The Mining of Raddle in the Rotherham Area

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THE MINING OF RADDLE IN THE ROTHERHAM AREA
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IVOR J. BROWN and F. W. COWDELL
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Introduction
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Rotherham is the only area in north-east England in which the
This deposit occurs about 5 miles from the town 9
mineral is found.
around Micklebring and Braithwell 9 two quiet old world 9 agrici1ltural
communities.
The mineral is found in beds several miles in overall
length, but very thin and narrow in Upper Coal Measures strata
immediately beneath the ''Great Yellow Limestone" of the Lower
Magnesian Limestone series of Permian age (Mitchell, 1947; Geological
Survey Map ·s7 /}arnslei}).
Generally the top bed is about 5 inches
thick and is separated from the second bed» 1* inches thick 9 'by a two
feet thick bed of red and yellow clay.
This is again separated from
the third and lowest bed by a further two feet of this clay.
In the
Micklebring area the beds swell up to 12 inches in thickness and are
between 6 feet a.nd 25 feet below the surface o
Dr. G. H. Mitchell has
expressed the opiqion that the raddle bed is in red-stained Upper Coal
Measures 1 a.bout 10 feet below the surface.
At the present time an exposure of a raddle bed can be seen in the
westeni face of Holme Hall Limestone Quarry (SK/550940); it is
'lenticular in shape and about 20 feet wide, l foot thick and 10 feet
below surface level.
Bull: Peak Dist. Mines-Hrsr:s;c::-V,�I7"3-:� �Pt.
May.l9��
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Geology
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The mining of raddle is one of the oldest industries of the
Rotherham area.
It is a little lmown industry and even the inhabitants
of Micklebring (SK/5295) a hamlet in the parish of Braithwell and the
former centre of the industry 9 appear to know very little about it.
Raddle is a form of red ochre very similar in appearance to hard
red lipstick.
It is eart.hy and marks everything with which it .comes
into contact with a dull red colouration.
It is an oxide of iron and
an earthy form of haematite (Arkell & Tomkeieff, 1953; Read 1 1947).
Local names for t�e mineral include rudd, ruddle and reddle.
It has
also been called o.chre g which is another variety of earthy oxide of iron.
Varieties of ochre are sometimes considered to include reddle, when a
highly ferruginous clay j and umber, a mixture of oxides of iron and
Another variety is "micaceous iron ore" found and worked
manganese.
at Hennock, near Newton Abbot 9 Devon. In paintmaking terminology the
term "ochre" means hydrated oxide of iron and woxide", dehydrated oxide
of iron.
In Britain raddle has been worked for at least three centuries for
use in marking sheep, for coating tiled floors, for paint making and for
polishing glass.lenses.
Quantities produced have never been large and
the r.addle miner has often been its itinerant salesman, sharing his
time equally between the two vocations.
�3:-
131*.
A detailed section of strata found at Micklebring given by
Sedgwick (1829) is "derived from the old reddle pits and from coal works
and is in descending order":-
2.
White and yellow marl
4.
5.
6.
Reddle (earthy red oxide of iron) fissile texture
Bed and yellow clay
Reddle
J.
Red and yellow clay
7.
8.
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Reddle
9.
10. Coal impure and pyritous
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A thick irregular bed. Highest part blue clay,
middle part blue clay alternating with grit stone
bind; lower part, strong blue slate clay.
Thickness about
5 ins.
2 ft. 0 ins.
ins.
Fire clay, used in the Potteries, followed by
regular Yorkshire coal measures.
'*
2 ft. 0 ins.
9 ins.
1*0 ft • 0 ins.
1 ft. 0 ins.
m
11.
4 ft. 0 ins.
dm
Yellow, incoherent, rubbly limestone
1 ft. 6 ins.
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Lower beds of the great yellow limestone, between the
beds, blue and yellowish blue argillaceous seams.
These form the top of the escarpment.
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History
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It is not known when raddle was first worked in the area but there
is evidence to believe that it was being worked by the Romans, probably
to give the local pottery of the period its characteristic hne.
Several
specimens of •red ochre", or raddle, found in the Roman occupation levels
during the excavation of local pottery and kiln sites, are on exhibition
in Doncaster Museum.
There appears to be no further evidence of
raddle working, although it was certainly continuing, until the tuni
of the 19th century.
Miller (1804) says of Micklebring - "a considerable hamlet •••
remarkable for a curious mineral called raddle, which it is said, is to
be found only in this and one other place in England.
Large quantities
of this mineral are raised here both for home consumption and for
exportation." He also stated that •at this place Messrs. Gleadhill
and Shepherd have mills for grinding it."
This latter statement is
borne out by documents in the Nicholson Collection, Sheffield City
Library, for, one year later, in 1805, an ag�eement was made between
Wildes and Sheppard (almost certainly the same Shepherd) for "premises
situated at Braithwell" which includes a reference to "mines, minerals
and quarries."
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The letting of a "Colour M:i}J.. and Manufactoryw· was adv·ertised in
0 on consecutive
the
p Nottingham and Lincoln Advertiser
The advertisement
Friday 13th, 20th and 27th November 1812 (Appendix).
stated that the mill was then nin the Possession and Occupation of
Messrs. Gleadall and Co." In effect 9 however 9 this may have been a
sub,..,letting since two years-later p in 1814 9 the premises were bought by
Sannel Gleadall.
Documents in the Nicholson Collection give an interesting insight
In 1814 9 as mentioned above p
into the raddle trade from this time.
Samuel Gleadall bought six acre� of land from Thomas Mapplebeck 9 for
£400 9 "including all that new erected colour mill ••• all the buildings 9
dams 9 aqueducts 9 Machines 9 Engines, Fixtures 9 Work Tools and all other
appurtanences, ••• Fences, Trees, Wood 9 Underwood 9 Mines 9 Minerals 9
Quarries:"
The mill mentioned is the mill which still exists (SK/540945).
It appears to have been built about 1810 to replace several smaller,
nmch older mills. That it then had a water.wheel 9 as it had in later
years 9 is indicated by the term "Engine" which was commonly used for a
water wheel at this time.
In 1815 9 Sanmel Gleadhall conveyed to Joseph Roberts 9 a mill
"now called Union Colour Mill 9 formerly in the possession of the
Union Colour Co. •••11 "and also that 1 part of share ••• of and in
all and every the Beds or Delves of Rud8 or Ruddle ••• lying in
This was in all about two acres which Gleadhall had
Cowhill Close. 11
leased from John Hawke, some years before 9 together with all "mines 9
minerals, quarries, comnon rights." Later in 1818 there is a
conveyance of "premises known as Union Colour Mill 9 Joshua Rob�rts to
Thomas Nicholson" 9 and in 1840 9 11 conve yance . of two shares in the
Ruddle Mill (formerly called the Union Colour Mill) John Gleadhall
Gleadhall appears also in the 1837 edition of
to William W. Toone. 11
11 as a "reddle pit owner"
9
Directory
Riding
"West
s
White
9 and in this
same directory John Pogmore is given as a "reddle dealer".
It is said that at this time the production of raddle was limited
to 5 tons per year "by the parish 11 9 possibly becuase it was found on
It certainly was limited to 5 tons per year as
clmrch or cormnonland.
is borne out by the official mining statistics of ,the 18�0°s.
Other documents in the Nicholson Collection are� 1877, Conveyance
of shares in the Ruddle Mille 9 Miss F. Nicholsnn and W o H o Simpson
to W. Hastings; 1883 Conveyance of a share and interest in the Ruddle
Mill Estate, Mro J. H. Dean and Mrs. F. A. Dean to W. Hastings (an
accompanying plan shows that the Ruddle Mill is the present farm of
this name); and 1883 Conveyance of a share and interest in the Ruddle
Mill Estate, Joshua P. H o Ma.tthewman to W o Wasteneys.
George Walker 0 s "The Costume of Yorkshire" first published in 1814 9
as well as giving a description of the method of working raddle 9 gives
a full page colour engraving showing two miners at work winching the
raddle out of the mine.
Older local inhabitants state that 9 about the turn of the century 9
some raddle was also used in the steel mills of Sheffield for marking
0 Doncaster
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The Working of Raddle
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the "high spots" when polishing cutlery, but that the bulk was shipped
to America and Holland in barrels. The former use is borne out by
the official mining returns which show that in 1905, the raddle mine
at Micklebring was oYned by R. E. Horrex, Carr House, Sheffield. At
this mine (SK/513942) two men worked underground and none on the
surface.
These inhabitants remember too that at this time there was
considerable demand, and the local farmers went to some lengths,
including boring by hand machine, ·in an effort to find the mineral on
their land.
However, in most cases even when it was found it was not
in sufficient quantities to repay working.
The boring rig consisted of a tripod and pulley over which went
the rope to which the chisel was attached.
The chisel was pulled up
by hand, then released in order to penetrate the ground, each time
scooping out a little of the limestone or clay.
The mines closed during the First World War due to fall in demand
and the wartime difficulties of export. While attempts were made to
re-open between 1918 and 1920 working could not be made an economic
proposition and the mines closed completely There is still however,
considerable quantities of the mineral to be found in the local fields,
and several farmers still use it for marking their sheep as it is
harmless and wears off in a few days.
The farmer's use of raddle in marking sheep is described in the
following extract from "I bought a Mountain" by Thomas Firbank (pub.
Harrap, 1940).
"I know more than one farmer who pick a hundred good ewes to be
shut in with his best ram.
The results are always excellent, but in
these cases the breast of the ram is smeared daily with red raddle.
Thus he marks each ewe which he jumps, and she is removed from the
enclosure."
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In 1829 Sedgwick gave a section of strata at Micklebri,ng "derived
from the old Reddle Pits, and from coal works".
From this and
Mitchell (1947) it appears that some shafts were sunk in the area
in the l8th century to work a coal 17 inches thick at a depth of
about 50 feet.
These shafts are thought to have passed through the
raddle beds at about 10 feet depth, but it is very unlikely that both
coal and raddle were worked from the same shafts.
Raddle has never been mined on a large scale and it is probably
that, even at its peak in the early 19th century, no more than two or
three mines each employing a couple of men, or a man and a boy, would
be working and then only for part of the year.
In the earliest
recorded years the mines were worked by the local inhabitants, then,
during the later l9th century by itinerant Irish labourers employed for
intermittent periods, and finally, ,in the present century, by miners
from the local coal mines. More recent coal mines in the vicinity
date back to tbe early years of the present century and the coal-cum­
raddle miners brought to the raddle mines some of the more modem coal
mining techniques.
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"By a 1ittle stove inside the van sat a figure red from head
to heels - He was darning a stocking 9 which was red like
the rest of him.
Moreover, as he darned he smoked a pipe 9
the stem and bowl of which were red also."
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Walker (1814) gives an excellent description of a raddle mine;
"A shaft is sunk of about 23 feet in depth and five in diameter which
passes through strata of limestone and gritstone and immediately under
this la·st the ruddle is imbedded universally in clay 11 which is three
feet thick above and below the vein.
It lies nearly horizontal and
is generally about nine inches in thickness.
The miner in working
sits down and uses a short sharp axe, similar to that of the lead miner.
He excavates to a distance of about four yards from the centre of the
shaft; but as the clay cannot be easily supported 11 as soon. as he has
It
reached this distance, a new shaft is sunk near to the other."
would appear from this description that only the bottom bed was being
worked at this time.
The only machinery used was a small handwinch at the surface to
haul up a large wooden bucket suspended from the end of a hemp rope.
A colour engraving in Walker (1814) shows such a winch with rope and
bucket and the miners themselves, a man and a boy.
The man is shown
wearing an old red-coloured regimental jacket which 9 Walker says 9
"harmonizes well with their occupation".
This bell pit system of
working continued into the present century and an area of hollows 0 old
'caved in' bell pits, can still be discerned near the Plough Inn at
Micklebring.
Few changes occurred throughout the l9th century although
in the latter years some of the shafts seem to have been slightly larger 9
about 6 feet diameter, a little deeper, as Dllch as 30 feet and in a few
cases these were brick-lined.
When Irish labour was being used the men were housed in "barracks"
in the corner of the field or in the village itself.
At Micklebring
mine (SK/513942) the barracks were demolished in 1964 p but a similar
cottage still remains in the village, although this has recently been
modernised. Local people remember seeing these Irish raddle miners
They were easily distinguished
waiting for the Plough Inn to open.
from ordinary folk as they were covered with a fine red dust.
Even
after washing a healthy looking pink skin remained.
Thomas Hardy (1878) describes the "reddlemen" vividly 11
"The one point that was forbidding about this reddleman was
his colour.
Freed from that he would have been as
agreeable a specimen of rustic manhood as one would often
see."
"Examining his packet by the light of a candle 9 took thence
an old letter and spread it open.
The writing had originally
been traced on white paper, but the letter had now assumed a
pale red tinge from the accident of its situation and the
black strokes of writing thereon, looked like the twigs of a
winter hedge in a vermilion sunset."
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In later years, in the p��se.nt century, the coal miners brought
with them new techniques inclli"ding the �se of explosives and wooden
supports. With timber supporting the roadways p there was no need to
sink new shafts and this practice was discontinued.
The construction
of roadways however meant the working and sending out of the pit of the
clay that separated the beds. At the surface this clay had to be
separated by hand from the raddle and at Micklebring two small hillocks
of this clay remain today.
These are the sole surviving evidence of
the mines for recently the shafts have been filled ino
A short way
from the site of the Micklebring mine there is a small pond in which
the water is always coloured pink.
The clay sides of the pond are
always coloured dark pink and as the soil surrounding it is a dark brown,
this colouration nust be comi� from water which has washed over the
remaining raddle beds.
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Surface Treatment
At the surface the lumps of clay were removed by hand and the
raddle was loaded into carts and taken to the raddle mill.
In 180%
Edward Miller stated that'Messrs. Gleadhill and Shepherd have mills for
grinding it", then ''by levigation and washing it is rendered fit for
sale as a coarse pigment."
Walker in 181% gives more detail "The ruddle is carried to a
mill, where it is ground to a powder; then mixed with water and ground
afresh, and afterwards let off into a reservoir where the ru.ddle
subsides, ·and the water is evaported. It is afterwards cut into small
squares, packed up in casks and sent to Hull and London, whence it is
exported. The price about £5 per ton."
It is interesting to note
that this process is almost exactly the same as is used at the sole
remaining ochre mine in England today.
After treatment the raddle had several uses, but Walker indicates
that only the coarser product was produced at the mills of the
Rotherham area.
"We understand roddle is also found near Bristol, very
near the surface, which injures·the more expensive preparation of it
here.
This substance (from Micklebring) is used for the coarser
purposes of painting, such as carts and waggons 9 and al 80 by carpenters
Other uses, besides that of marking
for marking their timber, etc."
sheep, were for polishing glass, as at the glassworks of the Rotherham
area and lenses elsewhere, and for marking the "high spots" on steel
sheet at the Sheffield founderies. The chief advantage of raddle for
polishing is that it is so soft that it cannot scratch the surface being
polished.
In more recent times, after hand picking, the raddle was packed
into barrels and taken to Mexborough Railway Station by horse and cart
for despatch to its various destinations.
Ro.ddle Lane is a lane nearly
two miles long leading northwards out of Micldebring and this may well
have been the route over which these loads were taken.
The sites of the earlier mills have not been located although it
is probable that one was on the site now occupied by the present Ruddle
Mill.
Even here, however there is no evidence of the settling ponds
0
139.
except for a flat area between the Mill and the road which is now
covered by a modern barn.
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The Ruddle Mill (SK/540945)
This is a stone built group of buildings about twclini.les from the
According to the references already quoted it
Micklebring mines.
appears to have been built about 1810 and soon after became known as
the Union Colour Mill. It would appear also that this nanie was the
result of a "union" of several interested parties, six equal shares
are mentioned, and there are many references to these shares changing
hands.
It was probably positioned so far from the mines since this
water course is the only one in the.neighbourhood with a sufficient
supply of water to drive a water wheel.
Ruddle Dike starts in marshy
ground 325 feet O.D. near Lamcote Grange and continues in a northerly
direction to Chapel Hole, where the water is held by Ruddle Mill Dam,
to form a small artificial reservoir. At two thirds of the distance
on the northern section the Dike reaches Ruddle Mill after passing
"Ruddle Mill Holt", 'holt' being an Old English term meaning a little
wood.
At Chapel Hole the Dike turns and follows a southerly course, of
equal distance, to Stainton Village passing en route Holme Hall Limestone
Quarry where raddle beds can still be seen to outcrop. Ruddle Mill
Lane, about two-thirds of a mile in length, joins Austwood Lane to
Lime Kiln Lane, and coDDDences at the mill and finishes where the
southerly course of the Dike again crosses the same road.
The mill as stated, was powered by a water wheel of the undershot
This was approximately 20 feet in diameter and although it has
type.
since been removed, the grooves that it cut on the mill wall can still
The water was carried to the wheel from the base of Ruddle
be seen.
Mill Dam and taken away by a brick culvert to a field ditch.
Prospects
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Since the closure of the mines there have been times when it was
thought that work might recommence. One such occasion was when a
Scottish paint manufacturer took samples to see whether it was
It would
suitable for use in the manufacture of modern paints.
appear that it is not, since nothing came of these trials. On another
occasion, just prior to the Second World War a suggestion was put
forward that road surfaces should be coloured, a specific colour for a
Samples of raddle were taken from the area
specific class of road.
but nothing more has been heard.
It is possible though that further
In
work on this scheme was prevented by the outbreak of the war.
more recent times a further suggestion has been made that if the through
roads leaving and entering large cities and towns had coloured surfaces,
sign posts could be dispensed with, with considerable advantage to the
Despite these trials it is unlikely that raddle will be
motorist.
worked again on a commercial scale, especially as the new Ml motorway
It is probable too that the
extension cuts right through the area.
140.
Spencer family will be the last to use this unusual mineral and then
only for the humble purpose of marking sheep.
Present Working of Ochre
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At the present time ochre and umber are still.used as pigments in
paintmaking. They require little more than washing and mixing with
enough "medium" (as the fluids with which paints· are ground are called)
to )!l8ke them into a paint of the correct constituency.
( "Notes on ·
colour mixing", by Hesketh Hubbard, 1948). The ochre from the only
"ochre" mine now operating at Great Rock Mine, Hennock, near Newton
Abbott, Devon, is washed and separated from the impurities in water
tanks. The flake like iron stays suspended in the water while the
granular sands are precipitated and the clays are dissolved. The
ochre-bearing water then passes through filters and into settling
tanks where the water and soluble clays are removed. After drying
the ochre is then passed through a screen and packed into cases for
sale.
For the manufacturer of the cakes j used for marking sheep and
colouring doorsteps, a binder such as dixtrine is added.
Against the one mine now producing iron oxide for paintmaking
there were 3 in 1960, 9 in 1925, and 18 in 1890.
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Ochre Mines in Derbyshire
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In 1890 the following mines were noted in the Annual Mining
Statistics (Northern England and Midlands) as producing ochre and
umber for the purposes of paintmaking in Derbyshire: Ochre: Blakelow
Field (J. Marshall); Cauk Holes, Haddon, (J. Wardle); Doglow, Hopton
(J. Repton); Hazard, Cromford (Holmes & Co.);· Lathkill 9 Over Haddon
(Lathkilldale Ochre Co.); Merry Tom (F. Brooks); Royal Oak,
Crom:ford (F. C. Arkwright). Umber: Mount Pleasant, Middleton
(c. Johnson & Sons). Total: Ochre and Umber 407 tons, value £204.
A brief description of the occurrence, working and preparation of
these minerals was given by Stokes (1878).
Aclmowledgements
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The writers would like to thank Messrs. F. Fowler of Doncaster,
local historian; Lee, owner of Ruddle Mill; Maxfield, foreman of
Holme Ball Quarries; Dunstan, farmer of Braithwell; and the late
G. Spencer and family. Mr. Spencer, the last owne?'-manager of the
mine died during the preparation of this paper.
R. Osborne has kindly
contributed geological notes, and Dr. G. H. Mitchell is to be thanked
for his comments on these.
References
Arkell, w. J., and S. I. Tomkeieff, 1953. English Rock Terms,
University Press.
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� Hardy, Thomas, 1878. 1'The Return of the Native••.
Oxford
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Man�script Received:
5th January, 1967
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Miller, Edward, 180/t. The History and Antiquities of Donca1:Jter and
its vicinity. pp. 10 and 251.
Mitchell, G. H., .!!!!_., 191'7. The Geology of the Country around
Barnsley. Mem. Geol. Surv. Gt. Britain. pp. 73 and 156 •.
Read, H. H., 191'7.· Rutley's Elements of Mineralogy. 2/tth edition,
Mnrby, London, p. lt88.
Nicholson Papers lt53a-c & Misc. papers Noa. 3676-3683, Sheffield City
Library.
Sedgwick, A., 1829. On the geological relations and internal
strocture of the Magneaian Limestone. Trana. Geol. Soc.
London, 2nd aeries,· Vol. III,_pp. 110-111.
Stokes, A. H., 1878. The Economic Geology of Derbysh,ire. 'l'rans.
Chesterfield & Derbyshire Inst. Min. Ciy. and Mech. Bngrs.
Vol. 6, pp. 122-121'.
Walker, George, 1811'.. The Costumes of Yorkshire. (2nd edition 1885)
pp. 31-32 and pl� 10.
White's 1837 West.Riding Directory.
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Revised Manuscript Received:
5th Febniary, 1967
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Mining Engineering Department,
The Technical College,
Doncaster, Yorks.
llt2.
APPJIIDIX
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Advt. from the Doncaster, Nottingham & Lincoln Advertiser
put in for j weeks on Fridays Nov. ljth, 20th & 27th 1812
TO BE IBl'
.p
And entered upon im:nediately
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COLOUR'· MILL & MANUFACTORY
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All that capital newly-errcted stone-building now used as a
Colour Mill or Manufactory for grinding BED OKER or RUDDLE,
plentifully supplied with:Water so as to afford an opportunity
of carrying on the.Bo.siness to a large extent » situate and
being :11ear Braithwell, in the West Riding of the County of
York, with all necessary and convenient Machinery, Out-buildings
and Appurtenances thereto· belonging as the same are now in the
Possession or Occupation of Messrs. Gleadall & Co.
The Manufactory is situate within about three Miles of the
River Dan, and only five Miles from Doncaster, in Yorkshire,
and altogether in a most eligible Situation for any Person
desirous of entering into such a Concetn,together with any
other requiring Water, there being a �·sufficient power of Water
to furnish both.
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The Mineral is procured near the Manufactory, and a plentiful
supply may be had at a price to be agreed upon.
The Mineral
is only to be found near the above-mentioned Manufactory, and
one other place in England.
Further particulars may be had by Application to Messrs.
Gleadall & Co. Micklebring, near Doncaster, or at the Office
of Messrs. Wilson and Sharpe, Solicitors, Worksop, Notting�
shire.
Worksop, Nov. llth, 1812.
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Surface P Ian
Micklebring Mines
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Braithwell
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Metalled ro ad
=.::=Unm etalled road
--Field boundary
Approx. scale 1 in. = 300 feet
UB.1966
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Rotherham
NOT TO SCA LE.
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Sketch map of
Brait hweU Area.
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Mine & mill buildings
Shafts
Clay dumps
Grid lines
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Micklebring Raddle Miners (Reproduced from G. Walker's "Costumes of Yorkshire" 1885
Ruddle Mil I, Micklebring, December 1966
On I eft behind rocks the blocked tai I of the
ruddle mill-race, and on the right the present
outflow of Ruddle Mill Dyke.