino i s Waterway
includes four sections . The lower section is 300 feet wide and
extends from the waterway ' s mouth at the M i s s i s s ipp i near Grafton ( 38
miles above St . Louis ) to Lockport , with 2 7 3 mi les on the I l l in o i s
River and 1 8 . 1 mi les o n the DesPlaines River . The center sect ion on
the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal is 160 feet wide and extends 12 . 4
mi les from the Lockport to the j unction with the Calumet- Sag Channel .
From the j unction , the third sect ion follows the Chicago San i tary and
Ship Canal and South Branch of the Chicago River to Lake Street and
the Chicago River for 2 2 . 1 mi les with channels 160 - 3 0 0 feet wide . The
fourth section , from the j unct ion to O ' Brien Lock and Lake Calumet via
the Calumet-Sag channel and Little Calumet and Calumet R ivers , i s 23 . 8
mi les long and 225 feet wide . All four sect ions total 349 m i les with
proj ect depths of n ine feet deep . The remaining d i stances to Lake
Michigan are via the deep draft Chicago River and Chicago Harbor from
Lake Street and Lake Calumet and Calumet Harbor and R iver from O ' Br ien
Lock .
WATERWAY/ LOCK
NAME OR NUMBER
RIVER
MILE
WIDTH
( FEET )
80 . 2
15 7 . 5
23 1 . 0
244 . 6
271 . 5
286 . 0
29 1 . 1
32 6 . 5
327 . 2
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
80
LENGTH
( FEET )
LIFT
( FEET )
I l l inois Waterway
LaGrange L&D
Peoria L&D
Starved Rock L&D
Marsei lles L&D
Dresden I s land L&D
Brandon Road L&D
Lockport Lock
T . J . O ' Br ien Lock
Chicago Harbor Lock
12.
60 0
60 0
60 0
60 0
60 0
60 0
60 0
1000
60 0
10
11
19
24
22
34
40
5
KANAWHA RIVER : The Kanawha River proj ect extends from Deepwater , West
Virginia (mile 9 1 ) to its mouth at Po int Pleasant , West Virginia .
WATERWAY/ LOCK
NAME OR NUMBER
RIVER
MILE
Kanawha River
Winfield
31 . 1
Winfield ( u . canst . )
Marmet
31 . 1
67 . 8
G- 2 2
WIDTH
( FEET )
56
56
110
56
56
LENGTH
( FEET )
360
360
800
360
360
LIFT
( FEET )
28
28
28
24
24
13.
KENTUCKY RIVER : The Kentucky River extends about 2 5 5 mi les from its
formation near Beattyv i l l e , Kentucky , but only the lower 8 2 miles to
Lock and Dam 5 are operated and maintained for commerc ial navigat ion .
WATERWAY/ LOCK
NAME OR NUMBER
RIVER
MILE
Kentucky River
L&D 1
L&D 2
L&D 3
L&D 4
4.0
31 . 0
42 . 0
65 . 0
14 .
WIDTH
( FEET )
38
38
38
38
LENGTH
( FEET )
LIFT
( FEET )
145
145
145
145
8
14
13
13
LOWER MISSISS IPPI RIVER : The Lower Mi s s i s s ipp i River extends from
the mouth of the Ohio River at Cairo , I l l ino is , to Baton Rouge ,
Louis iana ( 7 25 miles ) . Channel s ize and river condit ions for the
Lower M i s s i s s ippi River differ markedly from that of its f ive
tributar ies .
It has an authorized proj ect chnnel depth of twelve feet
that has been constructed and maintained to n ine feet and a proj ect
width of 300 feet .
1 5 . MIDDLE MISSISSIPPI :
This segment includes the Miss i s s ipp i River from
the mouth of the Missour i River to the mouth of the Ohio River ( 19 5
mi les ) , the Missour i River from S ioux City , Iowa , t o i t s mouth ( 7 3 5
miles ) , and the Kaskaskia River from Fayettev i l l e , I l l ino i s , to its
mouth ( 3 6 mi les ) . The proj ect depth is 9 feet . Proj ect channel
widths on the Miss iss ippi River are 300 feet north to St . Louis and
200 feet from St . Louis to the Missour i River . They are 2 2 5 feet on
the Kaskaskia River and 300 feet on the Missour i River , except for a
250 foot limitation from Miami to the mouth .
WATERWAY/ LOCK
NAME OR NUMBER
RIVER
MILE
WIDTH
( FEET )
LENGTH
( FEET )
L&D 2 7 Main chamber
L&D 2 7 Aux . chamber
Kaskask ia
185 . 1
185 . 1
0.8
110
110
84
1200
600
600
G- 2 3
LIFT
( FEET )
21
21
32
16.
UPPER MISSISS IPPI RIVER : The M i s s i s s ippi River between the M i s s our i
River and Minneapol i s has been improved for navigat ion by a system of
2 8 locks and dams . The nine foot deep channel stretches 6 6 3 m i les
from mile 145 to mi le 858 at the head of navigation w i th the proj ect
w i dth being 200 feet up to Lock and Dam 22 (mile 3 0 1 . 2 ) , but none are
spec i f ied for further upr iver .
WATERWAY/ LOCK
NAME OR NUMBER
RIVER
MILE
WIDTH
( FEET )
Upper St . Anthony Falls
Lower St . Anthony Falls
No . 1
No . 2
No . 3
No . 4
No . 5
No . Sa
No . 6
No . 7
No . 8
No . 9
No . lO
No . 11
No . l2
No . l3
No . l4
No . l5
No . l6
No . l7
No . l8
No . l9
No . 20
No . 2 !
No . 22
No . 24
No . 25
No . 26
No . 26 Aux Chamber
No . 26 Main ( u . constr . )
No . 26 Aux ( u . constr . )
853 . 9
853 . 3
847 . 6
815 . 0
7 69 . 9
752 . 8
7 38 . 1
728 . 5
7 14 . 0
7 02 . 0
679 . 0
647 . 0
615 . 0
583 . 0
556 . 0
5 22 . 0
493 . 9
482 . 9
457 . 2
437 . 1
4 10 . 5
3 64 . 2
3 43 . 2
324 . 9
301 . 2
273 . 4
241 . 4
20 2 . 9
202 . 9
56
56
57
57
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
80
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
1 10
110
110
110
110
110
110
G- 2 4
LENGTH
( FEET )
400
400
400
500
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
320
600
600
600
600
1200
600
600
600
600
600
600
360
1 2 00
600
LIFT
( FEET )
49
25
38
12
12
8
9
5
6
8
11
9
8
11
9
11
11
16
9
8
10
38
10
10
10
15
15
24
24
24
24
17.
MONONGAHELA RIVER : The Monongahela River i s formed by the j unction of
the Tygart and West Fork Rivers at Fairmont ( mi le 1 29 ) , West Virgin i a ,
and flows north to Pittsburgh .
WATERWAY/ LOCK
NAME OR NUMBER
RIVER
MILE
Monongahela River
L&D 2
11 . 2
L&D 3
23 . 8
L&D 4
41 . 5
Maxwell
61 . 2
L&D 7
Grays Landing ( u . canst . )
L&D 8
Pt . Marion ( u . canst . )
Morgantown
Hi ldebrand
Opeki ska
85 . 0
82 . 0
90 . 8
90 . 8
102 . 0
108 . 0
1 15 . 4
G- 2 5
WIDTH
( FEET )
LENGTH
( FEET )
LIFT
( FEET )
110
56
56
56
56
56
84
84
56
84
56
84
84
84
84
720
360
720
360
720
360
720
720
360
720
360
720
600
600
600
9
9
8
8
17
17
20
20
15
15
19
19
17
21
22
18 .
OHIO RIVER : The Ohio R iver i s formed by the j unction of the A l legheny
and Monongahela Rivers at Pittsburg and f lows generally southwestward
for 9 8 1 mi les to j o in the M i s s i s s ippi River near Cairo , I l l inoi s .
RIVER
MILE
WIDTH
( FEET )
Emsworth
9 74 . 8
Dashields
967 . 7
Montgomery
949 . 3
New Cumberland
926 . 6
Pike Is land
896 . 7
Hannibal
8 54 . 6
W i llow Is land
8 19 . 3
Bel lev i l le
777 . 1
Rac ine
743 . 5
Gall ip o l i s
701 . 8
Gall ipo l i s ( canst . )
279 . 2
Greenup
640 . 0
Mel dahl
544 . 8
Markland
449 . 5
McAlp ine
374 . 2
Cannelton
260 . 3
Newburgh
204 . 9
Uniontown
135 . 0
Smithland
35 . 3
L&D 5 2
42 . 1
L&D 5 3
18 . 4
110
56
l lO
56
llO
56
llO
110
llO
llO
llO
llO
llO
llO
llO
llO
llO
llO
llO
llO
llO
llO
llO
llO
llO
llO
llO
llO
llO
llO
llO
llO
llO
llO
llO
llO
llO
llO
100
llO
llO
llO
llO
llO
llO
WATERWAY/ LOCK
NAME OR NUMBER
LENGTH
( FEET )
LIFT
( FEET )
Ohio River
Olmstead ( PED )
G- 2 6
600
360
600
360
600
360
1 20 0
600
1200
600
1200
600
1200
600
1200
600
1200
600
600
360
1200
600
1 20 0
600
1 20 0
600
1 20 0
600
1 20 0
600
360
1200
600
1 200
600
1200
600
1200
1200
1200
600
1200
600
1200
1200
18
18
10
10
18
18
21
21
21
21
21
21
20
20
22
22
22
22
23
23
23
23
30
30
30
30
35
35
37
37
37
25
25
16
16
18
18
22
22
12
12
12
12
1 9 . 0UACHITA-BLACK RIVERS : The Ouachita and Black Rivers extend from
Camden , Arkansas to the j unct ion with the Red River in Lou i s iana ( 35 0
miles ) . The proj ect channel is nine feet deep and 1 0 0 feet wide .
WATERWAY/LOCK
NAME OR NUMBER
RIVER
MILE
WIDTH
( FEET )
LENGTH
( FEET )
LIFT
( FEET )
Ouachita & Black Rivers
Jonesville
Columbia
Felsenthal
Thatcher
25 . 0
117 . 2
226 . 8
28 1 . 7
84
84
84
84
600
600
600
600
30
18
18
12
20 . RED RIVER : The Red River proj ect now under construction extends from
Shreveport , Lou i s i ana , to its j unct ion with the Atchafalaya R iver ( 23 6
mi les ) s ix mi les west of the M i s s i s s ipp i River . The Red River proj ect
is author i zed for a channel nine feet deep and 200 feet w i de . By the
end of 198 7 , those dimens ions w i l l exist to Lock and Dam No . 3 ( about
mile 140 at Colfax ) .
WATERWAY/ LOCK
NAME OR NUMBER
RIVER
MILE
WIDTH
( FEET )
LENGTH
( FEET )
LIFT
( FEET )
600
600
600
36
Red River
L&D 1
Overton
L&D 3 ( Under Canst . )
28 . 7
88 . 0
140 . 0
G- 2 7
84
84
84
2 l . TENNESSEE RIVER : The Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway , which extends from
its j unction w ith the Tennessee River near the intersect ion of the
Tennessee , Alabama , and M i s s i s s ippi state borders to the confluence of
the Black Warr ior River w ith the Tombigbee River , is 234 mi les long .
The proj ect depth is nine feet except for twelve feet in the canal and
divide sect ions o f the Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway . The proj ect
width is 200 feet on the r ivers and 300 feet on the waterway , except
for 2 8 0 feet in the divide cut .
The Tennessee River proj ect includes 652 miles from the j unction of
the French Broad and Holston Rivers at Knoxville to the mouth at
Paducah , Kentucky and about 6 1 miles on the Cl inch River to Cl inton ,
Tennessee .
WATERWAY/ LOCK
NAME OR NUMBER
RIVER
MILE
WIDTH
( FEET )
49 . 1
89 . 8
117 . 6
140 . 0
154 . 0
159 . 3
174 . 0
181 . 0
189 . 0
194 . 9
llO
llO
1 10
llO
llO
llO
llO
110
llO
llO
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
36
27
27
27
30
25
25
30
30
84
22 . 4
206 . 7
llO
llO
llO
60
60
110
1 10
60
110
60
110
60
60
60
75
600
600
1 00 0
300
292
600
600
400
600
360
600
360
360
360
400
56
55
55
94
LENGTH
( FEET )
LIFT
( FEET )
Tennessee- Tombigbee WW
Gainesville
Alicevi lle
Columbus
Aberdeen
A
B
c
D
E
Bay Springs
Tennessee / C l inch Rivers
Kentucky
Pickwick
( u . const . )
Wilson
259 . 4
Wheeler
2 74 . 9
Guntersv i lle
3 49 . 0
N ickaj ack
Chickamauga
Watts Bar
Ft . Loudon
Melton H i l l ( C lnch R )
424 . 7
471 . 0
529 . 9
602 . 3
23 . 1
G- 2 8
94
48
48
39
39
39
49
58
72
58
22 . WHITE RIVER : The White River extends from Newport , Arkansas , to its
j unct ion with the Arkansas system ( 244 miles ) . The White River i s
maintained a t a minimum width of 125 feet and depth o f f ive feet , but
eight feet when the stage reaches twelve on the C larendon gauge , from
the Arkansas system ( mile 10 ) to Augusta ( mi le 199 ) and a minimum
width of 100 feet and depth of 4 . 5 feet from the Augusta to Newport .
23 . WILLAMETTE RIVER : The W i llamette River above Port land (mile 14 ) to
Corvallis ( mile 132 ) and the Yamhill River to mile 7 i s maintained at
8 feet to the locks at Oregon City ( mile 2 6 ) and w idths of 2 0 0 feet to
Cedar Island ( mi le 2 3 ) and 150 feet from there to Oregon C ity . Above
Oregon City, the ma intained dimens ions are 3 . 5 feet or less deep and
150 feet wide .
.
WATERWAY/ LOCK
NAME OR NUMBER
Willamette River
Lock No . 1
Lock No . 2
Lock No . 3
Lock No . 4
Guard Lock
RIVER
MILE
26 . 0
26 . 0
26 . 0
26 . 0
26 . 4
G-2 9
WIDTH
( FEET )
40
40
40
40
40
LENGTH
( FEET )
210
210
210
210
210
LIFT
( FEET )
20
10
10
10
10
APPENDIX H
GWSSARY
APP END I X H
GLOS SARY
aer i a l patro l -- the u s e o f an a i rc r a f t at l ow a l t i tude and s peed
to obs erve the p ipe l ine r i ght - o f-way .
Amer ican Wat erways Ope rators - - nongove rnme n t a l organ i z a t i o n ,
composed o f barge and towboat own e r s and operators o n
navigable c o a s ta l a n d i n l and waterway s , t h a t provide s i n for
ma t ion on s a f e ty , s h i pbu i lding , and maintenance .
It a l s o
provi d es c omm i t t e e l i a i s on with the U . S . C o a s t Guard , U . S .
Army Corp s o f E ng ine e r s , the Mar it ime Admi n i s t rati o n , and
the F eder a l C ommun i c a t ion s Commi s s io n .
Army Corps o f E n g i n e e r s - - that port i on o f the U . S . Army tha t
h a s the r e s pon s ib i l i ty for p l ann ing , improvi n g , and main
taining the n a t i o n ' s wate rway s i n c lu d i n g h arbor s .
a s pha l t i c - - a c rude o i l having a predom i n an t b a s e o f a s pha l t ,
with very l i t t l e para f f in wa x , but o f ten r e l a t ively h igh in
s u l fur , oxygen , and n i trogen c ontent .
T his type of c rude
o i l is pa r t i c u l ar l y s u i tab le for mak i ng h igh-qual i ty
g a s o l ine , lub r i c a t ing o i l , and a s pha l t .
back f i l l -- s o i l repl aced in the d i t ch to cover the p i pe .
the a c t o f cover ing the p i pe in the d i tch .
Al s o ,
barge - - general n ame g iven to a fl at-bo ttome d ve s s e l e spec i a l l y
adapted for transporting bulk c a rgoe s .
B ar ge s c an b e s e l f
prope l l ed , towed , o r pu shed .
barrel -- the s tandard un i t o f l i quid vo l ume i n the pe tro leum
i ndus try ; equa l s 4 2 u .s. ga l l on s .
batches - - homogeneous quan t i t i e s o f pe tro l eum s h ipped through a
pipe l i ne u s ua l ly having a spec i f i ed min imum ac c eptab l e s i z e .
B / D -- l i qu id vo lume s in barre l s per day
of barre l s per d a y ) .
( e . g . , MB / D - - thou s ands
boo s te r pump s ta t i o n - - a pump ing fac i l i ty at an interme d i ate
location th at i n c r e a s e s the f l ow rate of a p ipe l ine .
breakout tankage - - a s t orage fac i l i ty c o n s i s t i n g o f one o r more
tanks u s ed to accommodate petro l eum b e tween p ipe l i n e s or
b e tween p ipe l i n e s egme nts with d i f f er e n t pump i ng rate s .
bulk c a r r i e r - - a c a r r i e r engaged i n transport ing c ommodi t i e s
such a s petro leum that are not packaged , c anned , drummed , o r
oth erwi se packed .
H- 1
bunk e r i ng - - to f i l l a ship ' s s torage c omp artment with c o a l
or oil .
buoy
an anchored f l oating ob j e c t th at s e rve s a s an a i d to
mar i n e r s , mark i n g the navi gab l e l im i t s of chan ne l s , sub
me rged dange r s , i s o l a ted rock s , e t c .
cabotage ( l aws ) - - l e g i s l a tion des igned to s pe c i fy trade route s
be twe e n two p o i n t s within a country o r w i t h i n c o a s t a l
water s .
capa c i ty - - the max imum vo lume that a pipe l i ne c an move b e tween
two po i n t s du r i ng a g iven time per iod u s ing e x i s t i ng equ i p
ment .
I t depend s on p i p e l ine d i ame te r ; p i pe l i ne l e ngth ;
pump ing equ ipment ; intermediate l o c a t i on s ; p ipe l i n e topogra
phy ; and p e tro leum v i s c o s ity , temperature , and gravi ty .
c a r r i e r - - an i ndividu a l , partner s h ip , or c orpor a t ion engaged i n
the bu s i ne s s o f tran sport ing goo ds .
catho d i c p r o t e c t i o n - - me thod o f preventing c o r ro s ion o f
p i p e l i ne s , tank s , and o ther met a l ob j ec t s b y app lying weak
DC current to c ounteract the current s a s s o c i a ted w i th ion
exchange o f c o r ro s ion .
C l ean A i r Ac t
common t erm for the C l ean A i r amendme n t s o f 1 9 7 0
that s e t i n mo t i on n a t i onwide fede r a l and s t ate programs to
a ch i eve h e a l t h f u l air qu a l i ty by e s tab l i sh in g nat i o n a l
s t andards o f amb ient a i r qua l i ty .
C le a n Water Ac t - - c ommo n l y u s e d term for the 1 9 7 7 ame ndmen t s to
the F e d e r a l Water P o l lution Contro l Ac t that e x tended U . S .
n a t i o n a l j ur i s d i c t i on for c on tro l to the o c e an beyond the
cont iguous zone wh e r e the f i sh er i e s and o th e r natur a l
re sour c e s o f t h e U . S . may b e adve r s e ly a f fe c t e d .
Coa s t Guard - - an agency o f the u.s. Department o f T r a n s portat i on
re spo n s ib l e for providing for the s a fety o f peop le and
Th i s e n c omp a s s e s such
property a s s oc i a ted wi th the water .
areas a s n avig a t i o n a l a i d s y s tems , c ommun i c at i o n s y s tems ,
ve s s e l tra f f i c s y s tems , c argo in format ion , po l lu t i o n p r e
ven t i on , l i c e n s in g o f mar ine personne l , i n s p e c t i o n a n d c e r
t i f i c a t ion o f ve s s e l s u s e d in the marine t r a n s p o r t a t i o n o f
pe tro l eum and h a z ardous c a rgo e s , e t c .
common c a r r i e r
transportation l i ne or s y s tem c a r r y ing per s o n s
or goods f o r c omp ens a t i on , impa r t i a l l y f o r a l l p e r s o n s o r
sh ipper s .
common-carr i e r p i p e l i n e - - a p i p e l ine with the autho r i ty and
respon s ib i l i ty ( s t ate or fede r a l ) to provide pub l i c t r an s
porta t i on for h i r e .
common s tr eam - - movement o f s im i l a r typ e s o f pe tro l eum with a
common r ange .
H- 2
contaminat i on - - mix ing o f sma l l amoun ts o f p e t r o l eum into a
l arger batch , adve r s e l y a f f e c t i ng the qua l ity o f the l a r ge r
batch .
contract c a r r i e r - - any p er son , partne r s h i p , o r c orporation , not
a c ommon c a r r i e r , that transports pa s s en g e r s o r property for
compe n s at ion under i nd i vidual contrac t s or a greeme n t s .
corro s i on - - the e xch ange o f ions o f a me t a l ob j ec t ;
re ferred t o a s " ru s t i ng . "
crude o i l - - raw ,
c ommon l y
unr e f i ned pe tro l eum or hydro c arbon l i quid .
cus tody -- taking po s s e s s ion o f and re spons ib i l i ty for
title or own e r s h i p o f ) a petrol eum s h i pme n t .
( but not
cyc l e -- a s eque nce o f p i p e l ine moveme n ts ( for e xamp l e ,
g a s o l ine-kero s i n e- j e t fue l -No . 2 fue l o i l - k e ro s i n e - g a s o l i ne )
wh i ch i s repeated on a c on s i s tent b a s i s ; u s ua l l y f ive ,
s even , or ten days in l en gth .
de s t inat ion ( un l oading p o i n t )
cons igned o r de l ivered .
- - p l ace to wh ich a s h ipme nt i s
di spatcher s - - p ipe l i ne per sonnel who c ontro l the s y s t em from a
ce nt r a l l o c a t i on .
d i s t i l late - - petro leum produc t s such a s k e r o s ine ,
d i e s e l fue l , a nd No . 2 fuel o i l .
j e t fue l ,
d itch ing ma ch ine - - me chan i c a l equ i pme nt u sed to d i g the d i tch .
dra ft -- the depth o f a ve s s e l below the wa ter l i ne .
dry bu lk tank s - - d e s i gne d for transporting c eme n t , f l ou r , e tc .
and could , with mod i f i c a t i on , transport l i quid c ommod i t i e s .
dry-docking -- a s y s tem d e s i gned to l i ft a ve s s e l o r barge out o f
water for r e p a i r or c l e an in g .
duc t i le - - characte r i s t i c o f s te e l wh ich re f e r s to i t s
be ndab i l i ty .
DWT
( d e adwe ight to n s ) - - the c a rrying c apac ity o f a s h ip i n ton s
of 2 , 2 4 0 pound s ; t h e d i f f erence b etwe en a s h i p ' s d i s p l a c e
m e n t l i ght and h e r d i s p l a c ement loade d .
Environme ntal Imp a c t S t ateme nt ( E I S ) -- the wr itten eva l u a t i on ,
requ i red by l aw , o f the e f f ect on the envi ronmen t o f a
prop os ed pro j ec t .
Envi ronme nt a l P r o t e c t ion Agency ( EPA) - - an i ndependent fede r a l
age ncy i n t h e execut ive branch th at coord i na te s gove rn
me n t a l a c t i o n i n reg ard to the environment .
H- 3
feeder l i ne s - - a p ip e l i ne de l iver ing p e t r o l eum i n to a c ommo n
carr i e r p i pe l i ne .
frac t i onator - - a p r o c e s s ing plan t wh i c h s ep a r at e s n a t u r a l g as
l i qu i d s i nto the mark e table c ompone n t s ethane , p r opane ,
butane , and natu r a l g a s o l i nes .
fung ible
produc t s or c rude o i l s o f l ik e c h a r a c te r i s t i c s wh ic h
can be mixed wi thout downgrad ing .
gath e r i ng s y s tem - - the n e two rk o f sma l l l ine s u s e d to c o l l e c t
crude o i l a n d g a s l i qu i d s from ind i v i dua l produc t i o n un i t s
or f ac i l i t i e s .
gene r a l -purpo s e - type tanks - - tank s u s e d conven t iona l l y for
petro l eum produ c t s and noncorro s ive chem i c a l s , e tc . ; c an be
t op or bot tom loading , top or bot tom u n l o a d i n g ; de s i gned fo r
moderate o r no p r e s s ure .
gravity - - the we i ght per un i t me a sure o f petro l eum l i quid ,
usua l l y expre s s ed i n e i ther degre e s AP I o r r e l a ted to wate r
a s a s pe c i f i c gravity .
AP I g ravity is a me a s ure of d e n s i ty
in deg re e s AP I ; s p e c i f i c grav i ty i s the we i gh t p e r un i t o f a
l i qu i d a s r e l ated to water .
gravi ty- s u l fur bank - - a s y s tem o f accounting u s e d on common
s t r e am p i p e l i n e s whe re a s h ipper is c ompe n s ated o r p en a l i z e d
for s h ipp i n g c rude o i l s o f better qua l i ty ( h i gh grav i ty , l ow
s u l fur ) o r l e s s e r qu a l i ty ( l ow gravi ty , h i gh s u l f ur ) than
the qua l i ty o f the c ommon s tream .
Gul f I n tr ac o a s ta l Wa t e rway - - the nav i g a b l e 1 , 8 0 0 -mi l e waterway
from Brown sv i l l e , Texas to St . Marks , F l o r i d a .
hydr au l i c
the u s e o f f l owing pres s ur i z ed f lu i d in c y l inder s to
ope r a te v a l ve s and o th e r c ontro l s .
hydro s t a t i c te s t - - the te s t o f a p i p e l ine p r i o r t o o p e r a t i on
dur i ng wh i ch i t i s f i l l ed with wa ter and p r e s s u r i z ed to a
leve l that w i l l s ub j e c t p i p e , welds , and o th e r c ompo n e n t s to
a s t re s s o f not mor e th an 1 0 0 percent o f s p e c i f i ed m i n imum
y i e ld s tr en gth ( SMYS ) o f the p ipe and not l e s s than 9 0 pe r
c e n t o f t h e SMYS .
T h e s y s tem i s s e a l e d o f f f rom e x t e r n a l
pre s sure s ou r c e s and t h e p r e s s ur e i s ma i n t a i ne d a n d recorded
for up to 24 h ou r s .
i nh i b i to r s - - sma l l amo un t s o f spec i a l chemi c a l s i n j e c ted into
th e p i pe l i ne a s required to e l im i n ate i n t e r n a l c o r ro s ion i n
p i pe l i n e s and s to r a ge tanks .
integrated tug b ar ge - - a tandem ve s s e l arr angeme n t c on s i s t ing o f
an o c e an go i n g tug and an unmanned o c e an barge , j o i ned to
gether w i th a r i g i d but quick- r e l e a s e connec t i on .
Rigidly
conne c ted tug barge s c omb ine the s peed a n d man e uve r ab i l ity
o f a s h ip with the ec o nomi c s of a tug and barge .
H- 4
interchange po int - - location at wh ich a s h i pme n t , i n the c o u r s e
o f tran sport a t i o n , i s d e l ive red by one r a i l r o a d t o anoth e r .
inter face - - the p o i n t or area at wh ich two d i s s im i l a r produ c t s
or grades o f c rude o i l me e t in a p i p e l i n e a s they are
pumped , one behind the other .
i n ters tate tra f f i c - - tra f f i c moving from one s t ate to another
s tate ; between p o i n t s in the s ame s t ate , but p a s s ing
within or through another s tate en route ; and betwe e n p o i n t s
in the Un i t ed S t a t e s and fore ign countr i e s .
intr a s t ate tra f f i c - - tr a f f i c h aving i t s o r i g i n , d e s t i n a t i o n ,
entire transportation within the s ame s t a t e .
and
j o int rate - - a t ar i f f a s s o c ia ted wi th the moveme n t o f p e t r o l eum
th rough two or more p ip e l in es , from an o r i g i n a l po i n t on one
p ip e l ine to a de s t i na t ion po int on another d e l i ve r i n g p i p e
l i ne , wh ere the tar i f f may be equa l to or lower than t h e s um
o f the individu a l loca l ta r i f f s .
j o i nt -venture p i p e l i ne
e i the r :
( l ) a corpo r a te j o int
venture i n wh i c h two o r more compan i e s own s tock in a
p i pe l i ne c ompany ; or le s s freque n tly ( 2 ) the u nd i v i d e d
The c o rporate j o int v e n ture i s norma l l y
i n te re s t s y s tem .
f inanced b y u s e o f throughpu t agreeme n t s and p r ivate p l a c e
ment loan s ; i t contrac ts f o r c o n s t r u c t i o n o f p i pe l in e fac i l
i t i e s , pub l i sh e s ta r i f f s under i t s corporate n ame ; and
arranges for the per formance o f a l l ope r a t i o n s , mainte nance
and record-k e ep i ng .
The board of d i r e c t o r s of the c ompany
exerc i s e s fu l l c on tro l by e s tab l i s h in g the f i nanc ing pro
gram , t a r i f f r a te s , and the c ap i ta l and o p e r a t ing budg e t .
Jo n e s Ac t - - c ommo n l y u s ed term for the Merchan t Mar ine Ac t o f
1 9 2 0 that prov i d e s for the protec t ion o f the u.s. merchant
fleet by ex c luding for e i gn-bu i l t , owned , o r operated s h ip s
The Jone s Ac t cove r s a l l
from the U . S . dome s t i c trade s .
waterborne tran s po r t a t i on b e tween U . S . por t s , inc ludin g
i n l and waterway s a n d the Great Lak e s , and the o c e anborne
t r ade betwe e n the U . S . ma i n l and and A l a s k a , H awa i i , and
Puerto Rico ; a l s o d e s ignates a l l ve s s e l p e r s onne l , l ong
shoremen , and harbor workers a s " s e amen " and wards o f the
fede r a l c ourt .
l i ghter - - to convey by a f l a t-bot tome d b a r ge to o r from s h ip s .
l i ne f i l l - - the p e t r o l eum c ontained in a l l p ipe s , mani fo l d s ,
pump and va lve bod i e s , and the bottoms o f tanks u s e d by
p ipe l ine s .
LNG
( l ique f i ed natur a l gas ) - - natu r a l ga s b e c ome s a l iqu i d at
minus 2 5 8 ° F and may be s to red and t r a n s ported i n the l iqu id
s tate .
H-5
lo ad ing t ime - - the t ime requ i red for t r a n s po r t i n g e qu i pment
to be s po t ted , inspec ted , lo aded , and r e l e a s ed to move .
It
var i e s from sh ippe r t o s h ipper , and i s c on t i ngent o n s h ipper
fac i l i t i e s ; i . e . , conge s t i on with in f a c i l i t i e s , age o f
fac i l i t y and equ i pment , etc .
l o c a l tra f f i c - - tra f f i c moving between p o i n t s on s ame c ar r i e r .
lock - - a phy s i c a l s tructure on a wate rway made up o f one o r
more c h amb e r s that a l lows ve s s e l s t o bypa s s unnav i g a b l e
are a s by l i f t i n g or l owe r ing t h e ve s s e l in the chambe r s
th rough a f l ooding and empty ing proc e s s .
loop - - the c o n s tru c t i on o f a pipe l i ne p ar a l l e l to an e x i s t i ng
l i ne , usua l l y in the s ame ri ght-o f -way , to i n c r e a s e the
c apac i ty o f the s y s tem .
LPG
( l ique f i e d p e tro l e um ga s e s ) -- butane , propane , and e thane ,
wh i ch are s eparated from natu r a l and re f inery g a s e s by
fr a ct i o n a t i o n and are transported in l i quid form .
man i fo ld -- an a r r ay o f p i p i ng va lve s th at conne c t the t anks ,
pump s , and pipe l i ne s .
Mar i t ime Admi n i s tr a t i o n (MARAD ) -- an agency o f the u.s. Depart
ment of Comme r c e that adm i n i s t e r s programs to aid in the
deve lopment , promo t i on , and ope r a t i on of the u.s. merchan t
ma r i ne i ndus try , i nc lud ing emergency merchan t s h i p opera
tions .
max imum e c onom i c c ap a c i ty - - the max imum volume that a f u l l y
expanded p i pe l i ne c a n move economi c a l ly b e tween two po i n t s
wi thout c o n s tructing a loop .
MC s pec i f i c a t ion - - 3 0 0 , 3 0 1 , 3 0 2 , 3 0 3 , 3 0 4 , 3 0 5 , 3 0 6 , 3 0 7 , 3 1 0 ,
3 1 1 , 3 1 2 , 3 3 0 , and 3 3 1 , des ignated DOT ( De pa r tmen t o f T r an s
po rtation ) spe c i f i c a t i ons .
The part i c u l ar h a z ard c l a s s i f i
c a t i on and product characte r i s t ic s a re i nd i c a t ive o f the MC
spec i f i c a t i on tank to be u s ed .
navigational a i ds - - the equ ipment ( buoy marker s , l i ghthou s e s ,
rad i o beam s , e tc . ) e s tab l i shed and ma i n t a i ned by the C o a s t
Guard t o i n c r e a s e navi gat iona l s a fety and t o provide f a s t er
and mo re accurate ve s s e l -po s i t i on i n g capab i l i t i e s .
navi gational f ac i l i t i e s - - the l ocks , dams , moo r i ng f ac i l i t i e s ,
harbo r s , p o r t s , e tc . , th at are bu i l t , rep l ac e d , and m a i n
t a i ned i n o r d e r to provide a n e f f ic ient waterborne t r a n s
portation s y s tem .
NGL
( n a tu r a l g a s l iqu ids ) -- h igh vapor pr e s s ur e , hydroc arbon
l iquids s eparated from we t natu r a l gas and move d by p i p e
l i ne to a frac t i onation fac i l i ty whe re t h e c omponent s are
s eparated i n to ethane s , propane s , butane s , and natura l
gasol ine .
H- 6
nomin ate - - the proce s s by wh ich a s h ipper no t i f i e s a p i p e l i ne
c ompany o f the amount o f pe tro l eum he w i s h e s to s h ip dur ing
th e next month .
Noti f i c at i on is u s ua l l y done by l e tter or
t e l e gr am .
non- spec i f icat ion tanks - - the s e tanks are u t i l i z ed for the
transportation o f c er tain petro l e um produ c t s and o th e r
produc ts n o t c o n s idered h a z ardou s , i . e . , a s pha l t , c e r t a i n
road o i l or s u r f ac i ng mate r i a l s , grea s e s , and e d i b l e
produc ts .
Oc cupat ional S a fety and Health Admin i s tr a t i o n ( OS HA ) - - a u n i t o f
the U . S . Departmen t o f Labor that deve l o p s and promu l g a t e s
occupation a l s a fety and h e a l th s t andard s , deve lops and
i s sue s regu l a t ions , condu c t s inve s t i g a t i o n s and i n s p e c t i o n s
to de termine regu l atory comp l ianc e , a n d i s s ue s c i t a t i o n s and
propo s e s pena l t i e s for noncomp l i an ce with s a f e ty and h e a l th
s tandard s and r e g u l a t i on s .
para f f i n i c crude - - a c rude o i l having a pr edomi nant b a s e l i quid
that , when s eparated by a d i s t i l l a t i on proc e s s , i s used in
the manu fac ture of wax e s and lub r i c a t i n g o i l s .
petrol eum pro duc t - - broad de f i n i t io n o f ga s o l i ne s , d i s t i l l a te s ,
and heat ing o i l s - - the output o f a petro l eum re f inery .
pipe l i ne contractor - - one who spec i a l i z e s
fac i l i t i e s .
in bui ld ing p i p e l ine
pneuma t i c - - u s e o f h i gh-pre s s ure a i r to operate valves o r o ther
contro l s .
pour point -- the temper ature at wh ich a l i quid wi l l not read i l y
flow or at wh i c h i t c ongea l s .
private c a r r i er - - any per son , par tn e r s h i p , or c o rpo r a t ion o th e r
than common o r c o n t r a c t carrier th at t r a n s p o r t s i t s own
prop e r ty , and the transpo r t a t i on fur t h e r s o f i t s own commer
c i a l enterpr i s e .
pr ivate l i ne - - a p i pe l ine owned and operated to move o n l y the
owne r comp any ' s c rude o i l , LPG /NGL , o r pr oduc ts .
pro duc t d i s tr ibution terminal - - a fac i l i ty c o n s i s t i ng o f
s tor age t ank s , pump ing equ ipment , mete r s , and load i n g doc k s
where the product i s pumped into trucks o r tank c a r s for
de l ivery to bulk p l ant s or s e r v i c e s ta t i o n s .
Term i na l s
norma l ly rece i ve products from p i pe l i n e s , b a r ge s , and
tank e r s .
pror a t i on - - a me thod o f apportioning pipe l i ne u s e whe n
nominated sh ippe r s ' vo lume s e x c e e d the p ipe l i n e c ap ac i ty .
r igh t-o f-way marke r s - - s i gns u s ed to phy s i c a l l y mark p i pe l i ne
c ro s s ings and r ou t es .
H-7
rou te - - ( a ) c o u r s e or d i r e c t ion a sh ipme n t move s ; ( b ) d e s igna
tion of mo tor c ar r i e r or rail l i n e s f rom po i n t o f or i g i n to
p o i n t of d e l ivery .
s c ow - - a l arge f l a t-bottome d boat with broad s quare e n d s .
sed iment - - a s ludge that accumu l a t e s in pipe l i ne s and t a nk s and
c o n s i s t s o f wax , mi l l s c a l e , d i r t , and other debr i s .
It is
pe r iod i c a l l y c l e aned out o f the fac i l i t i e s .
s e gregated - - produ c t s or c rude o i l moved through a p i p e l in e in a
manner that ma i n t a i n s the ident i fy and s p e c i f i c a t i on s o f
e a ch individual batch .
s emi - t r a i l e r - - a veh i c l e wi thout mo t ive powe r de s i gned to be
drawn or towed by another veh i c l e and so con s t r u c ted that
s ome p ar t of i t s we i ght is c a r r i e d by a towing veh i c l e .
sour crude o i l
c rude o i l having a s u l fu r content greater
than 1 percent ( by we igh t ) .
s u l fur c ontent - - the amount o f s u l fur i n c rude o i l , expr e s s ed a s
Th i s s u l fur c an be i n the form o f
a perc entage b y we i ght .
e l eme n t a l s u l fur , me r c aptan s u l fur , and / or hydrogen s ul f i de .
supervi s o ry equ i pment -- compute r s , graph i c pane l s , c a thode r ay
tube s , remo te t e l eme t ry un i t s , and other c omponen t s u s e d i n
the remo te co ntro l and mon i to r ing o f a p i pe l i ne .
swe e t c r ude o i l - - c rude o i l having a s u l fur content o f l e s s
than 0 . 5 p er c en t ( by we ight ) .
swing ind i c ator - - a navigation in s trumen t that s e n s e s and
ind i c a t e s the rate of tu rn or swing whe n a tow b e g i n s to
d i ve rt from s e t c our s e .
t ank barge ( c o a s t a l ) - - c arr i e s l i qu id c a rgo i n bulk , s towed i n
c argo t anks wi th i n the ve s s e l hu l l .
C a r go i s pumped aboard
and u n l o aded by shore termin al equ i pment o r the ve s s e l ' s
ins tal l e d pump ing s y s tem .
S i z e s range f r om 1 0 , 0 0 0 to 4 2 , 0 0 0
dead we i gh t ton s .
Approx ima te ly 4 , 2 5 2 a r e pre s en t ly i n
dome s t i c c o a s t a l s e rvi c e .
tank barge ( i n l and ) - - a c lo s ed b arge with mu l t i p l e tanks or
c ompartme n t s for th e c a rr i age of bulk l i qu i d s .
tank c a r - - r a i l c ar u s ed for transporting l iqu i d s i n bu lk .
It
i s c o n s truc ted i n a c c o rd ance with varying s p e c i f i c a t i on s ,
depending on the phy s i c a l prope r t i e s and c h a r a c te r i s t i c s o f
produ c t s to b e tran s ported .
tank farm -- a g roup o f tanks man i fo lded toge ther to provide
or i gin , d e s t i n a t i o n , or oper ation al s torage for p i p e l i ne
movemen t s .
H- 8
tar i f f - - the docume n t pub l i s hed by the c ommon - c a r r i e r p i p e l i ne
owner s e t t ing r a te s ch arged and rule s and regu l a t i o n s under
wh ich s ervi c e s wi l l be per formed .
I n t e r s tate c ommon c ar
r i e r s mu s t f i l e t a r i f f s with the Fede r a l E n e r gy Regu l a tory
Commi s s i on .
tar i f f rate - - the ch arge i n cents per barre l , s e t out i n the
pub l i shed t a r i f f , that a s h i pper mu s t pay for tran s portati o n
s ervice s .
tens i l e s trength - - the me as ure o f any mate r i a l ' s ab i l i ty to
with s t and te n s i l e s t re s s , or be ing pu l l e d apart .
S ome p i p e
s te e l s wi l l withs tand 7 0 , 0 0 0 po und s per s quare i n c h .
T i t l e XI - - the por tion o f the Me rchant Mar ine Ac t o f 1 9 3 6 a s
amended i n 1 9 7 0 that prov ide s for fede r a l a s s i s t an ce in the
f i nanc ing of tank ve s s e l s used s o l e l y in dome s t i c tr ade .
The Merchant Marine Ac t o f 1 9 7 0 , wh i c h amended the 1 9 3 6
Merch ant Mar ine Ac t , repre s en ts change s d e s igned to make the
Mar i t ime Admin i s tr a t ion Merchant Marine P r o g r am mo re
attrac t ive to private operator s .
tow - - one o r mo r e barge s pu s hed by a towbo at o r pu l l ed by a
tugbo a t .
tractor - - p ower veh i c l e d e s igned p r ima r i ly for dr awi ng or towing
oth e r veh i c l e s , but not con s truc ted to c a rry a l o ad o th e r
than p a r t o f the we ight o f the veh i c l e a n d l o a d s o dr awn .
tra i l er - - veh i c l e ( bu l k t ank ) without mo t ive power d e s i gned to
be dr awn by a tracto r and so c on s tructed that no p a r t o f i t s
we ight r e s t s upon the towing veh i c l e .
Al s o a s e c o nd
trai ler ; i . e . , pup attached to f i r s t tra i l e r w i th s i n g l e
tractor .
S pe c i f i c a t i o n s vary for phys i c a l prope r t i e s and
characte r i s t i c s o f produc t s c arr ied .
truck - - powe red veh i c l e with bulk tank on s ame c h a s s i s ( c apac i ty
in e xc e s s o f 3 , 5 0 0 gal l on s ) .
P o s s ib l e varying
s p e c i f i c a t i o n s due to character i s t i c s o f produc t s c a rr ied .
trunk l i ne - - a l arge - d i ame ter p ipe l i ne that u s ua l l y d e l ive r s
petroleum into a r e f i nery o r produc t i o n d i s tr i but i on
t e rmina l .
undivided i n tere s t - - a form o f p i p e l in e owne r s h ip i n wh i ch the
inve s to r s share in the p i pe l i ne c apac i ty a c c o r d i n g to th e i r
p e r cen ta ge o f own e r s h i p in the s y s tem .
E ac h pub l i s h e s a
tar i f f and c o l l e c t s i t s own revenue s .
One inve s to r i s
u s ua l l y emp l oyed to manage , s chedu l e , operate , and m a i n t a i n
the fac i l ities .
U.S.
f l ag f l e e t - - a l l s h i p s re g i s tered in the Un i ted S ta te s .
H- 9
Ve s s e l T r a f f i c S e rv i c e s (VTS ) - - an integrated s y s tem e n c ompa s s
ing the var i e ty o f te chno log i e s , equ i pmen t , and peop l e em
p l oyed to c o ordinate ve s s e l moveme n t s in or approac h i n g a
port or waterway .
v i s c o s i ty
the interna l re s i s tance to f l ow o f a f l u i d .
Th i s
charact e r i s t i c i s u s ua l l y meas ured i n S aybo l t S ec o n d s
U n ive r s a l ( S S U ) f o r p etro l eum l i qu i d s .
Th i s i s the t ime
requ i r ed for a s t andard quant i ty o f a l iqu i d to f l ow through
a s t andard or i f i c e at a s e t tempe r a ture .
waterway - - mo re than 2 5 , 0 0 0 m i l e s o f navigab l e r iv e r s , c a n a l s ,
and ch anne l s i n the U nited S t at e s , ma i n t a i ne d to a depth o f
a t l e a s t n i ne f e e t .
wax - - a component o f c rude o i l that wi l l gener a l ly s o l i d i fy at
norma l amb i e n t temperatures and tend to co l l e c t on pipe
wa l l s and on the s id e s and bo ttoms of tanks .
H- 1 0
INDEX
INDEX
A
Alaskan North Slope oil , 6, 7, 3 7 , 42-43
Crude oil pipelines , 5-7 , 35-45
All American Pipeline, 6 , 3 7 , 4 1
amount transported by, 6
common-carrier pipeline systems for , 42
changes since 1 9 7 9 , 38-43
prohibited export of, 42
construction of, 5, 40-4 1
Trans-Alaska Pipeline System, 6, 42
conversion to alternate service,
All American Pipeline , 6, 3 7 , 4 1
Angeles Pipeline, 43
B
6, 39
factors affecting utilization of, 36
future plans for, 43-44
Angeles Pipeline , 43
Pacific Texas Pipeline, 43
Batching, 25-26
Louisiana Offshore Oil Port system,
c
Canada
crude oil from , 36-38 , 40
LPG from, 5 , 58
Canadian National Energy Plan, 40
6, 9, 39, 6 3 , 65, 73
overview of, 36-38
by PADD, 3 6-3 7
Point Arguello Pipeline system, 7 , 42
Point Perdernales system, 6, 4 1
Trans-Alaska Pipeline System, 6 , 42
Clean Air Act , 33, 7 1
D
Clean Water Act , 33
Communications satellites, for pipeline
data, 23
Drag reducers , 1 8
Comprehensive Environmental Response
Compensation and Liability Act , 33
E
Crude oil
demand changes for, 5 , 38
Economic regulations , 33-35
import of, 36-3 8 , 40
Environmental Protection Agency (E PA) ,
movements of, 36-38
33, 7 1
production of, 6 , 40
Environmental regulations , 3 1 , 33
waterborne transportation of, 62
E xecutive summary, 5-12
IN-1
F
Farmers Union case, 33-34
J
Jones Act , 1 1 , 66-67
Federal E nergy Regulatory Commission
1 2 , 33
L
Opinion 1 54B , 33-34
The First Report of the Commission
on Merchant Marine and Defense,
66-67
Liquefied petroleum gas , 1
Canadian imports of, 5
changes since 1 9 7 9 , 52, 5 7
G
Gulf Intracoastal Waterway , 70- 7 1
definition of, 8
demand changes for, 5 , 5 7
distribution systems for, 8 , 5 2 , 54
gathering systems for, 8, 52-53
movements of, 5 1 -52
H
Hazardous Liquids Pipeline Safety Act ,
pipelines for, 5, 8, 5 1 -58
expansion of, 8
future plans , 5 7-58
storage of, 8, 52
1 2 , 29-30
mined caverns , 52, 56
I
Imports
of crude oil, 3 8 , 59-6 1
salt-dom e , 52, 55
supply changes for, 5 7
types and uses of, 5 1 -52
Louisiana Offshore Oil Port (LOOP),
6, 9 , 39, 63, 65, 73
fiom Canada, 36-38, 40
by geographic region, 60
by PAD D , 3 8
of L P G , from Canada, 5 , 5 8
o f petroleum products, 47-48, 6 1
o f residual fuel oil, 5 9
Inland waterway system, 9 - 1 0 ,
6 1 -62
changes since 1 9 7 9 , 64
constraints on, 10, 68- 7 1
construction proj ects of, 1 0
draft and length limits of, 9 - 1 0 , 6 1
Gulf Intracoastal Waterway, 70- 7 1
Inland Waterway User Board, 72
locks and dams of, 70
maintenance and rehabilitation of,
Maritime carriers , 9, 63-64
coastal tankers, 63
oceangoing tankers , 63
oceangoing tug-barge unit s , 63
port facilities for, 9
supertankers , 63
tank barges , 63-64
Ultra Large Crude Carriers , 9
U . S . flag tankers , 9
vessel construction, 9
Motor Carrier Act of 1 980, 78
70- 7 1
tank barges , 1 0
N
Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway,
1 0 , 62
Intelligent "pigs " , 23-24
Interstate Commerce Act , 33
Interstate Commerce Commission, 33
IN-2
National Petroleum Council reports
Petroleum Inven tories and Storage
Capacity, 1
Petroleum Storage & Transportation , 1
Petroleum Storage and Transportation
gathering vs . trunk lines, 1 9
history of, 1 5
interconnections of, 3
Capacities , 1
Natural Gas Pipeline Safety Act , 29-30
p
looping of, 1 9
maintenance of, 2 7-28
cleaning, 28
computer analysis, 28
Pacific Texas Pipeline , 43
corrosion control , 2 7-28
Petroleum Administration for Defense
leaks, 28
Districts (PADDs), 2
normal expansion capability of, 1 8
crude oil movements by, 36-37
operation of, 24-27
petroleum product movements by ,
46-47
Petroleum products . See also Product
pipelines
demand changes for, 5, 7, 47-48
line fill, 2 6
materials specifications , 2 5
product batching, 25-26
scheduling, 27
shipment nominations , 26
import of, 6 1
origin and delivery points of, 3
types of, 7 , 45
overview of, 5 , 1 5 - 1 6
Petroleum transportation system. See
also specific components
regulation of, 1 1 - 1 2 , 2 1 , 28-35 . See
also Regulations
definition of, 75
route selection for, 1 9
pipelines , 1 5-58
segregated v s . fungible , 2 5
tank cars/tank trucks , 4, 10- 1 1 , 75-79
size o f system, 5 , 1 5 - 1 6
waterborne transportation, 3-4, 8 - 1 0 ,
59-73
Pipelines, 1 5-58 . See also Crude oil
pipelines; Product pipelines
capacity of
Point Arguello Pipeline System, 7 , 42
Point Perdernales system, 6, 4 1
Port and Tanker Safety Act, 1 1 , 6 7
Product pipelines, 5 , 7 , 45-5 1
changes since 1 9 79 , 45-49
drag reducers and, 1 8
configuration of, 45
factors affecting, 20
construction of, 5, 7, 49-50
survey of, 1 -3
demand reductions and, 47
connection to break-out tanks , 20
effects of environmental issues on, 5 1
construction of, 20-24
future plans for, 49-5 1
history of, 20-2 1
investment in, 5 1
materials and methods for, 22-24
looping of, 7
planned expansion proj ects , 3, 1 8- 19
overview of, 45
recently completed proj ects, 3
by PADD, 46-47
regulation of, 2 1
products carried by, 7, 45
technological developments and, 2 1
R
cost of tonnage moved by, 1 6
decision t o build, 1 7- 1 8
design of, 1 7-20
Red River proj ect , 62, 73
determining size of, 1 8- 1 9
Regulations , 1 1- 1 2
forms of ownership of, 1 7
economic, 33-35
future investments in, 1 2
environmental, 3 1 , 33
IN-3
Federal E nergy Re gulatory
Commission, 1 2 , 33-34
Hazardous Liquids Pipeline Safety Act,
12, 29-30
trucks , 78-79
inventory of, 78-79
Motor Carrier Act of 1 980, 78
Tennessee-Tornbigbee Waterway , 10, 62
Jones Act , 1 1 , 66-67
Trans-Alaska Pipeline System (TAPS) , 6 , 42
Natural Gas Pipeline Safety
Trans-Panama Pipeline System
Act, 29-30
(Panapipe) , 42
need for reform in, 35
Transportation Act of 1 980, 76
for pipelines, l l - 1 2 , 2 1 , 28-35
Transportation of E xplosives Act, 29
Port and Tanker Safety Act , 1 1 , 67
u
reduction of, 1 1 , 34-35
for tank car/tank truck industries , 1 1 ,
Ultra Large Crude Carriers (ULCC) , 9, 63
76, 78
Transportation of E xplosives Act, 29
for waterborne transportation, 1 1 ,
v
7 1-72
Resource Conservation and Recovery
Act, 33
Very Large Crude Carriers (VLCC), 42, 63
w
s
Safe Drinking Water Act , 33
Safety
of public and personnel, 3 1
regulations on, 28-3 1 . See also
Regulations
of various transportation modes, 32
of waterborne transportation, 67-68
Scheduling, of pipeline shipments, 2 7
Scraper traps , 2 8
" Staggers Act " , 7 6
Strategic Petroleum Reserve , 3 9
Waterborne transportation, 3-4, 8 - 1 0 ,
59-73
cargo mix of, 6 1
changes since 1 9 7 9 , 64-68 , 72-73
constraints on, 1 0 , 68- 7 1
of crude oil, 62
domestic, 8-9 , 5 9 , 6 1
foreign, 8 , 5 9
high- and low-water conditions and,
69-70
industry perspective , 72
inland waterway system, 9 - 10, 6 1 -62
changes since 1 9 7 9 , 64
construction proj ects of, 10
draft and length limits of, 9 - 1 0 , 6 1
Tank cars/tank trucks , 4 , 1 0- 1 1 , 75-79
Gulf Intracoastal Waterway, 70- 7 1
effects of deregulation on, 1 1 , 76, 78
Inland Waterway User Board, 72
rail cars , 75-78
locks and darns of, 70
accessibility of, 76
capacity of, 75-76
maintenance and rehabilitation of,
70- 7 1
design changes in, 7 6
tank barges , 1 0
" Staggers Act " , 76
Tennessee-Tornbigbee Waterway, 10, 62
supply of, 76-78
services of, 10, 75
IN-4
Louisiana Offshore Oil P ort , 6, 9, 3 9 ,
63, 65, 7 3
maritime carriers , 9 , 63-64
changes since 1 9 7 9 , 64-68
regulation of, 1 1 , 7 1-72
coastal tankers , 63
vessels for, 65-68
oceangoing tankers , 63
cabotage laws, 66
oceangoing tug-barge units, 63
construction of, 9 , 65
cost of, 68
supertankers, 63, 65
effect of Port and Tanker Safety
tank barges , 63-64
Act, 6 7
Ultra Large Crude Carriers , 9
numbers of, 65-66
U.S. flag tankers, 9
shipbuilding and repair industries ,
vessel construction, 9
personnel for, 72
66-67
subsidies for, 65-66
IN-5
ORDER FORM
Profiles of Crude Oil and
Petroleum Product Pipeline Systems
of Companies Participating in the
National Petroleum Council's
1 988 Survey of U .S. Petroleum Pipelines
----------------------------------------------- ------------------
A p p e n d ices C , D , a n d E of Vol u m e V, Petro le um L iq uids
Transp o rtatio n , of the N ati ona l Petro l e u m C o u n c i l 's 1 989 report ,
Petroleum Storage & Transportation , present data a nd m a ps b ased
on N PC p i pe l i n e s u rvey data . This i nfo rmation is p resented on a
natio nal, regiona l , and major refi ning and pipe l i ne cente r a rea basis .
Add iti o n a l d eta i l ed i nfo rmation o n the p i p e l i n e c o m p a n i es that
partic ipated i n t h e su rvey was not i n c l uded i n Vo l u m e V b ut is
ava i la b l e fro m the N PC .
C o m pa ny p rofi l es were c o m p i l ed from
su rvey respo nses , p rovid i n g a b rief d escriptio n , m a p s , a n d data
sheets for each partici pating pipeline system .
A complete set of com pany profiles (approxim ately 600 pages)
covering 98 crude oil a nd petroleum product pipeli n e systems in the
United States is available at $75.00.
Order Form
Publ ications Department
1 625 K Street, N .W.
Washington, D.C. 20006
A check i n the amount of
S
is e n c l osed fo r
sets of the petroleum p i pe
line profi les .
Name
__
__
__
__
__
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__
Organ ization,
__
__
__
__
__
__
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Street
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C ity
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__
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__
__
_
__
__
__
__
__
State
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
_
Zip Code
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
_
__
Telephone N um be r
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
Profiles are shipped via United Parcel Service. A street address is required.
ORDER FORM
Profiles of Crude Oil and
Petroleum Product Pipeline Systems
of Companies Participating in the
National Petroleum Council·s
1 988 Survey of U .S. Petroleum Pipelines
A p p e n d ices C, D, and E of Vol u m e V , Pe tro le u m L iq uids
Transp o rta tion , of the N ationa l Petro l e u m C o u n c i l 's 1 989 report,
Petroleum Storage & Transportation, present data a nd m a ps b ased
on N PC p i pe l i n e s u rvey d ata . This i nfo rmatio n is p rese nted on a
natio nal, regiona l , and major refining and pipeline cente r a rea basis .
Additi o n a l d eta iled i nformation o n the p i p e l i n e c o m p a n ies that
p a rtic ipated i n the s u rvey was not i n c l ud e d i n Vo l u m e V b ut is
ava i la b le fro m the N PC .
C o m pa ny p rofil es were c o m p i led from
s u rvey respo nses , p rovid i n g a b rief descriptio n , m a ps , a n d data
sheets for each partici pating pipeline system .
A complete set of com pany profiles (approxim ately 600 pages)
covering 98 c rude oil and petroleum product pipeli n e systems in the
United States is available at $75.00.
Order Form
Publ ications Depa rtment
1 625 K Street, N .W.
Washington , D . C . 20006
A check in the amount of
$
is enclosed fo r
sets of the petroleum p ipe
line profiles .
___
__
_
N a me
__
__
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__
__
__
__
_
__
__
__
__
Organ ization
Street
__
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
C i�----State
__
__
__
__
__
_
__
__
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__
__
__
Zip Code
_
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
Telephon e N um be r
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
Profiles are shipped via United Parcel Service. A street address is required.
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Low resolution - The National Petroleum Council

Transcription

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