Untitled - Student Resources Centre
Transcription
Untitled - Student Resources Centre
Contents Simplifying knowledge dissemination Managing Editor Sandeep Manudhane Manisha Manudhane Major news story: q A test of Japan’s ‘stoicism’ .................................................... 05 Senior Editor Mitesh Sanghvi Kapil Dev Upadhyay Executive Editor Manish Saraf Editorial Correspondents Vinay Goyal Correspondents Cover story: q India is the new champion .................................................... 09 Current events Tarin Mehta Nimesh Upadhyay Marketing and Sales : q Manish Saraf - 97555-99509 q World ...................................................................................... 19 Volume 9. Edition 09. March 2011 q Business and economy .......................................................... 24 India ........................................................................................ 14 Editorial Office PT education Headquarters, Yeshwant Plaza, Opp. Railway Station Indore - 452001 Ph : 0731-307 00 00 Fax : 0731-3070099 E-mail : [email protected] PT Panorama q Trademark in India ................................................................ 30 q Writing a Business Plan ....................................................... 36 © 2008 All rights reserved. Reproduction or translation in any language in whole or in parts without permission is prohibited. Articles and contributions – courier or emails – should be addressed to PREP-TALK DEPT., c/o Mr. B. S. Supekar. Unaccepted articles may not be returned. Published by Manish Saraf on behalf of PTETSL, Yeshwant Plaza, Opp. Railway Station, Indore 452001. Disclaimer : The information given in this magazine is true to the best of our knowledge. However, PT or any of its associates will not be responsible in any manner for inadvertent errors that may have crept into this publication. PT does not take responsibility for returning unsolicited publication material. “To be a world class training and education organisation shaping careers through innovative products and services & the use of human technologies.” Profiles q Warren E. Buffett ................................................................... 46 q Col Gaddafi ............................................................................ 52 Regulars q Brand story: Harley Devidson............................................... 39 q Galileo: Astronomer and Physicist....................................... 40 q Thanjavur ............................................................................... 43 q Brand icon: Verizon. .............................................................. 50 q General knowledge ............................................................... 54 q Logo story............................................................................... 65 q Business Trivia....................................................................... 66 q Brand icon: Britannia ............................................................ 70 q Book review: Angels and Demons ........................................ 72 Take Quote Dear Readers, The inviolable law “Change is the only thing that does not change” was upheld this month, shaking mankind from the state of smugness, alerting him to dangers that lay ahead. Japan's catastrophe was painful on account of both the nature's fury, over which man has no control, and disasters which have resulted from his own doings. Lessons get learnt at a heavy price. Yet, it is to the glory of the Japanese that normalay has come to be restored in an appreciably short time, aided of course by acts of humanitarianism from individuals and organizations alike, globally. Back home, the euphoria over India clinching the coveted World Cup for the second time, after 28 years, is yet to die down. The nation was glued to the spectacle of India outplaying SriLanka. People from all walks of life and of all hues and colours revelled in celebrations to hail Team India's performance. The rewards and accolades that followed beggar description. The event brought one thing to the fore: people from small towns can make big presence through their skills, dedication and devotion. Persons who have made headlines find coverage in this issue. Warren Buffett at one end and Colonel Gaddifi at the other, depict the extremes of human acts. Both have their own charisma to affect those connected to them. Brands like Verizon, Britania and Harley Davidson are dealt with to create awareness among the readers, as to their origin and rise. The usual fare of book review, news and happenings in the spheres of business and politics, both nationally and internationally and general knowledge find place. Some thoughts are spared for Galileo, who was both an astronomer and a physicist, whose works have paved way for progress and breakthroughs in science. Sustain and exude the spirit of Kar Ke Dikhayenge! “Ideals are like stars: you will not succeed in touching them with your hands, but like the seafaring man on the ocean desert of waters, you choose them as your guides, and following them, you reach your destiny.” – Carl Schurz “The secret of joy in work is contained in just one word, excellence. To know how to do somethingwellistosimplyenjoyit.” – Pearl Buck “A small body of determined spirits fired by an unquenchable faith in their mission can alter the course of history.” – Mahatma Gandhi “The value of a human being's life is the well-spending of it, and not the length.” – Plutarch “Having once decided to achieve a certain task, achieve it at all costs of tedium and distaste. The gain in self-confidence of having accomplished a tiresome labour is immense.” – Arnold Bennett With best wishes for each one of you, Manish Saraf COO, PT education “If I have lost confidence in myself, I have the universe against me.” – Ralph Waldo Emerson “Laziness may appear attractive, but work gives satisfaction.” – Anne Frankk PT’s PrepTalk – March 2010 02 Letters to the editor selected since their general awareness is not up to the mark. This is because reading newspapers and magazines is not developed. However, there is hope. PrepTalk is a good substitute. Every issue has some interesting article to add to one's knowledge. Last issue contained the description of the disturbances in Egypt which resulted in the monarch Hosni Mubarak being thrown out of power. It showed the courage, unity, determination and will power of the people. The description of the functioning of cement industries was interesting. The profile of Pandit Bhimsen Joshi was inspiring. Power of democracy is sustaining People cannot be taken for a ride. Their silence and tolerance should not be underestimated. The ruler should keep them happy, satisfied and progressive. Otherwise, the ruler's days are numbered. The Egypt story (PrepTalk Feb-March issue) is a lesson for all rulers. A person could be ruling for a long time, he cannot ignore the conditions of his subjects. The ruler himself is responsible for this state of affairs. No other cause can be traced. The issue dealt with the subject vividly. I could appreciate the power of the masses in unseating a regime. The issue gave good coverage to the celebrated classical singer Pandit BHimsen Joshi. I had just heard of him but was ignorant of his stature. – Sheryl Dasgupta, Bilaspur With skills, problem can be tackled Like all human beings, I would become weak before problems. I would not show normal behaviour towards my family members and others, I would do injustice to my food, sleep and other activities. When I read the problem- solving matter in the last issue of PrepTalk, there were some changes. Many of the skills described and illustrated are not difficult. They can be acquired and 03 PT’s PrepTalk – March 2011 – Praful Shringi, Surat sharpened, with patience courage and experience. I benefited from reading the article. Another article which I liked was on cement industries. We come across cement in our daily life. But not many of us are aware of how it is processed. PrepTalk comes out with good topics to increase our general awareness. There were other interesting articles on famous personalities. –Huzefa Baig, Ajmer Reading promotes general awareness In today's fast paced living, keeping in touch with what is going on has become necessary in competition. Many good candidates do not become FEEDBACK ! Your comments and views on PrepTalk are needed to help Us make it better. Which articles did you like? Which columns do you like to read regularly? Which are the best parts of the magazine? Which are not? How to improve? Send feedback to: [email protected] Major news story A test of Japan's 'stoicism’ J apan's most powerful earthquake since records began struck the north-east coast, triggering a massive tsunami. Cars, ships and buildings were swept away by a wall of water after the 8.9magnitude tremor, which struck about 400km (250 miles) north-east of Tokyo. The quake was the fifth-largest in the world since 1900 and nearly 8,000 times stronger than the one which devastated Christchurch, New Zealand, (February month), said scientists. Measured at 8.9 by the US Geological Survey, it struck at 1446 local time (0546 GMT) at a depth of about 24km. The tsunami rolled across the Pacific at 800km/h (500mph) as fast as a jetliner - before hitting Hawaii and the US West Coast, but there were no reports of major damage from those regions. Japan's NHK television showed a massive surge of debrisfilled water reaching far inland, consuming houses, cars and ships. Many people in the Japanese capital said that they had never felt such a powerful earthquake. Thousands of people were ordered to evacuate coastal areas in the states of California, Oregon and Washington. In central Tokyo, a number of office workers spent the night in their offices because the lifts had stopped working. The biggest waves of more than 6-7ft (about 2m) were recorded near California's Crescent City, said the Pacific Tsunami Warning Centre. Train services were suspended, stranding millions of commuters in the Japanese capital. A tsunami warning extended across the Pacific to North and South America, where many other coastal regions were evacuated, but the alert was later lifted in most parts, including the Philippines, Australia and China. Strong waves hit Japan's Miyagi and Fukushima prefectures, damaging dozens of coastal communities. A 10m wave struck Sendai, deluging farmland and sweeping cars across the airport's runway. Fires broke out in the centre of the city. Hundreds of thousands of Japanese remained homeless, sheltering in evacuation centers, as the death toll from the disaster continued to rise. Thousands of Japanese and U.S. soldiers conducted a massive search for bodies, using dozens of ships and helicopters to sweep across land still underwater along the northeast coast. The teams hoped when a large spring tide receded it would make spotting bodies easier . About four million homes in and around Tokyo suffered power cuts. PT’s PrepTalk – March 2011 05 Assistance teams came from China and South Korea, two of Japan's most bitter rivals. Tokyo's acceptance of help – along with a parade of senior officials who offered updates at televised news conferences– was in marked contrast to the government's policies after the 1995 Kobe earthquake, which killed more than 6,000 people. Japan refused most offers of aid at that time, restricted foreign aid operations and offered little information about the disaster. Ø The death toll was certain to climb as searchers began to reach coastal villages that essentially vanished under the first muddy surge of the tsunami, which struck the nation's northern Pacific coast near the port city of Sendai. In one town alone, the port of Minamisanriku, a senior police official said that the number of dead would “certainly be more than 10,000.” That is more than half the town's population of 17,000. The government ordered 100,000 troops – nearly half the country's active military force and the largest mobilization in postwar Japan – to take part in the relief effort. An American naval strike group led by the nuclear-powered aircraft carrier Ronald Reagan also arrived off Japan to help with refueling, supply and rescue duties. The quake was the strongest to hit Japan, which sits astride the “ring of fire” that designates the most violent seismic activity in the Pacific Basin. The power company had said that the blackouts would affect three million customers, including homes and factories. The Japan Railways Group cut operations at six of its commuters lines and two bullet trains to 20 percent of normal, to conserve electricity. Search teams from more than a dozen nations were bound for Japan, including a unit from New Zealand, which suffered a devastating quake last month in Christchurch. A Japanese team that had been working in New Zealand was called home. A combined search squad from Los Angeles County and Fairfax County, Va., arrived from the United States, with 150 people and a dozen dogs that would help in the search for bodies. 06 PT’s PrepTalk – March 2011 In other developments: Four trains were missing along the coast, said Japan Railways; and a ship carrying 100 people was swept away Ø Fire engulfed swathes of the coast in Miyagi prefecture's Kesennuma city, one-third of which was reportedly under water Ø A major explosion hit a petrochemical plant in Sendai; further south, a huge blaze swept an oil refinery in Ichihara city, Chiba prefecture Ø Some 1,800 homes were reported to have been destroyed in the city of Minamisoma, Fukushima prefecture Ø A dam burst in north-eastern Fukushima prefecture, sweeping away homes, Kyodo news agency reported Ø At least 20 people were injured in Tokyo when the roof of a hall collapsed on to a graduation ceremony QUAKE MOVED JAPAN COAST 8 FEET The powerful earthquake that unleashed a devastating tsunami, March 11, appeared to have moved the main island of Japan by 8 feet (2.4 meters) and shifted the Earth on its axis. Reports from the National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology in Italy estimated that the 8.9-magnitude quake shifted the planet on its axis by nearly 4 inches (10 centimeters). DEADLIEST EARTHQUAKES 31 May 1970 Chimbote, Peru: 70,000 killed, 7.9 27 July 1976, Tangshan, China: est 655,000 killed, 7.5 8 Oct 2005, Pakistan: 80,361 killed, 7.6 12 Jan 2010, Haiti: 222,570 killed, 7.0 HOW A TSUNAMI IS CAUSED Tsunami is a Japanese word with the English translation "harbour wave". It is a series of ocean and water waves caused when a large body of water is displaced in an ocean or a large lake. It is usually triggered by earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and other underwater explosions. The wavelength of a tsunami can range from 10 to 500 km and wave periods up to an hour. In the deep ocean, where the typical water depth is around 4000 m, a tsunami will therefore travel at around 700 kilometer per hour. The amplitude (i.e wave height) of tsunamis that are generated by underwater earthquakes is determined by the amount by which the sea-floor is displaced. Similarly, the wavelength and period of the tsunami are determined by the size and shape of the underwater disturbance. Travelling at high speeds, tsunamis can cover a large distance, causing huge human and material loss to the country. JAPAN PM VISIT TSUNAMI-DEVASTATED VILLAGE Japan's Prime Minister made his visit to the country's tsunami-devastated region and entered a nuclear exclusion zone to meet workers grappling to end the worst nuclear crisis since Chernobyl. Prime Minister Naoto Kan spoke with refugees living in a makeshift camp in the fishing village of Rikuzentakata, decimated by the tsunamis which struck on March 11, when Japan was rocked by a massive earthquake, leaving 28,000 dead and missing. "It will be kind of a long battle, but the government will be working hard together with you until the end. I want everyone to do their best, too," Kan told one survivor in a school that was now an evacuation shelter. Despite its tsunami-seawalls, Rikuzentaka was flattened into a wasteland of mud and debris and most of its 23,000 population killed or injured, many swept away by the waves. "A person that used to have a house near the coast told me 'Where am I supposed to build a house after this?', so I encouraged this person and said that the government will provide support until the end," Kan told reporters. Unpopular and under pressure to quit or call a snap poll before the disaster, Kan has been criticized for his management of Japan's humanitarian and nuclear crisis and his leadership remains in question. "There are some evacuation centers that lack electricity and water. There are people who can't even go to look for the dead. I want him to pay attention to them," said Kazuo Sato, a 45-yearold fisherman. Kan later entered the 20 km (12 mile) evacuation zone and visited J-village just inside the zone, a sports facility serving as the headquarters for emergency teams trying to cool the sixreactor Fukushima Daiichi plant. Prime Minister Naoto Kan told a news conference in Tokyo, “I think that the earthquake, tsunami and the situation at our nuclear reactors makes up the worst crisis in the 65 years since the war. If the nation works together, we will overcome.” ECONOMIC FALLOUT Japan's $5 trillion economy, the third largest in the world, was threatened with severe disruptions and partial paralysis, as many industries shut down and the armed forces and volunteers mobilized for the far more urgent effort of finding survivors, evacuating residents near the stricken power plants and caring for the victims of the 8.9 magnitude quake. The economic fallout in the world's third largest economy saw manufacturing slump to a two-year low, with power outages and quake damage hitting supply chains and production. The disaster left more than 10,000 people dead, many thousands homeless and millions without water, power, heat or transportation. Japan is facing a damages bill which may top $300 billion – the world's biggest from a natural disaster. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) said that the Japanese economy would take a short-term hit and it could not rule out further intervention for the yen. The quake and tsunami did not reach Japan's industrial heartland, although economists said that the power blackouts could affect industrial production – notably carmakers, electronics manufacturers and steel plants – and interrupt the nation's famously efficient supply chain. PT’s PrepTalk – March 2011 07 Tourism was also bound to plummet, as the United States, France and other nations urged citizens to avoid traveling to Japan. AIR Worldwide, a risk consultant in Boston, said that its disaster models estimated property damage to be as high as $35 billion. The company said that 70 percent of residential construction in Japan was wood, and earthquake insurance was not widely used. Plant operator Tokyo Electric Power Co (TEPCO), Asia's largest power company, saw its shares lose 80 percent – $32 billion in market value – since the disaster. The Tokyo Electric Power Company, which operates the country's crippled nuclear power grid, announced a series of rotating blackouts to conserve electricity – the first controlled power cuts in Japan in 60 years. The UN's nuclear agency said that four nuclear power plants had shut down safely. Worried about the severe strains on the banking and financial systems, the Bank of Japan pumped about $86 billion into the economy, and the government was discussing an emergency tax increase to help finance relief and recovery work. After more weeks, operators of the crippled Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant are no closer to regaining control of the damaged reactors, as fuel rods were overheated and high levels of radiation continued to flow into the sea. The collective anxiety about Japan caused a rout in the Japanese stock market, with the main index falling 5.5 percent, the worst drop in three years. Radiation, 4,000 times the legal limit, was detected in seawater, near the Daiichi plant and a floating tanker was scheduled to be towed to Fukushima to store contaminated seawater, but until the plant's internal cooling system is reconnected, radiation would continue flowing from the plant. Japan reeled from a rapidly unfolding disaster of epic scale, pummeled by the death toll, destruction and homelessness caused by the earthquake and tsunami and new hazards from damaged nuclear reactors that were leaking radiation. The prime minister called it Japan's worst crisis since World War II. RADIATION BATTLE CONTINUES The most urgent worries concerned the failures at two reactors at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant, where engineers were still struggling to avert meltdowns and where some radiation had already leaked. Fukushima Daiichi and another power station, Fukushima Daiini, about 10 miles away, were under a state of emergency since the quake. Japanese nuclear officials said that pressure inside a boiling water reactor at the plant was running much higher than normal after the cooling system failed. Officials said that they might need to deliberately release some radioactive steam to relieve pressure, but that there would be no health risk. 08 PT’s PrepTalk – March 2011 "We are trying to employ as many measures as possible (to put the plant under control). We are holding high hopes (for this storage)," said a TEPCO official. In its attempt to bring the plant under control, TEPCO is looking for "jumpers" – workers who, for payment of up to $5,000 a shift, will rush into highly radioactive areas to do a quick task before racing out as quickly as possible. It could take years, possibly decades, to make safe the area around the plant, 240 km (150 miles) north of Tokyo. With its president, Masataka Shimizu, in hospital, an enormous compensation bill looming and mounting criticism of both its handling of the crisis and prior safety preparations, TEPCO may need state help, according to media reports. About 80,000 people were ordered to evacuate danger zones around the two compromised atomic facilities in Fukushima Prefecture. Japanese officials reported that 22 people showed signs of radiation exposure and as many as 170 were feared to have been exposed, including some who had been outside one of the plants waiting to be evacuated. Three workers suffered what officials described as full-blown radiation sickness. = Cover story India is the new Champion n inspired India on the night of April 2, 2011 regained the coveted World Cup after 28 years as they suppressed Sri Lanka with a six-wicket victory in a nerve-wrecking final to script a gloriousnew chapter in their cricketing history. A Chasing 275 for a historic win, the Indians held their nerves as they rode on Gautam Gambhir's 97 and Mahendra Singh Dhoni's unbeaten 91 to overhaul the target, with 10 balls to spare and send the cricket-crazy nation into frenzy. The vociferous, jam-packed crowd at the Wankhede stadium erupted in wild celebrations as Dhoni hit the winning six runs to give India their biggest cricketing moment and crown themselves the ODI world champions, in addition to being the number one Test team. nearly 15 years, lost wickets at regular intervals against the Indians,who were spurred on by a vociferous jam-packed crowd. The World Cup title triumph, coming as it did after more than two decades, was doubly special for Sachin Tendulkar, since it was the only silverware missing from his collection. The Indian bowlers were disciplined in the first half of the innings but conceded as many as 63 runs in the batting PowerPlayto undo all the good work. It was also a fitting farewell to coach Gary Kirsten, for whom it was the last day in office as the Indian coach. Apart from Jayawardene's 88-ball knock, Captain Kumar Sangakkara (48) Tillakaratne Dilshan (33) and Nuwan Kulasekara(32) were the other notable performers. It was a momentousSaturday night, marked by high emotion and poignant scenes as India, for long the game's financial power, stamped their supremacy on the field as well; eight years after Sourav Ganguly's team had made an abortive attempt to scale the pinnacle. The Indian innings began on a disastrous note as the destructive Virender Sehwag was dismissed in the very second ball of the innings with paceman Lasith Malinga scalping the prized wicket. The players, many of them with tears in their eyes, rushed to the ground to hug each other as Dhoni finished it off in style by hitting a six, as fire crackers lit up the evening sky to mark the moment. Sehwag was hit on the pads by an incoming delivery by Malinga as he went for a flick. Umpire Aleem Dar ruled him out before he asked for review but television replays showed that the ball would have hit the stumps. The highlight of the Lankan innings was Mahela Jayawardene's rollicking 103, as Sri Lanka capitalised on the batting PowerPlayto post a decent 274 for six. Tendulkar, playing in what probably is his last World Cup game, entertained his home crowd with a couple of delightful boundarieswhile Gambhiralso looked for runs at the other end. Electing to bat after winning the toss, Jayawardene used his vast experience to good effect and anchored the Lankan innings together. The Indians suffered a huge jolt went Malinga struck again by dismissing the champion batsman as he snicked an awaygoing delivery and captain Sangakkara latched on to a low catch. A hushed silence descended on the Wankhede stadium as he started his walk back to the pavilion. The islanders, desperate to regain the coveted cup after PT’s PrepTalk – March 2011 09 Gambhir drove Kulasekara for a boundary in the extra cover region to notch up 4000 ODI runs while Virat Kohli also pulled the bowler to the boundary in the same over. Tharanga looked completely out of sorts at the other end, as he found it difficult to find the gaps as Zaheer bowled a searching length right through his openingspell. Gambhir was lucky to get a reprieve in spinner Suraj Randiv's first over when Kulasekara dropped him at the long off region. Zaheer drew first blood in his fourth over by evicting Tharanga with an outgoing delivery and Virender Sehwag holding on to diving catch at first slip, much to the delight of a capacity crowd at the stadium. Tharanga scored just two runs off 20 balls. The third-wicket pair of Gambhir and Kohli put on 83 runs before Dilshan broke the partnership by taking a brilliant acrobatic return catch. The out-of-form Dhoni came ahead of Yuvraj to keep the left-right combination going and was immediately given two 'lives' by the Lankans -- first Sangakkara messing up a stumping chance off Muralitharan and then Dilshan dropping a return catch as he collided with nonstriker Gambhir. The Lankans could manage just 31 runs in the first ten overs, their lowest in the tournament. That was largely because of Zaheer's excellentfirst spell of 5-3-6-1. Dilshan and Sangakkaraput on 43 runs for the second wicket before Harbhajan Singh struck for his team by getting rid of Dilshan (33), who scored 500 runs in the tournament. Dhoni, however, made the most of the Sri Lankan lapses to rediscover his form which had desertedhim in the mega event. Dilshan went for a sweep but the ball hit his gloves and lobbed onto his stumps to trigger off wild celebrationsin the galleries. Dhoni and Gambhir scored at a brisk pace to keep India in the hunt. Sangakkara and Jayawardene then took upon themselves the task of rebuilding the innings and the duo scored at a decent pace to steer the team to a comfortableposition. The pair stitched 109 runs for the fourth wicket before Gambhir paid the price for a horrendous stroke, just three runs short of what would have been a welldeserved century. Gambhir made room to cut the ball but missed it completely to see his stumps dislodged. Earlier, both the Indian new ball bowlers bowled a tidy line and length and did not allow the Sri Lankan openers to get off to a flying start while the fielding was also sharp. Pace spearhead Zaheer's first three overs were maidens and that put some pressure on the two Lankan openers who were not being able to capitaliseon the PowerPlayovers. Dilshan broke the stranglehold by hitting the first boundary of the innings in the 5th over by pulling Sreesanth to the square leg fence. In the same over, he produced a delightful cut to the point for his second boundary. 10 PT’s PrepTalk – March 2011 Yuvraj Singh, who had a dream tournament with both the bat and the ball, was introduced into the attack in the 22nd over but the two experienced batsmen were not really troubled by his left arm spin. It was Yuvraj who finally broke the 62-run third wicket partnership which was assuming dangerous proportions by dismissing Sangakkara who tried to cut a wide ball outside the off stump but only succeeded in edging the ball to Dhoni behind the stump. His knock of 48 came off 67 balls and containedfive boundaries. It was left to the well-settled Jayawardene to hold the innings together and he found an able ally in Thilan Samaraweerato take the Sri Lankan total close to the 180 mark. Yuvraj was again instrumental in breaking the fourth- wicket partnership by accounting for Samaraweera. Umpire Simon Taufel turned down the leg before appeal but the Indians went for the referral and television replays showed that the ball would have hit the stumps. New batsman Chamara Kapugedera did not survive long as he offered a simple catch to Suresh Raina at extra cover off a slower delivery from Zaheer, leaving the visitors in a spot of bother at 182 for five. Jayawardene and Nuwan Kulasekara then teamed up to ensure that Sri Lanka had a competitive total on the board, as they went about accumulating runs in the batting PowerPlay, which was taken in the last five overs. India: Mahendra Singh Dhoni (capt), Virender Sehwag, Gautam Gambhir, Sachin Tendulkar, Virat Kohli, Yuvraj Singh, Suresh Raina, Harbhajan Singh, Zaheer Khan, Shanthakumaran Sreesanth,Munaf Patel. Sri Lanka: Kumar Sangakkara (capt), Mahela Jayawardene, Upul Tharanga, Tillakaratne Dilshan, Thilan Samaraweera, Chamara Kapugedera, Suraj Randiv, Thisara Perera, Nuwan Kulasekara,Lasith Malinga,MuttiahMuralitharan. Umpires: Simon Taufel (AUS) and Aleem Dar (PAK) TV umpire: Ian Gould (ENG) Match referee: Jeff Crowe (NZL) MUNAF, YUSUF TO GET GUJ'S HIGHEST SPORTS AWARD Gujarat Chief Minister Narendra Modi announced the state's highest sports honour - Eklavya Award - for Munaf Patel and Yusuf Pathan, members of the Indian squad that won the 2011 Cricket World Cup. "I congratulate all players for the feat. In this team there are two youths from Gujarat, bhai Yusuf Pathan and Munaf Patel. My special congratulationsto them," Modi said. "Gujaratgovernmenthas decided that both Munaf and Yusuf would be awarded with the highest sports honours of the state Eklavya Award," he said. He said honouring Munaf and Yusuf would be in a way honouringthe strength of the youths of the country. The Eklavya award includes a cash prize of Rs one lakh, a mementoand a certificateof honour. SACHIN, ZAHEER, YUVRAJ MAKE IT TO ICC'S TEAM OF THE TOURNAMENT Their crucial contribution in guiding India to their first World Cup title in 28 years fetched the trio of Sachin Tendulkar, Yuvraj Singh and Zaheer Khan a place in the International Cricket Council's Team of the Tournament. Kumar Sangakkara has been named the captain of this team of 12 that also features three Sri Lankans -- Mahela Jayawardene, TillakaratneDilshan and MuttiahMuralitharan. Indian captain Mahendra Singh Dhoni, who won the man of the match a w a r d , h o w e v e r, didn't make it as his performancewith the bat wasn't upto the mark before the summit clash. According to a media release by ICC, the team was chosen by a select group of experts who were given the task of picking a balanced side for sub-continental conditions on the basis of performances in the tournament. Statistics were used but were not the sole basis for selections. Pakistan has only one representative in captain Shahid Afridi while South Africa's AB de Villiers and Dale Steyn also found a berth in the side. Shane Watson was the only Australian representative while New Zealand pacer Tim Southee was named the 12th man. No Englandplayer featured in the team. Some of the other names that were discussed included Ross Taylor and Jacob Oram of New Zealand, Jonathan Trott and Graeme Swann of England, Irelands Kevin O'Brien, Kemar Roach and Kieron Pollard of the West Indies, Imran Tahir of South Africa, Upal Tharanga and Lasith Malinga of Sri Lanka and the NetherlandsRyan ten Doeschate. Team of the Tournament (in batting order): Sachin Tendulkar, Yuvraj Singh, Zaheer Khan (all from India), Kumar Sangakkara (WK and captain), Tillakaratne Dilshan, Mahela Jayawardena, Muttiah Muralitharan (all from Sri Lanka), AB de Villiers, Dale Steyn (both South Africa), Shane Watson (Australia), Shahid Afridi (Pakistan), Dale Steyn (South Africa). 12th man: Tim Southee(New Zealand). PT’s PrepTalk – March 2011 11 WINDFALL FOR VICTORIOUS INDIAN TEAM It is raining money for the World Cup-winningIndian cricket team, with the BCCI and the Delhi government announcing massive cash rewards for the victoriousplayers. Each member of the Indian cricket team would be given Rs one crore by the BCCI. Coach Gary Kirsten and other support staff will get Rs 50 lakh each as reward for their contribution, while the selectors will be given Rs 25 lakh each, Shashank Manohar, President of BCCI, said. Delhi Chief Minister Sheila Dikshit also announced an award of Rs two crore for Indian cricket team captain M S Dhoni and Rs one crore each for four Delhi players after their historic victory in the World Cup. "The Chief Minister has decided to honour the Indian captain M S Dhoni by awarding him Rs 2 crore and also decided to give one crore each to Virender Sehwag, Gautam Gambhir, Virat Kohli and Ashish Nehra for winning the coveted World Cup after 28 years," a Delhi governmentofficial said. VICTORY WITHOUT DUO India needed neither the flamboyance of Virender Sehwag nor the brilliance of Sachin Tendulkar to win the ICC cricket World Cup 2011. India put up an almost clinical performance despite the failure of these two legends to reach the Sri Lankan target of 274 runs. Captain Mahendra Singh Dhoni lead from the front and played brilliantly along with Gautam Ghambir to ensure that India reached the stiff target put up by the Lankans. Dhoni played a captain's knock and guided the Indian run chase in the presence of a boisterous crowd, which supportedthe home team a great deal. As Mahela Jayawardhene played a magical knock for Sri Lanka, Gautam Ghambir did the same for India, as he played some great shots in his inning of 97 runs. It was Gambhir who combined initially with Virat Kohli to stabilize the Indian inning, which was tottering at one stage, with both Sehwag and Tendulkarback in the pavilion,courtesyMalinga. 12 PT’s PrepTalk – March 2011 Despite the end result looking one sided, the match was evenly poised for most of the time. However, it was Dhoni's decision to come to bat before Yuvraj Singh that proved to be a game changer. Dhoni and Gambhir did the most of the hard work for India, as their partnership managed 109 runs for the team. The duo rotated the strike sensibly and hit bad balls to the fence regularly, as they negated the sting of Malinga and the guile of Muralitharanwith practicedease. In the end, it was left to Dhoni and Yuvraj to destroy the Sri Lankans hopes, as they played some great shots to take the team to victory. Dhoni scored 91 runs as he ensured that Indian run chase did not falter at any point and was well supported by Yuvraj, who made 21. Yuvraj Singh was declared the man of the tournament. Winning the match without any contribution from the duo, clearly proved that Indian team has indeed come of age and indeed the Men in Blue deserved to be champions. The victory also allowed the great Sachin Tendulkar to sign off the world cup in style as he fulfilled his dream of kissing the World Cup. WORLD CUP WIN BRINGS INDIANS TOGETHER The Indian victory in the ICC World Cup has brought immense happiness to cricket fans and the people of India. With this win, Indians have proved that they are the best team in the world. As soon as the winning shot was played, the entire country turned out for a euphoric celebration. Top leaders, businessmen, industrialists and actors were seen celebrating this great victory on the roads and streets. No one had ever seen the people so happy. Cricket unites the people of India and once again this World Cup victory had brought the people together. The victory meant a lot to the players as well and this could be seen on that historic night also. Sachin Tendulkar, Yuvraj Singh and all other players enjoyed the victory and their happiness was reflected by their tears of happniness. In 1983, India had won the World Cup, guided by Kapil Dev and at that time, the country was lead by Indira Gandhi. This time the team has won the World Cup guided by Mahendra Singh Dhoni and lead by a strong leader in the form of Sonia Gandhi. INDIA'S PATH TO 2011 WORLD CUP India's path to the 2011 World Cup title after Saturday's six-wicket win over Sri Lanka: SEMI-FINAL March 30 At Mohali India 260-9 (Sachin Tendulkar 85; Wahab Riaz 5-46) v Pakistan 231 (Misbah-ul-Haq56, MohammadHafeez 43) India won by 29 runs Group stage Feb 19 At Dhaka India 370-4 (Virender Sehwag 175, Virat Kohli 100 not out) v Bangladesh 283-9 (Tamim Iqbal 70, Shakib Al Hasan 55; Munaf Patel 4-48) India won by 87 runs Feb 27 At Bangalore India 338 (Sachin Tendulkar 120, Yuvraj Singh 58, Gautam Gambhir 51; Tim Bresnan 5-48) v England 338-8 (Andrew Strauss 158, Ian Bell 69) Match tied March 6 At Bangalore Ireland 207 (William Porterfield 75; Yuvraj Singh 5-31) v India 210-5 (Yuvraj Singh 50 not out) India won by five wickets March 9 At New Delhi Netherlands189 v India 191-5 (Yuvraj Singh 51 not out) India won by five wickets March 12 At Nagpur India 296 (Sachin Tendulkar 111, Virender Sehwag 73, Gautam Gambhir 69; Dale Steyn 5-50) v South Africa 300-7 (JacquesKallis 69, Hashim Amla 61, AB de Villiers 52) South Africa won by three wickets March 20 At Chennai India 268 (Yuvraj Singh 113, Virat Kohli 59; Ravi Rampaul 551) v West Indies 188 (Devon Smith 81) India won by 80 runs FINAL April 2 At Mumbai Sri Lanka 274-6 (Mahela Jayawardene 103 not out, Kumar Sangakkara 48) v India 277-4 (Gautam Gambhir 97, Mahendra Singh Dhoni 91 not out) India won by six wickets A BILLION DREAMS COME TRUE Men who make history defy all odds. For India, it was a question of doing two things which had never happened before. No team had won the World Cup on home soil and no team had won a World Cup final chasing such a big target. Both achievements were consigned to history with Saturday's sixwicket win as 274 was surpassed with lots to spare. A cauldron of noise all day, the Wankhede Stadium broke all decibel levels after the match and it was a resounding announcement of India's official coronation as the world's best team. It was only the third time in 10 World Cup finals that a side batting second had chased down the victory target. The finale gave Tendulkar, the world's most successful Test and one-day batsman, his first World Cup title in six appearances since 1992. The defeat ended legendary Lanka bowler Muttiah Muralitharan's dream of being part of a second World Cup-winning team, having won the title under Arjuna Ranatungain 1996. = Quarter-final March 24 At Ahmedabad Australia 260 for 6 (Ricky Ponting 104, Brad Haddin 53) v India 261 for five (Yuvraj Singh 57 not out, Sachin Tendulkar 53, GautamGambhir50) India won by five wickets PT’s PrepTalk – March 2011 13 Current events India SAINA NEHWAL WINS SWISS OPEN TITLE PENSION BILL CLEARED BY CABINET Ace Indian shuttler Saina Nehwal notched up her first title of the year, clinching the Swiss Open Grand Prix Gold trophy, with a straight-game victory in the summit clash against Ji Hyun Sung of Korea, in Switzerland. A bill, which aims at giving statutory power to the pension regulator, Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority (PFRDA), was cleared by the Union Cabinet. It is likely to be introduced in the ongoing session of Parliament. The PFRDA has been functioning for the past eight years without Parliamentary approval. In the absence of statutory status, PFRDA was performing the role of the interim regulator. Second seed Saina beat Ji Hyun 21-13 21-14 in 43 minutes to make amends for her quarterfinal exit from the All England Super Series in Birmingham. Finance minister Pranab Mukherjee had sought support of the Opposition, mainly the BJP, for passage of the key pending reform bills. The Opposition support is required since the UPA government does not have the required majority in the Rajya Sabha. The world number four Indian had beaten the unseeded Korean, ranked 19th, during the first round of Indonesia Open Super Series last year. The PFRDA bill was introduced in Parliament by UPA-I in 2005 and was later referred to a standing committee. It had lapsed since the Left parties did not agree on the measure for opening up of the pension sector. Saina, who had a subdued beginning to the year after recovering from a ligament injury, showed her mettle all through the tournament to swell her trophy cabinet. Ji Hyun tried to keep pace with Saina till 7-7 but the Indian was indomitable as she broke off from there and surged ahead with giant strides to pocket the first game comfortably. In the second game, Saina was ruthless as she opened a fourpoint lead at 7-3, and held fort to canter to her first title of the season. Though the PFRDA does not have the statutory powers, it is regulating the New Pension System, being managed by six private fund managers. The government had launched the New Pension System for Central government employees joining service from January 1, 2004. Later, it was extended to all citizens from May 1, 2009. tututu NO EXIT POLLS FROM APRIL 4 TILL MAY 10 The 21-year-old Saina had won three Super Series titles last year – Singapore, Indonesia and Hong Kong Open – besides winning the Commonwealth Games gold and India Grand Prix gold. The Election Commission has banned conduct of exit polls and releasing their results from April 4 till May 10 to ensure free and fair assembly polls in five states. She also won the Indonesian Super Series in 2009 besides winning the Chinese Taipei Open Grand Prix Gold in 2008. The Commission hereby notifies the period between 7 am on 4-4-2011, i.e., the first day of poll in Assam, to 5.30 pm on 1005-2011, i.e., the last day of the poll in West. 14 PT’s PrepTalk – March 2011 Bengal, as the period during which conducting any exit poll or disseminating in any manner whatsoever, the result of any exit poll would be prohibited,” the EC said. The Commission also said that under the Representation of the People Act, 1951, displaying any election matter including results of any opinion poll or any other poll survey, in any electronic media, would be prohibited during the period of 48 hours ending with the hours fixed for conclusion of poll in every phase. While Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Puducherry would go for single day polling on April 13, Assam will witness a two stage elections on April 4 and 11. tututu WIKILEAKS REVELATION OVER TRUST VOTE ON INDO US NUCLEAR DEAL ROCKS PARLIAMENT The Wikileaks is in news again, with the revelations over trust vote on Indo US Nuclear Deal in 2008 figuring in both the houses of Parliament. As soon as the Lok Sabha met, CPI leader Gurudas Dasgupta raised the issue of alleged bribing of members by the government to win the trust vote on the India-US nuclear deal and cited news reports quoting leaked diplomatic cables. Leader of the Opposition Sushma Swaraj said that three BJP members had brought cash to the House in 2008 but the then Speaker had ordered an inquiry against them instead of taking cognisance of the matter. SP leader Mulayam Singh Yadav asked the Speaker to allow a discussion on the matter saying that his party had also played a key role in saving the UPA-I government. "We had also worked to save the government in 2008. If all are painted by the same brush, we also stand to lose face. Only a discussion on this matter can clear our name," Yadav said. Responding to the attack, Finance Minister Pranab Mukherjee was dismissive, saying that the charges pertained to the 14th Lok Sabha and could not be discussed in the current one. Mukherjee asserted in the Rajya Sabha that the cables cited by the Wikileaks website were correspondence between a sovereign government and its mission abroad and that he could not confirm or deny the allegations. He also asked whether Jaitley was satisfied that "whatever has appeared in newspaper report is admissible in the court of law." The communication between the US Embassy and its government enjoys diplomatic immunity and "it is not possible for the government to either confirm it or deny it," Mukherjee said amid din. At this point, members from both the opposition and ruling benches were on their feet raising slogans and prompting the Speaker to adjourn the proceedings. tututu BANGALORE MAN CLINCHES GUINNESS RECORD Spelling the word 'Hippopotomonstrosesquipe-daliophobia' could stump many, but not 25-year-old Guinness Book record holder Shishir Hathwar, who can not only do it without batting an eyelid but in the reverse order as well. It is not just this word (which means fear of long words) but a number of others including 'grotesqueness' which he can rattle off. Bangalore-based Hatwar, an electronics engineer in BHEL, clinched the world record for the "fastest backwards spelling of 50 words" in one minute 22.53 seconds, beating the record of Job Pottas from Kerala who clocked one minute 40.14 seconds in March 2010. The earlier record was held by Deborah Prebble from UK (two min 21 seconds). Shishir won by a comfortable margin of over 17 seconds when he spelt 50 randomly chosen words, including 20 six letter word, 15-seven letter words and 15-eight letter words.The time included that taken by a person to read out the words and spell it backward. "I took just 1.6 seconds per word including the time taken to read out the word", said Shishir, who was asked to spell out words chosen from a variety of fields, including literature, arts and science. The words he spelt out backwards during the event included 'desolate', 'lavish', 'pharynx', 'excavate' and 'fragrant.' A voracious reader, Shishir attributes his success to the environment provided by his parents, his reading habit and out of the box thinking. PT’s PrepTalk – March 2011 15 "Honing visualisation techniques to an extreme degree also aided in training his mind to achieve the goal. Asked how he felt about the record, he said "Exultant, considering that English is not my mother tongue". Shishir can also read and write Kannada, Hindi and Sanskrit and speak Tulu. It was a You Tube clip of Pottas breaking the record that got him started on the idea that he could attempt a similar feat. Shishir also reads books by Thomas Hardy, George Eliot, Charles Dickens and Bertrand Russell. Apart from reading, he revels in outdoor activities like trekking and swimming. He in fact completed the 21.1 km half marathon in December 2005 in 98 minutes. He disapproves the current SMS lingo and short spellings, saying, "It is mutilating the sublime beauty of language." Ask him about the most mis-spelt words, Shishir says, "It is words where 'i' is contiguous with 'e', like shriek, receive". Shishir's advice to the young who struggle with spellings is "Take to reading instead of video gaming". Shishir said that he was aware of his talent to spell backwards at a young age and held several speechless when he spelt words backward as well as six word sentences. Not content with the laurels won, the spelling champion is now out to conquer new records like speaking three syllable words backward and being able to spell the maximum number of words backward in a minute. The son of Dr Ramamurthy, a senior scientist of Center for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics, DRDO, he says spellings have never flummoxed him and there is no spelling which can leave him tongue tied. He spells words incredibly and rattles off the 45 lettered longest word in the English dictionary in a jiffy. 'Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosisin' “Words like Hippopotomonstrosesquipedaliophobia (35) and Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious (34) are those which I am capable of spelling or pronouncing either in the forward or backward direction," he said. His amazing ability comes to the fore when he says "Where are you from?" - pronounced backwards as "Morf uoy era erehw". "What is your name?" is again rattled off as "Eman ruoy si tahw". His plans to break another record backward would be a quite a skill test, he said." The record for the most words spoken backwards in one minute is 71 and was achieved by Nada Bojkovic (Sweden) at Nordstan Shopping Mall in Gothenburg, Sweden on Nov 24, 2007.He then proceeded to read the entire above paragraph backwards. 16 PT’s PrepTalk – March 2011 INDIA SUCCESSFULLY TEST-FIRES DHANUSH, PRITHVIII MISSILES In an exercise to further sharpen its missile teeth, India successfully testfired two indigenously developed, nuclear capable ballistic missiles, both having a strike range of 350 kms, from separate locations off the Orissa coast. While 'Dhanush' was flight tested from a naval ship in the Bay of Bengal at a spot between Paradip and Puri at 1005 hours, 'Prithvi-II' surface-to-surface ballistic missile was test-fired at around 11 hours from a mobile launcher at launch complex-3 of the Integrated Test Range (ITR) at Chandipur, 15 km from Balasore. "It was a fantastic launch. Both the missions, carried out from different locations off Orissa coast, were fully successful," ITR Director S P Dash told. "Both the missiles are under production after successful completion of developmental trials and have been inducted into the Armed Forces," said a scientist of Defence Research Development Organisation (DRDO), maintaining that the launches were "part of regular training exercise". "The trajectory of both the missiles, with advanced navigation and guidance systems, were monitored by a widespread tracking network consisting of radars, telemetry and electro-optical systems, spread over land and sea," he said. A similar training exercise, comprising both Dhanush and Prithvi-II were successfully conducted in a "salvo mode" off Orissa coast on 27th March, 2010. Dhanush, which is also known as the naval version of Prithvi, is a liquid-propellant single-stage missile. It has a pay load capacity of 500 kg and is capable of carrying both nuclear as well as conventional warheads. The missile can hit both sea and shore-based targets with pin-point accuracy. It is 10 metres long, one metre in diameter and weighs six tonnes. Referring to Prithvi-II, a DRDO scientist said that the test firing of the surface-to-surface missile, which has already been inducted into Armed Forces, was a routine trial, conducted by the personnel of Strategic Force Command . Prithvi, the first missile developed under India’s prestigious Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme (IGMDP), has proved its robustness and accuracy repeatedly during many trials earlier since the first trial conducted in 1988. SUPREME COURT STRIKES DOWN THOMAS APPOINTMENT AS CVC In a major blow to the Centre, the Supreme Court quashed the appointment of P. J. Thomas as Central Vigilance Commissioner (CVC). "The court looking into their active role in the conspiracy and setting afire the S6 coach of Sabarmati Express train near Godhra, gave death penalty to 11 people," public prosecutor J M Panchal said. The court also slapped punishment on them under various other sections, which will be concurrent to their life term. A Bench of Chief Justice S.H. Kapadia and Justices K.S. Radhakrishnan and Swatanter Kumar set aside his appointment, acting on the writ petitions filed by the Centre for Public Interest Litigation, the former Chief Election Commissioner, J.M. Lyngdoh, and others. And within hours of the judgment, Mr. Thomas stepped down from the post. The prosecution had sought death sentence for all the 31 convicts, saying that it was a heinous act. Mr. Thomas had been appointed CVC pursuant to a recommendation made by a high power committee (HPC) headed by Prime Minister Manmohan Singh. Leader of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha Sushma Swaraj, who was a HPC member, disagreed with the decision. The other member was Home Minister P. Chidambaram. They were also convicted under IPC sections 147, 148 (rioting with deadly weapons), 323, 324,325,326 (causing hurt), 153A (promoting enmity between different groups on religious grounds), various sections of the Indian Railways Act, Prevention of Damages to Public Property Act and Bombay Police Act. Justice Kapadia, who wrote the judgment, held invalid the HPC's decision and pointed out that as of date, Mr. Thomas was accused No. 8 in the Kerala palmolein case pending in the Court of the Special Judge, Thiruvananthapuram, for offences under Section 13(2) read with 13(1) (d) of the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988 and under Section 120B (conspiracy) of the Indian Penal Code. The Court had acquitted 63 others, in the burning of S-6 coach of Sabarmati Express in 2002 near Godhra railway station, where 59 persons were killed. The Bench, quoting an earlier judgment, said that eligibility criteria would indicate that eligible persons should be without any blemish whatsoever and they should not be appointed merely because they were eligible to be considered for the post. Asked if the prosecution will appeal against the life imprisonment awarded to the 20 convicts, he said that a decision to that effect will be taken by the Special Investigation Team that probed the case. tututu The accused have been given 90 days time to appeal in the higher court, he said. The time spent in jail by the 20 accused who have been awarded life, will be deducted from their total punishment, he said. GODHRA TRAIN CARNAGE: 11 GET DEATH, 20 TO SERVE LIFE TERM Eleven convicts in the Godhra train burning case were handed down death sentence while 20 others were given life imprisonment by a special court in the 2002 incident that left 59 'karsevaks' dead and triggered riots, which claimed over 1200 lives in Gujarat. Special judge P R Patel considering the case as "rarest of rare" pronounced death penalty for 11 out of the 31 convicted in the case while 20 others were sentenced to life imprisonment. On 22nd February, the court had convicted all the 31 while accepting the prosecution's contention that there was a conspiracy behind the incident and convicted 31 under various sections of Indian Penal Code (IPC) like 302 (murder), 307 (attempt to murder) and 120B (criminal conspiracy). The prosecutor said that this was perhaps the first case in the country in which 11 people have been awarded capital punishment. Defence counsel I M Munshi said that the convicts will definitely appeal against the punishment awarded to them. Following the Godhra train burning incident on 27th February 2002, large scale communal violence had broken out in various parts of Gujarat in which over 1200 people died. The trial conducted inside the Sabarmati Central Jail in Ahmedabad began in June 2009, with the framing of charges against 94 accused in the carnage. PT’s PrepTalk – March 2011 17 As many as 253 witnesses were examined during the year long trial and over 1,500 documentary evidences were presented before the court by the Gujarat police. There were a total of 134 accused in the case, out of which 14 were released due to lack of evidence, five were juvenile, five died during proceedings of over nine years and 16 are absconding. The trial was conducted against 94 accused. Two different panels appointed to inquire into the 2002 case had given different views on the Godhra train burning incident. The Nanavati Commission, appointed by the Gujarat government to probe the carnage, had in the first part of the report concluded that the fire in the S-6 coach was not an accident, but it was caused by throwing petrol inside it. The one-man U C Banerjee Commission appointed by the Railway Ministry under Lalu Prasad Yadav had said that fire was "accidental". tututu INDIA'S POPULATION NOW STANDS AT 1.21 BILLION India's population is now pegged at 1.21 billion, an increase of more than 181 million in the last 10 years, according to the provisional 2011 census report released. The population comprising 623.7 million males and 586.5 million females is almost equal to the combined population of the United States, Indonesia, Brazil, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Japan put together. The population has increased by more than 181 million during the decade 2001-2011, the report said. The growth rate in 2011 is 17.64 per cent, in comparison to 21.15 per cent in 2001. The 2001-2011 period is the first decade – with exception of 1911-1921 – which has actually added lesser population compared to the previous decade, registrar general of India and census commissioner of India C. Chandramauli said in presence of home secretary Gopal.K. Pillai. Indicating a continuing preference for boys in society, the child sex ratio in India has dropped to 914 females against 1,000 males - the lowest since Independence - in the provisional 2011 Census report released. 18 PT’s PrepTalk – March 2011 Despite a slew of laws to prevent female foeticide and schemes to encourage families to have girl child, the ratio has declined from 927 females against 1,000 males in 2001 to 914, which was described as a "matter of grave concern" by Census Commissioner of India C Chandramauli. Though an increasing trend in the child sex ratio (0-6 years) has been seen in Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Mizoram and Andaman and Nicobar Islands, in all remaining 27 states and Union Territories, the child sex ratio shows decline over Census 2001. The highest child sex ratio has been reported in Mizoram (971 females against 1000 males) and Meghalaya (970). Notably, Punjab and Haryana, which have traditionally seen low sex ratio, have recorded an increasing trend but still remained at the bottom of the list. Haryana has 830 female children and Punjab 846 against per 1000 male child. Haryana's Jhajjar (774 females) and Mahendragarh (778 females) districts have the lowest sex ratio while Lahul and Spiti district of Himachal Pradesh has the highest sex ratio (1,013 females). Krishna Tirath, Minister of State for Women and Child Development, said that the fall in girl child population is a matter of concern. Tirath said that she will take up the issue with the problem states and stressed on proper implementation of women and child development schemes. Uttar Pradesh (29.7 million), Bihar (18.6 million), Maharashtra (12.8 million), Madhya Pradesh (10.5 million) and Rajasthan (10.5 million) constitute 52 per cent children in the age group of 0-6 years. Population (0-6 years) 2001-2011 registered minus 3.08 per cent growth with minus 2.42 for males and minus 3.80 for females. However, there some good news. The overall sex ratio at the national level has increased by 7 points since the 2001 Census to reach 940 females per 1000 male at Census 2011. This is the highest sex ratio recorded since 1971 and a shade lower than 1961. Increase in sex ratio has been recorded in 29 states and UTs while three major states - Bihar, Gujarat and Jammu and Kashmir - have shown a decline in sex ratio, as compared to Census 2001. Kerala with 1084 has the highest sex ratio, followed by Puducherry with 1038. Daman and Diu has the lowest sex ratio of 618. = Current events World MERKEL'S PARTY SUFFERS HISTORIC DEFEAT IN GERMAN STATE German chancellor Angela Merkel's conser vatives have suffered a historic defeat in a state ballot after almost six decades in power there, preliminary results have showed, in an election that amounted to a referendum on the party's stance on nuclear power. The opposition anti-nuclear Greens doubled their voter share in Baden-Wuerttemberg state and seemed poised to win their firstever state governorship, according to preliminary results released by the state electoral commission. "We have secured what amounts to a historic electoral victory," the Greens' leader Winfried Kretschmann told party members in Stuttgart. The Greens secured 24.2 per cent of the vote, with the centre-left Social Democrats down 2 percentage points at 23.1 per cent. That secures them a narrow lead to form a coalition government with a combined 71 seats in the state legislature, the results showed. Representatives of all parties said that the elections were overshadowed by Japan's nuclear crisis, turning them into a popular vote on the country's future use of nuclear power which a majority of Germans oppose as they view it as inherently dangerous. Conservative governor Stefan Mappus, who has long been an advocate of nuclear energy, conceded defeat and said that his party's lead in the polls dwindled away in the wake of the disaster at Japan's Fukushima nuclear facility. Mappus' Christian Democrats secured 39 per cent of the vote or 60 seats in the legislature. Its coalition partner, the probusiness Free Democrats, saw its voter share halved to 5.3%. The disaster in Japan triggered Merkel's government last week to order a temporary shutdown of seven of the country's older reactors, two of them in Baden-Wuerttemberg state, pending thorough safety investigations. But the chancellor's abrupt about-face has raised doubts about her credibility in a country that remembers well the 1986 Chernobyl disaster in Ukraine that spewed radiation across Europe. A center-left government a decade ago penned a plan to abandon the technology for good by 2021, but Merkel's government last year amended it to extend the plants' lifetime by an average of 12 years. The government has now put that plan on hold, and the opposition wants to abolish the use of nuclear power for good by 2020. tututu AT LEAST 75 KILLED, 110 INJURED IN MYANMAR EARTHQUAKE A magnitude-6.8 earthquake killed at least 75 people in Northeast Myanmar and one in Thailand, officials said. About 74 people died and 111 were injured in Tarli and Tachilek towns, near the Myanmar-Thai border in Myanmar's Shan state, and destroyed 244 houses, nine government offices and 14 Buddhist monasteries, government-run Myanmar television reported. The epicentre of the earthquake was about 50 km North of Tachilek, a border town 680 km North of Bangkok. Myanmar minister for social welfare, relief and resettlement Maung Maung Shwe was reportedly en route to the quake-hit area for an assessment tour. PT’s PrepTalk – March 2011 19 The Myanmar Red Cross and Crescent Society has dispatched 1,000 relief packages to the area, but access to the region is difficult. "It takes around four days to reach the affected area by car from Yangon and there are flights twice a week into Tachilek's airport," aid group Medecins Sans Frontieres said in a statement. There were no reports on casualties in Yangon and Naypyitaw, Myanmar's former and current capitals, respectively. The earthquake, had its epicentre in northeast Myanmar, 589 km Northeast of Yangon, and 772 km north of Bangkok, according to the US Geological Survey. In Chiang Rai, Thailand, Hong Khamping, 55, died when a concrete wall in her home collapsed on top of her. The wall was poorly constructed, Thai officials said. "There were no other deaths or injuries in Northern Thailand," said Chiatha Mositrat, head of the Chiang Rai disaster prevention office. Tourists in Chiang Rai, including members of the Syrian triathlon team, evacuated their hotel rooms for several hours. tututu PONTING QUITS AS AUSSIE TEST, ODI CAPTAIN Ricky Ponting quit as Australia's Test and one-day captain, just days after the champions were knocked out of the World Cup, but said that he remained available for selection. The 36-year-old, who led Australia in more than 300 Test and one-day matches, insisted that he was "not tapped on the shoulder" to give up the captaincy, and endorsed deputy Michael Clarke as his successor. "I have resigned as captain of both the Test and one day Australian teams," Ponting told a press conference. "I will continue to play and am available for selection in both the oneday and Test teams." "I have thought long and hard about what Australian cricket needs. Now is the right time for the next captain to assume the responsibility for both the Test and one-day teams," he added. Ponting said that Australia's exit in the quarter-finals of the World Cup last week in India prompted his decision to stand aside. "The fact that we went out of the World Cup when we did was the main reason," he said, while denying he had been forced out by Cricket Australia. 20 PT’s PrepTalk – March 2011 "Today is a new start for me and I am very excited about the future. I will give my complete support to our new captain and continue to do my best to set the best possible example for my team-mates and emerging cricketers alike." Cricket Australia chairman Jack Clarke paid tribute to Ponting's "outstanding" leadership. "Ricky Ponting has been an outstanding batsman, one of the best to wear the baggy green," he said. "His leadership as captain has been outstanding and I sometimes think his brilliance with the bat has overshadowed his fine work as captain." "Those close to the team know his true worth in guiding his players and setting a personal example of commensurate professionalism, particularly in recent years following the retirement of so many greats of the game." Ponting captained Australia in 77 Test matches for 48 wins the most of any Test skipper - 16 losses and 13 draws. In his 228 one-day matches in charge, he returned 164 wins and 50 losses. tututu HOLLYWOOD LEGEND ELIZABETH TAYLOR DIES AT 79 Legendary actress Elizabeth Taylor, whose violet eyes, tumultuous love life and passion for diamonds epitomized Hollywood glamour, died at age 79. The star of "Cleopatra" and "Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?" died at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, surrounded by family after a long battle with congestive heart failure. In a career spanning seven decades, Taylor first gained fame in 1944's "National Velvet" at age 12 and was nominated for five Oscars. She won the best actress award for "Butterfield 8" (1960) and "Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?" (1966) with actor Richard Burton, whom she married twice. Taylor's eight marriages, health problems, prescription drug addiction and ballooning weight often overshadowed her career, but she overcame adversity and used her fame to advocate for causes such as AIDS education and research. Her death triggered an outpouring of tributes from Hollywood luminaries like Barbra Streisand, recording stars such as Elton John and politicians including former president Bill Clinton and Secretary of State Hillary Clinton. Speaking for her family was her son, Michael Wilding, who called his mother, "an extraordinary woman who lived life to the fullest, with great passion, humor, and love.” "It wasn't just her beauty or her stardom. It was her humanitarianism. She put a face on HIV/AIDS," Streisand said. John called her "a Hollywood giant" and an incredible human being. In a joint statement, the Clintons called her "thoroughly American royalty." tututu “The door is open to all subjects that are in the interest of all the citizens,” he said. A protester missing crackdown in Manama on a month-old pro-democracy movement was confirmed dead, an opposition MP said, bringing to at least five the number of protesters killed. Police were posted outside the hospital, where doctors trying to help the injured protesters have allegedly been attacked. The government has denied the accusations. YEMENI PRESIDENT GIVEN EMERGENCY POWERS Yemen's Parliament enacted sweeping emergency laws after the country's embattled President asked for new powers of arrest, detention and censorship to quash a popular uprising demanding his ouster. The move escalates the showdown between Ali Abdullah Saleh and the movement that has unified military commanders, religious leaders and protesting youth in demands for his immediate departure. The state of emergency suspends the Constitution, allows media censorship, bars street protests and gives security forces 30 days of far-reaching powers to arrest and detain without judicial process. Youth leaders at the Sana'a square that has become the epicentre of the protests dismissed the move. “It is the revolution that now decides the future of the nation,” said a protest leader. We pay no attention to the measures.” Rival factions of the military have deployed tanks in the capital, Sana'a – with units commanded by one of Mr. Saleh's son protecting the President's palace, and units loyal to a top dissident commander protecting the protesters. tututu Bahrain faces mounting international pressure to exercise restraint and ensure the safety of jailed opposition leaders. The United States said that it was “deeply troubled” by the arrest of several opposition figures. tututu CHINA EXPRESSES SERIOUS RESERVATIONS China said that it had “serious reservations” over the Security Council's resolution. “We oppose the use of force in international relations and have some serious reservations with part of the resolution,” said Foreign Ministry spokesperson Jiang Yu. China, along with India, was among a group of five countries in the 15-member Council that abstained from voting on the resolution. A 10-0 vote backed the resolution, which called for “all necessary measures (notwithstanding the previous arms embargo) to protect civilians and civilian populated areas under threat of attack in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, including Benghazi, while excluding a foreign occupation force of any form on any part of Libyan territory”. The resolution also expressed the U.N.'s “grave concern at the deteriorating situation, the escalation of violence, and the heavy civilian casualties”. BAHRAIN KING PLEDGES REFORM The resolution, drafted by Britain, France and Lebanon, was also supported by the United States, despite its earlier reservations. Bahrain's King pledged to bring reforms and another demonstrator was confirmed to have died in a crackdown on pro-democracy protesters, as international calls mounted for restraint. Besides India and China, Russia, Brazil and Germany abstained from voting. While Russia is a permanent member of the UNSC, Brazil and Germany, like India, are serving terms as non-permanent members. “I shall not allow a stop in the reform process which I began when I took the reins of power,” said King Hamad in a statement on the official BNA news agency. At a briefing, Chinese officials said that the UNSC was sharply divided, with many countries, including China and Russia, objecting to military intervention. PT’s PrepTalk – March 2011 21 Ms. Jiang said that China “and some countries” abstained from voting on the draft resolution, “considering the concern and stance” of Arab and African countries. She called on the UNSC to “respect Libya's sovereignty, independence, unification and territorial integrity”. tututu TRI-NATION GROUP FORMED TO FREE SAILORS Outside the glare of media, a tri-nation monitoring group of diplomats has been established in Dubai to brainstorm ways of rescuing sailors on board ships that Somali pirates have hijacked. “We held our first meeting in which Consul Generals of Yemen and the Philippines participated to monitor and consider ways to bring back the sailors of our respective countries, currently being held by the Somali pirates,” said Sanjay Verma, Indian Consul-General. Mr. Verma hoped that diplomats from Bangladesh, Tanzania and Pakistan would also join this group, as nationals from these countries were also aboard some of the hijacked ships. Somali pirates are holding 53 Indian sailors captive on board five ships: the MV Iceberg, the MV Suez, the MT Asphalt Venture, the MT Savina Caylyn and the MV Sinin. After the success in freeing the hijacked RAK Afrikana, the Dubai-based diplomats are now looking at ways to replicate that success. “During its deliberations, the group arrived at the conclusion that a media outcry when negotiations are under way usually encourages the hijackers to hike the ransom,” said Mr. Verma. Negotiations are on with the pirates for the release of sailors on board the MV Iceberg. Owned by a Dubai-based Yemeni, the MV Iceberg – hijacked in September – has on board six Indians, eight Yemenis, two Pakistanis, two Sudanese, four Ghana nationals and one Filipino. The pirates were apparently demanding a $4-million ransom, which was nearly four times the value of the ship, said an industry source. “The ship owners are finding it hard to arrange the ransom, especially because individual governments are refusing to pay,” said the source. Analysts said that piracy had become a lucrative and wellorganised industry, with pirates handing around 20 per cent of their “earnings” to the opposition Al Shabaab group in Somalia. No longer using small boats with a limited reach, the pirates are deploying captured merchant vessels for their operations in the high seas, striking as far as in Seychelles. 22 PT’s PrepTalk – March 2011 Sources said that the RAK Afrikana was released after the ransom was air-dropped, along with counting machines and equipment required to detect fake currency. After it was released, the ship malfunctioned, causing the Indian naval headquarters to seek the help of an Italian warship deployed in the Indian Ocean as part of a European Union anti-piracy mission. The crew was subsequently put on board the MV York, which took them to Mombasa. The ship owner flew to the Kenyan port city to fly the sailors to their homes in Thiruvananthapuram, Chandigarh, Mumbai and Delhi. Negotiations have also begun for the release of an all-Indian 15-member crew on board the MT Asphalt Venture. tututu PAKISTAN TEST-FIRES HATAF-2 Pakistan said that it had successfully tested its short range surface-to-surface ballistic missile Hataf-2 (Abdali) as part of the ongoing process of validation and technical improvements in the nation's Land Based Ballistic Missile Systems. According to a statement put out by Pakistan's Inter Services Public Relations, Hataf-2 has a range of 180 km and can carry nuclear as well as conventional warheads. The test was conducted at an undisclosed place in the presence of the Chairman of Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee, General Khalid Shameem Wynne, and other senior officers of the strategic organisations. The Abdali weapons system, according to General Wynne, provided Pakistan with an operational level capability, in addition to the strategic level capability. tututu CANADIAN ELECTION HEATS UP OVER COALITION CLAIMS Opposition parties said that it was hypocritical for Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper to accuse them of plotting to take power in a coalition government since he had once considered doing it himself. The Conservative government's charge that the Liberal, New Democratic and Bloc Quebecois parties plan to form a coalition government after the May 2 election has become the first major issue of the campaign that began. Polls show the Conservatives with a comfortable lead coming into the election, but they still do not appear to have enough support to win majority status – something they also failed to get in the 2006 and 2008 votes. "Parliamentary elections will be in September," Shaheen said. "We have said before that parliamentary or presidential polls will not be held while emergency law is still in force," he added. Harper warned that if his government fails to win a majority that does not require opposition support to stay in power, the Liberals, New Democrats and Bloc Quebecois will band together in a coalition government that will hurt the economy. The military council also approved a law that eases restrictions on the formation of political parties. Shaheen said that new parties would need the approval of 5,000 members from at least 10 of Egypt's 29 provinces. The Bloc Quebecois advocates sovereignty for the mainly French-speaking province of Quebec. This makes making working too closely with it a political liability in Englishspeaking Canada for the other parties. tututu The Conservative charge stems from a 2008 deal which the Liberals signed with the NDP to unseat Harper, with the backing of the Bloc Quebecois. Harper blocked that by having Parliament briefly suspended until the deal fell apart. The other parties shot back, saying that Harper negotiated a similar deal in 2004 with the Bloc and New Democrats to topple the then-Liberal Government. That agreement also fell apart and the Liberals remained in power until the 2006 vote. A letter by Harper, Layton and Duceppe on how to unseat Liberals without holding an election does not use the word "coalition," but Duceppe joked, "If it looks like a duck and sounds like a duck, it's a duck." Harper, who needs to expand his political base beyond western Canada to win a majority government, denied the agreement in 2004 ever involved forming a coalition government with the other parties. tututu EGYPT CONFIRMS LEGISLATIVE ELECTION IN SEPTEMBER Egypt will hold a legislative election in September and will lift emergency laws before the vote, the ruling Supreme Council of the Armed Forces said. Mamdouh Shaheen, a member of the military council, said a date for a presidential election had yet to be set. The legislative election date means that parties that were crushed under Hosni Mubarak's rule have some five months to prepare for the first free parliamentary polls in decades. The military council has ruled Egypt since Mubarak was toppled from power on February 11. It plans to relinquish power to a civilian government once a presidential election is held. UN SLAPS SANCTIONS ON IVORY COAST'S STRONGMAN GBAGBO The UN Security Council has unanimously imposed sanctions, including a travel ban and asset freeze on Ivory Coast's strongman Laurent Gbagbo, his wife and close aides. The resolution, which came five days after Nigeria and France introduced a draft resolution expressing concern that the country could relapse into a civil war, calls on Gbagbo to stand down from presidency of the West African nation. Gbagbo has refused to accept Alassane Ouattara as the lawful winner of the November presidential polls. While voting in favour of imposing sanctions on the Ivory Coast's incumbent leader, India blasted the tendency of hurrying to adopt Security Council resolutions. India also raised objections to the UN siding with Ouattara and said that its 10,000 strong peacekeeping force (UNOCI) should not be part of the political stalemate in that country. The UN has warned that the world's largest cocoaproducing country is on the brink of the civil war. Other countries said that the Security Council had to act quickly to protect civilians. More than 450 people have been killed since December and one million people have been displaced inside the country. More than 77,000 refugees have fled to neighbouring Liberia. "Events are moving fast on the ground, the security situation continues to deteriorate, and the position of civilians is of increasing concern," said Philip Parham, Britain's deputy envoy to the UN. = PT’s PrepTalk – March 2011 23 Current events Business and economy MUKESH AMBANI ON BANK OF AMERICA BOARD, FIRST NON-AMERICAN MEMBER Billionaire Mukesh Ambani , chairman of India's most valued company Reliance Industries (RIL), has joined the board of the Bank of America Corporation, the largest US lender by assets. Mr Ambani's nomination will be ratified at the bank's annual meeting of shareholders. "Bank of America's shareholders will benefit from the global perspective Mr Ambani brings to our board," Bank of America's chairman Charles O. Holliday, Jr was quoted as saying in a press statement. "It is a privilege and a great honour for me, as the first nonAmerican citizen, to join the board of one of the world's largest financial institutions" said Mr Ambani. BAN ON PULSES EXPORT EXTENDED TILL MARCH 2012 Ban on export of pulses has been extended by one more year till March 2012, even as the country is likely to import 3.40 million tonnes of the vital foodgrain item to match the enhanced demand. "The period of validity of prohibition on exports of pulses is extended up to 31st March, 2012," a Directorate General of Foreign Trade (DGFT) notification said. The ban was to expire on 31st March. The restriction was imposed in June 2006 to augment domestic supply and check prices of the commodity. Wholesale price based inflation in the pulses segment in February 2011 stood at 1.89 per cent, down from 12.72 per cent in the same month last year. However, the prohibition will not apply to export of Kabuli Chana and 10,000 tonnes of organic pulses during 2011-12, DGFT said. Mr Ambani, who figured among the top 10 on the Forbes billionaire list in 2011, owns RIL, India's largest private business enterprise with $44.6 billion in annual revenues and over $70 billion in market capitalisation. Notwithstanding expected bumper production of pulses during 2011-12, India is likely to import 3.40 million tonnes of the commodity, the government had said recently. RIL operations encompass production and exploration of oil and gas. It also runs a refinery at Jamnagar, Gujarat, which is said to be the world's largest at a single location. The production of pulses during 2011-12, as per the Second Advance Estimates of the Agriculture Ministry, is put at 16.51 million tonnes. RIL also has a petrochemical business and a fledging retail operation with around 1,000 stores. Planning Commission has estimated the demand for pulses in the country during the period at 19.11 million tonnes. RIL recently announced that it was entering into a joint venture with British Petroleum that operates various oil refineries and has assets in India. BP will own 30% of the assets. The group also has licences to offer fast internet access using wireless to all parts of India. To augment domestic availability of pulses, the government has permitted its imports at zero duty up to 31st March, 2012. 24 PT’s PrepTalk – March 2011 Regarding export of organic pulses, the DGFT said that the quantity shall be 10,000 tonnes up to March 2012. FREE TRADE PACT WITH FOUR EUROPEAN NATIONS THIS YEAR India and the Europe Free Trade Association (EFTA) are likely to conclude a free trade agreement (FTA) entailing a comprehensive bilateral trade and investment agreement by this year after fasttracking of the negotiations between the two groups. “The EFTA comprising Switzerland, Iceland, Norway and Liechtenstein is likely to firm up an FTA this year. The issue came up for discussion at the bilateral meeting with Switzerland`s Economic Minister Johann Schneider-Ammann. Both the sides agreed that they would conclude their positions within a month. We have already had seven rounds of negotiations and within a month's time, specific offers would be made. This will enable us to cover the entire Europe in a comprehensive economic and trading agreement,” Mr. Sharma said after his meeting with Mr. Schneider-Ammann. These four countries are not part of the 27-nation European Union, with which India is already negotiating an FTA. Recognising the need for enhancing trade ties, a joint study group between India and EFTA was established in 2006 to explore the possibility of such an agreement. “When the FTA is concluded, we hope that there will be a significant rise in bilateral trade,” Mr. Sharma said. The trade between Switzerland and India stood at $18 billion in 2010 up from $15 billion in 2009. Swiss exports to India include machines, pharmaceutical and chemical products as well as precision instruments. The exports from India include textiles, agricultural products and components for the airline industry. There are about 170 Swiss companies doing business in India. Switzerland has concluded such accords with about 20 countries, including Canada, Mexico, Singapore and Turkey. With the FTA in place, Switzerland will primarily seek to improve access to the Indian market for its chemical and pharmaceutical products, machines and watches. The FTA talks have been going on since 2008 but had hit a roadblock over the deregulation of the market for industrial goods. On its part, India has been pushing to obtain greater access to the Swiss market for its export services, including information technology, and fewer immigration restrictions. Switzerland's labour market has been opened for citizens from the EU and EFTA countries, while permits for those from other countries are limited to highly skilled labour. Mr. Sharma said that India was seeking advanced scientific research and institutional linkages with Switzerland for its various sectors. Another area of mutual cooperation has been vocational skills training modules that India strongly needs to meet the challenges that will emerge from the massive economic development taking place at present. “We are closely looking at replicating the industrial cluster approach module and also skills training modules with the help from our Swiss counterparts. We hope that the FTA will help all the sides to achieve their objectives of enhancing cooperation and economic engagement,” he said. The last round of negotiations allowed for significant progress particularly with respect to trade in goods. Areas covered by experts groups included market access for industrial products, fish and agricultural goods; sanitary and phytosanitary measures; technical barriers to trade; rules of origin; customs procedures and trade facilitation; trade defence measures; competition; investment; intellectual property rights; and dispute settlement. Services experts will continue their discussions in separate meetings. Both the parties agreed on a road map for the further process, including follow-up discussions between experts in several areas and a next full round of negotiations before mid2011, in order to give the FTA a final shape by the end of this year. tututu CENTRAL GOVERNMENT TO ALLOCATE RS.2,500 CRORE TO TUFS FOR MSMES The Central Government said that it would create a Rs.2,500-crore corpus for technology modernisation of the micro, small and medium units by next year. At present, only textiles sector is availing these benefits under the Technology Upgradation Fund Scheme (TUFS) wherein the units get 5% subsidy on loans, for upgrading technology, from the government. “We are quite hopeful and confident that by this year or certainly by the next year, we will be in a position to create a corpus to facilitate these units for technology upgradation,” Uday Varma, Secretary in the Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) said in New Delhi at a function organised by management consultant Milagrow. PT’s PrepTalk – March 2011 25 He stressed on the need to couple upgraded technology with adequate and timely credit. Besides, Mr. Varma said that robust infrastructure, innovation, marketing initiatives and skill development programmes are required for the growth of these units. The MSMEs account for 45 per cent of the country's manufacturing output and 40 per cent of exports. The sector employs 50 million people in 26 million units, producing over 6,000 products. tututu RBI CREDIT POLICY: REPO, REVERSE REPO RATES HIKED BY 25 BPS Amidst high food inflation, falling industry output and uncertain crude oil prices, the Reserve Bank of India hiked key policy rates by 25 basis points in its midquarterly review. The repo and reverse repo rates were hiked by 25 bps to 6.75 per cent and 5.75 per cent, respectively. CRR was left unchanged at 6%. One basis point is one-hundredth of a percentage point. Repo rate is the rate at which the RBI lends to banks against securities. The reverse repo is the rate it pays to banks for deposits. RBI hiked interest rates for the eighth time since last March. In the last monetary policy review, RBI raised policy rates by 25 basis points meeting market expectations and raised inflation forecast for the fiscal by 150 basis points to 7%, drawing criticism that prognosis and policy are not in sync. RBI had raised policy rates seven times since March, 2010, with a hike of 175 basis points in short-term lending (repo) rate and 225 basis points in short-term borrowing (reverse) repo rate in its bid to arrest inflation. Data showed that annual inflation accelerated unexpectedly to 8.31 percent in February, from 8.23 percent the previous month, defying forecasts of a slowdown. While food inflation has fallen from peaks of 20 percent in early 2010, it remains stubbornly high at 9.42 percent. Industrial growth slowed to 3.7 per cent in January this year, compared to 16.8 per cent expansion in the year-ago period, dragged down by the poor performance of the manufacturing sector, particularly capital goods. 26 PT’s PrepTalk – March 2011 Recent figures from recruitment consultancy Aon Hewitt showed that Indian corporate salaries were set to grow by nearly 13 percent this year – the fastest pace in the world. Investments remain a concern with rising interest rates deterring companies. The GDP numbers for the third quarter showed a decline in investments to 29.8% of the GDP from 34.1% in the second quarter. Raising concerns that domestic demand growth is likely to slow, brokerages such as Citi and Morgan Stanley recently scaled down their GDP growth forecast for India to 8.4% and 7.7%, respectively, for the next fiscal year. In comparison, the government in its Budget last month said that the economy is expected to grow at 9%, plus or minus 0.25%, in 2011-12. RBI has been the region's most active in raising rates, as the country climbs out of the financial downturn, with growth projected at nine percent for the next fiscal year starting April 1. Across Asia, countries such as China, South Korea, Thailand and Vietnam have been tightening monetary policy to counter rising prices. tututu BMW LAUNCHES 6 SERIES CONVERTIBLE Aimed at further consolidating its leadership position in the Indian premium car market, BMW rolled out its new '6 Series Convertible' and announced plans to launch SUV 'X3' this year. Priced at Rs.95 lakh, the luxury car will be available in petrol version as completely built-up unit (CBU), which comes with an eight-speed sports automatic transmission and a 4.4-litre V8 engine with 'TwinPower Turbo Technology', delivering 407 hp. The car accelerates to 100 km per hour in just five seconds with a top speed of 250 km/hr. “The new BMW 6 Series Convertible, with its breathtaking aesthetics, is the perfect vehicle for an exclusive lifestyle. The elegant silhouette, torquey engine, perfect road holding and refined interiors with perfection to the smallest detail, create an ultra-luxurious open-top driving experience that could not possibly get any better,” BMW India President Andreas Schaaf told journalists after unveiling the car at a glittering event in this beautiful lake city. About the German carmaker's future plans, Dr. Schaaf said that he was committed to retain BMW's leadership position in the Indian premium car market. “Besides rolling out new products in the next couple of years, we will double our dealerships across India to 40 and invest more at the Chennai plant to meet our future requirements,” he said. The entire show is being organised by the Gem and Jewellery Export Promotion Council, which is hosting India's top 53 brands at this global platform. The BMW India head also said that the carmaker would take its total investments in India from the existing Rs.110 crore to Rs.180 crore by the end of 2012. The show is also an attempt to showcase India's rich culture and cuisine at the global level which is being hosted at the elegantly displayed India Palace created in BaselWorld 2011. “We have recently acquired additional land to enhance the size of our Chennai facility, while our annual production capacity has also been increased to 10,000 units from 8,000 units. If need be, we will produce more cars,” Dr. Schaaf added. In 2010, BMW India sold 6,426 units, capturing 40 per cent of the car market that stood at around 15,000 units, while it is hoping to see 20-30 per cent growth for the next few years. Mr. Sharma said that it was the endeavour of his Ministry to enhance India's global footprint through this show. He said that over one million each of skilled Indian manpower are engaged in the diamond and jewellery manufacturing industries and of the globally polished diamonds, India's share is 70 per cent in value and 85 per cent in volume terms. “Out of the every 12 cut diamonds in the globe, 11 pass through Indian hands,'' he remarked. tututu tututu SWISS BRANDS INVITED TO SET UP SHOP IN INDIA GOVT CONSTITUTES FINANCIAL SECTOR LEGISLATIVE REFORMS COMMISSION Union Commerce and Industry Minister Anand Sharma invited leading Swiss brands, including Rolex, Raymond Weil, Tissot, Chopard, Blancpain and Tag Heur, to invest in India and set up manufacturing base in the country to spread their influence as retail chains. In an interaction with leading Swiss watchmakers, Mr. Sharma said that India offered a huge opportunity for leading watch brands in shape of an expanding economy. The country was growing at about 8.6 per cent annually and hoped to clock a 9 per cent economic growth by the end of the current fiscal. “India is a land of opportunities and we want that reputed and global leaders in watch making should be part of this success story. I urge you to set up manufacturing base in India and enter the country through retail chains by offering your wide ranging products meant for various sections of the society,'' he told the delegation of Swiss watch makers. The delegation included leading Swiss brands like Eric Bertrand and Duchene Jacques of Rloex SA, Threbard Francois of Tissot. The delegation assured Mr. Sharma that they were excited about the prospects of setting up operations in India and were looking forward to doing business there in a larger context. Earlier, Mr. Sharma inaugurated the 'India Pavilion' at the international gems and jewellery show along with Didier Burkhalter, Federal Councillor, Head of the Federal Department of Home Affairs, Switzerland. The Central Government constituted the Financial Sector Legislative Reforms Commission (FSLRC) under the chairmanship of former Justice B. N. Srikrishna to rewrite and harmonise financial sector legislations, rules and regulations. “The resolution notifying the constitution of Financial Sector Legislative Reforms Commission (FSLRC) was issued,” an official statement said while noting that the commission has been set up in pursuance of Finance Minister Pranab Mukherjee's budget announcement last year which was made with a view to rewriting and streamlining the financial sector laws, rules and regulations to bring them in harmony with the requirements of the country's fast growing financial sector. Apart from Justice Srikrishna as the head, other members of the 11-member commission include former Pensions Funds Regulation and Development Authority (PFRDA) Chairman D. Swarup, former Axis Bank chief P. J. Nayak and PMEAC member M. Govinda Rao. Headquartered in Delhi, the commission is to hold its first meeting on April 5 and submit its report to the Finance Minister within 24 months. As for the terms of reference, the commission will examine the architecture of the legislative and regulatory system governing the financial sector in the country and also look at the most appropriate means of oversight over regulators and their autonomy from the government. PT’s PrepTalk – March 2011 27 Alongside, it will also “examine if legislation should mandate statement of principles of legislative intent behind every piece of subordinate legislation to make the purposive intent of the legislation clear and transparent to users of the law and to the courts.” This apart, the commission will examine the feasibility of whether public feedback for draft subordinate legislation should be made mandatory, with exception for emergency measures and also “examine the interplay of exchange controls under FEMA and FDI policy with other regulatory regimes within the financial sector.” According to the statement, there are over 60 Acts and multiple rules and regulations dealing with the financial sector and many of them have become archaic. “Large number of amendments made in these Acts over time has increased the ambiguity and complexity of the system,” it said. tututu "Indian multinational companies, small and medium enterprises and individuals are already to investing in Africa, and the results are encouraging. Indeed, we would like to reiterate our warm invitation to all Indian business people to make huge investments in Africa and join our efforts geared to boost and diversify our economies, thus contributing to African development," Ali said. Over 650 participants from more than 36 African nations, including the Prime Ministers of Mozambique and Togo, the Deputy Prime Minister of Somalia and ministers from over 19 African countries, are taking part in the conclave. At the conclave, Sharma said that India was committed to ensure supply of affordable life-saving drugs for poor people. "India will not allow this to happen where life-saving medicines are out of the reach of poor people. We will ensure that whatever new molecules develop, the benefit must reach the poor people," he said. Indian generic has played a pivotal role in bringing down the cost of treatment of diseases like HIV AIDS. INDIA, AFRICA TARGET USD 70 BN TRADE BY 2015 India and Africa have set a target to take trade to USD 70 billion by 2015 on the back of increasing economic engagement between the two sides. C u r r e n t l y, t r a d e between India and Africa stands at about USD 45 billion. "We have set for ourself a target of USD 70 billion by 2015 and I am sure that we will be able to achieve it," Commerce and Industry Minister Anand Sharma said at CII's India-Africa conclave. He said that huge potential is available for businessmen of both India and Africa. In the presence of the minister, EXIM Bank has entered into an agreement on a project basis with Tanzania and Mozambique to provide lines of credit worth USD 36 million and USD 20 million, respectively. Speaking on the occasion, Mozambique Prime Minister Aires Bonifacio Ali invited Indian businesses to invest in Africa. 28 PT’s PrepTalk – March 2011 He said that legal battles had to be fought and won due to stranglehold of cartel of multi-national drug companies which was denying the availability of these drugs to people in poor countries. "We see some signs of that again, the campaigns that have been carried out and the backdoor manipulations...with the new medicines that are coming out that will happen again," he said, adding that India has one of the finest IPR regimes. Sharma also held a bilateral meeting with Minister of Industry & Commerce of Mozambique Armando Inroga and expressed optimism over the growing trade and investment between the two countries. Annual bilateral trade for the year 2009-10 was USD 427.13 million, with India's exports amounting to USD 358.37 million. "In order to exploit the true potential of bilateral trade in a more diversified area, we set up a target of USD one billion by the year 2013, during the visit of the President of Mozambique last year. We hope that the trade targets could be achieved," he said at the meeting. India is among five major trading partners of Mozambique. The volume of trade between the two countries increased largely due to increase in exports from India to Mozambique. INDIA-ASEAN CEPA BY YEAR-END With the Philippines all set to ratify the Free Trade Agreement (FTA), the trade regime between the 10-member ASEAN block and India is all set to get consolidated, paving way for inking of Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) by year-end. Philippines, apart from Cambodia, was the only country that had not ratified the agreement till date. Other members of the trade bloc are: Brunei, Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapore, Indonesia, Vietnam, Thailand and Laos. “By the end of this year, a comprehensive economic partnership agreement between India and ASEAN will be in place,” Commerce and Industry Minister Anand Sharma said. tututu RIL ESTIMATES FURTHER DROP IN GAS PRODUCTION Mukesh Ambani owned Reliance Industries Ltd. (RIL) has projected a 13 per cent further decline in its gas output from KG basin fields. T h e c o n t i n u e d t re n d o f declining output from the KG basin gas fields certainly is a worrisome development and it would take best of the expertise of its new partner BP to fix the problem. RIL has projected that gas output from Dhirubhai-1 and 3 (D1 and D3) gas fields in the block KG-DWN-98/3 (KG-D6), will be 38 million standard cubic meters a day in 2012-13 from the current production level of 43-44 mscmd. It has submitted these estimates to the Directorate General of Hydrocarbons (GDH) in its annual work programme. The D-26 or MA oilfield in the same block is expected to produce current levels of 8-9 mscmd, taking the total output from the deep-sea area in Bay of Bengal to around 47 mscmd. At present, KG-D6 block is producing around 51-52 mscmd. The D1 and D3, the largest of the 18 gas discoveries, had touched 53-54 mscmd of output in mid-2010 but the production has fallen since. “The fields have enough reserves to support peak output of 80 mscmd. But RIL has learnt that the gas is stored in isolated pools which are not connected to each other. It is not able to derive entire volumes out. It is argued that drilling more wells could solve the problem but RIL is of the view that the cost of drilling, completing and connecting the well to the production system exceeds the economic value of the gas to be produced. Officials in the Petroleum Ministry said that BP could provide the solution to this problem through its expertise in this area. “BP has faced similar issues around the world and its expertise will help Reliance overcome the problem,'' the officials said. The field development plan (FDP) approved some years ago, envisaged a total of 22 wells producing 61.88 mscmd of gas from D1 and D3 fields by April 1. This was to rise to 80 mscmd by April 1, 2012, with 31 wells. The MA field was to contribute another 8 mscmd. “The production plan in FDP is a guidance and not a firm commitment. In fact, RIL had touched 60 mscmd of output with just 16-17 wells in mid-2010. However, soon production started to fall,'' an official said. The DGH had convened a meeting of the management committee of the block to discuss the issue of KG basin in detail. RIL has projected crude oil output from the MA field in the same block to fall to 12,050 barrels a day in 2012-13 from the current production of about 17,000 bpd. According to the FDP, Reliance was meant to put on stream 22 wells in the D1 and D3 fields by April, 2011, to achieve a production level of 61.88 mscmd. As of now, only 18 wells are in production. Output from these wells at 43.44 mscmd is lower than the 53.4 mscmd planned in the FDP. As per the FDP, production in the block is expected to go up to 86.92 mscmd in 2013-14 and the output would start declining from 2018-19. tututu HDFC BANK WINS RETAIL BANKER AWARD HDFC Bank has won The Asian Banker's 'Best Retail Bank in India' award this year. Beating a host of other competitors in Asia Pacific, the Middle East, Central Asia and Africa on a range of parameters, the bank has won the award for the fifth year in a row. tututu WIPRO TECH BAGS READER'S CHOICE AWARD Wipro Technologies has received Reader's Choice Award for the third consecutive year from Consumer Goods Technology (CGT) magazine. According to a release, Wipro Technologies has won spots in the Top 5 for outsourcing/IT integration and Top 8 in the consulting categories. Wipro has moved up by 4 places (positive movement) in the outsourcing category from last year's rankings. a PT’s PrepTalk – March 2011 29 PT Panorama Trademark in India: Registering Procedures & Laws Why do you need a trademark? A trademark is the mark, logo or trade name which identifies your business to your customers. A trademark registration is valid all over India. A person who sells his goods under a particular Trademark acquires a sort of limited exclusive right to use the mark in relation to those goods. Such a right acquired by use is recognized as a form of property in the Trademark, and protection under common law. A person can also acquire a similar right over a trademark, not so far used but only proposed to be used, by registering it under the Trademark Act. In India, you can protect a trademark for goods or services, on the basis of either use or registration or on the basis of both elements. A registration of a Trademark is for 10 years, but it can be renewed without restriction in time by payment of renewal fee for next 10 years. Thus a trademark may be protected indefinitely. Even though the registration of a trademark is not compulsory, it has significant advantages: 1. Registration of the mark creates a presumption of your ownership of the mark. In case someone else violates your trademark, it is much easier to proceed against them if you own a registered trademark. 2. Registration in India will be needed before registering your trademark in other countries. 3. You can only use the @ symbol if you have a registered trademark. (Note if your trademark is not yet registered, you can put symbol next to it). 4. Your trademark and your goodwill is an important part of the value of your business. Any serious investor would do an intellectual property (IP) audit to check whether your IP is sufficiently protected. How does the process work? The trademark registration process requires every applicant to specify the categories under which he would like to register her/his trademark. There are 45 categories/classes in all Classes 1-34 deal with goods, while Classes 35-45 deal with services. Trademark classes At the time of filing a trademark, the applicant is required to specify which categories his product/service falls under The Fourth Schedule to Trademarks Rules, 2002. As an entrepreneur, the return on investment (ROI) on the time and money spent registering your trademark is huge, as it does away with the hassle of establishing your trademark in a court if a dispute arises. If you are an online business, your trademark would usually include your domain name. Classification of goods and services: Name of the classes In fact, getting a trade mark for your domain name is the only effective way of protecting against people who use names sounding similar to yours to get some of your traffic – the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) dispute resolution process is pretty much out of the reach of the average Indian entrepreneur. Class 1. Chemicals used in industry, science, photography, agriculture, horticulture and forestry; unprocessed artificial resins, unprocessed plastics; manures; fire extinguishing compositions; tempering and soldering preparations; chemical substances for preserving foodstuffs; tanning substances; adhesives used in industry 30 PT’s PrepTalk – March 2011 Class 2. Paints, varnishes, lacquers; preser vatives against rust and against deterioration of wood; colorants; mordents; raw natural resins; metals in foil and powder form for painters; decorators; printers and artists Class 11. Apparatus for lighting, heating, steam generating, cooking, refrigerating, drying ventilating, water supply and sanitary purposes Class 3. Bleaching preparations and other substances for laundry use; cleaning; polishing; scouring and abrasive preparations; soaps; perfumery, essential oils, cosmetics, hair lotions, dentifrices Class 14. Precious metals and their alloys and goods in precious metals or coated therewith, not included in other classes; jewellery, precious stones; horological and other chronometric instruments Class 4. Industrial oils and greases; lubricants; dust absorbing, wetting and binding compositions; fuels(including motor spirit) and illuminants; candles, wicks Class 5. Pharmaceutical, veterinar y and sanitar y preparations; dietetic substances adapted for medical use, food for babies; plasters, materials for dressings; materials for stopping teeth, dental wax; disinfectants; preparation for destroying vermin; fungicides, herbicides Class 12. Vehicles; apparatus for locomotion by land, air or water Class 13. Firearms; ammunition and projectiles; explosives; fire works Class 15. Musical instruments Class 16. Paper, cardboard and goods made from these materials, not included in other classes; printed matter; bookbinding material; photographs; stationery; adhesives for stationery or household purposes; artists' materials; paint brushes; typewriters and office requisites (except furniture); instructional and teaching material (except apparatus); plastic materials for packaging (not included in other classes); playing cards; printers' type; printing blocks Class 6. Common metals and their alloys; metal building materials; transportable buildings of metal; materials of metal for railway tracks; non-electric cables and wires of common metal; ironmongery, small items of metal hardware; pipes and tubes of metal; safes; goods of common metal not included in other classes; ores Class 17. Rubber, gutta percha, gum, asbestos, mica and goods made from these materials and not included in other classes; plastics in extruded form for use in manufacture; packing, stopping and insulating materials; flexible pipes, not of metal Class 7. Machines and machine tools; motors and engines (except for land vehicles); machine coupling and transmission components (except for land vehicles); agricultural implements other than hand-operated; incubators for eggs Class 18. Leather and imitations of leather, and goods made of these materials and not included in other classes; animal skins, hides, trunks and travelling bags; umbrellas, parasols and walking sticks; whips, harness and saddlery Class 8. Hand tools and implements (hand-operated); cutlery; side arms; razors Class 19. Building materials, (non-metallic), non-metallic rigid pipes for building; asphalt, pitch and bitumen; nonmetallic transportable buildings; monuments, not of metal. Class 9. Scientific, nautical, sur veying, electric, photographic, cinematographic, optical, weighing, measuring, signalling, checking (supervision), life saving and teaching apparatus and instruments; apparatus for recording, transmission or reproduction of sound or images; magnetic data carriers, recording discs; automatic vending machines and mechanisms for coin-operated apparatus; cash registers, calculating machines, data processing equipment and computers; fire extinguishing apparatus Class 10. Surgical, medical, dental and veterinary apparatus and instruments, artificial limbs, eyes and teeth; orthopaedic articles; suture materials Class 20. Furniture, mirrors, picture frames; goods(not included in other classes) of wood, cork, reed, cane, wicker, horn, bone, ivory, whalebone, shell, amber, mother- of-pearl, meerschaum and substitutes for all these materials, or of plastics Class 21. Household or kitchen utensils and containers(not of precious metal or coated therewith); combs and sponges; brushes(except paints brushes); brush making materials; articles for cleaning purposes; steelwool; unworked or semiworked glass (except glass used in building); glassware, porcelain and earthenware not included in other classes PT’s PrepTalk – March 2011 31 Class 22. Ropes, string, nets, tents, awnings, tarpaulins, sails, sacks and bags (not included in other classes) padding and stuffing materials(except of rubber or plastics); raw fibrous textile materials Class 23. Yarns and threads, for textile use Class 24. Textiles and textile goods, not included in other classes; bed and table covers. Class 25. Clothing, footwear, headgear Class 26. Lace and embroidery, ribbons and braid; buttons, hooks and eyes, pins and needles; artificial flowers Class 27. Carpets, rugs, mats and matting, linoleum and other materials for covering existing floors; wall hangings(non-textile) Class 28. Games and playthings, gymnastic and sporting articles not included in other classes; decorations for Christmas trees Class 29. Meat, fish, poultry and game; meat extracts; preserved, dried and cooked fruits and vegetables; jellies, jams, fruit sauces; eggs, milk and milk products; edible oils and fats Class 30. Coffee, tea, cocoa, sugar, rice, tapioca, sago, artificial coffee; flour and preparations made from cereals, bread, pastry and confectionery, ices; honey, treacle; yeast, baking powder; salt, mustard; vinegar, sauces, (condiments); spices; ice Class 31. Agricultural, horticultural and forestry products and grains not included in other classes; live animals; fresh fruits and vegetables; seeds, natural plants and flowers; foodstuffs for animals, malt Class 32. Beers, mineral and aerated waters, and other nonalcoholic drinks; fruit drinks and fruit juices; syrups and other preparations for making beverages Class 33. Alcoholic beverages(except beers) Class 34. Tobacco, smokers' articles, matches SERVICES Class 35. Advertising, business management, business administration, office functions. 32 PT’s PrepTalk – March 2011 Class 36. Insurance, financial affairs; monetary affairs; real estate affairs. Class 37. Building construction; repair; installation services. Class 38. Telecommunications. Class 39. Transport; packaging and storage of goods; travel arrangement. Class 40. Treatment of materials. Class 41. Education; providing of training; entertainment; sporting and cultural activities. Class 42. Scientific and technological services and research and design relating thereto; industrial analysis and research services; design and development of computer hardware and software. Class 43. Services for providing food and drink; temporary accommodation. Class 44. Medical services, veterinary services, hygienic and beauty care for human beings or animals; agriculture, horticulture and forestry services. Class 45. Legal services; security services for the protection of property and individuals; personal and social services rendered by others to meet the needs of individuals. Let us say you manufacture shirts under the brand “X”. If you look at the classes of goods and services, your product would be registered under Class 25: "Clothing, footwear, headgear". This means that you would only be protected against another person/company making any clothing, footwear or headgear under the same brand “X” or a name which is deceptively similar to that. It does not mean that someone else cannot use the brand name “X” for products in other categories (for example: “X” cricket bats). There are exceptions to this rule, but the simple point is that it is important to choose which categories you would fall under carefully, and check if your business can fall under multiple categories (even in the future). Also, word and logo trademarks have to be filed separately. Therefore, you would have to file a trademark for the word “X” under Class 25, and separately for any graphic representation (your logo) of “X” under Class 25. Before filing the trademark, it is important to understand that if you file the trademark in your company's name, the trademark will be owned by the company, that is, its shareholders (who might change from time to time). Therefore, some single founders prefer to get the trademark registered in their own name (and let their company use it under a trademark license agreement). Once you have understood the basic idea of registering your trademark, it is time to talk to a trademark lawyer. As an entrepreneur, it is generally not worth your time to go and try to file the trademark yourself. Costs and choosing a lawyer Trademark application fees are Rs 2,500 per mark per class. These are paid to the government. Lawyers usually charge anywhere between Rs 1,000 to Rs 3,000 per mark per class in addition to that. So if you file for a word mark and a graphic mark in two classes, it'll cost around Rs 10,000 just in government fees and another Rs 5,000 to Rs 15,000 on the lawyer's fees. In addition to this, you will also have to pay for getting a trademark search done to check if there are other similar trademarks. Trademark searches usually cost Rs 500. It is wise to choose someone experienced and who has been recommended to you: well-identified classes and a well-drafted application could become crucial in case any dispute arises later. The lawyer also helps you answer any queries that the Trademark Office may come back with and will usually charge separately for it. Do not hire your regular lawyer – your school classmate or uncle. Make sure you go to a lawyer who has actually filed trademarks before. Steps for registering your trademark Authorisea lawyer to act as your agent. The lawyer will conduct a search with the Trademark Office to check if there are any similar trademarks already registered under that particular class. There are two kinds of search: online and offline. It is recommended that you get both the searches done. Make sure the lawyer understands your business and is using the right keywords for this search. Depending upon the results of the search, the lawyer will draft your trademark application. In case someone already has the same or similar trademark, you may have to change yours. Or if you think that the trademark is rightfully yours, your lawyer will help you oppose that trademark. These days, since most businesses also reserve domain names while registering their companies and brands, so it is generally easy to find out beforehand whether someone else is using an intended trademark. The lawyer will file your trademark application with the Trademark Office and send you the receipt. After a few days, the lawyer will send you the Original Representation Sheet of your trademark as it has been filed with the Trademark Office. After this process starts the long wait. It can take anywhere between 18 months to two years for the Trademark Office to decide whether or not to grant you the trademark; if there are objections from the Trademark Office or from anyone else, it may take longer. At the end of this process, your trademark is published in the Trademark Journal. Some issues which may crop up So what are the kinds of things that the Trademark Office or other parties could have a problem with? Descriptivetrademark If you have a descriptive name, it will be difficult to get a trademark for it. For example, if a website called Orange sells oranges, it would not be able to get a trademark for the name orange. A skilled lawyer may be able to draft your application in a way which makes this possible for you (essentially by claiming that you are not selling apples. Don't ask!). Non-distinctivetrademark Your trademark needs to be distinctive for it to be registered. So it should not be similar to any other existing trademark, that is, a reasonable person should not be confuse your trademark with someone else's. Also, you may have to work a bit on the graphic representation of your trademark to make it more distinctive. It is helpful to add a design to the word logo. PT’s PrepTalk – March 2011 33 Similarto a well-knowntrademark While you have to specify classes under which to register your trademark, this does not mean that you can use a well-known trademark for a category other than what it is famous for. For example, Coke is a big brand for beverages, but since it is well known, you cannot use it for your own category, say software. There are several other grounds on which your trademark may be rejected but these don't come into play very often (example: obscenity, hurting religious sentiment, misuse of emblems etc.). Trademark offices in India The following table sets out the different trademark offices in India. You should find a lawyer in the city which is nearest to you for registering your trademark. 1. Trademarks Registry Trade Marks Registry Mumbai Intellectual Property Office Antop Hill Post Office, S.M.Road, Antop Hill, Mumbai-400 037 2. Trade Marks Registry Delhi Intellectual Property Office Plot No.32, Sector 14, Dwarka, New Delhi-110075 3. Trade Marks Registry Kolkata Intellectual Property Office CP-2, Sector V, Salt Lake city, Kolkata-700091 Trade Marks Registry, Chennai Intellectual Property Office G.S.T. Road, GuindyChennai-600 032 Trade Marks Registry, Ahmedabad National Chambers, 15/27, 1st floor, Ashram road,Ahmedabad-380 009 = Sabeer Bhatia Computer Wizard Sabeer Bhatia, the pioneer in the field of first web based e-mail - The Hotmail, was born in Chandigarh in the year 1969. He grew up in Bangalore and had his early education at Bishops Cotton's School in Pune, then St. Joseph's College in Bangalore. For a short-time, he was a student at the Birla Institute of Technology (BITS), Pilani and in 1988, he went to US on a Cal Tech Transfer scholarship to get a bachelor's degree at the California Institute of Technology. He earned a master's degree in electrical engineering from Stanford University. After graduation, Sabeer briefly worked for Apple Computers as a hardware engineer and Firepower Systems Inc. While working there, he was amazed at the fact that he could access any software on the internet via a web browser. His success graph took off exponentially when he, along with his colleague Jack Smith, set up Hotmail on 4th July 1996. At one time, Hotmail remains the world's largest e-mail provider, with over 50 million registered users. As President and CEO, he guided Hotmail's rapid rise to industry leadership and its eventual acquisition by Microsoft in 1998. Bhatia worked at Microsoft for a little over a year after the Hotmail acquisition and in April 1999, he left Microsoft to start another venture, Arzoo Inc. It's an e-commerce firm with a revolutionary new way to shop on line and may just turn out to be Bhatia's next multi-million dollar winner. Bhatia's success has earned him widespread acclaim; The venture capital firm Draper Fisher Jurvetson named him 'Entrepreneur of the Year 1997', MIT chose him as one of 100 young innovators who are expected to have the greatest impact on technology and awarded 'TR100'; San Jose Mercury News and POV magazine selected him as one of the ten most successful entrepreneurs of 1998 and Upside magazine's list of top trendsetters in the New Economy named him 'Elite 100'. 34 PT’s PrepTalk – March 2011 Portfolio Management PORTFOLIO MANAGEMENT The art and science of making decisions about investment mix and policy, matching investments to objectives, asset allocation for individuals and institutions, and balancing risk against performance. Portfolio management is all about strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats in the choice of debt vs. equity, domestic vs. international areas, growth vs. safety, and many other tradeoffs encountered, in the attempt to maximize return at a given appetite for risk. In the case of mutual and exchange-traded funds (ETFs), there are two forms of portfolio management: passive and active. Passive management simply tracks a market index, commonly referred to as indexing or index investing. Active management involves a single manager, co-managers, or a team of managers who attempt to beat the market return by actively managing a fund's portfolio through investment decisions based on research and decisions on individual holdings. Closed-end funds are generally actively managed. PORTFOLIO MANAGER The person or persons responsible for investing a mutual, exchange-traded or closed-end fund's assets, implementing its investment strategy and managing the day-to-day portfolio trading. The portfolio manager is one of the most important things to be considered when looking at fund investing. Portfolio management can be active or passive (index tracking). Historical performance records indicate that only a minority of active fund managers beat the market indexes. Any person who, pursuant to a contract or arrangement with a client, advises or directs or undertakes on behalf of the client (whether as a discretionary portfolio manager or otherwise), the management of a portfolio of securities or the funds of the client, is a portfolio manager. His/her main aim is to maximise shareholder value. Portfolio managers act as buyers, sellers and managers of risk. They improve credit/risk and product delivery processes to transform the traditional lending business into an issuer and investor driven business. Each portfolio contains individually selected securities, which are not co-mingled with those of other investors, ensuring transparency and flexibility in operations. Investments can also be made in other asset classes such as mutual funds, derivatives, insurance and even real estate. Economic liberalisation and decontrol have transformed the economic landscape of India. Free pricing of securities and the entry of private sector and foreign mutual funds have promoted competition in the capital markets. Global fund management giants like Merrill Lynch, Templeton, Morgan Stanley, Alliance, Threadneedle and Jardine Fleming, Nucleus Netsoft and GIS (India) Ltd, Kotak Securities and many banks employ portfolio managers. Emerging Internet trading will soon change portfolio management paradigms. a PT’s PrepTalk – February 2011 35 PT Panorama Writing a Business Plan Definition A business plan is not only a requisite for seeking finance from investors, it is also an essential document for describing aims and objectives and enabling the measurement of progress towards achieving them. The business plan provides the means to: r appraise the present and. future of the business r define short- and long-term objectives r establish a framework for action to achieve those objectives It consists essentially of three elements: a marketing plan, an operations plan, and a financial plan. r The marketing plan covers how market intelligence will be gathered and ensures that the organization's strategies will meet market needs. r The operations plan includes the supply of raw materials, technological requirements, key processes, resource needs, and production and delivery targets. r The financial plan assesses fixed and variable costs and dictates minimum financial requirements. Advantages Clear business plans: form a yardstick to measure performance are the starting-point for departmental or divisional operational plans r provide a framework for offering incentives to managers r demonstrate that the organization knows where it is going r form the bridge between the organization's strategy and what people should actually do r can assist in attracting major customers, financial assistance and shareholders' support r r Disadvantages Business plans require: detailed thought, research and application absolutely clear expression that stands up against incomprehension and criticism r honest and realistic appraisal of the organization's shortcomings, problems and obstacles as well as its strengths r writing from the reader's point of view, not the writer's r r 36 PT’s PrepTalk – March 2011 r r regular monitoring and modification, if appropriate acceptance by, not just imposition on, all the key players in the organization ActionChecklist Before you start it is often valuable to carry out a SWOT analysis of your organization or industrial sector; this will help you focus on defining your objectives and drafting the plan. Remember too that the SWOT does not involve just an analysis of the past and present, but it also considers the future, especially in terms of markets, customers and technology. As a general rule, the plan should be no more than about 25 to 30 pages, focusing most strongly on the management and financial elements. The executive summary should not exceed two pages. 1.Setthecontext Describe the following: the background of the business, product or service and a brief history of the organization r who the customers are r the past performance of the organization r any key or influential elements that might dictate the success of the product or service r 2.Definecorporateobjectives Develop a list of short-term, specific targets that will help to indicate progress towards longer-term ones, Measurability is important. 3.Performamarketanalysis Persuade the reader/investor that the product of Service will secure a substantial market. Include: r a brief description of the overall market and the specific market segment targeted r detailed information on current and proposed customers r names of leading competitors, market share and alternative products or services r market influences–economic trends, seasonal fluctuations, legislation, social factors Are you aware of who and where your target market is and of the changes affecting that market? 4.Proposeyourapproachtomarketing(themarketing plan) Describe the marketing strategy used to approach customers by detailing: r the image of the organization you wish to convey r the key or unique features that will differentiate the products r a description of promotional and publicity material; r the Four Ps of marketing r channels of distribution What marketing methods do your competitors use; and how effective are they? 5. Describe your plans for development and production(theoperationsplan) "Touch on all aspects of researching, developing, producing, and delivering your product or service. Describe the research, development and production processes with the expected costs of raw materials, labour plant and equipment. Include a brief section on contingently planning for possible scenarios that might disrupt your operations. Are you aware of the terms and conditions of your main suppliers? Are you aware of the steps you need to take to maintain quality? 6. Clarify the current financial situation (the financial plan) Lay out exactly what is required of investors and lenders. The financial plan is composed principally of data documenting past, present and projected performance including start-up costs, profit and loss statements, cash flow analyses, and balance sheets. Repayment will be of key interest to investors and leaders, so include accurate break-even projections. It is also important to demonstrate how sound financial control will be exercised over borrowed and incoming funds. Make sure you can support your sales forecast with reasons for your assumption, and opt for caution rather than the rosiest scenario. 7. Demonstrate that management is committed and capable Describe your strengths and skills. An organization chart should mark (rate managers' capabilities as well as responsibilities. If there are weaknesses, indicate how you propose to deal with them. 8.Describetheownershipoftheorganization An investor or lender will need to know the legal constitution of the organization–partnership, limited liability, corporation. Show how mush investment is already being made and by whom. 9.Discusscriticalsuccessfactors Discuss risks and problems, not omitting actual and potential negative factors. Demonstrate that you are aware of likely changes in, for example, information technology markets, or economic circumstances. Show that you will be ready to correct overspending or failure to meet deadlines. Provide a brief account of critical success factors such as: r the learning environment that generates success r specialists and technicians with their knowledge and networks r how the team can respond to adversity and turn things round 10.Concludeonapositivenote The conclusion summarizes the key features such as strategic direction, strengths and unique benefits, realistically projected sales and returns. Include a proposed timetable of events to demonstrate sound planning. Write a strong conclusion that leaves the reader with a positive, dynamic impression. PT’s PrepTalk – March 2011 37 ForwritingaBusinessPlan DO r r r r r r r r r r r r r 11. Provideanexecutivesummary Written last, this nonetheless appears first in the final plan. Include the unique features of the product or service; the current, mid- and long-term direction of the organization; the benefits that the product or service offers the defined market sector; the qualities and skills of the people who will make it all happen a financial Statement of assets, sales, and profits expectations and how much capital is required; and, as a conclusion, statement of return for the investor. r Research the target readership. Consult as widely as is appropriate. Solicit help from appropriate sources such as accountants or bankers. Point out any 'obvious' benefits. Address fully any possible bones of contention. Remember the contingency aspects of the plan. Outline the skills of the management team. Keep it short, focused, organized and readable. Use diagrams and charts for clarity. Provide an executive summary. DON'T Don't make assumptions on the reader's behalf. Don't be too optimistic in estimating income potential or expecting an enthusiastic reaction. Don't use long words, technical jargon or over completed sentences. THOUGHT STARTERS r What is your own business? r Who are your main customers? r What is your main capability? r How healthy–really–is current financial situation? r Whom are you trying to convince? = Govt scraps ISRO-Devas deal on S-band spectrum allocation The controversial S-Band spectrum deal between ISRO's commercial arm Antrix and private firm Devas Multimedia was scrapped. The decision to annul the deal was taken at a meeting of the Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS), chaired by Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, on the basis of a recommendation from the Space Commission. The annulment comes in the wake of a raging controversy over the deal for handing over 70 MHz of S-Band spectrum to the private firm for Rs 1,000 crore on which the CAG has already initiated action. According to certain estimates, this deal may have resulted in a loss of Rs two lakh crore to the exchequer. After news reports about the possible revenue loss appeared, the Government and ISRO said that the project was already 38 PT’s PrepTalk – March 2011 under review and action has been initiated for termination of the contract. The Prime Minister said that the deal had never been operationalised and rejected suggestions that his office had held "backroom" talks with Devas after the Space Commission's decision to scrap the deal. He had said that if there has been delay in scrapping the deal, this has been "only procedural". Devas Multimedia had termed as "disturbing and inappropriate" the government's "unilateral" decision to terminate the agreement and threatened to take legal action. It said that the government had reached the decision "without due investigative process and without following the principles of natural justice". = Brand story Harley Davidson T he year was 1902 and a lad by the name of William S Harley designed a simple 2 cylinder motorcycle. One year later, the young Harley partnered with Arthur Davidson. Side by side in a tin shed only 10ft x 15ft, they tinkered. At the door hung a little hand painted sign without the Harley Davidson logo that simply read "The Harley-Davidson Motorcycle Company." The first Harley Davidson motor cycle was born. Arthur Davidson's brother Walter joined the team in 1907. Just a few years later, in 1905, the Harley-Davidson motorcycle won its first race. Perhaps, this moment may be considered the one when time began for motorcycle enthusiasts. By 1920, the team Harley Davidson was by far the most popular and respected producer of motorcycles in the world. Certainly, this remains true today as much as it did so many generations ago. 1917 was a turbulent era for the entire world, many businesses struggled and some died with the young men who gave their lives in the war. Industry the world over, suffered. Harley Davidson however contributed to the war efforts in a different way in that it had the contract to supply the army with engines, as in some unnatural intervention, Harley Davidson survived and even grew in strength and popularity. The Harley Davidson logo was a symbol of hope and the future. The Harley Davidson Logo The famous Harley Davidson logo was developed in 1910 and is perhaps one of the most easily recognized logos in the world. The simple bar and shield design offers a masculine touch with rugged strength. The Harley Davidson logo is so popular and endearing with Harley Davidson motor cycle fans and fashion-friendly folk alike that it appears on t-shirts, belt buckets, numerous stickers, and even coffee cups; in fact the popularity of the logo has created its own market of devout collectors. Harley Davidson Branding and Marketing Branding is a key element in the success of many fortunate companies with creative foresight, and certainly Harley Davidson is no exception. Not only did Harley Davidson have a great logo, it went further by introducing the well known art deco eagle on its products. In 1933, every motorcycle produced by Harley Davidson, with the exception of customers’ requests, was branded with the eagle wings on all gas tanks. Harley Davidson also survived the following depression and certainly did so, with respect. They were known then, and they are still known today as an industry that treated their employees well and with personal care and consideration. Harley Davidson considers its employers as members of the family. So much so that in 1987 when Harley Davidson was listed on the stock exchange many Harley Davidson blue collar workers also had shares in the company. If it can be stamped, painted, printed or created, and the quality is excellent, it likely to be marketed somewhere somehow with the Harley Davidson name. Certainly, Harley Davidson made a point of branding and community outreach. 1983 saw the creation of HOG, Harley Owners Group. Today there are more than 500,000 HOG members worldwide. It is interesting that Harley bought a boat company, and the company by the name of AMF bought Harley. It was in this time that quality began to suffer and sadly as a result, so did sales. In 1981 however, the Harley Davidson Company bought their own company back from AMF and things started to improve its again almost immediately due to an innovative management system called "Circles of Management." This program brought workers and dealers together in the decision making process. One of the oldest micronations, the republic of Molossia It is located in Dayton, Nevada. It is inhabited by only four citizens, one of whom, Kevin Baugh is the president. It was founded in May 1977 by Baugh when he was aged fourteen and was formerly known as the republic of Vuldnstein. It has its own space program, has a railway and issues currency (valora) as well. In 2000, Molassia staged the first ever Micronation Olympic games in tune with the Sydney Olympics. a Smallest Country Molossia PT’s PrepTalk – March 2011 39 Galileo Astronomer and Physicist T he Vatican is rehabilitating its most famous victim of the Inquisition, just in time for the 400th anniversary of Galileo's telescope. In March 1610, a book containing fewer than 100 pages caused such a stir that its author was placed under house arrest for the rest of his life. The book itself made a profound impact in its own time and went on to refashion astronomy completely to a form that marked the beginning of modern astronomy. To the author, its contents and his own fate ensured a permanent place in the hall of fame of science. The book in question is Sidereus Nuncius (The Starry Messenger) and the author, Galileo Galilei. The short text, with drawings by Galileo himself, reported the observations made by him when he famously turned his telescope towards the night sky. The observations of the moon, Jupiter, the Milky Way and the stars, reported in the slender volume, and other observations and their interpretations eventually led to the demise of the earthcentred Ptolemaic model of the universe. It opened the way to the adoption of the sun–centred, heliocentric model of the solar system, originally proposed by Copernicus in 1543. The science of astronomy took a huge leap forward into the modern era with the invention of the optical telescope and its use to study the night sky and discover new celestial objects. Contrary to popular belief, Galileo was not the discoverer of the telescope. Nor was he the first to use the telescope to study the universe. Galileo's significance in the history of astronomy, and indeed of all sciences, does not arise just from the fact that he used the telescope innovatively or simply saw the wonders of the night sky. He made a revolutionary change in the way we see the universe; he ruptured the epistemic difference between the celestial and the terrestrial and engendered the birth of a modern science. INVENTION OF THE TELESCOPE Early telescopes were refractors made out of two lenses: convex as the objective (the end pointed towards the heavens) 40 PT’s PrepTalk – March 2011 and concave as the eyepiece (through which one looked at the sky). Thus, the invention of the telescope required the development of lenses, which, in turn, was related to the evolution of the humble spectacles superbly described in Renaissance Vision from Spectacles to Telescopes by Vincent Ilardi (published by American Philosophical Society, 2007). The first time that anyone put two lenses together to make a telescope-like optical instrument was in 1608, in Holland. The inventor of an opera-glass-like telescope was Hans Lipperhey, an optician-craftsman. Legend has it that his children and their friends in the neighbourhood playfully experimented with the lenses that were lying around in his workshop and accidentally discovered that when they held two lenses against each other they could see far-away objects magnified. Hans Lipperhey learned of this and assembled the first crude telescopes. Zacharias Janssen, a neighbour and a fellow optician, too claimed that he was the first to invent the telescope. The Dutch royal court decided not to award a patent for the contraption to either of them. What perhaps was a loss for Lipperhey and Janssen was a gain for science and progress; if the patent had been granted, who knows it may even have hindered Galileo and held back the progress of sciences for several years. ENTER GALILEO Soon telescopes were a rage and many scientists and amateurs craved to possess one. It is but natural that one of them would turn the telescope skywards. Thomas Harriot, an English physicist, ventured to use the telescope to study the heavens. Having obtained a telescope from the Netherlands, he made numerous telescopic observations from 1609 to 1613. His telescopic drawing of the moon of early August 1609 is the first on record and preceded Galileo's study of the moon by several months. Several of Harriot's observations of sunspots in December 1610 are also the first on record. Nevertheless, there was one significant difference that set Galileo apart from Harriot. Galileo found out about this invention in the spring of 1609 and by then, very many spectacle-makers were producing their own contraptions. However, Galileo was not just interested in purchasing one off the shelf and using it. He inquired into the physics of telescopes and wondered how they worked. Soon he realised that the magnification was proportional to the ratio of the power of the concave lens to that of the convex lens. In other words, he needed a weak convex lens and a strong concave lens; commonly the lenses in general use were the other way round. Furthermore, opticians only made glasses in a narrow range of strengths. Using available off-the-shelf lenses, three or thereabouts, was the best magnification possible. Galileo learned to grind his own lenses, and by August 1609, he had achieved about 9x magnification. He perfected it further and made a telescope with 20x magnification, which he used for his telescopic study of the universe. Even a crude telescope would show the craters on the moon, formed, as we now know, owing to the impact of asteroids and meteorites. However, Galileo's investigation of the mountains on the moon remains even today a classic lesson in scientific method. It can be observed at the time of dawn, even before the ground is illuminated, the clouds above catch the sunlight. Similarly, sunlight reaches the valleys much later than it reaches the peaks of mountains. Galileo noticed that some points in the night (dark) side of the moon were illuminated much before the sunlight reached the ground beneath and came to the conclusion that they must be mountain peaks. From the shadow that these peaks cast, he even set out to calculate the height of those speaks. Thus it was evident that celestial bodies were indeed just like the earth, another object in the solar system, and not heavenly in nature. Galileo's next major discovery began with his observation of Jupiter on January 7, 1610. His telescopes unmistakably showed an odd set of three small fixed stars near Jupiter, collinear with the planet. A few days later, he saw yet another one, making the total four. These stars were invisible to the naked eye. Observations of Jupiter over successive nights revealed that these objects sometimes disappeared from view as they moved behind or in front of the planet. By January 15, 1610, Galileo correctly inferred that these objects were indeed moons of Jupiter and that they orbited Jupiter in the same manner as the moon orbits the earth. The discovery of the moons of Jupiter doubly jeopardised the prevailing dogmas. Here were four stellar objects not stated in any religious cannon. OBSERVATION OF THE MOON The magnificent moon naturally attracted Galileo's attention. He observed the moon for several nights sometime around December 1609. According to Aristotelian principles, the moon was above the sublunar sphere and in the heavens, and hence should be perfect. Galileo found the “surface of the moon to be not smooth, even and perfectly spherical ... but on the contrary, to be uneven, rough, and crowded with depressions and bulges. And it is like the face of the earth itself, which is marked here and there with chains of mountains and depths of valleys.” PT’s PrepTalk – March 2011 41 Furthermore, contrary to the belief that all heavenly bodies must go around the earth, for the first time stellar objects had been observed orbiting another planet. This weakened the hold of the Ptolemaic model and made Copernicus' argument that the moon goes around the earth and the earth around the sun more plausible. Today, the four moons of Jupiter – Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto – are known as Galilean satellites. Galileo then turned his attention to the most numerous objects in the night sky – the stars. To his disappointment, the stars showed no features, they were just a speck of light. Galileo suggested that it was owing to their immense distance from the earth that stars appeared as point source. On turning his telescope to the band of the Milky Way, Galileo saw that it resolved into thousands of hitherto unseen stars. Similarly, when he explored the region of the Pleiades (Krittika), he found stars that were unseen by the naked eye. His exploration of the Orion nebula also revealed unseen stars and nebulas. Thus the universe seemed to be more than what met the eye. All these were the subject matter of his first treatise, The Starry Messenger, published in 1610. His subsequent observations of the sky revealed that Saturn has an appendage-like structure around it (later clarified by Christiaan Huygens as the rings of Saturn). His painstaking observation of Venus revealed that it too exhibits waxing and waning crescents just like the moon (again establishing the heliocentric model). He convincingly proved that comets were indeed placed well above the moon, thus making the unchanging realm of the heavens as chaotic as the terrestrial. The proverbial last straw came when he established that the sun was blemished: he observed sunspots through his telescope and the feat cost him his eyesight. CELESTIAL AND TERRESTRIAL For the earth-bound observers, while rain, wind and erosion kept changing the features of the earth's terrain, hardly anything changed in the heavens. Day after day the sun rose in the east; month after month the moon waxed and waned in the same manner; year after year the sun appeared to go around the earth; and all the while stars appeared to be fixed and immobile. Aristotle thus made a clear distinction between the heavenly (celestial) and terrestrial (sublunar) realms, the former being unchanging, perfect, and so on and the latter being changeable, imperfect, and so on. 42 PT’s PrepTalk – March 2011 Hence, it was assumed that laws that were applicable to one realm would not apply to another and this cosmic divide lasted for centuries. This was held by the religious orthodoxy as an immutable dogma – to be taken as faith. Galileo's observations and the Copernican model of cosmos favoured by him contradicted the Aristotelian view of the cosmos and challenged the then ruling orthodoxy. Moreover, he also established that the unruly comets were true celestial bodies. With these observations, the long-standing distinction between the celestial and terrestrial in physics was dissolved. The same laws were seen to apply in the heavens as on the earth – there was just one world; a unitary cosmos. THE INQUISITION AND GALILEO Reasonable people would have found such discoveries astounding, but the religious orthodoxy in Europe thought otherwise. It was alarmed with Galileo's discoveries, so much so that when he went to Rome, it is said that many of the orthodox clerics were not even willing to look through the telescope lest they should be waylaid by the design of the Devil. They had such absolute faith in Aristotle and their own interpretation of the holy book that they claimed that the rings around Saturn and the moons around Jupiter, revealed by the telescope, were the work of the Devil, meant to tempt them to stray from the path of the Lord. Consequently, Galileo had to suffer at the hands of the orthodoxy and was forced to renounce his scientific views. He was condemned to house arrest and some of his works were proscribed. Not long after, improving upon Galileo's telescope, Johann Kepler designed a new refractor telescope, and Isaac Newton came up with a reflecting telescope. With these advancements, far more details and new objects in the universe could be seen. Four centuries later, radio telescopes, X-ray telescopes and Infrared telescopes were invented. Not only do we study the planets that go around the sun, we have now catalogued more than 200 planets that go around other stars – exoplanets. Today we are able to fathom the far reaches of the universe and the farthest object that we have identified (using the Hubble space telescope) is so far away that it takes 1,300 crore years for the light to reach us from there. A long way from Galileo, indeed. But any long journey has to begin with the first step. Galileo took that step 400 years ago, and it has been established beyond doubt, that it was in the right direction. = Thanjavur T he Rajarajesvaram temple in Thanjavur is an architectural marvel that has survived the ravages of time. The first sight that greets a visitor to Thanjavur is the majestic vimana (the tower above a temple's sanctum sanctorum) of the Rajarajesvaram temple. The vimana and the gopurams (towers above the gateway) soaring skyward add to the temple's resplendent glory in the early morning sun. A United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) World Heritage Monument, the 1,000-year-old temple is maintained by the Archaeological Sur vey of India. Although it was originally called Rajarajesvaramudaiyar temple, it came to be known as Brihadisvara (Brihan in Sanskrit means big), or the Big Temple, during the Nayaka and Maratha rule because of the gigantic proportions of its vimana, linga, Nandi (sacred bull) and dvarapalas (doorkeepers). Exactly 1,000 years ago, emperor Rajaraja Chola I, the greatest monarch of the Chola dynasty, ordered the building of the “imperial monument” of Rajarajesvaram. It was on the 275th day of his 25thregnal year (1010) that Rajaraja Chola (who ruled from 985-1014 Common Era) handed over a gold-plated kalasam (copper pot or finial) to crown the vimana. An inscription in Tamil in the temple talks about the handing over of the pot. The monolithic linga is 1.66 m in diameter and is mounted on an “Avudaiyar” ( yoni-pitha), which is 5.25 m in diameter. The linga rises to a height of two storeys. The beautifully carved Nandi is of epic proportions. It is 3.66 m in height, 5.94 m in length and 2.59 m in breadth. Many books and monographs have been written on the temple's grandeur. The historian K.A. Nilakanta Sastri, in his book The Cholas (Volume I), calls the Rajarajesvaram temple “the finest monument of a splendid period in south Indian history and the most beautiful specimen of Tamil architecture at its best… remarkable alike for its stupendous proportions and simplicity of its design”. The art historian C. Sivaramamurti assesses it thus: “As the Chola's most ambitious architectural enterprise, the Brihadisvara temple is a fitting symbol of Rajaraja's magnificent achievements.” Surprisingly, the 59.82-metre vimana is hollow in the interior. It is the tallest vimana ever built and has 13 receding tiers. It is an architectural marvel built of interlocking stones. S.R. Balasubrahmanyam in his book Middle Chola Temples A.D. 985-1070 (Thomson Press, 1975) calls the Rajarajesvaram “the grandest of the Chola monuments” and a “devalaya chakravarti” (an emperor among temples). About the temple's vimana, Balasubrahmanyam says: “The gradual upward sweep of the vimana towards the sky is breathtaking…. The srivimana is pyramidical in form and not curvilinear…. The 25-tonne cupola-shaped shikhara and the golden (no longer so) stupi give a fitting crown to an all-stone edifice, which is a marvel of engineering skill unparalleled by any structure anywhere in India built during that period. It is the grandest achievement of Indian craftsmen.” The Rajarajesvaram temple is dedicated to Siva, and the main deity is a massive cylindrical linga in a double-walled, boxlike sanctum. Balasubrahmanyam's son, B. Venkataraman, in his book Rajarajesvaram, the Pinnacle of Chola Art, calls Rajaraja “an astute politician, a military genius and a great administrator”. PT’s PrepTalk – March 2011 43 He adds, “When one tries to recall the reign of Rajaraja, it is not his wars of conquest, not his naval expeditions, not his revenue administration nor his military strength that come first to one's mind. It is the magnificent Siva temple, the Rajarajesvaram, he had built at the Chola capital, Tanjavur, which stands to this day as a finished memorial to the grandeur of his rule.” The temple continues to fascinate both the serious researcher and the layperson. It is a virtual gallery of inscriptions, sculptures, frescoes, dance panels, bronzes, and so on. The entire history of how the temple came to be built is available in the inscriptions. As R. Nagaswamy, former Director of Tamil Nadu Archaeology Department, says, “This is the only temple in the whole of India where the king specifically mentions in an inscription that he built this all-stone temple.” The king uses the word “katrali” – kal and thali in Tamil mean a temple built of stone. This epic inscription, running to 107 paragraphs, describes how Rajaraja Chola, seated in the royal bathing hall on the eastern side of his palace, ordered that it be inscribed on the base of the temple's vimana, how he followed through with his temple plan, a list of the gifts that he, his sister (“em akkan”) Kundavai, his queens and others gave the temple, and so on. Nagaswamy, who has authored several books and monographs on the Rajarajesvaram temple, calls this inscription “a fantastic order”. He explains: “It reveals the clarity of mind with which Rajaraja Chola did everything. A careful study of all the inscriptions in the temple shows that Rajaraja Chola had a great administrative and aesthetic sense. The only other king who revealed his mind through his inscriptions or edicts is Asoka Maurya of the third century B.C. The inscriptions in the Rajarajesvaram temple encompass all activities of Rajaraja Chola's kingdom – the administrative machinery, economic transactions, survey of lands, irrigation system, taxation, accounting, organisation of a huge army, rituals, music, dance, the king's fondness for Tamil and Sanskrit literature, and so on. They also show that he had defined and classified the duties, responsibilities, qualifications and service tenure of each functionary of the temple.” The inscriptions provide interesting information on drummers, tailors, physicians, surgeons, carriers of flags and parasols during festivals, torch-bearers, cleaners and sweepers. The temple had singers of Tamil hymns (called “Devaram”) and Sanskrit hymns, and a large number of vocal and instrumental musicians. It had on its rolls 400 accomplished danseuses called “talippendir” to perform dances during daily temple rituals and in festival processions. 44 PT’s PrepTalk – March 2011 Thanjavur's history The earliest reference to Thanjavur occurs in a sixth century C.E. inscription on the Rock Fort in Tiruchi town, about 45 kilometres away. The inscribed text calls it “Thanjaharaha”, that is, one who captured Thanjavur, but it does not say who captured it. Subsequently, the Thanjavur region came under the sway of Mutharaiyars, and its rulers included Perumbidugu Mutharaiyar alias Kuvavan Maran, and Suvan Maran. The town and its outskirts were probably under the control of the Pallavas in the seventh and eighth century C.E. This is evident from a fragmentary inscription of the Pallava king Dantivarman dating back to 800 C.E. and built into the front mantapa wall of the Rajarajesvaram. This inscription was a laterday addition, for the front mantapa built by Rajaraja Chola was an open one and it was later converted into a closed mantapa by the Nayaka rulers. Vijayalaya Chola (who ruled from 850 to 871 C.E.) captured Thanjavur from Ko-Ilango Muthariyar around 850 C.E., which led to the founding of the Imperial Chola empire. Vijayalaya built a temple for goddess Nisumbasudani in Thanjavur, and she is still worshipped under the name of Vadabadrakalai, near the eastern gate of the present-day town. The discovery of an 85 copper-plate charter of Rajendra Chola I (who ruled from 1014 to 1044 C.E.) at Tiruindalur, near Mayiladuthurai, in May this year provided for the first time valuable details about the capture of Thanjavur by Vijayalaya. Down the Imperial Chola line, Rajaraja Chola I built the Rajarajesvaram, or the Great Temple. The temple faces east. It was built in accordance with the “Makuda Agama Sastra”. The chief architect-sculptor of the temple complex was Veera Chola Kunjara Mallan alias Rajaraja Perunthatchan. The deputy chief architect was Kunavan Madurantakan alias Nitha Vinodha Perunthatchan. Pierre Pichard, the architectural historian, who has done a detailed study of the measurements of both the elevation and plan of the Rajarajesvaram, says in his work Tanjavur Brhadisvara, An Architectural Study (published in 1995 by the Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts, New Delhi) that meticulous pre-planning went into the layout of the entire temple complex and the articulation of its various architectural embellishments. The basic unit of the temple's layout, says Nagaswamy, was taken from the main deity, the linga itself. The inner sanctum, the height of the vimana, the intermediate space between the vimana and the cloistered enclosure (Sri Krishnan Tiruchuttru Maaligai), and the distance to the two gateways called Keralantakan Tiruvaasal and Rajarajan Tiruvaasal were all proportionate to the linga in a remarkable way. For instance, the height of the vimana is exactly twice the width of the outer base of the adhistana (plinth) of the sanctum. Nagaswamy says: “The mathematical calculations were advanced to a great extent at the time of Rajaraja Chola.” The temple's outer gateway topped by a gopuram was called Keralantakan Tiruvaasal to commemorate Rajaraja Chola's conquest of the Chera country. While the lower portion of Keralantakan Tiruvaasal is built of stone, the superstructure is built of brick and mortar. This is a fine example of a multistoreyed brick structure erected in Rajaraja Chola's time. The stucco figures on the gopuram were redone in the 19th century during the Maratha rule. Some distance away is the next gateway called the Rajarajan Tiruvaasal, which has a tall gopuram too. The gateway is guarded by two huge, awe-inspiring dvarapalas, six metres tall and sculpted out of single blocks of stone. The dvarapala on the southern flank is portrayed differently. He rests his right leg on his club ( gada), which is entwined by three coils of a python, which is in the act of swallowing an elephant. A paper titled “The Peruvudaiyar (Brihadisvara) Temple, Tanjavur: A Study”, by the late K.R. Srinivasan, who retired as Deputy Director-General of the ASI, explains that “the great silpacharya who designed and constructed” the Rajarajesvaram had made use of vyangya, or implied suggestion ( kuripporul in Tamil), in sculpting this imposing dvarapala. Srinivasan says: “If the elephant is enlarged in one's mind to its real life size, the size of the python that can swallow one such would be suggested as the next step in the mental visualisation. And if such an enormous python could entwine the club only by three coils from head to tail, the magnitude of such a club could be imagined next, and from it the enormous stature and strength of the colossal doorkeeper who can wield such a gada, and from his size, the mental concept of the magnitude of the linga (deity) in the sanctum which he guards, from which again, the ultimate size of the vimana which can enshrine such a colossal linga, a size that would ultimately transcend the limits of mental conception.” The base of the Rajarajan Tiruvaasal has superb bas-reliefs narrating the story of Arjuna's penance to receive the “Pasupata” weapon from Siva; the wedding of Siva and Parvati; the legend of Kalasamharamurti (the story of Markandeya), and so on. Interestingly, the Arjuna's Penance here bears an uncanny resemblance to the one in the huge bas-relief at Mamallapuram near Chennai. The temple complex measures about 240 m east to west in length and about 120 m north to the south in breadth. It consists of the sanctum with the linga, the vimana towering over the sanctum, the ardha mantapa in front of the sanctum, the maha mantapa before it and then the mukha mantapa. Then comes the seated Nandi inside a mantapa built by the Nayaka rulers. There is a courtyard running all around. On its southeastern side is a shrine for Ganesa, and on its northern side are shrines for Chandikesvara, Amman and Subrahmanya. There is a modern-day shrine for Varahi on the southern side. Around the courtyard runs a cloistered enclosure named after Krishnan Raman, Rajaraja Chola's Minister-General. In the niches of the outer walls of the sanctum are life-size sculptures of Siva in his various forms – as Bhikshatana, Virabhadra, Vishnu Anugrahamurti, Harihara, Ardhanarisvara, Nataraja in Anandatandava, Chandrasekara, and UmaMahesvara. There is an exquisite sculpture of him in Lingodbhava on the western wall. Although the Thanjavur region has no hills or rocky outcrop, the temple complex was built of stone. Which means that huge rocks of stone were quarried from Mammalai near Tiruchi and hauled to the site. Pichard estimates that the vimana alone has utilised 17,000 cubic metres of masonry. The entire temple complex with its vast enclosure and two gateways amounted to almost 50,000 cubic metres, which is 130,000 tonnes of granite. T. Satyamurthy, former Superintending Archaeologist, ASI, said the temple's architects paid special attention to the selection of its site, the preparation of drawings (of the plan and elevation) and selection of materials including stones of different varieties. For the vimana, they chose charnokite from Mammalai. Massive stone sculptures were made at Pachchamalai region, near Tiruchi. A huge stone from Tiruvakkarai (near Tindivanam) was selected for the linga. The vimana has not developed even a minor crack in all these years. In order to achieve stability, architects of the 13-tiered vimana had positioned it on another two-tiered double-walled plinth. Each of the lower two tiers of the vimana has a pradakshina pada (corridor) running all round with an inner and outer wall. The inner and outer walls of this corridor have a 1.5m wide masonry wall, made of brick and mortar, running between them. The 13 tiers have stones stacked up with perfect balance and equilibrium. No binding material is used, and they are made to stand on their weight. “The wonder is that the vimana has withstood six recorded earthquakes – in 1807, 1816, 1866, 1823, 1864 and 1900,” Satyamurthy said. No wonder Pichard called the vimana an “architectural audacity”. = PT’s PrepTalk – March 2011 45 Profile Warren E. Buffett W arren E. Buffett has two cardinal rules of investing. Rule No. 1: Never lose money. Rule No. 2: Never forget Rule No. 1. Nicknamed the "Oracle of Omaha", Buffett has amassed a substantial fortune from astute investments through his company Berkshire Hathaway. He is consistently ranked among the world's wealthiest people. He was ranked as the world's wealthiest person in 2008 and is the third wealthiest person in the world in 2011,so far. Despite that formidable record, the financial crisis dealt him a stinging blow. While he has not changed his value-oriented approach to investing–he says he likes to buy quality merchandise, whether socks or stocks, at bargain prices–Buffettologists wonder what will define the final chapters of his celebrated career. Buffet was born in Omaha, Nebraska. His father was a stockbroker and member of Congress. Buffett was educated at the University of Nebraska and he qualified with a masters degree in economics from Colombia University. In 1957, he started his own investment partnership, putting all of his own money into it , along with loans from friends and family. By 1969, he had returned an average of almost 30% a year. Under Buffetts supervision, his fund has outperformed the S&P 500 and the Dow Jones for over forty years. In a period when investment markets appear more puzzling than sensible, it is not surprising that investors all over the world have become interested in Buffett's investment approach and ideas. Buffett's contrarian investment strategy customarily focuses his investments in undervalued companies, with good longterm growth potential. The actual value generated is more by the companies he owns than stock market investments, although his stock ownership in companies such as Coca-Cola and Gillette attracts more attention. He famously avoided tech companies during the dot-com bubble of the late 90s. He also owns insurance companies like Geico and General Re that generate a large free cash flow. These companies are a 46 PT’s PrepTalk – March 2011 source of funds that he then allocates to Berkshire Hathaway's subsidiaries and uses to acquire new companies. Buffett believes that much of the problem with the economies of the United States and other industrialized countries in recent years results from the proliferation of persons and organizations who produce nothing directly but are compensated based on the volume of business which they transact. He feels that most stock trades are recommended and made primarily to benefit the brokers rather than the investors and has stated that he feels that the world would benefit if each person had a lifetime maximum of twenty stock trades. He steadfastly refuses to split Berkshire Hathaway stock because the purpose of this would be to facilitate trading, which he has no desire to do. He states that he sees his fellow Berkshire Hathaway investors as partners and hopes that they take their investment likewise, as a long-term or lifelong investment; he discourages those with a short-term view from investing in Berkshire Hathaway. He prefers Berkshire Hathaway shareholders actually to take physical possession of their share certificates rather than allowing their shares to be held by a brokerage firm. r 1956 - Graham retires, ends partnership. Buffet saves over $140,000 and returns to Omaha and starts an investment partnership, Buffett Associates, Ltd. r 1960 - Business grew; Buffet had seven partnerships operating the entire year. 11 doctors agree to invest $10,000 each into his partnership. r 1962 - Buffett's partnership had in excess of $7,178,500, out of which $1,025,000 belonged to Buffett. Merges all partnerships into one. Discovers Berkshire Hathaway r 1965 - Buffett's partnerships begin to purchase Berkshire shares aggressively. Takes control of Berkshire Hathaway and names a new President (Ken Chace) to run the company. r 1967 - Berkshire pays out its first and only dividend of 10 cents. 1930 - August 30th, Warren Buffett born in Nebraska, Omaha USA r 1969 - Buffet liquidates partnership and transfers the assets to his partners, including the shares of Berkshire 1943 - Filed his first income tax return at the mere age of 13, deducting his bicycle as a work expense for $35 r 1973 - Berkshire begins to acquire stocks in Washington Post Company 1945 - Spent $25 to purchase a used pinball machine. Owned three more machines from profits within months r 1979 - Berkshire acquires stocks in ABC. Buffett's net worth rocketed to $140 million. The year ended at $1310 in share trading, sending his net worth to $620 million, placing him on the Forbes 400 for the first time r 1988 - Buys stock in Coca-Cola for $1.02 billion, which turns out to be one of the most lucrative investments r 2004 - Susan, his wife, dies r 2006 - Buffet announced to give away 80% of his total fortune to five foundations, the largest contribution going to Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation r 2007 - Buffett announced he is looking for a younger successor to run his business. Lou Simpson was chosen by Buffett for the role, though he is only six years younger! r 2008 - Forbes announces Buffett as the richest man in the world A $10,000 investment into Berkshire Hathaway when Buffett took control in 1965 would be worth over $50 million today. By comparison, $10,000 in the S&P 500 would have grown to only $500,000. And yet few people on or off Wall Street have capitalized on this crisis as deftly as Buffett. After counselling Washington to rescue the nation's financial industry and publicly urging Americans to buy stocks as the markets reeled in, he swooped. Buffett positioned himself to profit from the market mayhem–as well as all those taxpayer-financed bailouts–and thus secure his legacy as one of the greatest investors of all time. He is known as the most successful investor who singlehandedly turned the fortune of his small company and made it a giant investment vehicle. Warren Buffett's life is an extraordinary story of determination, will power and the right vision of success. For the billionaire that he is, Buffett leads a very simple lifestyle, lives in a house he bought ages back and dresses up in normal clothes instead of big brand names. He contributed a huge sum of his fortune to the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation in order to improve living conditions of poor people. Warren Buffett: At a glance r r r r 1949 - Initiated into the Alpha Sigma Fraternity while pursuing his under-graduation at Wharton Business School at the University of Pennsylvania r 1950 - Enrolled at Columbia Business School when he learnt that two famous analysts, Benjamin Graham and David Dodd taught there r 1951 - Graduated from Columbia and tried to work with Graham for free but was rejected. Worked as a stockbroker for sometime and also took night classes for students in the University of Nebraska r 1952 - Got married to Susan Thompson r 1954 - Had their first child Howard Graham Buffett. Entered a partnership with Benjamin Graham and worked for a salary of $12,000 p.a. a PT’s PrepTalk – March 2011 47 Competitive Intelligence Definition Competitive intelligence (CI) provides organizations with actionable information regarding competitors' activities. It is a key aspect of analyzing the operating environment. Such information (which can range from new products or pricing to overall strategic direction) is used to make both short- and longterm plans in a number of areas, including strategy, mergers and acquisitions, pricing, marketing, advertising, and research and development. Advantages Taking a proactive approach to Cl: r minimizes surprises from competitors r identifies opportunities as well as threats r gives one hard information to use in formulating one’s company's plans r allows one’s organization to learn from competitors r permits more accurate assessment of the impact one’s company's actions will have on a competitor Disadvantages Gaining a sound understanding of a competitor's activity has no real disadvantages, but it should be remembered: r Sources of competition are increasingly to be found in non-traditional sectors, so one needs to keep an eye on the competitive environment as a whole. r Simply copying competitors or beating them fractionally to market is not the key to organizational success-differentiation from the competition is. r Some companies become so overwhelmed by the volume of data they collect about their operating environment that they are unable to reach strategic decisions. Management guru lgor Ansoff calls this 'paralysis by analysis'. Action Checklist 1. Make the commitment The major resource requirement in gathering Cl is that of staff time, but one will also incur costs in other areas such as traveling to conferences and exhibitions, searching on-line databases, and subscribing to journals. 48 PT’s PrepTalk – March 2011 In purely financial terms, CI rarely produces a direct return on investment, but improvements in softer areas will occur. Senior management need to commit to developing a systematic CI programme so that resources can be made available, even though gains may be intangible in the shorter term. 2. Identify needs and objectives The overall aim of a Cl programme is to provide decision makers (for example, senior managers and heads of departments) with useful and accurate information. A survey these individuals and functions should be carried out to find out what information they need and how they want it to be presented. One should be clear on what one is attempting to find out through one’s competitor analysis. Is one trying to find the weak points of another company? Does one want to find out what the competition is like in a new market one plans to enter:? Overall objectives for Cl programmes should include the. Provision of: r information for strategic decisions r early warnings of competitor activity r At the operational level you need to clarify exactly what the Cl programme will cover, including: Ø individual or groups of competitors Ø individual or groups of products or services Specific areas can also he detailed, for example, a competitor's: Ø pricing Ø recruitment drives Ø market behavior Ø strategy Clear and specific objectives for the Cl programme provide a focus and help to reduce the amount of information that needs to be collected, but remember that they should not be set in stone: review them regularly. At certain times, for example, when one is researching a new product or service, one’s need for CI will increase. 3. Bring together a team The number of people involved in the Cl programme depends on one’s objectives; for example, comprehensive analysis of a company's competition requires more staff resources than keeping up to date with one or two competitors' activities. Assign responsibility for the CI programme to one individual. This should be someone with good communication and information skills and with the ability to work to deadlines. 4. Identify sources of information Experts in the field of competitor analysis believe that most organizations already hold or have ready access to 80 % of the information required for assessing the competition in the field. Among the many published and unpublished sources of information on competitor activity are: r exhibitions and conferences r on-line databases and websites r magazines and newspapers r product catalogues r personal contacts in other companies One should not overlook the importance of front-line staff as sources of CI. They are more ton likely to pick up competitor information through their dealings with customers. They should be made aware of the need to keep a lookout for information and implement a procedure for them to report information to the right person. 5. Use technology One should use databases to keep an archive of the information one collects so one ran easily retrieve information on specific subject or competitor One should aware of copyright legislation–it is illegal to scan many documents, (or example press clippings, into an electronic format for storage and retrieval, but one may keep references or the newspaper in hard copy. for gathering Competitive Intelligence 6. Circulate reports Circulate regular reports of information gained from the CI programme to all managers who need to see them. Decide how often the reports are to be produced; weekly may suffice in some environments, while other situations may require daily reports. One should brief: highlight the most important points and provide references to further information. Remember that technology, particularly intranets and email, can disseminate Cl within the organisation more quickly than paper. 7. Take action on the results CI gives strategic advantage only when it is analyzed and acted upon. One should keep records of occasions when information was used successfully to gain advantage over competitors and when it arrived too late to take action. One should not jump to counteract a competitor's movements without considering one’s own corporate objectives. Only the right action for you, at the right time, will bring him/her advantage. 8. Evaluate against objectives One should evaluate the success of one’s CI programme against one’s initial objectives. Identify problem areas, for example, difficulty in obtaining information in one particular area or on one particular competitor, or failure to disseminate information quickly. Draw up recommendations for improving the programme and present them to management, along with details of Cl successes. DO r Understand that today's competitors may not be competitors in the future–always keep an eye open for new competitors, especially from unlikely areas. inform and involve front-line staff–they arc- the employees who come into contact with customers and are at the cutting edge. Keep Cl reports brief and regular, and direct the reader to more detailed information. Remember that one’s competitors will also be trying to gain intelligence an your organization 9. Make changes Take action on the recommendations for improvement and continue to evaluate the programme regularly. Keep communicating CI successes. DON'T r Don't spend money researching firms that are no longer one’s competitors–move with the market. r Don't, overstep the ethical line–check one’s organization's own code of conduct. On the other hand, sending employees to job interviews at a competitor organization to gather information about its plans is considered doubtful behavior. Spying or business espionage, for example, hacking into a competitor's computer system or going through a competitor's dustbins, is highly unethical. r r r 10. Observe the ethical line There are ethical and unethical approaches to gathering competitive intelligence. Information that is made publicly available, for example, in press releases or job advertisements, poses few ethical questions. a PT’s PrepTalk – March 2011 49 Brand Story Verizon A lmost everyone in today's society has heard of the name Verizon. The company, which was the result of a merger between Bell Atlantic and GTE in the year 2000, has some rich history in the Telecommunications business; it is even a descendant of the legendary telephone company AT&T. The deregulation of AT&T in 1984 lead to a gaggle of smaller phone companies called “Baby Bells”. Bell Atlantic was one of these Bells. In the nineties, Bell Atlantic acquired Nynex, and then in the year 2000, they acquired GTE, which lead to the formation of Verizon. This was one of the largest mergers in United States History. The merger became worth more than $52 billion at the time. While this merger was happening, a UK-based company by the name of Vodafone Airtouch Plc created a wireless business, with assets from Bell Atlantic-Nynex Mobile and Vodafone's brands of Airtouch Cellular, and Primeco Personal Communications. This joint venture spun into Verizon Wireless, which was at the time considered the U.S.'s largest network. This union was similar to that of two high profiled American families. Bell Atlantic obviously had a good pedigree being a product of Ma Bell, and GTE was an upstart and the largest independent national phone service provider. Similar to many great American families, Bell Atlantic and GTE did not marry for love; they married for money. They married to make both families more powerful, and make life easier for future generations of family members. They became a power couple a la Bill and Hillary. They hit one major snag though when they commenced their union in 2000. Bell Atlantic's last name was not as big as its first name, and GTE came from a new money family that nobody knew. They decided that they would both take a new name. 50 PT’s PrepTalk – March 2011 Both companies wanted a strong name that was forward thinking, and spoke highly of how well integrated their networks would be. They both needed something that spoke to their values as families, but gave them a trajectory for what they were trying to accomplish. They sat in a boardroom for three days going over 8,500 possible names that they could use. None really stood out. They mulled over names like Bell National, and Bell-GTE. They were at a crossroads. They wanted to be the phone company that is not just about using the phone. They wanted to be known as the people who are in the business of helping other people. They wanted adoration from the community; they wanted to show the world how to be reliable. This was not going to be an easy feat given the landscape of Telecommunications around the turn of the century. Phone companies were not exactly in favor with the population of America. The United States did not trust phone providers, and people perceived them to be less than satisfactory as far as reliability was concerned. This was the angle they decided to champion. Both families had an eye on the long-term effects that their union could bring on society so they chose a name that would always be forward thinking. They chose the name Verizon. Video Verizon launched its FiOS Video service in Keller, Texas on September 22, 2005. FiOS TV uses an optical fiber network to deliver more than 500 total channels, more than 180 digital music channels, more than 95 high-definition channels, and 10,000 video-on-demand titles. Verizon also provides DirecTV service as well. Data Verizon provides High Speed Internet DSL Internet service in many areas where it offers phone service. DSL is offered in various speeds ranging from 768 kbps to 15 mbps download, depending on what the local infrastructure can support. Verizon is a portmanteau of the Latin word (Veritas) for truth and horizon, which suggests a future of innovation. They chose a name that was different from others on the market. Sure, there were skeptics that said bad things about the new name, but they faded. Today, Verizon is one of the biggest names in the world. The coming together of Bell Atlantic and GTE proved to be a wellconceived plan, and the similar agendas of the two families have panned out. While nothing is perfect in the world of highpowered American families coming together, one thing is, you can count on them to be around a long time. VERIZON SERVICES Voice Verizon provides several different types of land line services standard POTS (Plain Old Telephone Service) service as well as VoIP (Voice Over Internet Protocol) and optical fiber line services. In addition, Verizon offers long distance services. Verizon also offers a product that is a joint venture with Microsoft called "Verizon Web Calling", a type of VoIP service used within Windows Live Messenger. Voicemail Verizon provides Verizon Voice Messaging – voicemail service for residences and businesses. Wireless For Verizon's wireless division, Verizon VoiceWing Verizon VoiceWing is a Voice over IP (VoIP) service offered by Deltathree and resold by Verizon that offers phone service over a broadband Internet connection. A DSL, cable, or Verizon FiOS Internet connection, a regular telephone, a router and a telephone adaptor are required for service. On March 31, 2009, Verizon terminated VoiceWing service for all existing subscribers. Verizon began offering FTTP (Fiber to the Premises, or Fiber to the Home) to some subscribers in 2006. Verizon calls this "FiOS". Directory operations The Yellow Pages business of Verizon is known as SuperPages, and is a Texas-based sales, publishing and related services, with 1,200 directory titles and a circulation of about 121 million copies in 41 states. The web site receives approximately 17 million visitors a month. It had an operating revenue of $3.6 billion in 2004 and employs 7,300 nationwide. In a move to leverage against higher traffic sites, SuperPages linked up with Google to provide search advertising services to its millions of listed businesses. SuperPages will offer its advertisers the ability to bid for Google search terms. SNAPSHOT OF VERIZON'S CURRENT STANDING Rank: 12 Brand value: $27.29 billion Market cap: $381.09 billion Industry: Telecommunications. Founded: 1983. Headquarters: Verizon Building, New York City, New York, United States. Key people: Ivan Seidenberg (chairman and CEO) and Lowell McAdam (president and COO). Revenue: $106.565 billion (2010). Net income: $10.217 billion (2010). Total assets: $220.005 billion (2010). Employees: 194,400 (2010). SLOGANS “We never stop working for you.” “Make progress everyday.” “Richer, deeper, broader.” “Can you hear me now?” a PT’s PrepTalk – March 2011 51 Profile Colonel Muammar Gaddafi I n power since 1969, Libya's Colonel Muammar Gaddafi is the longest-serving leader in both Africa and the Arab world. He led a bloodless coup toppling King Idris at the age of 27, and has since maintained tight control of his oil-rich country by clamping down on dissidents. The ongoing bloody uprising poses the most serious domestic challenge to his rule. Among his many eccentricities, Gaddafi is known to sleep in a Bedouin tent guarded by dozens of female bodyguards on trips abroad. Gaddafi was born in 1942 in the coastal area of Sirte to nomadic parents. He went to Benghazi University to study geography, but dropped out to join the army. After seizing power, he laid out a pan-Arab, anti-imperialist philosophy, blended with aspects of Islam. While he permitted private control over small companies, the government controlled the larger ones. He was an admirer of the Egyptian leader Gamal Abdel Nasser and his Arab socialist and nationalist ideology. He tried without success to merge Libya, Egypt and Syria into a federation. A similar attempt to join Libya and Tunisia ended in acrimony. The regime has imprisoned hundreds of people for violating the law and sentenced some to death, according to Human Rights Watch. At the UN General Assembly in 2009, Gaddafi accused the body of being a terrorism group like al-Qaeda "Gaddafi, gradually as he took power, used force and he used brutality," Mohammed al-Abdalla, the deputy secretar y-general of the National front for Salvation of Libya, tells Al Jazeera. "In the 1970s, he publicly hung students who were marching, demonstrating, demanding rights in Benghazi and in Tripoli, and in many other squares, and his opposition members abroad in the 1980s, including here in London and other places in Europe and in Arab Middle East. He executed, probably, the most brutal massacre that we saw of 1200 prisoners in the Abu Salim prison who were unarmed, they were already in jail, and he executed them in less than three hours." CRUSHING DISSIDENT In 1977, he changed the country's name to the Great Socialist Popular Libyan Arab Jamahiriyah (State of the Masses) and allowed people to air their views at people's congresses. Gaddafi played a prominent role in organising Arab opposition to the 1978 Camp David peace agreement between Egypt and Israel. However, critics dismissed his leadership as a military dictatorship, accusing him of repressing civil society and ruthlessly crushing dissident. Later shunned by a number of Arab states on the basis of his extreme views on how to settle the Israeli-Palestinian conflict among others, Gaddafi's foreign policy shifted from an Arab focus to an African focus. To this day, the media remains under strict government control. His vision of a United States of Africa resulted in the foundation of the African Union. 52 PT’s PrepTalk – March 2011 DOMESTIC CHALLENGES At home, the Libyan leader presents himself as the spiritual guide of the nation, overseeing, what he says, a version of direct democracy. In practice, critics say, Col Gadaffi has retained absolute, authoritarian control. Dissent has been ruthlessly crushed and the media remains under strict government control. Libya has a law forbidding group activity based on a political ideology opposed to Col Gaddafi's revolution. The regime has imprisoned hundreds of people for violating the law and sentenced some to death, Human Rights Watch says. LOCKERBIE BOMBING In the West, Gaddafi is strongly associated with "terrorism", accused of supporting armed groups including FARC in Colombia and the IRA in Northern Ireland. Libya's alleged involvement in the 1986 bombing of a Berlin nightclub in which two American soldiers were killed prompted US air attacks on Tripoli and Benghazi, killing 35 Libyans, including Gaddafi's adopted daughter. Ronald Reagan, the then US president, called him a "mad dog". The 1988 bombing of the Pan Am flight over Lockerbie in Scotland is possibly the most well known and controversial international incident in which Gaddafi has been involved. For many years, Gaddafi denied involvement, resulting in UN sanctions and Libya's status as a pariah state. Abdel Basset al-Megrahi, a Libyan intelligence agent, was convicted for planting the bomb. Gaddafi's regime formally accepted responsibility for the attack in 2003 and paid compensation to the families of those who died. Also in 2003, Gaddafi broke Libya's isolation from the West by relinquishing his entire inventory of weapons of mass destruction. In September 2004, George Bush, the US president at the time, formally ended a US trade embargo as a result of Gaddafi's scrapping of the arms programme and taking responsibility for Lockerbie. The normalisation of relations with Western powers has allowed the Libyan economy to grow and the oil industry in particular has benefited. However, Gaddafi and Lockerbie came back into the spotlight in 2009, when al-Megrahi was released and returned to Libya. The hero's welcome that al-Megrahi received from Gaddafi on his return was condemned by the US and the UK, among others. In September 2009, Gaddafi visited the US for the first time for his first appearance at the UN General Assembly. GADDAFI: AT A GLANCE 1942: Muammar Gaddafi born near Sirte, Libya 1969: Seizes power from King Idris in bloodless coup 1973: Declares "cultural revolution", with formation of "people's committees” 1977: Declares "people's revolution", creating the Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriyah 1986: US soldiers targeted in Berlin disco attack, three killed; US bombs Tripoli and Benghazi, killing dozens 1988: 270 people killed in bombing of Pan Am jet over Lockerbie 1992: UN imposes sanctions to pressure Libya into handing over Lockerbie bombing suspects 1999: Lockerbie suspects handed over; UN sanctions suspended 2003: Libya takes responsibility for Lockerbie, renounces weapons of mass destruction 2008: Libya and US sign compensation deal for bombings by both sides 2009: Lockerbie bomber freed a PT’s PrepTalk – March 2011 53 General knowledge 1. Which of the following States is the first to have enacted a comprehensive legislation to protect the girl child? (1) Karnataka (2) Goa (3) Maharashtra (4) Madhya Pradesh 8. Who amongst the following is the author of the book 'Indomitable Spirit'? (1) Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam (2) Dr. Manmohan Singh (3) Justice K. G. Balakrishna (4) Mr. Natwar Singh 2. Thermostat is an instrument used to.......... (1) Measure flow of current (2) Measure intensity of voltage (3) Regulate temperature (4) Regulate velocity of sound 9. Which of the following is not the name of popular IT/Software Company? (1) Wipro (2) Mastek (3) Toyota (4) IBM 3. Wimbledon Trophy is associated with………. (1) Football (2) Hockey (3) Basketball (4) Lawn Tennis 10. 'Yen' is the currency of.......... (1) South Korea (2) China (3) Indonesia (4) Japan 4. 5. 6. 7. GNP stands for.......... (1) Gross National Product (2) Group Net Product (3) Grand Nuclear Process (4) Group Networking Process 'Acoustics' is the science of the study of.......... (1) Light (2) Sound (3) Electricity (4) Magnetism Noise pollution is measured in the unit called………. (1) Micron (2) Decibel (3) Ohms (4) Ampere 'Heavy Water' is used in which of the following types of industries? (1) Sugar (2) Nuclear Power (3) Textile (4) Coal 54 PT’s PrepTalk – March 2011 11. Baichung Bhutia is a well known.......... (1) Music Director of Indian films (2) Sports Personality (3) Journalist (4) Politician 12. 'Richter Scale' is used to measure which of the following? (1) Intensity of Tsunami Waves (2) Intensity of Earthquake (3) Density of salt in Sea water (4) Flow of electric current 13. CAS is associated with which of the following? (1) Legal System Reforms (2) Piped gas line (3) Cable T.V. (4) Mobile phone regulation 14. Tata Steel acquired the Corus, a steel giant situated in... (1) South Africa (2) Ukraine (3) Australia (4) Britain 15. Which of the following is the abbreviated name of the Organization/Agency working in the field of Space Research? (1) ISBN (2) ISRO (3) INTELSET (4) INTACH 16. Which of the following best explains 'e-governance'? (1) Improving the functioning of government (2) Teaching government employees the basics of computing (3) Delivery of public services through internet (4) Framing of cyber-laws of chatting on internet 17. 'Handshaking' in Networking parlance means (1) Connecting computers to a hub (2) Distributed Networks (3) Having same operating system on different computers (4) Sending e-mail 18. VAT stands for (1) Value and Tax (2) Value Added Tax (3) Virtual Action Tasks (4) Virtual Assessment Technique 19. Alzheimer's disease is the ailment of which of the following organs /parts of the human body? (1) Kidney (2) Heart (3) Liver (4) Brain 20. Global warming is a matter of concern amongst the nations these days. Which of the following countries is the largest emitter of greenhouse gases in the World? (1) U.S.A. (2) China (3) India (4) Britain 21. Which of the following books has been written by Bill Gates? (1) Microsoft Secrets (2) The Road Ahead (3) The Elephant Paradigm (4) e-commerce 22. Which of the following is the name of the social network service run by the Google on the internet? (1) Online Space (2) Orkut (3) Net-Space (4) Wikipedia 23. India had a Plan holiday: (1) after the China-India War of 1962 (2) after the drought of 1966 (3) after the liberation of Bangladesh in 1971 (4) after the India-Pakistan War in 1965 24. In the Constitution of India promotion of International peace and security is included in the(1) Preamble of the Constitution (2) Directive Principles of State Policy (3) Fundamental Duties (4) Ninth Schedule 25. Which of the following States/ parts of India is completely land locked having no contact with sea? (1) Karnataka (2) Orissa (3) Maharashtra (4) North-East 26. TRAI regulates the functioning of which of the following services? (1) Telecom (2) Trade (3) Port (4) Transport 27. At present for the ATMs in India, the most commonly used net-work communication mode is.......... (1) Very Small Aperture Terminal (VSAT) (2) General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) (3) Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) (4) Dial-in Connection 28. Match List-I (Place) with List -II (State) and select the correct answer using the codes given below the Lists: List-I (Place) List-II (State) A. Sriharikota 1. Karnataka B. Thumba 2. Andhra Pradesh C. Hasan 3. Orissa D. Chandipur 4. Kerala 5. Tamil Nadu Code: A B C D (1) 1 3 5 4 (2) 2 4 1 3 (3) 1 4 5 3 (4) 2 3 1 4 29. Who is the author of the book 'Future Shock'? (1) Alvin Toffler (2) Tom Peters (3) Napoleon Hill (4) Kenneth Blanchard PT’s PrepTalk – March 2011 55 30. Apex fares are….. (1) More than the normal fare (2) Less than the normal fare (3) Offered only to corporate clients (4) Applicable to late night flights only 31. Separation of the Judiciary from the executive in public service of the State is enjoined by…. (1) The preamble of the Constitution of India (2) A judicial decision (3) The seventh Schedule of the Constitution of India (4) A directive Principle of State Policy 32. Which one amongst the following is the oldest Dynasty? (1) Pallava Dynasty (2) Chola Dynasty (3) Maurya Dynasty (4) Gupta Dynasty 33. OPEC is a group of countries which are……… (1) Exporting oil (2) Producing cotton (3) Rich and developed (4) Developing and poor 34. Intel Company mainly produces………. (1) Hard disks (2) VCDs (3) Monitors (4) Microprocessors 35. Who amongst the following is the M.D./Chairman of one of the major Steel Companies? (1) L. N. Mittal (2) K. K. Birla (3) Vijaypat Singhania (4) Mukesh Ambani 36. Who is the President of Nasscom? (1) Som Mittal (2) (3) Pramod Desai (4) Narayana Murthy Devang Mehta 37. Which of the following awards is not given for excellence in the field of literature? (1) Booker Prize (2) Nobel Prize (3) Pulitzer Price (4) Arjun Award 38. 'Singur', which was in news, is a place in.......... (1) Orissa (2) West Bengal (3) Jharkhand (4) Bihar 56 PT’s PrepTalk – March 2011 39. Who amongst the following is the author of the book series named as 'Harry Potter'? (1) J. K. Rowling (2) Lindsay Lohan (3) Julia Roberts (4) Sandra Bullock 40. Which of the following Satellites helps Direct to Home Television Service in India? (1) Matsat (2) Edusat (3) Insat-4B (4) Insat-1B 41. 'West Bank' is situated at the western side of the river......... (1) Mississippi (2) Amazon (3) Nile (4) Jordan 42. Which of the following phenomenon is considered responsible for 'Global Warming'? (1) Greenhouse Gas Effect (2) Fox Fire (3) Dry Farming (4) Radioactivity 43. Which of the following instruments is not issued by a bank? (1) Demand Draft (2) Pay Order (3) National Saving Certificate (4) Credit Card 44. Name of Jyoti Randhawa is associated with which of the following games (1) Golf (2) Badminton (3) Hockey (4) Chess 45. The Chalukya King who defeated Harshavardhana on the banks of the Narmada was: (1) Pulakesin II (2) Srimukha (3) Mangalesa (4) Kirtivarman I 46. Who amongst the following was India's official candidate for the post of UNO's Secretary General? (1) Mr. Shyam Saran (2) Dr. C. Rangarajan (3) Mr. Shashi Tharoor (4) Mr. Vijay Nambiar 47. In India, Census is done after a gap of every.......... (1) Five years (2) Seven years (3) Eight years (4) Ten years 56. The weight of a Basket Ball is….. (1) 400-500 ounce (2) 500-600 gm (3) 567-650 ounce (4) 567-650 gm 48. Prof. Muhammad Yunus, the recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize 2006, is the exponent of which of the following concepts in the field of banking? (1) Core Banking (2) Micro Credit (3) Retail Banking (4) Real Time Gross Settlement 57. Which of the following food stuff contains almost all ingredients of a balanced diet? (1) Meat (2) Milk (3) Chicken (4) Fish 49. Polly Umrigar was a well known.......... (1) Cricketer (2) Tennis Player (3) Golfer (4) Chess Player 50. David Cameron has taken over as the Prime Minister of… (1) Italy (2) Canada (3) France (4) Britain 51. The National Game of India is (1) Cricket (2) Football (3) Hockey (4) Badminton 52. The amount of Blood that comes out from ventricle, per minute is called (1) Cardiac cycle (2) Cardiac output (3) Cardiac volume (4) Ventricle volume 53. A long distance runner must consume more quantity of (1) Fat (2) Protein (3) Carbohydrate (4) Minerals 54. Ranga Swami Cup is awarded in (1) Hockey (2) (3) Cricket (4) Football Volleyball 55. Who among the following Indian rulers was a contemporary of Akbar? (1) Rani Durgawati (2) Ahilya Bai (3) Martanda Varma (4) Raja Sawai Jai Singh 58. Against which country 'Maradona' scored the goal of the century? (1) Brazil (2) Germany (3) Italy (4) England 59. The length and width of a volley ball court is (1) l7x9metre (2) l8x9metre (3) l9xl0metre (4) 20 x 10 metre 60. Consider the following statements related to Raja Rammohan Roy: 1. He advocated widow remarriage. 2. He strongly .advocated for the abolition of Sati system 3. He advocated the promotion of English education. Which of these statements is/are correct? (1) 1 only (2) 1 and 2 (3) 2 and 3 (4) 1, 2, and 3 61. The height of human being is measured by (1) Vernier scale (2) Weighing scale (3) Stadio meter (4) Dynamometer 62. Name the first Indian woman who won the Gold Medal in Asian games………. (1) P. T. Usha (2) Sunita Rani (3) Shayni Abrahim (4) Kamaljit Sandhu 63. Which of the following game's playground has 'bonus line'? (1) Basketball (2) Hockey (3) Kabaddi (4) Volleyball PT’s PrepTalk – March 2011 57 64. Tissue culture is: (1) growing of tiny plant fragments in a nutrient solution (2) a system of physical exercise for the regeneration of body tissues (3) growing of plant fragments on tissue paper (4) culturing of bacteria on tissue paper 73. In one millilitre of blood, the number of platelets is stated to be about (1) 1,00,000 (2) 2,00,000 (3) 3,00,000 (4) 4,00,000 65. Apparatus to measure fat percentage in body is (1) Anthropometer (2) Tensiometer (3) Skinfold Meter/Caliper (4) Flesometer 74. Davis Cup is associated with (1) Hockey (2) Volleyball (3) Baseball (4) Lawn Tennis 66. One of the methods of Teaching is? (1) Writing story (2) Writing (3) Demonstration (4) Search 75. The amount of calories required by an adult of average body weight per day is (1) 1500 calorie (2) 2000 calorie (3) 2500 calorie (4) 3000 calorie 67. The cause of postural defects/deformities is? (1) Balanced diet (2) Malnutrition (3) Extra diet (4) Sickness 68. The six distinct schools of Indian philosophy–Vedanta, Mimamsa, Sankhya, Yoga, Nyaya, Valsesika became fully articulated during the: (1) Vedic age (2) Gupta age (3) Kushana age (4) Mauryan age 69. ‘Long bones’ work in human body is (1) To give strength (2) To give shelter (3) To work as lever (4) To provide base for muscular joint 70. During muscular contraction, if there is no change in the size of muscle, this contraction is said to be (1) Isometric (2) Isotonic (3) Isokinetic (4) Kinetic 71. The number of Muscle pairs, found in human body is (1) 200 (2) 250 (3) 300 (4) 350 72. The position of India in 1st Asian games was (1) First (2) Second (3) Fifth (4) Seven 58 PT’s PrepTalk – March 2011 76. Gautama Buddha attained ‘pari nirvana’ at: (1) Lumbini (2) Sarnath (3) Kushinagar (4) Bodh Gaya 77. In human body, 'Fartlek' developes (1) Speed (2) (3) Strength (4) Endurance Agility 78. The technique to swim fastest is (1) Breast stroke (2) Butterfly (3) Free style (4) Back stroke 79. Who among the following belongs to the period of Kanishka? 1. Buddhaghosa 2. Nagarjuna 3. Vasumitra 4. Asvaghosa Select the correct answer using the codes: (1) 2, 3, and 4 (2) 1, 2, and 3 (3) 1, 3, and 4 (4) 1 and 4 80. After emulsion, the digestion of fat is done by an enzyme called (1) Renin (2) Amylase (3) Trypsin (4) Lipase 81. Which one of the following pairs is not correctly matched? (1) Indira Gandhi Rashtriya Manav Sangrahalaya : Bhopal (2) Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture : Kolkata (3) Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Public Library : Lucknow (4) Anthropological Survey of India (Headquarters) : Kolkata 82. The maximum quantity in the diet of small children should be of (1) Protein (2) Carbohydrate (3) Minerals (4) Vitamins 83. Olympia city is situated in which country of the world? (1) Greece (2) Germany (3) Italy (4) China 84. The Fundamental Duties of the Indian citizens were laid down by which of the following Amendments to the Constitution of India? (1) 40th Amendment (2) 41st Amendment (3) 42nd Amendment (4) 43rd Amendment 85. 'Set Shot' is related to (1) Snooker (3) Basketball (2) (4) Squash Golf 90. Prof. Raghuram Rajan is/was associated as Chief Economist of: (1) World Trade Organization (2) World Bank (3) International Monetary Fund (4) Economic and Social Council of the UNO 91. The autobiography Living History has been authored by– (1) Margaret Atwood (2) Benazir Bhutto (3) Hillary Clinton (4) Monica Lewinsky 92. Which one of the following pairs is not correctly matched? (1) Jacques Chirac : President of France (2) Gerhard Schroeder : Chancellor of Germany (3) Silvio Berlusconi : Prime Minister of Italy (4) Jean Chrétien : President of Austria 93. Blood gets de-oxygenated in (1) Muscle (2) Nerves (3) Lungs (4) Heart 94. Goniometer measures (1) Agility (3) Speed (2) (4) Strength Flexibility 86. The weight of Javelin for women is (1) 600 gm (2) 800 gm (3) 825 gm (4) 700gm 95. Bauxite is the principal ore of: (1) Copper (2) Aluminum (3) Iron (4) Zinc 87. Strategy 'Fast break' is related to the game of (1) Athletics (2) Basketball (3) Swimming (4) Boxing 96. Brass is an alloy of which of the following pairs of metals? (1) Aluminum and Copper (2) Chromium and Tin (3) Copper and Tin (4) Copper and Zinc 88. Jharkhand does not share boundary with (1) West Bengal (2) Orissa (3) Chhattisgarh (4) Madhya Pradesh 97. In which one of the following animals is respiration done by skin? (1) Flying fish (2) Sea horse (3) Frog (4) Chameleon 89. Bhimbetka, which was been conferred the status of World Heritage Site, is situated in: (1) Orissa (2) Rajasthan (3) Madhya Pradesh (4) Bihar 98. Rovers Cup is associated with the game (1) Basket Ball (2) Chess (3) Boxing (4) Football PT’s PrepTalk – March 2011 59 99. What is manufactured from the iron that we obtain from our diet? (1) Blood cells (2) Haemoglobin (3) Bone Marrow (4) Protoplasm 100. The highest sports award of India is (1) Arjun Award (2) Dronacharya Award (3) Rajeev Gandhi Khel Ratan (4) Padam Vibhushan 101. The landing arena of High Jump will be (1) 5x4mts (2) 5x5mts (3) 5 x 3 mts (4) 5 x 6 mts 102. Blood is purified in the human body by (1) Carbon dioxide (2) Nitrogen (3) Oxygen (4) Hydrogen 103. Name the vitamin which is water soluble (1) Vitamin A (2) Vitamin B (3) Vitamin E (4) Vitamin K 104. Salivary gland produces (1) Ptyalin (3) Pepsin (2) (4) Adrenal Renin 105. Which one of the following bacteria helps in improving the soil fertility? (1) Clostridium (2) Rhizobium (3) Salmonella (4) Staphylococcus 106. Name the disease which is categorized as psychosomatic disease (1) Diabetes (2) Asthma (3) Tuberculosis (4) Small pox 107. Which one of the following is a vitamin? (1) Citric acid (2) Folic acid (3) Glutamic acid (4) Linoleic acid 60 PT’s PrepTalk – March 2011 108. How much protein a working woman must take in every day? (1) 27gm (2) 46gm (3) 30gm (4) 37gm 109. Which of the following line is related to volleyball? (1) Bonus line (2) Baulk line (3) Attack line (4) Service line 110. To which of the following chambers of the heart is the aorta connected? (1) Left ventricle (2) Right ventricle (3) Right auricle (4) Left auricle 111. The longest muscle in human body is (1) Sartorius (2) Biceps (3) Deltoid (4) Lattismus Dorsi 112. Which one of the following varieties of coal is considered the best quality? (1) Anthracite (2) Bituminous (3) Lignite (4) Peat 113. Who of the following discovered the laws of planetary orbits? (1) Galileo Galilee (2) Nicholas Copernicus (3) Johannes Kepler (4) Isaac Newton 114. Through which one among the following materials does sound travel slowest? (l) Air (2) Glass (3) Water (4) Wood 115. Which one of the following is used in preparing match sticks? (1) Chile saltpetre (2) Indian saltpetre (3) Red phosphorus (4) Sodium bicarbonate 116. Consider the following pairs: 1. Rewalsar lake : 2. Nakki lake : 3. Renuka lake : Himachal Pradesh Madhya Pradesh Uttarakhand Which of the above pairs is/are correct? (1) l only (2) 1 and 2 only (3) 2 and 3only (4) 1, 2 and 3 117. Which National Highway connects Chennai and Vishakhapatnam? (1) NH 4 (2) NH 5 (3) NH 6 (4) NH 8 118. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer by using the codes given below the lists: List-I List-II (Scientist) (Well known as) A. Birbal Sahni 1. Mathematician B. Ramanujan Srinivasa 2. Paleobotanist C. Sir C.V. Raman 3. Botanist D. Sir J. C. Bose 4. Physicist Codes: (A) (B) (C) (D) (1) 3 1 4 2 (2) 2 1 4 3 (3) 3 4 1 2 (4) 2 4 1 3 124. From which year did Saka era begin? (1) 78 B.C. (2) 78 A.D. (3) l78 A.D. (4) 278 A.D. 125. When did Cricket World Cup start? (1) 1970 (2) 1975 (3) 1979 (4) 1973 126. Reason of constipation is due to (1) Less functioning of large intestine (2) Extra eating (3) Less make of water (4) More intake of water 127. What was the Mascot of First Asian Games held that was at New Dethi? (1) Jantar Mantar (2) Kutub Minar (3) Lotus flower (4) Appu 119. Which of the following game's team consists of both men and women players? (1) Corfball (2) Netball (3) Softball (4) Handball 128. The weight of a hockey ball approximately is (1) 5.5 ounce to 5.75 ounce (2) 5 ounce to 5.5 ounce (3) 6 ounce to 6.5 ounce (4) 5.75 ounce to 6 ounce 120. How many types of joints are there in human body? (1) 2 (2) 3 (3) 6 (4) 9 129. How many events are there in Heptathlan? (1) 5 (2) 6 (3) 7 (4) 9 121. Which of the famous Hockey player has written the book 'Golden Hattrick'? (1) Ajit Pal Singh (2) Dhyan Chand (3) Balbir Singh (4) Surjit Singh 130. In which country Indian women cricket team won the Test series for the first time ? (1) New Zealand (2) South Africa (3) Australia (4) England 122. Which of the following vitamin do we get from Sun rays? (1) Vitamin A (2) Vitamin B (3) Vitamin C (4) Vitamin D 131. 'Pele' is related to which game? (1) Cricket (2) Horse Riding (3) Swimming (4) Football 123. The Phenomenon of 'total internal reflection” is observed in which one of the following? (1) Glowing tube light (2) Light passing through lens (3) Sparkling diamond (4) Twinkling star 132. By which hormone High Blood Sugar level can be controlled in stomach? (1) Glucose (2) Insulin (3) Thyroxin (4) Non-Apinefreen PT’s PrepTalk – March 2011 61 133. The life span of Red Blood corpuscles is not more than (1) 120 days (2) 130 days (3) 140 days (4) 150 days 143. The Olympic games in 2016 will be held at (1) London (2) America (3) Holland (4) Brazil 134. What is the resting stroke volume per beat of heart? (1) 20-40 ml (2) 40-60 ml (3) 60-80 ml (4) 80-100 ml 144. The measuring instrument of Blood pressure is (1) Steadiometer (2) Menometer (3) Sphygmomanometer (4) Dynamometer 135. The length of trachea (wind pipe) in an adult person is about (1) 20 cm (2) 15 cm (3) 10 cm (4) 05 cm 145. The minimum number of players required in a team to start a Basketball match is? (1) 4 (2) 5 (3) 3 (4) 12 132. The normal temperature of a healthy human being is (1) 98.4° F (2) 95.5° F (3) 96.6° F (4) 97.4° F 146. What is Blood? (1) Tissue (2) Liquid Tissue (3) Blood Platelets (4) Special Tissue 137. Are heavy exercises good for sound sleep? (1) Yes (2) No (3) Sometimes (4) Never 138. Balanced diet contains (1) Protein (2) Vitamin (3) Carbohydrates (4) All of the above 149. Select the correct sequence in the decreasing order of contribution to the forest-cover of India: (1) Dense forest—Open forest— Mangrove forest (2) Open forest—Dense forest—Mangrove forest (3) Dense forest—Mangrove forest—Open forest (4) Open forest—Mangrove forest—Dense forest Banana Potato 141. Fatigue comes during training due to (1) Lactic acid (2) Adrenal (3) Carbon Di Oxide (4) pH-Factors 142. What energy do minerals supply to the body? (1) Chemical (2) Electrical (3) Thermal (4) No energy 62 PT’s PrepTalk – March 2011 70% 90% 148. Who declares the 'Olympic games close' (1) Chairman JOC (2) President IOC (3) Secretary IOC (4) Prime Minister of the country 139. The longest bone in human body is? (1) Ulna (2) Tibia (3) Femur (4) Humerus 140. The main source of vitamin 'A' is? (1) Egg (2) (3) Carrot (4) 147. Water percentage in plasma is (1) 60% (2) (3) 80% (4) 150. During a hockey match, if the ball is stuck in the Goalkeeper's pads then the game is restarted (1) By Bully (2) By centre back pass (3) By hit from outside 'D' (4) By toss 151. Which one of the following European countries borders Atlantic Ocean? (1) Portugal (2) Austria (3) Finland (4) Romania 152. Consider the following statements: 1. Greenland is an overseas territory of France. 2. Bermuda, an overseas territory of UK, is situated in Western Atlantic. 3. State of Bahrain is situated in the Persian Gulf. Which of these statements is/are correct? (1) 1, 2, and 3 (2) 2 only (3) 2 and 3 (4) 1 and 3 153. The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a living entity because it can: (1) move from one cell to another (2) disturb host cell respiration (3) undergo auto-reproduction (4) cause disease in the host 154. Match List-I (Tennis Player) with List-II (Country) and select the correct answer using the codes given below the Lists: List-I (Tennis Player) List-II (Country) A. Justine Henin-Hardenne 1. Belgium B. Kim Clijsters 2. England C. Tim Henman 3 Australia D. Andy Roddick 4. US 5. Spain Code: A B C D (1) 1 4 3 4 (2) 5 1 2 3 (3) 1 1 2 4 (4) 5 4 3 2 155. The width of a lane in an athletic track is? (1) 1.20 mt (2) 1.21 mt (3) 1.19 mt (4) 1.22 mt 156. Which of the following countries is not included in 0-8 (Group of eight industrialized countries) (1) Italy (2) Russia (3) Holland (4) Canada. 157. Consider the following statements: 1. In India, the maximum part of electric energy is generated by the hydroelectric plants. 2. In India, the maximum part of electric energy is generated by the thermal power plants. 3. Neyveli Lignite Corporation Ltd. is located in Tamil Nadu Which of these statements is/are correct? (1) 2 and 3 (2) l and 3 (3) 2 only (4) 3 only 158. The layer of the atmosphere which makes radio communication possible is (1) troposphere (2) tropopause (3) ionosphere (4) stratosphere 159. Consider the following statements: 1. The main constituent of LPG is Butane. 2. The main constituent of Biogas is Methane. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (1) 1 only (2) 2 only (3) Both l and 2 (4) Neither 1 nor 2 160. Among the following elements, which one is not present in pure sugar? (1) Carbon (2) Hydrogen (3) Nitrogen (4) Oxygen 161. Five Year Plans in India are finally approved by the: (1) Union Cabinet (2) President on the advice of Prime Minister (3) National Development Council (4) Planning Commission 162. In India, the power to increase the number of judges in the Supreme Court lies with: (1) The President of India (2) The Chief Justice of India (3) The Union Ministry of Law (4) The Parliament of India 163. Bank rate is the rate at which the Reserve Bank of India provides loans to: (1) Public Sector Undertakings (2) Scheduled Commercial Banks (3) Private Cooperate Sector (4) Non-Banking Financial Institutions 164. Geeta Chandran is well known as a /an: (1) Bharatnatyam dancer (2) Classical Carnatic vocalist (3) Film director (4) Exponent of Violin PT’s PrepTalk – March 2011 63 165. Who of the following was the first speaker of the Lok Sabha? (1) G. S. Dhillon (2) G. V. Mavalankar (3) Hukam Singh (4) K. S. Hegde 168. Which one of the following metals is found in 'plaster of paris'? (1) Calcium (2) Magnesium (3) Potassium (4) Sodium 166. Who of the following is associated with Tashkent agreement? (1) Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru (2) Lal Bahadur Shastri (3) Indira Gandhi (4) Morarji Desai 169. International Date line passes through which of 'the following? (1) Atlantic ocean (2) Black sea (3) Mediterranean sea (4) Pacific ocean' 167. Simon Commission was appointed to look into the working of the: (1) Indian Councils Act, 1892 (2) Government of India Act, 1909 (3) Government of India Act, 1919 (4) Government of India Act, 1935 170 . The Non-Cooperation movement was called off as a result of agitation at which one of the following places? (1) Calcutta (2) Champaran (3) Chauri Chaura (4) Meerut = Answers to General knowledge 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. Ans.(4) Ans.(3) Ans.(4) Ans.(1) Ans.(2) Ans.(2) Ans.(2) Ans.(1) Ans.(3) Ans.(4) Ans.(2) Ans.(2) Ans.(3) Ans.(4) Ans.(2) Ans.(3) Ans.(1) Ans.(2) Ans.(4) Ans.(2) Ans.(2) Ans.(2) Ans.(2) Ans.(2) Ans.(4) Ans.(1) Ans.(1) Ans.(2) 64 PT’s PrepTalk – March 2011 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. Ans.(1) Ans.(2) Ans.(4) Ans.(3) Ans.(1) Ans.(4) Ans.(1) Ans.(1) Ans.(4) Ans.(2) Ans.(1) Ans.(3) Ans.(4) Ans.(1) Ans.(3) Ans.(1) Ans.(1) Ans.(3) Ans.(4) Ans.(2) Ans.(1) Ans.(4) Ans.(3) Ans.(2) Ans.(3) Ans.(1) Ans.(1) Ans.(4) 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83. 84. Ans.(2) Ans.(4) Ans.(2) Ans.(3) Ans.(3) Ans.(4) Ans.(3) Ans.(1) Ans.(3) Ans.(3) Ans.(2) Ans.(4) Ans.(3) Ans.(1) Ans.(2) Ans.(2) Ans.(2) Ans.(4) Ans.(3) Ans.(3) Ans.(4) Ans.(3) Ans.(1) Ans.(4) Ans.(1) Ans.(1) Ans.(1) Ans.(4) 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. 91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100. 101. 102. 103. 104. 105. 106. 107. 108. 109. 110. 111. 112. Ans.(3) Ans.(1) Ans.(2) Ans.(4) Ans.(3) Ans.(3) Ans.(3) Ans.(4) Ans.(4) Ans.(4) Ans.(2) Ans.(4) Ans.(3) Ans.(4) Ans.(2) Ans.(3) Ans.(3) Ans.(3) Ans.(2) Ans.(1) Ans.(2) Ans.(1) Ans.(2) Ans.(4) Ans.(4) Ans.(1) Ans.(1) Ans.(1) 113. 114. 115. 116. 117. 118. 119. 120. 121. 122. 123. 124. 125. 126. 127. 128. 129. 130. 131. 132. 133. 134. 135. 136. 137. 138. 139. 140. 141. Ans.(3) Ans.(1) Ans.(3) Ans.(1) Ans.(2) Ans.(2) Ans.(3) Ans.(2) Ans.(3) Ans.(4) Ans.(3) Ans.(2) Ans.(2) Ans.(1) Ans.(1) Ans.(1) Ans.(3) Ans.(4) Ans.(4) Ans.(2) Ans.(1) Ans.(3) Ans.(3) Ans.(1) Ans.(2) Ans.(4) Ans.(3) Ans.(3) Ans.(1) 142. Ans.(4) 143. Ans.(4) 144. Ans.(3) 145. Ans.(2) 146. Ans.(2) 147. Ans.(4) 148. Ans.(1) 149. Ans.(2) 150. Ans.(1) 151. Ans.(1) 152. Ans.(3) 153.Ans. (1) 154. Ans.(3) 155. Ans.(4) 156. Ans.(3) 157. Ans.(1) 158. Ans.(3) 159. Ans.(3) 160. Ans.(3) 161. Ans.(3) 162. Ans.(4) 163. Ans.(2) 164. Ans.(1) 165. Ans.(2) 166. Ans.(2) 167. Ans.(3) 168. Ans.(1) 169. Ans.(4) 170. Ans.(3) Toyota Logo T he Toyota automobile company as it began, specialized in making cars, but now is a leading pioneer in bus, trucks, robot manufacturer as also in truck, auto and financial service providers. The Toyota logo is a simple one, derived from a Japanese word meaning 'eight' which was thought of as bringing luck and success which the company's journey cannot be denied of. The Toyota logo, much like the company itself, is recognized as a paramount in the world of automobiles. The logo speaks of simplicity and elegance with a sleek look, upbringing style, attraction and philosophy all at one place. 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Simple yet graceful, the fonts give the Toyota logo the beauty that it is worth of. Today, the Toyota Company forms a signpost in the quality automobiles recognized and trusted all over. The Toyota logo likewise is exclusive in its layout and provides motivation to the customers of its luxurious soothe and quality product. BMW Logo E stablished in 1913, the BMW Company has touched the height of success, with immense accomplishment. BMW, which stands for Bayerische Motoren Werke or Bavarian Motor Company, is based in Munich, Germany. BMW is also the parent firm of MINI and Rolls-Royce car brands. Undoubtedly, the blue and white BMW logo is a fundamental ingredient for the company's prosperous attitude. The BMW logo has been minutely altered through the years but still continues to compel a strong corporate image. DesignElementsoftheBMWLogo: BMW logo portrays a solid corporate picture of the company. The BMW logo is said to be designed to signify Bavaria- as the company's manufacturing site. It has proved to be one of the most distinguished corporate designs that epitomize its eminent panache. ShapeofBMWLogo: A thick black ring, bordered by the sleek silver lining, showcases the BMW logo in an elegant fashion. The gap in the ring of BMW logo is further divided into four quadrants, with alternating shades of blue and white. The quarters of the BMW logo also reflect the spinning propeller of the aircraft, designed with a stylish conduct. ColorofBMWLogo: BMW logo comprises strong colors, casting a great impression on the spectator about the firm. Blue, black and white hues compliment to form such a logo that defines the chic character of the firm, which cannot be described in words. The quarters of the BMW logo are shaded as white and blue whereas the thick ring is colored in the black shade, projecting powerful nature of the firm. FontofBMWLogo: The letters “BMW”, arranged at the top half of the black ring in the BMW logo, are inscribed in a non-serif font. This font totally represents the simplicity of the BMW logo, holding a solid corporate picture. The easy font of the BMW logo informs the spectator that the company has certainly touched the height of achievement and continues to pursue it. = PT’s PrepTalk – March 2011 65 Business trivia r After three decades and more than 220 million units, Sony has stopped selling its Walkman cassette player in Japan, admitting that the gadget could not keep up in the digital age. Cherished by a generation of joggers, school children and music fans since its launch in 1979, the Walkman evolutionised the way people listened to music but has since been overtaken by another icon of the modern era–the iPod. The July 1, 1979, roll-out of the portable cassette player helped transform Sony into a global electronics powerhouse. The Japanese giant sold 30,000 Walkmans in the first two months after its launch, and 50 million within a decade. r Eurocopter, a company owned by European consortium, European Aeronautic Defence & Space Co. NV (EADS), has become the first global chopper company to open an office in India. r Pfizer Inc has decided to acquire King Pharmaceuticals, a move that will bolster the pharma major's presence in the pain treatment segment. r Bharti Airtel will partner telecom equipment suppliers Ericsson and Huawei to expand and manage its mobile network in Bangladesh. r Asian Forum of Parliamentarians on Population and Development (AFPPD) hosted a conference in Manila, Philippines, in March 2010, on indigenous peoples, climate change and rural poverty. r From April 1, 2010 consumers in 13 cities of India, including Delhi and Mumbai, shifted to use of environment friendly Euro-IV complaint petrol and diesel. r The ceiling for payment of gratuity to private sector employees has been raised from Rs 3.5 lakh to Rs 10 lakh. r The Union Cabinet has approved the proposal to declare Andaman and Nicobar set of Ports as a major port and establish the Andaman and Nicobar Port Trust with its HQ at Port Blair. 66 PT’s PrepTalk – March 2011 r The UAE has become the world's fourth biggest weapons importer. China, India and South Korea are the top three arms importers, in that order. r “Exercise Milan” was the largest naval war game hosted by India, in February 2010, with the participation of 12 navies of the Asia-Pacific region. r According to the Liveability Index 2010, prepared jointly by the CII and the Institute for Competitiveness, Delhi is the best city to live in, followed by Mumbai. A liveable city, according to the report, is not just an urbanised area in an urbanised region defined by the presence of a municipality. Liveability refers to an urban system that contributes to the physical, social and mental well being and personal developments of all its inhabitants. r The Rail Coach Factory (RCF) at Jalandhar has developed India's first airconditioned, double-decker prototype coach. The Railways has decided to introduce these coaches on the 'yuva' trains. r Indian Standard Time (IST) is set in accordance with the 82.5 degree East longitude. While India has just one time zone, Russia has 11 times zones, USA 10, Australia 9, and Canada 6. France and its dominions have 12 time zones and UK and its overseas territories use 8 time zones. r Under Project Saraswati, which is the first of its kind in India, ONGC proposes to dig deep–more than half a kilometre–into aquifers along the path the ancient Saraswati river is once believed to have taken. r The per capita income of India in 2009-10 was Rs 43,749 according to the advance estimates of Central Statistical Organistation. It was Rs 40,141 in 2008-09. After taking inflation into account, per capita income is estimated to grow by 5.4 per cent at Rs 33,540 in 2009-10, against Rs 31,821 during 2008-09. r Vancouver, Canada has been named as the world's most liveable city. Delhi and Mumbai are placed at 113th and 117th, respectively, in the survey conducted by Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU). Among the top ten are four Australian cities–Sydney, Melbourne, Perth and Adelaide. Zimbabwe's Harare is ranked lowest. r Morarji Desai holds the record of presenting the Union Budget in the Lok Sabha ten times. Yashwant Sinha has presented seven Budgets and C.D. Deshmukh and P. Chidambaram have done it six times. r The first 600 MW unit of the prestigious Rajiv Gandhi Thermal Power project at Khedar, near Hisar, Haryana became operational on February 10, 2010. The coal handling capacity of the plant, at 2,400 tonnes per hour, is the highest in India. r The fifth global steel summit was held in Goa in February 2010 to serve as a forum to strengthen ties between steel makers and miners. r Contribution of exports to the economic expansion during 2009-10 is estimated to fall to 18.6 per cent from 23.5 per cent in 2008-09. r South Africa hosted the Champions League Twenty20 cricket tournament in September 2010. In 2009, India had hosted the tournament. The tournament featured 12 teams, including three from 2010 IPL. r r r Decline in oilseeds production, appreciation of rupee against dollar and zero import duties during most of 2009 has made India the largest edible oil importer in 2009, a slot it took surpassing China. Import of crude edible oil to India saw a huge jump of 35% to a record 8.4 million tonne (mt) in 2009. India's edible oil imports comprise almost 80% of palm oil. Reserve Bank of India, along with the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) has allowed recognised stock exchanges to launch futures currency trading in euro-rupee, pound sterling-rupee and yen-rupee. Futures trading in dollars-rupee was already allowed. With an economic freedom score of 53.8, India has been rated the 124th freest economy in the world, according to the 16th Annual Index of Economic Freedom, released by The Heritage Foundation and The Wall Street Journal. Hong Kong and Singapore finished 1st and 2nd in the rankings for the 16th straight year. r Ashok Leyland has launched India's first electric plug-in CNG hybrid bus, named Hybus. r Recovery from the global economic downturn is faster in India compared HYBUS with other countries in the world, as consumers here are more willing to spend, according to the Nielsen Global Consumer Confidence survey. India ranked second, with 117 points in the fourth quarter of 2009, behind Indonesia, which has 119 points. Globally, consumer confidence has remained stable at 87 per cent. Apart from India and Indonesia, Hong Kong, China, Singapore and Brazil are where recovery is accelerating. About 17 per cent Indians think that job prospects in the country would be 'excellent' and 66 per cent think that it would be 'good' in the next 12 months. r The revised estimates of the national income that took into account 2004-05 prices have calculated the per capita income of India at Rs 40,141 in 2008-09. The old method of income calculation had pegged per capita at 37,490 for 2008-09. On an annual basis, the new per capita income rose 13.3 per cent compared to the previous year (2007-08). The new series of calculating the national income changed the base year to 2004-05 from 1999-2000 earlier. r American Airlines saved $40,000 in 1987 by eliminating one (1) olive from each salad served in first-class. r Infinity Retail is the retail arm of TATA. r Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar mission has been setup to create an enabling policy framework for the deployment of 20,000 MW of solar power in 2020. r Luxury EXperiment in the US is the full form of the famous brand “LEXUS”. r Arvind Mills own the brands Arrows, Flying Machine and Excalibur. r Big Bazaar has launched a campaign titled Power of One. This initiative encourages customers to add One Rupee to their bill towards donation to a social cause. Big Bazaar makes an equal contribution and donates the entire proceeds to an NGO called Save the Children India. The brand anthem 'Khushiyon se Bhari Jholi' connects with the customers at an emotional level positioning r International hotel chain Hilton Hotel bought out Trident Hotels chain in India for its operation. a PT’s PrepTalk – March 2011 67 Gmail backkup G mail has an estimated 190 million users worldwide. Many even have multiple accounts, the forwarding and 'send mail as' features of Gmail actively encouraging this practice. Which is why it was a rude shock to roughly 40,000 Gmail users when they logged, only to find that all their data-emails, attachments, chats, contacts and documents-had vanished, and their accounts had been reset. The only thing these unlucky users had in their inbox were the automated 'Welcome to Gmail' emails. However, all was not lost as Gmail keeps multiple copies of the data (even including offline, tape-based backup of user data) and they set about restoring the bug that caused the problem. Google later identified the issue as a software bug in a recently released storage software update. More than the number of users affected, this obviously got far more attention than it deserved and outlined the importance of not using Gmail as the sole repository for several gigabytes of critical data. If the recent Gmail bug scared you enough to act, here are seven different ways to back up all your Gmail data so that any disruption in services, no matter how rare, won't affect you in the least: In the event of another software bug or system crash, the chances of all Gmail accounts being compromised is minimal. Even when Gmail rolls out new features, they do so in phases and this is primarily to identify and fix any teething issues. Therefore, all you have to do is create another Gmail account and import all mails and contacts from your primary account. highest in the world for any free email provider. And they want to make it all the more easier if you decide to make the switch from any other free email account to Hotmail. To do the switch, Hotmail has tied up with TrueSwitch (trueswitch.com). TrueSwitch is normally a paid service that makes it easy to transfer all your email from one account to another. In this case, Hotmail will bear the expense, if you decide to switch. But you can use this feature to back up your Gmail data and still keep on using Gmail. To use the service, head to secure5.trueswitch.com/winlive and enter all the required credentials. Gmail-Backup is a software tool which you can download for free from gmail-backup.com. To use it, you need to have IMAP access activated in Gmail. To do this, sign in to your Gmail account, click on the little 'gear' icon in the top right corner and click 'Mail Settings'. To do this, sign in to your new Gmail account, click on the little 'gear' icon in the top right corner and click 'Mail Settings'. Here, under 'Accounts and Import' you'll be able to import mail from your old account. Here, under 'Forwarding and POP/IMAP', you can enable IMAP access. Gmail-backup will use IMAP access to create a complete backup of your accounts data on your hard drive. Hotmail may have lost out to Gmail when it comes to number of features, but they still have an estimated 364 million users-the Depending on how much data you have and the speed of your internet connection, this could take quite a while. Your 68 PT’s PrepTalk – March 2011 computer and internet connection will need to be active for the duration of the transfer. The softwate also has a restore function, to copy locally stored data back into a Gmail account. Gmail-backup's website also has a forum which can address any issues you may have. Another free solution for email backup, Mailstore (mailstore.com) can access multiple online email inboxes using POP3 or IMAP access. The process is easy enough; just download the free software and enter in your email credentials. Like Gmail-backup, Mailstore has an online community which can address backup problems. Gmail Keeper (gmailkeeper.com) offers a Gmail-specific backup tool that is easy to understand and can backup all folders and labels in Gmail (including the inbox, sent mail, starred mail, drafts and so on). It can backup everything as a .ZIP file to your hard drive. It also offers the ability to back up multiple Gmail accounts at the same time. Backupify (backupify.com) can backup all kinds of online services that you use, such as Gmail, Google Docs, Picasa, Twitter, Flickr, Facebook, Zoho and Blogger. Once backed up, you can search through, download or restore the data at any time. Three plans are offered; a free plan that can backup up to 5 accounts with a storage limit of 2GB per account, a Pro 100 plan that can back up 25 different accounts with 20GB storage per account for $4.99 a month and a Pro 500 plan that can back up an unlimited number of accounts with unlimited storage for $19.99 a month. This is a no-brainer, and should be done even if you continue to use online access for Gmail and other accounts. Any email client like Mozilla's Thunderbird (mozillamessaging.com/ thunderbird), Eudora (eudora.com), Apple Mail, Outlook, Outlook Express or Windows Live Mail can be used to download your mail. You need to enable POP3 in Gmail (once again in the 'Forwarding and POP/IMAP' in the Mail Settings area of Gmail). The settings are simple enough; incoming server name is pop.gmail.com, protocol is POP, port is 995 and your Gmail username and password will have to be entered, of course. a International Games/Sports and Trophies Games/Sports Air Races Badminton Badminton (Women) Basketball Cricket Cricket Cricket Cricket Cricket Football Football Football Golf Golf Golf Golf Hockey Trophies/Awards King's Cup Thomas Cup Uber Cup William's Cup Ashes Benson and Hedges World Cup Reliance Cup Rothman's Trophy Colombo Cup Merdeka Cup European Champions Cup Canada Cup Rydet Cup Walker Cup Eisenhower Cup World Cup Games/Sports Hockey Hockey Horse Race Horse Steeple Chase Race Lawn Tennis Lawn Tennis Lawn Tennis Lawn Tennis Polo Table Tennis Table Tennis (Men) Table Tennis (Women) Tennis Weight-lifting World Soccer Cup Yacht Racing Trophies/Awards Essande Champions Cup Rene Frank Trophy Derby Grand National Davis Cup Wightman Cup Edgbaston Cup Grand Prix Westchester Cup Grand Prix Swaythling Cup Corbitton Cup U. Thant Cup World Cup Jules Rimet Trophy American Cup PT’s PrepTalk – March 2011 69 Brand icon Britannia T he story of one of India's favourite brands reads almost like a fairy tale. Once upon a time, in 1892 to be precise, a biscuit company was started in a nondescript house in Calcutta (now Kolkata) with an initial investment of Rs. 295. The company we all know as Britannia today. The beginnings might have been humble-the dreams were anything but. By 1910, with the advent of electricity, Britannia mechanised its operations, and in 1921, it became the first company east of the Suez Canal to use imported gas ovens. Britannia's business was flourishing. But, more importantly, Britannia was acquiring a reputation for quality and value. As a result, during the tragic World War II, the Government reposed its trust in Britannia by contracting it to supply large quantities of "service biscuits" to the armed forces. As time moved on, the biscuit market continued to grow… and Britannia grew along with it. In 1975, the Britannia Biscuit Company took over the distribution of biscuits from Parry's who till now distributed Britannia biscuits in India. In the subsequent public issue of 1978, Indian shareholding crossed 60%, firmly establishing the Indianness of the firm. The following year, Britannia Biscuit Company was re-christened Britannia Industries Limited (BIL). Four years later in 1983, it crossed the Rs. 100 crores revenue mark. On the operations front, the company was making equally dynamic strides. In 1992, it celebrated its Platinum Jubilee. In 1997, the company unveiled its new corporate identity - "Eat Healthy, Think Better" - and made its first foray into the dairy products market. In 1999, the "Britannia Khao, World Cup Jao" promotion further fortified the affinity consumers had with 'Brand Britannia'. Britannia strode into the 21st Century as one of India's biggest brands and the pre-eminent food brand of the country. It was equally recognised for its innovative approach to products and marketing: the Lagaan Match was voted India's most successful promotional activity of the year 2001 while the delicious Britannia 50-50 Maska-Chaska became India's most successful product launch. 70 PT’s PrepTalk – March 2011 In 2002, Britannia's New Business Division formed a joint venture with Fonterra, the world's second largest D a i r y C o m p a n y, a n d Britannia New Zealand Foods Pvt. Ltd. was born. In recognition of its vision and accelerating graph, Forbes Global rated Britannia 'One amongst the Top 200 Small Companies of the World', and The Economic Times pegged Britannia India's 2nd Most Trusted Brand. Today, more than a century after those tentative first steps, Britannia's fairy tale is not only going strong but blazing new standards, and that miniscule initial investment has grown by leaps and bounds to crores of rupees in wealth for Britannia's shareholders. The company's offerings are spread across the spectrum with products ranging from the healthy and economical Tiger biscuits to the more lifestyle-oriented Milkman Cheese. Having succeeded in garnering the trust of almost one-third of India's one billion population and a strong management at the helm means Britannia will continue to dream big on its path of innovation and quality. And millions of consumers will savour the results, happily ever after. 1892: The Genesis - Britannia established with an investment of Rs. 295 in Kolkata 1910 : Advent of electricity sees operations mechanised 1921: Imported machinery introduced; Britannia becomes the first company East of the Suez to use gas ovens 1939 - 44: Sales rise exponentially to Rs.16,27,202 in 1939 During 1944 sales ramp up by more than eight times to reach Rs.1.36 crore 1975: Britannia Biscuit Company takes over biscuit distribution from Parry's 1978: Public issue - Indian shareholding crosses 60% Ø 1979: Re-christened Britannia Industries Ltd. (BIL) 1999:"Britannia Khao World Cup Jao" - a major success! Profit up by 37% 1983: Sales cross Rs.100 crore 1989: The Executive Office relocated to Bangalore BIL enters the dairy products market 2000: Forbes Global Ranking - Britannia among Top 300 small companies 1992: BIL celebrates its Platinum Jubilee 1993: Wadia Group acquires stake in ABIL, UK and becomes an equal partner with Groupe Danone in BIL 1994: Volumes cross 1,00,000 tons of biscuits 1997: Re-birth - new corporate identity 'Eat Healthy, Think Better' leads to new mission: 'Make every third Indian a Britannia consumer'. 2001: BIL ranked one of India's biggest brands No.1 food brand of the country Britannia Lagaan Match: India's most successful promotional activity of the year Ø Maska Chaska: India's most successful FMCG launch Ø Ø Ø Ø 2002: BIL launches joint venture with Fonterra, the world's second largest dairy company a Fascinating Facts: you probably didn't know! 1. French was the official language of England for over 600 years. 2. In Ancient Greece, if a woman watched even one Olympic event, she was executed. 3. During a typical human life span, the human heart will beat approximately 2.5 billion times. 4. The Earth gets 100 tons heavier every day due to falling space dust. 5. At one 'feeding', a mosquito can absorb one and a half times its own weight in blood. 6. The world's youngest parents were 8 and 9 and lived in China in 1910. 7. While 7 men in 100 have some form of colour blindness, only 1 woman in 1,000 suffers from it. 8. The Moon was created when a rock the size of Mars slammed into Earth, shortly after the solar system began forming about 4.5 billion years ago. 9. The sound of E.T. walking was made by someone squishing her hands in jelly. 10. The picture of the Mona Lisa has no eyebrows, in her time it was the fashion to remove them. 11. The bike ridden by Steve McQueen in The Great Escape is the same bike ridden by the Fonz in Happy Days. 12. Romans used powdered mouse brains as toothpaste! 13. Snakes always keep their eyes open, even when they are asleep. 14. In Britain in 1571, a man could be fined for not wearing a wool cap. 15. In Ireland, wearing a Halloween costume could result in up to one year in prison. 16. The world's strongest beer is Samuel Adams' Triple Bock, which has reached 17% alcohol by volume. To obtain this level, however, they used a champagne yeast. 17. An ant always falls over on its right side when intoxicated. PT’s PrepTalk – March 2011 71 Book review Angels and Demons by Dan Brown A ngels and Demons is Dan's Brown first Robert Langdon t h r i l l e r. I t t a k e s p l a c e chronologically before The Da Vinci Code, although it doesn't matter which book you read first. Both books involve conspiracies within the Catholic church, but Angels and Demons has more action within Rome and the Vatican. Angels and Demons is a fast paced thriller that provides an entertaining escape for the reader. The novel opens with a gruesome murder, details of which Brown unravels in the first few chapters. The sit-up-inyour-seat plot is a combination of a secret brotherhood that is long forgotten and thought to have been mercifully inactive, the Swiss CERN (Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire), the Vatican & Catholic Church, a papal conclave, mysterious ambigrams, anti-matter particles, jets that can travel 15,000 miles per hour. The book's main characters include a Harvard professor of religious iconology, a beautiful nuclear research scientist and physicist, a bitter and cold scientist in a wheelchair, and a brutal assassin. The story is full of twists and can keep you reading non-stop till the last page. In the last hundred or so pages Brown blows it open and leads us to a surprise ending. However, a word of caution – Do not muse over the factual accuracy of details presented in the novel. Full points to Brown for writing in such a way that every bit of historical information seems like a convincing fact. He deserves credit for his attempt at a seamless blend of real settings and fiction. The philosophising on the eternal conflict between religion and science was food for thought and at one point, questioning ideas of God and Science! The underlying theme of the bookThere is a constant need for man to believe in something higher than himself- might be as old as time itself. But the manner in which Brown emphasizes it is quite unique. Some of the more cynical fiction readers may term Angels and Demons 'candy floss'. Candy floss or not, the book is certainly full of flavour! Pros r r r 'Angels and Demons' is a fast paced page turner. The mix of religious and historical elements adds a unique twist to the mystery. Brown provides plenty of surprises. Cons r r r If you are put off by graphic violence, some descriptions may bother you. The religious elements might offend some people, especially Catholics. Part of the ending is too far-fetched -- like an action movie. Description r r r 'Angels and Demons' by Dan Brown was first published in 2000. Publisher: Simon & Schuster 713 Pages = HadronColliderFacts The large Hadron Collider is a massive particle accelerator used by physicists to study the smallest known particles. Two beams of subatomic particles protons or lead ions will travel in opposite directions, colliding the two beams head-on at very high energy. Some people are afraid that it will create strange matter which turns everything it touches into strange matter, meaning everything, miniature big bangs. 72 PT’s PrepTalk – March 2011