luxco candle waxes

Transcription

luxco candle waxes
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Richmond Plant
I m p r o v e d q u a lit y
M o s t e f f ic ie n t m o d e o f t r a n s p o r t a t io n
M o s t c o s t e f f e c t iv e m e t h o d o f d e liv e r y
Advantages of bulk shipments:
(Equivalent to 75 tank c ars)
U p t o 5 , 0 0 0 m e t r ic t o n s
Bulk Liquid Parcels
WAX FACTS
About Luxco Wax
Luxco Wax is a privately owned company with offices in Hayward, CA and plants in Richmond, CA. The company specializes
in formulating, blending, and packaging refined paraffin wax based
products. Standard product forms included liquid, slab, beads, and
pastilles. The company has been in business for many years serving the candle, PVC, adhesives, coatings, and many other industries both directly and through private label products. The combined capacity for finished products is about 280 million pounds
per year.
Petroleum Wax
Petroleum waxes are mixtures of various hydrocarbons that are extracted from crude petroleum. The carbon and hydrogen atoms can
be combined in many different ways from simple straight-chain
molecules to complicated branched chain or cyclic structures.
Petroleum wax properties are determined by the type and amount
of hydrocarbons it contains. New and improved refinery processes allow refiners to selectively separate the hydrocarbons. In this
way, the composition and properties of a wax can be controlled
to produce the performance characteristics needed for specific applications.
Petroleum waxes are thermoplastic materials. On heating to their
melting point, they liquefy. On cooling, they return to their solid
ture range. Paraffin waxes come in two primary grades of quality:
fully refined and semi-refined. The grades differ in the amount
of oil that has been removed during the refining process, and the
color.
The fully refined paraffins that Luxco provides are white odorless
materials with low oil content typically less than 0.5%. With the
range of melting points available (120 of to 160 of ) plus high
purity, good gloss, resistance to blocking, ease of application and
barrier properties, paraffin waxes are ideal for food packaging.
Paraffin waxes are among the best materials available for provid-
ing good barrier resistance against moisture and gases.
Microcrystalline Waxes
Microcrystalline waxes are complex mixtures of monocyclic and
polycyclic hydrocarbons along with lesser amounts of branched
chains and iso-paraffins. They typically contain only minor
amounts of normal paraffins.
The crystals of microcrystalline waxes are much smaller than nor-
mal paraffins. They have higher melting points in the range of
170 of to 180 of. Because they contain a variety of molecules, the
micro waxes typically melt over a broad range rather than sharply
like paraffins. They are relatively soft, flexible, plastic waxes having adhesive properties far better than paraffin waxes. They typically have much higher oil content and yellow or brown color.
state without any change in the basic chemical composition.
Wax Properties
Of the four major classes of petroleum waxes, paraffin, microcrystalline, intermediate and petrolatum, Luxco Wax produces high
quality products based on the fully refined paraffin, intermediate
and microcrystalline forms.
The properties of any petroleum wax depend upon the properties
of its various hydrocarbon components and the degree of refining.
Since petroleum waxes are mixtures of hydrocarbons, the overall wax properties are largely determined by the refining process.
Some important qualities of petroleum waxes are summarized below.
Paraffin Wax
Paraffin waxes are mainly straight-chain hydrocarbons with few
isoparaffin or branched chain molecules, and little or no cyclic
structures. Their crystals are large and plate-like. Because they
are mostly straight-chain molecules, refined paraffins have narrow
melting point ranges, melting sharply over a few degree tempera-
Melting Point
Petroleum waxes are thermoplastic. When heated sufficiently,
they liquefy. On cooling they revert back to a solid. The melting point is the temperature at which the change occurs. Paraffin
waxes have sharp melting points, melting completely over a few
degrees. Microcrystalline waxes have much broader melting point
ranges, typically in the 10-20 degree temperature range.
Hardness
Narrow cut paraffin waxes containing mainly straight-chain molecules will generally have maximum hardness and resistance to
scuffing. Those with branched-chain and cyclic molecules will be
more flexible, softer and scuff more. Flexibility is desired in coatings and laminations for protective packaging to prevent cracking
along crease lines. Flexibility and hardness are contrasting properties. As one increases, the other usually decreases. The ASTM
needle penetration test is used as a guide to wax hardness. This
test determines the penetration into the wax of a needle or cone under prescribed conditions. The test measures the distance in tenths
of millimeters that a weighted needle or cone penetrates below
the surface in five seconds at the stated test temperature. Higher
penetrations indicate a softer wax.
Oil Content
All petroleum waxes contain at least traces of oil. One of the major refining steps is to reduce the oil content of a wax to levels that
yield the desired properties or performance. In paraffin waxes, oil
detracts from gloss, hardness, scuff resistance, tensile strength and
odor. For coating and packaging applications, paraffin waxes are
refined to very low oil contents. In some cases, a small amount
of oil can actually be beneficial. Some candle waxes have better
burning properties when some oil is present. Some oil can also
improve the adhesion and flexibility of laminating micro waxes.
Viscosity
Kinematic viscosity is the measure of a wax’s resistance to flow
when molten. Paraffin waxes, when liquid, have a viscosity similar to a light mineral oil. Micro waxes are more viscous, but still
flow like a mineral oil. As various polymers and additives are
added to petroleum wax the viscosity can increase significantly.
Successful use of a wax material requires equipment that is compatible with the viscosity properties of the blend. Viscosity of very
fluid waxes is measured in Saybolt Universal Seconds (SUS) and
more viscous waxes in centistokes (cSt).
Color
The color of a wax is determined on molten wax. The Saybolt
color scale is used for the lightly colored waxes like the refined
paraffins. The scale range is from +30 to –16. The larger the
number, the lighter the color. A wax with a Saybolt color of +30
is colorless.
Flash Point
The flash point is the lowest temperature at which molten wax
forms enough vapor to be ignited by a flame or spark source under
controlled laboratory conditions.
FDA Approval
Luxco waxes are FDA approved for use as direct food additives
or for indirect food contact. The FDA regulations that are met are
21CFR172.886 and 21CFR178.3710.
Luxco Wax
Headquarters Office
21325-B Cabot Boulevard
Hayward, CA 94545
Phone: (510) 783-9295
Fax: (510) 670-8659
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Oi l Content, %
Say bol t Col or
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Fl ash Poi nt, COC, ° F
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21CFR176.180
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21CFR178.3710
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FULLY REFINED PARRAFIN WAXES
21CFR176.170
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21CFR172.886
FD A Compl i ance:
cSt @ 212 ° F
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@ 100 ° F
K i nemati c V i scosi ty :
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@ 77 ° F
N eedl e Penetr ati on:
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M el ti ng Poi nt, ° F
(T y p i c a l V a l u e )
Wax Pr oper t y
LUXCO WAXES FOR INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS
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LUXCO CANDLE WAXES
Candle Wax
Melting Point
Application
Description
CW–139
139°F
Molded pillar, votive and
taper candles
CW–139 is a popular, special blended candle wax formulated
for high translucence, good mold release and a smooth finish.
It is a good choice if you are using a combination of plastic and
metal molds. Additives are not necessary unless opacity and
additional hardness and durability are desired. It is well suited
for hand forming and carving as it is very elastic when warm.
CW–145
137°F
Dipped taper candles
CW–145 is a special blend for tapers with excellent adhesion
between layers. It is also suited for dip and carve candles due
to its superior ductility when warm.
FR–125
133°F
Specialty
Straight cut paraffin with unique texture and an excellent finish.
FR–140 (138°F)
FR–145 (142°F)
FR–150T (146°F)
Mottling wax
Straight cut paraffin waxes that exhibit excellent mottling properties.
Luxco 720 Wax
Wax additive
Luxco Wax 720 is a polyalphaolefin that may be used as an
additive to paraffin wax in candle applications. The versatility of
Luxco Wax 720 allows it to be used in pillars, tapers, container
and votive candles. Luxco Wax 720 is compatible with paraffin
waxes, microcrystalline waxes, and polyethylene waxes.
Yes
0.93
18 – 22
>193/380
99/210
Type II
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Yes
0 . 9 2 –0.96
22–26
>193/380
100/212
Type III
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Lubricant types: Type I – Fully refined hydrocarbon
Type II – FR hydrocarbon/calcium stearate lubricant pack
Type III – FR hydrocarbon/calcium stearate/oxidized polyethylene wax lubricant pack
Type IV – FR hydrocarbon/oxidized polyethylene wax lubricant pack
ASTM D127 Drop Point
Yes
N S F C e r t i f i c a t i o n , P P I -T R 3 , P a r t Q
>5.7
0.93
6.9
>260/5 0 0
13–18
>16
<0.5
69/157
Type I
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Density, g/ml @ 25ºC/77 °F
Ash, %
Moisture, %
Free Fatty Aci d, %
A cid Nu mb e r
cSt @ 212 °F
Kinematic Viscosity:
Flash Point, COC, ºC/ºF
@ 25ºC/77 °F
>260/500
+25
S aybo lt Color
Needle Penet rati on:
<0.5
70/ 1 5 8
Melting Point, ºC/ºF
Oil Content, %
Type I
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Lubricant Type (see below)
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Yes
0.92–0.96
14–16
>193/380
100/212
Type III
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Luxco Products for Extrusion Applications
Yes
>266/510
10
+22
0.3
73/164
Type IV
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THE ROLE OF WAX IN RUBBER COMPOUNDS
The Problem of Ozone
isoparaffin or branched chain molecules, and little or no cyclic
structures. Their crystals are large and plate-like. Because they
are mostly straight-chain molecules, refined paraffins have narrow
melting point ranges, melting sharply over a few degree temperature range. Paraffin waxes come in two primary grades of quality:
fully refined and semi-refined. The grades differ in the amount
of oil that has been removed during the refining process, and the
color.
The unprotected elastomers will absorb ozone at the surface, forming ozonides at the site of double bonds. While further absorption
is restricted by these compounds, it is continuous under tension.
Surface cracks are formed and grow at a constant rate when strain
exceeds a critical value. The rate of growth is proportional to the
ozone concentration.
The fully refined paraffins that Luxco provides are white, odorless
materials with low oil content typically less than 0.5%. With the
range of melting points available (127ºF to 160ºF) plus high purity, good gloss and barrier properties, paraffin waxes are ideal for
use as antioxidants. Paraffin waxes are among the best materials
available for providing good barrier resistance against moisture
and gases.
Ozone is universally recognized as a major contributor to the degradation of rubber products, even though it is present in the atmosphere at very low concentrations. The ozone level at the earth’s
surface is approximately 10 pphm (10X10-8). Although it took
many years to isolate the mechanism of the attack, it was generally known that the addition of petroleum waxes could reduce or
minimize the effects.
Waxes added to the rubber act by migrating to the surface (blooming). There they form a thin, inert film that acts as a barrier to
the ozone. The thin film is non-crystalline and reasonably flexible. The composition of the wax combined with the temperature,
which is a critical factor, will determine the overall effectiveness
of the wax to provide ozone protection.
Petroleum Waxes
Petroleum waxes are mixtures of various hydrocarbons that are extracted from crude petroleum. The carbon and hydrogen atoms can
be combined in many different ways from simple straight-chain
molecules to complicated branched chain or cyclic structures.
Petroleum wax properties are determined by the type and amount
of hydrocarbons it contains. New and improved refinery processes allow refiners to selectively separate the hydrocarbons. In this
way, the composition and properties of a wax can be controlled
to produce the performance characteristics needed for specific applications.
Petroleum waxes are thermoplastic materials. On heating to their
melting point, they liquefy. On cooling, they return to their solid
state without any change in the basic chemical composition.
Of the four major classes of petroleum waxes, paraffin, microcrystalline, intermediate and petrolatum, Luxco Wax produces high
quality products based on the fully refine paraffin, intermediate
and microcrystalline forms.
Paraffin Waxes
Paraffin waxes are mainly straight-chain hydrocarbons with few
Intermediate Waxes
Intermediate waxes basically resemble paraffin wax but have
enough branched chains to alter their properties considerably from
true paraffins. They are softer and somewhat more flexible than
true paraffins.
Microcrystalline Waxes
Microcrystalline waxes are complex mixtures of monocyclic and
polycyclic hydrocarbons along with lesser amounts of branched
chains and isoparaffins. They typically contain only minor
amounts of normal paraffins.
The crystals of microcrystalline waxes are much smaller than normal paraffins. They have higher melting points in the range of
170ºF to 180ºF. Because they contain a variety of molecules, the
microwaxes typically melt over a broad range rather than sharply like paraffins. They are relatively soft, flexible, plastic waxes. They typically have a much higher oil content and yellow or
brown color.
Mechanism of Wax Migration
At the temperatures used for curing most products, petroleum
waxes will dissolve completely in the rubber. As the rubber cools,
a super saturated solution of wax in rubber develops. The concentration gradient between the interior and the surface of the
compound causes a continuous migration of wax to the external
surface until equilibrium is achieved. At equilibrium, a thin film
of wax will have formed on the surface and will act as a physical
barrier against ozone degradation.
Mobility of the wax within the rubber is largely dependent on the
molecular weight of the wax and the complexity of the carbon
chain. Low molecular weight (low carbon number) straight chain
waxes with little branching will migrate the easiest. As molecular
weight and the complexity of the carbon chain increase, the migration rate slows down. The complex microcrystalline waxes are
the slowest.
The more crystalline the film formed at the surface, the greater the
gas permeability of the wax layer. Thus, a strictly paraffinic wax
that is highly crystalline will still allow ozone to attack the rubber
surface. By introducing branched chain hydrocarbons, the crystalline film can be converted to an amorphous film, maximizing
the resistance to ozone penetration. The amorphous state can be
achieved by adding lightly branched intermediate waxes, or even
microcrystalline waxes. However, microcrystalline waxes migrate
so slowly that their value as an ozone protector is limited.
The most cost effective waxes are blends of paraffin waxes with
lightly branched intermediate waxes. They offer the greatest protection against gas permeability while maintaining the most acceptable migration properties.
temperature, the composition of the surface wax film will vary.
At low temperatures near freezing, only waxes with a low carbon
number will migrate to the surface. Conversely, at temperatures
over 100ºF, these same low molecular weight waxes will be almost
completely soluble in the rubber compound. It has been demonstrated that, as the temperature increases, so does the carbon number of the predominant surface wax. Also, as temperature cycling
occurs, some waxes are reabsorbed into the compound to re-bloom
to the surface again when the temperature drops.
Formulating An Antioxidant Wax
The relationship between temperature and migration rate is very
important when developing a wax for use in rubber. For any given
wax, it is possible to add it to a rubber compound and then determine the sensitivity to ozone attack at various temperatures. The
figure below shows a typical sensitivity plot for a common narrow
cut paraffin wax.
Effect of Temperature
The amount of wax bloom achieved is dependent on a number of
factors, the most important being temperature and wax composition. Three factors are involved in the amount of protection a specific wax formulation will give to a rubber compound. At different
temperatures, different factors will control performance.
The rate of ozone attack on double bonds increases as the temperature increases up to about 130ºF. Above this temperature ozone
does not exist, decomposing to oxygen. Below about 23ºF, ozone
does not possess enough energy to attack the rubber compound
double bonds.
Each component in a wax migrates at its own particular rate. The
rate is governed by the complexity, molecular weight and degree
of chain branching. As the temperature rises, the rate of migration
also rises.
For wax to protect rubber, it must be present at the surface. Hence
it must be insoluble in the rubber at that point in time. As temperature increases, so will a wax’s solubility in the rubber. At any
given temperature, the simpler the hydrocarbon, the greater the
linearity and the shorter the chain length, the greater will be the
solubility in the rubber compound.
By considering these factors, it can be seen that, depending on the
From the plot, it is seen that there is a temperature range where
the compound is least sensitive to attack. At higher temperatures,
increased ozone activity and increased wax solubility combine to
create greater sensitivity to attack. At lower temperatures, poorer
migration and greater crystallinity of the surface film result in increased ozone attack.
The higher sensitivity problem areas can be compensated for
by blending several waxes over a broad range from lower melt
straight chain paraffins up to and including higher melt microcrystalline waxes. Theoretically, the sensitivity graph of the ideal material will approach a straight line.
Summary
Wax performance is controlled primarily by two factors; carbon
number of the components and ratio of straight chain to branched
chain hydrocarbons. By controlling these two parameters, an effective formulation can be achieved.
LUXCO PRODUCTS FOR RUBBER APPLICATIONS
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Product
HOT MELT WAXES
Hot Melts
Needle penetration:
Paraffin waxes, composed mainly of straight-chain hydrocarbon
molecules with few branched chain or cyclic molecules, have properties that are very beneficial to coating applications. The higher
melting point waxes exhibit good gloss, resistance to blocking and
barrier protection against moisture and gas.
Measurement of the hardness of the wax. The lower the number,
the harder the wax. Hot melt waxes usually exhibit a penetration
of less than 10.
Hot melt waxes are blends of paraffin wax with polymers or other
additives that enhance the inherent protective properties of the
paraffin. Hot melt blends offer higher gloss, hardness, scuff resistance and barrier protection while also increasing film toughness,
flexibility and adhesion.
Application
Hot melt waxes are typically classified into two major end use applications. Curtain coating wax is applied to corrugated board by
passing the board under a thin water-fall like “curtain” of the hot
melt. Some of the uses for board treated in this manner include
boxes for shipping fresh produce, seafood, poultry and meat.
Folding cartons are also coated with hot melt waxes. The wax is
applied to the carton stock after printing, usually by a roll coating
process. End uses for this type of stock is in frozen and refrigerated food boxes and containers.
Production
Due to their higher melting points
and range of extremely high viscosities, production of hot melt
waxes require more specialized
equipment than normally used for
processing paraffin waxes. Luxco Wax uses a reactor vessel with
high shear mixer, like that shown
in the photo.
While hot melt products may be
handled as liquids, they are more
commonly sold in slab form.
Luxco Wax also offers a pastille form which is a very uniform
bead. It is produced on an Accudrop machine (as shown) and offers the advantage of a much faster melting rate than an eleven
pound slab.
Characteristics
Hot melt waxes are distinguished by certain physical characteristics that set them apart from straight paraffin waxes. Some of the
key characteristics are defined as follows:
Viscosity:
Measures the resistance to flow of a liquid material. Hot melt waxes typically have viscosities from about 300 centipoise at 250°F
up to 600 centipoise or more, making them very viscous even at
elevated temperatures.
Blocking point:
The temperature at which two surfaces tend to stick to each other
inseparably.
For additional information, please contact your Luxco Wax
representative.
9
360@250°F
135+
1.0
7
445@260°F
274@300°F
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Notes:
475@300°F
9
1.0
130+
163
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600@250°F
8
1.5
130+
155
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1.0
153
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6
1.0
140+
155
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0.5
130+
154
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560@250°F
290@300°F
7
0.5
143
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265@250°F
Suggested coating application temperature range is 250–275°F.
All products meet FDA requirements for 21CFR176.170 and 21CFR176.180.
311@250°F
380@250°F
98@300°F
7
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1.0
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7
1.5
130+
155
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155
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227@300°F
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1.5
140+
155
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LUXCO CURTAIN COATING WAXES
7
1.0
163
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240@300°F
7
1.5
135+
146
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7
1.5
135+
154
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100@300°F
9
1.0
125+
138
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LUXCO WAXES FOR INDUSRIAL APPLICATIONS
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BULK STORAGE CAPACITY
Permanent Storage includes 4 large-volume store tanks,
two small-tank farms and inside processing tanks totalling more than 35 million pounds.
WAX PACKAGES
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Technical Support
• Research & Development
• Quality Control
• Technical Service
Brabender Plasticorder and
Preparation Mill
Thermo Nicolet AVATAR 370 FT-IR
Perkin-Elmer
Differential Scanning Calorimeter
Viscometer
Hewlett Packard
Gas Chromatograph
Wax Emulsion Plant
Computer Controlled and Fully Automated
All Stainless for Highest Quality
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Suppliers of a Full Line of Petroleum Waxes
and Specialty Compounds
Fully Refined Parrafin Waxes
Specialty Waxes
Microcrystalline Wax
F/R 125
2000 Series Rubber Waxes
F/R 130
6530-A/B PVC Lubricating Waxes
F/R 135
8688-A/B/C PVC Lubricants
F/R 140
8690 PVC Lubricating Wax
F/R 143
Candle Wax Blends
F/R 145
7000 Series Curtain Coats
Duraguard 20 Saturating Wax
F/R 150T
F/R 152
Slack Wax
F/R 160
Wax Emulsions
Headquarters
Manufacturing Plant
Website
21325-B Cabot Blvd.
102 Cutting Blvd.
www.luxcowax.com
Hayward, CA 94545
Richmond, CA 94804
Phone (510) 783-9295
Phone (510) 232-8704
Fax (510) 670-8659
Fax (510) 232-8162