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A P R A C T I C ACLU I D EF O R
TRANSLATION
SKILL
Langgeng
Budianto
AanE. Fardhani
A P R A C T I C ACLU I D EF O R
TRANSLATION
SKILL
U I N - M A L I KPI R E S S
20'10
A P R A C T T C AC
L U I D E F O R T R A N S L A T I O NS K I L L
Preface
[ a n g g e n gB u d i a n t o
Aan E.Fardhani
O 2 0 1 0 ,U I N - M a l i kPi r e s s
All right reserved
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No partof thispublicationmay be reproduced,
or by any means,
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without
otherwise,
or
recording
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photocopying,
electronic,mechan
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p e r r n i s s i oi nnw r i t i n g
Budianto
Langgeng
Aan E. Fardhani
Adiloka
Editor
M. lmam Bisri
Layouter
DesignCover RobaitUsman
Author
U M P1 0 0 5 4
d :k t o b e 2r 0 1 0
F i r sP
t u b l i s h eO
|5BN 978-602-9s8-313-7
P u b l i s h ebdy :
UIN-MALIKIPRESS
l a l a nC a . j a v a n5a0 M a l a n g
65144
EastJavaIndonesia
i ' r , , , t , r ' , i : \ . , r r 1 ' , 1r ,{ : -
lil
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E - m a i l :a d m i n @ u i n m ai kl i p r e s s . c o m
h t t p : / / w w wu
. i n m al i k i p r e s s . c o m
A practical guide for translation skill is wriften to accomodate
the
rrniversitystudent'sneed of translation skill. The necessity
motivated
the author ro write such kind of book which is assumed
tt be abte ro
rrrakeavailable the source of translation subject for
student o,
who is interestedin translation.
".,yo.r.
The material of this book is constructed from materialstaken
from
different sourceson translation and combined by the ideas
"me
of
'rrrthor's personal experiences in teaching translation
class.The
lr..k entitled A PMCTICAL GUIDE FoR TRANSLATION
sKILL is
rrrtendedto give an overview of translation skiil and
practicei., tr^.rrl.rting.This is an introductory textbook of translation.
Chapters in this book are divided into theories of translation
'r.d-exercisesofpractice. chapter one up to chapter
elevenconsistof
r hc fundamenralconcept of translation, transration
principles and transl'rrr()nprocedures.The last chapterpresentstranslation
exercises.
FinallS the author hopesthis book can give contribution
to the
i('.lnlcr who wants to study translation subject.
The Writer
Table of Contents
Preface.......
Table of Contens
v
vii
CHAPTERI
1
A. What is Translation
B. TranslationConcept
C. Characteristic...........
D. Typesof Translation..................
1
1
I
A
a
6
n
CHAPTERII ...................
13
TRANSLANON, INTERPRETATIONAND TRANS
.................
FORMATTON
A. Translation..............
B. Interpretation
C. Transformation
13
13
74
14
CHAPTERIII
t7
I'RANSLATIONPROCEDURES,STRATEGIE'ANDMETHOD
A T r a n s l a t i o nP r o c e d u r e s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
..
1 , . l l a n s l a t i o nS t r a t e g i e s
( Translation Method
..
77
17
22
26
CHAPTERIV
27
I I{ANSLATIONPROCESS
..................
27
,,\.TranslationProcess
28
11 I)eepStructureand SurfaceStructureRelationship.......... J U
t 'l'echnicalDevicesin DeepStructure
Jt
I I I'echnicalDevicesin SrrrfaceStructure
-.4
J1+
CHAPTERV
37
CHAPTERX
THECONCEPTOFMEANINC
A. Lexical Meaning
B. Grammatical or Structural Meaning
C. Textual Meaning
D. Contextual or Situational Meaning
E . S o c i o - C u l t u r aM
l eaning..'.'.........'.
37
37
38
40
40
42
A.
B.
C.
D.
CHAPTERVI
43
FORMANDMEANING
A. Meaning and Shadesof Meaning
B. The Conceptof Form and Meaning..-.'..-....."'.'
C. Form and Meaning............-....-
43
43
44
48
D. KindofMeaning
51
CHAPTERVII ...................
57
MEANINGADIIJSTMENT
A. Adiustment On Textual Meaning
B. Adiustment On SituationalMeaning
C. Adjustment On Socio-CulturalMeaning
D. Adjustment On Social FormulasMeaning
57
57
58
59
60
CHAPTERVIII .................
53
TRANSLATIONEQUTVALENCE
A. Typesof Equivalence....'............
and Dynamic
B. The Principlesof FormalEquivalence
63
63
Equivalence
cHAPTERIX ..................
AND LE)OCALEQUIVALENCE
GRAMMATICAL
A. Grammar Equivalence .......-...-....
B. Lexical Equivalence
64
69
69
69
7l
LANGUAGEANDCT.JLruRE
/-)
,/J
C u l t u r e a n d T r a n s l a t i o n. . . . . . . . . . . . .
..
73
Linguistic Relativity
74
Linguistic Relativity and Relative Thought patterns........ 75
Cultural Relativity and Linguistic Relativity....................7
.g
CHAPTERXI
81
TRANSLATING PRONOUNSAND PROPERNAMES
B. Proper Names
81
81
87
CHAPTERXII
89
TRANSLATION EXERCISES
TRANSLATION ON WORK
89
115
BIBTTOGRAPHY
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
't27
131
CHAPTER
I
TRANSLATION
Different experts in translation propose different definitions.
The definitions reflect the experts' points of view on the nature
of translation. To acquire translation skill, one must know about
at least two languages, which are used in the process of transferring the messagefrom a source language (SL) into a target
language (TL. The followings are presented some definitions
on translation.
A. What is Translation
Nida and Taber (1982:72) say that translating consists in
reproducing in the receptor language the closestnatural equivalence of a source language message,firsly in terms of meaning
and secondly in terms of style. In addition, Wills (7982:172)says
that translation is a procedure which leads from a written source
language text to an optimally equivalent target language text
and require the syntactic, semantic, stylistic, and text pragmatic
comprehension by the translator of the original text.
Catford (1980:20)proposes that "translation is the replacement of textual material in one language by equivalent textual
material in another language". In this definition, there are two
l,'rical itcrnsto pav attt'ntionto, namell, "tertrr.rlmatt'ri.rl".rnrl
"equivalent". Textual material refers to the fact that not all source
language texts are translated or replaced by the target language
equivalents. The term "equivalent' is clearly a key term and the
translator should find the "equivalent"'between the source language and the target language. Sc, the central problem of translation practice, from this statement is to find target language
translation equivalents.Although in this definition meaning is
not mentioned, "the equivalent textual material" is stated. The
phrase "equivalent textual material", however, can be mislead-
ing (Suryawinata,1989:3;Suryawinata and Hariyanto, 2003:11)
since it can result in textual material which is equivalent in
meaning, length, style, quality in print.
Brislin (1976:7)statesthat translationis the generalterm
referring to the transfer of thoughts and ideas from one lanto another (target), whether the languagesare
guage (sor.rrce)
in lvritten or oral form; whether the languages have established orthographies or do not have such standardization or
whether one or both languages is based on signs, as with sign
languages of the deaf.
In this definition it seemsthat Brislin gives a broad definition to the term "translation". For him, translation means
transferring thoughts and ideas from one language to another
language and the languages can be in a spoken form which is
called interpretation and in the written form which is normally
calied translation. In this definition, however, the process of
translation and the criteria of a good translation are not clearly
stated.
The next definition is taken from Larson " Meaning
Based Translation" (7984:31). In that book he states that Translation is basically a change of form. When we speak of the form
of a language, we are referring to the acfual words, phrases,
clauses,sentences,paragraphs, etc., which are spoken or written .... In translation, the form of the source language is replaced by the form of the receptor (target) language.
This definition gives emphases on the change of form. In
t r a n s l a t i n g ,t h e r e f o r e ,t h e t r a n s l a t o r s h o u l d t r y t o f i n d t h e
equivalent of form between the form of the source ianguage
and that of the target language. In line with Brislin, Larson
also states that the languages transferred can be spoken and
written forms. It should be noted, however, that Larson in the
definition states that translation should be a change of form,
while in his book he is writing, he discusse a translation which
is based on meaning.
Newmark (1981:7)gives a definition to the term "translation as follows: "translation is a craft consistingin the attemptto
f:l
L:J
I e rnecrtc,rrcLIDEFoR
I TMNSLATION SKILL
t tltl tce a written message
andlorstatementin onelanguageby thesame
r/r,'s.snlir'
andlorstatementin anotherlanguage".In this dlfinition,
\t'r'mark like Brislin and Larson, also mentions that translalion can cover written and spoken forms. He does not use the
Ir,rnt "equivalent" but he states ,,the same messagein another
l.rnguage".For him, the most important thing in Iranslation is
tht message.It is the messagethat should be equivalent, not
the form.
Nida and Taber (1982:72)proposes a rather complete
tlcfinition of translation.According to the two experts, ',fransltting consistsof reproducingin thereceptorlanguagethi closest
natural
tquiualentof the sourcelanguagemessage, ii terntso.f menning
first
tnd secondhlin tennsof style." The definition proposed by Nida
.rnd Taber contains some elements that should-be taken into
,rccountby a translator in performing his/her task: reproduc_
ing the message,equivalence,nafural equivalent,closestequiva_
lent, priority on meaning and also style.
According to the definition, the translator should try
t. reproducethe messagecontained in the sourcelanguageinto
the one in the target language. In this matter, what tf,e tianslat.r should do in translating is to create the equivalent message,
rrot the form in the target language. or, it can be stated that an
cmphasis should be put on the reproduction of the message
rather than the conservation of the form or grammatical struclures. To get such an equivalent message,many grammatical
.rnd lexical adjustments should be made.
A good translation,therefore,does not.sotrndlikc trans_
'(rirur\,it flows naturally as if it is originally written in the target language. The grammar and .rocabulary usecl in the trans_
l.rtion are not strange and awkward. So ,,translationese,,
(for_
r.al fidelity) should be avoided as far as possible.In shori, a
..rt'ral equivalent should be reachedin order not to spoil the
( ()ntentand the impact of the conveyed message.
The most important thing to be rememb"r:"auu the transl.rtor is the meaning. Meaning should be given priority since
,-iiffil';[^ltiiii
Ir
content,.ofthe
the main purPose of translation is to convey the
Theremessagein ttre source language into the target language'
fordepart,res.from
radical
make
ior", it"i, highly desirablJto
meanintended
the
in
mal structuie in order to get equivalence
ing (Nida & Taber,1969:13)'
priIn translationmeaning should be given the highest
a translation
ority, but style is also impoitant' For example'
expository
an
nor
poetry"
a
into
,t oiit.t not iranslate a Prose
to
impossible
almost
is
it
writing into a narrative one' Since
lansource
of
.t;;;";" the target language the exact styles .the
o.f*o-'d', o"otrttic poems (i'e' poems with
;;"g" such as pluy.
of its rhymes)' rhythmic units
I"rt,iir, words in the beginnings
*of
poeiry), a margina-lnote s.hould.be
fi.". pitrur"s and lines
the text is written
)aa"a to make the reader understand r,r.hv
like this.
for the
Those are the definitions from some experts' and
one
is the
Propurpose oi this book, the definition adopted
good
a
get
to
able
be
to
Therefore,
Taber.
;;;Ji bv Nida and
should retrarnslationin line with the definition the translator
mesequivalent
the
produce the messagenot the form, find
style
maintain
lug", giu" highest priority on meaning and also
orlut ut possiblein the target language'
B. TranslationConcept
changing
T'ranslation,by dictionarv definition, consistsof
f i ' . r l i - .r n ; ' r t a t ! ' o r
n 1 1 e ' cn \ ^ / n o r
form to lncther' to trtrn inf6'
anotherslanguageliVerrram-llebsterlJretttrtrar\'i>7'ifirts
states or forms or
illustrated thit translation deals with two
text' one form of a
Iunguug"r. In the Process of translating a
for example
l"riuir,'tunguage is changed into another form'
English into Indonesian'
reTranslating is a kind of language skill u''ith complex
deto
quirements.Some experts have different points of.view
befocus
particular
the
to
f^inetranslation skill; it is connected
trl I+'#sii!1t"'i:"i'"
ing emphasizedand consideredimportant. Rahmadi ( l()sx | .')
quotes these several definitions:
1 I.C. Catford (1,969)defines:
" Translationis the replacement
of.textualmaterialin ,'rr,'
language (SL) by equiualenttextual materialin anotlrt'r
language (TL)."
2. Savory (1969)says:
"Translation is made possible by an equiualence
of thought
that lies behind its different verbal expressions."
3. Eugene A. Nida (L969) explains:
"Translation consists in reproducingin the receptor
language closestnatural equiualentof the sourcelanguage
message,
first in terms of meaning,and secondly,in terms
of style."
4. P. Newmark (7974) mentions:
"Translation is an exercisewhich consists in the attempt
to replacea written messagein one language by the same
messagein another language."
5. Pinchuck (L977) defines:
"Translation is a processof finding a target language
equiaalentfor an SL utterances."
6. Juliane House (1977) says:
"Translation is the replacementof a text in the source
language by semanticallyand pragmaticallyequiaalenttext
in the target language."
Based t-rnthose definitionsr tou can make a list of the
.vnonymous terms used in those definitions of translation.
stutiy the italicizedwords with full attention! The terms have
'imilar or synonymous meanings. Catford, Savory, Pinchuck,
\icla, and juliane use the word 'equivalent that indicates
rrrattersof equality or correspondenceof one thing to another
, )nt'. It is also mentioned by Newmark ideas,which shows that
t r . r n s l a t i o nr e s u l t m u s t h a v e t h e s a m e m e s s a g ei n s e c o n d
l,rrrguage.To the object being translated,they mention similar
r"ilHl';ib^:''
lii:l I f
concept namely textual material (Catford), a written message
(P. Newmark) and a text (Juliane House). Meanwhile,
something to be transferred is meaning in the source language,
'thought' (Savory), message
which is representedby the word
(Nida, Newmark). Then, the translation result is called as a
replacementof a textual material (Catford, |uliane) or of a written
message(Newmark) from SL into TL. Nida, on the other hand,
uses the word reproducing of closest equivalent message that
makes it sounds natural. Pinchuck says the replacement or the
reproduction of written message in TL in translation takes a
process. Anyway the word process indirectly tells us about
something of connected seriesof actions, changes or operations
deliberately undertaken (Oxford Advanced Dictionary, 664).The
translation process is explained in other chapter.
To conclude, there are three important elements in translation, which are called Replacementor Reproduction, equivalence, and text or written message. In addition, some other
emphasizesare termed as style, natural, and exercise.
C. Characteristic
Translation is considered as a work of a written or text
form of message.It concernsto the replacement of written message without burden to transfer the equivalent form in the target language form the source language. The most significant
matter of correct translation is about the consistenceor closest
natural equivalenceof the messagetransferred from SL into TL.
Thus a n'ork can be staterlas the work of translationn'hen it
has the following requirements :
1. It is a kind of replacement or reproducing message,of SL
into TL.
2. It concernswith written messageor textual material or
text.
3. It transfers the content or thought or messages;not the
form of SL text.
4. It is also a kind of process or exercise.
ttT
l1f
I r pn,rcrtc,rlculDEFoR
I rneNslerroN SKILL
5. The secondtext must have the same meaning or message
with the first or original.
6. The second text uses idiomatic expression in the TL to
retain the style or to make it sounds like the originar
text.
7. The second text uses target language equivalent to the
source language.
D. Typesof Translation
Principally, translation can be categorized into two broad
tvpes, namely faithful and free translations. Some experts propose Vpes of translafions using different narnes, buf theii de_
scriptions actually are focused on the two types. In this sub
scctio-n,concepts of translation proposed by three experts
rramelyNewmark, Larsorl and Nida and Taber will be explored.
Larson (1'984:ls-23) proposes two main kinds of tianslation namely literal and idiomatic translations. Literal translation is a form-based translation attempting to follow the form
of the source language, so the translaior uies ,or.,.c" language
words with literal meaning as stated in the source lanluug"
and the source language structures. Sometimes, the orfgmll
strucfures are acceptable,or even unacceptable at all in the target language. If the translator makes some acljustments on the
structures in th.e target language, Larson (1994:16) calls it
"modified literal translation". This kind of translation
is not an
ideal translation since it still resurts in an unnatural transla1iii11.
{p t>rdeito prioducenatur;rl for.ntsof thc target language
both in grammatical constructions and in the choice of l"exical
items, he proposes "idiomatic translation". This translation will
not sound like a translation but it is like the original writing.
Newmark (1988:36-61)proposes a concept oisemantic and
communicative translations. semantic translition tends toward
a literal translation which is focused on the source language,
therefore it is more complex, more awkward, more detailJd and
more concentrated. Moreover, semantic translation attempts to
A PMcrlcAL culDE FoR I
Fl
1
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maintain semantic and syntactic structures and the contextual
meaning of the source language (Suryawinata and Hariyanto'
2003: 5d). Communicative translation, however, tries to produce the effect to the readers of the translation as closely as
In
possible that might be caught by the readers of the original.
readers'
the
on
short, communiiative translation is focused
whereas semantic translation is addressed to the source language.Or, it can be simply stated that semantic translation tends
io b! ht"rul, and communicative translation tends to be close
with free translation.
Nida and Taber (1982)contradict two types of translations:
litliteral translation and dynamic translation. The concePt of
eral translation is based on the assumption that translation
should maintain the structures of the source language,although
it is unacceptable in the target language since it usually deviates from the grammatical pattems of the target language and
as a result the iarget readers might misunderstand the message
of
conveyed. Therefire, accordinglo the two experts, this kind
transgood
translation is not suggested and they propose that a
lation should be a dynamic translation' Dynamic- translation
should consist of the five elements (1) reproducing the message,
(2) equivalence, (3) natural equivalent, (4) the closest equivaient and (5) priority on meaning (Suryawinata, 1989: 8)'
Nida.and Taber, furthermore, (1988:22) states that intelligibility of a translation cannot just be measured from the words
understandable and the sentencesthat are grammatiit ut
on
"i.
callv correct,but also from the total effects of the messaqe
the readersof the translation'
A good translation should have a high readership
be
(Surya#inata and Hariyanto, 2003)' A good readershipcan
tarthe
in
gained if the translator creates a natural equivalent
can be dynamic if the reader of
[et language. An equivalence
by
in" turi"t l-urrg.,ug"may give a resPonseas the one received
is
the sorirce lutiguige t"ud"tt' In short, a dynamic translation
language
target
the
of
readers
a translation that can cause the
to act, to have attitudes and to feel as the readers of the original.
t.T
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| ,c PRAcrtcaLculDE FoR
I rnnNsurtoN sKILL
Based on the types of translations proposed by Larsr.ln,
\t'n'mark and Nida and Taber, it can be stated that tianslation
i.rincipally can be divided into two poles namely faithful transl,rtitrn and free translation. Free translation can be acceptable
.ince it can produce the most effective way of conveying the
in(.ssagein the target language and the translation is smooth.
Any text has both form and meaning. The two can be used
,r. the purposes of translation, rvhich then divide it into two
rrrainkinds of translations.According to Larson (1984:15)transi.rtionis classifiedinto two main types,namely form-basedtransi,iti.rn and meaning-basedtranslation. Form-basedtranslation
rttr:mptsto follow the form of the sourcelanguage,and is known
,r' lite'ral translation, rvhile meaning- based translation that
:rr.rkesevery effort to communicate the meaning of SL text rn
tlre natural form of the target language. Such translation rs
,rlled Idiomatic Translation.
Arr interlinear translationis a compleielv Iiterai translation.
rr
i
sorrrepurposes, it is desirable to reproduce the Iinguistic
r'.tturc of the source text, as in a linguistic study of that lan::Lrage.
Although theseliteral iranslationsmay be verv usetul
r')i purposesrelated to study of the SL, thev are of little help tr-r
5pcakerof the receptorlanguager,vhoare interestedin the meanrnq of the SL.text. A literal translation sounds like nonsense
,rnr.'l
has little cornmunicationvalue (Larson 1984:14).The lit('fal translation can be understood if the general grammatical
irrrffrof the two language are similar.
I s l i t e r a lt r a n s l a t i o n
u s e l e s sN
? o , n o t a l l o f i t i s L i t e r a lt r a n c *
.
h
c
. . . ^ - , i {i : g o o i i u r
i r n g u r s i " s t u d y o l s o u r c ci a l g u a g e t u
r('l-r'L)duce
the linguistic features,but it has little communicatrr)nvalue and sounds like nonsense.The speakersof the target
l,ruguagewould be in problem to understand. For example:
lndonesian
: " Siapa namamu ? "
English Literal Translation : " Who name you ? "
This literal translation makes little sense in English. The
*('ntenceconstruction of "WHO NAME YOU" doesn't follow
,,.iii;;l';ibii'!iill
Ir
any of the English gruunmar, meaning it is wrong. Asking for
one's name, English obliges us to use the WH-question word
"what" instead of "who", that is fixedly formulated in the following expression "What is your name?". Then, the appropriate result would be in English idiomatic translation "WHAT IS
YOTIR NAME ?.
further says that idiomatic translation uses
Larson (7984:1,6)
the natural forms of the receptor language both in the grammatical constructions and in the choices of lexical items. A truly
idiomatic translation does not sound like a translation. It sounds
like it was written originally in the receptor language. Therefore, a good translator will try to translate idiomatically. However, in practice it is hard to consistently translate idiomatically
or literally. These translations are often a mixture of literal and
idiomatic forms of language. Translation then falls on a continuum from very literal to literal, to modified literal, to near
idiomatic, to idiomatic, and may fall, even more on the unduly
free as displayed belor,r' (Larson, 7984:77)'
Here are other examples showing different forms of translation results.
: Nyonya Linda penumpang
Indonesian
pesawat dengan tujuan Jakarta,
diminta ke kantor ada telepon. ( an
announcement at the airport )
: Madame Linda, passengerwith
Literal English
destination Jakarta, is demanded
on the telephone at the office.
Mrs.Lynda, passenger for Jakarta,
:
English
Idiomaiic
you are wanted on the phone at the
office.
Language. However, the lexical items are translated
literally.
The idiomatic translation requires the translator
to use the target-language naturally both in the grammatical constructions
,rnd in the choice of lexical items. He c-onstructsthe
surface structure (word, phrase, claus.e,sentence,paragraph)
in the target
languagesystem he uses,he follows alf the i,.rt"s u"c"pted
in the
wstem of the language consistently. An idiomatic iranslation
cloesnot sound like a translation. It seems as it was
written
originally in the receptor/target language. Thus, a
good trans_
lator will try to translate idiomaticaily. whatev"r, it
i, his/her
goal.
Furthermore, there are two other terms entailed to translation work, that are active translation and passive transration.
A beginner translator usually takes passive translation which
translatesthe work in the foreign language into the work
in
his native language (Example: English text into Indonesian
text).
By making a lot practices and in the time process, he can
.
become an advanced translator who is able to translate both
,rcfively and passively. It means not only foreign text into
na_
ti'e text translating, but from a text in his native language into
a foreign text in the target language he uses. Trar-rslitioi from
()ne's-nativelanguage into his foreign language
is callecl active
translation. It requires his higher mastery of tne two languages,
grammar and a good understanding of the foreign
of
"rrltrr!
the languages. To remind, the way one takes in trinslating
the
It'xt-swill bring the result of his work into two different liinds
r i'rarulation. It can be a work of literal translation or a v''rk
,rf idiomatic translation.It undeniably depends on his maste.r
Ir'vel on the two languages used in transiating process.
A truly literal translation is uncommon, most translators
who tend to translate literally actually make partial modified
translation. They modify the order and griilnmar sufficiently in
order to apply the acceptablesentencestructure of the receptor
trl lilxffin"iijii!?1..
,-iiffi';ibiY'lifl
I El
CHAPTER
II
TRANSTATION,
INTERPRETATION
AND
TRANSFORMATION
In common communication, there are three terms of transferring message of one language to another language that are
used improperly, which then result an confusion of translation
concept. Those terms are translatiory interpretatiory and transformation. They really seem similar, since their meanings are
often overlapping.To overcome the misinterpretation, here is a
description about the characteristics of translation, interpretation or transformation. Their characteristics show that they
obviously embody different principles.
A. Translation
Larson (1984:51)states;in translation, the form of the source
language is replaced by the norm of the target language. Larson
further explains that the language forms refer to the actual word,
phrase, clause, sentence, paragraph, etc which are spoken or
written. Nida and Taber (in Widyamartaya, 198911), similarly
states that translating consists of reproducing the receptor language to the closest natural equivalent of the source languap;e
inr'ssage,
first in the term of meaning and secondlyin the term
<rf style. In additioru Basnett (1991:2) says that what is generally understood as translation involves the rendering of a source
language (SL) text into the target language (TL).
Translation is an exercise which consists in an attempt to replace a
written messagein one language by the s€unemessage in another language (Newmark in Hanafi, 1986:24)". Newmark
(1982) also believe that it becomes a craft and an art to make a
('reative translation. He states that translation is a craft consist-
ing in attempts to replace a written message and/or statement
in one language by the same messageand/or statement in one
language by the same and/or statement in other language.
Here the person who makes translation is called a translator. He rewrites the meaning of the original text in the source
language into a new one in the target language- In order to
keep the meaning unchanged, a translator makes adjustments
for the new text. Sometimes,the form in the source language is
different from the form in the target language. Example : Source
language uses active construction, while the target language
use passive construction.
: The researcherconducts his study in
dangerous area.
Indonesian : Penelitian itu dilaksanakan di daerah yang
berbahaYa.
English
B. lnterpretation
Translation of oral text is called interpretation
While Nida says, as for a medium, it must be
(House's,1977).
considered primarily in terms of the basic differences between
oral and written communicatiory interpretation usually referred
to as interpreting and translating (Hanah,7986:29)'
The person who interprets is called an interpreter' He transfers the meaning orally from source language into the target
language. we can meet interpreter in a conferencewhere he intcrprets the specchin Englisli into Indonesiarrorallrl or an itrteriiewer whb talks to foreigner who only speaks in his native
language, then in turn he explains the foreigner language's utterancesinto Indonesian.
C. Transformation
Transformation is transferring the form of one language
into another language. It concerns with the word form in a
trl liixs:ti3"^i!a'.
sentence. Transformer is a person who transfers the form of
source language into target language by giving emphasis on
the equivalence form of the first and the second language. If the
t'cluivalent form is not found since the different system between
the languages, he usually forces to adjust the form. Consequently, he ignores the consistency of the meaning being transferred. Anyway the consistency of sentence form is a priority
in transformation.
English Sentence:
1. Mr. David, passenger for Jakarta, you are wanted on the
phone.
2. The key belongs to me.
3. Indonesia consists of archipelagoes.
4. Don't do it for good
Transformation result in Indonesian :
1. Bapak David penumpang untuk Jakarta anda diinginkan di
telepon.
2. Kunci memiliki saya
3. Indonesia berisi kepulauan.
4. |angan lakukan itu demi kebaikan !
The results of transformatiory which force the consistency
of form show the awkward meaning in Indonesian concept. If
translation, in another hand, is required, there must be modification taken to achieve the proper meaning of a message, as
'ranslation principle requires.Compare the follorving result of
translation with transformation's result above, pay attention
to the differences:
'Iranslation
Result in Indonesian :
l. Bapak David penumpang dengan tujuan
panggilan telepon.
2. Kunci (milik) saya/ku
1 Indonesia terdiri dari kepulauan.
l. fangan lakukan itu selamanya.
Jakarta, ada
A PMcrlcAL cutDE FoR
-f
|
TRANSLATToN
sKrLL I I t5 |
have been already
Forms of the sentences in translation
system' Sentence1 is
modified or adapted into target language
u:9
.r,oJifiua from passive constiuction lnto phrase
:""t"1-::2
tnto Passlve'
and 3 are in u.tirr" forms that should be translated
translated word by
S"r,t"r,." 4 is an idiom, hence, it can't be
word but it must be consideredas one unit'
of the
Finally, transformation fails to transfer the meanings
sentences'
the
of
form
the
sentences,but is successfulto transfer
do transformaC"rl"rutty, new learners instead of translation
tion.
III
C H APT ER
TRANSTATIONPROCEDURES,
STRATEGIES,
AND METHOD
Translation typically has been used to transfer written or
spoken SL texts to equivalent written or spoken TL texts. In
general, the purpose of translation is to reproduce various kinds
of texts-including religious, literary, scientifig and philosophical texts-in another language and thus making them avail.rble to wider readers.
If language were just a classification for a set of general or
universal concepts,it would be easy to translate from an SL to
a TL; furthermore, under the circumstancesthe processof learning an L2 would be much easier than it actually is. In this re*ard, Culler (1976) believes that languages are not nomenclatures and the conceptsof one language may differ radically from
those of another, since each language articulates or organizes
the world differently, and languages do not simply name cat(.tiories;they articulate their own (p.21,-2).The conclusion likely
ttr be drawn from what Culler (7976) writes is that one of the
troublesome problems of translation is the disparity among lancLrages.The bigger the gap between the SL and the TL, the
nrore difficult the transfer of message from the former to the
r l t r ' rw ' i l l b e .
The difference between an SL and a TL and the variation in
their cultures make the process of translating a real challenge.
,,\mong the problematic factors involved in translation such as
It>rrlr,rn€&lling style, proverbs, idioms, etc.
A. TranslationProcedures
The translation principles described in the previous chapIt'r' rrl?v serve as a general reference that should be taken into
trl |$xil:"*,13".?!"i*'
."''',',,',
level' Translation Proceaccount at a whole text or discourse
guide
technical
a
dures, howevet, ^," t""a as
l" -t]ii:l"jt"g
s
e
n
t
e
nce' According to
t
o
phrase to phrase, sentence
procedures can
and Hariyanto (2003: 67-78)' the
5".V"*i""ti
procedures'
semantic
and
be divided into two ties: structural
a.
StructuralProcedures
problems may
Theseprocedures lvhich deal with structural
substracaddition'
are
they
be divided into three f'ot"dt'""
tion, and transPosition'
in the target language
Addition.It is the addition of words
structure' For example' Dia
as required by the target lalguag;
is a nurse' In this example'
perawatshould U" t,u"!lut"a into-Slre
added to make the English
the words "ir" urtdl'ua-snoutd be
structure accePtable'
of the structural eleSrrbstrnctionIt means the reduction
to be structurally acceptments in the target iung""g" in order
the translation
is an engineer'-"
able, For example l"a '"ettJtt e He
ln the"translation the words
in BahasaIndonesia;;;;;l;t;'tyur'
the target language'
"is" and "an" are not included in
to Suryawinata and
accordinlg
' This procedure'
Transposition
clauses or sentences'The
Hariyanto (2003),i' "J"a to translate
by changing the original ltructranslator uses thiJ f'o""at""
to
the t-argetlanguage sentences
ture of the source iuigrrug" in
changing
by
The change is made
proclucean equivale""t"f"fttt'
the posittn of adiectives' or the
int-'
the ph.rral into ttnit-Jo'
a r ' i r , r l e ( N c v l m . r r i < ,I 9 8 8 : 8 5 '
structures of ,"f*r,.cs as
2003:
t'a' Suryawinata and Hariyanto'
^
Rachmadie et all, JqgS'
AIot musik bisa dibagimeniadi
68). For example, ih; t";"" "i
into Mttsical instrumentscan
dua kelompokbesarcan be translated
In the example' alat musik^(sngu'
bedioidedinto two i*i'-gtoupt'
of adiecii't'ruLments(plural) ind position
lar) becomel"u'i'i"rules" betweenBahasaIndo'
tive is also changed i"to different
crueto no source language strucnesia andEnglish.ihe changes
can be shown in the following
tures in the target ilil";"
pr.:isilebih sulit daripndo
r'xample: Bagi saya menerjemahkan
rrrcnerjemahkan
artikel that can be translated into I find it more
lifficult to translatea poemthan an article. This procedure is applred into a sentential level, Transposition is also performed for
the sake of style for example by dividing on source language
scntenceinto two or vice versa (Newmark, 1988:87;Suryawinata
and Hariyanto, 2003:69). For example: Beberapa
spesies
sangatlah
l,tsnr.ikan pausbiru, yang bisamencapaipanjanglebihdari 30 meter,
trilttlahbinatangterbesaryang pernahhidup di bumi is translated
rrrto Somespecies
areDerylargeindeedand thebluewhale,which can
, tcecd30 m in length,is thelargestanimalto haaeliued on earth. In
tlris translation, tlvo sentencesbecome cne sentencein English
.rnd it turns out that the translation is better understood.
b.
Semantic Procedures
These procedures are the translation proceduresbased on
tirc considerationof meaning. The procedures are as follows:
Borrowing. It is the translation procedure which takes the
.,()Lrrce
language form into the target language one due to a
ri.rp in its lexicon (Fawcett, 7997: 34). Borrowing, according to
\ rrrayand Darbelnet, is used to "create a stylistic effect" (Venuti,
.lr)t)0:84) and as Fedorov says to retain the "shade of specifity"
rl .rwcett, 197: 71). According to Suryawinata and Hariyanto
, .lr)()3:71), borrowing covers transliteration and naturalization.
ir,rrrsliterationis a translation procedure that maintains the
,)rrrcelanguage words such as: rnnl.l
ir',lc
, snnCn!,oron,qrtfnn
.. ..,..,, ;tLtittlLtJ>trl,itttil, stuu)ai, urunS itutan, respecttveiy.
A PM.cncAL curDE FoR I
trl I+ffiiift"'BK!"'i"'
Natu-
r rlrzation is the adaptation of the source language words to
rlrt' target language words, for example, the words kampung,
t tnu, bambu in BahasaIndonesiais translated into kampong,
'r,rrl.{,bamboo,respectivelyin English.
Culturai equiualent.It is a translation oi a source language
rrltrrralword into the target culfural word, an approximate
tr rnslationis the result. (Newmark 1988:82-83).In this proceIrrrt.,a specific cultural word in the source language is renFt
TRANSLATTON
SKILLI LlrJ
dered into a specific cultural word in the target language, for
example the word "pencakar langit" is translated into
"skycrappers".
Descriptiaeequiaalent.As the name implies, a descriptive
equivalent tries to describe meanings or function of the source
language (Newmark, 1988: 83-89; Suryawinata and Hariyanto,
2003:73). This procedure is adopted since the source language
word has a close relationship with a culture of specific word
and the use of the cultural equivalent cannot give an expected
level of accuracy.For example, "samurai" is not described as
"the noblemen" but "the fapanese aristocracy from the eleventh to the nineteenth century". This equivalent is often placed
in the glossary.Other procedure similar to this descriptive procedure is a componential analysis. This procedure is done by
translating a source language word into a target language word
and also by describing components of meanings of the source
language word, for example the word "memanggul" is translated into "carry on one's shoulder" in English.
Synonim.This procedure is used if there is no a clear oneto-one equivalent between the source language and the target
equivalent word (Newmark, 1988:83) and if the use of componential analysis may disturb the plot of the target language
sentences(Newmark 1988: 83-84;Suryawinata and Hariyanto,
2003:73).For example, the word "cute" is translated into "lucu"
although its real meaning of "cute" should show a small size,
beauty, funny, etc.
Reducfion in this term means the
Rcfutctionand expansiozr.
reduction in component of the source language such as "automobile" that becomes "mobil". Expansion is the opposite of reduction, for example the translation of the word "whale" is
"ikan paus"not iust paus, since the word Paus means "the Pope".
Addition. Addition in this case is done on the basis of the
consideration of clarity of meaning. (Suryawinata and
Hariyanto, 2003:74). This procedure is usually applied to help
translate words related to culfure, technique or other sciences.
r-l
LlU
I n pnqcrtcel cutDE FoR
I rnaNsr.erloNsKILL
',pred.ator,,
l ,,r example, the word
,"predatot,' is translated into
r^ Ilahasalndonesiabut for the sake of clarity, the translator gives
.rrltlitionalinformation about what predator is in the footn"otes.
official translation.This procedure makes use of an official
lr,r.slation that has been standardized by the responsible instirrtrtrn. In translating English into BahasaIndonisia, there
is a
rirririe for translating English name and words published by
''l'usat
Pengembangandan pembinaan Bahasa,,, Depdikbud
{\uryawinata and Hariyanto, 2003,2003:74). For example the
l'lrrase "read only memory" in the guide is translated into
"rnemori simpan
tetap".
omission or deletion.It means the omission of word or a part
,rl the source language text in the target language. The
omis_
"i,n is done since the word or the part of the text is not so
rr.portant for the source language text and is rather difficult to
lr.rnslate(Suryawinataand Hariyanto, 2003:75).It can be seen
lrom the example below.
''1. : "Sama
dengan raden ayu ibunya,,, katanya lirih.
ll. : "/ust like her mother, "she whispered.
In the translation, r^den ayu is not translated. It will not
rrrfluence the propositional meaning of the sentence, but culttrral significance of the sL is not conveyed in the TL. In en('{)untering such a culfural term, the translator
neeclsto give a
lrrotnoteexplaining the meaning of radenayu.
Modulation.According to Vinav and Dalbenet,it is a l,aria_
.. i, uf the form of the messageobtained by a change in the
1"'int of view (Venutii, 2000:89).This proceduie is used for transLrting phrases, clauses or sentencesand it is adopted when a
lrl'ral meaning cannot produce a nafural translation. For ex,rrrrple"Jari tanganku teriris" become ,,I cut my finger,,. In this
tr,rnslation, the translator should change point oi view ,,Jari
t,ttt;;anku" the subject in BahasaIndonesiainto ,,my finger; in
-as
| .glish. This change point of view is a must in English tJ make
t lrt' translation acceptable.
A pnacrrcAL culDE FoR I
l--l
rtj
TRANSLATToNsKrLL
I l
These are procedures that are mostly used by translators'
However, the iranslators usually do not realize that they use
them in performing their tasks since they use the procedures
automaticallY.
The translating procedures, as depicted by Nida (1964) are
as follow:
1. Technical procedures:
A. analysis of the source and target languages;
B. a thiough study of the source language text before
making attemPts translate iU
C. Making judgments of the semantic and syntactic
approximations. (PP. 241.-45)
2. Organizational Procedures
Constant reevaluation of the attempt madei contrasting it
with the existing available translations of the same text done
by other translatJrs, and checking the text's communicative effectivenessby asking the target langUage readers to evaluate its accuracy and effectivenessand studying their reactions(pp'2a6-a\'
listic errors in the text to the revision stage.
Moreover, Loescher (1991:8)defines translation strategv as
".r potentiaily consciousprocedure for
solving a problem f-iced
irr translating a texf or any segmentof it." es it ii stated in this
..lcfinition,the notion of consciousnessis significant in distiniuishing strategieswhich are used by the learners or tra^slat.rs. In this regard, Cohen (1998:a)assertsthat ,,the element of
('onsciousnessis what distinguishes strategies
from these pro('essesthat are not strategic.',
Furthermore, Bell (199s:18s)differentiates between global
(ihose dealing with whole texts) and local (those dealinf
with
t('xt segments)strategiesand confirms that this distincti,onresrrlts from various kinds of translation problems,
Venutti (1998:240)indicates that translation strategies ,,in_
'','rl'e the basic tasks
of choosing the foreign text to b.-etranslated and developing a method to translateit.,, Hu employs
the
r'rrncspfsof domesficatingand foreignizing to refer to translattr)n strategies.
]aaskelainen(799971)considersstrategyas,,,aseries.f com_
Pt'tencies,a set of steps or processesthat favor the acquisition,
:t.rage, and/or utilization of information.,, He maintiins that
strategiesare "heuristic and flexible i'nafure, and their
adoption implies a decision influenced by amendments in
the
t ranslator'sobjectives.'
Taking into account the process and product of transla_
li()n, Iaaskelainen(2005)divides strategiesinto two major
cat"''^ries: some strategiesrelateto r'hat haPpr:'-st,-)tc\ts, * hile
,,tircr sirat€gresrelate to what happens in the process.
Product-relateclstrategies,as Jaaskelainer,
lzoos,rs; writes,
r. volves the basic tasks of choosing the sL text and developing
'r i'rrethodto translate it. However, she maintains ihat pro."rrr.lated strategies" ar.ea set of (looselyformulated) rules or
prin' rples which a translator uses to reach the goals determined
by
rlrc translating situation" (p.16).lvforeover,
Jaaskelainen
t.)tlt)S:16)divides this
two tlrpes, namely global strategies
into
'r.tl local strategies:"global strategiesrefer togJneral princiiles
B. TranslationStrategies
Before any serious attempt is made to define translation
strategies, it is important to define the term strategy itself since
it seeirs that diffelent translation researchersand practitioners
use it in somewhat different sense. The webster's dictionary
defines strategies as: (1) the science or art of planning and dilccting large-lcalemilitarv movements and operations' (2) the
use of or an instance of using this scienceor art. (3) the use of a
stratagem. (4) a plan or mehod for achieving a specific goal'
filngs (1986:18)defines translation strategy as "translator's
potentially conscious plans for solving conc-retetranslation
and
problems in the framework of a concrete translation task,"
beguinot (1989)believes that there are at least three global stratinegies employed by the translators: (i) translating without
errors
surface
(ii)
correcting
tJnuption for as long as possible;
immediately; (iii) leaving the monitoring for qualitative or sty-
@ lilTsi"*'18'.?!ft''-
A PRACTICAL
cL'rDEFoR I
I
Frr
TMNSLATToN
sKrlt_I L11-l
,1" m,enfione$problem is as follows: ,,first
translate the word
:lf
lhat underlies the SL proper n€uneinto
the TL, and then natu_
rirlize the translated riord back into
a new sL p.op".-.*u.,,
lfuirvever, there is a shortcoming in
the strategy in question. As
il:r^"lar-t_l is only useful for pe"rsonalpNs,
since as Nervmark
il988a:215),ignoring the righi of not educated
,"udu., i..,u,_,,oy
,t translated text, states, iican be
utilized merely .*n"., tfr"
,'haracter'sname is not yet current
amongst an educatecl TL
rt'adership."
and modes of action and local strategies refer to specific activrties in relation to the translator's problern-solving and decisionmaking."
Allusions
Strategies
of Thanslating
Proper names,which are defined by Richards (1985:68)as
"names of a particular person, place or thing" and are spelled
"with a capital letter," play an essential role in a literary work.
For instance let us consider personal PNs. They may refer to
the setiing, social status and nationaliry of characters,and really demand attention when rendered into a foreign language.
There are some models for rendering PNs in translations.
One of thesemodels is presentedby Hervey and Higgins (1986)
who believe that there exist two strategies for translating PNs.
They point out: "either the name can be taken over unchanged
from the ST to the TT or it can be adopted to conform to the
phonic/graphic conventions of the TL" (p.29).
Hervey and Higgins (1986)refer to the former as exotism
r.l'hich "is tantamount to literal translation, and involves no
cultural transposition" (p.29), and the latter as transliteratian.
However, they propose another procedure or alternative, as they
consideredas "the
ptrt it, namely ailtural transplantation.Being
extreme degree of cultural transposition," cultural transplantation is considered to be a procedure in which "SL names are
replacedb1,indigenous TL names that are not their literal equivalents, but have similar cultural connotations" (Hervey &
l l i g g r n s ,1 9 S:t2 9 )
Regarding the translation of PNs, Newmark (1988a:214)
assertsthat, "normally, people's first and sure names are transferred, thus preserving nationality and assuming that their
nrunes have no connotations in the text."
The procedure of transferencecannot be assertedto be
effective where connotations and implied meanings are significant. Indeed, there are some names in the Persian poet Sa'di's
rryork Gulesfnn,which bear connotations and require a specific
strategy for being translated.Newmark's (1988a:215)solution
Leppih alme (1997:79)proposes another
set of stratesies for
lranstatingthe proper name allusions
such ;; iiiR;;;;'r-ii"-"r ,n,
tttultL')using the name
as such, using the name,
4,rric{ance
and usingrl"
"JJ;;';_"
11T, addini " dJ;;il;;i;?;...
1()rinstance,a footnote. (2)
Reptacr^&t of the nameby another;
rt'pla6lng the name by another SL
name and replacir,gin" r.,u
I'r' a TL name. Then, Onission of the
"
iame; omitting the name,
btrt transferring the sense by other
means, for instanc" [y u
\,)mmon noun, and omitting
the name and the allusion to_
ricther.
Moreover, nine strategies for the translation
of key_phrase
,rllusionsare proposed by-Leppihatmeltff
7: g2) asfollows:
.r Use of a standard translition,
lr Minimum change, that is,
a literar transration, without
regard to connotative or contexfual
meaning,
,, Extra allusive guidance
added in the text,
I r l ne use ot tootnotes, endnotes,
translator,s notes and other
explicit explanations.not supplied in
the text U"1
siven as additional infc'rmation.
""pfi"iUy
Stimulated familiarity or internal
marking, that is, the
addition of intra-allusive allusion
,
I
Ileplacement by a TL item,
Reduction of the allusion to sense
by rephrasing
lr Re-creation, using a
fusion of iu.hrriques: creative
construction of a passage which
hints at tto .orrr,oJtiorrJ
of the allusion or other ipecial
effects created by it,
Omission of the allusion.
!?1'-'"
EII Iitxili"*,iE"J
A P&lCrlcAL GL]DEFoR I
Fn
TMNsLArroNsKrLLltrtj
I
IV
CHAPTER
C. Translationr\'tethod
between translaNern'mark (1988b)mentions the difference
that' "while
writes
He
tion rnethod, ona t'u^Jtion procedures'
texts' translation Proceirlnriorion methods relate t-o whole
units of language"
smaller
the
and
dures are u-sedfor sentences
of translamethods
following
(p 81) He goes on to reier to the
TRANSTATION
PROCESS
t)""
tion:
The translation process is the procedures or steps or order
rrf technical devices used to trans?erthe meaning of a text in
i,ne language into a text in another languageor the SL message
to TL messageequivalently.
The translation processesimplies an entire processof how,
a translator produces equivalencesbetlveen a text or portions
,rf a texi into another language.The translation processcan be
ri,,'scribedas: decoding the meaning of the sourcetext, and rc','ncoding or translating this meaning in the target language.
Ilt'hind this simple processlies various activities like checking
irammar, svntax, idioms, semarrtics,and the like of the -.ource
i,rnguageand also the culture of its speakers.The translator
rr,'edsindepth knorvledgein decoding and then re-encodingthe
rn,,'aningin the target language.In many cases,it is necessary
llrat the translator's knowledge of the target language is more
irnportant than his knowledge of the source language.
The foliowing is the processthat is usually follow'ed by all
l() cnsure a well written, accuratetranslafion:
the document that is to be translaied is assignedto a per-
in rvhich
word-pr-zoordtrartslatittn"
,th:
?: Y:t*,:o:^::
bv theirmost
singlv
;#l;;J;,",a
b.
,i" wor.cls.ir1l:l1.t"o
common meanlngs, out of context'
grammatical construchons
Literal trattslatiott""inwhichthe SL
but the lexical
equivalents'
TL
a1s6enverted to their nearest
context'
of
out
*ord, are again translated singly'
,i i r r?iil'tioi "t "attemp"tst: 3.1:1:::
c. i i,' r?f
^t::-:# :'r:
of the original within the constraints
I
Ll--
;;;ffi;;u"i"g
of the TL grammatical structures'
from'faithful translation'
Senuntictrarislation:*fti"n differs
account of the aesthetic
more
."fy i" as far as it must take
value oi the SL text'
iirptii"r, whichis thefreestt"n :t-tli::l1l'.t:f*":'
andpoetry:it:..*::"i:
lt"5'-"*ty'iot fr"vt (comedies)
t'
p'*""'"d'ln"?!-,:,1t:'"
Hlluffi',;i;;";;; "'"^uv
the text is rewritten'
and
fT- culture
j
.""""t,"a ao tn"
TL text without the style'
Free translation: llproduces the
form, or content of the original' the' message' o f the ori ginal
Idi omatic t r anslation:ii t"p'oi"t"s
t r f n r c . a t r i n gL t v p r r t ' f c r r i n q
but tends to dislort nuontt'
these do"noi exist in the
colloquialisms and idioms where
, . 1 - r, , r ' i t o i .
'
originalthe exact
translation:rt attempts to render
It. Commttnicatiae
tie original in such away that both
contextual ^";;;;i
readil-v- a:-ce.ltable and
content and Ianguage are
to ih" i"^detship (1988b: 45-47)'
.o*ft"f,""sible
@ liltffit'1H"i::i'"
I
I
r i^ , ' 1 1 ;1t r: 1 ' 6 . 1 fi r ' ,
rr,'li r.'q'1s1'1
1u,,,'i:.t,.
. jrt rt
which the document is being translatedinto.
The document is edited by a person rvho is fluent in both
the target and source languages.Accuracy, granunar, spelling and writing style are all checked in the editing stage.
The document is proofread by a person lvho is fluent in
both languages.It is also necessaryto check spelling and
layoui.
4.
Finall,v,before the docurnent goes to the client , the document ls fr-rrtherrechecked to ensure that the translation is
correct,there is no missing texts and the layout is perfect'
Translation consists of studying the lexicon, grammatical
structure,communication situation, and cultural context of the
S[. text, analyzing those factors in order to find out its aPPropriatemeaning,and then reconstmctingthe samemeaningr-rsing
ihe lexicon and grammatical structure in suitable communication situation, and cultural context acceptedin the TL'
A. TranslationProcess
Translation is the Processto transfer written or spoken
source language (sL) texts to equivalent written or spoken target language (TL) texts. The basic purpose of translation is to
iepro.luce various types of texts, comprising literary, religious,
scientific,philosophical texts etc' in another languageand thus
making thlm availableto wider readers,to a greaternumber of
target audienceand to bring the world closer'
However translation is not an easy job' If language is just
a classificationfor a set of generalor universai concepts,it will
be of coursevery easy to translatefrom a sourcelanguageto a
target language.But iranslation covers not only word for word
traislation but also many other factors. The concepts of one
languagernav cliffer radically from those of another.This is be.u.,i" i.h li'guage articulatesor organizes the word differ'l
, ' r r i l . , . i , , 1 . . * , , . ,t l ' . t . , . t , 1 - 'l,r . r ' ,i-r l l l . S T . i l i ' - tl l l ' T I - , i h r m o r e
difficult the processof transfer will be. l'he difterencebetween
the two languagesand the differencein culturesmakes the processof tranilating a real chalienge. The problematic factors include translatiorrlike form, style, meaning, proverbs, idioms'
parts meaning to know how the messageis describedin thc SI
-cntences;how thosesentencesrelateone to another;what kincls
,'f dictions/wordsare used to bring tlre messages.After that,
'ru find out their equi'alence in TL and arrange them in the
r'cist natural structural patterns in TL. Furthermore, the culIural aspectsof sL have to be replacedwith the ones of TL. In
'rther words, the analysis n'ill move in the opposite direction
I'.rn 1[g fragments to the whole, from the simpler to the more
( ()mplex.The smallestunit of equivalent should be determined
lirst, and then combine them into longer unit, next come to the
'vhole text. Is the processof translating completed?
Ii has not
tirrishedyet! Your next step is to reread the r.t'holenew tert to
,'valuate the eqtrivalentresult of the sL message.Does the text
rrrTL gir,,ethe same effect to the reader who reicls it as he reads
tiic sL text? Again, to achieve a translation result sounds like
,,riBinal vou must consider to ihe TL st1,leyou use as well
as
tlrc fL grammaticalstructuresof the sentences.
Lr addition. make
l,'rir:al ancl grammatical adjustment when it is necessary.
Translation is a study of lexicon, grammatical structure,
( ()mmunication situation, and cultural context of
the sL text,
irralyzing it in order to determine its meaning and then recon'tructing this same meaning using the lexicon and gramrnatir,rl structure which are appropriate in the TL. The clianging
of
',1 SURFACE
STRUCTURE into TL SLTRFACESTnUCTURE is
'r' t'rmplished rvithin a complex language analysis.It
is a pror t''-sof finding a TL equivalent for an Si ..r"rrug". The process
,'t translatingis shorvn in the followinq diaerain:
etc.
To start translating, you have to study the whole text first
io get the general idea or to understand the messageof the text.
Afler obtaining a picturreof the message,you analyze it into its
!"i"'
@| | +lTsJit'1"J".'
,-iiHil;ibfr'3iiii
lE
lhat deals with grammatical, lexical and phonological aspects.
Il is the structural part of language which is actually seen in
irrint or heard in speech.Meaning is related to deep structure
of a language dealing with semantic aspects.It refers to the
rressage,idea, thought, or feeling that is transferred.A translai.r needs to understand the concepts and relationship betw-een
I.rm and meaning or surfacestructure and deep structure well.
t3riefly, it can be said that a surface structtrre is concrete and
r isible; whereas, deep structure is abstract and invisible that
lr.rppensin internal mind. The relationship between surface and
.lcep structure is that the surfacestructure is the representation
,' reflectionof the deep structure.
SOURCELANGUACE
TARGET/ RECEPTORLANGUACE
Text ll
Texl I
I
S U R F A CS
I IRUCIURE
Analysis
ng
Reconstructr
Message/ldea
Message / ldeas
D E F PS T R U C I U R E
C. TechnicalDevicesin DeepStructure
SL Transferringmessage(an internal processin mind) RLfiL
Technical devices in translation refer to kinds of analvsis
processesin finding the equivalent message/meaningin Tar,let Language (TL). The technicaldevicesin deep structurecon_
.ists of translation, transliteration, transposition, literal, bor_
r()wing, modulation and adaptation. Meanrvhile, in surface
structure, the technicaldevicespossibly found are adding sub_
tracting, adapting and eliminating. For instance, in one trans_
lating process,there could be all devices applied or only sorneof
them used, or even only one device is involved. It means that
they mav occur together or only some of them. For better un_
clerstanding of the technical devices, here are the definition and
illustration for each device in deep structure.
Nida and Taber (1969 in Larson, 1984:33)divide the procedure of translation Processin ihree stePs:
1) Understanding the meaning/messageof SL text, through
analyzing its words, phrases,and sentencestructures or
grammar used on the sentences;
2) Transferring the analvzed messagesin SL into the TL Messagesby finding out the equivalent meanings of the text/
This step is called an Internal Process;and
3) Restruciuring the equivalent meanings of SL to RL with
accePtedforms/sentencePatterns.The messagesin RL must
in gL. Sorlt'adiustmt'trhof
t-c tliL,:enrt ,r.,iththc mcs:.tg111,
lexical or grammatical are done, transformation happens'
Both steps (2 - 3) are called deep structure, evervthing still
happenJ in one's mind. When the result is already fit between SL text and RL texf translation is written.ql'
a.f ranslation
c.Transposition.
e.Borrowing.
g.Adaptation.
b. fransiiteration.
d. Literal.
f. Modulation.
B. DeepStructureand SurfaceStructureRelationship
Translationis concernedwiih form and meaning. Form in
a different rvay is related to surface structure of a language
Erl |+lxiil:1"1m!?:'"
A PMcrlcAL GUID€FoR I Fr.r
rMNsLArroNsKrLLI I 3'J
I
a.
of an SL into a TL form
Translation is rendering the sounds
(UT module, 1988)'
Here are the examPles:
English
lndonesia
lndonesia
English
Betar,r'i
B;tav t a
Singapura
Singapore
Aknmad
Achmad
lepang
Japan
thg letters of
Transliteration is the process of rendering
different ala
with
into the I'etter of another
;;;;lpffi"t
phabeiicalsystem (UT Modul' 1988)'
FJereis an examPle:
^Cyrillic
alphabets into the Latin ones
. ft',. Russian
. ArabicintoLatin
i an
In dones
it eratiott l"toppensbetween-Engl is'hand
Yet,no tr artsl
bothlanguagesusetheLatin alphnbets'
sintce
ttsed in translation'
Transposition is the common procedttre
replacemenVgrammatilt involves u gr"-^otical structure
f,o* SL language with one of the different
."i
"al"tt**"rrt
the same effect' Compare
wp" ir, the TL language to achieve
with the English style'
s"entences
iilotl"ril.t
;'h:';;
e.
| ,r rR.lcrtc,rl cL'tr,EFoR
sKILL
Lf. I I rnt.-smrtoN
Horseshoe
Sepatukucla
Bedbug
K e p i n di n g
Power
Kekuatan
lndonesia
T i n a h a ss l e p t .
T i n a s u d a ht i d u r ,
F r v ep r i n c r p l e s
Limadasar
Borrowing is a procedure often used when the'tL has no
equivalent for the SL units by adopting the rn'ordswithout
any changes but sometimes with spelling or pronunciation adjustments. The terms are called untranslatable.
English
Culture
Kultur
Bambu
Interne(
lnternet
Modern
(
lndonesia
Bamboo
Komputer
Iama.
< n n q n l sedikitYang telah
2 , 4 t r s t r n l i sn e n t l n t t k o nb n h w r t
dtkerlakartuntitk tttrgetpetdagnrtgari''
r.-a
Bolanrata
n a i s d a n c i n g . T i n a s e d a n gm e n a r i .
Indonesian :
toaktu
membutuhkan
1. Perlu cliketaluibahwamenulismodul
English :
"Yon
muchtime'
shoulelknozothat moclttleroriting tnkes
t.
' (Thelakarta
tnrget
trade
thi
2. Australia roy,it ho' leastto rlot'or
Posf:Nou 16,L994)
conceptualcorrespondence'
d. Literal is one to one structuraland
and' word ior rvord translation
It can include Uo'**i"gt
Here are the examples:
and is as an inter-lingualiynonym-v'
English
EyebaII
Modern
Komputer
Modulation entails a change in lexical elements in shift in
the point of view. It is a kind of lexical adjustment. Transposition and modulation may take place at the same time.
The following examplesof modulation:
1
[ 2 . , 1 y ' . 1 1 2 1kitvt n i r s D , r / / . i /. . l ! 1 y . ! , i ' i
,if st 'rr.t-7t,t!!,.tr; i,t
Surabaya.(streetwnlkers= W'|S)
= tidur-tiduran)
2. Hejust cat-sleepson hishadraom.(cqt-sleeps
3. Thestar usar betweenUSSRand USA hasended.(star-war=
persaingansenjata)
-'
Adaptation is a procedure used wh.en the others do not
suffice. It involves modifi,'ing the concept, or using a situational analogue to the SL situation though not identical
to it or the process of adapting the content of the message,
r-iltil';ib^:Y'3llil
I fa
so that the target language text will have as close as possible to the intent of the SL text and still create a similar
impact. An adaptation may entail modulation and transposition all togethe(UT 1988).
Adaptation can cover the substitution of the follorvinS aspects:
1. Letter for letter (Arabic letter to Latin letter)
2. Morpheme for MorPheme
mengalar
instruct
instructor
Pengaiar
3. Word for word
pirture
foto
lukisan
drawing
mengemudi
drive
tebal
thick
phrase
4. Phrasefor
jaga kebersihan
keepclenn
kekasih yang Penvabar
a patient lover
dijual
for sale
5. Sentencefor sentence
=TneyareSeneroLts
to
MerekapemurahkePadaorang miskin
thepoor
6. Paragraphfor ParagraPh
7. Discoursefor discourse
Technical Devices in Surface Structure
n
ItistheProCeSsofrewritingthelnessageottheSLtextttrto
the TL text in which one applies 1he rules of the second language system. The translation result clianges ihe original fc'rrm
5f Si t"*t by adding or subtracting the vzords of the sentences,
or by adapting the iorm in S1,i,vhich is not iound irr TL related
to lexical adjustments and rendering the SL word sounds' or
Note
by eliminating only for necessaryelemeutsof the sentences.
in
the
structure
surface
in
happens
how the translation Process
examplesbelolv.
f-t
I
,oJ
| .r rn-lcrtc.lt-culoEFoR
I rn+NsurloN 5KILL
.r. Adding: the process of adding structural or lexical elements to the target langua6;eto those present in the source
language.Here are the examples:
1. Sayn
petani(2 utords)
Inm
a farmer (4 wards)
2. lacky
tidak bekerja(3 words)
doesnot u'ork (4 words)
Iacky
3. A dfficult translating task(4 words)
Sebuahtugasmenterjemahkan
yang sulit (S words)
b.
Subtracting : The processof subtracting structural or lexical elements to the target language to those present in the
source language.
Examples:
1. Nlerekakembalike rumah
(4 words)
(i words)
Theureturnedhome
2. My father alwayslinds goodinforniationon the netuspaper
0 words)
Ayahkuselalumenemukaninformasibagusdi koran
(8 words)
c.
Adapting: See the explanation in the adaptation.
d.
Eliminating: The process of eliminating element is mandatory in the source languagebut unnecessarilyin the target
language or with no counterpart I correspondencethere.
^icre is an example:
Someresearchhas
shownthat oerhapseightypercentof all humnn
illnessare relatedto diet, and.fortypercentof canceris relatedto
the diet as well, especiallycancerof the colonQakartapost,August 9, 1994).
Beberapa prnelitian telahmenuniukkanbahwakemuningkinang0
persenpenyakityang meiryerangmanusiadisebqbkan
olehdiet rJan
40 persenkankerdiakibatkanoleh diet juga, klnrsusnyn kanker
usus besar.
.APRAcrlcALcutDE FoR I
fl
TMNsLATIoNsKTLLI l 3s l
The bold words were omitted in the target language (Indonesian),becausethey are ullnecessaryto be iranslated to make
the translation result clear.
Finally,technicaldevicesare stepstaken in translatingfrom
une langttage iuto another language.Among the steps, transpositioriand modulation are the most importani technica.l.ciei,ices.They play significant role to reach the closestnatural language fcr the second text'
CHAPTER
V
TI.IECONCEPTOF MEANING
As you have noticed in the processof translation,meaning
plays an important role. There are different kinds of meaning
irr language. The rneanings relate to the language funcfion as a
nleans of communication. It is closely influenced by the gramrnar, context, situation and society culture to where the meanrng occurs.There are the different kinds of meanings category.
A. L ex i c al M eani ng
Lexical is a linguistic item in dictionary. So, lexical mean,ng is meaning that is explained or describedin dictionary..
I exical meaning is a meaning defined in the dictionary. fhis
rrrt'aning,usually occurs when the word is used in isolation or
ntrt in context or without any correlation to other rvords. For
'xample, the lexical meaning of the word "hand" which is
de,t'iibed in Longman's dictionary."Hand" the moveable parts at
tlit: end of arms, including the fingers. Hcwever, the translator
rnust be careftll in choosingor consideringthe equivalent for a
,r,rrd before he translatesa word. A translatormtrst concern
' :rl" |la'a
Ccrtext
if hr'.,'rntq
tr
grt
r.
i:rlr-^t1ri;fr-
;,;r1i,..-r16,;-^
r , ,rusBa word in sourcelanguagemay have someequlvalence
r r.(,ceptorlanguage.A iranslation does not alwavs change the
,rr{uage w'ith the receptor ianguage.Therefore,a translator
,r,,uld be smart to choosethe appropriate equivalent.There
rr,' some lexical problems which need attention.
l)ne scurce languagehas some equivalencesin receptorlanr,r!.L-.For example; source language (SL): they surely needc.d
rLr'. In lndonesia, the word "rice" has a lot of equir,alences
r/(lf as "pndi", "gabnh","berfls",ot "nr7si".A translator should
fl
Lr.J
|
A tM,
l:r .rt ut tuc iwn
I r n r x s rA ' n o Ns K I L L
reach and see the context besides the lvord or the sentence.If
there is another sentence,he would not find any difficulties'
Example:
SL : |ohn's attitude is verY bad
TL; Sikap John sangatmenyebalkan
SL: The apple not only expensivebut bad too
TL: Apel itu tidak Irany'amahal, tapi jtrga busuk
SL: Thev all looked tired and pale.They surely neededrice.
TL: Mereka semua kelihatan letih dan pucat. Mereka
m e m b u t u h k a nn a s i .
Polysemy and Homonymy. Polysemy is a rvord, which has
more than one meaning. Here ihe example of polysemy in English, but the translation is surely not polysemy. The word
"f'resh"in a phrase "fresh air" means "segrir" and polysemy. The
. Ho$'ever, in slang,
w'ord "fresh" in "freshcoater"means " tnzrtar"
"kurang
aiar"- k can be
"fresh
".fresh
means
boy"
in
the word
ajar.
kurang
describedlike this: fresh: segar tawarHomonymv is two words or more which have the same
term. For example,the word "can" in thesesentences:
SL: How can you can a can into a can?
TL: Bagairnanakamu bisa memasukkan kaleng kedalam
kaleng?
In that sentence,actually there are two kinds of "can" the
first can rnean "bisa" and the secondlnean "mengalengkan" (as
tor to translate the text of receptor language into source language in the context of structure. However, if the receptor lancuage and source language are different in the context of structure or grammar, the translator will find a difficulty in adjustrng.or adapting the grammar. From the language tnowledge,
rve knor,r'that the language in one familv haJsimilar characterrstic in grammar and language.arhichcome from different famrlv have different characteristic in grammar. Therefore, we can
issume that translationfrom English to Indonesiaand vice versa
rvill find a problem in adjusti.g or adapting the grammar. There
.rre some differences in grammar between English and Indonesia-Below are the examplesof grammatical oistructural meanrn8:
Example:
English
I They can the fish
I He kicked the can hard
Indonesian
Mereka mengkalengkanikan
Dia menendang kaleng ittr
dengan kerasnya
l. She calculatesher saving. (every dav)
She calculated her saving. (last night)
he has calculated her saving. (since morning)
will calculate her saving. (tomon.ow)
She is calculating her saving. (now)
i The hunter killed the bear.
The bear killed the hunter.
. r , , ' t ' r b ) i l i r d " l ( . t l t ' l r g " ( a \ . : r nr r b i e c t ) .
or StructuralMeaning
B. Grammatical
Grammatical or structural meaning is a meaning that is
got from forrnation or word order in a phrase or a sentence.
This meaning is produced by affixes or meaning that is able
from a ccmposition of word by word. A translator sometimes
cannot translatervord by word literaily, becausethe result of
the gramrnaticaltranslation is sh'ange.If the receptorlanguage
and the sourcelanguage are similar, it is easier for the transla-
f
I+iTffl:'iH"i"',i,,,
L,xamplei and 2 show th-atEnglish moditrers come beiore
'lrc main .ouns or use
MD rules. on the other side, Indonesian
lr,rsDlvf rules that put ihe modifiers after the main nouns. The
,lriferent forrnation or order or words gives different meaning.
I i.rmple 3 pro'es the influe.ce of English tense that indicates
rir,: time when the activity happens. The meanings entail in
rr()s.:l
sentences
are obviouslvdifferentin eachsentence.
Finalli;
, \.inlple 4 brings a verv far different messagefrom the syntax
l l r t ' vu s e .
,-i$ff1;ibi:'3ffii
lr
C. TextualMeaning
Textual meaning is a meaning which is determined by its
relationship with the otheraords in a sentence
(Suryarvini ta, 1989:22).The lvord "hard" can have several
meanings depends on the other words in that sentence'
ThJexamples below show how the word hand (English)
severaldissimilar meanings
anci tangan (Indonesian)possesses
when it is used in different contexts.
Examples:
1. Nioryhotogyis a science study of the structure and form of
either animals and plants (dalam ilmu biologi)
2. Morphologyis a science study of the structure and form of
either words and phrases.(dalam ilmu linguistik)
3. Ifand me your PaPers.(menyerahkan)
4. just give me n hand.(bantuan)
5. All hnndsaboard. (anak buah kapal)
6. They are always ready athand- (siap)
7. Hands up (angkat tangan)
Like the word " hand" in English, in Indonesia the word
"tangan" also has several meanings, too. For example:
1 ia sekarang menjadi tangan kanan pimpinan perusahaan'
2. Orang itu ternyata kaki tangan sindikat pengedarnarkoba'
3. kapan masalah ini ditangani pihak kepolisian?
'l-.1
,
5.
I
i i:'it,
f .)lr',,.t;t ,',.!-,
. . : . . ' ; :. , " , .
1 r - ]i ' , ; l ; r
;l
t"'irt l'
;nenvelamatkankorban bencanaalam.
Pr.risiini buah tangan seorang penyair muda'
Meaning
D. Contextualor Situational
According to Survawinata (1989:23),contextualmearring
or situational meaninS;is a meaning that is appeareclfrom a
situation or context n'here the phrase sentenceor utterance is
used. In pragmatic knowledge, the element of the context or
!''l'.'
@| | iffisJ:l'':3"n.'
r t ua t i o n i s p a r t i c i p a n t , s e t t i n g , p u r p o s e , t o p i c a n d
()lnmunication'selement. An expression of "good morning"
, rrr have different meaning although it is the same to be pro',',rrnct:dby an employer to his employee. "Good morning"
'r\L',u1s
a greetingit is saidby an emploverto his emploveewhen
I'r. r'mplovee comes earlier then the others. "Good morning
rr,',rnsa r.r,arningif the employee comeslate.Therefore,a transLrl,rr rnust be smart to translate th-istrvo expressionsof good
r:rrrrniflg,becauseone of them means "selamatpagi" in Indone'r,r and the other means "kamu terlambat lagi", which shows
rhe situational meaning. "Good morning" is not alvvaysequivaIt'rrt with "selamat pagi" if \,ve concern with the setting when
the dialoguehappens.At 01.00A.M. greetingis "selamatmalam"
rn Indonesiaand "good morning" in English. Thus, the proper
rneaning of the utterance mainly depends on the context at the
tirne it is spoken.
Suryawinata (1985) gives another example: the phrase
"Cood morning" is usually used as a greeting when someone
rrreetsothers in the morning and it brings a messageof friendline.ssor warmness.But in different situation the greeting "Good
rrrorning" changes its meaning quite extreme as that shown in
the new sifuation below
"A staff, which always comes late and is lazy, is
being questionedby his manager but he is
arguing and snre with his own reasons.This
makesthe managerirritates.At last he shouts:
'That is enough.Cood morning!"
ISuryawinata,1985]
The utterance Good morning which is spoken in high tone
,rnd rising intonation is completely not a greeting, but it is a
-ign of commanding the staff to go out of the room as quickly
.,s possible. There isn't anv friendliness messageanymcre in
tlrc greeting,but an anger or insult. Therefore,the resrrlt of the
r.liomatic translation in Indonesian is as follows " Cukup.
Keluar!"
A prL\crrc.\L
cr'rDEFoR I lTl
TRANSLATTONSKrLL I L-'J
C H APT ER
VI
Describe the situations in which the follor,ving tttterances
are expresseddifferentlv before finding the most proper meaning for the word "fire".
a. Do you have a fire for l'rim?
b. Fire! The house is in a big fire
c. Concentrate to the object, and fire!
E. Socio-CulturalMeaning
Socio-cultural meaning is a meaning w'hich appropriate or
suitable with the factors oi the people's culture who used that
language.For eramples: Javanesepeople usuallv ask 1ohls f!9nd
. It
who comes frorn triveling vrith the words " endi oleh-olehe?"
question
this
but
Indonesia,
in
"mana
oleh-olehnya?"
means
d.oesnot really means that the speaker ask some gifts from his
friencl. It is just like a Sreeting. Tl-risutterance is hard to be
translated liierally in English, because in English, we do not
know about "oleh-oleh, b"curt" it does not really match with
"gift or present".Theword "kodingaren"in javaneseor the word
"f,rmben" in Indonesia, is also hard to be translated in English'
This conceptcontainselementof "surprise". Therefore,the word
"tumben" can be translated as "it's a surprise" although the
meaning is not reallY correct
The socio-cultural meaning are set to maintain verbal social contacts.Sincethe equivalence of SL is seldom found in TL
means that the phrase, sentence or utterances of the language
is rrntranslatable, in '/our translation, you should make
textual adjustment tor them.
Example:
Think! hovr do you translate the follow'ing utterances to Indonesia.
- How do vou Co?
- It's nice of you to meet me.
- What's wrong with You?
- Excuse me, I want to r+'ashmY hand.
- So long!
r-T
l:]_l
| ; pnacrtc,rLcutDEFoR
I rneivsrnrroNsKILL
F O R MA N D M E A N I N G
Form refers to the structural part of language which is actr.rallyseen in print or heard in speechor the structural pattern
trsed to express an utterance. Meaning deals with the message,
iclea,thought, feeling or sense stated in the utterance. It is the
rneaning that is transferred from one language to another.
franslation; for that reason, is an effort to transfer meaning in
SL into equivalent meaning in TL that is expressedin TL form.
Further, translation equivalence could be in the level of r,r,ord
ior lvord, phrase for phrase, sentencefor sentenceand so on. In
the translation process,the first thing to do is understanding
lhe total meaning of the source text. There are three types of
rneaning that can be determined in the analysis of meaning of
llre source text (Nida and Taber, 7982:23),namely;
A. Meaning and Shadesof Meaning
Larson (1984;3)says that the most im-portantpart of translation work is to transfer the meaning into the receptor lan:tuage. A translator must first anal_yzethe text in the source
l.inguagecarefully to transfer the equivaient meaning into re.
. , ; i , t ; t ' ; ' . i , t . . t it 'i t s . r l s i ' i r ) l ) ( ) i . r . . l i t I. i i , t i t , r , , , t . , irt' - . r r t t . l a t r ; : " I . t - t . , ; . t
'r,it only maintain the meaning but also the shadesof meaning.
in English, the words "sad" and "grief" has a similar meaning,
ti.ratis sedihin Indonesian,but a verv different shadesof mean'rrr;. Ihe translator can translate "saci into "sedih" but he/she
r ,rflflot do the same thing io the. worcl "grief,". Criei", accord,ng to Collins Cobuild English Dictionarl' Q995:739),means a
t,'t'iing of extreme sadness.To keep the lvord's shadesof mean,nc,," grief" is beter translatedinto "kesedihanyang me.ndalam"
of extreme sadness'Theresince "sedih" doesn't have the sense
n'ot-only the
irr", ttt" translator's awarenessin maintaining
cf words in the source
*"u^ir,g but also the shaclesof meaning
in cruciai' The change oI
language into the ,"t"ptot language
as lung as it still
form in the receptot littgt'ug"-is icceptable
cf meaning in
shades
the
expressthe same meat';tt"gas"well as
the source language text'
nearlv impossiblebut
Proclucingan excellenttranslation is
Follor'vphenonrenaltranslation is conceivable'
to
"".o^ptish"a
translation' a translator
ir',gi"rr:r"'s opinion about a good
language text accusource
sh"ould knolv ihe meaning of the
i.anguage'The
receptor
ratell, before tra.,sferrinE tl l" the
convevs the
still
it
ai
in form is considlrable as long
.h;;;".
we must
that'
in the source language' Besides
;;;"";"ttage
other aspects' such as
also be aware that there are so many
figurative language' connotation' colloidiomatic
"^p."sriot,
etc'
cation, diffeient cultural background
B. The ConcePtof Formand Meaning
l.
GrammaticalMeaning
inevitably in terms
When one thinks of meaning' it is almost
is taken for granted
of rnrordsor iclioms. Generally grammar
rules about ararbitrary
of
since it seems to be merety a set
to underwants
one
if
,urlg"^"rlts, rule that musibe followed
meanantr
cp6'5
to
131'e
thirt
-ln,i,,i b,.rtrrtlt rtrlt's thr:n'rsclr-cs
ing.Acomparisonof,,johnhrtBili,'and,,BiilhitJtllrn,,shc'uld
has meaning' It is. the fir-st word
convince us that g"^^u'
word' and the third
*ti.i-t p"tforms tlie action of the '""o"J
the second
specified.by
worc{ identifies the goal of the action
with the
altered
be
iutt
word. "Dicl you go""u"d "You did go"
of
difference
same pattern of intonation, but the grammatical
exthe
Follorving are
o.d". provides quite a different meaning'
amples:
1. Kantor pos
2. Pegarvaikantor pos
3. Saya pegawai kantor pos
: post - office
: post - office stafl
: I am a post office staff
When you translatervord in isolation, it is not difficult to
iind the Indonesianequivalenceof English word and vice
versa/but problem will occur immediately at the time, it is
or sentences.It requires knowledge of grammar of
;--.hrases
both English and Indonesian.The difference in language
svstem takes great considerationin a processcf translating
r.r'heresome adjustmentsof lexical and grammatical elements
of target language must be taken in order to fulfill the
,rcc'epted
Indonesian translationequivalence.Seethe example
above :
O English has "to be", " artlcle", and "the adjuct".
O Indonesian dropped "tobe" and "article"
O English adjuct comesbefore the noun, while Indonesian
adjunct comes after it.
For further understanding,observethe following examples.
Ihr'y are translatedin the form of word to word translation :
1. Dia kemarin membetulkan pagar rumahku.
He yesterday fixed fence house my.
2. Kamu dipanggil ibu.
You are called by mother.
3. |arang mereka menepati janji.
Often thev fulfill promise.
:. lagung nanis Amerika teia-hditanam mereka eiisini.
Corn slveetAmerica have already been planted by them
here.
The translation result sounds bizarre and confusing that
, ,rrr possibly causemisunderstanding to readers.The cause of
rlr,rt problem is in translating the sentencesthe translator fol, ,\\ s sentencepatterns of Indonesian. To achieve correct transrlrrrn,he must use the pattern of English sentencestructure. If
A PRAcrlcALGUIDEFoR I
f
lffill;ffi1t""':"*"
F-t
rRANsLArtoNsKrLLI llj
different as
he does so, then, the final results of translation are
stated bellorv:
house
1. Yesterday he fixecl my house fence or He fixed my
fenceyesterdaY.
2. Mother called Yott.
3. They seldom fulfill Promise'
here'
4. They have already planted American sweet corn
Comparing the results of both translation Processes'-you
role to
.un p.o,rl that"language structure..Playsan important
mesA
help a translator accomplish an idiomatic expression'
message in a sentenceof SL should be replaced by equivalent
the form
sale in the sentenceof TL, althotrgh he has to chance
in conrules
its
has
English
that
of"the language. Remember
forms'
verb
tense'
ordet
word
structing sentences,such as the
etc'
pronouns-'
inflectio-n,modifiers, passive-active forms,
Furthermor",*'orditselfsometimesmakestranslationdifThe-transficult, when the word has more than one meaning'
kind of worC
iation equivalence could be a problem unless such
the problem.
is used in context. The exampies given illustrate of
The word " to bring":
L. Bring me a drink!
= (Ambilkan aku minum!)
2. You can bring MarY to the PartY'
= (Kamu dipeibolehkan mengajak Mary ke pesta)
3. He alwaYs brings me Present'
= (Dia selalu memberiku haciiah)
+. I can bring you to see the situation from my side'
= (Saya dipat memPengaruhimu memandang situasi
tersebut dari
sudut Pandangan saYa)
5. The bad news brought tears to her eyes'
= (Kabar buruk itu membuatnya menangis)
r-t
LjlJ
I a Pr,rcrtcrl culDEFoR
I rnnNsrerloNsKILL
The sentencesshow that BRING embodies various difft,rt'nt meanings based on the context in which the word is usctr
'fhe
context relates to the situation, the speaker and the listener, style of communication and purpose of communicating
the messageof which the appropriate meaning is determinerl.
,,\sa_final point, it is apparent that translation is not only chang_
ing form of one languageto another language form in"order t.
keep the meaning of an utteranceunchangedbut also considering the context in which the utterance occurs.
2-
Referential Meaning
This refers to r,l'ordsas symbols which refer to objects,event,
.rbstracts,and relations.For example:
English
He bought a hammer
Indonesia Dia membeli sebuah palu
English
He will hammer the nail
Indonesia Mereka akan memukul paku dengan palu
English
He w-ill chair the meeting
Indonesia Dia akan memimpin rapat
English
He was condemned to the chair
Indonesia Dia akan dihukum mati di kursi
The distinct meaning of the terms ,, hammer,, and ,,chair,,
,irr very closelymarked by the occurrenceof theseterms in quite
,r tiifferent contrast r,r'ithverbs.
'
Connotarivel\'lcaning
Connotative meaning refers to how the users of the lanrl.age react, whether positively or negatively, to the words ancl
tlrt'ir combination-sometimes, the associationssurrounding
'" )n'lewords become so strong
that people avoid using them at
rll rhis is what is called verbal taboos.There are posltive anci
rr.q6fivgtaboos.Negative taboosassociatefeelingsof revulsion,
"r tlisgust, againstwords such as those which refer to a certain
''lg.rn of a body and functions. Hornby (7996:72-14
clefinesta-
.'--iiH:l';[i]'3iiil
lE
,,words that are often considered offensive, shockboo rvords as
ing or ntcle, eg becausethey refer to sex, an organ of body or
rafe. The fact that taboo is against the word and not referent,
can be from the fact that there are quite innocent terms which
refer to the same things and which are perfectly acceptable'
However,thefeelingagainstthewordsissuchthateven
though everyone knows them, they are not used in polite socirnuny dictionaries refuse to print th,em'Such words
ety, a"nd
".r"r,
ati thought to clefiie th.e users. On the other hand, there are
positive laboor, associatedw'ith feeling of fear: certain words
as
ioften names of the powerful beings) are also regarded Powerful, and the misuse of such worclsmay bring destructionupon
the helplessusers.
C. Form and Meaning
Translation is easy when there is only one meaning transferred; it means a form is used in its primary meaning or function. There is only a one-to-onecorrelatjon between form and
meaning. But, it becomes a complicated task, w'hich is difficult
when there are extended meanings of words used as secondary
or figurative meanings as well as extended usagesof grammatical functions.
Any text has both form and meaning' The two can be used
as the purPoses of translation, which then divide it into two
main kindi of translations.According to Larson (1984:15)transtranslatior.is classifiedinto trvo main tvpes.namel..'form-based
translation
Form-based
iation and meaning-basedtranslation.
attempts to follor,r'the form of the sourcelanguage,and is known
as literal translation, while meaning- based translation that
makes every effort to communicate the meaning of SL text in
the naturaf form of the target language. Such translation is
called Idiomatic Translation.
An interlinear translation is a completely literal translation.
For some purposes, it is desirable to reproduce the linguistic
feature of the-source text, as in a linguistic study of that lan-
,lu,rgc.Although these literal translations may be very useful
r,,r l,)Lrrposes
related to study of the SL, they are of little help to
of
the
receptorlanguagelvho are interestedin the meanl,,,,rker
rrrrlt)f the SL text. A literal translation sounds like nonsense
rrr,l has little communication value (Larson 7984:74).The lit, r,rl translation can be understood if the general grammatical
t,'rnr of the two language are similar.
Is literal translation useless?No, not all of it is. Literal transl,rtion is good for the linguistic studv of source language to
r,'1-r1'oclus.
the linguistic features,but it has little communicaIrtrrly3lss and sounds like nonsense.The speakersof the target
l,rrrguagewould be in problem to understand. For example:
Indonesian
English Literal Translation
: " Siapa namamu ? "
: " Who name you ? "
This literal translation makes little sense in English. Thc
, ntcnce construction of "WHO NAME YOU" doesn't follc,w
rrr\,of the English grarrunat meaning it is wrong. Asking for
,rnc'sname, English obliges us to use the W-H question word
''rvhat"
instead of "who", that is fixedly formulated in the foll,r,uvin*expression"What is your name?". Then, the approprirlc result would be in English idiomatic translation "IVHAT IS
YOUR NAME ?.
Larson (798a:76)further says that idiomatic translation use
lirt natural forms of the receptor language both in the gramrrraticalconstructionsand in the choicesof lexical items. A truly'
' '''.,rtia t1,r11<l.1li,rll
i l r r 1 , .: l { ; l s , ) t u l r ! l i l . , t ' a t r . r r , * l , t i i , , r -Jr .t r , i L i i . . l
'rKe'rt was written originally in the receptor language. Therelo1s, a good translator will try to translate idiomatically. Hor.l'('\/er,in practiceit is hard to consistentlytranslateidiomatically
,'f literally. These transiationsare often a mixture of literal and
ir'liomatic forms of language. Translation then falls on a continuum from very literal to literal, to modified literal, to near
itliomatic, to idiomatic, and may fall, even more on the unduly
iree as displayed below (Larsory 1,98417).Here are other ex.rmples showing different forms of translation results.
A P M c r r c A L G L I D EF o R I F t
A P M C T I C A L C U I D EF O R
TRANSI,ATION SKII I-
TRANSLATToN
sKrLL I l_ll
Nvonva Linda PenumPangPesawat
Indonesian
a""gu" tuiuan Jakarta, diminta ke
kantor ada telepon. (an announcement
at the airPort)
Madame Linda, Passenger with
Literal English
destination ]akarta, is demanded on
the telePhone at the office'
passengerfor Jakarta,you
Idiomatic English : Mrs.Lynda,
are winted on the phone at the office'
translators
A truly literal translation is uncommon' most
modified
partial
making
who tend to translate literally actuallv
in
sufficientlv
gramrnar
translation.They modify thaorder anci
receptor
the
of
llrder to aPply t'h" u.."ptuble sentencestructure
literallv'
Language. However, tire lexical items are translated
the translator
tnctiTferlnce,th.e idiomatic translation requires
grammatical
the
in
both
naturallv
to use the target language
constructs
He
items'
lexical
of
constructionsand in the choice
paragraph)
sentence,
clause,
the sur{acestncture (word, phrase,
follows all the rules
in the target language system he uses' he
An idiomacceptedin the ty=tJ* of tft" language consistently'
as it
seems
It
atic translation does not sound like a iranslation'
Thus'
language'
was written originally in the receptor/ target
lvhatever,
idiornaticallv.
translate
to
a good translatJr wili trv
it is his goal.
to translaFurttermore, there are two other terms entailed
A
hanslation'
passive
tion work that are activetranslationand
ru6iirit-i
it.rttrl.iit'f
U>iiurr-y
r'rirus
i-;u5:rvC
iI'llilici
lrOil
r\nI(i1
into the work in
translates the work in the ioreign iutgttug"
into Indonesian
his native language (Example : English text
text).
- 'By
he. can
making a lot practices and.in the tinre Process'
both
translate
to
become an advanced translator who is able
nainto
text
actively and passively. lt means not. only foreignlanguage.into
tive text tranilating, but from a text in his native
from
Translation
uses'
he
for"ign text in tlie target language
"
sKrLL
trl |+"xitihltN
one'snative languageinto his foreign languagcis t,tllt'.1,r,lr.,
'
translation.It requireshis higher mastery of the tn'o l,tttgtr,ryi,
g,rammaranci a good understandingof the foreign tttltttt,' ,,1
the languages.To remind, ihe way one takes in translatirrg tlrr'
tt,'xtsvvill bring the result of his work into two different kitr,ls
,rf translation. It can be a work of literal translation or a vvork
,rf idiomatic translation.It undeniably depends on his masterl'
lcvel on the two languagesused in translating Process.
D. Kindof Meaning
Translators should recognize three senseswhich occttrs
w'ithin words. The first one is primary sense,w'hich is the sense
that will come to the minds of most speakersof the language
rvhen the words is cited in isolation.The secondone is the sec,rndary sense.Secondarysensesare those which are dependent
r,iponcontext for an indication of the senseintended. In additron to primary and secondarvsenses,words also may have
(igurative senses.According to Beekman and Callow as cited in
i-arson ('198472L)"figurative sensesare based on associative
r,'lationswith the primary sense.Seethe follolving examples of
,lifferent context or purPose where form occurs.The examples
rnake the meaning of the word is also different.
: He. carries umbrella to the office in the
rarny season.
Secondary sense : a. He carries many huPPy memories of
hrschildhood.
b. The pillars carry the rveight of the
roof.
Primary sense
The type of association to the primary meaning clarities figurative meaning into four different types. They are Met()nymy, Hyperbole, Synecdocheand Euphemism. A Euphemism
r' .r figurative meaning which is in some ways like a metonymy.
lhe description below illustrates the characteristicsof each.
,-iiH:l';ibii'3li:l
I til
1. Metonymy
I'm aery cold. To translate hyperboles
from tlrt, \, ,u r r ,
l,hrase
l,rnguageinto the receptorone, we
must ah'ays rem..n.,b.,,'t
1,,,t
\()metimeswe cannot find the
similar hyperbole in tlrc ,,,.,,,,
l,tnguage.However *:
change it into another exprt.ssion
:ur.
()r words that represent the
same Jffect. Hyperbore deais r.t,ith.r
rreronymy or synecdocherrsing
exaggeration to give effect. It
states thing more than what iI
is and not be under_
'tood as if it rvere a literal description.
"*uiii-v
Examples :
Metonymy is the use of rvords in a figurative sensewhich
involves association._Larson
(r994:1,2r)gives one example about
metonymy, in English it is correct tcl say, ,, the kettle is boiling.,,
However, a kettle cannot boil. This happens because when the
word kettle is collocated with the speiiil collocation boil, then
kettle does not mean the kitchen utensil used for boiling water,
but rather refers to the water which is in the kettle. I1 is the
water which is boiling. But when the water is associatedwith
the kettle, it is inside the kettle. Kettle is being used in a figurative senseto mean r,vater.However we cannot translate ketlle is
boiling literally becauseit would sound impossiblein most languages' Hence figurative sensescannot ui'ally be translated
with a literal form of the lvord. For instance are:
a. I want to smokeGudangGaranr.
(The association_consists
of a spatial rerationship. The
words Cudang Garam refers to one of cigarettei n^*"
which is popular in Indonesia).
b. I listenedto Chrisdauanti
on radio.
(The association c-onsistsof a logical contiguity where
the name of Chrisdayanti is used to ^"arr-ih" song she
sings as she is a singer. There is a logical relationsf,ip;
c. "It is your time"
(The sentenceis addressedto an applicant who is waiting
fcrran ir.rtt-r'ir'r'trr a test. Tirt ass.ci.rti.. is callecla
temporal relation ship).
,r. Her tears are fallin-glike a rain.
b He can put the world on his hand.
3. Synecdoche
In English, we often find the figurative
sensesbased on
f,art-whole relationship which ur" .ill"d synecdoches.l"
E"_
u.person may say, ,,you must not tell
this to a soull,,Soul,
"11*:
ir hich is part of human being, is
substituted for person.So,rf i,
l'cing used in a figurative se-nse.
word is used tg"*ii""iy'i^
the sentence."His t o.rdcan be trusted,,,
which *""ur,, ,,wlrit t,
'''t.'/'s
cilfr be trusted." Larson (1g8'r; i23)
gives actditionar exrrnplesof a part being substituted
for the whole.
1
Oniy 8 hardy soulsshowedtry for work
'l_.Jr,,t.t'
Persons
l
a
2. Hyperbole
According to Beekman and Callow as cited in Larson
(7984:1.27)
hyperbole is th-edeliberateexaggerationof metonymy
or synecdocheused for effect of what is salring and is not
meant
to be understood as if it lvere a literal explanation. For example,
the expression I'm freezing to death is an exaggreration for
the
:",i,.
trl |+lTtrJ:"r;B"ni
(Is there any tear
as much as rain ?)
(How big is his
hand to handle
the world ?)
; 1 t , n l t i , , . ;l o t t t l T h e l r t s
Shesaidif fo mv face
tttl titt,t.t,
Persons
IT|C
In.addition, synecdoche is a figr-rrative
meaning based on
|art-whole relationship.you wilr se"ethat the worJ ?.
p"r,.r
st-.methingas a whole or unit.
"
l:rample:
r
l,
We cannot forget his face.
She lives under my roof.
,^iitr;l';ibiy'iifi
lE
c.
rneaning.Remember that you must keep the meaning unchanged
,rnd pay attention to the contexts us t""ll as the assJciative relalions of the words in the sentence.
We may find that there are some changesin the work of
lranslationbecauseevery language has its ow-nrules and those
rules are different from one language to another. This happens
[t) ev€r/ aspect of language, whether it is the grammaticat
irh"_
.ological, or semantic rules. It is also co.recito say that to express the meaning, language has its own way in using the lin_
guistic devices.For instance,we may add morphemJ,,_s,, in
trnglish-to refer to plural noun while in Indonesian, we just
rcpeat the noun without changing the original from o, ,rri.rg
the one or more concept like dua, beberapa, banyak etc.
Simatupang (1,999;7a)states that the repetition in Indonesian
is affected by the context of the text.
After the big explosion only about twenty souls were saved.
The bold words above are parts of the whole thing being
talked. The first sentencementions his face; it is a part of the
whole object of him. A person may say that a way to substitute
the sentenceof we cannot forget him. Here, the word roof substitutes the meaning of house and tl're word souls replace the
word persons.
4. Euphemism
We use euphemism to avoid offensive expressionswhich
are consideredunpleasant.All languageshave euphemisticexpression which substitute for certain words, especially in the
area of sex, death, and supernatural. The ]ews, for instance,
avoid mentioning the name of God by using the word heaven
(Larson, "1984,p.726).the most language have n'avs to say the
word dic without using the word which has the primary meaning'to die'.For example, English speaking people often use the
phrase pass away instead of die, while Indonesians may say
'
berpulang'rather than' meninggal'.
Euphemism is a figurative expressionwhich is in some ways
like metonymy, however, it is used to avoid an offensive or unpleasantexpressionor thing which is socially unacceptable.The
substitution in euphemism can be of one word for another or
especially the
one expression for another. It uses certain r,,,'ords,
words connected to sex, death or supernatural.
Example:
English
Single
Plural
I'encil
pencils
Indonesian
Single
Plural
pensil
pensil-pensil
ft'ga pensil
Beberapapensil
Banyakpensil
Example:
a. \bu got more weight didn't you?
b. I was there when his father passed away.
c. She refused to sleep with her boy friend.
The other expressions related to sex which are commonly
used to avoid one's offense/insult are fo knou', to touch, to come
togetheror to sleepzrifh. Finally, it can be stated that translation is
easy rvhen it requires primarv meaning or primary function.
However, it needs serious thought when it deals r.vithextended
trl l+uru;t:["n'!?1,.
sl
lllI
,^lit''lii#!ii:iIril
VII
C H APT ER
M E A N I N GA D I U S T M E N T
To attain the closestequivalent replacement of Source Language meaning in Target Language meaning adjustment anyhow is an obligatory. Adjustment is setting thing right for its
use. In this case,adjustment refers to how a translator chooses
the most suitable meaning in TL text from the meaning embodied in SL text. Meaning adjustrnent covers textual, situational
or socio-cultural meanings. In addition, there is another expressionsthat call for meaning adjustment altogether with their
socio-cultural contexts namely social formulas. The detailed
explanations are presented below.
A. Adjustmenton TextualMeaning
Text determines the meaning of a word through the context in which the word used in the text. Such kind of meaning
is called textual meaning. Notice how the text createsvariety of
meanings for the preposition "on" in the following examples.
1. The beautiful painting is hanging on the wall.
2. The accident happened right on the bridge.
r
His son carrieson the family business.
+. Do you come here on purpose?
Does the word on used in the sentences above have the
same meanings ? The answer is "No, it doesnot !" See that the
text differentiates the meaning of the word on of texts. Hence,
meaning adiustment has to be made to make translation result
t'orrect.The lexical meaning listed in the dictionary for the word
on is diatas; however, its meaning changes in those texts into
di, diatas, melanjutkan, and dengan. As a reslut, the translatitrn of the above sentencesis as follows.
1.
7.
3.
4.
Lukisan yang indah itu tergantung di dinding.
Kecelakaanitu terjadi di atas jembatan.
Putranya melaniutkan usaha/bisnis keluarganya.
Apakah kamu datang dengan sengaja ?
The examples assure us that adjustrnent on meaning is required to fulfill meaning equivalence.
When the same expression"Whot can I do
Jor r1ou,Srr.,.'r.,
spoken by a waiter at the restaurant,it has dificre^t .rr..rr.f',
To have equivalent meaning in Indonesian, a transl.rrr' .r.,.,1..
to make a kind of meaning adjustmentbased on the ncn, srtrr,r
tion: at the restaurant. Hence, the translation result is ,'B,.ful
mau pesan makanan apo? atau Bapak ingin makan apa?,; f i_
nally, a translator has to be aware too upon the situation in
which the expression is spoken.
C. Adjustmenton Socio-Cultural
Meaning
B. AdiustmentonSituationalMeaning
Situational meaning is the meaning that established by the
sifuation in which an expression is used. As a means of communication language takes different situations that cause dissimilar meanings. Pay attention to the expression Good morning below that is translated differently when it is used in the
following situation.
1.
2.
3.
A teacher greets the students at 7.00 a.m. in her class.
(selamat pagi)
Someone meets his friend on the way at eleven o'clock.
(selamat siang).
The radio announcer ends the Program at 00.30 a.m.
(selamat malam).
Another clear example is the utterances used by a shop assistantwhen a costutnere-nters.
Indonesian shop assistant says '. "Bapak petlu apa?"
The meaning of this question is that she offers to help the
customer to find what he needs. If you translate the question
into English with : "Sir, what do you need?" It will sound impolite. In this case you have to make meaning adjustment for
the question based on the situation when the expressionis spoken. Therefore, the acceptable question in English is'. "What
can I do for you, Sir? Or Can I help You?"
trl l*xlut:B"J!''l..
Socio-cultural meaning is a meaning that is closely tied to
the custom / habit applied in the language society wirere English is practically different from Indonesian cusiom. Adjustment on socio-cultural meaning relates to the use of the same
word for different usages in the socio-culfural concepts which
are manifested in the conventions of the target language. Here
are some examplestaken from UT module p.4.36.
1.
2.
'
Wife to husband : "Yout coffee is ready, dear."
(dear is used to show affection to her husband, meaning
"Kopinya sudah siap sayang', ).
Wife coming home finding the house is in disorder; she
exclaimed "Oh dea1, what a mess!,, It is used to tell the
shocking sight.
( The expression means "Masya Allah or Astaga acakacakan benar !" )
In formal letter and informal letters, the word dear used in
salutation has different meaning. Thus, to translate it a
translator must know the socio-cultural meaning despite
he gives
word. As a result, the meaning ii equiva_
1vlong
lent. Read the examples.
formal
: Dear Sir, means denganhormat.(No intimacy)
Informal : Dear Betty, mean s Betty yang baik or Betty ,oying.
( the word is used to show intimacy ),
A pRAclcAL GUTDE
FoR I
Fl
TRANSLATToN
sKrLLI I 5rJ
D. Adjustmenton Social FormulasMeaning
Social Formulas are exPressionsor set phrases used to induce and maintain verbal social contacts (Rachmadi,
These formulas are closely related to socio-culet.al.,l.988:4.43).
to understand the socio-cultural meanHere,
contexts.
tural
is important in order to fit the ProPer
language
ings of the source
mlaning of Social Formulas in the target language. These kinds
of expressions rePresent particular meanings in language culture.
Sometimes,SL social formulas do not always have equivalents social formulas in target language. Consequently,they are
intranstable/can not be translated ! When you hold that case
you have to look for the closest socio-cultural equivalent in
iarget language. Accordingly, your translation is acceptable in
tell exactly where he is going. In fact, those are just greeting!
Then, the two speakers end the conversation.
In contrast, when the utterance "Mau kemana"is addressed
to American or British, he might be bothered or insulted and
will replay harshly "It is not your businessor It is none of your
btrsiness".It is because culturally it is not other person's businessto ask you "lNhereareyou going ?" The more suitable greeting used is "Hello, You seem in a hutry, don't you 7"
the target language.
Examples:
English Social Formula
- How do you do?
- So long
- I'll miss you
Indonesian Social Formula
- Mau kemana
- Selamatmakan
- Turut berduka cita
lndonesian Social Formula
- Senang berkenalan dengan
anda.
- Sampai jumpa
- Sampai ketemu Iagi
English Social Formula
- Untranslatable
- Have a nice meal
- PleaseacceptmY sincere....
atas meninggalnYa....
In using social formula, a language learner has to be very
careful unleis it insults the person he is talking to. For example,
the Indonesian social formula "MutrketnhnT" that is commonly
used as a greeting telling about the speaker's attention. In response, thi second speaker will be haqPY being greeted that
way and will reply kindly "kesfltrt". Also, the reply does not
trl I+ixffii?18"J!ii"'.
A PRAcrrcALGUrDEFoR I
F-t
TRANSLATIoN
SKrLLI I 6tJ
VIII
C H APT ER
T R A N S T A T T OENQ UT V A T E N C E
The main objective of the various translation procedures
described before is to get "equivalence". The word equivalence
is clearly stated in a famous definition proposed by Nida and
Taber (1969:12):"Translating consists of reproducing in the
receptor language the closest nafural equivalent of the source
language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in
terms of style." He proceeds to state that "the translator must
strive for equivalence rather than identi$", "the best translation does not sound like a translation", and "a conscientious
translator will want the closest natural equivalent."
From the statement above, it is clear that the word "equivalence" is very important in translating. The translator should
attempt to find equivalence between the source language and
the target language. Remembering the importance of this concept in translation, the following discussion present two types
of equivalence namely formal equivalence and dynamic equivalence and also principles governing a translation oriented and
the two types of equivalence.
{. Typesof Equivalence
Nida (in Venuti, 2000:129) proposes that principally there
.rre two types of equivalence namely formal equivalence and
,lvnamic equivalence.The formal equivalence which most completely typifies the structural equivalence is also called by Nida
,r "gloss translation". ln this type of translation, the translator
*hould try to reproduce as literally and meaningfully as pos'ible the form and content of the original. This type of translation is designed to make the reader capable of identifying him-
self as fully as possible with a person in the source language
context and of understanding fully the orstoms, maruler of thought
and means of expression (2000:129). For example, in a gloss
translation a phrase "as white as snow" should be rendered
literally "seputihsalju" although the translation is not intended
for the reader who does not know "snow", and therefore a footnote is added to the translation. In short, the messagein the
target language culture should always be compared with that
in the source language culture in order to judge the standards
of accuracv and correctnessin the translation.
In contrast, a dynamic equivalence is a translation n'hich attempts to create the dynamic relationship between the source
language messageand the target language messagewhich is
based on "the principle of equivalent effect (Riew and Phillips
1854, Nida in Venuti, 2000). It means that naturalness of expressionshould be obtained.The translationof dynamic equivalence should also try to relate the target language to the modes
of behavior which is relevant within the context of the target
language culture. For example, the phrase "as white as snow"
is not rendered " seputihsalju" but " seputihkapas"if the reader of
the target language is considered not to be familiar with "snow".
The following will be presented principles governing the
two types of equivalence.
B. ThePrinciples
of FormalEquivalence
and Dynamic
Equivalence
tht: chrrracteristics
it rs
To get a bcttcr understanclingabc.r,rt
necessaryto describe the principles which are used to base a
translation attempting to reproduce the equivalences.
As stated above, there are two types of equivalence,namely
formal equivalence and dynamic equivalence. The formal equivalencetranslation is principally source-orientedwhich is designed
to produce as much as possible of the form and content of the
original message.According to Nida (in Venuti, 2000:134-135),
there are three principles that may be adopted in the formal
tT
I
,-
I l prtrcrrc.lr-curDl FoR
| | rn+xsurroN sKrLL
equivalence translation. Firstly, the translation should trv to
reproduce grammatical units that may consist of (a) rendering
nouns by nouns, verbs by verbs, adjectives by adjectiver,
"r,d
so on; (b) maintaining the intactness of all phrases and sen_
tences (i.e. the units are not split up and reidjusted); and (c)
preserving all formal indicators such as marks of punctuation,
paragraph breaks, and poetic indentation.
Secondly,the translator should reproduce consistency in
word usage aimed at concordance of terminology. It means ihat
the translator always translates a particular teiin in the source
Ianguage document
corresponding term in the target
!f 1nu
language document. In this formai equiva-lence,the translator
may also make use of brackets, pa.enlh"res, or even italics for
words added to make sense in the translation but missing in
the original document.
Thirdly, the translator should reproduce meanings in terms
of the source context. In this case, he normally does"not
make
adjustments in idioms but tries to reproduce such expressions
more or less literally, so the reader may catch something dealing with employment of local cultural elements by the oiiginal
document in conveying meanings.
since that kind of lranslation clearly contains translation
which is not understood by the average reader, the transrator
should add some marginal notes to explain formal feafures
that
r-amot be represented adequately andto make some
of the forrnai equivalentsemployed understandable.
Concerning the principles governing translations oriented
, . \r r d . d ) n a m i c t : r 1 u i ' a l e n c c ,
s i n c e t h e c l y n a m i ce q r r i ' a l e n c e
translation according to Nida is described as "the closest
nafur'rl equivalent to the source-ranguagemessage,there
are three
kt'v words contained in it, namely (1) equivalent
referring to
the source language message,(2) natural which points
tow"ard
thc target language, and (3) closest which ties io
orientation
'':' the basis of the highest degree of approximation.
In this
' 'rsc',the equivalence is the one referringio
the response rather
tlr'rn the form, and it seems that it is neiessary
to consider the
A PMcrtcAL cutDE FoR I Fr
rRANsLArroN
sKrLLI t .t l
word "natural" and its implication to the dynamic equivalence
translation. Principally, the word "natural" may be applied to
three areas of the communication processes,so a nafural rendering must match (1) the target language and culture.as a
wholi and (2) the context of the particular message and the
target
- languageaudience.
A naturai translation involves two main areas of adaptation namely grammar and lexicon. The grammatical adaptations are mlre easily made since manv changes are required by
the structure of the target language, for example, by shifting
word order, using verbs in place of nouns and replacing Pronouns with nouns. Dealing with lexical adaptations, in general there are three lexical levels to take into account, namely
(a) terms which are parallel between the source language and
the target language such as rice, tree,knife, book, etc'; (2) terms
different objectsbut with somervhat simiidentifling.rlttrrllly
tar furrctiJns, e.g, book which in English means an obiect with
pages bound together into a unit, but which as shown by Nida'
in New Testamentit meant a long PaPyrus in the form of a
scroll, and (3) terms identifying cultural specialtiessuch as tcrasj,
sambal,soto,etc
Concerning the naturalness in dynamic equivalent, Nida
proposes that lhere are three elements that should be considu."i 1V"r,nti,2000:i36). The first is co-suitabilitvthat consistsof
.unong others (1) word classes,(2) grammatical categories' (3)
,"^uriti. classes,(4) discourse types and (5) cultural context.
The second is that natural translation must-l be in accordance
w iti'i tirecontert 0i the pariieuia,tliltj::ag(r. lre iasi clrlnrtltitin
the nahrralnessof a dynamic equivalence translation is the extent to which the messagefits the target language audience'
This appropriateness snoula be considered based on the level
of e*peiience and the capacity for decoding if a real dynamic
text is written in the target language.The diction in tht't,rr1',,'l
language is properly put in the right context and the granrn.rr
is well arranged. Principally,the translation is not likc a tr;rrs
lation but as if it is a natural text.
To reach such a good translation, a translation which is
equivalent in ideas or content, grarrunar, style and the like, is
not an easy task to do. The translator should trv to find the
nearest equivalence between the source language and the target language. It is widely known that almost each language
has its own characteristics. It means that each language, according to Boas (7911),possessesits own way of creating a vocabulary that divides the world and makes categoriesof experience. What in English might be represented by different words
(water, lake, brook, rain, etc.) in another language might be
expressed by the same word or derivation on the same term
(Duranti, 2000: 55). Or each language has its own peculiar and
favourites devices,lexical and grammatical, which are employed
in the reporting, analysis, and categorizing of experience
(Hoijiea 1,967:95). Therefore, to find an equivalence between
two languages is a real challenge for the translator.
Moreover, the challenge is very serious for the translator
since there are m.rny experienceswhich are specific to the lansuage, so no equivalence can be found in another language.
The language-specificexpressionsare the realization of the patterns of knowledge, belief, and behavior in a particular culture.
Besidelanguage-specificexpressions,there are also culture-specific expressions.It is the language and culture specificexpres,\;r1s\^'hich make the activity' of translatir-rg chailenging for
the translator.
equivalenceis reached.
Thedescriptionsaboveshowsthatatranslatorshouldtry
to get a naturil translation. A natural translation is a translatioi of a text that can be read and understood easily as if the
l-l
L:tf
| .+rnrcttcel culDEFoR
I rneNsmrroNsKrl-L
A PMcrrcArcurDEFoR I I-l
T R A N S L A T T O N S K T LIL l . !
IX
C H APT ER
GRAMMATICATAND TEXICAL
E Q UT V A T E N C E
As pointed out previously, translation is more than just
translating source language words into target language words.
To reach the proper meaning of the target language words will
definitely depend on the context in which the words are used.
The context will lead to the intended meaning properly that is
grammatically, textually, situationally and socio-culturally correct.
English and Indonesian have their own language svstems
which are different one from another. Thus, when you work in
one of the language you have to follow the rules and principles
of the language you are working with. To get the same impact
of your translation work, you have to find equivalent meanings in the correct forms of lexical and grammatical elements.
A. GrammarEquivalence
In translating from one language into another language,
Transposition and modulation are obviously the most important procedures that should be taken into account by a translator. Transposition is something to do with replacing grammatical strucfure, and modulation refers to a change in lexical elerurcnts.Normalll', a iranslatorshould always study the text as a
whole before s/he begins to translate it. After obtaining the general idea of the text, s/he can break it up into its parts and begin
to translate by analyzing its parts: words, phrases,clauses,sentences, and paragraphs. To do it correctly, the grammatical
equivalence needs to be made in order to attain faithfubnessand
readability. Grammatical equivalence is the equality or sameness/
"kesepadanan" of the grammar/syntax/sentence strucfure between two different languages.
ll
i[lu
It is important to know that there are structural patterns
of both English and Indonesian which are different and similar. When a similarity occurs, translation will be easy; on the
other hand, when a difference exists, translation becomes difficult. Note the following examples.
'I
. Saya butuh
Sula
1f?
2. Does she play tennis
I
2
3
3. We can not speak English
12345
4. Bill is a careless worker
5
4
1 23
I need sugar
123
Apakah dia bermain tennls
1234
Kita tidak dapat berbicaradalam bahasaInggris
7
5
6
3
1
Eill seorang pekerja yang ceroboh
1234s
From examples no 1 and 2, we find similarity between English
and Indonesian pattern, namelY :
Subject + Predicate+ Object (1)
+
Subject + Predicate + Object? (2)
Aux
See (3). The difference from Indonesian structural equivalence
exists where order of the auxiliary and negative word "not" is
reversed.In the last sentence(4), the order of adjective and noun
worker= pekeriayang ceroboh) and some parts
is reversed( careless
yang) in the processof
are dropped (a ) or added (dalambahasa,
translation.
Here are examples of grammaiical equivalence on English
phrases/ sentence:
Phrases :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
r.T
A Syntactic analYsis.
An unpredictable enemY.
The miserable destroyed country.
Peraturan-Peraturan lalulintas.
Suatu harapan Yang mustahil.
I e pnecttc,rucutDEFoR
sKrLL
I to I I rneNsr-erroN
Sentences:
1 . Rescue workers pulled a victim from the river
yesterday
2 . Who will rebuild the house ?
3 . The law punishes the litterbugs in Unites States.
4 . |akarta dilanda banjir bandang beberapa hari
yang lalu.
5. Keluargamereka tidak seharusnyamenentang
kita .
B. LexicalEquivalence
Lexical equivalence is the equivalence / likeness of the
closestmeaning betrveen the SL and the TL of a word is used in
context. Translation is not concerned with words alone, since
most English words have more than one meaning. They must
be connected to the context in which they occur to avoid misleading concept. Anyone who has studied English r,vill surely
aware that the process of replacing lvords from SL to TL does
not mean merely replacing their meanings in isolation. For example the word " RUN " can you say that run means " berlari
" when that word exists in the sentence "The water runs from
the broken faucet? " or "Her nose is running badlyl"? So the
best way of finding the most appropriate or closest meaning of
word is to know the linguistic considerations called syntacticai
and semantically bearings. Finally, you may conclude that the
English equivalence of Indonesian words or Indonesian equivalence of English rvords will be determinedbv their particular
contexts.
Here are the examples:
1. My father has run a drugstore for a year.
2. Look! The thief is running across the field.
3. The car engine runs when you plug in the key.
A pRAcrrcALGUIDEFoR I
Fl
rRANsLArroN
sKrlr.I l_ ttl
CHAPTER
X
L A N G U A G EA N D C U L T U R E
Language and culture are two inseparable entities in a society. Language not onlv functions as a device used to report
experience, also to define experience for its speaker. Culture is
shaped by a number of experience. So, it can be stated that language plays a large and significant role in the totality of culture
(Hoijea 7967:92-94).
i
*
"t
A. Cultureand Translation
Language, as a means to express or state the author's mind
and imagination, cannot be separated from the society as well
as the culfure. The culture of every language, however, is very
complex because it contains different beliefs, attitudes, values,
and rules. Hence, it is correct that the way the author views
the world is reflected on his work. In accordance n'ith that,
Simatupang (1.999:72)states that the language of the author of
the text also represents his/her culfure.
On the other hand, the readers of receptors language, as
Larson ('1984:470)
points out, do not interpret the translation
basedon the culture and experienceof the author and people of
rl,.'irrigirtal tt'rt br"rtthttir ow,n Thc rt'iationshipbt:tw'eorlanguage and culture that can be found in translation task needs
to be well understood by translatorsbecausetranslation is not
only a matter of transferring one languag;einto another but
also the cultural viewpoint in order to get good understanding
of the source text and can translate it to the people who have
different set of beliefs, attitudes, values and rules.
The fact that every society shares some culture frame reference makes the work of translation possible. On the other hand,
the richness of the culture in everv society also causessome
barrier in the work of translation. The problem may be easy to
solve if the cultural differences between the source and the receptor language is only a little. If the difference is quite big, it
wijl car-,sea big problem in the work of translation' For example, the Ameiiians'habit to addressthe older people by their
.ru*" or "yott" is considered impolite in Indonesian culture as
well as eastern since in our country we usually address the
older people with "Bapakllbu" rather than by their name'
Lirson (J.984:53)states that it is important for translators
to understand the culture or language of the source text to produce an equivalent translation. Therefore, translators should
develop a clltural sensitivity in order to translate correctly.Shaw
(1988:2'3)
adds that "understanding culture does make a difference in translation. It means that the translators' knowledge
about the source language's culture is very important in order
to produce a good tianilation. In that way, the result of the
translation witl be more understandable as the readers of the
receptor language can easily catch the original messagesconveyed in the source language.
ih" discussion of the nature of the relaThe followings
"r"
tionship between language and culture in two headings: linguistic relativity and cultural relativity'
B. LinguisticRelativitY
Linguistic relativity, which is also referred to as sapir-lvhorf
sa's that ihe wav we perr:ci'e tle r'r.rld is partly
FJ'poth-:sis,
determined by the language we speak (Kadarisman' 2004:4)
According to Hill filAal in Kadarisman (2004, 1), the SapirWhorf Hypotiesis has two different versions, namely moderis reate and ,tiorrg versions. The moderate version which
perpeople
way
the
that
ferred to as [iluistic relativism states
they
speak'
language
ceive the world"is partly determined by the
The strong version, however, which is also called linguistic
is
determinism says that the way people perceive the world
:"1'-'
trl I$xi'Jit':ts"^i
T
strongly or rvholly determined by the language they speak. This
version, however, is generally rejected for lack of empirical support. It is considered to give too much authority to the language if it stated that a speech community is at the mercy of
their language. The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis states that language determines culture and thought patterns.
In the following sub-sections, it will be discussed the linguistic relativity n'hich means "relative to itself" and the linguistic relativity which also means "relative to a given culture".
The former implies that a language determines the native speakerrs'thought patterns, while the latter means that a langu.rge
manifests itself in culturally-loaded expressions.
C. LinguisticRelativityand RelativeThoughtPatterns
In the discussion above, it is stated that the Sapir-lVhorf
Hypothesis says that the structure of languagespartly determines a people'sthought pattern. It means that each language
has its own way in deterrr,ining its people's thotrght patterns.
There are tlrree fields rvherelanguagesmay differ from each other,
namely in the fields of (a) lexicalization, (b) grarr,maticization,
and (c) syntactic patterning (Kadarisman,2004,2-7 ).
Lexicalization.
Lexicalization means putting concepts into
words. For example, the word "snor+"' in English h.asman-y
lerical equivalents in Eskimo, namely "aput" (snorv on the
ground), "gama" (falling snow), "pigsirpog" (dritting snorn')
and "gimugsuq" (snondrift). The word "rice" in English has
r , r i l l c r i i a l r r q t i i r ' ; l t r . r i1r ' sL r d L i r r e s i a pn i l r l i ,! . ; l ' ; , l l i ) , ; ' , ' , ' . , , . , ; .
l:ven in Javanese,there are many more lexical equil.alents for
the wold rice: pari, sego,sego liwet, sego r,..'adhang,
upo, karak,
intip, etc. moreover, in Javanesethere are many names to each
part of the coconut tree - such as glugu (coconut tree\, blarak
(old coconut leaf), sada (the bone of the coconut leaf), bongkok
(the stem of the coconut leaf). The examplesshon, that a name
is given to a certain trbjectif it is consideredintimate to a given
'l'he
culfure.
words "rice", and "coconut" are intimate to agriA PRACTIC,\LCL'IDE FOR I
TMNSLATION
SKILL I
to
culfural society,and the word "snow" in Eskimo is intimate
region society, so they have many names'
polar
'
to
Moreover, since most'English-speaking people belong
into:
translated
be
"cara"
may
industrial society, the word
"way","method'i, "mechanism" and "technique" wh-erethe last
"meramal"
three show industrial Progress. Likewise, the word
"to,tecast"'
has three equivalents in Eiglish, namely, "foretell" '
reflect
utta "predict". The words "predict" and "forecast"
show
progrus in science and technology' The examples above
by
determined
part
is
in
world
the
way people perceive
[f,"itt
"
the language theY sPeak.
so the
GrimriaUc"f m"rkett may also realize concepts' and
be
can
term grammaticization is usld' The grammaticization
to
refer
in the form of nouns, prepositions or particles which
diare
concepts of space ana atso of time' In English' - nouns
countable
Indefinite
countable.
non
videiinto countable and
the sennoun must be realized as either singular or plural' So
grass
eats
A
cow
into
tenceKerbnumakanrumput can be translated
when
is
used
eat gtass.In Indonesian, a reduplication
or Cozr.rs
(books)'
the plural foim is given emph-asi1,,:Y"h ut buku-buku
(pencils), anak-anak(children)'
peniit-pensil
'
are
Ir, English, the concepts of "space" and "time"
the
English
In
not'
are
they
but in Indonesian
gru*;uti;ited,
preposiusing
realized
is
loncept of space,or spatial dimension
asks sometions tr puriialur. Therefore, r'r'hen an Indonesian
(kanru)
"Mengapa
one in a tree, for example,he or she will say
should
in English the spatialdimension
;lisitu7",anrlif
"tpr"r.".l
"lVhat aIe )'ou doirrg ttp
becc-rmcs
questii-rn
be cotrsidered,so the
in a well' the
there?". When the person is not in a tree' but
iwhut are you doing down there?" In this
should be
;;;;""
particles "up" and "down" show the spatial dimenthe
i'ase,
I
c
sion.
stories"'
In his experiment "from pictures to narrative
a picture (of a
Slobin (1996)in Kadarisman (2004,3-4) showed
English and
;i;; going out of a hole in a tree flying d9w1) to
the picdescribes
English
sf""irn s"peukerr. The speaker of
!"i'.'
trl |+lTiffi"*'18""-:
1
tures as follows: The bird flew down out of the hole in a tree. The
Spanish speaker, however, describes the picture with the following English equivalent: The Bird exited of thc hole of the tree
fltting toward below. The prepositions "down from out of " in
English do not exist in the "Spanish" translation. And the translation of the sentencein Indonesian is Burung itukeluar dari lubang
pohon (dan) terbangmerendah.The translation is much closer to
Spanish version. In Indonesian, English and Spanish, the spatial dimension exists, but it is just grammatiziced in English.
Concerning the dimension of time, in English it is realized
by means of tenses.This grammatical makers in Indonesian do
not exist. In the sentences:He is sick and He was sick,the forms
of "be" are is and was appear, and they show the occurrence of
the sickness.The "is" shows that the sicknesshappens at present
and the word "was" tells us that the sickness occurred in the'
past. So, in Indonesian, the sentencesshould be given appropriate adverb to make the occurrence clear to the reader. The
translation in Indonesian becomes Dia sakit(sekarang) and Dia
sakit (waktu itu), respectively.
In the same experiment, Slobin (1996)in Kadarisman (20O4,
3-4) an English speaker is asked to describe a picture (of a boy
falling flat on the ground and the bees chasing a dog). His description is as follows'. "The boyfell out and the beeswere chasing
the dog". The sentencecan be translated into Indonesian; " Anak
itu jatuh dan sekawananlebah mengejaranjing". The translation
shows that the "ing-form" and the particle "out" do not appear.Therefore,it can be stated that in the minds of Indonesian
,rirdEnglishspeakc-rs,
temporaiconceptssuch as "prcsent" and
"past' exist, bui they are just grammaticized in Engtish not in
Indonesian.
Beside lexicalization and grammaticization, syntactic patterning should also be taken into account. English has some
differences in syntactic patterning compared with Indonesian.
English is a subject prominent language, namely every sentence requires a subject. In Indonesian, however, a subject may
be omitted especially in spoken discourse.For example, the sen-
,-ii$il';ibi:
3l[ilE
tence Kapan datang?Can be translated into "Wen did you aniae?
Where the must be the subject you tn English.
In English sentences,there are also the meaningless subject thereor the expletive subject lf to fill up the subject prominence requirement. But Indonesian does not have such a kind
of subject. So thereand if in the position have zero equivalents
in Indonesian. It can be shown in the following sentences:"/f is
aery important to sendthe letter" and "Thereare many booksin the
roonts"which can be translated into " Pentingsekalimengirimsurat
itu and Ada (banyak)buku di kamar lfu in Indonesian.
To emphasized the subject and the verb in Indonesian, there
are syntactic particles -pun and -Iah. Therefore, the sentence
" Sltsanleft" can be translated into some possible forms namely
(a) Susan berangkat; (b) Susan pun berangkat;(c) Susanpun
berangkatlahand (d) BerangkatlahSusan.The sentencepatterns,
according to Becker (1995) in Kadarisman (2004) are typically
Indonesian.
Those are the different structures across languages which
are realized in different lexicalization, grammaticization, and
syntactic patterning.
D. CulturalRelativityand LinguisticRelativity
Cultural relativity refers to items which are culture-specifrc.
The items can be concreteor abstract objects,specificProcesses,
or specific concepts and values (Kadarisman,2004:5). ln this
section, culture-specific items are directly related to linguistic
how linguistic relativity is determinecl
expressionsto understanc-l
by cultural relativity.
The culture-specific objects are concrete and abstract ones.
The concrete objects include batik, wayang, gamelan,batik and
some Indonesian foods such us soto, sambal,sate,and so on.
Therefore, the words in English remain untranslated, and they
become lexical borrowings. It should be noted that the word
sambalcan be translated into saucechilli in English. The translation, however, is iust lexical approximation because sambal
t-
L]|f
I n pnecrtcelcutDEFoR
I rneNsrerloN sKILL
$
i
i
in Indonesian means a menu made of chilli and garlic and some
tomatoes, terasi and the like mashed together and it has spe_
cific taste. Moreover, sambnlis eaten together with rice and
vegetablesto serve as appetizer. so, sambal and saucechilly are
culturally different. It also happens with the concept of d"alang
a.nd puppetger or puppet master. Dalang and puppeteer have
different cultural contents.
The abstract objects can be exemprified in dino pasaranor
"pasar;rn days" in
Javanese.The names of the five pasaran days
are Legi,paing, Pon, wage,Kliwon. The pasaror markets are usu_
ally named according to the five pasaran days, especially in the
western part of East Java and the eastern part of cetial
Java
(Kadarisman, 2004:5). So, PasarLegi, pasar'paing, and i,oro,
Kliuton,are most crowded for busineis on regr, paiig and Kliruon,
respectively.
Now comes to culfure-specific process.From the examples
above, the word "pasar" can be tianslated into ,,marketi, in
English. Moreover, the word "y)asar,,may derived into sepasar,
"five.day" artd sepasararz,
meaning ,,giving feast on
T"Tilg
the fifth day after the birth of a baby." The word sepisaran is a
process or an activity. So, the word sepasarancannot be trans_
lated since it is culturally loaded. The examples of such derivation are siram-sirannn,agustus-agustusan,
piton-pitonan, sat,ssatusAn,slamet-slametanetc. The roots of the words are tra'slatable, but their derivations are untranslatable.
The last items are culture-specific concepts and values. The
examplesof culhlre-specificconcepts arepaiglinv, tlomblon?,4ntI
J.ttualnt,and st-io^. The :,ord pangling mearl in the sentence
Sayapanglilrg means "The first time I saw you I didn,t recognize
you, but later I did". Domblong rneans ,,looking at someoie or
something with awe, without really understanding what s/he
is doing or w.hat it is all about". Soi,Dia hanya domilong means
that He doesnot know anythingwhat it is ail abotit.Theworjk uutalat
means "running into bad luck becauseof doing something be_
lieved to be against supernatural restricti on. Diikuwalat *-"u.,,
"He has bad luck since he has done something against
super_
A p R A c n c A Lc r r r D EF o R I
Fr
TRANSLATIoN
SKILLI t ?,J
Iti
r
natural restriction. Since they are so heavily loaded with
Javanese-specificmeaning it is impossible to translate them.
The examples of culture specific values are "giving thanks"
and "apology". In English,-speakingcountries, giving thanks
is limited to religious domains. In Indonesian, however, giving
thanks or syukur not only comes into religious rituals, but also
into secular domain. Therefore, in a research report, it is usual
to begin with the sentence "Puji syrtkur kami panjatkan kepada
Tuhan YangMaha Esa yang denganrahmat dan karunia-Nya telah
dapat kami selesaikanlaporanpenelitianini..... This sentencecan
be translated into " Praisebeto theLord theAlmighty One,for whose
mercyand blessingwe haaemanagedto completethepresentresearch
report." The translation is good, verbally but culturally is not
proper, since according to the cultural convention, the academe
has become a purely secular domain.
The second example of culture specific values is apology.
Apology exists in every culture. It is obliged for evervone who
has made a serious error to apologize. However, the context
between Indonesian and Western ones are different. The Indonesian contexts, apology occurs in wider social domains. For
examples, the sentences"Kurang lebihnyasaya mohonmaaf ...
(which is generally given in the end of a speech) can be translated into ..."Should there any mistakes, I apologize ...", bulv
this is improper in English since the convention never allows
an apology to end a public speech, and hence it is culturally
rejected.
The other example is a well-known saying in a lebaran card:
Sclamalldul Fitrt:Mohon Maaf Lahir Batin." Thc sentencecan be
just translated into "Huppy Eid" in English and mohon maaf
Iahir batin should be translated since the apology part is culturally untranslatable.
Those are the description about the relation between hnguistic relativity and thought patterns and cultural relativity
and linguistic relativity.
I n pnecrtcRlcurDEFoR
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I
80
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I
CHAPTER
XI
1
ri
TRANSTATING
P R O N O U N SA N D P R O P E R
NAMES
Translating pronouns and proper narnes from Bahasa In_
.
donesia (hereinafter referred to as 'Indonesian') into English
and vice versa requires a translator to have an adequate ,rid"rstanding and command of both ringuistic and non-linguistic
aspects of both the.source language and the target lan[uuge.
Most words, including pronouns, have more thin on" L"un_
ing. These meanings are often called secondary meanings.
The
secondary meaning of a pronoun is determined on the dasis
of
its use in the target language and not on the basis of its form
in
the source language. It is dependent on the commu.ication
sifuation or on the context in which a pronoun is used.
Culfure-based proper names in both Indonesian and En_
glish introduce ambiguities when translated. Indonesia is
a
multi-ethnic country having a variety of culfure-based given
names which must be carefully studied by the translator
L
sure that he uses accurate third-person pronoun substitutes
"rrwhen translating into English. Animal neunes,particularly,
pet
names using human names, require an extra effort from
lhe
translator to ensure that the names in the translation
are in,Jeedpet names.
A. Pronouns
Indonesian has a pronominar system that is different from
F.nglish.such differences must be taken into account
by the
translator becausethey present a real challenge. The fo[owing
t.rble shows the differences between the two svstems.
Table1"English
i---*-t;'';-:
I
Table2Indonesian
fYI
lsineular
I
.
lelutat
--Fil;;
**-*1''.**
i-t,.*"-' F**
ii
--
i
[_-
|I
-T.*'r'.
G;;;" [i*--i*,.',.""i;;-'";f;;
i
i
I
izna
L-**l-j
personi familiarI n"rt*
i
I
Ii -lrd
- r - o"rron
-l*..-__--_-
ffi*-*-.r";.--i
i:T: - -
I
*l
I
itu
i
I t^ / di.
l
i gender
F*-sl
Ga-,
I
{T*o-
I
is"no""
\ tbu-ibu I saudara'
llr_ l_.-t'"u'*:
I
\ mereka
I
A. First-PersonPronoun
Notice that Indonesiandistinguishesbetweeninclusive and
exclusive. English has simply one subject pronoun for "First
Person Plurai', we. We may at times be talking only about the
speakerand someoneelseother than the hearer,and at other times
about ttte speakerand the hearer.In Indonesian, there are two
that is, it
first-person plural Pronouns. Kifa means we and Vor-r;
is inclusive i7 th, hirrtr. Kami means we,but not you; that is, the
HEARER is not hcluded and this form is, therefore, called exclusive. Inclusive means that the heareris included in the FIRST
l--
L
8,
| ,qpnrcttc,cl culDE FoR
| | rneNsr-erroNsKrLL
PERSON PLURAL form and exclusive means that the hturtr s
not included. Thus, before an English sentencelike 'We belitut,
tue can do this'is translated into Indonesian, a translator has to
find out if rpe means kita (inclusive: both writer/speaker and
reader/hearer)or it means kami (exclusive:only writer/speaker).
ln order to discover the correct meaning the translator must
study the paragraph or the whole text and the communication
situation in which this sentenceexists. By so doing he can come
up with only one of the following translations:
1. Kami yakin kami bisa melakukan ini.
2. Kami yakin kita bisa melakukan ini.
3. Kita yakin kita bisa melakukan ini.
4. Kita yakin kami bisa melakukan ini.
In contrast, translating Indonesian pronouns kita or kami
in a particular context into English the translator simply uses
zue.The meaning component of either inclusioeor exclusiaewotrld
be lost when translating from Indonesian into English. The
secondary sense of kita in Indonesian dialects of Engrekang
(South Celebes/Sulawesi)and of Minahasa (North Celebesi
Sulawesi) violates the Indonesian Usage Standard. For
Engrekang, kits means 'you' SECOND PERSON SINGULAR
and/or SECOND PERSON PLLIRAL whereas kita in Minahasa
means'I'FIRST PERSON SINGULAR. Thus, when translating
an Indonesian sentencelike 'Kita hants menelepcnisteri kita', a
translator should first ensure the meaning of kita is we, you or
I. If the source text is from Engrekang the accuratetranslation
r.r,orrldbe You must call your wtfe and if it is from Minahasa it
would be I must call my wife.Thts is also important for an interpreter that rvhen interpreting an oral speech he must find out
whether the speaker is from Engrekang or from Minahasa.
Also, kami in the first clause of a sentencein an Indonesian formal letter such as Bersamaini kami memberitahukan
bnhwa......(Literally:
Herewith zueadvise you that ..... ..) is accu rately translated as H erewi th I adaise y ou that....when the wri ter
is not representing a group of people. In this case FIRST PERA PMcrrcAL GUIDEFoR I F-t
rMNsLArroNsKrLLI t83J
irrg an audience even though you, SECOND PERSON, would
seem more correct. For example, he might say : ',If I don,t pay
my taxes....."It takes the audience out of focus and is a way of
bcing stern without being too direct. ,'If you don,t pay your
taxes," would be too direct and impolite.
SON SiNGULA& I should be used becausekami (we:exclusive
the reader) is always used in each Indonesian formal letter as a
formal and polite way of a writer expressing himself. In contrast, an English text like I am aery pleasedto adaiseyou that....
should be translated as kami dengansenanghati memberitahukan
bahwa...Thus, if the translator discovers that kami is used to
represent a group of people in a formal letter it should be translated as we, whereas f is always translated as kami in every
formal letter.
Larson (Larson, L984 : 126) mentions that, in Er'.glish,it is
not uncommon to hear a speaker begin a talk by saying "Today
u)e are going to talk about such and such." The speaker then
begins to do all of the talking. This form is called editoral "we"
in English. The editoral "we" is a secondary sense of the pronoun zre in which the plural form is being used with a singular
meaning. English also uses the pronoun zue when the object
being referred to is really you: that is, SECOND PERSON. Notice the following examples (data from Eunice Pike):
1. Nurse: It's time for us to take oar medicine now.
2. Nurse: Shall zue take our bath now?
3. Mother: Let's be quiet, shall ute?
4. Teacher: We' re not going to shout, zrle'll walk quitely to
our places.
5. If a child is lost, the one who finds him will say to his
mother: We couldn't find mother. We couldn't find Daddy
and zoewere so frightened."
II zue had been used in its primary sense, tl-renthe nurse
would be taking the medicine, the mother would be quiet, the
teacher would not shout, and the person who found the child
would be frightened. We know that this is not the case.In each
of these examples,zoeis being used in a secondary or extended
usage. The component of SYMPHATHY is being added by using the FIRST-PERSONpronoun rather than the SECOND
PEIISON. Larson further indicates that an American politician
will often use f , FIRST PERSON SINGULA& when addresstt-
| ,r pnecrtcal GUIDEFoR
L84 |
| rnnNslnrroN sKrLL
B. Second-Person Pronoun
Translating you into Indonesian from a formal letter, an
al-lnouncement,a formal speech script and some other written
rnessagesneeds to be carefully studied. An English clause like
I[creuith I adaiseyou ........may be translatedin6 lndonesian
in
scveral ways:
I
Bersamaini kami nremberitahukan
kamu (and.d ....
l. Bersarna
ini kami memberitahukan
bapak...
i
Bersanmini kami memberitalntkan
ibu
1 Bersannini kami memberitahukan
saudars
tr
fir
if,
If the addresseeis either an adult male or an adult female
r'ith a higher social status you is translated using the second
r':rsonfaniliar formbapak or ibu (seeTable 2) the primary meanrrgs of rvhich arefather and mather,respectively,r,r.hire
saudara
r.Irezrns
either brotheror si.sferin its primary sellseand is used if
tlrt'addresseehas a simiiar social status with the writer
and/or
rl thr. writer is in a higher status. Although karnrt (andn)
i.,;a
'rtt'rt'! form of the second-person
pronoun in the Inrlonesian
l,r,rrrominalsystem,it is consideredimpolite to use thesepro_
' " r ' : ^ t r , r d C r e : r sr r . ' l t r l ' r , . 1 r i . .1i ,--r, ' 1 -,[. , ' r r r n . , , , ,
r ) r ] JL S ( ) ,l r r t i , r r k ,
1,tu,sLrtLLlur&
ln a seconcl person.famihar|ormare preferably used
r,I replacekamu (anda) to shorv politeness
in acldressi.,gid.,ltr.
lrr English there is no component of meaning r,r,hich
distin'iirslres iurniliar from,fo,mnlin the second p"rri.,. so, if one
is
l,' translate into Indonesian everv time the English pronoun
r/{)r occurs,the translator has to decide which lndoneslan
form
i ,' slroulcl u-se,,bapak,ibu, saudarn or ksmu in singular
or
l)ipok-bepak, ibu-ibu, saudarn-sauclarain plural . fie r.iill
have
,'' rnake this decision on the basis of the use in Indonesian (as
A P t \ L I r c A L c r r D EF o R I
l-.t
TRANSLATToN
sKnL I lll
f'
the target language) and not on the basis of the form in English (as the source language).
In contrast, when i trlnslator translates an Indonesian
'Kami mengundangBapakllbulsaudata untuk
sentencel\ke
and
menghadlripernikahananai kami, into English an inaccurate
know
unn"aturaltranslation will result if the translator does not
the use of bapak, ibu, and soudara in this context' He will then
'we inaite FatherlMotherlBrotherl
prod.r.u a translation like this
sisterto attendour son'swedding'The accurate, cleat and natural
translation should be We inaiti you to attendour son'sznedding.
C. Third-Per son Pr oltoutt
In translating a third-person Pronoun from Indonesian into
(-ryo)
English a translJor facesihe p.o6l.* of whether iq @ia)
only
is tianslated as he (him) or as-she(her)becauseIndonesian
the
in
example
For
gender'
has ia (dia) without distinguishing
sentenceslike:
1.
2.
fc membaYar ttNtgnYa.
Saya mengtndangnYa.
These sentencescan be translated into English as follows:
1. He paj.dhls debt (Sentence1)
2. He paidhet debt (Sentence 1)
3. Shepaid het debt (SentenceL)
4. She paid ftis debt (Sentence1)
5. I invited her (Sentence 2)
6. I invited hinr (Sentence2)
withIf the two Indonesian sentencesare standing alone
Howout context, any of the above translations is acceptable'
a translator
ever, if they are parts of a paragraph in a discourse'
one'
natural
and
accurate
the
ii
must c{iscover which lr"r,iott
third-person
a
translating
ProOn the contrary when
o-f meancomponen-t
the
Indonesian,
into
English
from
noun
using Indonesian
lng *orrrttne ir feminine,would be lost when
trl I+lxsJi"*'1tsK!"'1"
pronoun ia (dia).In English it is clear that he (him) refers to a
maleperson and she ( her) refers to a female personbut this is not
the case for Indonesian.
B. ProperNames
In trvo Indonesian sentences like (1) 'Mannnir merayakan
hai ulangtahunnyaand (2) 'Amazane hryaundanganyangdiberikan
kepadanya'it is difficult to tell whether Mananit or Amazane
refers to a male or a female n;une and -nya as a possesive or
object. Possible translations for SentenceL are: (a)'Mananir
celebratedftis birthday partf') @)'Mananlr celebratedher birthday party' whereas Sentence2 are: (a)'Amazane forgot about
the invitation given to him'; S)'Amazane forgot about the invitation given to hey'. If the above Indonesian sentences are
parts of a text like:
M a n a n i r m e r a y a k a nh a r i u l a n g t a h u n n y a . I s t e r i n y a
menghadiahkan
sebuahdasiuntuknya. Amaz ane lupa undangan
yang diberikankepadanyasehinggaia dan suaminya tidakhadir
(Mananir celebrated his birthday party.His wife gave him
a tie as a present. Amazane forgot about the invitation given
to her so she and her husband did not show up),
then the translator can easily and accurately identify
Mananir as a male name or a husband becausethe supporting
phrase isterinya (his wife) provides him a clue to do the translation as in Sentence 1a. Also, Sentence 2b is the right one becauseof the phrase sttaninyu (her husband).A given name to a
person in some particular places in Indonesia is usually a local,
culture-based name. Such a neune always forces the translator
to decide whether it is a male n€uneor a female niune.
However, this is not a problem for translating all substitute words that refer to the proper names from English into
Indonesian because Indonesian has only one word -nya as objcct or posessive and ia (dia) as a subject in a clause or a sentence. in addition, names of domesticated animals cause ambiguities in translation work. Notice the following sentences:
,-ii$il';ibft''3ilil
IE
Bruno menghabiskan makanan di atasmeja karenaialapar
I akob menjatuhkan pisang yang diberikan kepadanya
3 . Manis tidak mau makan di piringnYa
L.
C H APT ER
XII
1
The names of Bruno, lakolt, Manis are referring to the pet
names. These are only three out of hundreds of names found in
different parts of Indonesia. In English there are also pet n;unes
which are similar to human names. If a translator does a literal
translation or word-by-word translation without reading a text
thoroughly he can translate ia in Sentence1 as he or she, -nya
in Sentences 2 as him or het, and -nya in Sentence3 as his or het.
Basically, Bruno is a dog's name, Jakob is a bird's name, and
Manis is a cat's name. These pet names are colrunonly found in
Indonesia (Papua Province) and they are used to name either
male or female pets. Bruno and lakob are basically male human
names andManis commonly refers to a female human, but, these
names are always used to name pets without distinguishing
gender. Thus, the translation for each of the sentences above
should be:
1-. Bruno ate up the food on the table becauseif was hungry.
2. lakob dropped the banana given to it.
3. Manis did not want to eat on ifs plate
However, if the pets are personified by a writer in a particular texf the use of he, she, him, her or ftis is acceptablein the
translation. If this is the case, the translator should be very
careful to study a text in order to avoid ambiguities in using
proper names for the pets in Indonesian texts. Accordingly, it
is important that a translator be aware of the use of a ProPer
name and its cohesive devices or substitute words in a particular communication situation or cultural context. He will then
look for the appropriate devices of English for use in the transIation. A careless literal translation from Indonesian into English will almost certainly destort the meaning intended by the
original author
t.T
I
88
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TRANSLATION
EXERCISES
This chapterwill presentsome translation exercises.There
are multiple choice exercises, filling the blanks exercises,
matching exercisesand direct exercises.Those can be categorized into subjectivetestsand objective one. All aspectsof translation will be discussedin the following exercises.
A. Exercise1 : Find the most closestequivalent! Compare the
meanings of the underlined words.
1. I have an account at this store.
a. Saya boleh berhutang di toko ini.
b. Saya mempunyai hutang di toko ini.
c. Saya memperhitungkan toko ini.
d. Saya punya rekening di toko ini.
2. He has a bank account
a. rekening
c. nilai
b. laporan
d. nama
3. He fell and hurt his back
a. sandaran
c. be.lakang
b. punggung
d. sebelah
belakang
4. The back of the opposition was broken.
a. bagian belakang
b. kekuatan
c. Punggung
d. sandaran
5. The doctor made a call
a. kunjungan
c. panggilan
b. menelepon
d. memanggil
?'
6. A doctor is on call}l hours a daY'
a. bertugas
c. panggilan
b. kuniungan
d. penugasan
7. I have a chance to go
- to SurabaYa'
b' kebetulan
a. kesemPatan
d' nasib
c. kemungkinan
8. We saw them bY chance'
a. kesemPatan
c. kemungkinan
9. I found a big changein her'
a. Pergantian
c. Perubahan
*n
b. secara kebetulan
d. nasib
b. selingan
d. perpindahan
b. mengawasi
d. memeriksa
13. He is in direct charge of the museum'
b' sebenarnYa
a. langsung
d' mengatur
c. meirerintah
14. The question was directed to the speaker'
b' ditunjukkan
a. ditrrluk"n
d' diPerintah
;. dilangsungkan
-
t
,.
| rpnrcrrcrlculDEFOR
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sKILL
| rneNsI-lrloN
t
#,t
i
11.Placea check by the correct answer!
b' koreksi
a. cek
d. pedoman
c. tanda
15. The Plane went into a dive
a. menukik
c. menyelam
I
J
lO.Won't You change
- seats with me?
b' bertukar
a. peigantian
d' Pindah
c. p"tibut ut
12.We keeP a check on him'
a. mengoreksi
c. menandai
?
b' teriun
d' berkecimPung
I
15. He dived into his pocket.
a. memasukkan
c. menaruh
b. menghilangkan
d. menukikkan
17. The down elevator.
a. bawah
c. datang
b. turun
d. belakang
18. The trade is down 50%
a. merosot
c. turun
b. menurun
d. kurang
19. He has lots of drive
a. rangsangan
c. giat
b. perangsang
d. serangan
20. He drives too fast.
a. memeras
c. mengendarai
b. memaksa
d. mendorong
Exercise2 :
Contrast the meaning of the following
lined words!
under-
1. The President must attend numerous state functions.
2. The main function of past tense is to mention the time
the activity happened.
3. It's better to read in the light room.
4. She likes light blue colour for the curtain.
5. We enjoyed our free time during the conference.
6. Batam is designed as a free harbour.
7. )ust call the taxi port when you need a car.
8. The ship anchored in the Tanjung Perak port last night.
9. The late Mr. Basuki Abdultah was known as great natural
painter.
10.Father punished me for my coming late.
A PMcrrcAL GUIDEFoR I Ft
TMNSLATIoN
sKrLLI I ,tJ
ry
Exercise 2 : Translate these sentences into lndonesian idiomatically! Recognize whether the sentence Patterns
are different or similar between the two languages'
for the underlined
Exercise3 : Find out the Englishequivalence
words!
1. Yangmelanggarpemturan lalu tintas
)
besar.(
(
2. Arqumentasinya santat baik' -
i. friliiii*d;;;"
mendapat denda yang
)
nasi(
makan
Inionesia
1.. I tried to wake uP my wife by ringing the door-bell'
2. You get the ladder from the shed in the garden.
3. Nasrudin wanted a big pot for his son's birthday'
4. He has a big, luxurious, and well known TV set'
5. A local police sent Harry an important letter.
6. His bike was stolen twenty years ago.
7. Ted was a boy of fifteen.
8. Oxford Universitv Press publishes books on various
)
ini (
- )
;. H;.ga;'"Ji -^lti" *"tt"r akhir-akhir untuk bubur?
i. ir*"-"p"'lcroU"t"t-y""g kamu butuhkan
()
ini'
-f^a*g
BetaPa
5.
Panashari
)
U"ty* yang pedas (
orang
7. Makanan
,
(
'
8. Pengusahaitu memiliki banyak mobil'
)
Uanyak uang' (
9. Pembangunan*"t"i"*ttkan
melakukannya'
juga tidak
10.Savatidak mencontek,mereka
()
ll.Rumahkamusedangd'iperbaiki'rumahkamiiuga
()
)
f2.selamat malam, samPaibesok'(
\
'
13.DianamimPi buruk tadi malam' 1
)
ie .i"^"r saYabesokmalam (
(
)
mengesankan'
sangat
ini
mahm
i;.P"GJii
subjects.
9. Mr. Wext stood politely at the edge of a crowd of women'
l0.Executive Director of the Ohio Student Loan Commision'
11.There was a family with a mother, a father, and four
children.
12.The family live happilY.
13.Eachday many people died.
14.They bravely walked.
15.He fell in love.
15.He cannot forget her beautY.
1,7.Sarireturns to her own home.
18.A Hong Kong ballet troup enthralls the European audi-
A. cRAMATIcAt EQUIVATENCE
ence.
19.Eastmeets West.
20.The moment is magic.
1. get along with'
2. earn mY living'
3. by heart.
4. out of the grass'
5. keeP in touch.
6. once uPon a time'
7. emergencYcall'
8. illogical reason'
9. unfinished green house'
l0.injured Poor boY'
Exercise3 : Translate these clause/sentencesinto English! Recognize their sentencepatterns of the SL and the TL'
below into IndoneExercise1 : Translate the English phrase
sian Phrase!
4
| rpnectrceucurDEFoR
U.f
l rn n rsu rl o N sK IL L
I
Is
T
1. Permintaan yang tidak dapat ditolak.
2. Nenek Sumi seorang pengrajin tikar.
3. Sebuah pernikahan selalu mentpakan peristiwa yang luar
biasa.
4. Celana putih yang dipakainya sudah lusuh.
5. Keputusan yang diberikan oleh pengadilan sangat tidak adil'
r-ii$il;ibi,'"3i.i:l
IE
tr
6. Bahasa Inggris merupakan bahasa asing yang dipakai di
banyak negara.
7. Gedung Pasca Sarjana UGM ambruk terbakar'
8. Nama mentri keuangan ifu Mar'ie Muhammad'
Exercise4 : Which option is the most acceptableIndonesian?
1. Please,come and sit beside me.
a. Silakan datang dan duduk di samping saya'
b. Datanglah dan duduklah disampingku.
2. The price of this book is under Rp. 50Qa. Buku ini harganya kurang dari Rp. 500,b. Harga buku ini di bawah RP. 500,3. The girl with the blue eyes and sharp nose is my sister.
a. Gadis yang bermata biru dan berhidung manorng itu
kakakku.
b. Gadis yang mempunyai mata biru dan berhidung
mancung itu adalah kakakku.
4. Saya tidak mengerti mengapa ia berkata seperti itu.
a. I don't understand why did he say like that.
b. I don't understand why he said like that.
5. Hujan sepanjang malam.
a. It rains the night continuously.
b. It rains all the night.
6. Kopi ini terlalu Panasuntuk diminum.
a. This coffee is too hot to be drunk.
b. This coffee is too hot to drink.
B. TRANSLATIONPROCEDU
RES
Theory
Exercise 1 : Choose the best answer!
1. The form from which the translation is made will
called
a. source language
b. receptor language
c. equivalent
d. grammatical.
be
2. The form of the result will be called
a. source language
c. equivalent
b. receptor language
d. grammatical
3. One of characteristics of the best translation is maintaining the "dynamics" ofthe original source language
or text. [t meansthat ................
a. the translationispresentedinsuch away that itwill,
hopefully evoke the same response as the source text
attempted to evoke.
b. the translationispresentedinsuch away that itwill,
hopefully evoke the several responses as the source text
attempted to evoke.
c. the translation is presented in such a way that it wilf
hopefully evoke the different responses as the source
text attempted to evoke.
d. the translation is presented in such away that it will,
hopefully evoke the various response as the source
text attempted to evoke.
4. The basic reason that translation is a complicated task is
a . the diversity of one to one correlation between source
language and receptor language.
of one to one between grarunar
lexical.
b . the diversity
| r pnrqrtcrl culDEFoR
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and
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c. the diversity of one to one between form and meaning.
d. A word has many meanings.
5. The
process of translation
consists of
l0.Replacing a grammatical structure in the source language
which one of a different type in the target language in order to achieve the same effect is called
b. transposition
a. modulation
d. literal
c. adaption
below except
'u.
r*ayi"g the lexicon, gramatical strucfure, communication situation.
b. analyzing.
c. reconstructing this meaning.
d. finding each word in dictionary.
1. Literal
E x e r c i s e 2 : W r i t e t h e English words
words!
6 . Form-basedtranslation attempt to follow the form of the
1. bola mata
2. kaca mata.
3. tali sepatu.
4. mainan anak-anak.
5. hiburan malam.
6. sekolah dasar.
7. kerajinan tangan.
8. tas tangan.
9. kantor pos.
l0.pertemuan resmi.
sourcelanguageare known as ...........
a. literal translation
b. lexican translation
c. idiomatic translation
d. gramaticaltranslation
7. Meaning-basedtranslation makesevery effort to communicate the meaningof the sourcelanguage text in the natural
form of the receiptor language are known as .......
a. literal translation
c. idiomatic translation
for the following
b. lexical translation
d. grammatical translation
8 . The process of transferring the meaning of the source language into the target language by means of replacing the
form of the source language into the form of the target
language is the definition of .............
a. interpretation
b. transformation
c. translation
d. transposition
2. Borowing
Exercise 3 : Find the equivalence of the underlined words
below in lndonesia! Then comPare the forms!
1. His condition is very bad.
2. We can't escapefrom political authority.
3. Her analysis is very good.
4. Power and modern sciencesometimes make me scared.
5. As the object of tourism Bali is very interesting.
6. We need good technique to be a good teacher.
7. The easy way to protect the environment.
8. Transfer efficiently exceed65%.
9. ASEAN officials are to discussregional security frame- work.
10.Pressthe automatic dropper lightly.
9 . One of the best translation is the one of which ...
a. communicates, as much as possible to the receptor
language speakers of the s;une meaning that was understood by the speakers of the source language.
b. the translator translates the source language into
receptor language literally.
c. the translator only sttrdies the lexicon to translate the
language.
d. translation that has a good grammatical structure.
trl liixffif,:H^?!"'[''
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Exercise4 : Find the English equivalence of the Indonesian
forms! Then compare the forms!
1. Kemegahan stasiun Gambir layak dibanggakan.
2. Majalah baru itu dipublikasikan dengan gencar.
3. Bunyi sirine ambulans itu meraung-raung.
4. Pembenahanbirokrasi terjadi di semua instansi.
5. Susu Dancow instant sangat digemari.
6. Taksi sudah dikenal di kota kecil.
7. Ayolah kita bentuk organisasi kemahasiswaan.
8. Indonesia mengalami kenaikan eksport semen.
9. |aringan telepon internet.
10.Bel pelajaran telah dibunyikan.
3. Modulation
Exercise5 : Match the underlined words
their Indonesian forms below!
of English with
1. He is green eyed, when he seeshis girl friend walks together
with Andi.
2. Everybody knows that dolly street is the place of street
walker.
3. Be careful, if you go to shopping in supermarket, because
there are many pickpockets make action.
4. The landlady cf my boarding house is very friendly.
5. The star war betrveen Sovyet and USA has finished.
6. Everybody knows that Hari si thc playboy in our campus.
7. He just cat-sleepson his bed room.
8. She cannot go to school because it is downpour.
9. He call me a lucky dog when I get the lottery
10.A girl and a woman were walking hand in hand window
shopping.
trl l+lTftffi3"J!",1''.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
hujan lebat
orang
laki-laki perayu
pencopet
wanita funa susila
f.
g.
h.
i.
t.
cemburu
ibu kota
tidur-tiduran
persaingansenjata
melihat-lihat
Exercise 6 : Match the appropriate meanings of the under_
lined phrases with the altemative answer given!
1. They had to hurry or the things they wanted would run
out.
2. Yes, she had everthing before that damned evil night.
3. she was so sweet and tarkative that every otr" fuil in love
with her when they saw her.
4. Yesterday he paid a visit to the hospital.
5. Mrs. sutrimo felt that her world *ai falling apart, when she
h-ul lovely daughter going off with Glrald, leaving
:u*her behind.
6. The girl was quite young; the man was much older. But
both were good looking.
7. In some parts of the world, people express their emo- tions
very freely and you can reach their faces like a book.
8. People from certain part of the world said to be hot-bloodecr
or hot-tempered.
9. Yet, there is still a general brief that it is good to talk thing
out.
10.Getthings off your chest when there is a problem
The answers :
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
berkunjung
menarik
cerewet
berakhir
membaca perasaan
seseor;rng dengan
mudah
f.
g.
h.
i.
i
meninggalkan
malam yang mengerikan
menariknalas dalam-datam
mudah marah
mengungkapkanperasaan
A PRAcrtcALGUIDEFoR I
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rRANsLArroN
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4. TransPosition
the options!
Exercise 7 : Find their equivalence from
1. Sepeda ini buatan China
a. The bicYcle made in China'
b. The bicYcle is made bY China'
c. The bicYcle made of China'
d. The bicYcle is made in China'
saya beritahu kalau
2. Mertua PeremPuan saya tidak akan
saya
_a., sakig jika tidak menienguk.slya'
I am sick if she
*V -otf,"r-ir,-taw I witt iot inform that
didn't visit me'
informed that I was
b My mother-in-law would not be
sick if she didn't visit me'
that I was sick if
c. My mother-in-law would not inform
she didnt visit me'
I was sick if she
d. My mother-i,t-tu* will not inform that
didn't visit me'
itu mencegah kebiasaan
3. Perlu dimengerti bahwa berpuasa
jelek.
yang
'u. "Iii,
understood that to fast avoids a bad habit'
b. You need Jt"ta"tttuttdthatfasting
1"o1+ l.badhabit'
a bad habit'
c. You can understand to fast avoids
fasting avoids a bad
d. It is necess"ty understand that
"
habit.
4. Buku ini diterbitkan tahun 1970'
a. This book Published 1970'
b. This book is Published in 1970'
c. The book Publishes 1970'
d. The book would Publish in 1970'
di desa ini dalam
5. Basofi Soedirman akan segera tiba
rangkakunjungannYa'
this village
a. Mr. Basofiiolaitt"* would havecomein
concernedwith his visiting'
r-|
| rrnecrrcar_cutDEFoR
sKILL
tttof I rneNsrnrloN
b . Mr. BasofiSoedirmanarrivesin this village soonconcemed
with his visiting.
Mr. Basofi Soedirmanwill come soon in this village
concernedlvith his visiting.
d. Mr. BasofiSoedirmancomessoonin this villageconcemed
with his visiting.
6. Budi, bolehkah saya melihat bukumu?
a. Budi, may I look at your book?
b. Budi, would I look at your book?
c. Budi, excuseme, let me seeyour book.
d. Budf I want to look at your book.
7. Andi, awas ada anjing liar di belakangmu.
a. Andi, look at! there is a wild dog behind you.
b. Andi, be aware of the wild dog behind you.
c. Andi, look back!The wild dog.
d. Andi, cautionwith the wild dog behind you.
8. In the sentence"Penting diingat bahwa manusia hidup
hanya sementara"the English equivalenceis .....
a. Important is rememberthat the human live temporary.
b. Important is rememberthat the human is temporary.
c. It is important to remember that the human is temporary.
d. It is important to rememberthat the human's lives is
temporaray.
9. Makanan sudah disediakandiatas meja.The Englishequivalenceis .......
a. the food have beenprepared on the table.
b. they have set the food on the table.
c. the food were prepared on the table.
d. the food has beenprepared on the table.
10. 'Adik saya dijaga oleh pembantu", the English equivalence is
a. my little brother is looked after by the servant.
b. my little brother hasbeen looked after by the servant.
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c. the servant is looking after my little brother.
d-*y
little brother isbeing tooked after by the servant.
I
$
I
r
.
Exercise 8 : Find their nearest equivalence from the
options!
1. My book has not been returned yet by Edy,s girl
friend.
Pacarnya Edi belum mengembalikan bukir sava.
-".
b. Buku saya telah tidak dikembalikan oleh pacirnya
Edi.
c.. Pacarnya Edi telah belum mengembalikan buku
saya.
d. Buku saya tidak terah dikembJikan oreh pu.u*fu'Eai.
2. George Rudi lived in Jember.
a. George Rudi tinggal di Jember.
b.
!,eorge Rudi bertempat tinggal di Jember.
.- George Rudi tidak tinggal diJember.
d. George Rudi bersemayam di Jember.
3. In the sentence "your father is waiting for you,,,
the Indo_
nesian equivalenceis ...........
-a Anda ditunggu oleh ayah anda.
b. Ayah anda sedang menunggu untuk anda.
c. Ayah anda menunggu untuk anda.
d. Ayah anda telah menunggu anda.
4. "Bimantara is a very big Indonesian company,,.
The
equivalenceis ................
a. Bimantara adalah sangat besar perusahaan di Indonesia.
b. Bimantara adalah besar sangatperusahaan di Indonesia.
c' Bimantara adalah perusahaan cri rncronesia sangatbesar.
d. Bimantara adalah perusahaan yang sangat besar
di
Indonesia.
5. 'It also has been shown that simply asking students
to
check their work carefulry does not guarantee the use of consciously learned ruler. The IndoneJian equivalence for the
underlined phrase is ...............
Para siswa yang sedang bertanya mengecek.
.".
b. Dengan cara sederhana para'siswa Lrtanya
untuk
mengecek.
Eqllxxru"*,:3ii!i1,.
c . Pertanyaan para siswa yang
sederhana yang dicek.
d. Pertanyaanpara siswa yanglederhana
unfuk mengecek.
do for the tradetarget,,
;*"::t:1"lllj:1..p:,
f1".,o
The
Indonesianequivat"r,""
i, ..._...
a. Australia dikatakan kurang
sekali dalam mencapai
tingkat perdagangan.
.
b. Dikatakan bahwalushalia
kurang sekali dalam menger_
jakan perdagangan.
c.
--o-' sedikit
yangterah
f,,nT:t;::::I1i*T
l**l sangat
dikerjakan untuf
d. D
Daram
.o-..^.,i-aian::g:l
-perdagangan'
alampencap
puia^j*g
J e
""ri*
Exercise9 : Choosethe most proper
option
t.
i u kurangsekali.
below!
Englishequivalenceof ,,Saya
membelibuku kemarin"
tlhe
s.........
I buy book yesterday.
."
b. I have bought book yesterdav.
r
I bought book yesterday..
:.
d. I yesterday buy book.
,
I
t
English equivalence of ,,pak
frvan, guru baru, adalah
:\.
tetangga
saya,'is ...............
a. Mr. Irvan, a new teacher,
is my neighbour.
b. Mr. Irvan is a my neighbour. '
c. Mr. Irvan is a new teacher.
d. My neighbour and a new
teacher is Mr. Irvan.
ll;,,ulg};l"",fTr.,".lce
buku bahasaInggris,, is
of ,,Bukudiatasmejaitu adatah
..............
The English 6ook, is on the
table.
:.
b. lhe book, on that table,
is an English
---obook.
c. The book, is on that table.
d. The book, the English boolg
is on that table.
i
1.
l5jryi:1...::"r"r""ce
of,,sepatu,
yanssayapakaisangat
,-iisfiffbii'3ffii
l@
a.
b.
c.
d.
The shoes,I am wearing is expensive.
The shoesare very expensivethat I wear.
The shoes,are mine, very expensive.
The shoesare being lvorn.
,,Seragam,
5 . The
yang saya cuci, dibeli
_Englishequivalenceof
di Matahari dua hari yang lalu,, is ......
a. The uniforrrl isboughtinMatahari two days agowashed.
b. I was washing the uniform bought in-Malhari two
days ago.
c-. I bought the uniform in Matahari two days ago.
d. The uniform, I washed,bought in Matahiri t"wo days
ago.
6 . The English equivalenceof ,,Rumahnya, yang
dia beli
dekat rumah saya"is ............
a. His househe bought is near my house.
b. The houseis near my house,he bought.
c. The houseis bought by him near to mine.
d. The house,he boughg is near my house.
7. The English equivalenceof ,,Kunci, yang ada diatas
meja,
berwarnaputin", is ........
a. The key is white.
b. The key, on the tablq is white.
c. The key is on the table.
d. The key is white on the table.
8 . The English.equivalenceof ,,Mobil, yang ada
di depan
.
sekolah,adalahmobil saya',is ...........
a. The car is mine, is front of the school.
b. The car is in front of the school belongs to mine.
c. The caq,in front of the school, is mine.
d. The car is mv car.
q.
English equivalenceof ,,Kotah yang saya angkat,
1:..
miliknya", is ...................
a. The box is hers that I lift.
b. The box, I am lifting.
Eql 1ilxffff:B"ni:',t.,
I
c. The box, I am lifting, is hers.
d. I am lifting her box.
10
t
.!
I
{
t
English equivalence of ,,Buku, yffig saya baca,
atl.rl.rlr
Jh:
buku ekonomi", is :
a. The book is an econornics book I read
it.
b. I am reading the book of economics.
c. The book is an economics book and I
read it.
d. The book, I am reading is an economics
book.
6. Adaption
Exercise 10 : Translate the following sentences
into Indonesian.
Pay attention to the adaption process.
1 . We will focus on ways to move (orward
the process of
regional raise at the Bangkok meeting.
2 . Other ARF members include China, iusia,
]apan, Vietnam,
Canada, Australia, New Zealand, papua New'Guine+
South
Korea and Laos.
3. Malaysia. was opposed to earlier that the
Asia pasific set up
an organization similar to the Conference
on securitv and
Cooperation in Europe, which it regarded
Cold War.
"";r;l;;if?"
4 . The PTOHTOAutomatic Dropper is so
designed as to make it
convenient to carry it in the pocket. By means
of this drop_
to applyRoHTo EyeLotion *h;";";y;
f:: and
::sy
IlKe
",j',,twherever
vou are.
J . It's obviously too early
to assessthe implementation of the
special poverty alleviation program which
*"r lu.rr,"uJ
last April under the preside"ti"t iia
program for poor villages.
6' subdistrict officiars who are in charge
of supervising the
program has been going on in the tirget
viliages ovEr the
last few months.
7. Local administration officials are required
to change their
attitude.
A PMCTICALCUIDEFOR I
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8. In this process,the nucleus of the cell divided into two
daughternuclei.
9. Friendshipwith young Japanesepeople were initiated and
the visitors experiencedlife and culture in Kusyu through
the home stay in discussionprogram.
10.The organizationis involved of activities to promote the
Kusyu - Yamaguchiregion.
7. Substracting
Exercise11 :Translate into lndonesian. Pay attention to the
missing words!
1. They wanted very much to observeit functioning, but
they did not know how to.
2. The first real experimenton the effect of stomachjuices
on food was madeby a French scientis! ReneReamur.
3. Unableto disgestthe food, the bird's stomachsentthem out
again.
The next real experiment was made about seventy year
later.
Therefore too much air in the stomach may cause a pain in
the heart.
6 . In 1822, an American army doctor, William Beaumont, had
a patient whose stomach had been torn by a bullet.
7. The man's life was save4 but the stomach was not.
8 . In general, the position of the stomach is more of less the
samein many but the size and shape differ in different people.
{At .
8. Adding
Exercise12 : Translatethe following sentencesinto Indonesian
idiomatically!
1. Therewere many young kings and princes who proposed
to her to be their lvives.
2. He had tried many ways to know what the problem was
with his daughter,but always failed.
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3. lve promise to sacrificeour youngestchild if wc lr.rr,,.,,,,rr,,
children.
4. They didn't want anyone to know about their lcaving, ..,,
they decided to go without torches.
5. They were on the border of the crater of Mount Bromo.
6. He pulled him and the harder he pulled, the harder nacren
Kusuma was pulled into the crater.
7. You have to collect cattle and some of your harvest and then
throw them into the crater.
9. Grammatical Adiustment!
Exercise13 :choose the correct option of the Indonesian form!
1.I finished working when she came.
Saya sedang.menyelesaikanpekerjaan ketika ia datang.
1
b. Saya selesaibekerja ketika ia datang.
c. Saya telah menyelesaikan pekerjaan ketika ia datang.
2. He is eating bakso now.
a. Dia makan bakso sekarang.
b. Dia sedang makan bakso.
c. Dia sedang makan bakso sekarang.
3. The doctor comes here regularly every week.
a. dengan terafur.
b. secara terafur.
c. begitu teratur.
.1. If the street had not been slippery, the
driver would not
have been driving carefully. It means :
a- The street is so slippery that the driver is driving carefully.
b. The street was so slippery that the driver was not
driving carefully.
c. The street was so slippery that the driver was clriving
carefully.
5. Mother gives me some new dressesin my birthclav and
father some new shoes.
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a. Ibu memberi beberapa baju baru di hari ulang tahun
dan ayah beberapa sepatu baru.
b. Ibu dan ayah memberi beberapa baju dan sepatu baru
di hari ulang tahunku.
c. Ibu memberi beberapa baju baru di hari ulang tahun
dan ayah memberi beberapa sepatu baru.
6. Trespasserwill be prosecuted, means :
a. pelanggar akan dituntut.
b. siapapun dilarang melewati daerah ini.
c. dilarang melewati daerah ini.
7. I have a dull headache.
a. Saya agak bodoh.
b. Saya punya sakit kepala.
c. Kepalaku memang tumpul.
8. Their mission is to denotate mines and draw fire.
a. Tugas mereka adalah menghancurkan harta milik dan
membakar.
b. Tugas mereka adalah meledakkan harta milik dan
membakar.
c. Tu gas mereka adalah membakar dan meledakkan tambang.
9. Iraq is one of the richest oil state rimming in the Persian
gulf.
a. Iraq adalah salah satu negara minyak terkaya berbatasan
dengan teluk Persia.
b. Iraq adalah salah satu negara minyak terkaya di teluk
Persia.
c.Iraq adalah salah satu negara minyak terkaya di sepanjang
teluk Persia.
10.Human right has become a top concern in Indonesia.
a. Hak asasi manusia menjadi suatu pembicaraan utama
di lndonesia
b. Hak asasi telah menjadi perhatian di Indonesia yang
utama.
c. Hak asasi telah menjadi perhatian utama di Indonesia.
E| l+ffisJi"*':3"*'!?1,.
Exercise 14 : Choose the appropriate English form!
1. Dimana ada kemauan pasti ada jalan.
a. There is a wilf there is a way.
b. There is will, there is way.
c. There is the will, there is the way.
2. Seorang kakek bijaksana yang memakai kacamata.
a. A wise wearing glassesgrandfather.
b. A wise grandfather wearing glasses.
c. A wise grandfather is wearing glasses.
3. Kami masuk
a. We went
b. We went
c. We went
jauh ke dalam hutan itu.
deep into the forest.
to the forest very far.
to the forest deeply.
4. Ia memerlukan seorang teman unfuk menemaninya.
a. She wants somebody to accompany her.
b. She needs somebody to follow her.
c. She needs somebody to accompany her.
5. Dia (lk) telah bekerja di Kantor pos selama lima belas tahun
sebelum (dia) pensiun tahun yang lalu.
a. He has worked at the post office for 15 years before he
retired last year.
b. He had worked at the post office for 15 years before he
retired last year.
c. He had worked at the post office for 15 years before he
retiring last year.
6. Seandainya dia (lk) bekerja lebih berhati-hati, dia tidak
akan membuat kesalahan sebanyak itu.
a. If he had worked more carefully, he wouldn,t have
made too many mistakes.
b. If he had worked more carefully, he would have made
too many mistakes.
c. If he worked more carefully, he would not make too
many mistakes.
A pRAcrlcALcurDEFoR I l-t
TRANsurrIoNsKrLLI l torj
Exercise 15 : Choose the right answer of situational meaning
sentencesbelow!
Exercises : Lexical and grammatical equivalence
Exercise 1 : Choose the best lexical equivalence for the underlined words.
1. I ask the manager of my hotel what I should see first in London.
b. mengunjungi
a. melihat
d. perhatikan
c. periksa
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Can the chatter.
For the love of Mike!
Watch your step!
Who put you up to it?
Do not knock it!
Shoot!
You are a good egg!
A lot of good that will
do you!
9. lVhat his game?
10. Horse sense!
11.Sit up straight!
12. Cut out the rough
stuff!
13. I show you who's the
boss!
14. Stepon it!
15.Love all.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
I
Demi Allah.
Kosong-kosong.
Duduk tegak.
Bicaralah!
Apa maksudnya?
Kamubolehlihatsiapa
disini berkuasa.
g. Janganlah berlaku
kasar
h. Turunlah dengan
hati-hati
i. Bergegaslah.
j. Hentikan orang
cerewet ifu.
k. Takkanadamanfaatnya bagi buatmu.
l. Pikiran yang praktis.
m. Kamu adalah orang
baik.
n. Siapa yang menyuruhmuberbuatdemikian?
2. English is a foreign language spoken by many nation.
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I rneNsreuoNsKrLL
a. diucapkan
c. dipakai
b . dibicarakan
d. dikatakan
3. I found my self in a group of several people, some of them
foreignerslike myself.
a. beberapa
c. sejumlah
b. banyak
d. sekelompok
4. One day he was angry with Mrs. Elphistoneand called her
an elephant.
a. menamakan
c. memaki
b. memanggil
d. menjuluki
5. Mr. William is a gardener and very good one too.
a. baik
b. pandai
c. ahli
d. trampil
6. We just had a wonderful meal.
a. lezat
b. mengagumkan
c. nikmat
d. enak
7. Your cough is getting worse, see the doctor quickly!
a. temui
b. pergi
c. lihat
d. kunjungi
8. The company now has a large and expert sale forces.
a. tenaga
b. kekuatan
c. kerja paksa
d. kekerasan
9. "Your pot had a baby while it was with us", Nasrudin said.
a. bersama
b. tinggal
c. ada
d. dengan
10. Tower of London tells us about terrible things that had
happened within its walls.
a. sulit
b. menakutkan
c. mengerikan
d. mencekam
11..See
number 10 above.Within means:
a. didalam
b. di antara
c. pada
d. di balik
A PMCTICAL GUIDE FOR
TRANSLATION SKILL
IE
12.I(s hard to be parents.
b. busy
a. difficult
c. responsibility
Exercise 2 : Give the nearest equivalent! Compare the meanings of the underlined vvords.
1. I have an account at this store.
a. Saya boleh berhutang di toko ini.
c. Saya memperhitungkan toko ini.
b. Saya mempunyai hutang di toko ini.
d. Saya punya rekening di toko ini.
2. He has a bank account
a. rekening
c. nilai
b. laporan
d. nama
3. He fell and hurt his back
a. sandaran
c. belakang
b. punggung
d. sebelahbelakang
4. The back of the opposition was broken.
b. kekuatan
a. bagianbelakang
d. sandaran
c. PunggunS
5. The doctormade a call
a. kunjungan
c. panggilan
b. menelePon
d. memanggil
6. A doctor is on call 24 hours a day.
a. bertugas
c. panggilan
b. kuniungan
d. penugasan
7. I have a chance to go to Surabaya.
b. kebetulan
a. kesempatan
d. nasib
c. kemungkinan
8. We saw them by chance.
a. kesempatan
c. kemungkinan
f-ta
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sKrLL
I rneNsmrroN
b. secara kebetulan
d. nasib
9. I found a big changein her.
b. selingan
a. pergantian
d. perpindahan
c. perubahan
10.Won't you changeseatswith me?
b. bertukar
a. pergantian
d. pindah
c. perubahan
Exercise3 : Contrast the meaning of the following underlined words!
1. The President must attend numerous state functions.
2. The main function of past tense is to mention the time the
activity happened.
3. It's better to read in the light room.
4. She likes light blue colour for the curtain.
5. We enjoyed our free time during the conference.
6. Batam is designedas a free harbour.
7. fust call the taxi port when you need a car.
8. The ship anchored in the Tanjung Perak port last night.
9. The late Mr. Basuki Abdullah was known as Sreat natural
painter.
lO.Fatherpunishedme for my coming late.
Exercise4 : Find the grammatical equivalent in Indonesia !
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Unfriendly attitude.
Everlastingmemories.
He drinks too much, he must stop.
The clown is wearing a quaint custom in the festival.
The director is busy at the moment, so wait to meet him.
Exercise5 : Find the grammatical equivalent in English !
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Ibu muda yang sangat cantik.
Sepuluh anak yang bandel.
Itu cerita yang populer
Kau menggangguku terus!
Beberapapeserta'AkademiFantasiIndonesia"tidakberhasil.
A PMcrrcAL GrrrDEFoR i
Ft
sKrLLI I tt3l
TRANSLAT|oN
Exercise 6 : Translate into Indonesian idiomatically! Recognize
whether the sentencepattems are different or similar between the two languages.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
I tried to wake up my wife by ringing the door-bell.
They bravely walked.
He has a big, luxurious, and rvell known TV set.
His bike was stolen twenty years ago.
The moment is magic.
There was a family with a mother, a father, and four children.
7. Najah is a boy of twelve.
8. He cannot forget her beauty.
9. Mr. lVext stood politely at the edge of a crowd of women.
10.Eastmeets West.
Exercise 7 ; Translateinto English idiomatically! Recognizetheir
sentencepatterns of the SL and the TL.
1. Perrnintaan yang tidak dapat ditolak.
2. Nenek itu seorang pengrajin tikar.
3. Sebuah pernikahan selalu merupakan peristiwa yang luar
biasa.
4. Celana putih yang dipakainya sudah lusuh.
5. Polisi Kuwait masih terancam.
t"-a
tlt1f
I e pnectrcrt curDEFoR
I rneNsrerroNsKnL
TRANSTATION
ON WORK
Translatethe original text into the target language text, try
to keep the sameeffectof the second text upon the readers.
I. PASSIVE
TRANSLATION
Exercise 1
Fiction.
Compare the language style used
The Moonlight Sonata
One evening Ludwig van Beethoven and a friend were
taking a walk. As they were passing through a narrow, dark
street, they heard music coming from a little house.
"Hush!" Beethoven said. "It is from one of my most
beautiful pieces."
Suddenly a voice said, "I cannot play any more - it is so
beautiful! How I wish I could hear that piece played by someone who could do justice to it!"
Without a word, Beethoven and his friend entered the house.
It was the home of a poor shoemaker. At the piano sat a young
girl.
"Pardon me", said the great composer. "I am a musician. I
heard you say you wished to hear someone play the piece you
have just been playing. Will you permit me to play it for you?"
"Thank you very much", answered the girf "but our piano
is very old. And we have no music sheet."
"No music sheet!" How did you play, then?" asked
Beethoven.
The young girl turned her face toward the great master.
Looking at her more closely, he saw that she was blind.
"l play from memory", she said.
"Where did you hear the piece that you were playing just
now?"
APMcrrcALGUroe,ron
I Fl
TMNsLATIoN
sKILLI llt5l
f'
"I used to hear a lady practising near our old home- Duri.g the summer evenings, her windows were oPen, and I
walked to and fro outside to listen to her," she ansr,t'ered.
Beethoven seated himself at the piano. The blind girl and
her brother listened with rapture to the master's playing. At
last the shoemaker came near and asked, "Who are you?"
Beethoven made no answer. The shoemaker repeated his
question, and the master smiled. He began to play the piece
which the girl had been trying io play.
The listeners held their breath. When the playing
stopeed, they cried, "You are the master himself!" You are
Beethoven".
He rose to go, but they held him back."Plav for us once
more-only once more," they pleaded.
He seatedhimself again at the piano. The brilliant moonlight was shining into the bare little room.
"I will compose a sonata to the rnoonlight," he said. He
looked thoughtfully for sometime at the bright sky lit' uP by
the moon and the twinkling stars. Then his fingers moved
over the keys of the old, worn piano. In low, sad, sweet
strains, he played his nerv piece. Finally, pushing back his chair,
and turning towards the door he said, "Farewell to you-"
He paused and looked tenderly at the face of the blind girl.
"Yes, I will come again and give you some lessons.FarewelM
will soon come again!"
Beethoven said to his friend, "Let us hurry that I may write
out that sonata while I can yet remember it!"
That was how Ludwig van Beethoven's famous "Moonlight Sonata" \^'ascomposed.
Exercise 2
Personal Letter
Dear Dorothy,
Thank you very much for your letter, which arrived this
morning. It was really my turn to write, as you say, but I
seem to have so little news these days. I mean, life goes as always, and nothing special seems to happen.
t-T
I ttll
I a pucrrcel cutDEFoR
sKrLL
I rnnNsr-nrroN
I
Last weekend was fun, though. As you may remember, it
was Rosemary's birthday last Saturday, and she wanted to do
something different. Instead of the usual party at home she decided to have a midnight picnic in Gover Wood. (You remember it, don't you? ]ust beside the old castle).Well, any-w ay, we
all met at the Red Lion, had a few drinks there, and then went
on down to the wood. Fortunately, there was a bright moon,
so we were able to make our way there without much trouble. As
you can imagine, there was a great deal of messing about when
we got there - people shouting and chasing each other around,
and so on.
But, when we started eating, the noise died down. It was
then that we suddenlv becameaware of the stillness of the night,
and although it sounds odd to say so the silence seemed even
luder than the noise we had been making before. All in all, it
was an unforgetable experience - I'm sure Rosemary's picnic
will be talked about for some time.
Exercise3
Weavewell Woolen Co. Ltd.
Victoria Street.
London, E.C.4
1st February,19.....
BH/GK
Messrs.Das Gupta & Co.,
14,N{otrntIloacl.
Madras.
Dear Sirs,
We thank you for your inquiry of 6th |anuary and have
pleasure in sending you herewith our range of tropical frescoesin
various colours.
All particulars are shown on the enclosed price list, our
prices are f.o.b. Liverpool as requested.
A pRAcrrcAL curDE FoR I
F-l
rRANsLArroN
sKrLLI l t t7l
From the labels on the patterns you will see that qualIty 51,11.04
consists of 700% Dacron and that 61,11,09
contains
75o/"Terylene and 25"/"wool. Both have proved extremely satisfactory and we curnrecorrunend them with confidence. The other
qualities are pure wool.
There are no\^' only a few firms who are making these special qualities and as our supplies are limited we lvould advise
you to place your order without delay.
Yoursfaithfully,
For lVeavewellWoolenCo. Ltd
B. HAMMOND
Export Manager
Exercise4
Advertisement
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Dine on traditional dishes in the splendor of the capitals,
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Specializing in Central Javanese cuisine and Rijsttafel
servedwith traditional Indonesian courtesy and elegance
SAHIDJAYA
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_ INDONES|A
JAKARTA
Exercise
5
Newspaper
I'he drug crisis has so intruded into private lives and society that government officials are getting desperate. Injournals,
r-l
I
Itsl
I A PMcrrcALcurDEFoR
sKrLL
| tnerusrnrroN
magazine articles and meetings, alarmed government trlf it t.rls
and social leaders in some nations now give serious dist'ussiott
and consideration to ideas that were once considered unthink
able and irresponsible.
"The War on Drugs: Is It Time to Surrender?" asked tht'
front page headline of a journal dedicated to advancing
debate on public policy in the USA London newsPaper headline proclaimed, "The Pressure Is Mounting to Make Hard
Drugs Legal." (Taken from : The Drug Crisis "It Didn't Have
to Happen": The Plain Truth, April i990).
Exercise 5
Science
For two decade after World War [I, specialists in foreignlanguage learning had little to say about teaching composition. Influenced by the linguists' theories then current they
assumed that once sufficient stimulus-resPonsepractice had
enabled a student to develop oral command of the basic sentence patterns, the student had in effect mastered the new
language. In the United States, especially, these linguistically
oriented specialists played an important role in determining
the methods and materials that were used to provide much
highly controlled oral practice.(Taken from A New Approach
to Guided Composition for In termediate Students by Marella
Frank).
II. ACTIVE TRANSLATION
Latihan L
Berita
Ki s s i nger
:APECH ar usSehati
Mantan Menlu AS Henry A. Kissinger mengatakan,
pemerintah Amerika Serikat sekarang ini pada dasarnya sedang
A PRAcrrcALcurDE FoR I
Fl
SKrLrI I tl,j
TRANSLATTON
mempelajari Asia. "Tidak banyak orang Amerika yang
mengenal Indonesia. Karena itu, kami masih terus mempelajari
bagaimana Asia itu sebenarnya", kataKissinger pada wartawan
di Hotel Shangri-La kemarin.
Menurut dia, pemerintah Amerika Serikat sebenarnya
memiliki kebijaksanaankhusus terhadap Asia Tenggara.
!1_dak
"Kebijaksanaan itu terus bergulir mengikuti perkembu"g*.
Kami terus mempelajari negara-negaradi Asia. Dan, dalam
posisi kami yang tidak bersikap non-aligned sekarang ini,
kami bisa berhubungan dengan negara mana pun tanpa dusa.
pemblokan", katanya.
Latihan 2a
Iklan
Yang tahu cara mengapresiasi hidup.
Yang tak surut dicap ambisius.
Yang acapkali merasa diri brilian.
Yang gelisah terhadap segala rutinitas dan kemapanan
Yang rela membuka dompet demi kualitas.
Yang senantiasa haus akan informasi.
Yang selalu menuntut berlebih .. tak terkecuali dari majalah!
Demi mereka, Editor senantiasamenggali "off the record",
menyiasati dan memuatnya sebagai berita eksklusif. Tidak
sekedar pemberitaan, tetapi lebih dari itu : Wawasan Objektifitas
dan Analisa Komprehensif.
Seharusny+ Bung Baca!
EDITOR
Tangkas dan Lugas
One TouchPot
Cukup dengan satu tangan anda dapat membuka dan
menutupnya Toples Lion Star memiliki keunikan desain
tersendiri, disamping kualitas produknya yang prima, sehingga
ia tampak indah dibanding produk sejenis lainnya.
PRESS po! satu dari beberapa produk baru Lion Star
yang mempunyai cara unik untuk membuka tutupnya, yaitu
dengan menekan bagian atasnya. KEEP'S and FILL,S pot
dirancang khusus agar tidak kemasukan udara. Anda dapat
menyimpan apa saja didalamnya bahkan benda cair sekalipun.
Gorengan akan tetap garing dan renyah, demikian juga aroma
makanan dapat terjaga kesegarannya.
Latihan 2b
MerekatahuhanyaEditoryangmenyiasati
"offtherecord"menjadiberitaeksklusif.
Merekalah eksekutif yang tahu Berita Eksklusif Editor
adalah rekor
Yang muda dan bangga akan kemudaannya.
Yang menatap peluang sukses dengan sorot mata elang.
!:i,,-,,
EEI| ilrffi"*,i8"*'
Latihan 2c
Hm .... nyam .... nyam .....Kelezatanistimewa anda ciptakan
dengan bumbu lengkap Royco
Royco ... awal cipta hidangan istimewa
Latihan 3
Cerita
Aku bisa mengenang Wilson tanpa tangis, geram dan
sedih. Mungkinkah waktu delapan tahun bersama itu terlanjur
membuat jejak yang cukup dalam sehingga sulit dilupakan?
Kami bertemu di sebuah acara kampus. Ketika itu ada
kampanye pemilihan ketua senatbaru. Aku, seperti jugarekanrekan dari jurusan Sastra Perancis, tak pemah merasa tertarik
pada dunia senat. Tetapi kali itu kami terpaksa hadir karena
seorang teman kami mencoba nasib.
Wilson adalah seorang promotor dari kubu lawan. Aku
tahu dia aktivis kampus, tetapi kami tak pernah bertegur sapa.
Hari itu dia duduk di sebelahku. Dia tampak cemaskarena calon-
..-iifflfrbii'3iiil
Ir
'T
nya membuat banyak kesalahan dalam mempertahankan diri.
Errtah mengapa aku tertarik untuk mendengir gerutuannya.
Kemudian kami jadi asyik berdiskusi.
Temanku dan juga calon Wilson tak mencapai kursi puncak.
Tetapi itu tak menjadi soal buat kami untuk .'."r,".rr_i.un hu_
bungan yang sudah dimulai di aula besar fakultas. Dan tanpa
terasa ada sesuatuyang lebih dari hubungan itu pada hari-hari
berikutnya. wilsonladisering menemanikir. Begitu pula sebaliknya. Kami tak tahu bagaimana mulanyo tiba-tiba kami sama
menyadari ada rasa yang terus menerus berkembang makin be_
sar, sehingga kami takut bisa meledak bila tak dikeluarkan dengan segera.Betapa menyenangkan, mengharukan ketika rasa
yang satu itu kami biarkan muncul dan diketahui oleh kami
berdua secaraterbuka. Jadilah kami pasangan kekasih, begitu
orang menyebut peristiwa itu.
Latihan 4
Ilmu Pengetahuan
ProsespembuatanJellkan
Alu empattahapprosespembuatan
jel ikan yaitu pencu_
cian daging
penggilingan dan pencampuran daging ikan
lkan,
dengan bumbu, pencetakan bentuk dan pimanasan. balam
proses pembuatan ini diharapkan aktomiosin akan membentuk
tekstur yang elastis, sebab tekstur inilah yang menentukan mutu
iel ikan.
ikan yang baik harus iampak mengkilap dengan rasa
. J."l
dan daya simpan yang baik. Disamping pror", pengolaian yang
te]ili dan cepat serta dijaga suhunya supaya tetp iendah, mutu
jel ikan ditentukan pula dari kesegaran bahan-bahannya (ikan).
Ikan yang terlambat diolah dan mengalami kerusakan tidak
dapat membentuk jel yang baik.
Exercise5
loday- is the anniversarv of that afternoon in April a year
ago that I first saw the strange and appealing doll in the winiow
@ l+iTffti8"^i!?i,,,
of Abe Sheftel's stionary and toy shop on Third Avenue near
Fifteenth Street just around the corner from my office, where
the plate on the door reads: Dr. Samuel Amory. I remember
just how it was that day: the first hint of spring floated across
the East Rivet mixing with the soft-coal smoke from the factories and the street smells of the poor neighborhood. As I
fumed the corner of my way to work and came to Sheftel's, I
was made once more aware of the poor collection of toys in
the dusty window, and I remembered the approaching birthday of a small niece of mine in Cleveland, to whom I was in
the habit of sending the modest gifts. Therefore I stopped and
examined the window to see if there might be anything appropriate, and looked at the confusing collection of unappealing
objects - a red toy fire engine, some lead soldiers, cheap baseballs, bottled of ink, pens, yellowed stationary, and garish cardboard adver-tisements for soft-drink. And thus it was that
my eyes eventually came to rest upon the dool tucked away
in one cornet a dool with the strangest, most charming expression on her face. I could not wholly make her out, due to
the shadows and the film through which I was looking but I
was aware that a tremendous impression had been made upon
me as though I had run into a person, as one does sometimes
with a stranger, with whose personality one is deeply impressed.
Exercise 6
Advertisements
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T H ED EF | N tT tON
OF QU ALT T Y
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going back to basics, making innovations in our design and
production techniques which result in what we call invisible
investments. What they do for handling will astound you.
A PRAcrrcALGUrDEFoR I
Ft
TMNSLATToN
sKrLLI l tr3l
P H ILIPPE
PATEK
For more than a century and a half, Patek Philippe has
been known as the finest watch in the world. The reason is
very simple. It is made differently. It is made using skills and
techniques that others have lost or forgotten. It is made
with attention to detail very few people would notice. It is
made, we have to admit, with a total disregard for time. If a
particular Patek Philippe movement requires four years to
continuous work to bring to absolute perfection, we will
take four years. The result will be a watch that is unlike any
other. A watch that conveys quality from first glance and
first touch. A watch with a distinction : generation after
generation it has been worn, loved and collected by those
who are very difficult to please; those who will only accept
the best. For the day that you take delivery of your Patek
Philippe, you will have acquired the best. Your watch r,r'ill be
a masterpiece,quietly reflecting your own values. A watch
that was made to be treasured.
Advertisement
Das Gupta & Company
14, Mount Road,
Madras
5th january, 19....
Weavewell Woolen Co. Ltd.,
Victoria Street,
London, 8.C.4.
Dear Sirs,
Pleasesend us by return of post (air mail) patterns of tropiFrescoes
in grey, brown and light blue for delivery lvlay/
cal
]une; weight 10/14pzs.
We have recently seen some material which was blended
with Orlon or some other synthetic fibre, which seemed to us
most suitable for our purposes. If you have any qualities of this
t-tT
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Ir
I e pnecttc.otlcurDE FoR
I rneNslnrloN sKILL
type in your range we should be very interested indeed.
Kindly quote your best prices f.o.b. Liverpool.
Yours faithfully,
Das Gupta & Co.
P. RAH
Director
Air mail
Encl.
III. ACTIVE TRANSLATION
Exercise 1
Yayuk,TundaBulanMadu dan Anak
Yayuk Basuki, yang sempat dijuluki masyarakat Muangthai
dengan sebutan "Yayuk Bazoka" dan "Jaguar dari Jakarta" saat
mengikuti pertandingan tennis di Pantai Pattaya, memang
mencerminkan seorang atlit yang handal. Tidak salah, kalau
pers di Indonesia pun menyebutnya dengan sebutan "Ratu
Tennis Indonesia".
Bayangkan saja. Menjelang hari pernikahannya pun, ia
sempat berlaga dalam kejuaraan Australia terbuka, meskipun
kalah. Setelah itu, begitu tiba di Indonesia pun ia masih sempatsempatnya latihan di |akarta sebelum akhirnya "mudik" ke
Yogl,akarta.Begitu juga, sahr hari setelah akad nikah, pasangan
ini sudah berada di Sekolah Tenis Pusat Pelatihan Olah Raga
(PUSPOR) FPOK IKIP Yogya saat peresmiaannya.
Exercise 2
Nobody'sWatchingMe
I am a foot taller than Napoleon and twice the weight of
Twiggy; on my only visit to a beautician, the woman said she
,-ilHl';ibil'3ilii
lr
found my face a challenge.Yet despite these social disadvantages I feel cheerful, happy, confident and secure.
I work for a daily newspaper and so get to a lot of places
I would otherwise never see. This year I went to Ascot to
write about the people there. I saw something there that made
me realize the stupidity of trying to conform - of trying to be
better than anyone else. There was a small, plump woman,
all dressed up - huge hat, dress with pink butterflies, long
white gloves. She also had a shooting-stick. But becauseshe
was so plump, when she sat on the stick it went deep into the
ground and she couldn't pull it out. She tugged and tugged,
tears of rage in her eyes. When the final tug brought it out,
she crashed with it to the ground.
I saw her walk away. Her day had been ruined. She had
made a fool of herself in public - she had impressed nobody. In
her own sad red eyes she rnrasa failure.I remember well when
I was like that, in the days before I learned that nobody really
cared what you do.
I remember the pain of my first dance, something that is
always meant to be a wonderful occasion for a girl. There was
a fashion then for diamante ear-rings, and I wore them so often practising for the big night that I got two great sores on
my ears and had to put sticking-plaster on them. Perhaps it
was this that made nobody want to dance with me. Whatever
it was, there I sat for four hours and 43 minutes. When I came
home, I told my parents that I had a marvellous time and
that my feet were sore from dancing. Thev were pleasedat my
successand they went to bed happy, but I went to my room
and tore the bits of sticking plaster off my ears and felt forlorn
and disconsolate.(Adapted from an article in The Listener by
Maeve Binchy).
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l.T
I
I l pnecrrcer cutDEFoR
t30l I rnnNsurroN sKrLL
ABOUTTHEAUTHOR
Langgeng Budianto was born in Sidoarjo on October 14, 1971,.He is a lecturer of English at the
State Islamic University of Maulana Malik
Ibrahim Malang. His teaching careers started
when he was appointed to be a junior English lecturer at Language Center, Muhammadiyah University of Malang (UMM) in 1996. Soon after he
completed his Master's degree from State University of Malang in 2003, he was assigned by the
government as a permanent English lecturer at the English Letters
and Language Department at the State Islamic University of
Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang.
During his career of teaching English in the Faculty of Humanities and Culture, the State Islamic University of Maulana Malik
Ibrahim Malang, he has been appointed to be in charge of several
positions; Public Relation (2004-2008)and director of Center for
Language Technology and Instructional Enrichment (CLTIE) in 2008present. In September 2006, he commenced his doctorate at the
graduate program, State University of Malang. In November 2006,
he was appointed by the university where he worked to join Management Training in Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM). During his management training, he had a cultural visit to Singapore.
F r o m N o v e m b e r 2 0 0 8 t o F e b r u a r v 2 0 0 9 ,i r e g r a n t a c lt h e s c h t r j ,
arship program in lndiana LlniaersityLlnited Statesof Americaunder
the Directorate General of Higher Education. He had a personal experience of visiting Narita, Japan, for three day's visit of international tour and cultural visit. Between November and December
2009, he was chosen as one of the awardees of a short course program on academic wriiing in cooperation with Training Indonesia's
Young Leaders, Universiteit Leiden, sponsored by l)irectorate of
Islamic Higher Education. During tire short course program, he
gained valuable experience of having a short visit to Belgium and
French for a comperative study on incultural understanding.
A P M c r r c A L c t I D EF o R I
F"t
T R A N s L A T I osN
Kttt | ! l3tJ
In addition to teaching English, he has written several articles
and books. Arnong of the published books are (a) Make Your English
Grammatically Correct I (UMM Press,7994),(b) Make Your English
Grammatically Correct II (UMM Press, 1995), (c) English for Social
and Political SciencesI (UMM Press,1996),(d) English for Social and
Poiitical SciencesII (UMM Press,1997),(e) English for Nursing (Citra
Mentari Press, 2002), (f) English for Electrical Engineering 1(UMM
Press, 2003), (g) English for Electrical Engineering II (UMM Press,
2006), (h) A Practical Guide for Translation Skill (UIN-Maliki Press,
2010,) and English for Communication that will be published soon.
tT
i n pnrctrc,ql curDE FoR
sKrLL
U3rl I rneNsmrroN
Aan Erlyana Fardhani was born in Surabaya
o n M a r c h 9 , 7 9 6 5 .S h e g o t h e r u n d e r g r a d u a t e
degree from IKIP /akarta. She completed her
Master 's degree from State University of
Malang in 2001. Her specialistcertificate course
in Language Curriculum and Material Develop
ment was from Regional English Language Center (RELC) - Singapore. In September2006, she
commenced he doctorate at the Craduate program, State University of Malang. She is a lecturer of English at
]"T!:t- University. She has written several books. Amoni of the
published ones are introduction to Translation skill (2004),
Techniques to Develop your English Vocabulary (2003),
th:.:"-hyr
Cu.ia9 For Paragraph writing (2002), Teknik Mengajai Bahasa
1t
bagi Pemula N{uda (Young Learners) (200a) and Developing
fnggris
writing skill (2005). During his career of teaching English in the
Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Jembei Uniersitv she
has been
_appointedto be in charge of several positions in university: head of Language Laboratory (L990- lgdq and secretaryof
English Department in 2002- 2006. From october 200g to
Januarv
2009, she grantad the scholarship program in wctoria of willinyton
uniaersity, NeutZealandunder the Directorate General or fuigne. ea.rcation.
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