Mustervorlage für Vorträge der HBI Haerter Beratende Ingenieure

Transcription

Tunnelventilation
miljöventilation, brand rökgasevakuering
Dr. Rune Brandt, HBI Haerter, Zürich
HBI Haerter AS
Rådgivende ingeniører
Tunnelventilation
FOL_NVF_Rune_Brandt_HBI_v1_2010-10-20.ppt
1
Dr. Rune Brandt (HBI Haerter Ltd)
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HBI Haerter AS
CEO, HBI Haerter Ltd since 1998
Ph.D. (Cambridge, UK)
Eur Ing, M.Sc. (DTU, Denmark)
PIARC “Fire and Smoke Control”
ISO “Industrial Fans”
Tunnel Ventilation from Design to
Commissioning
Risk Assessment
Air-quality Studies
CFD and Measurements
International Project management
Tunnelventilation
2
Contents
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Objectives of tunnel ventilation
Development of vehicle emissions
Environmental ventilation
Normal operation
Longitudinal ventilation w and w/o momentum
Smoke management
Ventilation control
Design fires
Fixed fire-figthing systems – FFFS
Concluding remarks
HBI Haerter AS
Tunnelventilation
3
Objectives of tunnel ventilation
HBI Haerter AS

Normal operation:
in-tunnel air quality

Environmental ventilation:
influence on ambient airquality

Emergency ventilation:
smoke management
Tunnelventilation
Normal and environmental ventilation:
Vehicle emissions
Development in vehicle emissions
1000%
Normalised to Year 2010 = 100%
900%
75% Passenger Cars
15% Heavy-goods vehicles
10% Light duty vehicles
CO
NOX
Particulates
800%
700%
600%
500%
400%
300%
200%
100%
0%
1990
HBI Haerter AS
2000
2010
Year
2020
2030
Tunnelventilation
stringent ambient air-quality criteria

EU-directive 1999/30/EC threshold values of the ambient air quality
pollutant
PM10
NO2

statistical
value
by 1 January 2010
annual mean
20 μg/m3
daily mean
50 μg/m3 (≤ 7 h/year exceeded)
annual mean
40 μg/m3
hourly mean
200 μg/m3 (≤ 18 h/year exceeded)
Three distinct situations are to be considered:
a) Several inhabitants exposed to ambient air of worse quality than set by the airquality limits even without the project
=> portal air treatment probably needed
b) Several inhabitants exposed to ambient air of worse quality than set by the airquality limits in case of building the project
=> portal-air treatment perhaps (not) needed
c) Air-quality limits met or very few people exposed to worse air quality than set by
the air-quality limits
=> no portal-air treatment needed
HBI Haerter AS
Tunnelventilation
Typical situations of ambient air quality
pollutant
PM10 annual mean
PM10 daily mean
NO2 annual mean
NO2 hourly mean

urban area
residential area
rural area
air quality limit
exceeded
exceeded
generally met
at most locations
at some locations
exceeded
exposed to traffic
at some locations
exceeded
exceeded
at most locations
at some locations
air quality limit
exposed to traffic
generally met
air quality limit
air quality limit
generally met
generally met
Where air-quality limits are exceeded, then no
further deterioration is permitted if many people are
exposed
HBI Haerter AS
Tunnelventilation
Pollution-dispersion modelling
Pollution dispersion modelling:
Gauss (large area)
and
str.
numerical (“hot spots”) models
Vogelweide

Prin ze nr eg en
V
E in s te in s
te ns tr .
lw e
oge
id e p
la tz
tr.
Tru
de
r in
ge
rs t
r.
.
0m
HBI Haerter AS
50m
100m
Tunnelventilation
Environmental ventilation: methods
HBI Haerter AS
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Problem vitiated air at portal

Conventional solution: portal-air
extraction with high stack-flow
~18m/s
velocities (18m/s)
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Air-filtration e.g. in by-pass
Tunnelventilation
Environmental ventilation: Portal-air extraction

Conventional portal-air extraction (here for 300 m3/s)
or GRP stack fan (here for 400 m3/s)
HBI Haerter AS
Tunnelventilation
Environmental ventilation: Filtration
functional for PM10 but prototype for NO2
HBI Haerter AS
Tunnelventilation
Cost-benefit considerations
EUR / kg PM10
Method
Dispersion in large areas
- Portal air extraction (GRP-fan) without filtration
- Portal air extraction (conventional) without filtration
Removal of PM10 and dispersion of NO2 in large areas
- Portal air extraction with ESP
Reduce emissions at the source
- Truck with particle filter (retro-fit)
- New passenger car with particle filter
- New truck with particle filter
- Tax discount on low emission vehicles
- Integrated management of parking space in the city
- Road surface cleaning
HBI Haerter AS
400
950
1900
270
130
45
430
170
170
Tunnelventilation
Normal ventilation:
In-tunnel air-quality limits (PIARC)
Always used for
dimensioning
Traffic
situation
Max. CO
[ppm]
Only used in
some
countries
Max. Visibility
[km-1]
Average NO2
[ppm]
1999
2011
1
1
1995
2011
1995
2011
50 – 100
km/h
100
70
5
5
standstill
150
100
9
9
HBI Haerter AS
Tunnelventilation
Ventilation principles used for
normal operation
longitudinal
semi-transverse/transverse
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO = Concentration profile
CO
HBI Haerter AS
Tunnelventilation
Normal operation: Fehmarn Belt Tunnel
Longitudinal ventilation


200
16
2019: 880 cars and 220 HGVs
jet fans
flow velocity
150
100
8
50
4
0
0
120
0
HBI Haerter AS
12
20
40
60
80 100
Travel speed [km/h]
flow velocity [m/s]

19km long road and rail tunnel: Denmark-Germany
Immersed tunnel
Peak-hour 880 cars, 220 HGV
13’744 veh./day in 2038 (unidirectional traffic)
Jet fans [-]

Tunnelventilation
15
Normal operation: Stockholm Bypass
Longitudinal ventilation with air-exchange stations
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Stockholm Bypass
= Förbifart Stockholm
Tunnel length ~16km
Several entry and exit ramps
130‟000 vehicles/day
Air-exchange stations mainly needed
due to low threshold values of NO2
HBI Haerter AS
Tunnelventilation
16
Normal operation: Seelisberg (retrofit)
Longitudinal and semi-transverse ventilation
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Röhre Nord
Seitenansicht
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9.25km long dual-tube road tunnel
Retrofit project: 2 ½ years with bi-directional traffic
27’743 veh./day in 2027, 13% HGV
Longitudinal ventilation with jet fans
Additionally semi-transverse ventilation in order to
cater for bi-directional traffic
4 ventilation stations
Nord
LRU
1
Hufeisenprofil
LHA
2
3
Kreisprofil
LHU
4
Hufeisenprofil
5
Süd
LBU
Abluft
Zuluft
Röhre Nord: EP
Richtungsverkehr
Zuluft (unter Fahrraum)
Süd
Röhre Süd
Grundriss
Röhre Nord
Grundriss
Nord
Rütenen
HBI Haerter AS
Nord
t
Rådgivende
ingeniører
LRU
1
Hattig
Huttegg
Büel
Tunnelventilation
Hufeisenprofil
LHA
2
3
17
Kreisprofil
Hufeisenprofil
Süd
LHU
4
5
LBU
Normal operation: S1 Vienna Donau-Lobau
Longitudinal and transverse ventilation; portal-air extractions
Abluftventilator
Exhaust air
Zuluftventilator
Fresh air
Strahlventilatoren-Gruppe
Jet fan
Saccardo nozzle
Saccardo-Düsensystem
Damper
Absperrklappe
 8.3km long dual-tube road
Normalbetrieb, Stau in beiden Röhren

tunnel
with ramps
55’000 veh./day in 2025, 7% HGV
Strahlventilatoren in Rampe
Durchgehender Abluftkanal mit fernsteuerbaren Klappen
PAS
Saccardound PortalabluftAnlage
Südportal
bis 125 m3/s
bis 100 m3/s
Zuluftkanal
Zuluftkanal
Ereignis- und
BetriebslüftungsZentrale Süd BZ
bis 125 m3/s
bis 135 m3/s
PAN
Saccardound PortalabluftAnlage
Nordportal
Ereignis- und
BetriebslüftungsStation Nord BS
Durchgehender Abluftkanal mit fernsteuerbaren Klappen
Zuluftkanal
Zuluftkanal
Strahlventilatoren in Rampe
HBI Haerter AS
Tunnelventilation
Longitudinal ventilation: adding momentum
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Jet fans:
In-expensive
Maintenance requires tunnel
closure
Guide-vanes or slanting
silencers when close to tunnel
walls
HBI Haerter AS
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Saccardo nozzle:
Requires civil works
Easy to maintain without tunnel
closure
Combination with fresh-air
ducts possible
Tunnelventilation
Longitudinal ventilation: without momentum
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Semi transverse ventilation
Transverse ventilation
Point extraction
Air curtain
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Mechanical curtains
Rezirk
ulation
HBI Haerter AS
Tunnelventilation
Smoke-management:
limitations of longitudinal ventilation
=> no persons downstream
Non-congested unidirectional traffic: longitudinal smoke management is efficient
Congested or bi-directional traffic: people on both sides of fire =>
efficient longitudinal smoke management is not possible
?
?
HBI Haerter AS
Tunnelventilation
Smoke-management when persons on both
sides of fire is likely => smoke extraction
HBI Haerter AS
Tunnelventilation
Fire scenario with smoke extraction
(adapted animation from Ecosafe)
HBI Haerter AS
Tunnelventilation
Fire subsequent to accident
Fire with
smoke
Fire„s
location
is production
detected
Smoke-extraction
fans
at full the
capacity
Jet
fans
are
used
to
balance
Remote controlled dampers nearflow:
the
symetric
flow
from
both
sides
towards
the
fire are being openned
extraction zone.
Automatic plausibility tests of air-flow
measurements
Smoke is maintained within extraction zone
HBI Haerter AS
Tunnelventilation
Test of smoke extraction: ~50m3/s cold smoke
HBI Haerter AS
Tunnelventilation
Ventilation control (sensors):
Anemometers: accurate and reliable
HBI Haerter AS

1D ultra-sonic anemometers
measuring across the traffic
space

Calibration of anemometers in
tunnel

At least three anemometers in
order to enable plausibility tests

Automatic regular sanity tests

Plausibility test prior to each
control cycle
Tunnelventilation
Ventilation control (sensors)
Rapid and reliable detection of the fire location
Detection methods

Linear heat detector

Smoke detector

Smoke detection via visibility
measurements

Mess
wert
Auslösung 2
(Incident and smoke detection)
Schwellwert 2

Gradienten-Schwellwert
HBI Haerter AS
Switches: push bottoms, fire
extinguisher, SOS-Niche…
Auslösung 1
Schwellwert 1
CCTV

Manual by operator
Tunnelventilation
Ventilation and control strategy:
Ventilation control is automatic
E
MERGENCY
MAN.
Operator
man.
Manuel control operator
Fire man. services
Manuel control emergency services
EMERGENCY
Fire in zone
AUTOMATIC
Fire alarm, pre-alarm, etc..
Air-quality alarm
Air-quality alarm
Manual MANUAL
normal oper.
NORMAL
OPERATION
Tests
f. maintenace
Aut. maintenance
AUTOMATIC
Automatic
pollution
NORMAL OPERATION
Time-day-week prg.
HBI Haerter AS
Priority
FIRE NO COM
REVISION
Manuel control (equipment, locally, SCADA)
Maintenance/Test programm
Maintenance control
Polution control
Time control
Tunnelventilation
Design fires: size matters but in different ways
Smoke management

400
» Longitudinal ventilation:
=> limited additional costs
Minimum extraction rate
Typical longitudinal flow
Smoke-production rate
» Smoke extraction:
=> high additional costs
300
Flow rate [m3/s]
Designing for larger design fires
than needed:

For fires larger than the design fire,
the smoke management is efficient
and assist in saving lives

Heat release rates:
200
100
0
0
20
40
60
80
Heat-release rate [MW]
HBI Haerter AS
100
»
»
»
»
»
»
5 MW: passenger car
15 MW: light duty vehicle
20 MW: coach, bus
30 - 50 MW: Lorry, HGV
70 - 100 MW: articulated truck
200 – 300 MW: petrol tanker
Tunnelventilation
7
Design fires:
Fire size increases
proportionally
with air speed
Increasing
linear fire growth
6
Small scale h=6.9 m (0.3 m)
Full scale Benelux h=5.1 m
Linear approximation
5
6
5
4
4
3
3
1
2
2
1
0
Fire growth rate (dimensionless)
as a function of air velocity
Fire growth rate
7
0
00
11
HBI Haerter AS
5
22
33
44
5
Air velocity (m/s)
Air velocity [m/s]
66
77
Tunnelventilation
Design fires: Fixed fire-fighting systems
(sprinkler, deluge, water mist,…)




can be considered as an early fire-fighting response.
reduce fire growth and hence fire size.
Does NOT extinguish the fire
Has to be activated quickly e.g. automatically 3 min. after fire
detection (Japan)
0
Total heat flux [kW/m2]
0 1 2 3 4 5
Heat-release rate MW]
0 5 10 15 20 25
With water-mist without water-mist
Water mist activation
1
2
3
4 5 6 7
Time [min]
HBI Haerter AS
8
9
10
0
5
10
15
20
25
Heat-release rate [MW]
Tunnelventilation
Concluding remarks
 Design fires
- Bigger design is not always better
- smoke management strategy important:
longitudinal / extraction
 Fixed fire-fighting systems
- reduces heat-release rates
- does not permit using longitudinal ventilation when
people are on both sides of fire
 Ventilation control is
- automatic
- manual overrule possible
- as important as the dimensioning
HBI Haerter AS
Tunnelventilation
32
Tunnelventilation
miljöventilation, brand rökgasevakuering
Thank You for Your Attention !
HBI Haerter AS
Tunnelventilation
33

Mustervorlage für Vorträge der HBI Haerter Beratende Ingenieure

Transcription

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