The Karkonosze National Park and the English Geopark
Transcription
The Karkonosze National Park and the English Geopark
MAZURSKI K. R. 2013: The Karkonosze National Park and the English Geopark: comparative study of protection and education. Opera Corcontica 50/S: 123–134. The Karkonosze National Park and the English Geopark: comparative study of protection and education Karkonoski Park Narodowy i angielski geopark: stadium porównawcze ochrony i edukacji KRZYSZTOF R. MAZURSKI High College of Management „Edukacja” in Vrotslav, Faculty of Tourism, Chair of Tourism, PL, [email protected] Abstract: Geoparks are a new form in the popularisation of abiotic nature in Poland. The Karkonosze National Park was awarded such status in which the nature is protected on the strength of a general act in 2010. It was interesting in this situation to compare the possibilities and directions of the Park performing as a geopark with the experiences of already existing parks of this type in Western Europe. The Abberley – Malvern Heritage Geopark was chosen as a comparative subject. Source-studies and personal observations from this Park have been used as the basis for analysis and conclusions. The results can also be applied to the Karkonosze (Giant) Mts. Keywords: geopark, geoturism, geodiversity, Karkonosze, Malvern Hills Abstrakt Geoparki są nową formą popularyzacji przyrody nieożywionej w Polsce. Status taki w 2010 r. otrzymał Karkonoski Park Narodowy, gdzie przyroda chroniona jest na mocy ogólnej ustawy. W tej sytuacji stało się interesujące porównać możliwości i kierunki działania Parku jako geoparku z już istniejącymi, doświadczonymi tak parkami w Europie Zachodniej. Wybrany został Abberley – Malvern Heritage Geopark jako obiekt porównawczy. Studia źródłowe i własne obserwacje z tego Parku posłużyły jako podstawa analiz i wniosków. Rezultaty mogą być zastosowane także w Karkonoskim Parku Narodowym. Słowa kluczowe: geopark, geoturystyka, georóżnorodność, Karkonosze, Malvern Hills Introduction The uncontrollable and outright predatory manner of using the Earth’s natural resources – in this case of mineral resources, put in question the further development of human civilization in the latter part of the 1960s. A dramatic report visualized such a situation for the world’s society in 1972 (MEADOWS et al. 1972). This initiated a number of activities to support the rationalisation of the economic aspect of Man’s behaviour towards the natural environment. In this way the tool set was enriched. These tools protect different forms of nature, but are primarily directed towards protecting biotic elements (MAZURSKI 1998). Until this time the protection was focussed on indi- vidual geological objects, such as rocks or waterfalls, in form of so called nature monuments (for example, in Poland), as well as on greater areas with prevailing geological and geomorphological features (for example, the Grand Canyon of the Colorado in the United States). The evolution of human attitudes in the understanding of the ecological unity of biotic and abiotic elements as being essential for the existence of the environment has begun to be embraced by wider and wider circles of laypersons, in addition to the closed circle of specialists. Therefore, the idea of geodiversity – alongside biodiversity – was formulated and began to be a focal point for the following activities. It has been developing since the beginning of the 1990s in Australia in the 124 OPERA CORCONTICA 50/S 2013 context of lithosphere protection (geoconservation), while in Poland – of geosphere protection. It is interpreted as the differentiation of all abiotic elements of the environment at different levels in the synthesis of geographical space and Man’s diverse influences – so geocomplexes instead of ecosystems – are captured in the scale of geological time. The character of the substratum – the bedrock or base of the geocomplex – that is to say the rocks (lithosphere), underlie the qualification of geodiversity. Its significance relies primarily on its utility for Man (in perspective), and not only on the state of preservation of the abiotic environment. The values of abiotic nature have become known as the Earth’s heritage, which should be protected by wide education and popularisation. The idea of geoparks (the abbreviation for geological and geomorphological park), which realizes these postulates in a complex manner, was born in this way (ALEKSANDROWICZ 2006). This directs a practical approach towards tourism, in which the instructive and educational values are undeniable. Geotourism – that is to say, tourism directed towards the cognition of the aforementioned Earth’s heritage, has consequently not only become a form of its protection, but also a new, attractive offer on the tourist market. Such manner of recreation also corresponds with the realisation of the idea of sustainable development, thanks to the care and adaptation of geosites for tourist movements (SIDORCZUK et al. 2012). They must possess suitable tourist infrastructure, and take into account the hitherto existing (also in the historical aspect) exploitation of mineral raw materials, as well as the biotic nature and cultural heritage. The rank of geoparks is divided into three levels: national, European (continental) and world formats. Poland and the Sudetes In Poland, the idea of opening and popularising the resources of the abiotic environment by way of geoparks and geotourism quickly gained popularity within specialist circles. However, this was not something completely new – it will suffice to give examples of superb geological guides in the accessible form for wider tourist circles, even if just for the Sudetes (GROCHOLSKI 1969). It has been abundantly dealt with in standard guides, but unfortunately only by some authors (MARTYNOWSKI & MAZURSKI 1978), however geology was always discussed and taken into account in most of them. So it is nothing new in this country. It should be differentiated here, as it is pointed out in (SIDORCZUK et al. 2012), that such forms of popularisation without an individual naturalness, such as rocky gardens and expositions of definite rocks, as well as fashionable, but generally trashy and kitschy, so-called Jurassic parks – JuraPark Bałtów is a creditable exception here (MAZURSKI & POCHWAŁA 2008). The novelty is presented instead by the idea of geoparks, which find superb bases for an initiation here. Poland is an area with almost all kinds of rocks and of all different ages – from Precambrian to Anthropozoic, as well as with a varied relief of different origins. The special geological and geomorphological wealth is noted in Lower Silesia (southwestern Poland), which creates its high geodiversity (KOŹMA et al. 2011). Already well-known geosites and new, permanently listed places (including closed down exploitive sites, like mines) create a longer and longer set of proposals for geotourism. Such great possibilities for their usage are shown in the project “Geostrada Zachodniosudecka” (West-Sudetic Geostrada) which can be followed along the edge of the Western Sudetes (ŁODZIŃSKI et al. 2009). Preparations are being made for the creation of a geopark in the Wałbrzych region (closed down mines, numerous natural sites); similar chances have also been found in all parts of the Sudetes (MIGOŃ & LATOCHA 2010). These ideas and the popularisation of knowledge about the abiotic part of the environment have been presented in the columns of the periodical “Geoturystyka” since 2005. As the first geopark in Poland with the national status, the Łuk Mużakowski (the Muskau Bend) was established in 2009 – this is greatest frontal moraine in Europe, situated in Lusatia within the borderlands of Poland and Germany (KOŹMA et al. 2011). After only two years it was included in the European network. In 2010, the Polish Minister of the Environment granted national certificates to the region of Góra św. Anny and the Karkonosze National Park (KPN) – together with its cleading. In all cases, this is the result of proceeding from rank and file initiatives – from local subjects, in this case, from the territorial authorities. This decision was preceded by MAZURSKI: COMPARISON OF THE KARKONOSZE NP AND AN ENGLISH GEOPARK many years of arduous preparations for the elaboration of complete and detailed records (www.mos. gov.pl … 2012). This was carried out through interesting publications in English and Polish, devoted to tourists (for example: KNAPIK 2011a, 2011b, KNAPIK et al. 2011). Finances have flowed in from European Fund for Regional Development “We Cross Borders” and the Voivodeship Fund for Environmental Protection and Water Management in Wrocław. One unique publication in Poland (KNAPIK & MIGOŃ 2011), even gained a prize during the All-Polish Review of Tourist and Country Books 2012 in Poznań. In the consequence, some other materials were published (KNAPIK et al. 2011a, MIGOŃ 2012). In spite of these undoubtable achievements, it could be beneficial to compare the existing results and solutions with earlier established geoparks which have many more years of experience. The so-called Czech Paradise is located nearest to the Karkonosze Mts, 125 but it differs considerably from them in its geology and morphology. Following criteria of the choice of the particular geopark as the partner of comparison were following: 1. the location within old geologic structures, 1. a properly rich/long stratigraphic profile, 3. a considerable petrographic differentiation, 4. an intensive tourist traffic, 5. a developed educational activity, 6. existing experiences in activity. Due to certain similarities and the knowledge of the language as well as the country, the Abberley – Malvern Heritage Geopark (AMHG) in the English West Midlands was chosen in 2012. The acquaintance of Karkonosze Mts, especially Polish part, connects with their penetration by the author from times of geographical university studies and with the presence in the Scientific Council of the Karkonosze National Park since 1995. The 0 5 10 kilometres Shropshire Worcestershire Herefordshire ABBERLEY & MALVERN HERITAGE GEOPARK Fig. 1. Localization of AMHG. Ryc. 1. Lokalizacja AMHG. Gloucestershire 126 OPERA CORCONTICA 50/S 2013 Fig. 2. Landscape of Malvern Hills. Ryc. 2. Krajobraz Malvern Hills. study stay in AMHG permitted to gain own observations from the autopsy together with different materials. Finally, the preparation of the present study was effected in two stages. In the first part, the achievement of knowledge about the chosen park became built on: • own observation of the Geopark area in England, • own observation of the AMHG activity in the range of organization, education and land management, • visits in different agencies of AMHG partners, • interviews and conversations with scientific workers and activists of AMHG and local structures, • literature studies. The second stage embraced comparison, analysis and inference in the composition of the knowledge about AMHG and the Karkonosze National Park. Natural characterisation of AMHG There is no need to give a more detailed description of the Karkonosze Mts and the Karkonoski National Park as numerous publications on it have been issued – in addition to the titles quoted earlier, including recent monographs (MIERZEJEWSKI 2005, FLOUSEK et al. 2007). Instead, the presentation of AMHG is indispensable because of the distance from Karkonosze. It is relevant to comment that only two geoparks (not including AMHG), from among eight British localities in the official network, are found in England. The compared geopark is situated in the West of England near the border with Wales and covers 1,250 km2 in the borderland of four counties: Gloucestershire, Herefordshire, Shropshire and Worcestershire. It stretches from Bridgnorth in the north towards Gloucester in the south (www. geopark.org.uk 2012). Its borders have a theoretical and indicatory character, without legal implications for the area embraced by them. They outline only the range of interests and activities of the subjects which have established the AMHG. Here are two principal physiographical units, edifying the geopark stem, namely two ranges of hills, clearly separated in the landscape and possessing rich geological profiles as well as morphologically interesting places (river beds, crags etc.). In the north, the Abberley Hills – which are named after the Saxon chieftain Eobald, who lived in the 6th century – reach 283 m on Abberley Hill and fundamentally originate in the Silurian (MITCHELL et al. 1962). They are not too strongly modelled, but possess the full stratigraphical profile from the Silurian up to the Triassic. The greater landscape dominant is created by the Malvern Hills, which means Bare Hill (Naked, Bald Hill in the Britons’ language); how- MAZURSKI: COMPARISON OF THE KARKONOSZE NP AND AN ENGLISH GEOPARK ever their culmination on the Worcestershire Beacon reaches 425 m. These hills have also a meridional length of 13 km between Great Malvern and the village of Colwall, approaching another well-known region, namely the Cotswolds. They overlie the so called Malvern Line, which is composed of numerous upcasts and folds with vulnerable older rocks (BARCLAY et al. 1997). This is the reason for the domination of local heights over the region. Their rocky core is built of igneous and orthometamorphic rocks, covered by Silurian limestone, which was exploited in the past. The profile in the Gullet Quarry is especially interesting, as it embraces Precambrian rocks, like diorite, granite, gneiss, pegmatites, dolerite and crystalline shales. The differentiation of the rocks’s resistance to weathering and tectonic processes have led to significant contrasts in the relief between flat grounds and the high, east-facing or south-facing edges, while the rest of the region has the character of softly wavy hills. Already in 1959, part of the Malvern Hills – 105 km2, was designated for protection as an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB), one of 49 in the United Kingdom. The formal wealth of local geodiversity consists of 13 geological Sites of Special Scientific Interest in the national rank (they are declared on the grounds of British law and are the responsibility of the government agency Natural England) and 179 similar geological and geomorphological sites in the regional rank as well as over 100 Local Geological Sites. The outstanding scientific and educational meaning is connected with the Huntley Quarry Geology Reserve, which was established in 2007 on 0.87 ha. As the property of Gloucestershire Geology Trust, it embraces three sites, of which the most important is Huntley, called the geological gem for the following reasons: • the profile consists of rocks, mostly sandstones and mudstones, from upper Ordovician to lower Silurian age (445–428 million years old), which allows us to find various fossils here, unlike in the strongly metamorphosed cover of the Karkonosze granite, • younger volcanic insertions are found here, • upcasts are easily visible here. In addition to these features so typical for “old” England, the park contains chess-boards of partitions of land ownership in the east (pastures) and the 127 Bridgnorth • 0 5 10 kilometres Kidderminster •Bewdley• • Abberley Worcester • Bromyard • • Malvern Ledbury • Gloucester • Lower Jurassic Permo-Triassic Carboniferous Devonian and Silurian Middle and Lower Silurian Ordovician and Cambrian Precambrian Fig. 3. Geology of AMHG. Source: www.geopark.org.uk. Ryc. 3. Geologia AMHG. Źródło: www.geopark.org.uk. 128 OPERA CORCONTICA 50/S 2013 Tab. 1. Comparison of natural characters. Tab. 1. Porównanie cech naturalnych. No. Character 1 Geographical location 2 3 The Karkonosze NP AMHG a. latitude 50º49’08’’ – 50º44’51’’ 51º05’27’’ – 52º32’44’’ b. longitude 15º25’30’’ – 15º25’30’’ 2º02’15’’ – 2º07’12’’ a. direction latitudal meridional b. length kms 30 105 Spatial orientation Morphological relief a. altitude 1056-1602 250-425 b. type middle mountains high hills c. diversity ridges and valleys easy hills and river valleys 0.56 1250 a. origin intrusion, tectonical horst anticlinal cores b. profile full, some breaks full c. rocks 2 4 Area km 5 Geological parameters only crystallinic crystallinic and sedimental 6 Climate mild and montane, modified by oceanic influences oceanic 7 Plants submontane, highmontane, atlantic, endemits relics and endemits 8 Forests % 70 < 20 9 Beginning of nature protection 1923 1959 10 Source of initiative for temporary protection stand scientists local society and scientists 11 Establishment of temporary protection 1959 2003 south (fields), small hamlets and villages and great cultural wealth, such as castles, remains of strongholds, churches, old buildings etc. Of course the popularisation of abiotic problems is also organized outside the AMHG borders, for example 1,419 local sites were traced by Shropshire Geological Society in Shropshire (www.shropshiregeology.org.uk 2012). Although they have no legal base for protection, they are taken into account by local authorities during the land use management. The diversity of rocks also causes the diversity of soil substrata, thanks to which the local flora is one of the most interesting in the British Isles. Many species especially find their habitats on the lower spread- ing limestones. The higher elevations are favoured by acidophilous plants, which are normally only found high in the Welsh Mountains. For this reason, the area of AMHG can be called a specific ecological island with many rare species. This is why many places have been protected as Sites of Special Scientific Interest: from wet habitats to grasslands, also afforestations, which lately reach higher and higher up the slopes in consequence of a reduction in the area of pastures. The concentrations of leafy old trees in the north and the west add a picturesque accent to the scenery. There are numerous invertebrates, especially butterflies, and birds too (www.geopark. org.uk 2012). MAZURSKI: COMPARISON OF THE KARKONOSZE NP AND AN ENGLISH GEOPARK Fig. 4. Gullet Quarry. Ryc. 4. Kamieniołom Gullet. Organisation and work of AMHG The English park came into being as a result of agreement among local lovers of geology, who are generally members of regional geological and natural history societies, of which there are a great number in Great 129 Britain. Although this agreement has no support in legal rules and regulations, it has more the character of a specific forum, but its formation was encouraged by the governmental Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, however without its further supervision. The forum includes fifteen partners called members, as follows: • Abberley Hills Preservation Society, • Bewdley Museum, • Cob House (the private land owner), • Gloucester Geology Trust, • Hereford and Worcester Earth Heritage Trust, • Herefordshire Heritage Services (unit of county authorities), • Malvern Hills Conservators, • Malvern Outdoor Education Centre (unit of the Worcestershire county authorities), • Severn Valley Railway, • Shropshire Council (county authorities), • Shropshire Geological Society, • University of Worcester, Tab. 2. Comparison of organizational and social characters. Tab. 2. Porównanie cech organizacyjnych i społecznych. No. Character 1 Area of the geopark The Karkonosze NP AMHG a. initiative own local society and scientists b. legal acceptation ministerial certificate agreement of local partners c. date of establishment 2010 2003 2 Spatial borders declared by state authorities none 3 Organizational background The Karkonosze NP Volunteer organizations, local partners and authorities 4 Realizers staff of the Karkonosze NP members of societies, local groups and authorities, > 100 volunteers 5 Place of acting The Park, schools sites of interest, schools, museums, particular constructions 6 Financing state budget, state funds, grants membership charges, donations, own (small) incomes, bequests 7 Form of activity educational paths and excursions, ‘green schools’, own centers, meetings (f.e. in schools, events, publications, conferences, training of Sudetic guides like on left (except of guides) + support of local interest groups 8 Tourist consequences some limits in winter, limited trails very few 9 Connections to international organizations many (IUCN, EuroParc etc.) none 130 OPERA CORCONTICA 50/S 2013 • Woolhope Naturalist’s Field Club Geology Section, • Worcester Outdoor & Environmental Learning Service, • Worcester Museums. The Earth Heritage Trust from Worcester which runs the Geological Records Centre on the university campus is used as the platform for co-ordination and running co-operation and a secretariat. It came into being in 1996 at local colleges and gathers all materials – maps, site object descriptions, reports etc., which are produced within the framework of realised projects and assignments, as well as those provided by partners and volunteers. Private persons can use them free-of-charge for non-profit aims, while institutions and firms – on the payment of a fee. The income from such services, membership charges, bequests, donations and symbolic charges for participation in excursions permit them to help local initiatives and to realise common projects. In 2008, AMHG was nominated to the European Geoparks Net, but quickly a decision not to join was made for the following pragmatic reasons: • too much bureaucracy, • too many strict regulations, • too high costs in relation to not large enough advantages. Nowadays, as based on such partnerships, this Geopark can achieve more and more cheaply. Assign- Fig. 5. Cave escarp at Bewdley. Ryc. 5. Skarpa jaskiniowa w Bewdley. ments are made once or twice a year at the general meetings. These assignments (Management Plans) are then realised by each partner within the framework of possessed competences (especially local authorities, which put them into their own programmes and land use plans) and financial resources. Some general projects are realised by EHT thanks to resources being gained from different sources. This refers especially to publishing houses and greater undertakings. The group of over a hundred volunteers – at the moment they are the staff of EHT, determines the power and effects of the Geopark. They find geosites and care for them as well as providing information points, popularise the idea of protection of the Earth’s abiotic heritage, organise different meetings and events. The contact with EHT is stable and effective. Forms of activity The activities of AMHG are very diverse and adapted to the possibilities of local groups and EHT. The local level is essential here, because it reflects the value of its own environment to the local community. Care for it brings two advantages: the rational and aesthetical environment (ecological and psychological aspect) and interest of external visitors, which shifts towards the initiation and development of tourism (economic aspect). Small groups – even less than ten persons can find suitable sites. These can be rocky outcrops, interesting land forms, as well as constructions made of local materials as well – houses, bridges, viaducts etc. After an exact recognition and a preparation – like Holding Pens (EARTH HERITAGE… 2011), it is possible to lead excursions on tours of such places. Children and adults participate in the meetings, where they recognize minerals, rocks and fossils. A popular entertainment is named the Rock and Fossils Roadshow, and the greatest one is the annual GeoFest. It embraces a three-month programme (the longest in the United Kingdom) with excursions, discussions, demonstrations etc. Comparatively small outlays are connected with the organisation of rocky gardens, which appear successively in different places, like at Bewdley Museum or at subsidiaries of the school at Martley (Worcestershire). Considerably greater resources MAZURSKI: COMPARISON OF THE KARKONOSZE NP AND AN ENGLISH GEOPARK 131 has published a very interesting guide for it, containing the 1:100,000 geological map and detailed parts for each section, prepared by the originators (THE GEOPARK WAY 2009). Comparisons and conclusions Fig. 6. Cloister garth at Worcester Cathedral. Ryc. 6. Wirydarz klasztoru katedry w Worcester. are invested in the adaptation of some geosites for tourism, such as old quarries – car parking places, information boards, protective barrier rails, paths and the like. In point of the engagement it can serve the owners of Cob House who have prepared the deep-seated geological profile with a suitable protection and information on their own grounds. The cost of 29,000 GBP embraces the organisation of three earthquake observatories for educational aims. Great expenses are invested into the network of six Geopark Visitor Information Points, numerous, different kinds of publications (including maps), also for over twenty geological and scenic trails. These last initiatives are mostly the work of EHT, the Shropshire Geological Society and the Gloucestershire Geology Trust. A leading achievement of AMHG is the Geopark Way – the long-distance (174 km) geological trail, the first in the United Kingdom. Thanks to the excellent and attractive technical and infrastructural preparation, this route has received a national award. The idea came from the Herefordshire and Worcestershire Earth Heritage Trust, and was then accepted by the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. The Geopark Way uses different forms of transport – by car, bicycle and on foot, on already existing routes – ways, paths and tourist trails. It leads along the Severn – the longest English river, from Bridgnorth via Bewdley to Gloucester. EHT The Karkonosze Mts – making a comparison between The Karkonoski National Park (KPN), and AMHG is difficult. The differences refer first of all to natural features. The first region includes mountains above 1,200–1,400 m, while the Malvern Hills reach only above 400 m. The geological composition of KPN is in principle monotonous due to the domination of granite – only a small section in the eastern part embraces diverse metamorphic rocks, without fossils. Their wealth appears instead on the southern side. AMHG represents an almost complete stratigraphic profile – even with fossils within the oldest formations. The morphology is also different – The Karkonosze region is mountainous of a horst type, arrayed by very numerous rocky forms of tor type. There are also formal differences: the geopark in KPN is contracted by identified spatial borders, which mark the range of the highest form of nature preservation in Poland, also in the Czech Republic. AMHG possesses conventional borders without similar protective restrictions. KPN is a form of the State activity, while AMHG – is a remarkable social and municipal enterprise. Among other factors, this results from the legal differences existing between Poland and Great Britain (MAZURSKI 2013). However, the aforementioned differences do not mean that it is impossible to find positives. First of all, the strong social engagement around and in support of the English geopark should be underlined. It focuses an interest and the help from different forms of activities: local authorities, cultural and educational agencies, and even private landowners. It would be great, if KPN possessed a similar circle, not only as representatives in its Scientific Council. The great meaning is complemented by the large group of volunteers, supporting the geopark work and participating in its projects. It would be advantageous to undertake efforts to introduce such form of relationships between volunteers and national parks in 132 OPERA CORCONTICA 50/S 2013 the Polish and Czech legal regulations too. Partly it is already possible thanks to the act of voluntary service. It should find a wider use here too. AMHG is generally dependant on external sources of financing, while its own constant income is only a supplement. On the basis of Polish regulations, KPN is financed by the state, while the possibility of gaining grants also exists, and which KPN has been successful in obtaining. The palette of AMHG possibilities is however greater: finances can flow in from different foundations or economic corporations and these sources could also be utilised after a modification of the regulations in Poland. Last year showed an approach of forms and promotional techniques, which are practical for both geoparks. The quantity of publications by KPN is growing, the editorial quality is also improving constantly. A range of different entertaining events, which bring local inhabitants closer to the existence of the essence of the national park and its values, are organised. The borders, distant from localities, do not permit the application of all ideas of AMHG. Alternatively, attempts could be made to use old shafts and mines for education on the Karkonosze geological composition. Summary The paper gives a comparative study of the Abberley – Malvern Heritage Geopark in the borderland between West England and Wales, being focused on its natural and organisational character, as a basis for practical conclusions which could be used in the Karkonosze National Park. The idea of geoparks is very new in Poland, so foreign experiences should be looked for and adopted wherever possible. The geological base is very similar – the stratigraphic profile is very old and rich. In spite of the essential natural and formal differences, which exist between English and Polish geoparks (but both are areas where the geological composition plays the most important role), some methods and forms of the AMHG activities can also be useful for KPN which already has some significant successes in this field. First of all, the creation of a wide volunteers’ circle is at stake – basically from the local community, but also from other lovers of the Karkonosze Mts. Before 1945, members of German Bergwacht were working in the interest of these mountains, after 1945 – the Polish Guard of Nature Preservation (the voluntary formation), which was unfortunately abolished in 2001. It would be profitable to extend the circle of donors in the face of the liquidation of auxiliary farms in 2010 as sources of own earnings in national parks. It is necessary to emphasize the engagement of local authorities in the realisation of the idea of the geodiversity protection in England as opposed to the generally arrogant attitudes towards protected areas in Poland. Streszczenie Artykuł przynosi studium porównawcze Abberley – Malvern Heritage Geopark z pogranicza między zachodnią Anglią a Walią, skupiając się na jego przyrodniczej i organizacyjnej charakterystyce, jako podstawie dla praktycznych wniosków, które mogłyby móc użyte w Karkonoskim Parku Narodowym. Idea geoparków jest bardzo nowa w Polsce, stąd zagraniczne doświadczenia powinny być poszukiwane i adoptowane wedle możliwości. Geologiczna podstawa jest bardzo podobna – profil stratygraficzny jest bardzo stary i bogaty. Pomimo zasadniczych innych przyrodniczych i formalnych różnic, które zachodzą między angielskim i polskim geoparkami (ale oba są obszarami, gdzie budowa geologiczna gra najważniejszą rolę), niektóre metody i formy działalności AMHG mogą być użyteczne też dla KPN, który ma już kilka znaczących sukcesów na tym polu. Przede wszystkim, podstawowym zagadnieniem jest tworzenie szerokiego kręgu ochotników – zasadniczo spośród lokalnej społeczności, ale też innych miłośników Karkonoszy. Przed 1945 r. członkowie niemieckiego Bergwacht działali w interesie tych gór, po 1945 r. – polska Straż Ochrony Przyrody (organizacja ochotnicza), rozwiązana, niestety, w 2001 r. Byłoby korzystne rozszerzenie kręgu donatorów wobec likwidacji gospodarstw pomocniczych przy parkach narodowych w 2010 r. jako źródła ich własnych dochodów. Konieczne jest podkreślenie zaangażowania władz lokalnych w realizacji idei ochrony MAZURSKI: COMPARISON OF THE KARKONOSZE NP AND AN ENGLISH GEOPARK georóżnorodności w Anglii jako przeciwstawienie ogólnie roszczeniowym zakusom na obszary chronione w Polsce. References ALEKSANDROWICZ Z. 2006: Geoparki – nowe wyzwanie dla ochrony dziedzictwa geologicznego. Przegląd Geologiczny 1: 36–41. BARCLEY W. J., AMBROSE K., CHADWICK R. A. & PHARAOH T. C. 1997: Geology of the country around Worcester. Stationary Office. 156 pp. EARTH HERITAGE TRUST NEWS 2011. Worcester, 28: 1. FLOUSEK J., HARTMANOVÁ O., ŠTURSA J. & POTOCKI J. (eds) 2007: Krkonoše – příroda.historie.život. Baset. 863 pp. GROCHOLSKI W. (ed.) 1969: Przewodnik geologiczny po Sudetach. Wydawnictwo Geologiczne. 536 pp. + 12 tables. KNAPIK R. 2011a: Geoturistic guide to the Karkonosze National Park. Karkonoski Park Narodowy. 49 pp. KNAPIK R. 2011b: Guidebook to the geoturistic trail in the East Karkonosze. Karkonoski Park Narodowy. 51 pp. KNAPIK R. & MIGOŃ P. 2011: Atlas. Georóżnorodność i atrakcje geoturystyczne Karkonoskiego Parku Narodowego i otuliny. Karkonoski Park Narodowy. 100 pp. KNAPIK R., MIGOŃ P., SZUSZKIEWICZ A. & ALEKSANDROWSKI P. 2011a: Geopark Karkonosze – georóżnorodność i geoturystyka. Przegląd Geologiczny 4: 311–322. KNAPIK R., RYBSKI R. & SZUSZKIEWICZ A. 2011b: Minerals of the Polish Karkonosze. Karkonoski Park Narodowy. 61 pp. KOŹMA J., CWOJDZIŃSKI S., IHNATOWICZ A., PACUŁA J., ZAGOŻDŻON P. P. & ZAGOŻDŻON K. D. 2011: Możliwości rozwoju geoturystyki w regionie dolnośląskim na przykładzie wybranych projektów dotyczących inwentaryzacji i waloryzacji geostanowisk. In: ŻELAŻNIEWICZ A., 133 WOJEWODA J. & CIEŻKOWSKI W. (eds), Mezozoik i kenozoik Dolnego Śląska. LXXXI Zjazd Naukowy PTGeol. Wrocław, WIND: 137–158. ŁODZIŃSKI M., MAYER W., STEFANIUK M., BARTUŚ T. & MASTEJ W. 2009: Atrakcje geoturystyczne Geostrady Zachodniosudeckiej. Geoturystyka 4: 19–42. 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