in pdf - Csalomon Trap Family

Applied chemical ecology of
cetoniin scarabs (Coleoptera:
Scarabaeidae)
Miklós Tóth
Plant Protection Institute MTA ATK, Budapest, Hungary
Foto: Nagy Z. L.
Presented at the IOBC/WPRS "Semiochemicals: the Essence of Green Pest
Control" Conference, Bursa, Turkey 1-5
October 2012.
Salamon P.
Cetoniin scarabs occasionally can swarm in very large numbersFoto:
and
their
damage is not easy to avert. They damage flowers and ripening fruit.
ru.naturekight.ru
Oxythyrea
cinctella
Cetonia a.
aurata
Foto: Vuts J.
Potosia aeruginosa
Foto: J. Razov
Foto: Molnár B.
Potosia
cuprea
Epicometis (Tropinota) hirta is one of the most abundant pest species of
the subfamily in Europe and the Middle East.
Foto:I. Sivcev
Apart from different fruit trees, E. hirta can be a devastating pest of
strawberries and other berries as well, damaging the flowers,
Foto:I. Sivcev
Foto:I. Sivcev
or even ripening fruits, causing yield loss and malformed fruits which
cannot be marketed.
Foto:I. Sivcev
An attractant baited trap could be a useful tool in detection, monitoring,
and even perhaps in mass trapping (for direct control) of the pest.
But, how to make one???
(without knowledge of a pheromone)
Lets look for floral attractants instead!!!
Fotó: Nagy Z. L.
To select candidate attractants, EAG screenings of synthetics could be
helpful.
Airstream
into which
stimulus is
given
Electroanennograms
(EAG):
insect antenna
glass capillary
electrodes
4
EAG response evoked by a
stimulus
Foto:I. Moénár B.
With scarabs, special antennnal preparation is necessary.
Airstream
into which
stimulus is
given
Electroanennograms
(EAG):
insect antenna
glass capillary
electrodes
4
EAG response evoked by a
stimulus
Foto:I. Moénár B.
350
350
250
200
150
0
%
(E)-cinn.acet.
4-methoxyphen. alcoh.
eugenol
meth. salic.
geraniol
pheneth. acet.
phen. acetald.
benz.aacet.
isosafrol
(+)-lavandulol
anisyl acet.
ß-ionone
linalool
2-phenylethanol
(E)-anethol
3-meth.eugenol
benzald.
methyl anthran.
banzyl alcoh.
(E)-cinn.ald.
(E)-cinn.alcoh.
1-phenylethanol
2-methyl-1-propanol
isoamyl-acet.
p-methox.-cinn./ald.
isoamyl-alcoh.
isobutyl-acet.
air (NO stimulus)
mean normalized response (+SE)
EAG response spectra to common floral compounds may allow to restrict
compounds to be field tested to a manageable number.
a
300
a
b
c
d
e
250
300
g
f
g
h
d
f
h
i
200
b
i
l
j
k
150
j
k
m
l
m
n
n
o
100
50
0
c
e
o
+
100
50
stimulus
Foto:I. I. Sivcev B.
Having screened a number of
compounds in field trapping tests,
we established that E. hirta was
attracted to a mixture of (E)cinnamyl alcohol and (E)-anethol.
Epicometis
hirta
Total caught in test:
Agárd,
April 15 - May 6
1999
939 beetles
10
mean/trap
8
6
4
2
a
a
b
a
a
0
cinn.OH 100
anethol
-Foto: Voi gt E.
100 100
5
100
5
--
100 100
mg
As a flower visitor, E. hirta also
responded strongly to colour cues.
Epicometis hirta
no chemical
bait
VARb3k
VARb3z
30
VARb3f
Túrkeve,
Hungary,
2004
25
VARb3s
Total
catch:
2127
20
15
VARb3 10
5
0
CSALOMON® VARb3
modified funnel traps
Foto: Tóth M.
c bc
a bc
b
BLUE TRANSP. YELLOW
FLUOR.
YELLOW WHITE
Consequently, we developed a trap for E. hirta containing both the floral
bait and blue colour.
Epicometis hirta
Agárd,
May 21 - June 15,
1998
Total caught in test:
313 beetles
50
40
mean/trap
30
20
10
a
0
VARb3k
Foto: Tóth M.
b
c
blue
transp.
blue
yes
yes
no
trap
colour
bait
(cinnOH+
anethol)
This trap is capable of catching
thousands of beetles and its
application decreased damages in
backyard strawberry fields.
Foto: I. Sivcev
Foto: I. Sivcev
Large-scale mass trapping
applications in industrial
strawberry fields also gave
promising results.
Foto: I. Sivcev
A close relative is Cetonia a. aurata. In recent years reports on damages
of this pest increased in Hungary. Similar news were coming also from
Croatia.
Foto: Voigt E.
For attracting Cetonia a multicomponent chemical attractant was
necessary.
7
mean catch (+SE)
6
Telki, Hungary, 2001
Telki, Hungary, 2000
40
Total catch:
5
30
38
4
Total catch:
1478
20
3
10
2
1
0
methyleugenol
phenylacetaldehyde
phenethyl
alcohol
a
a
b
a
a
0
methyleugenol
phenylacetaldehyde
phenethyl
alcohol
(E)-anethole
b
c
#b
Cetonia did not response to colours per se, but in the presence of the
chemical attractant showed a slight preference for blue.
Telki, Hungary, 2003
VARb3k
traps with
chemical bait
VARb3z
Total catch:
10483
VARb3f
VARb3s
mean catch (+SE)
120
100
80
VARb3
60
40
CSALOMON® VARb3
modified funnel traps
20
Foto: Tóth M.
0
c
ab bc
a abc
TRANSP. YELLOW
BLUE
FLUOR.
WHITE
YELLOW
In its responses to both chemical and visual cues the related Potosia
cuprea proved to be very similar to Cetonia.
VARb3k
7
VARb3z
6
VARb3f
VARb3s
mean catch (+SE)
5
Telki, Hungary, 2003
traps with chemical bait
Total catch:
203
4
3
VARb3 2
1
0
CSALOMON® VARb3
modified funnel traps
Foto: Tóth M.
a ab ab ab ab
TRANSP. YELLOW
BLUE
FLUOR.
WHITE
YELLOW
In further extensive field tests a binary floral
attractant was optimized for Oxythyrea funesta,
a secondary cetoniin pest.
mean catches
(+SE)
Julianna major, 12 June-9 July, 2007
25
20
22.5
18
20
16
17.5
15
12.5
Total catch: 3325
beetles
females
12
Total catch:2 3 7 7
beetles
10
males
14
10
8
7.5
6
5
4
2.5
0
Foto: Tóth M.
d d bc c bc ab bc a
2
0
(E)-anethol
2-phenylethanol
+lavandulol
d d bc c bc ab bc a
O. funesta drastically differed from all previous species in which it
responded very strongly to fluorescent yellow.
VARb3k
VARb3z
6
Telki, Hungary,
2003
traps with
chemical bait
VARb3f
VARb3s
mean catch (+SE)
5
Total catch:
327
4
3
VARb3 2
1
0
CSALOMON® VARb3
modified funnel traps
Foto: Tóth M.
a
b
a
a
a
TRANSP. YELLOW
BLUE
FLUOR.
WHITE
YELLOW
Consequently we ended up with the following traps developed for the
different cetoniin pests:
Foto: Vuts J.
Foto: Vuts J.
VARb3k blue trap
- with E. hirta bait =
OR
- with Cetonia /
=
Potosia bait
EP
CE
VARb3z fluorescent yellow trap
- with O. funesta bait =
OX
These traps were parallelly tested for performance and specificity in
several European countries.
2008
.
.
.
Telki
Zagreb
Bascica
Prkos
.
..
Sofia
Kyustendil
Roma
.
Acireale
Cetonia a. aurata
3
0.8
2
0.3
0.6
1.5
0.4
10
a
0.5
0
CE OX EP
CE OX EP
Prkos HR
P= 0.0111
P= 0.0111
5
4.5
0.6
27
beetles
0.5
0.4
0.3
4
3.5
P= 0.9999
2.5
2
0
0
hirtabait
0.5
funestabait
Telki H
Potosia
cuprea
b
a
1
0.1
CE OX EP
CE OX EP
546
beetles
3
1.5
0.2
Cetoniabait
mean catch (+SE)
0.7
c
Cetoniabait
0.8
a
5
0
The target species usually
were best attracted to their
respective trap/bait
combinations, as seen for
Cetonia and Potosia here,
which were captured at
relatively few sites.
b
15
Cetoniabait
CE OX EP
20
a
hirtabait
0
funestabait
0
hirtabait
0.2
funestabait
0.1
25
1
a
Cetoniabait
0.2
a
5844
beetles
30
hirtabait
0.4
a
286
beetles
2.5
funestabait
76
beetles
1
c
35
Cetoniabait
69
beetles
1.2
40
b
hirtabait
ab
0.5
3.5
b
Telki H
hirtabait
0.6
Zagreb HR
funestabait
1.4
b
Cetoniabait
mean catch (+SE)
0.7
Prkos HR
funestabait
Bascica HR
CE OX EP
The traps in the majority of cases were fairly specific (although showed
less specificity than conventional pheromone traps of moths usually do).
Selectivity of combination EP (target: E. hirta)
79
118
86
36
37
13
62
1266 (numbers show total caught)
Scarab species
caught:
E. hirta
O. funesta
C. a. aurata
P. cuprea
T. squalida
V. hemipterus
Bascica
HR
Prkos
HR
Zagreb Kyustendil Sofia
HR
BG
BG
Roma
I
Acireale
I
Telki
H
Among further species captured, at sites in Italy, the more southerlyoccurring Tropinota squalida was recorded. It responded in a similar
way to both visual and chemical cues as E. hirta did, to which it is
morphologically also very close.
Tropinota squalida
3.5
3
2.5
Acireale (I)
2008
b
Total caught
98 beetles
Acireale (I)
2009
2
1.5
perso.wanadoo.es
Total caught
133 beetles
ab
1
a
0.5
3
P = 0.496
hirtabaitVARb3k
funestabait
Cetoniabait
0
CE OX EP
2
1
0
colour of trap
(with lure):
white
blue
Most recent results: catches of Oxythyrea cinctella in Turkey! The
species is an important cetoniin pest in the Middle East.
10
9
Isparta, TR, 2008
664 beetles
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
hirtabait
funestabait
Cetoniabait
medan catch (+SE)
Cell Mean for Oxythyrea0nélkül
commons.wikimedia.org
5
4.5
Isparta, TR,
2010
96 beetles
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
floral lure
fluoresc. yellow
VFF
VFU
VTrF VTrU
4
Cell Mean for Oxythyreawithout0
Cell Mean for Oxythyreawithout0
CE OX EP
Van, TR,
2010
200 beetles
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
VFF
VFU
VTrF VTrU
Both chemical AND
visual stimuli are
necessary for good
activity.
Rutelin scarabs damage green leaves and ripening fruit (never the
flowers).
Foto: Voigt E.
Foto: Voigt E.
A. vitis
Anomala vitis
damage on nectarine
Anomala
dubia
A. vitis
Foto: Tóth M.
Foto: Tóth M.
Anomala
solida
Males locate the females with the help of powerful sex attractants.
Chemical compositions have been defined for the three most important
European Anomala species as:
(E)-2-nonenol for Anomala vitis
and A. dubia, and
(R,Z)-5-(-)-(oct-1-enyl) oxacyclopentan-2-one (= Rbuibuilactone) for A. solida.
Anomala
dubia
A. vitis
Foto: Tóth M.
A. vitis
damage on nectarine
Foto: Tóth M.
Anomala
solida
Anomala spp. showed no colour sensitivity, so in this case the chemical
cue (sex attractant) was the only stimulus necessary for a powerful trap.
VARb3k
VARb3z
VARb3f
VARb3s
Anomala
vitis
Pilis, Hungary,
2005
traps with sex
attractant bait
2
Total catch:
438
1.5
1
VARb3
0.5
a
a
a
a
a
0
CSALOMON® VARb3
modified funnel traps
Foto: Tóth M.
TRANSP. YELLOW
BLUE
FLUOR.
WHITE
YELLOW
(E)-2-nonenol and R-buibuilactone do not interfer so by placing the two
lures into the same trap a device catching all three Anomala spp. results.
A. vitis catch
A. solida catch A. dubia catch
(total 1372 beetles
(total 5945 beetles
20
(total 4124 beetles
50
100
mena catch / trap + SE
15
10
5
0
a
b
solida
vitis
lure(s) in trap
a
a
a
b
a
b
a
Many scarabs have bright metallic colour. A century ago it was
discovered that scarabs with metallic colours reflect circularly polarized
light (Michelson A.A. 1911: On metallic colouring of birds and insects.
Philos. Mag. 21:554-67.)
Potosia aeruginosa
(Photo J. Razov)
It was automatically supposed that scarabs possessing left-circularly
polarizing metallic shiny exocuticle in an optical environment being poor
in polarized light (i.e. vegetation) could use this stimulus to find each
other in the circularly unpolarizing foliage, without the risk of being
recognized by predators (being unsensitive to polarized light).
Photo from: Blahó M., Egri Á., Hegedüs R., Jósvai J., Tóth M., Kertész K., Biró L.P., Kriska
Gy., Horváth G. (2012) Physiol & Behav. 105:1067-1075.
When setting solvent-washed
carcasses of scarabs (which
lacked possible chemical
cues but yielded natural
visual cues) into traps no
behaviroral response was
observed.
The presence of the respective species at the test site is demonstrated by
catch in the pheromone or floral baited traps, while no catch occurred in
traps with beetle carcasses.
Halásztelek (H)
2010
Budapest (H)
2010
A. vitis
100
(total 869
beetles)
30
C. aurata
20
(total 415
beetles)
50
10
a
b
b
a
0
b
b
0
A. dubia
50
(total 381
beetles)
25
3
P. cuprea
2
(total 47
beetles)
1
0
a
b
b
attractant lure
A. vitis carcasses
A. dubia carcasses
0
a
b
b
attractant lure
C. aurata carcasses
P. cuprea carcasses
Also, no behavioral
response was found
in biooptical
laboratory
experiments, neither
to the true visual
stimulus of beetles
nor to mirrored
images reflecting
left- or right
polarized light.
Diagram and photo from:
Blahó M., Egri Á.,
Hegedüs R., Jósvai J.,
Tóth M., Kertész K., Biró
L.P., Kriska Gy., Horváth
G. (2012) Physiol &
Behav. 105:1067-1075.
Consequently the hundred-year-old
hypothesis of Michelson was
contradicted. It appears that the
reflectance of circularly polarized
light in scarabs is a by-product of the
physical structure of the exocuticle.
Summing it all up, three types of traps combining optimal floral
(chemical) and colour (visual) cues are capable of trapping the 6 major
cetoniin pests in Europe and the Middle East.
As for rutelins, a single trap design baited with dual sex attractant lure is
suitable to catch the 3 most important Anomala scarabs in Europe.
First results suggest that the traps – beyond detection and monitoring –
will be useful for directly suppressing damages through mass trapping.
Foto: Tóth M.
Special thanks are due to all colleagues participating in one or more parts
of this research: B. Baric (HR), L.P. Biró (H), M. Blahó (H), F. DiFranco
(I), Á. Egri (H), K. Harmincz (H), R. Hegedüs (H), G. Horváth (H), Z.
Imrei (H), T. Jermy (H), M.B. Kaydan (TR), K. Kertész (H), M.G. Klein
(USA), Gy. Kriska (H), W. Leal (Jap.), M. Lesznyák (H), Z. Mándoki
(H), J. Míg (H), A. Mircheva (BG), B. Pénzes (H), J. Razov (HR), D.
Schmera (H), K. Sipos (H), I. Sivcev (SRB), I. Sredkov (BG), M.
Subchev (BG), I. Szarukán (H), Á. Szentesi (H), G. SzŒcs (H), L. SzŒllŒs
(H), R. Tabilio (I), I. Tomasev (SRB), T. Toshova (BG), E. Voigt (H), J.
Vuts (H), A. Yarımbatman (TR).
Foto: Tóth M.