Technological Innovations 2011 - digilib.litbang.pertanian.go.id.

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Foreword
T
he Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and
Development (IAARD) strives to generate technological innovations
to address the problems faced by farmers in production processes.
The needs for technological innovations continue to rise in line with
the increasingly serious threats to the sustainability of agricultural
production systems. Climate change, for example, has treathened many
countries in the world. Droughts and floods that occur more frequently
due to climate change have damaged agricultural areas in many
countries, including Indonesia.
Empirical experience proves that science and technology are needed to overcome problems
occurred in the fields. This experience reinforces the belief of IAARD researchers to continue
generating technological innovations needed by agricultural community
Technological innovations generated by IAARD have been providing a real contribution to
the efforts to address various issues in the fields. Brown planthopper attacks in several rice
production centers lately, for example, can be managed by applying technology, among others,
the development of resistant variety of Inpari 13 and simultaneous planting.
A variety of technological innovations generated are expected to be widely adopted by
users to increase competitiveness of agricultural products in global market. To accelerate the
adoption, the technological innovations are disseminate using various media.
This Annual Reports presents some of IAARD innovations and activities conducted in
2011. My gratitude goes to all levels of the Agency that have been working hard to generate
technological innovations for agricultural development, and also to those who have contributed
to the publication of this Annual Report.
Jakarta, April 2012
Director
Dr. Haryono
Technological Innovations
2011
Foreword
Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development Annual Report 2011
1
Technological Innovations
2011
World economic crisis does not seem to be over. Some countries even stuck in a
more severe crisis and some are on the verge of bankruptcy. Indonesia is lucky
characterized by macro-economic growth of 6.5% in 2011. It cannot certainly be
separated from beliefs and hard work of all parties.
In Indonesia, agricultural sector is relatively unaffected by the world economic
crisis and becomes the foundation for millions of people in rural areas. Therefore,
the Ministry of Agriculture remains optimistic to achieve “the four targets of success”
which include: (1) self-sufficiency and sustainable self-sufficiency, (2) increased
diversification, (3) increases in added value, competitiveness and exports; and (4)
increase in farmers’ welfare.
The most important thing that remains a major concern of the government is
national food security because it has a wide impact on various aspects of life, especially
social, economic and even political. Therefore, the Ministry of Agriculture stresses
the importance to increase rice production to reach 70.6 million tons. In the next
five years, the government is targeting 10 million tons of rice production surplus.
Besides rice, the government also underlines the importance of sustainable selfsufficiency in corn and achieving self-sufficiency in soybean, meat and sugar.
2
Technological Innovations 2011
Diversification, increased added value, competitiveness and export of agricultural
products should also be realized in an effort to encourage the utilization of potential
resources and diversification of local food and increase farmers’ income.
On the other hand, agricultural development faces increasingly serious
challenges. In addition to the growing population at a high rate, climate change has
and will continue to threaten the sustainability of agriculture. Climate change not
only increases the air temperature, but also affects the climate anomaly, characterized
by frequently long dry season that causes drought and high rainfall that submerges
agricultural land, especially in coastal areas. Pests and diseases outbreaks in recent
years cannot be separated from the effects of climate change. Brown planthopper
outbreaks in some areas recently, for example, have destroyed rice crops and
decreased national rice production. Fragmentation and conversion of agricultural
land in some areas, farmers’ lack of capital for business operations, and increasingly
intense competition of agricultural products in world markets also need to get an
attention from all parties.
Experience over the last three decades proved that some of the problems faced
by farmers can be overcome by the application of technological innovations.
Therefore, IAARD strives to generate innovations to increase production and farmers’
welfare as the main goals of agricultural development.
Supported by all the implementing units of research and assessment in all
provinces in Indonesia, in 2011 IAARD has generated a variety of technological
innovations. In some areas, lands that are potential for agricultural area have been
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identified. A number of improved varieties of rice, maize and soybean have been
released by the Ministry of Agriculture in the year 2011 to accelerate efforts to
increase food production towards sustainable self-sufficiency.
IAARD also generated various varieties of vegetables, fruits and ornamental
plants to enhance competitiveness of horticultural products in global market.
Availability of horticultural seed also required high attention to reduce or even eliminate
dependence on imported seed.
Plantation that has strategic roles in national economic development continues
to be driven its competitiveness through increasing productivity, product quality and
business efficiency while preserving the environment. A number of improved varieties
and process technologies are expected to be adopted to increase its contribution of
plantation to national economy and welfare of the businessmen.
Efforts to achieve beef self-sufficiency in 2014, require the commitment of the
parties to establish efficient and productive farms and based on local resources.
Government policy becomes an important part in achieving beef self-sufficiency and
increasing farmers’ welfare.
IAARD also generated technological innovations to support food diversification
and increasing added value and competitiveness of agricultural products. Food
diversification by utilizing local food sources become important pillars in maintaining
sustainable food security. Utilizing yard to produce a variety of foods is also enhanced
through the development of sustainable food reserve garden. A number of specific
location technological innovations have been available to increase productivity, income
4
and welfare through empowering farmers in accessing information, technology and
capital to develop agribusiness and partnerships with the private sector.
To be able to utilize by the agricultural community, the technological innovations
are disseminated through various media, both national and local levels. In this regard,
IAARD utilizes multichannel dissemination spectrum to speed up the flow of technology
transfer to users, especially farmers.
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Land Resources
One of the main activities of the Indonesian Center for
Agricultural Land Resources Research and Development
(ICALRD) to support the Program on Creation of Technologies
for Competitive Improved Varieties is to conduct an inventory
and evaluation of potential agricultural land resources, including
systematic land mapping, such as reconnaissance mapping of
all parts of Indonesia, and thematic mapping, such as mapping
of land resources to support the development of horticulture
and rice at selected locations. To improve crop productivity
and fertilizing efficiency, ICALRD had generated fertilizer
formulations and soil conditioners. To optimize water usage
and minimize the impacts of natural disasters on agricultural
sectors, anticipation and mitigation strategies had been
compiled. Factually, an integrated agricultural system for a
dry climate upland area in East Nusa Tenggara and West Nusa
Tenggara had been developed, in cooperation with the local
government.
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Land Resources
Spatial Information on Agricultural
Land Resources
Mapping of Land Resources in Central
Sulawesi and Gorontalo
In 2011, a reconnaissance mapping of land resources
has been carried out in some areas of the western
and northern parts of Gorontalo and the northern part
of Central Sulawesi. The mapping generated: (1)
land resource reconnaissance maps of Gorontalo and
Central Sulawesi area, scale 1:250,000; (2) land use
maps for agricultural development (intensification and
extensification), scale 1:250,000; and (3) present land
use information. The maps can be used for spatial
planning at the provincial level.
Based on the research, the surveyed area had
variable climates from dry to wet with average annual
rainfalls ranging from 760 mm (in Palu valley area)
to 3,486 mm (in Marisa/Popayato area), included the
agro-climatic zones A, B1, C1, D1, E1, E2 and E3.
These areas were dominated with tertiary and pretertiary rocks. The original soil materials of the area
were in the form of alluvium deposit, intrusive rock,
metamorphic rock, sedimentary rock, and old volcanic
rock. Based on its territorial forms, the surveyed area
was divided into flat to slightly flat with an area of
418,815 ha (11.9%), and wavy or slightly sloping of
64,105 ha (1.8%). Most of the potential land had been
utilized for relatively intensive agriculture, such as
rice field, upland food crops and vegetables, and
annual crops such as cocoa, coconut, clove, coffee,
fruits and ponds. Practically, there are no more
available land for expansion of the area, even some
of the steep slope hilly lands have been utilized for
agriculture.
Land in this area consisted of Histosols, Entisols,
Inceptisols, Mollisols, Ultisols and Alfisols. The soil
was formed from alluvium deposits, sedimentary
rocks, old volcanic rocks, intrusive rocks and
metamorphic rocks. Cross section of the soil varied
from deep to shallow (with gravel, stone), fine to
coarse texture, friable to firm consistency, and good
to impeded drainage. The soil had acidic to neutral
reactions, low to high organic matter contents, low
to moderate cation exchange capacities, and
moderate to high base saturations. The mapping
program had generated 94 soil map units (SMUs)
including 35 SMUs of alluvial groups, two SMUs of
fluvio-marine groups, two SMUs of marine groups,
five SMUs of karst groups, 28 SMUs of tectonic groups,
six SMUs of old volcanic groups, 12 SMUs of volcanic
intrusion groups and other groups.
Only a small portion of lands were classified as
suitable (class S) and conditionally suitable (CS) for
the development of seasonal and perennial (estate)
crops. Most of the lands were not suitable (N) with
steep slope (danger of erosion) and nutrient retention
as the inhibiting factors. Directions of the land uses
for agricultural intensification were: (a) 76,989 ha
for rice fields; (b) 173,007 ha for upland food crops/
vegetables; (c) 74,870 ha for annual, estate or fruit
crops and (d) 6,690 ha for fish farming. Directions of
the land uses for expansion of agricultural area were:
(a) 34,536 ha for rice fields; (b) 140,075 ha for upland
food crops and vegetables and (c) 92,762 ha for
annual (estate) crops (Table 1). Adoption of soil
Land use map for Gorontalo and Central
Sulawesi areas.
Land Resources
7
Table 1. Direction of land use for agricultural development in Gorontalo and Central Sulawesi.
Code
ha
%
LB-i
LK-i
TT1-i
TT2-i
Land for intensification
Wetland food crops (lowland rice)
Upland food crops (palawija/vegetables)
Annual crops (mix cropping/fruit crops)
Estate crops (cocoa, coconut, clove, oil palm)
76,989
173,007
3,822
71,048
2.19
4.92
0.11
2.02
LB-e
LK-e
TT2-e
TB
Land for extensification
Wetland food crops (lowland rice)
Upland food crops (palawija/vegetables)
Estate crops (cocoa, coconut, clove, oil palm)
Fish ponds/brackish water fishery
34,536
140,075
92,762
6,690
0.98
3.98
2.64
0.19
Kv
HL
HP
HPK
HPT
KSA+CA
Conservation areas/production forests
Conservation forest/not potential for agriculture
Protected forest
Production forest
Converted production forest
Limited production forest
Nature reserves, national parks, etc.
650,426
674,876
191,258
17,454
904,282
445,020
18.48
19.18
5.43
0.50
25.70
12.65
X
Other uses
Residence, water body, airport, atol, etc
40,493
1.18
conservation technique is needed to reduce erosions
or landslides, while application of irrigation water
resources, organic matter, and fertilizing management
techniques are important to improve the land
productivity.
Land Resources for Horticultural
Development in North Sulawesi
Identification and evaluation of land resources for
horticultural development had been done in Modasi
area on the slopes of Ambang Mountain (1,830 m
asl), Tudutalong (1,680 m asl), Sinsingon (1,424 m
asl) and Molibut (1,565 m asl). The activities
generated: (1) maps of potential or suitable areas
for horticultural development in North Sulawesi
(scales 1:50,000 to 1:100,000); (2) maps of erosion
vulnerable areas (scales 1:50,000 to 1:100,000) of
North Sulawesi, especially for horticultural production
centers; (3) data and information on land resources
for horticultural development in North Sulawesi; and
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Area
Description
(4) direction or recommendation maps for sustainable
horticultural development in North Sulawesi.
This area is ideal to grow potatoes and other
highland vegetables, such as bunching onion, carrot,
cabbage, chinese cabbage, pepper and tomato.
Annual rainfalls of above 2,000 mm are required for
optimal growth of the plants. However, high rainfall
intensities may cause high erosion in the sloping areas
that accelerate the decline in soil productivity.
Lands in Modasi area with altitudes of above 700
m asl are dominated by Andisols, Inceptisols and
Alfisols. The areas at altitudes of below 700 m asl
are dominated by Inceptisols and Alfisols. The soil
generally has good physical properties, crumb to
separated structures, thick solum (>75 cm), welldrained and high porosity. The soil fertility is generally
quite good.
Results from evaluation of land suitability showed
that Modasi area is suitable (land suitability class S2)
to grow potato, carrot, bunching onion, chili, chinese
Land Resources
Land suitability map for potato development in Modasi area, North Sulawesi.
cabbage and cabbage, with an area of 1,628 ha, but
it has low nutrient content and high erosion rates as
the limiting factors. The land that is marginally suitable
(land suitability class S3) covered 10,958 ha.
Productivities of potatoes cultivated by farmers
in the region ranged from 15 to 18 t/ha. These
productivities can be increased to 25 t/ha through
application of new innovation, balanced fertilizing and
land conservation.
The fruit and estate crops cultivated by farmers
in the upland areas (>700 m asl) are avocado,
orange, passion fruit, apple, banana, papaya, coffee,
cloves, sugar palm, coconut, cocoa and ginger. In
addition to the high economic value, these crops also
function in land conservation. The erosion-prone land
in this region consisted of low level of vulnerability
(L) of 4,012 ha (7.4%), moderate level of vulnerability
(M1) of 24,673 ha (36.4%), medium-high levels of
vulnerability (M2) of 16,489 ha (24.4%), and high
level of 21,547 ha (31.8%).
Development of Integrated Agricultural
Systems for Dry Climate Upland
In 2009, IAARD had initiated a consortium for the
development of integrated agricultural systems for
dry climate upland. This activity was implemented in
2010 at Naibonat Experimental Farm of East Nusa
Tenggara Assessment Institute for Agricultural
Technology. The activities include the application of
integrated crop-livestock patterns (rice, maize,
mungbean and cattle-feed crops), optimization of land
and water uses (zero waste and clean run-off) by
increasing capacity of ponds and utilization of surface
and ground water, and increasing land and crop
productivities.
Land Resources
9
Map of water resource utilization for Oelbeba reservoir, Oebola Village, East Nusa Tenggara.
Application of the model increased utilization of
land and water resources as well as crop
productivities, especially for rice, maize and
mungbean by 300%, 200-300% and 120-150%
through increasing crop acreage, crop index and crop
productivity, respectively. Based on the results of
superimpose study, maize productivity can be
increased by 20%, and 25% fertilizing efficiency is
reached by in situ management of organic matters.
In 2011, the model was developed in East Nusa
Tenggara including: (1) increasing capacity of the
presence ponds and building new ponds with
assistance from the local Public Works Office, and
addition of livestock number in accordance with in
situ feed availability; (2) replication of the model at
Fatuleu, Kupang Regency, and identification of
10
Illustration of intake and pond of Oelbeba
reservoir, Oebola Village, East Nusa Tenggara.
Land Resources
potential land and water resources to support the
application of the model in new locations; and (3)
development of seepage areas as a follow-up
commitment of IAARD in East Nusa Tenggara for the
development of rice and maize seed systems covering
2,000 ha in farmers’ fields.
In 2011, the model was developed in East
Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara. This activity was
synergistic with the provincial government programs,
including the PIJAR (cattle-maize-seaweed), and the
East Lombok Regency program. The planning was
arranged at an integrated manner in three clusters
of development areas, namely:
Cluster A: core area of farming system based on
livestock-yard integrations.
Cluster B : area of conservation-based food crop
production.
Cluster C: conservation area in buffer zones and
water catchment (upstream).
Identification and Delineation of Land for
Sustainable Food Reserve Garden in Pacitan,
East Java
To support the development of Sustainable Food
Reserve Garden (SFRG) at the pilot site of Jelok Subvillage, Kayen Village, Pacitan District, East Java,
ICALRD had conducted identification and delineation
of land in this region. Identification and delineation
were done in detail using the ALOS satellite imagery
base map, followed by detail verification in the field.
The position of each object in the field was specified
using GPS.
Results of the identification and delineation were
in the form of spatial data. Three strata models were
Map of Sustainable Food Reserve Garden in Kayen Village, Pacitan, East Java.
Land Resources
11
identified and delineated in the pilot site. Strata 1
consists of houses of residents that have small yards
with vegetables grown on plant shelves. Strata 2
consists of houses of residents that have moderately
large yards, which can be grown with several kind of
plants. Strata 3 consists of houses of the residents
that have large yards, so in addition to food crops or
horticulture, they can also raise livestock or fish. In
addition, other uses were identified, especially
infrastructures to support the development of this
model, such as the village nurseries, barns, rural
roads and rice fields.
Land Resource and Fertilizer
Management Technology
Fertilizer and Soil Conditioner Formulation
To improve the crop productivity and fertilizing
efficiency, studies had been done on: (1) formulation
of a complete slow-release inorganic fertilizer,
formulation of inorganic fertilizer containing Si, and
POG Standar
The results showed that effectiveness of both
granular and bulk organic fertilizers were relatively
equal. However, the use of bulk organic fertilizer is
more profitable than the granular organic fertilizer,
since it is more expensive due to granulation
processes and fillers used. The fillers used affected
solubility of the organic fertilizers in the soil. Clay
and gypsum fillers provided stronger adhesion than
other fillers so that the fertilizer can last longer in
the soil.
The slow-released NPK fertilizer formula 1 and
2 (NPK SL-1 and NPK SL-2) need to be refined, since
the expected new NPK 15:10:10 had only reached
10:10:10. Chitosan + zeolit as coating material on
NPK SL-1 was better than zeolite alone on NPK SL-2.
The chitosan + zeolite coated NPK fertilizer was
released slower and more constantly than the zeolite
coated fertilizer. Silica fertilizer application increased
growth of rice plants. When a silica fertilizer is given,
the N fertilizer uses will then be more efficient.
POG 1
POG 2
POG 3
POG A
POCr 1
POCr 2
POCr 3
Formulated granular organic fertilizer (POG)
and bulk organic fertilizer (POCr).
12
formulation of organic fertilizer to increase crop
productivity and fertilizer efficiency; (2) development
of organic and inorganic based soil conditioners at a
rate of <1 t/ha; and (3) development and validation
of organic fertilizer test kits, soil test kits and softwares
for soil management.
NPK SL-1
15:10:10
NPK SL-2
15:10:10
NPK Si
15:10:10:10
NPK Si
15:10:10:5
Slow-released NPK and Si fertilizers.
Land Resources
SiO2 30%
NPK 100%
75% N
100% K, P, Si
The growth of rice plants with and without
NPK-silica fertilizer application.
Results of the laboratory study showed that a
<100 µm size soil conditioner gave a higher water
holding capacity than soil conditioners formulated by
one and two steps ball-mill processes. In the greenhouse tests, the use of soil conditioner formulae
BetaHumat <100 µm and SP50Humat <100 µm at
lower rates (0.75-1.00 t/ha) improved soil physical
properties and potentially increased the maize yield.
Leaf bronzing
index
Management of Iron Toxicity Using Organic
Matters
Intensification and extensification of rice in tidal
swamp area had not been optimal because of the
soil biophysical constraints and the low land
productivity. The tidal swamps are suboptimal lands
with acid soil, poor macro- and micro-nutrients, and
contain toxic substances (Al, Fe, H2S). Iron (Fe) toxicity
is a physiological disease of rice associated with an
excess of dissolved iron. Organic matter can maintain
the reductive condition of the soil and suppress pyrite
oxidation in the soil. The rate of reduction depends
on organic matter content in the soil.
The studies showed that the use of rice straw 5
t/ha + Eleocharis dulcis 5 t/ha gave higher yields than
other treatments. Leaf bronzing index and iron toxicity
score were better than those of farmer practices
which use dolomite 2 t/ha.
Inpara 1 and Inpara 2 rice varieties showed
better leaf bronzing indices and iron toxicity scores
than IR64 (Figure 1). The plant growth (plant height,
maximum tiller number and plant dry weight) was
better than that of other treatments. The rice grain
Iron toxicity
score
0.8
Inpara 1
Inpara 2
IR64
0.6
6
Inpara 1
Inpara 2
IR64
5
4
0.4
3
2
0.2
1
0
Control
Figure 1.
Dolomite
2 t/ha
Farmer
practice
Rice straw
2.5 t/ha +
E. dulcis
2.5 t/ha
Rice straw
5 t/ha +
E. dulcis
5 t/ha
0
Control
Dolomite
2 t/ha
Farmer
practice
Rice straw
2.5 t/ha +
E. dulcis
2.5 t/ha
Rice straw
5 t/ha +
E. dulcis
5 t/ha
Leaf bronzing index and iron toxicity score of three rice varieties using five treatments of
ameliorants (rice straw, Eleocharis dulcis, dolomite) on acid sulphate soil of flooding type
B, Belandean, Barito Kuala, dry season of 2011.
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Table 1. Growth and yield of three rice varieties on five treatments of ameliorants (rice straw, Eleocharis dulcis and
dolomite) on acid sulphate soil of flooding type B, Belandean, Barito Kuala, dry season of 2011.
Treatment
Plant height
(cm)
Straw dry
weight (g)
Yield
(t/ha)
Organic matter
Control
Farmer practice
Dolomite 2.0 t/ha
Rice straw 2.5 t/ha + E. dulcis 2.5 t/ha
Rice straw 5.0 t/ha + E. dulcis 5.0 t/ha
77.68
82.87
83.86
88.81
91.61
13.99
16.09
16.31
17.38
18.33
20.93
25.44
26.12
29.45
33.61
2.95
3.73
3.83
4.34
4.78
Variety
Inpara 1
Inpara 2
IR64
86.57
90.73
77.59
17.49
16.77
15.00
30.05
28.48
22.80
4.50
4.34
2.93
yield was significantly higher than that of the control
treatment, farmer practice and application of dolomite
2 t/ha (Table 1).
Anticipation of Climate Change
Anticipation and Mitigation Strategy
Water is the main determining factor in the sustainability of agricultural production. However, water
management faces many obstacles and even raises
new problems, such as water scarcity and flooding.
This condition is exacerbated by the competition of
water use by agricultural sector with other sectors.
To optimize water usage and minimize the
impact of natural disasters on agriculture, anticipation
and mitigation strategies are needed, including: (1)
mapping of flood prone areas of Jeneberang, Saddang
and Walanae watersheds; (2) study on water
management to improve crop productivity in
Selopamioro and Citanduy micro-watersheds; and (3)
development of optimal water distribution models for
sustainable water resource availability in Citarum
watershed, West Java. The results showed that
climate change in the tropics is expected to increase
the impact of extreme climate events, like floods and
droughts. Jeneberang, Saddang and Walanae
watershed flood areas were delineated through two
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Maximum tiller
number
approaches, namely by application of a hydrodynamic
model HEC-RAS and analysis of ALOS PALSAR radar
imagery data. The search results inform the
availability of ALOS PALSAR radar image data for
recording 24 April 2008 that represented the flood
event recorded on 19 April 2008 and 9 September
2008 for the drought condition. The selected image
data covered the flood location in Saddang
watershed.
Transverse profile of the river were identified
using two approaches, namely measurement of
elevation along the river bed using a total station and
measurement of river depth using a river survey.
Results from analysis of the flood return period
showed that the peak debit (discharge) of Saddang
River for a 100-year-return-period reached 5,108 m3/
second. An instantaneous measurement of Saddang
river discharge on 2 July 2011 using the river survey
showed a discharge of 49.8 m3/second. In this
condition, the difference in elevations between water
surface and the natural levees of Saddang River at
the point of transverse profile measurement of the
river reached 2.9 m.
Micro-watershed management in Progo River are
based on river and land. River based-watershed
management has been done by the government and
private sector, particularly related to the water harvest
system and making seapage wells and ponds.
Land Resources
Reconstruction of hydrological network and occupied area in upper Citarum
watershed, West Java.
Integration of soil and water conservation
technologies in cultivated land has been applied by
people in the upper, middle and down-stream areas
by planting crops in the direction of contour
accompanied by a bed terrace (levee) and elephant
grass or tree plants to strengthen the terraces. The
public perception on the Progo watershed
management tend to be positive. They try to maintain
the watershed environment in sustainable manner.
This is shown by their active involvement in
environmental improvement and application of soil
conservation and water use through the concept of
water sharing and water management institutions.
The use of mulch as ground cover can change
the hydrology by lowering the peak discharge and
surface runoff coefficient and lengthen the time
response to rain episode of less than 22 mm. For the
rain episode of more than 22 mm, changes in
hydrological characteristics can only be seen on the
decline in the runoff coefficient. Two selected rainfall
episodes, namely in 2001-2002 and 2010-2011 with
the same precipitation rate were rain couples of 24
October 2001 with 23 May 2010 and 30 January 2002
with 8 June 2010. In the two pairs of rain episodes,
the peak discharges decreased from 88.3 to 27.1 l/
second and from 91 to 33.2 l/second, respectively.
Extension of response time for six minutes only
occurred in rain pair of 24 October 2001 and 23 May
2010. The value of surface runoff coefficient
decreased from 8.7% to 2.3% and from 11.9% to
3.3%.
The Citarum watershed has an area of 1,739.97
km . The maximum discharge of Citarum River at
the Nanjung hydrologic observation station reached
329.9 m3/second in the two-year return period and
644.9 m3/second in the 100-year return period.
Potential of available water at Citarum watershed is
53,304,804,892 m3/second in the wet season and
35,737,145,744 m3/second in the dry season. Water
demand of the Citarum watershed, which is the sum
of the projected domestic, industrial and agricultural
needs, is 19,904,421,950 m3/year. Projection of the
demand in 2020 is 20,195,790,207 m3. Status of the
balance of water supply and demand in Citarum
watershed showed that the annual balance sheet is
surplus, unless in Cimahi city. In general, the balance
2
Land Resources
15
of supply and demand for water in the dry season is
positive, except in the regencies of Cianjur, Bandung,
Sumedang and Bekasi, as well as in Cimahi city.
Remediation Technology for Contaminated
Agricultural Land
The use of organochlorine insecticides in the 1970’s
still remains residues in the soil due to their persistent
manner. The organochlorine residues can be carried
over in agricultural products, thus impacting
negatively on health of the consumers. Most of the
organochlorine insecticides are persistent organic
pollutant (POP) compounds that are found in vegetable
and rice fields. Indications on some residual
contaminations of POP insecticides in the Citarum
watershed have been reported, but still in spots. Maps
of POP insecticide residues in the Citarum watershed
can be used as a reference in handling the problem.
Bioremediation and bio-chemo-remediation are
alternative counter measures that can be used to
overcome the contamination problem. Studies in
January-December 2011 in West Java and Central
Java showed that based on the physical and chemical
properties of water, water of upstream and middle
stream Citarum River is suitable for crop irrigation.
In some locations, river water and rice field water of
the upstream and middle stream Citarum watershed
had a concentration of aldrin, DDT, Pb and Cd
exceeded the maximum permissible standard for
drinking water. For crop irrigation, DDT concentration
in one location and Pb concentration in some locations
exceeded the maximum permissible standard.
Endosulphane was detected in all locations of the
upstream and middle stream Citarum watershed,
whereas lindane, DDT and aldrin were detected in
some locations.
Efforts to prevent water contamination through
bioremediation has been done. Bacterial isolate of
Pseudomonas mallei and fungal isolate of Trichoderma spp. were able to degrade POPs. Adoption of
the bioremediation technology using a mixture of P.
mallei and Trichoderma sp. reduced the POP residues
(DDT, heptachlor, dieldrin, endosulphane) in chinese
16
cabbage to below the maximum residual limit (MRL)
and gave high yields.
Remediation using active charcoal-coated urea
enriched with seven microbial isolates was capable
of degrading POPs. The isolates consisted of five gram
positive bacteria (BOB1, BOB2, BOB3, BOB4, BOB5)
that effectively degrade POPs with active ingredients
of lindane, heptachlor, DDT and dieldrin. The other
two isolates are gram negative bacteria (BOB6 and
BOB7) that effectively degrade POP with an active
ingredient of aldrin. The urea coated with active
charcoal enriched with the POP degrading microbes
(BOB1, BOB2, BOB3, BOB4, BOB5, BOB6 and BOB7)
improved the efficiency of N fertilizer use by 24%
and reduced the POP residues. Urea coated with active
coconut shell charcoal + microbes reduced lindane
residue up to 94%. Urea coated with active maize
cob charcoal + microbes degraded heptachlor residue
to 71% and dieldrin to 83%. Urea coated with active
maize cob charcoal lowered residue of aldrin to 88%
and DDT to 94%.
Dynamics of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from
Agricultural Land
Agricultural land extensification and fertilizer
application in addition to enhance crop productivities
also increases capacity of carbon sinks so as to
mitigate the rate of climate change. Results of studies
on treatments with various types of ameliorant
showed that the highest Global Warning Potential
(GWP) value (8.124 kg CO2-C/ha) was derived from
dolomite treatment. The highest emission reduction
(45.9%) occurred in volcanic ash treatment.
Ameliorant function in maintaining stability of peat
soils is through suppression of carbon loss in the form
of CH4 and CO2. Increased stability of peat soils will
be achieved through reduction in CH4 emissions as it
relates to the formation of complex compounds
between organic acids from peat soil and cations of
Fe (Fe3+) from the ameliorant materials.
The highest total carbon content was found in
the pugam treatment (5,557 kg C/ha). The highest
difference resulting from the reduction in total carbon
Land Resources
CG system connected with a CBM to a computer
to interprete the data
The peak value of reading
A computer to show the peak
value of reading
Analysis of greenhouse gas (CH4 , N2O and CO2) emissions in the laboratory.
content and the GWP (net carbon) was found in the
control treatment (3,785 kg C/ha). Volcanic ash
treatment generated net carbon of -72 kg C/ha, which
indicates that all the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions
can be absorbed. This means that the use of volcanic
ash in peat soil can absorb more carbon than the
amount of carbon released into the atmosphere so it
can suppress the GHG emissions.
The lowest organic carbon content was found in
the control treatment, either with continuous irrigation
or with intermittent irrigation, namely 2,538.3 kg C
and 2,285.4 kg C/ha, respectively. The GWP value in
rice field with continuous irrigation was higher than
that with intermittent irrigation, ranging from 41%
to 59%. This indicates that continuous irrigation
provides more contribution to the global warming.
Although producing high GHG emission in the field,
continuous irrigation was able to absorb GHG back,
although carbon uptake in this treatment was lower
than that in the intermittent irrigation.
The highest carbon uptake (2,642.4 kg/ha) was
observed in the field treated with intermittent
irrigation + 100% NPK + NI. Higher carbon uptake
occurred when the rate of NPK fertilizer was higher.
Continuous irrigation produced a higher ratio than
the intermittent irrigation, ranging from 36% to 50%.
The lowest ratio was found in intermittent irrigation
+ 75% NPK. Continuous irrigation and fertilizer
application gave higher grain yields (3.9-6.2 t/ha). If
viewed from efforts to reduce GHG emissions,
intermittent irrigation is more environmentally-friendly
sound and more efficient in water use.
Land Resources
17
Food Crops
Availability of food in sufficient quantities at all the times is a
necessity. Therefore, the Ministry of Agriculture gives a high
priority on the efforts to increase food production, as reflected
in the 2010-2014 agricultural development program known
as the Four Success of the Ministry of Agriculture. On the one
hand, the needs for food that continuously increase in line
with the population growth have to be met from domestic
production. On the other hand, the problems faced by farmers
in production activities are more severe and complex. Global
climate change, for example, has been and will continue to
threaten the safety of food crop production. In alleviating these
problems and constraints, the Indonesian Agency for
Agricultural Research and Development (IAARD) strives to
generate innovations in an effort to achieve food security and
environmental sustainability.
18
Food Crops
New Improved Varieties
of hybrid rice with yield potentials of above 10 t/ha
(Table 1).
The success of effort to increase food crop production
in part lies on the use of improved varieties by
farmers. They recognize that improved variety is a
component of reliable technologies to increase
production because of high yielding, resistant to major
pests and diseases, and tolerant to certain
environmental conditions. To accelerate the efforts
to increase food production, in 2011 IAARD released
a number of improved varieties of rice, maize,
soybeans, peanuts and sweet potatoes.
Five of the seven varieties of maize released in
2011 are the hybrids, each named Bima 12 Q, Bima
13 Q, Bima 14 Batara, Bima 15 Sayang and Bima 16.
The other two are open-pollinated varieties, each
released by the name of Provit A1 and Provit A2.
Of the 17 improved varieties of rice released in
2011, eleven of them are suitable for irrigated
lowland as the backbone of the national rice
production, three varieties are for upland and three
varieties are for rainfed lowland (Table 1). Eleven of
the 17 varieties are inbred rice. Development of
improved rice varieties is expected to address the
problems encountered in the field. Inpari Sidenuk
variety as a result of the rice consortium, for example,
is moderately resistant to brown planthopper biotype
1, 2 and 3 and therefore, this improved rice is
expected to counteract the development of the
dangerous pest in the fields. To provide many options
for farmers, IAARD also released nine new varieties
Performance of Inpari 19 rice variety in the
field; its yield potential is 9.5 t/ha and
resistant to brown planthopper.
Bima 12 Q and Bima 13 Q have better quality
proteins, resistant to leaf spots and the yield
potentials yields ranging from 9.3 to 9.8 t/ha. Bima
12 Q is early maturing, can be harvested at 98 days
after planting. Bima 14 Batara and Bima 15 Sayang
have higher yields, i.e. 12.9 and 13.2 t/ha,
respectively. Bima 16 is able to produce 12.4 t/ha
and well adapted to suboptimal environments. Openpollinated maize varieties Provit A1 and Provit A2 are
early maturing, can be harvested at 96-98 days after
planting with yield potentials ranging from 7.4 to 8.8
t/ha (Table 2).
New improved variety of soybean is named
Gema, previously coded as SHR/W-C-60 in the field.
This variety is able to produce 2.47 t/ha, higher than
Burangrang variety (3.06 t/ha), and has larger seed
size (11.9 g/100 seed). In addition to making tempe,
Gema variety can be processed to tofu. The yield
percentage of tofu from 8 kg Gema seeds is 267%,
Performance of Bima 14 Batara maize variety
in the field; yield potential is 12.9 t/ha and
resistant to downy mildew.
Food Crops
19
Table 1. Improved rice varieties released in 2011.
Variety
Maturity
(day)
Yield potential
(t/ha)
Inpari 14 Pakuan
113
8.2
Inpari 15 Parahyangan
Inpari 16 Pasundan
117
118
7.5
7.6
Inpari 17
111
7.9
Inpari 18
120
9.5
Inpari 19
104
9.5
Inpari 20
104
8.8
Inpari Sidenuk
103
9.1
Hipa 12 SBU
105
10.5
Hipa 13
105
10.5
Hipa 14 SBU
112
12.1
Hipa Jatim 1
119
10.0
Hipa Jatim 2
116
10.9
Hipa Jatim 3
Inpago 8
117
119
10.7
8.1
Inpago Unram 1
108
7.6
Inpago Unsoed 1
110
7.2
Important characteristic
Moderately resistant to BLB III
and blast races 033 and 133
Moderately resistant to BPH 1
Resistant to BLB III and
blast race 033
Resistant to BLB III, IV, VIII, and
blast races 033 and 133,
moderately resistant to BPH 1 and 2
Resistant to BPH 1 and 2
Resistant to BPH 1 and 2,
resistant to BLB III
Resistant to BLB III,
moderately resistant to BPH 1
Moderately resistant to BPH 1, 2, 3,
and BLB III
and BLB III
and BLB III
and BLB III
Moderately susceptible to BPH 1, 2
and good taste
Moderately susceptible to BPH 3,
moderately resistant to BLB III
Moderately resistant to BLB III
Resistant to blast races 033, 133,
073,173, tolerant to drought,
moderately tolerant to Al
Resistant to blast races 033, 133,
moderately tolerant to Al and Fe
Resistant to blast race 133, tolerant
to Fe, moderately tolerant to drought
Agroecosystem for
development
Rainfed lowland
Rainfed lowland
Rainfed lowland
Irrigated lowland
Irrigated lowland and
rainfed lowland
Irrigated lowland and
rainfed lowland
Irrigated lowland
Irrigated lowland
Irrigated lowland
Irrigated lowland
Irrigated lowland
Irrigated lowland
Irrigated lowland
Irrigated lowland
Upland
Upland
Upland
BLB III, IV, VIII = bacterial leaf blight strains III, IV and VIII
BPH 1, 2, 3 = brown planthopper biotypes 1, 2 and 3
Al= aluminum; Fe = iron
higher than that from imported soybean producing
only 235%, with protein content of 39% and 37%,
respectively. Gema is super-early maturing variety;
it can be harvested at 73 days after planting.
Two new improved peanut varieties are named
Hypoma-1 and Hypoma-2. Hypoma-1 is adaptive to
optimal environment conditions, able to produce dry
20
pods of 3.70 t/ha, and moderately resistant to leaf
spots, leaf rust and bacterial wilt ( Ralstonia
solanacearum). Hypoma-2 has good adaptability to
drought stress conditions, moderately resistant to leaf
spot and leaf rust, and its yield potential is 3.50 t/ha.
Hypoma-1 and Hypoma-2 are maturing at 9091 days after planting, 4-5 days earlier than Jerapah
Food Crops
Table 2. Improved maize varieties released in 2011.
Yield potential
(t/ha)
Maturity
(day)
Hybrid
Bima 12 Q
9.3
98
Susceptible
Resistant
Bima 13 Q
9.8
103
Moderately
susceptible
Resistant
12.9
13.2
12.4
95
100
100
Resistant
Moderately resistant
Resistant
-
Open pollinated
Provit A1
7.4
96
Susceptible
-
Provit A2
8.8
98
Susceptible
-
Variety
Bima 14 Batara
Bima 15 Sayang
Bima 16
Reaction to
downy mildew
Reaction to
leaf blight
Superiority
Quality protein maize,
lysine 0.52%, tryptophan
0.11%
Quality protein maize,
lysine 0.46%, tryptophan
0.09%
Suitable to suboptimal land
Beta-carotene content
0.081 ppm
Beta-carotene content
0.144 ppm
Dry pod yield
(t/ha)
2.5
2.0
1.5
New improved soybean variety Gema, coded
as SHR/W-60 in the field, with yield potential
of 3.06 t/ha.
variety and 14-15 days earlier than Singa variety. Both
varieties are able to be planted in the rice-rice-peanut
cropping pattern in rainfed lowland with short wet
months. The yields of Hypoma-1 and Hypoma-2 are
1.3% and 36%, respectively, higher than that of
Jerapah variety (Figure 1).
Hyp 1
Hyp 2
Singa
Variety
Jerapah
Figure 1. Dry pod yield of new peanut
varieties Hypoma-1 and Hypoma-2 compared
with Singa and Jerapah varieties.
Two improved sweet potato varieties are named
Antin-1 and Antin-2. Both varieties have high
anthocyanin contents. In multilocation testing, Antin1 is able to produce 33.2 t/ha, tolerant to drought
and has anthocyanin content of 33.89 mg/100 g.
Food Crops
21
Mapping of Rice Varieties
Resistance Against Tungro
Sweet potato variety Antin-2, high yield
potential and rich in anthocyanin.
Antin-2 has yield potential of 27.3 t/ha and
anthocyanin content of 156 mg/100 g of tubers.
Adoption Level of New Improved
Rice Variety
Studies on the adoption of lowland rice integrated
crop management (ICM) in 2011 were conducted at
Landak and Sambas Districts in West Kalimantan,
Kutai Kartanegara and Penajam Paser in East
Kalimantan, and Pidie and Aceh Jaya in Nanggroe
Aceh Darussalam. In West Kalimantan, Ciherang
variety is still grown by nearly 50% farmers. New
improved rice varieties beginning to be adopted are
Inpara 1 and Inpara 3 which are grown by 20% of
the farmers, in accordance with their peatland
conditions. In East Kalimantan, Ciherang and IR64
varieties are planted with a proportion of 25% and
16%, respectively. Cibogo, Mekongga, Cigeulis and
Inpari 13 varieties are cultivated by 10% farmers. In
Aceh, in the last three years most of the farmers
(70%) cultivated Ciherang variety in addition of local
varieties, especially for farmers living in mountainous
areas.
In West Kalimantan, 71% of the farmers used
certified rice seeds. In East Kalimantan, only 37% of
the farmers planted the quality rice seeds, while in
Aceh 60% of the farmers used certified seeds.
22
Tungro is a viral disease in rice transmitted by green
leafhoppers. The disease needs to be wary because
it has caused serious damages on rice crops in large
areas, especially in South Sulawesi, Java, Bali, West
Nusa Tenggara and South Kalimantan. The
recommended control technique for tungro is using
resistant varieties.
Tungro resistant rice varieties are classified as
the varieties that are resistant to green leafhopper
or to tungro virus. Tungro resistant rice varieties are
classified into: V1 with the parent of Utri Merah (Tukad
Petanu and Inpari 7 Lanrang varieties); V2 with the
resistant parent of TKM6 (Tukad Balian and Kalimas
varieties); V3 with the parent of TKM6 + Gampai
(Bondoyudo, Inpari 8 and Inpari 9 Elo varieties), and
V4 with the resistant parent of Balimau Putih (Tukad
Unda variety). Rice varieties resistant to green
leafhopper are classified into: T1 with the resistant
gene of the parent Glh1 (IR20, 30, 26, 46, Citarum,
Serayu varieties); T2 with the resistant gene of the
parent Glh6 (IR32, 36, 38, 47, Semeru, Asahan,
Ciliwung, Krueng Aceh, Bengawan Solo varieties);
T3 with the resistant gene of the parent Glh3 (IR48,
50, 52, 54, 64 varieties); and T4 with the resistant
gene of the parent Glh 4 (IR66, 70, 72, 68, Klara and
Barumun varieties).
The ability of green leafhopper in transmitting
tungro virus varies, likewise the tungro virus virulence,
thus it is necessary to evaluate the suitability of
varieties to green leafhopper populations and tungro
virus in various tungro-endemic areas. Until 2011,
evaluation has been carried out in 15 tungro-endemic
provinces to test the efficiency of tungro virus
transmission by green leafhopper on resistant
varieties and the virulence of tungro inoculum on
resistant varieties.
V1 virus resistant varieties showed moderately
resistant in Southeast Sulawesi and resistant in
Yogyakarta, Banten, South Kalimantan, East Java,
Lampung, West Sulawesi, Central Sulawesi, Papua,
Central Java, Bali, West Nusa Tenggara, West Java
Food Crops
and South Sulawesi. V2 varieties were moderately
resistant in West Java, South Sulawesi, Southeast
Sulawesi and Yogyakarta, while in East Java, Lampung,
West Sulawesi, Central Sulawesi, Papua, Central
Java and West Nusa Tenggara they were resistant.
V3 varieties were moderately resistant in Bali, West
Nusa Tenggara, West Java, Southeast Sulawesi, North
Sulawesi and South Kalimantan, while in North
Sulawesi, East Java, Lampung, West Sulawesi,
Central Sulawesi, Papua and South Sulawesi, they
were resistant. V4 varieties were moderately resistant
in Southeast Sulawesi and South Kalimantan, while
in North Sulawesi, East Java, Lampung, West Sulawesi,
Southeast Sulawesi, Papua, Central Java, Bali, West
Nusa Tenggara, West Java and South Sulawesi they
were resistant.
T1 green leafhopper resistant varieties showed
moderately resistant in West Java, South Sulawesi,
East Java, Lampung, West Sulawesi and Central
Sulawesi, while T2 varieties were moderately resistant
in Yogyakarta, East Java and Papua. T3 varieties were
susceptible in all provinces, and T4 varieties showed
moderately resistant in Banten, West Sulawesi, West
Java, Central Java and South Sulawesi, while in East
Java, Lampung, Central Sulawesi, Papua, Southeast
Sulawesi, North Sulawesi, Yogyakarta and South
Kalimantan, they were resistant.
Mapping of Bacterial Leaf Blight
Strains in Rice Production Centers
Studies to determine the spread and composition of
the pathotypes of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae
(Xoo), causing bacterial leaf blight (BLB) in rice
production centers had been conducted in the wet
season of 2011 in Maros, Bone, Sopeng, Wajo,
Sidrap, Barru, Pangkep, Pinrang, Luwu and Palopo in
South Sulawesi, and in Deli Serdang, Binjai, Langkat,
Serdang Bedagi, Simalungun, Batubara, Asahan,
North Tapanuli, Central Tapanuli and Toba Samosir
in North Sumatra. BLB were isolated from infected
rice leaves to obtain Xoo isolates using washing
method.
In South Sulawesi, observations on 210 samples
obtained 176 Xoo isolates that can be classified into
three groups or strains, namely strain III 50%, strain
IV 23% and strain VIII 19%. In North Sumatra, the
studies found 188 Xoo isolates from 255 samples that
classified into three groups or strains of Xoo, namely
strain III 59%, strain IV 32% and strain VIII 9%. Based
on these data, the spreading maps of Xoo in the two
provinces were made. These maps can be used as
references in recommending the use of BLB resistant
varieties in these areas. Until now, the control of BLB
using resistant varieties is an effective and
environmentally-friendly way.
Rice Quality of Some Rice Varieties
A total of 22 rice varieties and 10 lines obtained from
farmers in North Sumatra, South Sumatra, South
Kalimantan, West Java and East Java as well as from
the Indonesian Center for Rice Research were studied
for their physical characteristics (yield of milled rice,
percentage of head rice, broken rice, size and shape,
chalkiness and clearness); physicochemical and
nutritional properties (amylose content, gel
consistency, gelatinization temperature and protein
content), and glycemic index. The results showed that
all the rice varieties and lines tested produced
relatively high milled rice (62.4-71.5%), with head
rice percentages of more than 70%, grain size ranged
from moderate (5.51-6.60 mm) to long (6.61-7.50
mm), medium rice shape (the ratio of L/W from 2.1
to 3.0) and slender (the ratio of L/W > 3.0). Almost
all the varieties and lines had good levels of clearness
(> 1.3%) and low or small chalkiness grains (0-10%).
Glutinous levels of the varieties/lines were classified
as moderate to high with amylose content ranged
from 20.7% to 24.9%, hard to soft texture, low to
high gel temperature (scores 1-7) and protein content
7.3-9.6%.
The glycemic index values of Hipa 7, Inpari 12
and Inpari 13 were low, while those for Hipa 6 and
Inpara 5 were moderate. Rice having low glycemic
index values is recommended for diabetics in running
their diet program.
Food Crops
23
Double Row Planting on Maize at
Planting Index 400
The study used composite maize (Sukmaraga and
Bisma varieties) and hybrids (Bima 3 and Bisi-2
varieties) planted in a population of 66,666 plants/ha
(normal spacing) and 71,428 plants/ha (double row
spacing). At the first cropping, the yields of Bisma
variety cultivated with double row spacing increased
by 7.6%, reaching 10.63 t/ha, while Sukmaraga
variety produced 10.69 t/ha. In the second cropping,
the yields of both varieties were lower compared with
those of first cropping, namely 9.19 t/ha for Bisma
and 9.50 t/ha for Sukmaraga. At the first cropping,
Bima 3 cultivated using double row system yielded
8.68 t/ha and Bisi-2 8.39 t/ha. At the second cropping,
the yield of Bima 3 was 8.81 t/ha and Bisi-2 was only
8.49 t/ha.
Irrigation Management on Maize
Maize irrigation at 10-day interval or six times during
plant growth period was not significantly different
compared with watering plants based on wilting point
(four times). Watering in each row produced higher
yields than that applied at each two rows, using plant
population of 66,666 plants/ha (normal spacing) or
71,428 plants/ha (double row system). By using
scheduled irrigation (six times during plant growth)
in each row, the maize grown using double row
system yielded 7.26 t/ha and those planted with
normal spacing produced 7.36 t/ha. If watering was
conducted based on wilting point in each row, the
maize yield grown using double row system was 7.40
t/ha and that planted with normal spacing was 7.54
t/ha. Thus, maize irrigation during the dry season
should be based on the wilting point to improve
irrigation efficiency.
Cultivating Soybean in Teak Forest
One way to accelerate the increase in soybean
production towards self-sufficiency is to expand the
24
Soybean planting among the young teak trees
in Ngawi, East Java, yielded 2 t/ha.
planting areas by utilizing the land among the teak
trees. Through the Movement of Increasing
Corporation-Based Food Production, IAARD
developed soybean cultivation technology in teak
forests in Ngawi, East Java, on an area of 8.5 ha. In
the area, plant height at the time ranged from 2 to 3
m, plant spacing 3 m x 4 m and the shade about
25%.
In addition to increase production through
expansion of planting area, development of soybean
cultivation in teak forest gives several advantages,
namely: (1) optimizing land use; (2) producing a
variety of commodities; (3) accelerating the gaining
of additional income as soybean can be harvested at
85-90 days after planting; (4) improving soil fertility
due to additional N from Rhizobium and organic
matters from soybean litters; (5) preventing soil
erosion and (6) providing fodders.
Iletrisoy: Biological Fertilizer for
Soybean in Acid Soils
Iletrisoy biofertilizer is capable of replacing urea
fertilizer for soybean cultivation in acid soils. Iletrisoy
contains acid soil Rhizobium that promotes the
formation of root nodules on soybean. In acid soils,
Food Crops
Rhizobium population is generally very low, so the
soybeans are not able to form root nodules. In good
growing environments, the soybean root nodules can
function as a natural nitrogen fertilizer reserve that
meet the need of N fertilizer of more than 75%.
Therefore, cultivating soybean in acid soils, the seeds
need to be inoculated with acid-tolerant Rhizobium
so the plants are able to form root nodules properly
and meet the N nutrient required.
Iletrisoy contains three types of Rhizobium packed
in quality carriers at a population of 108-109 cells/g
of carriers. The bacterium is derived from acid soils
and has been tested its tolerance to acid soil having
pH 4.5, high levels of Fe and Mn, and Al saturation of
more than 20%. Application of Iletrisoy in acid soils
of East Lampung increased soybean yields by 63117% (Table 3).
formulated and produced in vivo. Sl NPV isolate found
in Banyuwangi (Sl NPV-JTM 97C) was potential to
control armyworm on soybean in the field. Application
of Sl NPV-JTM 97C at a dose of 1.5 x 1011 PIBs/ha or
equivalent to 500 g/ha caused S. litura mortality by
80-100%.
Viruses are generally specific for pest at the
genus level, but JTM 97C strain is able to control
armyworm as well as leaf rollers, green semilooper,
pod borer and mungbean pod borer Maruca testulalis.
This study proved that the Sl NPV-JTM 97C was able
to control the pests of the order of Lepidoptera. The
advantage of Sl NPV as a bioinsecticide to control
armyworm is specific and selective for the target pests
thus it is safe for human being, animals and natural
To use Iletrisoy, soybean seeds are placed in a
container (bucket), then moistened with water. The
Rhizobium inocula are sown into the containers at a
dose of 0.5 kg/50 kg seed/ha, and stirred completely.
Seeds are planted singly and covered with soil or
organic fertilizer.
Bioinsecticide to Control Soybean
Leaf Miner and Pod Borer
This biopesticide contains active ingredient of JTM
97C isolate derived from biological agent of
Spodoptera litura Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus (Sl NPV),
a virus of armyworm. The study showed that Sl NPV
was potential to control armyworm and could be
SlNPV packed in plastic bottle.
Table 3. The yield of soybean treated and untreated with Iletrisoy in acid soil, East Lampung.
Soil characteristics
Location
Sukadana
Bumi Ayu
Ponorogo
Yield (t/ha)
Increase
pH
Al saturation
(%)
With
Iletrisoy
Without
Iletrisoy
(%)
4.35
5.25
3.65
41.82
11.52
44.60
1.70
0.72
1.28
2.77
1.56
2.14
63
117
67
Food Crops
25
enemies; this bioinsecticide is also persistent in
nature, caused non-toxic residues, effective against
chemical insecticide resistant hosts and compatible
with other control techniques.
Biopesticide for Major Soybean
Pests
Bio-Lec is biopesticide formulated in powder,
containing active ingredient of Lecanicillium lecanii
entomopathogenic fungi conidia. Bio-Lec is effective
to major pests of soybean, particularly pod suckers
(brown beetle) Riptortus linearis. The advantage of
Bio-Lec is able to control various stadia of brown
ladybugs, from egg to nymph or imago. The
mechanism of brown ladybugs control using Bio-Lec
is by thwarting egg hatching (ovicidal) up to 80%.
Bio-Lec is also toxic to all stages of the nymph and
imago of the bugs.
Bio-Lec is also effective to control whitefly
(Bemisia tabaci), which is also an important pest of
soybean in the last five years and a vector of cowpea
mottle mosaic virus (CMMV). Pest control using
chemical insecticides often causes resistance,
resurgence and killing the useful insects as predators
of B. tabaci, both in egg, nymph and imago stages.
The active ingredients of the bioinsecticide also trigger
the reproductive hormones of the insects to be more
active in producing eggs in greater number in a short
time. L. lecanii conidia contained in the Bio-Lec will
germinate when mixed with water and produce
various types of toxins that deter the egg laying
(oviposition deterrent) of the pest. The types of toxins
produced are dipicolinic acid, hydroxycarboxylic acid,
bassionalide, beauvericin and cyclosporin.
Another advantage of L. lecanii spores is able to
paratize Phakopsora pachyrhizi causing rust disease,
downy mildew Peronospora manshurica and powdery
mildew Microsphaera diffusa . P. pachyrhizi , P.
manshurica and M. diffusa are the obligate microorganisms causing the main disease on soybean. The
ability of L. lecanii in suppressing the germination of
the three fungi spores reached 29.6%, 36.4% and
21.4%, respectively.
Bio-Lec can be combined with other control
measures, such as predators. Application of L. lecanii
conidia up to 1011/ml did not kill the predators until
30 days after application. Oxyopes javanus is a
generalist predator found in soybean plants in
Indonesia and able to prey 3-13 insects. Bio-Lec can
also be combined with botanical pesticides, especially
the sugar-apple and castor seed powder, to enhance
its efficacy to control brown ladybugs eggs in the field.
Production of Source Seeds
Rice
Bio-Lec, biopesticide with active ingredient of
entomopathogenic fungus Lecanicillium
lecanii.
26
In 2011 growing season, provision of source seed of
new improved rice varieties aimed to support the rice
ICM Field School. The amount of source seeds
produced was 41.7 tons, consisting of 25.6 tons of
breeder seed (BS) and 16.1 tons of foundation seed
(FS). In addition, it was also produced 231.6 tons of
source seeds, consisting of 27.0 tons BS and 204.6
tons FS to support the ICM Field School in 18
provinces throughout Indonesia.
Food Crops
Maize
In the year 2011, 5,340 kg BS of six open-pollinated
maize varieties were produced, consisting of 890 kg
for Lamuru, 730 kg for Sukmaraga, 1,125 kg for
Bisma, 865 kg for Srikandi Kuning-1, 830 kg for
Srikandi Putih-1 and 900 kg for Anoman-1 variety.
The BS can be propagated by seed breeders to be a
stock seed (SS) of 80,100 tons. The amount is
sufficient to meet the needs of open-pollinated maize
planting area of more than 4.0 million ha.
Multiplication of source seed of FS class was
also conducted for Lamuru, Sukmaraga, Bisma,
Srikandi Kuning-1, Srikandi Putih-1 and Anoman
varieties. Each variety was planted in 1.0 ha. Four of
the six varieties produced FS as many as 8.7 tons.
Legumes and Tubers
Tanggamus, Anjasmoro, Argomulyo, Ijen and Wilis)
until October 2011 was 756 kg. The supply of NS
seed of eight peanut varieties (Tuban, Bima, Domba,
Jerapah, Gajah, Kelinci, Kancil and Bison) was 1,569
kg. The amount of mungbean NS seed produced was
344 kg for Kutilang, Murai, Betet, Perkutut, Sriti,
Kenari, Vima 1 and Walet varieties.
Provision of BS of eight peanut varieties (Tuban,
Bima, Domba, Jerapah, Gajah, Kelinci, Kancil and
Bison) reached 3,292 kg. It was also produced 4,144
kg of BS of mungbean varieties, namely Kutilang,
Murai, Betet, Perkutut, Sriti, Kenari, Vima 1 and Walet.
The amount of FS of nine soybean varieties
(Grobogan, Burangrang, Kaba, Tanggamus,
Anjasmoro, Argomulyo, Sinabung, Wilis and
Panderman) reached 14 tons. For cassava, BS was
produced for Darul Hidayah, Adira-1, Adira-4, Malang1, Malang-6, Malang-4, UJ-3 and UJ-5 varieties.
The supply of NS seed of ten soybean varieties
(Grobogan, Burangrang, Detam 1, Detam 2, Kaba,
Food Crops
27
Horticulture
Efforts to increase competitiveness, added value and business
systems that correspond to extreme environmental conditions
require continuous innovations by utilizing local resources,
adapting to climate change, developing superior commodities
and the potential of the regions, and utilizing suboptimal land.
The Indonesian Center for Horticultural Research and
Development (ICHORD) and its Indonesian Vegetables Research
Institute (IVEGRI), Indonesian Tropical Fruits Research Institute
(ITFRI), Indonesian Ornamental Plants Research Institute
(IOPRI), and Indonesian Citrus and Subtropical Fruits Research
Institute (ICSFRI) have been generating technological
innovations that benefit for stakeholders. Application of
technological innovations in the development of horticulture
is expected to create sustainable industrial systems based on
local resources to improve food self-resilience, competitiveness,
added value, exports and the welfare of farmers.
28
Horticulture
Superior Varieties
Efforts to improve the competitiveness of horticultural
commodities as the main requirement to seize the
global market should be supported with the
development of superior commodities that can
compete with similar products from other countries.
Availability of domestic superior varieties is also
important to eliminate the dependence on imported
varieties and seeds. In this regard, ICHORD has
generated many superior varieties of vegetables, fruits
and ornamental plants.
Potatoes
Potatoes varieties grown by farmers are still limited,
that are Granola and Atlantic. The use of the same
variety continuously can lead to genetic erosion, so if
there was an explosion of pests or diseases it will
adversely affect potato production chain. IVEGRI has
generated three new improved potato varieties,
namely Andina, Kastanum and Vernei which have
higher yield than Granola. Andina and Kastanum are
suitable for the raw material of potato chips. These
varieties can be harvested at 100-110 days after
planting, well-adapted to the highlands (1,250-1,500
m asl), resistant to late blight, high yield potential,
suitable for processed potatoes and tolerant to hot
temperatures so it can support the processed potato
industry and food diversification. Productivities of
Kastanum variety range from 24.50 to 34.03 t/ha,
Vernei 21.10 -35.60 t/ha and Andina 20.40-34.10 t/
ha.
Chili
Productivity of chili is strongly influenced by the
seasons. Diseases occur ominantly during the wet
season. To overcome these problems, IVEGRI has
generated three new superior large red and curly
chilies, namely Lingga, Ciko and Kencana. All these
three varieties are well-adapted to medium elevation
areas (510-550 m asl) in the rainy and wet dry
seasons. The productivity is high, ranging from 13.40
to 20.50 t/ha.
Snap Beans
IVEGRI also generated three straight snap bean
varieties, that are Balitsa 1, Balitsa 2 and Balitsa 3.
All these three varieties are synchronous flowering,
early maturing and well-adapted to medium elevation
areas (400-500 m asl). Balitsa 1 and Balitsa 2 are
self-pollinated and the result of the introduction of
French. The productivities range from 20.0 to 23.8 t/
ha. Balitsa 3 is also self-pollinated variety and the
result of the introduction of America with superiority
of high productivity (20-24 t/ha). New varieties of
straight snap beans Balitsa 1 and Balitsa 2 have been
licensed to PT Fajar Seed for its development.
Tubers of new improved potato varieties, Andina (left), Kastanum (center) and Vernei (right).
Horticulture
29
New improved vegetable varieties (from left to right), large red and curly chilies Lingga, Ciko and
Kencana; straight snap beans Balitsa 1, Balitsa 2 and Balitsa 3; tomatoes Tosca, Ruby and Topaz;
shallots Pikatan, Trisula, Pancasona and Mentes; and mushrooms Emas, Ratu and Zafira.
Shallots
Four new varieties of shallots, namely Pikatan, Trisula,
Pancasona and Mentes have the advantages of early
maturing and well-adapting to low elevation areas
(6-85 m asl). Pikatan variety is derived from crosses
between B 2558 and B 3155 with the productivities
ranging from 6.20 to 23.31 t/ha. Trisula variety is
the result of a cross between B 2558 and B 4127 with
the advantage of high productivity (6.50-23.21 t/ha).
Pancasona variety is derived from crosses between
B 2275 and B 4127 with productivities ranging from
6.90 to 23.70 t/ha, while Mentes variety is the result
of a cross between B 3117 and B 3155 and has high
productivity (7.10-27.58 t/ha).
30
dense fruit, well-adapted to highlands (850-1,300 m
asl) and high productivity. Productivities of Tosca and
Ruby range from 30 to 40 t/ha, while Topaz are 4050 t/ha.
Mushrooms
Mushrooms are preferred by consumers due to high
nutritional value. IVEGRI has generated three welladapted mushrooms for medium to high elevation
areas (700-1,250 m asl) and having long production
period (3.8 months). Productivities of Emas variety
range from 54.33 to 91.08 t/ha, Ratu 54.22-81.94 t/
ha and Zafira 50.48-78.70 t/ha.
Tomatoes
Watermelon dan Melon
IVEGRI has generated three varieties of hybrid
tomatoes, Tosca, Ruby and Topaz which have the
advantages of early maturing, long fruit shelf-life,
ITFRI has generated two candidates for new superior
hybrid varieties of watermelon which are stable
planted at all locations and preferred by consumers.
Horticulture
Candidates for melon varieties MB1 and MB2 .
Candidates for watermelon varieties, BT1 and
BT2 .
Candidates for watermelon varieties BT1 and BT2
have crisp and very sweet fruit flesh. Fruit flesh of
BT1 is bright red, fruit weight 7-8 kg and ages 80-85
days, whereas BT2 has thick yellow flesh with fruit
weights of 6.5-7.0 kg and ages 75-80 days.
MB1 candidate melon variety has oval-shaped
fruit, crisp flesh texture, sweet flavor, medium smell
and fruit weights of 1.8-2.0 kg. Melon MB2 is preferred
by consumers because it has orange fruit flesh color,
strong smell, sweet flavor and fruit weights of 1.61.8 kg. Both candidate varieties have plant ages of
55-60 days.
Seedless SoE tangerine (left) and pummelo
(right).
fruits that are partially seedless. Efforts to obtain
seedless citrus by shooting gamma rays produced
seedless SoE and garut tangerines as well as
nambangan pummelo. In 2011, ICSFRI generated
new candidates for seedless SoE tangerine and
pummelo varieties which are high yield, sweet taste
and attractive skin color.
Citrus
Indonesia has superior citrus, that are siamese
oranges, tangerines and pummelos. The Indonesian
citrus has good quality, but the seeds are relatively
much making it hard to compete with imported citrus
Orchids
Dendrobium, Phalaenopsis and Vanda orchids have
high economic value. New superior varieties of orchids
are necessary for the development of orchid varieties
Horticulture
31
to give benefit to producers and consumers. The
producers will obtain benefit by the availability of
alternative superior varieties of orchids, while the
consumers can obtain a guaranteed seed quality.
varieties of Phalaenopsis consist of a single standard
type, seven multiflora types and two novelty types.
The candidate varieties of Vanda have fragrant
scented flowers.
IOPRI has generated superior varieties of Dendrobium, Phalaenopsis and Vanda orchids through
conventional cross breeding. The crossbreds are then
selected and the selected progenies are released as
improved varieties, which include ten varieties of
Dendrobium, ten varieties of Phalaenopsis and two
candidate varieties of Vanda.
The ten varieties of Dendrobium have bright
flower color and reddish purple base. The flower is
half star and rabbit shaped with medium size. Ten
Candidates for new superior varieties of
Vanda.
Phal. Balithi MF001
Phal. Balithi MF002
Phal. Balithi ST005
Phal. Balithi MF003
Phal. Balithi MF004
Phal. Balithi MF005
Phal. Balithi MF006
Phal. Balithi MF007
Phal. Balithi NV001
Phal. Balithi NV002
New superior varieties of Phalaenopsis orchids.
32
Horticulture
Den. Balithi CF001-10
Den. Balithi PP001-374
New superior varieties of Dendrobium orchids.
Production Technology
Seed Propagation of Phalaenopsis
Rapid propagation of Phalaenopsis orchids can be
done through organogenesis. Explants used were
sliced leaves derived from the flower stalk buds. Buds
will form leafy shoots for 2-4 months, depending on
its genotype.
Seed Propagation of Dendrobium
Rapid propagation of Dendrobium can be done
through the formation of protocorm like bodies (PLBs)
in liquid Vacin and Went media. Buds that have been
initiated will form PLBs within 3-6 months, depending
on its genotype. PLB regeneration takes about six
months to plantlets finally be acclimatized.
Shoot emerging from the young flower stalk in
propagation of Phalaenopsis orchid: (a)
culturing flower stalk bud and (b)
development of the shoot at four months after
culture.
the proliferation of callus is quite difficult due to
browning.
Seed Propagation of Vanda
Multiplication of Vanda is the most difficult compared
with Dendrobium and Phalaenopsis. Its propagation
can be done through organogenesis and embryogenesis. Most appropriate explant is sliced young
flower stalk. Callus formation takes 2-5 months, but
Effectivenes of Antagonistic Bacterial
Formula on Soft Rot Disease on Orchids
Symptoms of soft rot disease or Pectobacterium
carotovorum pv can occur in all parts of orchid plants,
but generally it is first seen on the leaves. At first,
Horticulture
33
Organogenic dan embryogenic callus induction
on Vanda orchids: (a) explant at initial culture
and (b) regenerated embryogenic callus at
2.5 months after culture.
Callus formation from leaf explant in
propagation of Phalaenopsis orchids: (a)
injured leaf and (b) PLB formation in lighted
room.
leaves are pale green and then develop into dark
green wet patches and eventually the entire leaf is
rotten. The disease develops further towards the
stem. Leaves and stems infected by soft rot disease
are stink because the bacteria secrete enzymes and
isoenzymes in large quantities to degrade the polymer
complexity of plant cell walls.
Intensities of transmission of soft rot disease on
Phalaenopsis vary between 0.82% and 92% with one
day incubation time. On the observation of 1-7 days
after inoculation, bacterial antagonist treatment of
isolate number 30 (B30) suspended in distilled water
and applied one day after inoculation, could suppress
the transmission rate of the disease up to 41.6% in
Phalaenopsis. This means that the treatment is
curative, can suppress the disease on infected plants.
Suppression mechanism of antagonistic microbes to
pathogens can occur through hyperparasitism, space
and nutrient competition, antibiosis and lysis.
Effectiveness of biopesticide formulations
containing active antagonistic bacterial isolate number
B30 in the transmission of soft rot disease on
Phalaenopsis is influenced by the degree of
antagonistic bacterial colonization on leaves. The
degree of colonization at three days after application
was higher than that before application. Bacterial
population prior to the application as much as 7 + 2 x
102 cfu increased to 6 + 3 x 105 cfu per gram of leaves
at three days after application.
34
Symtomps of soft rot disease on Phalaenopsis
orchids.
Optimizing Culture and Bioreactor on
Proliferation of Somatic Embryo of
Dendrobium
IOPRI has some important information related to the
development of somatic embryogenesis (SE)
technique on the clonal propagation of some promising
clones of Dendrobium. Such information is: (1)
sterilization techniques of buds; (2) culture systems
and potential media for shoot initiation on solid media
(TBN-2); (3) types of explants for callus initiation (leaf
buds and plantlets); (4) techniques and potential
media for callus induction and regeneration (PC1);
(5) techniques and potential media for callus
proliferation (Pro-D5 and D7); (6) techniques and
potential media for conversion of callus into somatic
embryos or PLBs (PCB and D1 ); (7) optimal explant
Horticulture
Flows of Dendrobium orchid propagation: (1) source of shoot explant, (2 and 3) peeled shoot, (4)
sterilization using chlorox, (5) side and terminal buds, (6) sliced-sterile buds, (7) PLB initiation from
buds in liquid media, (8 and 9) formed PLBs, (10 and 11) PLB regeneration in soild media and (12) the
plantlets.
density for callus proliferation (2-3 g/25 ml media);
(8) subculture period suitable to each phase; (9)
preliminary study of the culture system using thin film
of liquid and (10) preliminary study of the use of
bioreactor systems (explant density of 5-10 g, 1/2
MS and VW media with the addition of BA 0.5 mg/l
and dissolved oxygen 5-10 WM). Results of previous
studies showed that the development of SE technology
on Dendrobium has to go through several stages and
begin with the formation of callus. Currently some
promising clones of Dendrobium may be initiated and
proliferated its calli, that are clones NS 001/10, NS
001/31, NS022/21, NS 22/62, NS 22/58, NS 22/28
and NS 009/45.
Horticulture
35
Explant and Dissolved Oxygen on Bioreactor
System
Differences in explant densities and dissolved oxygen
provided a varied response to the growth and
development of Dendrobium PLBs of NS 022/62 clone.
The best response was found on treatment with
inoculum density of 10 g/l combined with dissolved
oxygen of 15 VVM (K2O3). Application of bioreactors
for clonal propagation of Dendrobium PLBs did not
give significant results on the PLBs proliferation
because PLBs had chlorotic and eventually die.
However, the use of this system for clonal propagation
of Dendrobium Fatahilah PLBs gave significant results.
The PLBs doubled two times within 15 days and had
vigorous growth and without chlorosis.
Mycoparasites of Rust Disease on
Chrysanthemums
There are four genera of mycoparasitic fungi of rust
disease (Puccinia horiana) found in chrysanthemum
plants in Cianjur and Bandung, West Java. Of the 55
mycoparasitic isolates, 92.7% are the genus
Cladosporium, the rest is the genus Fusarium,
Trichoderma and Penicillium. Based on the molecular
identification, Cladosporium isolates have closest
phylogenetic relationship with C. cladosporioides. Of
the 20 Cladosporium isolates tested its effectiveness
as mycoparasite, only 11 isolates that have efficacy
of more than 50% and potential as mycoparasite of
rust disease.
True Shallot Seed Production Technology to
Increase Fruit Setting
Flowering and true seed yield of shallots are
influenced by varieties, fertilizer application, the
success of pollination and plant attractants, namely
chinese cabbage and Tagetes. To find out the effect
of these factors on flowering and true seed yield of
shallots, a study was conducted using Maja and Bima
varieties and P and K fertilizers, i.e. 100 kg P2O5 +
120 kg K2O/ ha and 150 kg P2O5 + 180 kg K2O/ha.
The results showed that the Bima variety given 100
36
Field trial of true shallot seed production.
kg P2O5 + 120 kg K2O/ha produced the most number
of flowering plants (35.2%). The highest number of
flower umbels was produced by Bima variety fertilized
100 kg P2O5 + 120 kg K2O/ha and using attractant
crop of chinese cabbage, which was about 301.15
flower umbels per plot (18 m2). The highest fruit
setting was occurred on Bima variety and attractant
crop of chinese cabbage, which produced 22.77 fruits
per flower umbels. The highest number of seeds was
found on Bima variety, which was 71.21 seeds per
flower umbels. The highest true shallot seed was
produced by Bima variety fertilized 100 kg P2O5 + 120
kg K2O/ha, which was 28.65 g/18 m2 or equivalent to
15.92 kg/ha.
Potential Microbes for Making Compound
Biofertilizers
The use of synthetic chemical fertilizers continuously
on an ecosystem gives adverse impact on the
environment. Fertilizer residues will be leached,
evaporated and bound by the soil minerals so the
nutrients cannot be utilized by plants. One of methods
to improve the efficiency of fertilizer use is by
inoculation of potential microbes.
Selection of potential microbes obtained several
bacterial isolates that have fairly good ability as a
phosphate solvent, that are isolates Cw-19, Cr-13,
Horticulture
Colonies of microbes selected in phosphate dissolved media (left), Azotobacter spp. isolates (center)
and Azospirillum spp. isolates (right).
Br-14 and Lg-10 with phosphate dissolving ability
index of 7.58, 5.83, 4.26 and 4.26, respectively.
Selection by using two nitrogen-free media obtained
20 isolates suspected belonging to the groups of
Azotobacter spp. and Azospirillum spp. Of the 20
isolates collected there is a group that inhibits plant
growth and a group that improves plant growth.
Bacterial isolates that give a good effect on the growth
of sprouts are isolate numbers 7, 6, 12, 15 and 18.
Isolate numbers 6, 7, 12 and 18 promoted root growth,
whereas isolate number 15 stimulated root number
and plant height.
Mango Fruit Borer Control Using Citronella Oil
Mango production ranks second after bananas, which
is 180,840 t/year. However, the quality of Indonesia’s
mango is relatively low so it is difficult to compete
with mangoes from other countries. One of the
possible causes is an attack of fruit borer (Noorda
albizonalis). Control of the pest is necessary to
consider the environment and consumer safety.
Therefore, testing the effectiveness of botanical
pesticides in controlling N. albizonalis needs to be
done.
One of the natural ingredients that has potential
as a botanical pesticide is citronella oil. Mango fruit
borer control using citronella oil at concentrations of
2, 4 or 6 cc/l and spraying interval of six days
decreased N. albizonalis attack on Arumanis variety
by 30-40%. N. albizonalis attacks all stages of fruit
development, including ripe fruit. The effectiveness
of citronella oil in suppressing the attack of N.
albizonalis in fruit ripening period was lower than
that in the young fruit stage.
Organic Matter for Substitution of NPK
Fertilizers
Some mango growers started to use organic fertilizer
and leaf litter in combination with NPK fertilizers. In
this regard, ITFRI has studied the nutrient content of
organic fertilizer and the contribution of organic
fertilizer to lowering the rate of NPK fertilizers without
reducing yield and fruit quality. The results showed
that the use of 50 kg organic fertilizer/plant reduced
the use of NPK fertilizers up to 50% of the dose
Noorda albizonalis attack on mango fruit.
Horticulture
37
commonly used by farmers, which is 5 kg/10-yearold plant. Substitution of chemical fertilizer with
organic fertilizer can reduce greenhouse gas emission
so this technology can support a program to
overcome climate change.
Determination of Optimum Harvesting Time of
Gedong Gincu Mango
Based on the characters of nutrients, moisture content
and sweet taste, gedong gincu phase at the fourth
harvest is an optimum picking time for Gedong Gincu
mango. In this phase, Gedong Gincu mango has the
best characters for vitamin C (more than 70 mg/100
g), TSS (more than 19°Brix) and lower water content
(78-80%) compared with other harvest time.
However, farmers generally do not prefer harvesting
the fruit at the gedong gincu phase due to high risks,
such as theft, unsynchronous fruit ripening, fruit fall,
pest attacks and additional costs. Mango farmers in
Cirebon and other areas prefer harvesting the mango
at gedong phase (first harvest) because it is more
profitable. The results showed that the optimum
picking time is gedong phase plus five days (second
harvest) because at this phase the vitamin C content
is higher than that at gedong phase (first harvest)
and gedong phase plus 10 days (third harvest). For
other characters (TSS, total acid and water content),
the three phases is relatively the same.
Organoleptic test results showed that consumers
responded best to the fruits picked at gedong gincu
phase with an average value of more than 5.4 or
categorized as quite like to like. For picking time of
gedong phase, the consumer response was relatively
the same. For consumer acceptance of fruits, the
highest value was owned by the fruits picked at
gedong phase plus five days. If the nutritional and
organoleptic parameters are combined, an optimum
picking time for Gedong Gincu mango is the gedong
phase plus five days. For storage time related with
the feasibility of consumption, fruits stored for two
and four days after picking were more preferred by
consumers than those stored for six days after
picking.
38
Gedong gincu mango stored for two days
(left) and four days (right) after picking.
Mass Production of Virus Free Citrus
Seed
Status of Citrus Disease Generated from
Somatic Embryogenesis
The disease status test on citrus is began with
searching a positive parent tree that will be
propagated using SE technique. On citrus varieties
which the seeds are derived from the Huanglongbing
disease (CVPD) infected parent, all varieties tested,
namely Japanche Citroen (JC), tangerine Batu 55 and
siem Purworejo were free from CVPD at all growth
stages (callus, embryo and plantlet) at the
multiplication period of 5-14 months.
On some citrus varieties which the seeds are
originated from the citrus tristeza virus (CTV) infected
parent, tangerine Kino, siem Kintamani and lime juice
Tulungagung at callus, embryo and plantlet stages
were free from CTV, but for JC Tlekung at embryo
stage, 40% of the samples was infected with CTV.
Therefore, seeds for propagation materials with SE
technique must be derived from the parents that are
free from systemic diseases, especially CTV.
Evaluation on the Performance of Seedlings
Derived from Embryo or Plantlet Grafting
To evaluate the growth of seedlings generated from
embryo or plantlets grafting, the one year grafted
Horticulture
seedling of JC rootstock were planted in the field.
Observation result showed that, until four months old
in the field, the plants have not developed yet to the
generative stage as the plants have not flowered yet
and spines are still growing. Vegetative growth until
four months old is very good. Growth of calamondin
orange grafted with JC rootstock originated from
seedlings was better than that of other JC rootstock
origins. At eight months after planting, the plants
began to turn to the generative stages, characterized
by the appearance of flowers. In general, the scions
from plantlets produced more flowers than those from
embryos. Thus, calamondin orange propagated by
SE technique can be flowering at eight months after
the seedlings are planted in the field.
yield potential, the stability of characters, compatibility
with some rootstocks and resistance to pests and
diseases should be performed.
Trait Consistency of Seedless, Yield
Potential, and Quality of Citrus
Derived from Mutation
Indexing on mother trees was done for CTV and
CVPD diseases, those are 46 samples on foundation
block, 90 samples on scion multiplication block and
197 mother trees. Sixty one mother trees are
positively infected with CVPD and 61 mother trees
are not feasible as parents.
Characters required in citrus breeding is good
vigorous plant, seedless fruit, attractive fruit color,
good taste (high TSS) and resistant to major pests
and diseases. Until the end of 2011, the
characterization had been made on 64 M1V2
tangerine citrus grown in pots, 68 M1V2 tangerine
citrus grown in the field and 10 M1V2 pummelos.
Observation results indicated that the seedless
character (seed number of less than five) occurred
on 28 M1V2 tangerine and seven M1V2 pummelo
accessions. Through observation for several years,
several plant candidates that have the acquired
characters were obtained. However, to meet the
requirements of varieties release, observation on
Certification for Citrus Seed
In the year 2011 cleaning of ten citrus varieties from
systemic diseases has been made with bud grafting
on varieties of Kelele Aceh, P. Kasua, P. Baco, a local
seedless lemon, Genensa Aceh, P. Pasaviki, Sanggul
I, M. Komun, Lebong and Fremon. The cleaning was
done through STG stages, regrafting, indexing and
propagation of mother trees. Varieties that have
completely been indexing were declared as diseasefree and then propagated as a seed.
In 2011, it has been produced 906 trees of
foundation block seed class and 5,710 trees of scion
multiplication block seed class. Those seeds have
been distributed to users, such as the Provincial and
District Agricultural Offices, Horticultural Seed
Centers, farmers’ groups and private parties.
Assistances in management of foundation blocks and
scion multiplication blocks have been made in Eban
Subdistrict, Timur Tengah Utara District of East Nusa
Tenggara, Mataram West Nusa Tenggara, and in the
Central Seed Garden of Lubuk Minturun, Padang,
West Sumatra.
Horticulture
39
Estate Crops
Estate crops have a strategic role of economic, ecological, social
and cultural aspects in national development. Economically,
estate crops contribute to improving public welfare and
strengthening the regional economy through their contribution
to the incomes of farmers, regions and foreign exchange
earnings. Estate crops ecologically have functions in the
improvement of soil and water conservation, carbon sink,
oxygen providers and protected areas buffers, and socioculturally as nation unity. The Indonesian Center for Estate
Crops Research and Development (ICERD) continually strives
to generate technological innovations that are easy to
implement, effective, efficient and competitive. Research and
development in estate crops have generated considerable
innovative technologies associated with efforts to increase
biodiversity and numbers of plant materials, productivity and
quality, product processing, source seeds and policy synthesis.
40
Estate Crops
Superior Varietal Improvement
Superior Estate Crops Varieties
In the year 2011 thirteen improved varieties of estate
crops have been released, those are one variety each
of vetiver, turmeric, bitter king, pennywort, coconut,
sugar palm and cashew nuts as well as two varieties
of oil candlenut and four varieties of tobacco. New
turmeric variety was released by the name Curdonia
1. The advantages of this variety lie in the contents
of curcumin (7.05%), essential oils (4.77%) and
starch (35.77%), beside moderately resistant to leaf
spot disease and well-adapted to medium elevation
areas (altitude of 425-484 m above sea level, asl).
New bitter king variety was named Sambina 1.
The superiorities of this variety are the high
production of wet roots (5.08-10.37 t/ha) and welladapted to low-medium elevation areas (altitude of
120-500 m asl).
Improved vetiver varieties were released by the
names Verina 1 and Verina 2. Verina 1 has high
vetiverol content (50.80% + 1.41%), wet root
productivity (10.38 + 4.44 t/ha) and oil yield (66.38
kg/ha). Verina 2 has vetiverol content of 55.48% +
3.17% with wet root productivity of 10.64 + 4.52 t/
ha and oil yield of 60.46 kg/ha. Both are well-adapted
to the highlands.
Superior tall coconut Adonara has medium to
large sized fruits, fruit number of 84-105 fruits/tree/
year or 8,400-10,500 fruits/ha, oil content of 66.83%
and the thin coconut husk. The variety is tolerant to
drought up to 5-7 months subsequently so that it is
suitable to be developed in upland with altitudes of
less than 500 m asl, rainfalls less than 1,000 mm/
year with dry months of less than 6 months.
Early maturing sugar palm variety is Kutai Timur
with potential seed production of 4,000 fruits/tree
and resistant to pests and diseases. Development
areas of this sugar palm is wet climate dry area,
shallow groundwater and rainfalls of 1,000-1,500 mm/
year with dry months of less than six months.
The superior candlenut varieties Sunan 1 and
Sunan 2 are tolerant to leaf pests (caterpillar sac)
and resistant to diseases or weeds. Seed yield of
Sunan 1 is 110.0 + 16.9 kg/tree/year and Sunan 2 is
New improved turmeric variety, Curdonia 1 with curcumin content of 7.05%.
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41
Plants, flower and fruits of improved bitter
king variety, Sambina 1.
Improved vetiver varieties, Verina 1 (top) and
Verina 2 (below).
Improved tall coconut variety, Adonara, with
small to medium fruit size and productivity
ranged from 84 to 105 fruits/tree/year.
Early maturing sugar palm, Kutai Timur.
76.0 + 18.2 kg/tree/year. Sunan 1 can be developed
in areas with altitudes of 500-700 m asl and climate
type B, while Sunan 2 at altitudes of 50-400 m asl
with climate types B and C. Both varieties can be
42
propagated through seeds and grafting. Four superior
tobacco varieties generated in 2011 were tobacco
Bondowoso Maesan 1 and Maesan 2 as well as
tobacco Probolinggo Paiton 1 and Paiton 2.
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Performance of improved oil candlenut, Sunan 1 (left) and Sunan 2 (right).
Varietal Improvement of Sugarcane Tolerant
to Wet Climate In Vitro
In vitro culture can be used in varietal improvement
of important crops. One of in vitro culture techniques
which is effective and efficient to assemble improved
varieties is in vitro selection. To obtain new genotypes
tolerant to wet climate, somatic cells that have been
irradiated by gamma ray or given chemical mutagen
EMS were cultured in in vitro condition of high humidity.
The combination of physical and chemical mutation
with in vitro selection increased genetic diversity of
somatic cells. Regeneration of somatic cells is
expected to have superior properties of tolerance to
wet climate. Somaclones were then tested in the
greenhouse and in the field until M2 generation to
find out agronomic characters and sugar yield.
The assembly of superior sugarcane varieties
tolerant to wet climate through in vitro selection
showed that the rates of callus formation and callus
regeneration of PS 864 variety were greater than
that of Bululawang variety. Induced mutation by
gamma ray irradiation at LD50 obtained dose ranges
of 20-30 Gy, while the percentage of regenerated
calli of PS 864 after gamma ray irradiation and
immersion in liquid media was higher than that of
Bululawang. The higher the gamma ray irradiation
dose and time of callus immersion in liquid medium,
the numbers of regenerated calli and shoots were
decreasing. Mutation induced by EMS 1% and five
hours soaking showed the opportunities to obtain
LD50. The ability of calli to regenerate forming shoots
after EMS treatment varied.
The addition of 2,4-D in the media induced callus
formation of explants of young leaves of sugarcane.
Increasing 2,4-D concentration to 3 mg/l without the
addition of other plant growth substances tended to
decrease the number of calli produced. The addition
of casein hydrolyzate on callus induction media did
not affect the number of calli produced, but highly
influenced the quality of the calli. Regeneration of
calli into plantlets requires different media
formulations for each variety. The use of auxin (NAA
and IBA) on rooting media induced root formation.
This propagation method has been applied to massproduction of sugarcane seedlings.
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43
Visualization of PS 864 sugarcane calli after irradiated with gamma ray at (a) 50 Gy,
(b) 40 Gy, (c) 30 Gy, (d) 20 Gy and (e) 10 Gy.
Test of Sugarcane Resistance to Streak
Mosaic Disease
Streak mosaic is a new disease in sugarcane with a
fairly broad distribution level, particularly in Java. The
disease is caused by sugarcane streak mosaic virus
(SCSMV). Its control recommendations are limited
to the use of healthy seeds and planting restriction
of PS 864 variety that is based on field observations
is indicated susceptible. Planting resistant varieties
is an effective control method, but information on
the resistance is limited.
Testing of sugarcane clones for resistance to
streak mosaic disease has been carried out in the
Bugul Experimental Garden in Pasuruan, East Java. A
total of 30 clones of commercial superior sugarcane
varieties/clones, non-commercial superior clones and
promising clones were tested on their resistance to
SCSMV. The results showed that of 30 clones tested,
none of them were classified as highly resistant. Six
clones were resistant, eleven clones were moderate,
eight clones were susceptible and five clones were
44
highly susceptible. The resistant clones were PS 851,
BL, GMP 1, VMC 76-16, PS 04-526 and PS 06-181.
The moderately resistant clones were PS 862, PS
882, 901 PSBM, Kidang Kencana, Kentung, PS 951,
902 PSCO, PS 92-750, VMC 73-229, PS 05-130 and
PS 06-155. The susceptible clones were PS 863, PS
865, PS 881, PS 921, 941 PSJT, GMP 2, PS 05-317
and PS 06-346, and the highly susceptible clones were
PS 92-752, PS 05-382, PS 06 -156, PS 06-196 and
PS 06-326.
Engineering of Flowering Genetic System on
Oil Palm
In the flowering cycle of oil palm, the process of
sexual differentiation begins with forming floral
primordia from flower meristem tissue, followed by
sexual differentiation where floral primordia develop
into male or female flowers, depending on environmental conditions. The process of flowering until
become fruit is controlled mainly by a group of genes
MADSBOX. In many plant species, MADSBOX have a
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conserved structure and function (highly conserved).
There are at least three MADSBOX genes involved in
oil palm flowering, namely EgSQUA1, EgAG and
EgAGL. One of the three genes is strongly suspected
having a role in the process of sexual differentiation
in oil palm flowering.
In a previous study, genetic constructs of PEgAG2
:: GFP and PEgAGL2 :: GFP have been assembled
using Gateway technology (from Invitrogen). In
addition it has been identified a local bio-regulator
source which has high potential in increasing
vegetative and generative growths of oil palm. In 2011
confirmation of the constructs previously obtained was
carried out, in addition to regeneration of plant
cultures carrying the constructs PEgAG2 :: GFP and
PEgAGL2 :: GFP and inventory of plants floweringinducing bioregulator which is most readily available
and used.
Assembly and analysis of genetic systems
acquired the genetic constructs PEgAG2 :: GFP and
PEgAGL2 :: GFP that have been successfully
subcloned into Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Both of
these constructs have also been successfully
transformed into tobacco explants. Plantlets that carry
the constructs were successfully regenerated. On MS
media given 0.5 ppm BAP and 30-40 g/l sucrose, the
regenerated plantlets had different structures with
the untransformed plantlets and regenerated on
standard media. This phenomenon indicates that both
reporter gene constructs are expressed under in vitro
conditions, or a genetic system engineered functions
properly. At reconfirm trial on upland rice in the
greenhouse, the natural bioregulator was able to
increase vegetative growth and tiller number
resulting in increased productivity and grain quality.
Superior Cocoa Clones and Plantation
Management in Dry Climate Upland
Productivity of cocoa in East Nusa Tenggara is low,
only 526 kg/ha, even according to the Directorate
General of Estate Crops in 2009 was only 228 kg/ha.
The low productivity is due to low-quality plant
materials used and marginal land conditions. Rainfall
is only 1,200 mm/year with 6-8 dry months (rainfall
of less than 60 mm/month). On the other hand, new
cocoa clones have been available with the yield
potentials of 2.0-3.0 tons dry beans/ha, i.e. ICCRI 03
and ICCRI 04, and clones of Sulawesi 01, Sulawesi
02 and SCA 6 with productivity of 1.5 t/ha. Rootstocks
tolerant to moisture stress have also been found, that
are SCA 6 and SCA 12.
ICERD has generated cultivation technology of
bulk cocoa specific to dry climate upland in East Nusa
Tenggara as well as adaptive superior clones. Plant
materials derived from shoot grafting were prepared
at the Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute
in Jember, East Java. The growth of grafted seedlings,
as reflected by shoot height, shoot diameter, leaf
number and leaf area, showed no difference amongs
clones.
Cultivation Technology
Propagation Technology of Sugarcane
Seedlings
One of potential technologies to multiply seedlings
rapidly, in large quantities and uniform is a tissue
culture. Provision of sugarcane seedlings through
tissue culture is carried out through four key stages,
i.e. induction, proliferation, differentiation and
regeneration of the calli to form plantlets. Therefore,
the study was conducted to obtain a technological
package of micropropagation in an effort to provide
superior sugarcane seedlings which are cheap, fast,
and tested on a wide scale.
The results showed that the use of media for
callus induction with the addition of 2,4-D could induce
calli from explants of young leaves of sugarcane.
Increasing concentrations of 2,4-D to 3 mg/l in media
without addition of other plant growth substances
tended to decrease the number of calli produced.
The addition of casein hydrolysate on callus induction
media did not affect the number of calli produced,
but highly influenced the quality of the calli.
Regeneration of calli into plantlets requires different
media formulations for each variety. The use of auxin
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45
Propagation of sugarcane seedlings through tissue culture: (1-2) callus induction and callus
proliferation, (3-4) shoot differentiation/regeneration and (5-6) plantlet formation.
(NAA and IBA) on rooting media induced root
formation. Methods of multiplication of sugarcane
seedlings resulting from this study have been applied
in mass-production of sugarcane seedlings. Sugarcane seedlings derived from tissue culture in 2011
reached 100 thousand plantlets that potentially
produced 2.8 million G2 budsets at the end of 2012.
Development of Integrated SugarcaneLivestock Farming
Sugarcane is potential to be integrated with livestock.
In addition to producing sugar, sugarcane also yields
a quite high of plant wastes such as shoots and leaves
that can be utilized as feed. Plant and processing
wastes of sugarcane as well as livestock wastes are
also potential as a new and renewable energy source,
such as ethanol and biogas, thereby reducing the
greenhouse gas emissions.
46
Development of integrated sugarcane plantationlivestock farming was held in sugarcane center of
Lambur Village, Mrebet District, Purbalingga, Central
Java, on 5 ha of land owned by Mugilestari farmers’
group. Observation results showed that assistance
and application of 5 tons organic fertilizer/ha, leaf
removing and maintenance of drainage channels
increased sugarcane productivity of more than 100
t/ha. Estimated production of shoots and dried leaves
was 28 t/ha that is potential as high-protein feed.
Two units of biogas installation with a capacity of 5
m3 livestock wastes produced 2.16 m3 biogas which
is adequate to meet the needs of two farmer families
to cook for three hours each. Measurement of
greenhouse gas emissions at a month old sugarcane
plantation showed CO2 emissions of 0.66 t/ha/month
and N2O emissions of 3.63 t/ha/month. Methane from
wastes of 16 cattle reached 3.24 m3/day or 1,083
m3/year. Added value of the methane emissions as
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fuel for household obtained from the two biogas
installations is estimated IDR912,000/farmer.
Increasing Fertilizer Efficiency on Oil Palm
Several superior isolates of fungi which are active
decomposing lignin and cellulose and having lipase
enzyme activity have been obtained. Composting oil
palm empty fruit bunches with a decomposer formula
containing those isolates improved the quality of
compost.
Use of biological fertilizer formula increased the
efficiency of fertilizer use in oil palm nurseries.
Application of bioameliorant improved oil palm N
nutrient uptake in sandy soil, enhanced soil physical
properties and fertilization efficiency, and increased
the yield of fresh fruit bunches. Bioameliorant
application also improved fertilizer efficiency and yield
of fresh fruit bunches in peat soil.
Integrated Control of White Root Fungus
Disease on Rubber
White root fungus disease caused by pathogenic
fungus Rigidoporus microporus is an important
disease on rubber because it often results in the death
of rubber plants and the high cost for controlling the
disease. Therefore, effective and cheap control
technology of white root fungus disease is required.
White root fungus disease can be controlled
through preventive actions before the attack and
treatment of infected plants. Research results showed
that effective disease prevention was through
infection source reduction by accelerating the
weathering of rubber stump with burning or
decomposing fungi. Protection of plants before the
disease attack was carried by planting an antagonistic
plant, mother-in-law´s tongue, around the stem base
at the beginning of rubber cultivation. The most
efficient and effective treatment of infected plants is
by application of fungicides containing active
ingredient triadimefon.
Pest and Disease Control on Tea
Pesticide residues in tea products due to excessive
use of pesticides require attention to secure and
increase the export of Indonesia’s tea. Efforts to
minimize the use of pesticides and their residues can
be done through three approaches, namely nonchemical control, environmental improvement and
wise use of pesticides. To support these efforts, a
study was carried out to generate environmentallyfriendly technologies for controlling major pests/
diseases on tea, namely orange mite (Brevipalpus
phoenicis), blister blight (Exobasidium vexans),
Empoasca flavescens and Polypodium nummularifoliums.
Entomopathogenic fungus Paecilomyces
fumosoroseus was effective for controlling orange
mite. In the laboratory, P. fumosoroseus at a
concentration of 108 spores/ml was effective to control
orange mite at fourth day after application. In the
Application of chemical fungicide, biofungicide Trichoderma koningii + sulphur, and planting antagonistic
plants mother-in-law´s tongue to control white root fungi on rubber.
Estate Crops
47
field, P. fumosoroseus on rice medium at a dose of 3
kg/ha effectively controlled orange mites after sixtime applications. Four types of compost tea, which
are CT1 (25% goat manure, 45% forage, 30% woody
materials); CT2 (25% cow manure, 45% forage, 30%
woody materials); CT3 (25% goat manure, 30%
forage, 45% woody materials) and CT4 (50% goat
manure, 50% Arachis pintoi forage), are potential to
control blister blight.
Formulations of marigold plant-based insecticide
were effective against E. flavescens. In the laboratory,
formulation of 15% marigold was more effective than
the formulation of 10%, and a dose of 1 l/ha was
more effective than that of 0.5 l/ha. In the field, the
effectiveness of the formulation of 10% marigold at
doses of 0.5 l/ha was the same as 15% marigold at
a dose of 0.5 and 1.0 l/ha, and is comparable to
chemical insecticides.
Trimming influences the development of weeds.
Clean and moderately clean trimmings are more
effective in controlling weeds compared to table
trimming. Weed control with herbicides is equivalent
to manual control, except for pure 2,4-D. The
combination of glyphosate and picloram produced the
highest number of primary shoots of tea.
Development of Endophytic
Bacteria-Based Biofertilizer Formula
The use of high doses of chemical fertilizers and in a
long time can reduce the population of soil microflora.
Therefore, utilization of biological fertilizers is needed.
Biological fertilizers generally contain endophytic
bacteria. Six endophytic N-fixing bacterial isolates
were tested for their ability in the biological fertilizer
formula and efficacy on sugarcane. The results
showed that the formulation of biological fertilizers
made with a mixture of 50% blotong (refined
bagasse), 30% zeolite and 20% clay resulted the
endophytic bacterial counts at day 0 to day 15 of 8-6
x 106. In the third month, the number of bacteria in
the biofertilizer formula reached 6.33 x 102. Each
endophytic bacterium has specific pattern depicting
48
Color of endophytic bacteria coding gfp gene
under ultraviolet light.
their presence and persistence in sugarcane tissues.
The bacteria can survive for three months in plant
tissues. In sugarcane leaf tissue, endophytic bacteria
form microcolony. Observations indicated that
application of endophytic bacteria tended to lose the
performance of sugarcane.
Germplasm Conservation
Rubber clone improvement highly depends on the
availability of germplasms. Collection of superior
rubber clones is a source of genetic diversity which
is very useful in breeding programs. Indonesia has a
source of important rubber genetic diversity in form
of collections of introduced superior clones and
domestic improved clones. Therefore, collection
garden of superior rubber clones needs to be
established as a germplasm conservation garden,
parental seed garden and artificial crosses garden to
assemble superior rubber clones.
Collection garden of rubber has been established
in Pakuwon, Sukabumi, West Java, on an area of 0.5
ha and consists of ten clones, namely AVROS 2037,
GT 1, RRIC 100, BPM 1, BPM 24, 107 BPM, BPM 109,
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Establishment of rubber seeding in Pakuwon, Sukabumi, West Java.
PB 260, IRR 5 and IRR 104. Establishment of the
collection garden begins with the preparation of
budded stumps at Sungei Putih Rubber Research
Institute, North Sumatra, development of budded
stump nursery in polybags in Pakuwon, land
preparation and planting the budded stumps in the
field. Collection garden was laid out in clonal blocks.
Each plot consists of one clone with a plant number
of 25 trees so there were ten plots in the garden.
Land preparation was done mechanically and referred
to the management standards of rubber plantation
development. Plant material is in the form of one
umbrella leaf seedlings in polybags. Description of
each clone is based on plant traits, including leaf
blade, petiolule, petiole, umbrella leaves, buds, bark
and yield potential of latex.
For sugarcane germplasm, exploration in Central
Java obtained 34 numbers (UBD 1 to UBD 34) and in
East Java had 70 numbers (UBD 35 to UBD 105).
Planting of micro-G1 phase I and II has been done.
Sugarcane varieties collected have a high genetic
diversity and can be used in varietal improvement.
To support the information needs in the development of estate crops, especially coffee, cocoa, rubber,
tea, sugarcane and oil palm, the mean have been
created to provide information concerning the
description of superior varieties/clones. The mean is
expected to assist breeders in selecting the acquired
genes to accelerate the generation of new superior
clones. The mean is equipped with technical
information on cultivation and postharvest so that
users can understand varieties/clones completely. The
mean is made in the form of HTML (Hypertext Markup
Language)-based programming software combined
with PHP (Hypertext Preprocessor) language
programming. Data and information available in the
database include morphological characteristics of ten
rubber clones, five varieties of arabica coffee, five
varieties/clones of robusta coffee, five varieties/
clones of cocoa, 16 tea clones, 23 varieties/clones of
sugarcane, and 13 varieties of oil palm as well as
data on cultivation and postharvest of rubber, coffee,
cocoa, tea, sugarcane, quinine and oil palm.
Policy Synthesis
Direct Purchase System of Sugarcane
One of partnership patterns between sugarcane
farmers and sugar factory is a profit-sharing of sugar
based on the final yield of farmers’ sugarcane. In the
field, determination of the yield is often a problem
Estate Crops
49
and being a potential conflict because farmers do
not believe the yield obtained as it highly depends on
the efficiency and performance of sugar factory. In
accordance with recommendation of the Sugar
Committee House of Representatives Commission VI,
the yield of farmers’ sugarcane should be measured
prior to processing so that farmers obtain the yield
according to the quality of sugarcane produced.
Alternative partnership between farmers and
sugar factory is direct purchase system so that
farmers do not bear the risk of factory inefficiency
and unsmooth processing. Therefore, it requires a
formula to determine the yield and purchasing price
of sugarcane which is beneficial to both parties.
Sugarcane price formula is set by profit sharing, yield
of sugarcane (R), farmer standard price of sugar
(HPP), profit sharing of molasses and the price of
molasses (Table 1). The general formula is:
Cane price/ton = 1,000 x {(farmer sugar x R x HPP)
+ (farmer molasses x price of molasses)}.
Yield measurement is performed on sugarcane
samples taken with easy operated, accurate and
transparent equipments, such as Core Sampler.
Application of technological innovations in increasing
sugarcane productivity and yield plays an important
role in achieving sugar self-sufficiency by 2014. Sugar
production target in 2011 amounting to 2.73 million
tons is estimated will not be achieved due to yield
decrease from an average of 7.6% to 7.4%. Problems
faced in upstream to downstream subsystems to
achieve sugar self-sufficiency are difficult to
overcome. However, with the revised target, land
expansion is unnecessary or can be reduced, but
accompanied with using improved varieties and
cultivation technologies as well as improving
sugarcane processing in sugar factory.
Table 2 shows the simulation of sugarcane
productivity, sugar yield and sugar production without
land expansion or remains with an area of 437,000
ha. If this alternative is executed, the varieties used
should have a productivity of 110 t/ha with a yield of
12%. If the target was lowered to 3.6-4.3 million
tons, the actual productivities of sugarcane should
be 90-100 t/ha and the yields of 9-10%.
Economic benefits of the direct purchasing
system of sugarcane on farmers’ income are: (1)
individual assessment of sugarcane quality gives a
positive effect on increasing productivity and farmers
receive an appropriate and optimum cane price; (2)
farmers are not burdened with inefficiency of sugar
factory; (3) payment in advance will help farmers to
meet their primary and secondary needs and (4)
sugar factory will be encouraged to increase its
efficiency.
The average productivity of sugarcane in June
2011 was only 78 t/ha with the yield of 6.9%. To
increase production up to 3.7 million tons in 2014,
IAARD has generated the candidates for superior
sugarcane varieties with yield potentials of 9-12%,
such as PS 881, PS 882, PS 862 and VNC 766. If the
candidates are adaptive tested in 2012 then in 2013
the varieties are able to be developed. The most
promising varieties are PS 89-20961 and POJ 3016
and the introduced variety from the Philippines with
the yields of 9.5%, 14% and 16% and productivities
of 140, 150 and 150 t/year, respectively.
Table 1. Sharing proportion of sugar and molasses for
farmers.
To address the gap in yield potentials and the
actual yields, improvements of cultivation are needed
which include: (1) application of assisted program of
ratoon loading as implemented in 2004 and ratoon
can only be used up to three years; (2) use of early,
medium and end maturing varieties; (3) balanced
fertilizing between organic and inorganic fertilizers,
such as farmyard manure of 5 t/ha or refined bagasse,
bagasse and ash of 80 t/ha, or 40 t/ha when it is
Yield
(%)
<
>
>
>
50
Opportunity of Sugar Self-Sufficiency by
2014
7
7-8
8-9
9
Farmers’ sugar
(%)
Farmers’ molasses
(%)
66.0
70.0
72.5
75.0
3.00
2.75
2.50
2.50
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Table 2. Simulation of productivity, yields and production of sugar to support sugar self-suffiency without area expansion.
Simulation
Self-sufficiency support
I
Productivity (t/ha)
Yield (%)
Area (000 ha)
National sugar production (000 t)
70
7
437
2,141.3
II
80
8
437
2,796.8
composted; (4) application of plant growth substances
(ethepon 400 mg/liter) at five-month-old-sugarcane;
(5) application of integrated pest management,
especially using tolerant/resistant varieties; (6) water
management with furrow or sprinkler irrigation
according to crop needs and (7) cropping system
suitable for tissue culture seedlings.
All of cultivation treatments are arranged in a
demonstration farm (show window) at three locations
(Lampung, Central Java and South Sulawesi)
proposed for multilocation trials of POJ 3016 and PS
86-10029 varieties as well as the introduced and
promising superior clones. Through demonstration
farm, standard operating procedures (SOP) of the
development of tissue culture-based seedlings and
improved varieties of sugarcane will be generated.
III
90
9
437
3,539.7
IV
100
10
437
4,370.0
V
110
11
437
5,287.7
VI
110
12
437
5,768.4
Roadmap of sugar self-sufficiency achievement
in 2014 is proposed as follows: (1) in the first year,
demonstration farm in the three locations started to
plant in November 2011 and conducted socialization
to relevant parties such as the Indonesian Sugar
Board, Directorate General of Estate Crops, sugar mills
and PTPN; (2) in the second year, SOP resulted in
the first year was socialized and developed and (3)
in the third year (2014) all of sugarcane production
centers are expected to implement the SOP and use
high yielding varieties.
Development of tissue culture-based sugarcane
requires the cooperation of related all parties. It is
assumed that beyond the treatment applied all are
running optimally, such as measuring the yield and
efficiency of processing in the sugar factory.
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51
Livestock
To realize the beef self-sufficiency program in 2014, the
Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development
(ICARD) and its implementing units strive to generate
technological innovations for livestock as well as disease
diagnosis and its control. Some of the activities undertaken in
2011 were the analyses of policies on utilization of oil palm
kernel cake, food safety and cessation of beef exports from
Australia, development of bivalent avian influenza vaccines
and rapid diagnostic test FELISA for toxoplasma, establishment
of broiler duck spawn, beef cattle research consortium,
improvement of forage production and nutritional value, and
biofermentation of sugarcane processing wastes.
52
Livestock
Perspective of Oil Palm Kernel Cake
Utilization
One of the constraints in increasing population,
productivity and competitiveness of livestock farms
is the limited land and feed resources. The volume
of imports of feed raw materials reached more than
IDR10 trillion/year, so it has drained the national
foreign exchange and is not conducive to the development of farm businesses.
Oil palm kernel cake is potential as feed material,
but most of it is exported. Feed mills in the country
are still reluctant to use oil palm kernel cake for
various reasons and obstacles in the technical and
economical aspects. Oil palm kernel cake production
is estimated 2.7 million tons/year, 0.3 million tons of
which are used as raw material for poultry feed and
0.4 million tons as feed in the cattle fattening. Thus,
there remains 2 million tons that have not been used
optimally. In 2010, the oil palm kernel cake export
reached 2.5 million tons valued at USD216.9 million.
The volume of oil palm kernel cake export during the
period of 2006-2010 increased by 13.9%.
Government plan to set out an export duty for
oil palm kernel cake had got the attention of
stakeholders. The export duty pricing policies will
affect the area, production, consumption, export,
import, domestic price, employment, added value,
farmers’ income and consumer-producer welfare for
the considerable contribution of export revenues from
oil palm kernel cake. Considering that, on 5 April 2011,
ICARD held a round table discussion (RTD) to discuss
the utilization of oil palm kernel cake. The RTD was
carried out by inviting some guest speakers and
experts in the field of oil palm plantations and cattle
feed from the Ministry of Trade, the Ministry of
Agriculture, businessmen as well as oil palm and
livestock observers.
Based on review of the strengths, weaknesses,
opportunities and challenges, the use of oil palm
kernel cake measures include:
a. Monitoring the development of domestic and
international prices of oil palm products and their
derivatives.
b. Exercising the application of tariff progressively
or per unit price of oil palm derivatives that are
useful as feed.
c. Assessing the competitiveness and efficiency of
oil palm derivatives.
d. Updating the analyses of decisions relating to the
presence of technology on the use of oil palm
derivatives as feed source.
e. Reviewing the regulations/policies that can
provide added value for each subsector within
agriculture and increase national competitiveness.
f.
Conducting road show to oil palm centers to solicit
opinions and build synergy on creation of added
value with the spirit of nationalism.
g. Encouraging a research consortium on the use
of oil palm derivatives as feed source and
construction of feed concentrate plants, especially
for ruminants. From 52 feed mills in Indonesia,
80% of them are well established poultry feed
mills, but the use of oil palm kernel cake in poultry
rations is only 2-3%.
The proposed policy recommendations are as follows:
Oil palm kernel cake as feed material.
a. The need for synchronization on the acquisition
of data from relevant agencies, in this case the
Central Bureau of Statistics.
Livestock
53
b. The need for separation of Harmonized System
(HS) code on exported from the imported oil palm
kernel cake.
c. The need for inter-institutional studies on the
estimation of efficiency and competitiveness of
oil palm kernel cake as feed.
d. The need for some analysis scenarios to simulate
the effective application of export duty for oil palm
kernel cake and its impact on producers,
consumers and government revenue.
e. The need for a research consortium to formulate
an ideal integration model, which then tested it
in the field with state-owned businesses or
private sectors to take advantages of incentive
research funding from the Ministry of Research
and Technology.
Food Safety, Regulation and
Imports of Beef and Offal
On 28 April 2011, ICARD implementing RTD with
stakeholders involved in policy formulation, research,
food safety as well as import and use of beef and
offal. Conclusions of the RTD are as follows:
a. Raw material for the meat processing industry is
sufficient so that production costs could be
reduced without decreasing the nutritional value.
Offal (heart) is used as a raw material of
processed meat food (meatballs) in a small,
medium and large industries.
b. In connection with beef importation, it need to
evaluate whether the domestic production is
insufficient or the import is excessive, so that the
domestic beef production tends to decline. To
increase domestic beef production, the farm
management needs to be improved so as to
produce quality beef with a good percentage of
carcass.
c. Slaughterhouses need to be improved to meet
the international standard. This effort is being
taken by the Government of East Java Province
54
in collaboration with the Indonesian Association
of Meat Distributor.
d. Beef and offal marketed in Indonesia contain
residues of veterinary medicines, including
trenbolon acetate (TBA) and toxic compounds
(pesticides, aflatoxins and heavy metals),
although still below the maximum residue limit
(MRL). Examination on the hormon residues
needs to be entightened. Beef, offal or calves that
contain TBA hormones must be banned from
entering Indonesia.
e. The authority to give entry permit of beef is on
the Minister of Trade. Therefore, the import
approval letter needs to be refined into recommendation on entry approval. To improve quality
control of beef and offal entry from abroad, the
existing classification of meat types should be
revised, hence the HS number for beef should
be differed from that for offal.
f.
Importation of beef and offal into Indonesia must
meet halal requirements. There is now halal
approved establishment that can be used as a
source of halal meat for Indonesia from Australia.
The new policy of the LP-POM MUI will enable
the availability of a fully dedicated halal establishment in abroad.
Position of Domestic Beef Cattle
Industry Facing the Termination of
Live Cattle Export from Australia
Capacity of the domestic beef production reaches only
65% of the demand, so that 35% is met through
imports. In 2011, Indonesia is expected to import 650
thousand live cattle from Australia and 72 thousand
tons of frozen beef which is equivalent to 220
thousand cattle.
On 30 May 2011, one of the Australian electronic
media showed some practices of cattle slaughter in
some slaughterhouses in Indonesia, which is
suspected to be not in line with the principles of animal
welfare. Subsequently, on 8 June 2011, the Australian
Livestock
Government planned to stop export of live cattle to
Indonesia within a period of six months.
frozen meat, in accordance with the blueprint of
beef self-sufficiency 2014 (72,000 tons in 2011).
ICARD had reviewed this issue and made three
policy recommendation scenarios as a response to
the Australian Government’s decision. The policy
recommendations for each scenario are as follows:
d. To anticipate the increased demand for beef on
religious holidays, policies on fulfillment of the
national beef needs continue to use the annual
scenario data as contained in the blueprint of beef
self-sufficiency 2014.
Scenario 1: Temporary termination of export (six
months) without a compensating increase in the
volume of frozen beef exports.
a. The number of beef cattle that have been
exported and which received approval from AQIS
(health certificate) should be estimated to know
the number of beef cattle that will not be exported
to Indonesia. Thus, the production capacity of
beef cattle and other meat-producing livestock
in the country should be increased to compensate
the shortage.
b. The mobility of beef cattle supply from the
production centers to the consumers should be
increased. This needs policy on ease of
transportation and temporary elimination of fees
and charges (during six months termination) from
the local government which its territory is passed
through by the transportation of live cattle.
c. Policy on imports of frozen beef to Indonesia did
not need to be revised and must be kept in line
with the annual target of the import volume of
Scenario 2: Temporary termination of export (six
months) with an anticipation of the statement of the
Minister of Trade and Coordinating Minister of
Economic Affairs on the follow-up of import handling
of beef to Indonesia.
a. The authority of the Ministry of Agriculture in the
regulation of entry of animals and animal products
remains based on Law No. 18/2009 on Animal
Husbandry and Animal Health, and Law No. 16/
1992 on Animal, Fish and Plants Quarantine.
b. All policies relating to the supervision on imports
of carcass, meat and offal should still be
implemented in accordance with the Decree of
the Ministry of Agriculture No. 20/2009 on Imports
and Distribution Control of Meat, Carcass and/or
Offal from Abroad.
Scenario 3: Temporary termination of live cattle
export to Indonesia could be expected to harm the
cattle industry, especially in the Northern Territory.
a. Policy on stabilization of food prices, including
food of animal origin, must create a business
climate conducive to the nonbeef-producing
industry. This is intended for businesses to make
proper production planning in response to the
increased demand for beef before a final decision
is obtained.
b. This policy also applies to the industry actors
associated with meat-producing livestock farming
and meat processing industry.
c. The government should have a strategy to reduce
flare-up in the domestic beef price as a result of
the speculators’ activities.
Live cattle import to meet the domestic need
for beef cattle.
Policy on encouraging domestic beef cattle
industry as the main supplier of national beef requires
a long-term planning and is supported by: (1) feed
Livestock
55
supply and production in the country, including
restrictions on exports of feed raw materials; (2)
rescue of productive cows; (3) settlement of pattern
on the development of smallholder cattle farm; (4)
improvement of the artificial insemination system to
save the local genetic resources and (5) acceleration
of cooperation with industry and inter-sectors in the
utilization of natural resources (an integration
system). The central and local governments should
ensure the implementation of slaughter according to
rules on animal welfare.
Development of Integrated Sheep
Villages
Development of integrated sheep village began in mid2009 to introduce the technology for farming of
composite superior sheep of Sumatra and Garut. The
activities were carried out in Cinyurup, Juhut Village,
Tanjung Karang District, Pandeglang Regency, Banten.
Juhut Village is in adjacent to Gunung Karang
protected forest areas, located at an altitude of 250700 m above sea level (asl). The total area of Juhut
Village is 402.86 ha and most of it has a sloping
topography. Most of the population livelihood as
construction labors and farm labors.
Integrated sheep village is a community empowerment model, which is developed by utilizing the
local resources through the integration of sheep and
horticultural crops, as new sources of farmer’s income
(business diversification). In addition, integrated
sheep village supports environmental sustainability,
since the region is bordered by conservation forests.
It also functions as a show window of sheep
development through a replication model in
accordance with the agro-ecosystem conditions.
Adoption of the superior sheep cultivation
technology showed a satisfactory outcome for the
community. The sheep population increased from 275
heads at the beginning of the activities to more than
1,500 heads in September 2011 because of the
increasing birth rate and livestock subsidies from
various agencies (government agencies, private
companies and banks) that put their trust in the sheep
breeder groups. The communities that previously
clear the forests to meet their needs, have turn into
conserving it due to the presence of livestock. The
communities use forage crops as their sheep feed
and manure as organic fertilizer.
Along with the rapid development of integrated
sheep village, on 23 May 2011, the Head of IAARD
visited the integrated sheep village sites and set it up
as a field laboratory of IAARD. The specialties of
the Juhut field laboratory as a multi-spectrum
dissemination media are: (1) there is an integration
of institutions, commodities, programs and
profession; (2) as a training ground for cultivation of
Integrated sheep village in Juhut, Pandeglang, Banten.
56
Livestock
various agricultural commodities; (3) as a laboratory
of superior commodities of IAARD such as livestock,
food crops, horticulture and estate crops and (4) as
a reference for other regions to replicate the
integrated sheep village according to the potential of
respective regions.
The Latest Bivalent Vaccine of
Local Isolates for Avian Influenza
Avian influenza (AI) is one of the deadly disease in
poultry (chickens). In Indonesia, the AI viruses are
classified into three groups, namely (1) AI viruses
that are similar to virus progeny of 2003; (2) antigenic
drift viruses of 2006 and some of their derivatives
and (3) extensive antigenic drift viruses of 2007-2008.
A/ck/Wj/Smi-M6/2008 master seed vaccine (H5N1)
virus, which is a group of the extensive antigenic drift
viruses, had been used as a vaccine seed. The
vaccine was able to provide 90-100% protection and
reduce virus shedding on various genetic characters
of the AI viruses.
Inactive commercial AI A/ck/West Java/Pwt-Wij/
2006 vaccine is similar to antigenic drift virus of the
AI subtype H5N1 of 2010, but it is unable to provide
good protection against the extensive antigenic drift
viruses such as A/ck/WJ/Smi-M6/2008. In order to
be able to provide high protection against the viruses
that have antigenic drift and extensive antigenic drift
in the fields, bivalent inactivated AI vaccine is needed.
To determine efficacy of a bivalent inactivated
vaccine of local AI isolate A/ck/WJ/Smi-M6/2008
(H5N1) that has undergone extensive antigenic drift
mutation, and a local isolate A/ck/WJ/PWT-D10-39/
2010 (H5N1), which is the latest virus strain and has
undergone an antigenic drift mutation, their efficacy
test was carried out in the fields at Sukabumi and
Cianjur, West Java. The results showed a good
response after vaccination on 4 week-old laying hens,
adult laying native chicken (arab chicken), adult
pelung chicken and broiler cocks (Table 1). On the 4
week-old native chicken and 10 day-old broiler
chicken, their responses after vaccination were low.
A good response of antibody titer could be achieved
after re-vaccination of 8 week-old native chicken.
Bivalent vaccine of the local AI isolate gave 100%
protection to laying hens against a variety of AI
challenge viruses, namely A/ck/WJ/Smi-Part/2006,
A/ck/WJ/Subang-JAPFA/2007 and A/ck/WJ/SmiRahm2/2011. On broiler cocks, the vaccine provided
100% protection against A/ck/WJ/Smi-Rahm2/2011
and A/ck/WJ/Smi-Part/2006 challenge viruses, but it
provided 90% protection against AI challenge virus
A/ck/WJ/Subang-JAPFA/2007. Efficacy of the vaccine
on broiler chicken was not good (only 20%) against
challenge virus A/ck/WJ/Smi-Part/2006 and 0%
against challenge viruses A/ck/WJ/Subang-JAPFA/
2007 and A/ck/WJ/Smi-Rahm2/2011. This was due
to the effect of maternal antibodies and the
incomplete immune system in chickens. The latest
bivalent vaccine of the local AI isolates was able to
Table 1. Response of various chicken types at four weeks after vaccination using latest AI bivalent vaccine.
Response of antibody titer (geometric mean titer)
Chicken type
Laying hen
Native chicken (arab)
Native chicken (pelung)
Native chicken
Laying cock
Broiler
Vaccination time
4 weeks old
Adult
Adult
4 weeks old
4 weeks old
10 days old
Ag A/ck/WJ/Smi-M6/2008
Ag A/ck/WJ/PWT-D10-39/2010
23.122
69.792
71.202
8.915
28.715
5.656
18.615
72.882
60.677
7.025
30.643
6.349
Livestock
57
defects). Cases of toxoplasmosis on humans in
Indonesia were reported to range 43-88%, except in
West Nusa Tenggara, which was only 28% in 2003.
In animals, especially cattle and chickens, recent data
indicated that seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis on
cattle from Garut, Sukabumi and Lembang, West Java,
were 62%, 74% and 53.68%, respectively, while on
the native chickens in Java was only 24%.
Avian influenza case on broiler chickens.
give response after vaccination and protection against
various genetic characters of challenge AI viruses on
laying hens and broiler cocks. However, it did not give
good response and protection after vaccination on
broiler chicken against the challenge AI virus.
FELISA Rapid Diagnostic Test for
Toxoplasmosis, Trypanosomiasis
and Fasciolosis
Toxoplasmosis is a zoonotic parasitic disease caused
by an obligate intracellular protozoa (absolutely must
live in the cell), Toxoplasma gondii. The main host of
T. gondii is the cat family (Felidae), while its facultative
hosts are quite broad, including various kinds of wild
and domesticated animals (livestock and pets) as well
as humans.
Infection in humans can be through various
mechanisms, which most often is the oocyst ingestion
through foods such as fruits and vegetables, as well
as drinking water contaminated with feces of cat
suffering from toxoplasmosis. Infection can also be
through food (meats) containing cysts (bradyzoite)
or tachyzoite, which is not cooked properly.
In humans, toxoplasmosis causes miscarriage
in pregnant women or birth defects (congenital
58
Various diagnostic techniques for toxoplasmosis
on humans and animals have been developed, either
based on biocensors or molecular. Diagnostic
techniques by isolation and identification of the
pathogen, especially on humans and non-cat (Felidae)
animals, were not much helpful and gave more false
negative reactions. One of the advantages of biocensor
over molecular diagnosis is it has quite broad
interpretation with excellent accuracy.
The Indonesian Veterinary Research Center has
developed a rapid diagnostic technique called FELISA
(Field Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, FieldELISA). FELISA is a modification of the ELISA
technique, which is designed to be applied in the field
or in the laboratory. It can be used to detect several
different diseases at once, or detect two different
species of pathogens for the same disease in one
stick.
Research and development of FELISA are
directed to be able to detect multiple diseases
serologically (4-8 types of diseases) in a single
immunostick kit with a reaction time of about 23
minutes. If using the ELISA kit in the laboratory, it
takes 3-4 hours. Correspondence between ELISA and
FELISA test results ranged from 95% to 100%.
Validation on results of FELISA toxoplasmosis test
using selected goat serum samples gave a 100%
accuracy. Comparative tests of FELISA and ELISA for
toxoplasmosis showed similarities of 95.9-100.0%.
Strength of agreement between ELISA and FELISA
was in a very good agreement, while the LAT with
ELISA and FELISA were only in a moderate
agreement. The cost of disease detection using the
FELISA kit was cheaper (IDR27.500-27.900) than that
using ELISA kit (IDR22.500-88.000) to detect one to
eight diseases in each test.
Livestock
color feather is important for broiler ducks because
it can provide a clean carcass skin color.
To establish the Serati duck spawn, selection
was done to increase the productivity and to generate
plain white feathered ducks. After several generations
of selections, parent stock (PS) will be produced that
can be used for production of superior commercial
seeds of Serati ducks. Crosses of three duck races to
produce Serati duck are proven quite effective.
Results from the inter se PM duck mating, which
was named PMp, had a fairly high hatching weight
(48.3 g) and 18-week-old body weight of more than
2 kg. Egg production of the 6-month-old PMp, which
was used as base population for selection, were
68.0% + 21.9% on P0 and 84.6% + 8.6% on the
selected group (G0), thus providing a selection
differential of 24.5%.
Results of FELISA test on cattle serum; 1 =
seropositive toxoplasmosis, 2 = seropositive
IBR, 3 = seropositive trypanosomiasis, 4 =
seropositive fasciolosis.
Establishment of Broiler Duck
Spawn for Commercial Seeds
Serati duck is a progeny from crosses between entok
and several types of ducks. However, there has been
no attempt to develop specific breeding lines to
produce stable Serati duck. One of duck types that
can be used as spawn for Serati duck is mojosari
putih (PM) duck. Mojosari putih duck can produce
224 eggs in a year, with an average egg weight of 65
g. The crossbred of peking duck and mojosari putih
duck can be used as the spawn lines with a fairly
good level of production, namely egg production of
51.85 + 13.18% with 74.77% fertility and 51.26%
hatchability. Crossbred of PM duck and male entok,
called the EPM duck, has a high body weight increase
and potentially be developed as broiler ducks. The
advantages of EPM Serati duck are having more
ducklings and dominant white color feather. White
The selection applied to the PMp duck as a
candidate for broiler spawn is the in-line selection.
With the potential production of PM and PMp ducks
as well as the white feather color distribution, the
selection is expected to improve the duck
performance and uniformity of the spawn. Directional
selection process for several generations is expected
to improve consistency and productivity of the spawn.
Based on the selection responses in the F1
generation, the age of first egg laying decreased by
5.4%, from 184.5 days to 174.6 days, while the six
monthly egg production increased from 68.0% to
78.2%. Body weight at the first egg laying, however,
decreased from 2.14 kg to 2.08 kg, and weight of the
first egg decreased from 61.2 g to 56.7 g. In the next
generation (F2), the first egg laying increased to
180.2 days due to environmental factors.
Egg productions of the PMp duck from the first
to the sixth month were better than its parent (PM)
and from P0 generation of the PMp duck. The PM
duck had a 51.8% annual average of egg productions,
ranged from 27.7% to 66.2%. The highest average
of PMp duck egg production was 82.6% and fairly
stable until six months, so that this duck is highly
potential as broiler duck spawn. The PMp duck
selection program is, therefore, not only to increase
Livestock
59
Male peking
X
Female mojosari putih
Female mojosari putih
Male/female peking mojosari
inter se mating
Male/female peking mojosari putih
(base population)
Selection until it is stable
(5-6 generations)
Male entok
X
Female peking
mojosari
Serati
Breeding program of Serati duck.
Peking duck (left), mojosari putih duck (center), and crossbred of peking and mojosari putih (right).
the duck productivity, but also to improve the
production consistency.
The average body weights of Serati varied with
the ration treatments. Slaughter ages (10 and 12
weeks) and nutrient levels of the ration had significant
effects on live weight, carcass weight and chest
60
weight, but did not significantly affect weights of the
upper and lower thigh. Average of the slaughter
weights and carcass weights of 10-week-old ducks
were 1.80 kg and 1.04 kg, and increased to 2.17 kg
and 1.31 kg at 12 weeks, respectively. However, the
slaughter weight of a 12-week-old duck was still lower
than the target slaughter weight, which is 3 kg. This
Livestock
means that the selection should be continued to
produce fast-growing Serati ducks.
Birang Integrated Village Breeding
Center
Beef Cattle Research Station (BCATRES) has
conducted a research consortium on beef cattle with
PT Berau Coal in East Kalimantan to improve the
genetic quality of bali cattle through provision of
superior studs and development of breeding region.
The activities are also expected as the learning center
for bali cattle farming and estabishment of breeding
stocks of bali cattle.
Bali cattle population in the PT Berau Coal
reaches 8,150 heads raised by 2,152 households,
while the buffalo population are 139 heads raised by
65 households. Bali cattle farming is done
conventionally, hence the genetic quality of the cattle
is continuously declining. This consortium is expected
to develop groups of bali cattle seed production and
cattle fattening to support bali cattle reproduction
program and increasing beef production. Productivity
of the local cattle is also expected to increase through
the provision of superior studs, development of
breeding regions and establishment of breeding stock
as source of quality beef cattle.
The collaboration between BCATRES and PT
Berau Coal included beef cattle development systems
at Birang Village in the form of Birang Integrated
Village Breeding Center, with main activities on cattle
breeding to produce seed, semi-intensive parent
raising, and cattle reproduction using the close
nucleus breeding system (CNBS) or special studs. The
collaboration also includes processing of livestock
waste into liquid or solid-granular organic fertilizers
and as energy sources (biogas, electricity), and
application of a simple feed formulation using local
feed materials. Until 2011, it has been done mapping
of the region potential and socialization of the
program, making sketches of landscape and building
design, land consolidation, and developing the center
of forage and pasture, home and supporting facilities.
Other activities will be implemented in 2012 including
procurement of the parents and the studs,
establishment and strengthening of village-owned
enterprises, and cattle raising.
Improvement of Forage Production
and Nutritional Values
Growing grasses in a mixture with legumes can
increase the nitrogen fixation from the air by the
legumes. Productions of Panicum maximum, Setaria
spachelata and Paspalum macrophylum grasses in a
mixed cropping with Arachis glabrata cv. florigraze
legume are higher than those grown in monoculture.
Meat Goat Research Station (GOATRES) had
conducted a study to increase production and quality
of pasture by mixed cropping of grasses and legumes.
The grasses planted were Brachiaria decumbens and
Paspalum notatum, while the legumes were Arachis
pintoi and Stylosanthes guianensis. Grasses and
legumes were grown both in monoculture and in a
mixture at a plant spacing of 30 cm x 30 cm. The
combination of plantings were B. decumbens + A.
Mixed cropping of superior grasses and
legumes.
Livestock
61
pintoi, B. decumbens + S. guianensis, P. notatum +
A. pintoi and P. notatum + S. guianensis.
The results showed that, in general, there was
a reduction in plant height, leaf width and leaf length
of the grasses planted in a mixture with the legumes
as compared to those grown in monoculture. This
was due to plant competitions for nutrients and water.
Yields of the grasses grown in a mixture with
legumes increased by 13-60% as compared to those
grown in monoculture. Fresh yield of B. decumbens
in monoculture (1.66 kg/m2/harvest) increased to
1.88 kg/m2/harvest when planted in a mixture with
A. pintoi, while P. notatum yield increased by 60.3%
when planted in a mixture with S. guianensis. The
yield increases in either B. decumbens or P. notatum
were higher when planted in a mixture with S.
guianensis.
In addition to increase the production, mixed
cropping also improved nutritional values of the
grasses. Crude protein content of B. decumbens and
P. notatum increased by 3.83% and 3.52%,
respectively, in mixed cropping with S. guianensis.
Higher increases of 29.7% and 14.1% were obtained
when both grasses were mixed planted with A. pintoi.
Sugarcane Processing Waste as
Basal Goat Feed
An alternative feed substitute for forages is sugarcane
waste (pulp/bagasse and cane shoots). Proportion
of sugarcane pulp and shoots ranged from 40% to
45% by weight of fresh sugarcane. If the productivities
of sugarcane per hectare per year are 50-60 tons,
with Indonesian acreage of sugarcane plantations of
450 thousand hectares in 2009, then the amount of
sugarcane shoots and bagasse produced is quite
large. Sugarcane waste has not been used optimally,
only kept piled up at the sugarcane processing plant
and pollute the environment.
Sugarcane wastes are considerably potential as
ruminant feed ingredients, including goat. Sugarcane
bagasse contains 3.1% crude protein, 34.9% crude
62
Biofermentation of sugarcane waste using
white oyster mushroom.
fiber, 1.5% crude fat, 8.8% ash and 51.7% BETN.
Sugarcane shoots contain 5.6% crude protein, 29.0%
crude fiber, 2.4% crude fat and 55.3% TDN. Factors
limiting the use of bagasse and sugarcane shoots as
ruminant feed is the high fiber content. Sugarcane
bagasse contains 46.5% crude fiber and 14.0% lignin.
Nutritional content of both sugarcane wastes is
comparable to grass. Thus, only sugarcane shoots
and bagasse are able to meet basic living needs of
ruminants. For growth, pregnancy and lactating,
animals require additional feed to meet the needs
for protein and energy.
Bioconversion technology can improve the
nutritional value of sugarcane processing wastes, safe
for animals and the environment, and relatively low
cost. Bioconversion is a microbial fermentation
process to increase the nutrient content of feed
materials (protein and energy), decrease fiber
content, especially lignin, increase palatability and
extend the shelf-life.
White oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) is
a decaying fungus that can degrade lignin and
Livestock
Table 2. Average live-weight increase of Boerka goat treated with various feed formula.
Feed treatment
Component
Initial live weight (kg)
End live weight (kg)
Live weight increase (g/head/day)
Feed utilization efficiency
R0
R1
R2
R3
12.93
17.58
66.43
0.13
12.95
17.33
62.57
0.12
12.97
17.01
57.71
0.11
12.94
16.82
55.43
0.11
R0 = 60% concentrate + 40% grass; R1 = 60% concentrate + 30% grass + 10% bagasse and
sugarcane shoots; R3 = 60% concentrate + 20% grass + 20% bagasse and sugarcane shoots; R3 =
60% concentrate + 10% grass + 30% bagasse and sugarcane shoots.
increase digestibility of feed, hence this fungus can
be used in the fermentation of sugarcane shoots and
bagasse. Inocula of the white oyster mushroom can
be reproduced by using sawdust medium. Sugarcane
shoots and bagasse were chopped using a chopper,
then added with white oyster mushroom inocula of
25 g/kg and fermented in an incubation chamber at
a temperature of 22 °C and 80% humidity for 40
days, with a 20 cm pile thickness.
Biological assays of fermented sugarcane
bagasse and shoots were done on 20 male Boerka
goats at the growth phase (9-10 months old) with
body weights ranging from 12 to 14 kg. The animals
were randomly grouped into four feeding treatments.
Each of the animal groups received 60% feed
concentrate, whereas 40% of the field grass was
replaced with biofermented sugarcane shoots and
bagasse at 0-30% proportion. The results showed
that biofermentation using white oyster mushroom
increased the energy and protein as well as reduced
fiber content of the sugarcane bagasse and shoots.
Based on dry matter intake, live weight increase and
feed utilization efficiency (Table 2), the biofermented
sugarcane bagasse and shoots can be used as
substitute for grass in the goat feed up to 30%, so it
can be an alternative feed during the lack of grass.
Livestock
63
Biotechnology and
Genetic Resources
Biotechnology is a rapidly evolving new technology, ranging
from tissue culture, sequencing, molecular markers, genetic
engineering to nano technology. Utilization of this technology
is expected to support efforts to generate technological
innovations, especially in facing the climate change and
maintain food security. Tissue culture technology can be
harnessed to produce seedlings in large quantity, fast and
disease-free, as well as to generate mutant or clonal plants
resistant to pests and diseases or tolerant to abiotic stresses.
Utilization of genetic engineering provides new opportunities
for breeders to improve the nature and quality of crops.
Conservation and characterization of genetic resources are
very useful in the utilization and development of genetic
resources.
64
Biotechnology and Genetic Resources
Genetic Engineering
can be used to assemble soybean plants with shorter
flowering ages.
Development of Early Maturing and HighYielding Transgenic Soybean
Through a symbiotic interaction with Rhizobium
bacteria, soybean plants form root nodules that play
a role in nitrogen fixation from the biosphere. Root
nodulation and nitrogen fixation are important factors
that affect soybean productivity. Isolation of genes
associated with root nodulation and nitrogen fixation
from soybean plants and over-expressing the genes
may provide opportunities to the improvement of
soybean productivity. One of the genes associated
with root nodulation and nitrogen fixation is
GmNFR1a.
Soybean is the third important food crop after rice
and maize. In Indonesia, soybean is mainly used as
raw material for tofu and tempe that reaches more
than 80% of the total requirement. Soybean
production in the country is not sufficient to fulfill the
national needs, hence efforts are needed to improve
soybean productivity.
Harvest ages of the currently available soybean
varieties are ranging from 80 to 95 days. Development
of improved early-maturing soybean varieties is
important to boost the national soybean production.
The early maturing soybean varieties (ages of less
than 75 days) is mainly intended to the rice−
soybean−rice or rice−paddy−rice−soybean cropping
patterns, where the time available for soybean crop
is relatively short.
Flowering age is one of the important characters
for plants to adapt to different cropping patterns and
seasons. Some genetic studies on flowering age have
been performed and some genes that control
photoperiodicity have been identified and isolated
from Arabidopsis. One of the genes that control the
photoperiodicity is the CONSTANS (AtCO). This gene
Transformations of soybean varieties Wilis and
Anjasmoro in planta using AtCO and GmNFR1a genes
and Agrobacterium tumefaciens as a vector produced
transformant plants as presented in Table 1. Results
from molecular analysis of the transformed plants of
Anjasmoro with AtCO gene showed a positive PCR,
i.e. A-COIP-2, while the transformed plants of Wilis
did not show positive PCR. The AIP-CO-2 line
produced 13 T1 seeds and after re-PCR testing
produced six AiP-CO-2-T1 lines that were positive
PCR. PCR analyses of the transformants from both
varieties, Anjasmoro and Wilis, using GmNFR1a gene
are underway. Phenotypic observations indicated
that the A-COIP-2 plants had early harvest ages (early
flowering) than the non-transgenic soybean.
Table 1. Transformation of soybean in planta using AtCO and GmNFR1a genes and a
vector of Agrobacterium tumefaciens.
Transformed explant
number
Acclimatized transformant
number
Variety
Gene used
Anjasmoro
AtCO
GmNFR1a
101
96
45 (44.6%)
15 (15.6%)
Wilis
AtCO
GmNFR1a
88
92
33 (37.5%)
15 (16.3%)
65
3
0
2
1
-1
-4 P-5
-1 P-2 P-3
-6
-8 P-9
-7
-1
-1
-1
id
IP
I
I
I
IP
I
IP
IP
IP
IP
IP
IP
er m
ja - C O - C O - C O - C O - C O
CO
CO
CO
CO -CO -CO
CO
CO
a t las
n
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
W
A
P
A
A
A
A
sm
M
o
IP
V
1,400 bp
or
PCR results of Anjasmoro soybean transformant using AtCO primer ; M =1
Kb plus ladder (invitrogen). A-COIP-2 positively contains AtCO gene (1,400
bp) and other samples are negative (not contain AtCO gene).
Genetic Engineering of Improved Azospirillum
Strains to Reduce Use of N and P Fertilizers
on Lowland Rice
Modern agriculture in Indonesia relies heavily on the
use of chemical fertilizers N, P and K. The use of
Azospirillum sp. that has a double function both as
nitrogen fixer and phosphate dissolver will greatly
reduce the use of N and P fertilizers. Therefore,
studies on improvement of Azospirillum genetic
quality in nitrogen fixation and phosphate dissolving
are required. Research in 2009 had isolated and
selected 22 Azospirillum isolates that had double
functions both to fix nitrogen and to dissolve
phosphate based on their nitrogenase activity, indole
acetic acid (IAA) production and P dissolving ability.
Three selected isolates, namely Aj 18.3.1, Aj 5.2.5.1
and Aj Bandung 6.4.1.2 that have highest phosphate
dissolving ability, nitrogenase activity and IAA
production ability were evaluated, and are currently
identified molecularly using 16s rDNA.
In 2010, 138 Azospirillum mutants were isolated
based on the presence of clear zones and their ‘killing
curves’ were determined and selected based on the
EMS concentration and incubation time on the EMS
solution. The results showed that there were varied
increases in the phosphate dissolving ability,
nitrogenase activity and IAA production. Mutant
isolates of AZM3.7.1.12 and AzM1.7.2.14 were
66
selected and tested for their stability after 10 days
subcultured on the media, and compared to the natural
isolate Aj Bandung 6.4.1.2. Based on the P index
measurement, both mutant isolates were stable until
tenth day of incubation for all the three properties
tested.
In 2011, optimization of the transformation
method was done on the selected isolates using
electroporation technique as well as formation of
mutant population by gene knockout technique
using transposon EZ-TN5<kan-2>Tnp, and testing the
effect of Azospirillum mutants obtained in 2010 on
vegetative growth of rice. Results from optimization
of electroporation technique of Azospirillum Aj
Bandung 6.4.1.2 showed that washing with 10%
glycerol buffer was better than that using sterile water
miliQ based on the cell viability. The use of electric
shock of 3 volts/cm in the electroporation process
was better than other voltages, namely 1.5, 3.0, 8.0
and 15.0 volts/cm. Formation of a mutant population
using EZ-Tn5<kan-2>Tnp obtained 22 mutants with
varying phosphate dissolving abilities, i.e. high IP
values (2-7), similar to that of their parents (IP = 2),
or lower than the parents (IP <2), as well as mutants
that had lost their abilities to dissolve phosphate (gene
knockout). The mutant population was then used in
the identification of genes controlling the phosphate
dissolving.
Abilities of Azospirillum mutants in dissolving phosphate on Pikovskaya medium; A1A6, B1-B6, C1-C6, D1-D4 = Azospirillum mutants having varied phosphate dissolving
abilities; A6, B3, B5, B6 = mutants lost their phosphate dissolving abilities; D5 =
parent strain (Azospirillum Aj Bandung 6.4.1.2); D6 = negative control (water).
Inoculation of Ciherang rice variety with
Azospirillum of local strain Aj Bandung 6.4.1.2 or
mutant strain AJM 3.7.1.14 at seedling stage (one
week or two weeks after seeding) did not affect
significantly the plant growth and grain yield as
compared to the control (uninoculated plants).
Significant effects were found at the generative stage,
namely the number of panicles per hill, grain weight
per hill and dry grain weight per hill.
and root dry weight. Visual observations on roots of
one-week-old-rice-seedlings of Ciherang inoculated
with either Azospirillum Aj Bandung 6.4.1.2 or AJM
3.7.1.14 mutant showed higher root numbers and
longer roots than the uninoculated plants.
Azospirillum inoculation of the seedlings at one
week after transplanting to the pots showed
significant effects on plant height and tiller number
on 3-week-old-plants. Highly significant effects were
found on plant height on 9-week-old-plants and
tiller numbers on 6 and 9-week-old-plants. In the
generative stage, Azospirillum inoculation gave
significant effects on plant height, panicle number
per hill, dry grain weight per hill, wet straw weight
Agronomic Characterization and Yield
Potential Testing of Dihaploid Rice Mutants
Derived from Fatmawati Variety
Induction of Mutant Plants
Fatmawati is a new type of improved rice variety
released in late 2003. This variety has low level of
seed filling with a very high percentage of empty
grains (25%). However, Fatmawati has relatively high
yield (6-9 t/ha or average of 7.5 t/ha) since it has a
high number of grains per panicle (200-300 grains)
67
Growth of Ciherang rice variety inoculated with Azospirillum and fertilizer at 6 and 9 weeks after
inoculation.
and high seed index (grain weight of 29 g/1,000
seeds). This variety is moderately resistant to
brown planthopper (BPH) biotypes 2 and 3, resistant
to bacterial leaf blight (BLB) strain III and moderately
resistant to strain IV.
To obtain new Fatmawati variety resistant to
blast disease and early maturing, genetic improvement has been made through induction of mutation
using gamma rays at 1,000-5,000 rad. Mutant lines
(M lines) resistant to leaf blast were obtained.
Furthermore, anther culture technique was applied
to accelerate the production of homozygous lines from
the mutants. A total of 119 homozygous double haploid
lines (MDH lines) were regenerated through anther
culture and the lines showing high yielding character
were tested in the field. A preliminary yield trials at
Sukabumi and Pusakanegara, West Java, in 2010
obtained lines that have higher grain yields than their
parents and the control varieties. These lines were
then used in the yield potential trials.
Eight selected lines and two Fatmawati lines
resulted from the anther culture as well as Inpari 13
Growth of rice mutant plants derived from Fatmawati variety at generative
stage at Pusakanagara, West Java (left) and its panicles with low empty grains
(right).
68
and Ciherang as comparison varieties were evaluated
for their agronomic characters and yield potentials
at Pusakanagara, West Java. The results showed
that some changes in agronomic characters occurred,
namely the tiller number in lines F-104 and Fat-1,
with average tiller numbers of 10.5 and 10.2,
respectively, and panicle length in lines F-125, F130, F-133 and F-151 which ranged from 29.2 to
30.7 cm. These lines produced more full grains. Three
lines (F-130, F 133 and Fat-1) produced dry grain
yields higher than that of Fatmawati, i.e. 7.8 t, 8.4 t
and 7.7 t/ha, respectively. These blast resistant and
high-yielding lines need to be further tested for their
resistance to BLB as well as adaptability and yield
stability at various locations.
Potential Yield Trial and Genetic Diversity of
Blast Pathogens on Upland Rice Lines
Blast disease (Pyricularia grisea) is a major constraint
in rice production, especially on upland rice.
Therefore, upland rice breeding program for
resistance to blast disease has become a priority in
an effort to control the disease. The blast pathogen
is dynamic, easy to form new races, so the breeding
programs have to produce rice lines that have long
lasting or durable resistance to the disease, such as
the development of multigenic blast-resistant lines.
(5.25 t/ha) and higher than Batutegi (4.79 t/ha), but
lower than Inpago 8 (6.02 t/ha). Three other lines,
Bio 178-AC-Blas, Bio 172-AC-Blas and Bio 173-ACBlas had yield potentials of 4.95 t, 4.93 t and 4.81 t/
ha, respectively.
In Banyumas, Central Java, one of the eleven
lines tested (Bio 170-AC-Blas) yielded 5.4 t/ha, while
another line (Bio 171-AC-Blas) produced 4.75 t/ha,
which were higher than that of Inpago 8 (3.38 t/ha),
Situ Bagendit (2.96 t/ha) and Batutegi (4.30 t/ha).
Five lines (Bio 169-AC-Blas, Bio 172-AC-Blas, Bio 173AC-Blas, Bio 174-AC-Blas and Bio 163-AC-Blas) had
yields equivalent to Inpago 8.
Blast pathogen diversity in the multigenic rice
lines is in accordance with the type of introgression
of gene sequences for resistance to blast disease
possessed by the rice lines as the host. Lines that
have an indica-O. rufipogon-japonica introgression
and resistant to blast pathogen of genotype PH14MAT1.1 or CM28-MAT1.1 are more suitable for
planting in Sukabumi and Banyumas. Lines with a
japonica-O. rufipogon introgression and resistant to
isolate of blast pathogen of genotype CM28-MAT1.2
are well-suited to grow in Lampung.
To support the development of blast-resistant
upland rice, double haploid (DH) multigenic population
(Pi1, Pi2, Pi33, Pi9, Pir4 and Pir7) derived from
crosses of CT13432 (japonica) with Bio46, a double
haploid line derived from IR64 (indica)/Oryza
rufipogon (wild rice species, Acc. No. IRGC 105491),
was performed. In 2009, some lines obtained from
the CT13432/Bio46 population showed agronomic
characters that similar to upland rice promising lines
with 5-6 blast resistant genes. In 2011, an advanced
yield trial and a study on genetic diversity of the blast
pathogen were done using the SSR markers.
An advanced yield trial in Subang, West Java,
showed that 177-Bio-AC-Blas line had a yield potential
of 5.55 t/ha, equivalent to that of Situ Bagendit variety
Upland rice crops resistant to blast in
Banyumas, Central Java.
69
Conservation, Characterization, and
Documentation of Genetic
Resources
Plant Genetic Resources
In 2010-2011, the Germplasm Bank of the
ICABIOGRAD, Bogor, collected 10,710 food crops
accessions, including 4,274 rice, 754 maize, 216
sorghum, 800 soybean, 65 wheat, 648 peanut, 1,036
mungbean, 137 potential beans, 560 cassava, 1,802
sweet potato and 451 potential root crops accessions.
The germplasm collection is well managed and
maintained and made available to the users.
Results from evaluation on seed viability of 1,250
food crops accessions (rice, maize, sorghum, wheat,
peanut, mungbean, soybean and cowpea) that have
been stored for two years revealed that 3-99% of
the accessions had germination rate of less than 85%.
Mungbean has high germination percentage (more
than 97%). Some seeds were infected with
Aspergillus spp., Penicillium spp., Xanthomonas spp.,
Pseudomonas spp. or Rhizopus spp. at intensities
ranging from 1% to 6%. Small portions of the seeds
(1-8%) were infested with storage pests
Callosobruchus chinensis, Sitophilus oryzae and S.
zeamais that decrease germination percentage or
even cause seed death.
Characterization had been performed on 400
cultivated rice accessions for their morphological and
agronomic characters, such as percentage of empty
grains, number of filled grains and panicle length.
Among the 94 accessions of wild rice, only 88
accessions grew well. Five accessions had flowering
age of less than 60 days, i.e. Oryza minuta (two
accessions), O. nivara (one accession) and O.
punctata (two accessions).
The seeds of 100 maize accessions had been
updated, 14 of the accessions had been characterized
for their morphological and agronomic characters.
The important agronomic characters include plant
height (76-175 cm), cob length (8.6-19.4 cm), cob
diameter (2.0-4.3 cm), number of seed lines per cob
(9.3-15.6), seed weight (31.8-77.2 g/300 seeds), and
harvest age (80-102 days). Eight accessions were
early maturing (80 days), namely Acc. 3793, Acc.
3810, Acc. 3818, Acc. 3819, Acc. 3836, Acc. 3838,
Acc. 3846 and Acc. 3882. Rejuvenations of 200
sorghum accessions produced seeds of 489.3-2,627.5
g/accession. Five of the accessions produced more
than 1 kg seeds, namely No. 8309/199026 (Acc. 13),
M-3 (Acc. 728), ICSV-LM-90541 (Acc. 759), ICSR
91026 (Acc. 861) and Red Ochuli (Acc. 878) (Table
2). These accessions need to be further tested for
their yield potentials.
Rejuvenation of 200 wheat accessions produced
1 kg/9 m2 new seeds of each accession. The seeds
were then stored as active collections and base
collections. Eight accessions were early flowering
(less than 50 days), i.e. Highrainfall 018, Highrainfall
Table 2. Sorghum accessions having superior characters.
Character
Accession
Plant height of < 85 cm
Keris (Acc. 730), K.905 (Acc. 750), KSB II (Acc. 884), ICSV-LM-90502
(Acc. 758), ICSR 89028 (Acc. 881)
867.226 (Acc. 626), Keris (Acc. 730)
Keris (Acc. 730), Keris M-3 (Acc. 731), 867.086 (Acc. 501), Badik (Acc. 732),
Hegari Genjah (Acc. 154), TU B7 (Acc. 875), RGV (Acc. 909), Demak 2 Gajah
(Acc. 886), Gadam Human (Acc. 737)
No. 14 Kaltim (Acc. 914), Entry 15 SDAC (Acc. 745), IS 23509 (Acc. 874),
ICSV 89102 (Acc. 775)
Flowering age of < 40 DAP
Early maturing age,
< 80 DAP
100 grain weight of > 3.5 g
70
023, Highrainfall 085, Highrainfall 113, V003, V009,
V013 and V090, while four of them were short stem
(less than 50 cm), i.e. Madonna, Kauz/Rayon, Fanggo/
Seki and Selayar.
Qualitative and agronomic characters of 233
soybean accessions had been identified. Rejuvenation
of the accessions produced new seeds of 20.0-601.3
g/accession. Fifty six accessions had seed weights of
less than 100 g/plant. Eight accessions had relatively
high yields (more than 1.6 t/ha). Local variety
Pasuruan had the highest yield (950.4 g/plant or equal
to 2.64 t/ha), which was 31% higher than Wilis, 48%
higher than Rajabasa and 62% higher than
Tanggamus variety. A total of 66 edamame soybean
accessions and six F4 populations of crosses between
edamame and cultivated soybean, one F5 populations
of crosses between edamame and cultivated soybean,
and three F5 populations of edamame and edamame
crosses had been grown in Pacet Experimental
Garden, Cianjur, West Java. The rejuvenations
produced 40-495 g seeds/accession. Soybean
accession from China and B10428 accession were
identified as the best accessions with 100-seed
weights of 31.0 and 34.3 g/plant and seed weights
of 9.33 and 13.89 g, respectively.
New seeds as well as their morphological and
agronomic characters were obtained from rejuvenation of 250 peanut accessions. MLG 7525 accession
had the highest pod weight (44 g/plant). Eighteen
accessions produced 700-860 g pods/3.6 m2 or equal
to 1.94-2.39 t/ha with flowering ages of 25-31 days,
plant heights 21-68 cm, number of branches 3-7,
number of filled pods 6-50 pods/plant and pod weights
4-44 g/plant. Seven accessions produced large
number of pods (more than 39 pods/plant), i.e. Pop
Y-6, Pop Galur Gajah, Cinem, RR 1, MLG 7511, MLG
7512 and Ckp-11.
Seeds of 227 mungbean accessions having low
seed growth potentials (less than 70%) had been
rejuvenated. VR 200 accession had a high yield
potential (2.2 t/ha) and tolerant to suboptimal land.
One hundred and fifteen cowpea accessions had
been rejuvenated, and eleven morphological and
agronomic characters had been observed. Rejuvenation of potential beans obtained six accessions
of Vigna ensiformis, eleven accessions of Vigna
subterranea, eight accessions of pigeon pea (Cajanus
cajan ), eight accessions of mucuna ( Mucuna
pruriens), and seven accessions of Dolichos lablab.
Eight morphological and agronomic characters had
been observed.
A total of 1,820 sweet potato accessions had
been conserved in fields and 137 accessions from
recent collections had been characterized for their
leaves, stems and tubers. Field conservations as well
as characterization of morphological and agronomic
characters had also been carried out on 520
accessions of cassava. The cassava tuber weights
varied from 0.50 to 8.33 kg/plant. BIC 00848 accession
had the highest tuber weight, while 23 other
Conservation/rejuvenation of soybean germplams in the field (left), conservation of cassava, sweet
potato, and taro germplams in vitro (center), and short-term storage of food crops germplasms
(right).
71
accessions had tuber weights of more than 4.0 kg/
plant, with number of tubers ranging from 3.0 (BIC
00793) to 12.3 (BIC 00765).
A total of 238 accessions of potential yam
germplasm (106 Dioscorea accessions, 67 ganyong
accessions, 30 arrowroot accessions, nine black
potato accessions, 26 suweg accessions, and 220 taro
accessions) had been conserved. Eight arrowroot
accessions produced more than 1 kg tubers/plant,
namely No. 625, 626, 667, 705, 705a, 773, 774 and
787. Arrowroot accessions producing large tubers (10
tubers/clump) were No. 380, 667, 705, 772, 773, 774
and 787.
In vitro conservation of tuber crops germplasm
includes sterilization and growing on a slow growth
medium. Twenty five sweet potato accessions, 15
cassava accessions and 50 taro accessions had been
sterilized on slow growth medium. Three hundred
accessions of sweet potatoes, cassava and taro were
subcultured and maintained continuously on slow
growth media.
Until December 2011, the database of food crops
germplasms had accommodated 10,449 records with
12-41 descriptors per commodities. In 211, new data
on rice germplasm had also been incorporated into
the database.
Collection of Microbial Genetic Resources and
Agricultural Insect Specimens
Long-term conservation of agricultural microbes aims
to coordinate culture collections of ICABIOGRAD on
agricultural microbes collections existing in Indonesia,
including plant pathogens, biological fertilizers,
decomposers, biological control agents, bioremediator of agricultural land and bio-industrial
agents. A total of 26 accessions of entomopathogenic
fungi and bacteria have been collected and stored
for further characterization. Some of the fungal
isolates were identified based on morphological
structures and ITS sequences. Two red bacterial
isolates were identified using 16s rRNA gene
amplification and belong to the Serratia marcescens
group, which is effective against brown planthopper.
72
One endophytic isolate (E76), which was potentially
effective against rice fungal pathogens (Rhizoctonia
solani and Pyricularia oryzae) was identified as
Burkholderia sp. Thirty accessions of agricultural
microbes that are potential as biological control
agents and pathogens have been rejuvenated and
tested for their pathogenicities, and stored for short
term on slant agar medium and for long term by
lyophilization.
Database prototype for the microbial germplasms
(bacteria, molds, fungi and viruses) with their
descriptor have been developed and contained 500
records of agricultural microbes and data on material
transfer. Information on agricultural insect pests is
stored in a database.
Twenty five of the insect entomopathogenic
microbes had been collected, consisting of 16 groups
of fungi, namely Paecilomyces sp., Beauveria
bassiana , Metarhizium anisopliae , Hirsutella
citriformis and Cordycep sp. The collected entomopathogenic bacteria were S. marcescens and B.
thuringiensis. S. marcescens was pathogenic to rice
brown planthopper. The red pigment resulted from
S. marcescens has been identified as prodigiosin. All
B. thuringiensis isolates had been identified by PCR
and tested for their pathogenicities on Ostrinia
furnacalis.
Potentials of chitinolitic microbes on chitin and
glucan degradations were considerably significant so
they can be good biological control agents. This
potential can be applied in agriculture as biological
Result of
glucanase
testing.
fungicide products. Based on the characterization
results, some isolates had high chitinase and
glucanase activities, as indicated by the formation of
a large clear zone on chitin and glucanase containing
medium. Isolate having high chitinase activity was
11 UJ, while those with high glucanase activity were
11 UJ and C1D. C33C and C1D isolates have both
chitinase and glucanase activities and inhibit growth
of fungal pathogens, such as Pyricularia oryzae and
Ganoderma boninense.
E76 isolate produced chitinase enzyme that
inhibits the growth of R. solani and P. oryzae. The
average diameter of clear zones formed on the media
by this isolate was 0.98 cm. Results from the 16S
rDNA sequencing showed that E76 isolate belongs to
Burkholderia sp., although it has a fairly distant
relationship with other Burkholderia sp., such as
Burkholderia cepacia and Burkholderia lata.
Results from the characterization and purification
of enzyme beta-glucanase from Bulkhorderia sp.
showed that the enzyme had three distinct isozymes,
but they had not been able to be purified optimally.
Activity of the alpha-glucanase enzyme was optimal
at 40°C and pH 5-11. Three of the isolates produced
the highest AIA, namely 1.2 KM, 8 KM and 10 J.
Data on agricultural microbes that have been
conserved and lyophilized in ampoules were entered
into a database to complement the existing collections.
Additional collections of microbes were especially
derived from institutions within IAARD. In 2011, the
number of insect collection had increased by 500
specimens. The prototype of the insect database
needs to be refined so that it can provide complete
and detail information on the collection and easily
accessible to users.
73
Postharvest
Application of postharvest technology is important to increase
added value and competitiveness of agricultural products in
an effort to improve community welfare. Postharvest
technologies highly required by consumers are processing of
modified corn rice, using heat water treatment to decrease
fruit injuries during transportation, especially for export,
processing of low quality milk to dry fermented probiotic milk
and low fat cheese, and production of microbial starters to
improve cocoa bean quality. Application of postharvest
technologies in agribusiness opens opportunities to improve
farmers’ welfare and benefit of agribusiness actors.
74
Postharvest
Processing of Modified Corn Rice
Corn is a calorie source foodstuff and potentially
substitutes or supplements rice as staple food for
most Indonesian people. Corn is a staple food for a
part of rural dwellers, especially in Central Java, East
Java, East Nusa Tenggara and Sulawesi. Recently,
diabetic patients are advised to consume corn rice
as it can stabilize blood glucose level.
In traditional market, corn is commonly sold in
the forms of grains or grits (broken corn grains).
Results of observation in Gorontalo showed that corn
consumption by rural dwellers only reached 30%
among other because eating corn can cause
abdominal obstruction.
In Central Java, rural dwellers commonly process
corn rice by soaking corn grits in water, or called
spontaneous fermentation. Corn soaking in water will
promote microbes to grow spontaneously and
uncontrollable resulting in sour taste of corn rice
produced. The Indonesian Center for Agricultural
Postharvest Research and Development (ICAPRD) has
generated technological innovations for producing
standardized quality corn rice through fermentation
using lactic acid bacteria. Fermented corn rice
produced using this process do not cause abdominal
obstruction, have faster cooking time compared with
non-fermented corn rice, and the taste is not sour.
These superiorities are expected to increase corn
consumption, especially for diabetic patients.
Maize varieties that can be processed into
modified corn rice are improved varieties Srikandi
Putih, Anoman and Bisi 2 as well as local varieties
Tretep, Kodok, Tlogomulyo, Sili and Pulut. Isolation
of microbes from soaking water for 72 hours obtained
ten colonies of fungi, five colonies of molds and five
species of bacteria. The fungi were identified as
Aspergillus, Mucor, Fusarium and Rhizopus which have
amilolitic characteristics, while the molds were
identified as Torulopsis sp. and Candida sp. Candida
guilliermondii is commonly associated with corn. The
bacteria were dominated by lactid acids, consisting
of Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas flourescens,
Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Leifsonia aquatica and
Staphylococcus haemolyticus. These lactid acid
bacteria are non-amilolitics. The best starter is a
mixture of all isolates, except Aspergillus niger.
Using the best starter produced corn rice having
3.38-6.05% water contents or classified as very dry.
This condition can prevent microbial infestation and
aflatoxin contamination as well as extend the shelflife of corn rice for more than one year. The ash
contents varied from 0.29% to 0.45%, fats 0.0090.011%, proteins 5.18-9.60%, and carbohydrates
84.73-89.92%. The cooking times were 15-20
minutes. Modified corn rice processing using microbes
and preboiling accelerated cooking times from 2-3
hours to less than 20 minutes.
The digestibilities of modified corn rice ranged
from 64.32% to 81.36%, whereas for non-modified
corn rice (spontaneous fermentation) were 59.7366.68%. Insoluble fibers were 5.02-6.60% and
dietary fibers 1.19-1.42%; the lowest was found on
Corn grains
Grinding and hulling
Sieving and cleaning
Starter
Bran
Soaking
Cooking
Cooling
Drying and packaging
Corn rice
Flow chart of modified corn rice processing.
Postharvest
75
Corn grains
Corn grits
Soaking corn grits
Parboiled corn grits of local variety and improved variety Bisi 2
Processing of modified corn rice.
corn rice from local variety Sili and the highest was
from improved variety Bisi 2 and local variety Tretep.
Corn rice showing low soluble dietary fibers has high
starch digestibility. Thus, food containing low soluble
dietary fibers will have high starch digestibility.
Glycemic indices (GIs) of fermented corn rice
are very low, ranging from 28.66 to 41.74; the highest
GI value was found on Srikandi Putih variety. However,
the value is lower compared with the GIs of other
carbohydrate source foods. Thus, fermented corn
rice is very good for diabetic patients.
Fermentation process decreased aflatoxin
contents from 9.21-10.79 ppb to become less than
0.5 ppb. After storage for three months, the aflatoxin
contents of fermented corn rice were less than 0.5
ppb, while those on unfermented corn rice increased
to 12.59-26.36 ppb. Thus, modification of corn rice
76
processing using microbes can suppress aflatoxin
contamination and extend the storage life of corn rice.
The advantages of modified corn rice are as the
following:
•
Longer storage life and not easily contaminated
with aflatoxin.
•
Higher digestibilities so it does not cause
abdominal obstruction.
•
Low GIs so it is suitable for diabetic patients.
•
Not sour taste as often occurred in conventional
corn rice processing.
•
Faster cooking time, only takes 15 minutes using
rice cooker or same as rice, so that corn rice can
be cooked together with rice.
Postharvest
In 2012, ICAPRD will provide ten units of corn
miller and socialize it to corn consumers in Districts
of Timor Tengah Selatan, Timor Tengah Utara and
Belu in collaboration with Food Crops and Estate Crops
Service Offices of East Nusa Tenggara. Fermented
corn rice technology is prospective to be developed
because most of the communities in these districts
consume corn as staple food. ICAPRD also collaborates with PT Bombana Bumi Lestari in Konawe
Selatan, Southeast Sulawesi, in processing corn rice
and flour.
Application of processing technology of parboiled
milled corn creates some alternative businesses,
namely parboiled milled corn (yield of 57.6%),
microbial starter (yeast) for corn rice fermentation,
and feed industry using milled corn wastes (yield of
34%). The prices of corn as raw material ranged
from IDR3,500 to IDR7,000/kg and the price of
modified corn rice at consumers level was IDR10,000/
kg. The yield of starter using corn flour achieved
92.34%. Production of 1 kg starter needs IDR12,500
which will return to be IDR100,000.
flies. To control postharvest pests and diseases, the
use of heat water treatment on fruits has been widely
practiced in line with the ban of using chemical
compounds such as in fumigation. This technique is
safe and effective to control fruit flies, anthracnose
and fruit rot, and does not affect fruit quality.
ICAPRD has studied the application of heat water
treatment and irradiation on Indonesia’s mangoes to
obtain high mortality of fruit flies without causing fruit
damages. Soaking mangoes in hot water (temperature of 53°C) for 3-5 minutes could delay the
emergence of anthracnose and fruit rot symptoms
for 9.4 dan 9.2 days, respectively, compared with
untreated fruit. Soaking Irwin mango in hot water
(46.5°C) for 30 minutes could suppress anthracnose
and fruit rot for 21 days at temperature of 13°C.
Gedong and Arumanis mangoes soaked in hot water
Technology of Heat Water
Treatment to Suppress Fruit Flies
Infestation and Fruit Injuries on
Mangoes for Export
Indonesia’s mangoes have high export opportunity.
In 2008 export volume of mangoes reached 1,908
tons valued at USD1,645,948. Export destinations of
Indonesia’s fresh mangoes are Middle East, Hongkong,
Singapore, Malaysia and Brunei Darussalam.
Mango export using sea transport is economical,
but it takes long times (28-30 days) causing fruit
damages or rotten. Export using air transport needs
short time, but its cost is ten times higher than that
using road or sea transports. This causes selling price
of Indonesia’s mangoes is difficult to compete with
mangoes from other countries.
Export-import nontariffs relating with sanitary and
phytosanitary (SPS) will also be a constraint in export
as Indonesia’s mangoes are still contaminated by fruit
Injuries on mangoes during transportation;
anthracnose (top) and base fruit rot (below).
Postharvest
77
Untreated gedong mangoes (left) and those treated with heat water (right).
(53°C) for five minutes then packed in cartoon box
and stored in ambient temperature (27-29°C) were
still fresh after one week, while the untreated fruits
showed rot and anthracnose symptoms.
Results of static export trials using container of
20 feets showed that the mangoes were kept fresh,
ripe completely, free from anthracnose and fruit rot
symtomps after stored for two weeks at 9°C, and
safe to consume. Thus, application of the technology
is prospective to increase export volume of
Indonesia’s mangoes. Study was also conducted in
the laboratory of Research Institute for Plants Pests
Forecasting to observe fruit fly infestation, and in the
laboratory of PT Rel-Ion in Cibitung, Bekasi, West
Java, for irradiation treatment.
Production Technology of Dry
Fermented Probiotic Milk and Low
Fat Cheese
The price of fresh milk is determined by fat contents,
nonfat solids and total plate count (TPC). Fresh milk
with TPC values of more than one million cfu/ml is
categorized as low quality milk so its price is also
low. To increase its selling price, low quality fresh
milk can be processed into functional foods as sources
78
of probiotics, proteins, vitamins and minerals, or as
low fat products. Utilization of low quality fresh milk
will be profitable as selling price of the end products
is able to compete with that of same products
available in the market. Principally, low quality fresh
milk is free from pathogens as these contaminants
can be removed by heating.
Production Process of Dry Fermented
Probiotic Milk
Dry fermented probiotic milk can be produced by
pasteurizing fresh milk at 72°C until its volume
reduces by 25%. The pasteurized milk was then
inoculated with 0.5% Streptococcus lactis and
probiotic bacteria at 37°C and fermented for 24 hours
(acid content of 1%). The fermentation temperature
was then increased gradually each 10°C and
maintained for 10 minutes until reaching the end
fermentation temperature of 80°C. The whey was
removed using a filter and the milk clump was pressed
to remove the water. The clump was then added flavor
and sugar, and made a sheet with 1.5 cm thick and
put in an oven at ± 50°C for 39-41 hours. The dry
fermented probiotic milk was then air-dried and
packed using aluminum foil or polypropilene plastic
(PP).
Postharvest
Production Process of Low Fat Cheese
To make low fat cheese, fat content of fresh milk
was decreased or replaced with vegetable fat and
then pasteurized at 72°C for two minutes to kill the
contaminated pathogens. Pasteurized milk was then
added 0.15% CaCl2 and inoculated with S. lactis at
37°C, added 0.005% rennet and allowed to clump.
The clump was then cut and strained to remove 80%
water, added 2-4% salt, cut, pressed and allowed
for ±15 hours. The fresh cheese was then aged for
seven days at 5-10°C and coated with carageenan.
To obtain hard texture, the aging was continued for
3, 6 or 12 months to produce young, medium or old
cheese, respectively. Fresh cheese can also be packed
with aluminum foil and then aged.
Production technology of dry fermented probiotic
milk and low fat cheese is simple so that it can be
appllied by small-medium processing industries.
Fermented milk has functional value as source of
probiotics and rich in calcium and phosphorus. Low
fat cheese tested in vivo (on mice) could balance blood
low density lipids (LDL) so that it potentially prevents
stroke and cardiovascular diseases.
Production Technology of Microbe
Starter to Increase Cocoa Quality
Most of Indonesia’s cocoa (85-90%) are exported as
unfermented, low quality beans. Fresh cocoa beans
have unpleasant odor so they need to be fermented,
dried and roasted to obtain cocoa flavor characteristics.
Long-fermentation period is a common reason
for farmers reluctant to ferment their cocoa beans.
The other reason is they do not obtain added price
for their fermented cocoa and the important reason
is they need cash money. Processing of unfermented
cocoa is relatively shorter; the pulped cocoa beans
are sundried for 3-4 days and the dried beans are
then sold to the traders. Unfermented cocoa beans
Dry fermented milk.
Packaged and edible-coated low fat cheese.
Postharvest
79
do not produce specific flavor and expected color on
the end products. Therefore, these low quality cocoa
beans are commonly used as a mixture to produce
low quality cocoa products.
Cocoa fermentation by adding Saccharomyces
cerevisiae increased fat content twice and decreased
acid components significantly. Unfermented cocoa had
low content of fat, reduced sugar, caffein and
minerals.
The values of pH during fermentation increased
on the first and second day and decreased on the
third to seventh day. Water and ash contents of
fermented cocoa increased from 2.57% and 4.00%
to 3.95% and 4.50%, respectively, after roasting. Fat,
protein and reduced sugar contents tended to
increase. Acid components, namely lactic acid, acetic
acid and citric acid, as well as ethanol content
decreased. The best media composition of the
Weighing
cocoa beans
Starter inoculation
microbes is fructose : glucose : sucrose : citric acid
at the ratio of 61.99 : 41 : 32 : 22.49 with the contents
of 2, 3, 5, 6 tetramethyl pyrazine, 2,5 dimethyl
pyrazine and theobromine of 1.57, 6.34 and 0.76 mg/
g, respectively, and desirability value of 0.76.
Ability of the microbes in fermenting cocoa beans
is shown by biomass content as well as ethanol,
reduced sugar, total sugar, acetic acid and lactic acid
produced. Biomass content enhanced in line with the
increase in microbial population in fermentation
process.
Composition of starter, substrate and fermentation period affected fat and protein contents of cocoa
beans. Based on optimization result, the best medium
consists of 22.5 mg starter and 1,200 mg substrate
for fermentation of 3 kg cocoa beans and fermentation
period of five days. Protein, fat, water, ash, reduced
sugar and total sugar contents were 16.28%, 48.10%,
Stirring cocoa beans
Placing in
fermentation boxes
Washing
Incubation/
fermentation
Drying
Dried cocoa beans
Flow chart of cocoa bean fermentation.
80
Postharvest
3.95%, 4.10%, 6.52%, and 5.13%, respectively. The
lowest content of protein was 14.13%, fat 23.79%,
water 1.81%, ash 2.36%, reduced sugar 4.31% and
total sugar 1.68%, while the highest contents were
18.43%, 72.41%, 6.09%, 5.84%, 8.73% and 8.58%.
The quality of fermentated cocoa beans is better
compared with unfermented one. Application of
fermentation technology potentially increases cocoa
selling price by 40-50%.
Postharvest
81
Mechanization
Agricultural mechanization innovations contribute significantly
to the improvement of productivity, efficiency, quality and added
value of agricultural products. In this regard, the Indonesian
Center for Agricultural Engineering Research and Development
(ICAERD) has engineered and developed agricultural
equipments and machineries to meet the needs of users.
Introduction of food processing machines and equipments to
support the development of sustainable food reserve garden
in Pacitan, for example, gives a significant contribution to the
increase in households’ income and food diversification.
Similarly, the development of grading machines for potatoes,
mangoes and soybean seeds as well as cocoa fermenter
improves the productivity, efficiency, added value and
competitiveness of agricultural products. Application of
agricultural equipments and machineries widely will enhance
their contributions to the increased welfare of the businessmen.
82
Mechanization
Application of Machineries to
Support Sustainable Food Reserve
Garden in Pacitan
To move back to the culture of growing agricultural
crops in the yards, both in urban and rural areas, the
Ministry of Agriculture sets a model of Sustainable
Food Reserve Garden (SFRG). In 2011, the model
was implemented at Kayen Village of Pacitan
District, East Java. Through SFRG, IAARD introduced
innovations of yard utilization for cultivation of food
crops, vegetables, fruits, medicinal plants, livestock
and fish to support the household food supply in a
sustainable manner. To support village nurseries,
ICAERD provides drip and micro-sprinkler irrigation
equipments for seedlings as well as milling and mixing
machines for making organic fertilizer.
Peeled cassava
Flouring
In addition to crop cultivation, farmers are also
moved to diversify their food consumption by utilizing
food crops available in their yards, including
processing of cassava flour to substitute wheat,
soybeans into tempe or soy milk, and bananas into
chips. In this regard, ICAERD introduced machines to
process cassava into flour as well as soybean seed
peeler for tempe industries. In applying the
machineries and equipments, farmers obtain
assistance and training to produce fermented
cassava flour, soy milk and banana chips. All of those
are expected to increase farmers’ income and be a
reference in developing SFRG in other villages and
provinces in Indonesia.
Shredding
Fermentation
Drying
Draining
Machineries and equipments for processing fermented cassava flour.
Mechanization
83
Engineering of Diameter-Based
Potato Grader
Price of potatoes is determined by its quality in addition
to size. Therefore, potatoes need to be graded based
on their size. Generally, grading is done manually so
it takes long time and much labors. Potato grader
available in the market is imported at a quite
expensive price (over IDR300 million) and operated
by eight workers. To overcome these problems,
ICAERD engineered potato grader based on tuber
diameter.
Granola potato tubers have an irregular shape,
but generally close to spherical. Therefore, grading
the tubers can be based on their diameter. The
machine works based on the space difference
between the pipes installed in accordance with the
required grade. Potato tubers are shed on a feeder
(hopper) that is made oblique, then going down
through the pipes that move following the round
sprocket. Potatoes will fall to the container through a
space between the pipes according to their diameter.
Test results indicated that the grader was able
to classify potatoes into four classes (AL, AB, C and
D) with a capacity of 1.8 t/hour by using three
workers. The grading error was 9-10%, much higher
than that of the former Dutch grader, which is less
than 5%. However, the price of this machine was
less than half of that of imported grader.
Engineering of Weight-Based Fruit
Grader
The initial handling of fresh fruits is grouping the fruits
based on their qualities (sorting) and sizes (grading).
Fruits of uniform size (diameter, weight, shape) will
have a higher price. Fruits to be exported must meet
the standard size of the Indonesian National Standard
(SNI) or that set by importing countries. Grouping of
fruits is usually done manually. Fruit graders have
been available, but they have weaknesses, including
small capacity (less than 1 t/day), low-level accuracy
and limited flexibility to a kind of fruits.
To overcome these problems, ICAERD improved
fruit grader based on fruit weight. The grader can be
used to classify various types and shapes of fruits
and consists of three components, namely hopper,
feeder and weighing units. The grader works
mechanically automatically in weighing the fruits. The
fruits are shed on the sloped hopper so that they will
roll into the feeder. In the feeder pile, the fruits will
move one by one following the conveyor, then fall
into the available bowl. Each bowl will pass through
the scale that has been set according to the weight
of each fruit category. If the fruit weight fits to the
class 1 then the bowl will drop the fruit into a container
of class 1 and so on. Fruit classes can be arranged
through the load balance.
Tuber diameter-based potato grader.
84
Tests on gedong mango produced an engine
capacity of 600 kg/hour. Percentage of error was 5.6%
Mechanization
Fruits move from hopper
to feeder
Fruits in bowl to be weighed
Fruits drop to a container according to
their class
Weight-based fruit grader.
because gedong mango position is not right in the
center of weight.
Application of Machineries in Mocaf
Industry in West Sumatra
Engineering of processing machineries and institutions
can be an alternative problem solving in developing
cassava mocaf industry in West Sumatra. In this
regard, ICAERD introduced a shredder and created a
nucleus-cluster system in producing mocaf flour.
Cassava-producing farmers’ groups act as clusters
and Jaya Mocal Subur Cooperative as a nucleus. The
cooperative processes shredded cassava produced
by farmers to be processed to mocaf flour and then
sold the flour to CV Cakrawala Mandiri.
Shredder performance test results demonstrated
the working capacity of 1,022 kg/hour at 450 rpm of
blade axis rotation and blade distance of 3.5 mm,
while capacity of the local machine is only 54 kg/
hour. In Mocal Subur Jaya Cooperative, the machine
could process a ton of cassava per hour. At the first
phase, cluster (farmers’ group) serves as a producer
of peeled cassava, while Mocal Subur Jaya
Cooperative as nucleus conducts shredding, drying,
flouring, packaging and marketing. Results of
economic analysis showed that operating cost of
the shredder was IDR19,305/hour or IDR19.31/kg
cassava, while cost of local machine was IDR343.48/
kg cassava. Thus, in addition to increase labor
productivity, machine engineered by ICAERD can
reduce production cost up to 1,679%. Colaborative
agreements have been made between Mocal Subur
Jaya Cooperative as mocaf flour producer and CV
Cakrawala Mandiri to supply 2 tons mocaf flour per
week.
Mechanization
85
Cassava shredder and its product.
Engineering of Soybean Seed Grader
The need for soybean seed until 2014 will be reaching
31,000 t/year. The use of quality seeds at farmers’
level is still low, although the government has released
more than 20 varieties of soybeans. The development
of seed breeders, therefore, has a strategic role in
increasing soybean seed production. To ensure the
quality of extension seeds (germinability at least 70%
in a uniform size), the government has set a standard
of soybean seed quality.
To ensure the quality of soybean seed, ICAERD
in collaboration with Indonesian Legumes and Tuber
Crops Research Institute (ILETRI) had been
engineered soybean seed grading machine. The
machine uses an oval sieve (hole size of 6, 5 and 4
mm) and round sieve as a comparison (hole size of
6, 5 and 4 mm) according to the physical properties
of soybean seeds. The results of functional
performance tests showed that using oval sieve
increased machine capacity and seed quality classes
(from one grade to two grades), both for large and
medium soybean seeds, compared to using round
sieve. Capacities of oval sieved machine ranged
between 437 and 656 kg/hour, or the working time 8
hours/day, an average capacity of 4,372 t/day. Level
of seed uniformity was above 90% or quite high, and
the seed germinability was higher than the standard
of extension seed quality (70%). At the price level of
IDR16 million/unit and wage of two operators of
86
Modified soybean grader engineered by
ICAERD and ILETRI.
Mechanization
IDR150,000/day, basic costs for the soybean seed
grader operation was IDR54/kg, break even point of
107 t/year, and a cost benefit ratio (B/C) 1.59. Another
advantages of the soybean seed grader are good
separation mechanism system and prospective to be
applied at seed breeder level.
Semi-Automatic Sprayer for
Controlling Citrus Pests through
Stem
To control insect pests, citrus growers generally apply
insecticides by using high volume spraying technique
(HVST) with a knapsack sprayer or power sprayer.
Weaknesses of the sprayer is wasteful insecticide,
although it is quite practical and easy to use.
Application of sprayer that is effective and efficient
in water and energy uses and compatible with plant
conditions needs to be considered.
ICAERD in collaboration with Indonesian Citrus
and Subtropical Fruits Research Institute (ICSFRI)
have engineered an equipment of a systemic pesticide
application through a stem to increase pest control
efficiency, save natural enemies and environmentallyfriendly sound. The equipment prototype called Bark
Pesticide Applicator (BPA) has been tested in the
laboratory of ICAERD and ICSFRI. Test results showed
that application of systemic insecticide through a
stem using the BPA is more efficient and effective in
controlling the citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri and
aphids Toxoptera sp. Insecticide application of 4 ml
purely per stem using BPA is able to control the citrus
psyllid and aphids for 28 and 16 days, respectively.
Insecticide application using sprayer can only
suppress the citrus psyllid and aphids for six days.
Insecticide sprayer produced
by ICAERD and ICSFRI.
Testing of nozzle prototype to apply insecticide through citrus stem.
Mechanization
87
Insecticide application on 5 ha citrus plantation of
one year old with BPA takes two hours, whereas with
a syringe it needs five hours. Pest control with BPA
is environmentally-friendly because population of
natural enemies of the Coccinellidae is higher than
that spraying insecticides on the plant canopy.
Application of systemic insecticide through the
stem reduced insecticide loss up to 30% and is faster
thus decreasing production costs. BPA is intended for
precision agriculture and potential to be patented at
a cheaper price of IDR1 million/unit.
Development of Fermentation
Process and Machine for Coffee
Beans
Indonesia’s coffee beans are known as “coffee
arbitrary” due to low quality beans and containing
many defects. Fermentation is one of the processing
steps that affects the bean quality and flavors. Coffee
farmers usually perform fermentation naturally in a
plastic bag for 12 hours, while waiting for drying on
the next day. Coffee bean fermentation in the civet
stomach for 4-6 hours produces quality beans with
aroma and taste suitable with consumer tastes.
Therefore, engineering of the process and
machineries to ferment coffee beans that resembles
fermentation process in civet stomach is required.
ICAERD in collaboration with the Indonesian
Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute have engineered
processes and machines for a controlled fermentation
of coffee beans. The fermenter prototype has a
capacity of 50 kg/batch. The machine consists of four
main components, namely cylindrical fermentation
reactor, source of heating using electric elements,
propulsion and transmission systems, and control box.
The propulsion uses an electric motor and
temperature control utilizes a thermocontrol and hour
control. Full round control uses a clock because the
round number per time unit has been set on the
pulleys and reduction gear ratios.
Coffee bean fermentation is accelerated by
adding an organic activator of civet droppings and
88
Machine for controlled fermentation of coffee
beans and testing the machine.
Fresh coffee beans and peeled HS coffee
beans.
Rhizopus sp. at temperatures of 30-40°C. This
condition shorthens the fermentation time and
produces consistent and better quality of beans than
the conventional fermentation. Liquid waste produced
can be localized and well utilized.
Mechanization
Controlled coffee bean fermenter has good
performance and can be used for fermentation of
arabica coffee. The use of organic activators
accelerates the decaying process of the mucus layer
on the surface of coffee beans. A good temperature
fermentation by using civet dropping activators and
Rhizopus sp. is 30°C.
Model of Rural Agricultural
Development through Integrated Oil
Palm-Livestock System
A Model of Rural Agricultural Development through
Innovations aims to obtain a model of comprehensive
rural agricultural development based on local
resources, innovations and independence of the
community, and carried out participatory through
empowerment and consultation with farmers and
stakeholders in the regions. Selection of commodities
and innovations are based on community needs,
problems and resources available in the regions.
Infrastructure and institutional development is the
responsibility of local governments/relevant agencies/
farmers. Assistance is conducted at the early stages
of the application of technologies as the capital of
the group.
ICAERD cooperating with Riau AIAT, Animal
Husbandry and Animal Health Services as well as
Plantation Service of Riau Province have applied a
concept of integrated oil palm-livestock system
supported with agricultural machineries. In these
activities, ICAERD provides machineries to process
feed, organic fertilizer and biowaste energy. Results
Providing machineries for processing oil palm
waste-based feed from the Director of
ICAERD to the Head of Bhirawa Bhakti
Cooperative.
of the activities have been disseminated through
“Technical Discussion, Field Day and Learning of
Mechanization-based Integrated Oil Palm-Livestock”
held in Pekanbaru, Riau on 5 July 2011. On the
occassion, ICAERD provided small-scale feed mill
facilities to support integrated oil palm-livestock
development in the province.
Mechanization
89
Socio-Economic and
Policy
Development of technological and institutional innovations to
increase income and welfare of the farmers needs an easily
accessible venture capital. In this regard, the government has
provided direct financial assistance through the Rural
Agribusiness Development Program (Pengembangan Usaha
Agribisnis Perdesaan, PUAP). In addition to review the PUAP
program and performance, in 2011 the Indonesian Center for
Agricultural Socio-Economic and Policy Studies (ICASEPS) had
also studied the impacts of agricultural and rural developments
through the National Farmer’s Panel (PATANAS), the
opportunities of beef self-sufficiency, and the impacts of
development of Sustainable Food Reserve Garden (SFRG) in
Pacitan, East Java, and food diversification programs.
90
Socio-Economic and Policy
Identification of Villages for PUAP
Sites and Evaluation of the
Implementation
Farmers generally face constraints in the provision
of capital and access to capital institutions. Therefore,
since 2000 the government has provided direct
financial assistance to the community, especially the
farmers’ groups or farmers’ groups associations
(FGAs). In 2008, the direct assistance was introduced
through PUAP program. To improve the implementation of PUAP program, in 2011 ICASEPS had
identified villages for PUAP sites and evaluated
implementation of the program. Evaluations were
conducted in four provinces, namely DKI Jakarta, East
Java, North Sumatra and West Nusa Tenggara, which
included 32 villages/FGAs spread over eight regencies.
The evaluations were focused on the overall
programs and the development of agribusiness in
relation to micro-capital sources. An alternative model
of micro-finance agribusiness institutions (LKM-A) to
be applied in the PUAP villages was also proposed.
For the short term, LKM-A could cooperate with
agencies that have a legal entity, such as cooperatives,
rural banks and other micro-finance institutions.
Determination of Villages for PUAP Sites
In the period of 2008-2010, the Ministry of Agriculture
had provided PUAP funds to 29,013 FGAs spread over
33 provinces, consisting of 10,542 FGAs in 2008, 9,884
FGAs in 2009 and 8,587 FGAs in 2010. Until November
2011, from a target of 10,000 FGAs, the PUAP funds
had covered 6,697 FGAs with a value of more than
IDR669 billion. This means that until 2011, of all
villages in Indonesia, which are more than 70,000
villages, half of them had received the PUAP fund.
The sources of proposal for PUAP villages were
local governments, aspirations of the community and
Echelons I within the Ministry of Agriculture.
An activity of identification of villages as PUAP sites.
91
Mechanisms of the proposal submission follow the
changes in line with the adjustment of PUAP
implementation. Similarly, the criteria for PUAP
villages also change depending on the field conditions.
It was difficult to find poor villages, since most of
them had received PUAP fund in the previous years.
In 2011, there had been a change in the Ministry
of Agriculture organization. Chairman of the Village
Identification Working Group of the Central PUAP Team
which was perviously held by ICASEPS was handed
over the Directorate of Agricultural Finance of the
Directorate General of Agricultural Infrastructure and
Facilities. Therefore, in 2011 ICASEPS only helped
the Directorate of Agricultural Finance in carrying out
PUAP programs.
Evaluation of PUAP Performance
Evaluation on input aspect showed that preparation
of technical and operational guidelines varied,
depending on the interests of the local governments.
North Sumatra Province made technical and
operational guidelines to accommodate local funds,
while West Lombok Regency of West Nusa Tenggara
Province had not set the technical and operational
guidelines because the general guidelines from the
Central PUAP Team have been in accordance with
the local government programs and easily understood.
Training materials for the supervisors of farmers had
included the practice, but some of the materials need
to be refined to make easier to apply, namely e-form
and farmers’ institutions.
The amount of capital assistance was still less
than the needs of the members, the target groups
were less appropriate, and the program socialization
was lacking, but the planning of the program was
good. Major problems or constraints in the implementation of PUAP program were in terms of socialization,
monitoring, evaluation and reporting.
Distribution of the PUAP funds was still done by
the FGAs or by a business unit under the FGAs. LKMA was rarely found, except in East Java Province and
92
Karo Regency, although they are still in the form of a
business unit under the FGA management. PUAP funds
in each FGA have generally been distributed to the
members, only 12.5-37.5% of the FGAs have not yet
distributed the initial fund. The average PUAP cash
flows were at the second to fourth rounds, although
in 2009 some FGAs in Banten and East Java still
received PUAP funds in the first round. The LKM-A
activities required the management and supervision
trainings for administrative and productive economy
business.
The PUAP funds were generally used for crop
cultivation and only a small part to other activities.
The funds were also used to support agribusiness,
such as procurement of agricultural inputs and calves.
Introduction of technological innovations and
institutional engineering had put more emphasis on
material culture approach (financial assistance,
agricultural machineries and crop production inputs)
as compared to the non-material (establishing a
system of values). The role of AIATs in providing
innovative technologies is quite significant.
Development of FGA and LKM-A institutions tended
to use a group approach, but a participatory approach
has not been done optimally as it commonly used a
structural approach.
In general, PUAP funds had increased farmers’
income, although relatively small. This was seen from
the ability of the farmers to repay the PUAP loan as
well as to fulfill capital for the next planting season
and household needs, such as education for their
family members. Before implementation of the PUAP
program, farmers often delay planting crops due to
the lack of capital.
In Karo Regency, North Sumatra, PUAP funds
had increased labor absorption. With more intensive
farmers in managing their farm, such as fertilizer
applications and pest control, more labors were then
needed, both from within and outside the family.
Saving and loan business unit in the FGAs of
Karo Regency had been establised, although it has
not fully functional as a micro-finance agribusiness
institution. Stewardship of the LKM-A still serves
(double jobs) as the FGAs management. Organizations of the LKM-A also varied. Therefore, standards
need to be made on the organization of LKM-A in
order that each region that will establish LKM-A can
adapt it according to the conditions of the area.
Evaluation of PUAP Program
Institutional management of the PUAP program is a
driving factor for the success of the program
implementation. It indicates the importance of
management efficiency in its administrative structures
(regulation, funding and management) to achieve the
success of the program.
The main components driving the success of
PUAP program are human resources and business
facilitation which have the highest importance than
the other two components, i.e. management and
infrastructure as well as financial assistance. This
highly indicates the need for improvement of the PUAP
program through rearrangement of the institutions
involved in the implementation of PUAP activities in
order to gain optimum benefits. Three elements that
need to be driven in the main components are: (1)
FGAs with active membership and productive
businesses; (2) assistance in economic businesses
and (3) provision of infrastructures and facilities for
operationalization of PUAP activities.
Transformation of the FGAs or LKM-A institutions
to be more effective in carrying out its activity requires
the presence of: (1) compatibility between
organizational structure and its roles and functions;
(2) clear and transparent rules; (3) technical skills
and managerial capabilities; (4) entrepreneurial spirit
of the management and the members and (5) more
increasing and widely spread networks. The
institutional transformation into legal institutions can
be in the form of either FGAs with act of notaries or
farmers’ owned business enterprises. Saving and loan
business unit or LKM-A can be transformed into
cooperatives or multi-business cooperative ventures.
National Farmer’s Panel (PATANAS)
To find out results and impacts of agricultural
development, particularly on improvement of farmers’
welfare, the government needs information on
economic indicators to sharpen the objectives, policies
and program on agricultural development. To provide
the information, since 1983 ICASEPS has conducted
periodical studies on National Farmer’s Panel (Panel
Petani Nasional, PATANAS) at certain time intervals
and locations (villages) and at the same households.
In 2006, the PATANAS study was improved in terms
of the village typologies and the analyzed rural
development indicators. Prior to 2006, the typology
of the PATANAS villages was irrigated rice-based
villages. Since 2007, however, irrigated rice-based
villages, secondary crop (palawija) and vegetablebased upland villages as well as plantation-based
upland villages were included in the PATANAS
research sites. The analyzed development indicators
were land ownership distribution, labor productivity,
land productivity, structure of household expenditure
and income distribution. In addition to these
indicators, farmers’ exchange rate, percentage of
poor people, and adequacy of energy and protein
were also included.
In 2011, a PATANAS study was conducted on
households located in the secondary crop and
vegetable-based agroecosystems. The study aimed
to present a number of indicators that reflect the
dynamics of results and impacts of agricultural and
rural development on the respective regions,
particularly at the farm and household levels.
In villages studied, the area of upland was
remained the same, but the population continued to
increase, hence the population pressure on
agricultural land even more severe as indicated by
the smaller average ownership of upland per
household. Consequently, the absorption of
employment by food crops subsector was more
limited. The phenomenon of semi-unemployment
(under-employment) was found in the villages studied,
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food expenditure as an indicator for prosperity, during
2008-2011, in aggregate welfare of the upland farming
households increased. This was indicated by the
decline in the share on food expenditure from 62%
in 2008 to 57% in 2011. However, the welfare of farm
households in vegetable-based upland decreased as
shown by the increase in the share on food
expenditure from 47% in 2008 to 57% in 2011.
Referring to the Central Bureau of Statistics
poverty line in 2010, the number of poor households
in the villages studied decreased during the period of
2008-2011. However, farming profitability tended to
decrease, similarly the level and rate of agricultural
labor wage were relatively low. Therefore, the rice
for the poor program provided to selected targets
will still be helpful to ease the burden of household
expenditure.
Acceleration of Beef Self-Sufficiency
National Farmer’s Panel study to obtain
information on economic development
indicators.
as indicated by the presence of migration of the
population that had low educations and low skills as
well as by the relatively low increases in the degree
and rate of the labor costs during 2008-2010. These
phenomena suggested that the government needs
to open up the widest possible employments in the
non-agricultural sectors.
Productivity of major crops are still potentially
be increased through the use of improved labeled
seeds and balanced fertilizer application. In this
regard, the government needs to provide subsidies
of inorganic fertilizer and seeds of secondary crops
and vegetables to reduce farming costs borned by
the farmers.
Diversification of income sources need to be
created by farm households as a consequence of the
limited income from farming. By using the share on
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The gap between supply of and demand for beef
continues to widen and dependence on imported beef
is increasing. This condition encourages the
government to make a breakthrough on beef cattle
and mutton self-sufficiency through a Beef SelfSufficiency Program (Program Swasembada Daging
Sapi = PSDS) in 2014. ICASEPS had studied the PSDS
concept and evaluated the implementations and
impacts. The study was conducted in DKI Jakarta,
Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam, Riau, West Java and
West Nusa Tenggara.
Dynamics and Concepts of PSDS 2014
In general, the concept of PSDS 2014 is better and
more complete than the previous concepts on beef
self-sufficiency, both in terms of policy instruments,
financial support and program governance or
management. However, considering the time period
of the program, the PSDS 2014 concept and the past
failure in the beef self-sufficiency programs, it needs
sharpening activities including: (1) development of
local cattle breeding and fattening; (2) optimization
Development of
integrated of oil palm
and cattle to increase
cattle population and
beef cattle production.
of artificial insemination and intensification of natural
mating; (3) supply and development of feed and
water; (4) prevention of reproductive disorders and
improvement of veterinary services; (5) rescue of
productive cows and (6) setting up calves and beef
cattle stocks through the control of imports.
Based on the Minister of Agriculture Decree No. 19/
2010, general guidelines, technical guidelines and
implementation guidelines has been made, but
socialization of the guidelines in various regions needs
to be intensified.
Supply of Local Calves or Beef
Implementation of Basic Supports for PSDS
2014
The PSDS 2014 activities funded by the Directorate
General of Animal Husbandry and Animal Health of
the Ministry of Agriculture is only as a lever.
Operationally, PSDS 2014 is supported by various
parties within the Ministry of Agriculture, other
ministries, local governments and private parties. At
the central level, Management Units in the
operationalization of PSDS 2014 were still weak
because of the dominant role of each Directorate and
the Secretariat within the Directorate General of
Animal Husbandry and Animal Health. At the provincial
and regencial levels, the PSDS activities were carried
out by structural officials due to the limited number
of skilled labors. The PSDS 2014 is supported with a
blueprint to guide implementation of the activities.
Increasing in beef cattle population is not only done
by relocating cattle from the production centers into
new development areas, but also by importing the
calves. The imported calves are then distributed to
groups of experienced farmers or medium-scale beef
cattle business. Increase in cattle population and
production will have a positive influence on the beef
cattle business. However, the state-owned enterprises
and the medium-scale private parties should also
invest their capital in cattle business.
Some of farmer groups and village development
scholars have difficulties in running the cattle business
due to the lack of experience, hence they need skill
improvements from the regional government office
as well as cooperations with advanced village
development scholars. Organic fertilizer and biogas
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as by-products of cattle business have not yet
contributed significantly to the increase in farmers’
income.
Integration of oil palm plantation and cattle
potentially increases beef cattle production. Riau that
has the largest oil palm plantation area in Indonesia
can become a new growing area for beef cattle
industry through the implementation of integrated oil
palm-cattle system.
Slaughterhouse conditions in Indonesia, particularly the buildings, facilities, hygiene, sanitation and
the numbers are still far from the international standard. This condition has lead to the common practice
of cattle slaughter outside the government’s
slaughterhouses. Establisment of international
standard slaughterhouses is difficult and requires high
costs, but it needs to be done gradually.
Increase in Productivity and Reproductivity
of Local Cattle
Implementation of artificial insemination has several
constraints resulting in low service per conception
(2.7), low conception rate (38%) and long calving
interval (about 18 months). At the farmer level,
farmers are difficult to detect the estrus so they
usually late to report it to the officer. This is
compounded by the limited transportation facilities
and personnel as well as low nutrition of available
feed. Given the weaknesses, the natural mating needs
to be optimized, especially in areas that have grazing
lands, and coupled with the supply of superior studs.
Availability of cheap, nutritious and easy to obtain
feed is a prerequisite for the sustainability of cattle
business. These efforts need the feed technology from
AIATs. The roles of government and private parties
are necessary to follow up the technology to be mass
adopted and the price is affordable.
The major reproductive disorders in cattle are
ovary hypofunction and repeat breeder. In some areas
there are also brucellosis and worms that reduce the
cattle productivity and reproductivity. Good quality
feeding prevents the livestock from those diseases.
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Prevention of Slaughtering Productive Cows
Prevention of slaughtering productive cows requires
the commitment of all related components, not only
farmers and traders, but also the government
officials. The farmers sell their productive cow
because they do not have other alternatives to earn
cash, while most traders simply chasing profits. Law
enforcement coupled with education are expected to
overcome this problem.
Rescue of the productive cows can be done by
purchasing the productive cows at a price below the
market price as a penalty and giving a stern warning
to the traders. A bailout is, therefore, necessary to
save the productive cow. The cattle business group
rescue scheme for the productive cows needs to be
evaluated to improve its results.
Supply of Calves
Increase in beef cattle population through artificial
insemination using superior stud frozen semen has
achieved the target. To be efficient, the functions of
Artificial Insemination Institute need to be more
directed to screen local superior males.
To support the PSDS 2014, Superior Livestock
Breeding Institute is estimated to be only able to
produce about 2,500 calves, still far away from the
target of 17,745 calves. To achieve these targets,
the roles of the institute need to be focussed to train
village breeding centers (VBC) in collaboration with
the provincial or district livestock offices. The main
roles that need to be improved are certification of
male and female calves based on the criteria of birth
weight, gumba height, body length, chest
circumference and other appearance.
The VBC should not be included in activities that
support the PSDS 2014. The existing funds can be
used to strengthen cattle reproduction activities. The
VBC can only be adopted in areas of calves sources
and easy to supervise the genetic purification, such
as in Aceh Besar Regency for aceh cattle; in Bali,
West Nusa Tenggara and Kupang for bali cattle; in
Sumba for SO cattle and in Madura for madura cattle.
Cattle and beef distribution need to consider the healthy of the livestock and the consumers.
Utilization of government loan in cattle breeding
faces various problems related to the banking rules.
In some areas, the role of local banks is very positive
and can be further improved. Provision of the loan
should pay attention to the users. If the loan is more
widely used by large private parties without involving
the livestock farmers, it is expected that the PSDS
2014 program cannot improve farmers’ welfare.
Regulation of Domestic Beef Stock
Coordination in the preparation of beef demand
prognosis is a key to improve the regulation of
domestic beef stock, accompanied by revitalizing the
function of the Agricultural Quarantine Agency to
increase farmers’ income and stabilize beef prices in
domestic market. Imports are only to cover the
shortfall of domestic supply.
Distribution and marketing of beef cattle and beef
should pay attention to the health of the cattle and
the community. Prevention of infectious disease
transmission from cattle to cattle or from cattle to
humans needs to be on the agenda of all parties
involved in beef cattle and beef distribution and
marketing. Public awareness on the importance of
safe, healthy, whole and halal meat needs to be
improved. Traders should also pay attention to the
animal health in the livestock distribution from the
production centers to the slaughterhouses.
Development of Food Diversification
Food diversification is one of the strategies to achieve
food security. Effort to increase food diversification
can be done by accelerating consumption of local
resource-based staple food. In this regard, IAARD
has generated food processing technologies, including
machineries and equipments. This also aims to
substitute wheat flour consumption with a variety of
local flours, such as cassava flour and mocaf, sweet
potato flour and corn flour.
Indonesia has a large diversity of food sources,
either tubers, cereals, fruits or other foods. In this
regard, the development of local food sources need
to be based on the following considerations: (1) it is
a source of carbohydrates, such as sweet potatoes,
rice, corn and cassava; (2) it has high productivity
potential; (3) it has diverse product diversification;
(4) it contains a variety of nutrients and (5) it can
increase local, regional and international demands.
ICASEPS had studied food consumption diversification
in seven locations, namely: (1) West Java (Agency
for Food Security); (2) Bogor City (IAARD research
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institutions/units); (3) Bandung Regency (Agricultural
Services Office and farmers’ groups); (4) West
Bandung Regency (farmers’ groups); (5) Gunung Kidul
Regency, Yogyakarta (Agency for Food Security); (6)
Malang Regency (ILETRI) and (7) Trenggalek Regency
(Agency for Food Security).
Consumer Preference for Staple Food and
Snacks
Of the 471 respondents, 41.20% of them chose
cassava as a staple food substitute for rice, 27.81%
preferred sweet potatoes, 9.34% chose a combination of cassava and sweet potatoes, 6.58% liked
sorghum and 1.27% chose job’s tears hajeli .
Sorghum and job’s tears hajeli have better nutritional
content than cassava and sweet potatoes.
A total of 45.9% respondents were not too
demanding for the processed form, simply just boiled,
steamed or fried, although some (19-21%) expected
the processed form, such as noodles, corn rice,
sorghum rice and cassava rice. More respondents
chose the original flavor (70.3%), while the others
like pandan flavor, strawberry flavor or a combination
of both flavors. For nutrient content, the respondents
expected that it has at least equal to rice (39.3%),
better than rice (36.5%) or in accordance with the
staple food used (22.3%). The respondents preferred
cassava (37.8%), sweet potatoes (35.7%), sorghum
(4.3%), job’s tears hajeli (1.9%) or their combination
(16%) for wheat flour substitute in their snacks. Thus,
cassava flour or mocaf can be used as wheat flour
substitute for the snack material.
Market Demand
Based on the study, it was suggested that the type of
staple foods used as rice substitutes are sorghum
rice, corn rices and cassava rice. When food
diversification program will be adopted in IAARD by
replacing rice as staple food with the three other rice,
it will then needs sorghum rice, corn rice and cassava
rice as much as 12 t/year, respectively. If the
diversification program is to be implemented in
IAARD’s units in Bogor, West Java, 3,734 t/year each
of sorghum rice, corn rice and cassava rice will be
needed. The snacks that can be consumed to reduce
the use of wheat flour are almond cookies, steamed
cassava cake, brownies and steamed sponge cake.
Model for Development of Food
Diversification
Development of food diversification in Bogor with
employees of IAARD units in Bogor as consumers can
be implemented using two alternative models.
Alternative Model I, IAARD handles provision of raw
materials, processing, technology and marketing. This
model needs infrastructures such as: (1) 6.60 ha of
land for procurement of raw materials; (2) workroom
Corn rice and mocaf flour to support food diversification.
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and production room; (3) tools for the raw materials
supply, processing and transportation; (4) capital for
seed and raw material provision as well as
processing; (5) management of the institution and
(6) instruments for law and power enforcement.
The roles of IAARD and its units in supporting
the diversification program are: (1) IAARD as the
responsible agency, director and supervisor; (2)
ICABIOGRAD and ISMECRI as the land provider of
6.60 ha; (3) ICAERD as the source of machineries
and equipments; (4) ICAPRD as a coordinator and a
source of food processing technology; (5)
experimental stations to produce food materials
(sorghum, corn and cassava); (6) units of raw material
processing, drying and partly processing into sorghum
rice, corn rice and cassava rice; (7) showroom unit
to store material of food products and ready made
food to be distributed to IAARD units around Bogor;
(8) IAARD units in Bogor in addition to have a major
role also as the market for meetings and lunch
activities and (9) outlets and tourist areas as market
development.
In the Alternative Model II, the raw materials
procurement and processing are conducted by private
party (supplier), while the technology and marketing
are handled by IAARD. This model requires infrastructures such as: (1) workroom or workshop; (2)
tools and means of transportation; (3) capital to
purchase ready food; (4) management institution and
(5) the instruments for law and power enforcement.
Support and major role of IAARD units in the
development of diversification program are: (1) IAARD
as the responsible agency, director and supervisor;
(2) ICABIOGRAD and ISMECRI as land provider; (3)
ICAERD as the source of food processing equipments;
(4) ICAPRD as a coordinator and the source of food
processing technology; (5) experimental station that
produces food materials (sorghum, corn and cassava);
(6) a raw material producing unit to dry and partly
processing the raw materials into sorghum rice, corn
rice and cassava rice; (7) showroom unit that serves
as the procurement of food and storing food and food
products that are ready to be distributed to IAARD
units in Bogor; (8) IAARD units in Bogor, which in
addition to its major role also as a market for meetings
and lunch activities and (9) outlets and tourist spots
as alternatives for the development of markets.
To run an Alternative Model II it is necessary to
have an emphasis on activities as follows: (1) routine
surveillance and control of the central leadership
partly on the monthly implementation, such as those
implemented by the Provincial Secretary of West Java
and (2) a special manager that is free from
administrative tasks, particularly in the main units
such as processing, marketing and distribution units.
By considering the nature of the programmed
products in the development of food diversification,
both models allows to be implemented. The critical
point lies on the provision of land and equipments for
processing raw materials as well as the food.
Development of Sustainable Food
Reserve Garden
Yard area in Indonesia reaches 10.3 million ha or
14% of the agricultural land. The yard has several
functions, including for conservations of natural
resources, environment and germplasms as well as
as economic, social and aesthetical functions.
However, most people have not yet optimally utilized
their yards. Use of the yard for cultivation of local
food crops and high economic value commodities can
meet most needs for food, save money and increase
household income. In 2011, IAARD developed yard
utilization by implementing a model of Sustainable
Food Reserve Garden (SFRG). Development of the
model was initiated at Jelok, Kayen Village, Pacitan
Regency, East Java. In this regard, ICASEPS conducted
a study to evaluate the impact of the model
development on the household and economic welfare
in rural areas.
The results showed that the development of
SFRG need through social processes. SFRG
institutional manager has not been established so that
the distribution of aids used government institutions
at the local level (head of hamlet and village officials).
Assistances through individual and group approaches
need to be strengthened to improve community
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participation. Introduction of the model more leads
through material culture, using technology or
intensification as an entry point. However, it is still
weak in institutional development and society
empowerment. SFRG institutional managers should
be developed through existing local institutions.
Institutional supports are necessary to develop and
integrate the model with agricultural development and
empowerment programs in local government.
Impacts of SFRG
Development of SFRG gave a positive impact on food
consumption and expected food patterns (Pola Pangan
Harapan, PPH). Through SFRG, the PPH scores
increased from 65.6% to 77.5% or above the PPH
target of Pacitan Regency in 2012-2014, but still below
the 2015 target of 80.9%.
The SFRG impact on household income was
relatively small and varied with areas of the yards.
Contributions of the yards to the total household
income after the adoption of SFRG reached 6.8%.
Contributions of yards with area of less than 100 m2
to the household income ranged from 1% to 4%.
Yards with areas of 100-300 m2 contributed 4-8% to
household income, and those with areas of more than
300 m2 (large category) were 8-15%.
Impact of SFRG on economic development in
rural areas is limited in the form of seed propagation,
processing of agricultural products and trade
business. To increase the added value of tubers, the
community had developed cassava and arrowroot
flour; making banana chips, taro chips and cassava
chips, as well as producing soy milk. Chili was
marketed to the surrounding regencies, such as
Wonogiri, Gunung Kidul and Ponorogo.
Contributions of food production from the yards
to the household consumption ranged from 1% to
15% or an average of 6.8%. The largest contribution
was from vegetables, root crops, livestock and fruits,
respectively. The adoption of SFRG reduced
household expenditure on food consumption including
vegetables, root crops, livestock products (eggs) and
fish, respectively.
Development of sustainable food reserve garden to support sustainable food provision for households.
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Development of SFRG
Looking ahead, the development of SFRG can use
two patterns. The first is an integrative pattern
involving several institutions, such as farmers’ groups
associations to supply inputs (seeds, fertilizers and
pesticides) and marketing the products, PKK and the
dasa wisma group to manage the SFRG as well as
government institutions from central, regional to
village levels to mediate and facilitate SFRG activities.
The second pattern is integration of institutions that
are managed by PKK and the dasa wisma group,
involving women cooperative as financial institutions
and marketing unit of the SFRG products. It is
important to establish institutional business
partnership, which is mutually reinforcing and
beneficial between farmers and processors of
agricultural products.
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Specific Location
Innovations
Specific location innovations as an important component in
agricultural development are increasingly needed by
stakeholders in response to the changes in agricultural
development strategies. This has increased the role of the
Indonesian Center for Agricultural Technology Assessment and
Development (ICATAD) that has the task to carry out the
assessment and development of specific location technologies
to provide greater contributions to agricultural development.
Supported by 31 Assessment Institutes for Agricultural
Technology (AIATs) located at 31 provincies and two
Assessment Stations for Agricultural Technology in West
Sulawesi and Riau Islands, ICATAD is ready to support the
efforts to achieve four targets of the Ministry of Agriculture.
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Specific Location Innovations
Acceleration of the Adoption of New
Improved Rice Variety to Replace
the Old Varieties IR64 and Ciherang
To support the National Rice Production Increase
Program, Bengkulu AIAT assessed and introduced
improved rice varieties so that farmers no longer grow
old and local varieties, or same improved varieties
continuously, such as IR64 and Ciherang. Considering
the diverse characteristics of farmers, understanding
on their characteristics is a necessity in the
introduction of technological innovations. Farmers’
decisions in choosing the technology to be applied is
not only affected by their view of risk, but also
determined by the availability of resources and
institutional supports in rural areas.
The assessment was carried out in six districts
involving 152 farmers as the respondents. The results
indicated that 118 farmers (77.63%) have used
improved varieties and 139 farmers (91.45%)
perceived good to the improved varieties. This means
that not all farmers having good perception to the
improved varieties use the varieties in their field. This
is because adoption of improved varieties is
influenced by farmers’ experience in rice farming,
land area and intensity to lowland. Factors inhibiting
farmers in adopting improved varieties are less
available seeds (49.34% of respondents), more
difficult maintenance (42.11% of respondents) and
more expensive seed of improved varieties than that
of local rice (61.18% of respondents). Factors
encouraging farmers to use improved varieties are
lower fertilizer use, more early maturing, higher
yields, resistant to pests, better grain appearance
and good adaptability to local conditions.
Based on these results, increasing rice productivity and production in Bengkulu is suggested by
planting improved varieties and seeds are available
in locations. To accelerate the adoption of improved
varieties, dissemination activities through farm
demonstrations, visitor plots and M-P3MI need to be
intensified, especially in rice production centers.
Development of Improved Rice
Varieties with High Yield of Ratoons
Rice yield in tidal land is potential to be increased by
utilizing the ratoons, i.e. rice stubbles that regrow
after harvest. This technology has been known to
Newly improved rice crop in tidal land of Kapuas Regency,
Central Kalimantan.
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the farmers, especially in tidal land in local rice
farming. Farmers let the plants regrow after harvest
and then harvest the ratoons. Ratoon cultivation
improvements by using improved varieties, fertilizer
application, set the cutting height and water
management potentially increase the yields.
Results of assessments in tidal land of type B in
Kapuas District, Central Kalimantan using IR42,
Batanghari, Ciherang, Intani-2 and Batang Samo rice
varieties showed that Batang Samo ratoons fertilized
half rate of main crop produced the highest total grain
yield (average 127.11 grains/panicle), although it was
not different from Ciherang and IR42, but application
of a quarter rate of fertilizer gave the lowest total
grain yield and filled grains. On Intani-2 ratoons,
however, fertilizing half rate of main crops produced
the lowest grain yield and filled grains, but if a quarter
rate of fertilizers is applied, total grain yield and filled
grains were the highest. This indicates that Batang
Samo ratoons are responsive to higher rate of
fertilizing, while Intani-2 is responsive to low rate of
fertilizer application.
The growing period of ratoons is shorter than
that of main crop. The average age difference
between flowering and harvest is only 27.30 days.
After emerge, ratoons are as soon as flowering so
that ratoons only experience two stages of growth,
namely reproductive and ripening stages.
Rice and ratoon cultivation by applying fertilizer
and water management is feasible to be developed
in tidal land. Application of this technology provides
additional revenue from ratoons by IDR7,022,500/ha
if using a half fertilizer rate of main crop and
IDR6,287,250/ha if applying a quarter fertilizer rate
of main crop, with MBCR of 11.4 and 13.9, respectively.
Wheeled Tick for Rice Planting
Ticks commonly used by farmers in rice planting have
some weaknesses. Therefore, the wheeled tick is
designed to simplify and speed up in making planting
lines thus saving labor. Wheel diameter is 19.1 cm
and the distances between wheels are 20 cm and 40
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Wheeled tick ease and accelerate in making
planting lines for rice in lowland.
cm, which will form line pattern of (20 cm x 20 cm) x
40 cm according to the recommendations for optimal
planting. The wheeled tick shaft can be shifted 10-12
cm so that it is parallel to the wheel to form a tunnel.
Advantages of using wheeled tick compared with
commonly ticks are: (1) save labors for making
planting lines up to 50%, as applied by farmers in
Seluma District, in which cost of making planting lines
decreased from IDR400,000 to IDR200,000; (2) form
straight lines for double row planting of 4:1; (3) avoid
land stepping in making planting lines so that it ease
rice planting; (4) suitable for wide or narrow, winding
plots and (5) use knock-down system thereby simplify
storage and portability. Application of wheeled tick
accelerates farmers to adopt double row planting
system 4:1 that have optimum plant population,
thereby potentially increases rice yields. Proper plant
spacing makes the rice crop growing regularly, thus
simplifying in making tile plot to estimate rice yields.
ICM-FS Contributions to the
Increase in Soybean Production
Integrated Crop Management Field School (ICM-FS)
on soybean has been running for three years and
gives significant contribution to the increase in
soybean productivity. However, ICM implementation
requires supporting activities. Element of “aid” cannot
be separated from this approach, particularly the
provision of production inputs and training.
Results of assessment in Central Java showed
that ICM application increased soybean production
and productivity by 39% and 30%, respectively, in
which ICM-FS contribution to the productivity
amounted to 569.65 kg/ha. In West Nusa Tenggara,
increases in production and productivity were 33.7%
and 21.7%, respectively, and ICM-FS contributed
498.67 kg/ha. In Central Java, the total cost that must
be paid by farmers to adopt ICM technologies was
IDR1,174.54/kg, while in West Nusa Tenggara was
IDR1,050.68/kg. Soybean cultivation using ICM is
profitable, as demonstrated by the B/C value of 1.21
in Central Java and 1.34 in West Nusa Tenggara, and
the MBCR of 3.73 and 4.55, respectively. Thus, ICM
on soybean is feasible to be developed.
Levels of farmers’ knowledge and application of
ICM components are relatively high, especially for
major components. The main factors encouraging
farmers to implement ICM technology are potentially
increasing soybean yield, easy to implement and
readily available. ICM adoption rate is closely
correlated with farmers’ characteristics. In Central
Java, farmers’ characteristic that positively and
significantly affected the adoption of ICM components
was the level of formal education, while in West Nusa
Tenggara were the level of formal education, age
and frequency of attending ICM-FS. Farmers’ group
institutions, extension agents and pest observers had
the largest contribution to the introducing and
encouraging farmers to apply ICM.
Implementation of ICM-FS at both locations had
increased soybean production. But in the future,
improvements are needed, including: (1) selection
of proposed farmers and locations as a key factor in
ICM implementation; (2) optimal learning with
intensive assistance of field extension workers; (3)
assessment on ICM adoption after the program ended
to determine its sustainability and (4) farmers’
understanding that the ICM is an aid program affects
their willingness to adopt the technologies, especially
new varieties, fertilizers and pesticides, including its
adoption sustainability after the ICM-FS ended.
Application of integrated crop management field school (ICM-FS) on soybean in West Nusa Tenggara
increased yield by 21.7% or 0.5 t/ha compared with that of non-ICM-FS.
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Soybean Farming Systems in
Lowland and Upland
of 40 cm x 15 cm. The land was given 1.5 t lime, 2 t
organic fertilizer, 50 kg urea, 75-100 kg SP-36 and
50-75 kg KCl/ha.
Banten Province is one of the soybean development
areas in Indonesia. Banten has a potential lowland of
134,558 ha and upland of 9,000 ha, while those that
have been utilized are 4,975 ha with a productivity of
1.10-1.38 t/ha. Soybean development in upland is
faced to less fertile soil, high soil acidity, high
aluminum content, low organic matter content, low
available N, P, K, Ca and Mg, and low water retention
capacity. These problems can be addressed through
amelioration using organic and biological fertilizers,
fertilizing according to soil nutrient status and liming.
Soybean cultivation in lowland after rice faces more
complex problems associated with high water
saturation, high soil density, high soil structure and
high soil moisture as well as nutrient management,
pest control and postharvest handling. Under these
circumstances, Banten AIAT carried out an
assessment to identify biophysical conditions of the
land as well as adaptability and productivity of some
soybean varieties in lowland and upland in Lebak and
Serang.
The growth and yield of soybean are determined
by agro-climatic factors (soil and climate), genetic
and crop management. Soybean will produce high
yields on loose soil having deep topsoil, moderate to
high organic matter content, high macro- and micronutrients, pH 5.5-6.5 and sufficient soil moisture.
Upland soil in Lebak was slightly acid (pH of 4.3),
whereas at other locations the pH ranged from 6.0
to 6.3. Nitrogen contents in lowland and upland of
Lebak ranged from 0.12 to 0.13 mg/100 g, higher
than those in Serang which were only 0.03-0.07 mg/
100 g. P contents of lowland were 109-135 mg/100
g, higher than those of upland (27-31 mg/100 g). K
content of lowland was higher than that of upland,
which was 102 mg/100 g, whereas in other locations
were relatively the same, i.e. 31-42 mg/100 g.
The soybean varieties tested were Anjasmoro,
Argomulyo, Grobogan, Burangrang, Wilis and Detam1. The numbers of experimental plots in each location
were 24 with plot size of 4 m x 5 m and plant spacing
The growing abilities of soybean seed in lowland
of Lebak ranged from 91.9 to 96.9%; the highest
was on Wilis and the lowest was on Anjasmoro
variety. In Serang, the growing abilities of the seed
ranged from 82.8 to 91.7%; the highest was on Wilis
and the lowest was on Detam-1 variety. On upland of
Lebak, the growing abilities of soybean seed ranged
from 76.7 to 96.7%; the highest was on Wilis and
the lowest was on Grobogan variety, while in Serang
Improved soybean variety of Burangrang produces 1.7 t/ha in upland.
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were 76.4-87.4% with the highest on Anjasmoro and
the lowest on Burangrang variety.
Plant growth in lowland is better than that in
upland. Plant heights at 42 days after planting (DAP)
in lowland of Lebak ranged from 38 to 59 cm (mean,
48.3 cm) and in upland were 33-61 cm (mean, 40.1
cm). Soybean yield in lowland was also higher than
that in upland. The average yield of Anjasmoro in
lowland was 2.79 t, Argomulyo 2.83 t, Grobogan 1.56
t, Burangrang 2.65 t, Detam-1 2.05 t and Wilis 2.88
t/ha. In upland, Anjasmoro was able to produce 1.60
t, Argomulyo 1.30 t, Grobogan 0.76 t, Burangrang
1.70 t, Detam-1 1.26 t and Wilis 2.14 t/ha. Overall,
soybean yields in lowland ranged from 1.56 to 2.88
t/ha (average of 2.46 t/ha), while in upland were
from 0.76 to 2.14 t/ha (average 1.51 t/ha).
Production Technology of Kopay
Chili Block
Production of red chili, including Kopay variety, in West
Sumatra continued to increase from 13,458 tons in
2005 to 41,243 tons in 2010. Chili is mostly marketed
as fresh form to meet the domestic need. This lead
to the low competitiveness of the commodity.
Compared with fresh products, processed chili
provides added value by 80%. Some forms of
processed chili are packed minced chili, chili tablets
or chili blocks, chili sauce, dried chili, chili powder
and candied chili.
Chili block is made from dried minced chili using
specific treatment and fillers to make a compact
Packaged Kopay chili block.
texture. Several types of fillers used in food processing
are arabic gum, CMC, cornstarch and tapioca.
Cornstarch is the best filler for Kopay chili block
processing. For more compact texture, arabic gum
is the best as it produces solid and compact texture.
However, using cornstarch makes Kopay chili block
rehydrated and dissolved easily.
Economic analysis of Kopay chili block processing
gave the R/C value of 1.56, meaning that processing
increases the added value by 56% than the fresh
form. Thus, the business is potentially to be
developed as home industry to improve the welfare
of community, especially chili farmers.
Support of PUAP on Cocoa
Rejuvenation
To increase cocoa productivity, since 2008 the
government has implemented Cocoa National
Movement through three main programs. First,
rejuvenation of damaged cocoa plantations with high
yielding clones. In this program, farmers receive IDR1
million/ha for tree felling and stump demolition.
Second, rehabilitation of low-productivity plants
through side-grafting. For this activity, farmers obtain
financial support of IDR750,000/ha for trimming and
cutting the main stem when the side-grafted plants
have been growing well. Third, intensification of less
productive plantations through application of standard
cultivation techniques and giving direct aid of IDR1
million/ha in the forms of production inputs and food
crop seed to be planted in the young cocoa plant
areas.
In Kolaka District, the government assistance
through Cocoa National Movement is only for sidegrafting of old cocoa plants, more than 15 years.
Through Cocoa National Movement and PUAP
programs, farmers consistently apply the five
components of technology, namely side-grafting,
superior clones, shade trees, NPK fertilization and
pest management. Application of these technologies
increased cocoa productivity from 250 kg to 500-750
kg/ha. PUAP program which provides production
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Rejuvenation of cocoa plantation using side-grafting.
inputs such as fertilizers and pesticides contributes
significantly to the adoption of agricultural technology,
particularly in cocoa cultivation.
Improved Management of Cowsheds
for Bali Cattle Breeding
Bali cattle give considerable contribution to the beef
cattle industry in West Nusa Tenggara and eastern
Indonesia. Improvements of bali cattle productivity
are important to support beef self-sufficiency and
increase farmers’ income. Bali cattle are suitable for
small-scale farms in eastern Indonesia.
West Nusa Tenggara is one of the four producing
areas of bali cattle. Bali cattle from this area have
specific excellence including strategic disease-free
and high productivity. The demand for bali cattle
calves from West Nusa Tenggara increases
continuously, but the stock is limited.
In Lombok island there are 775 complex
cowsheds that can be developed as a base of bali
cattle calf production. Study conducted by ACIAR,
Faculty of Animal Science of Mataram University and
West Nusa Tenggara AIAT in collaboration with
researchers from the University of Queensland,
Department of Primary Industries and CSIRO
Sustainable Ecosystems in Australia on 36 cowsheds
in Central Lombok generated “Posyandu of Bali Cattle”
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technology. Application of this technology improved
bali cattle productivity, shown by 86.7% birth rate,
16 kg birth weight, 90 kg weaning weight, 110 cm
gumba height at 12 months old, and the calves have
bali cattle characteristics. Bali cattle from West Nusa
Tenggara potentially achieve the ISO standard at
younger ages. Cows of 12 months old have an average
gumba height of 110 cm, higher than the ISO standard
for 18-24 month old cow with gumba height of 105
cm. Acceleration of the technology adoption uses the
slogan “3 O” (One Cow, One Child, One Year).
West Nusa Tenggara AIAT further assessed
cowshed institutional management in Central Lombok
involving 235 farmers. This activity generated
innovations of bali cattle calf production, communitybased breeding, group activities related to bali cattle
breeding, adoption data, performance and the impact
of “Posyandu of Bali Cattle”.
All cowshed institutions have been recording the
mating date and birth weight as the main activity on
bali cattle breeding. All the farmers have adopted
“Posyandu of Bali Cattle” technology and got a calf
every 12 months so they could sell cow every year.
They had previously obtained two calves in three
years. The average calf birth weight was 16.7 kg
and the calves have the typical bali cattle. The complex
cowshed institutions are used by the Provincial
Livestock Office to implement its programs, such as
saving productive cows. The provincial government
A group of cowsheds Putri Bekekem in Central Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara (left) and
cowshed for mating located in the cowshed group for selected bali cattle stud (right).
Selected bali cattle stud (left) and calf produced by applying “posyandu of Bali Cattle”
technology (right).
also uses “Posyandu of Bali Cattle” as a component
of programs to establish West Nusa Tenggara as the
One Million Cow Province.
Introduction of Superior Grass
Pennisetum purpureum in Beef
Cattle Centers
In rural areas of North Sulawesi, only 30% of natural
pastures are suitable as feed for cattle, the rest is
weeds. Carrying capacity of the natural pastures is
only 1-2 livestock units (LU) per hectare. Introduction
of superior grass Pennisetum purpureum Schum cv
Mott (PpM) is able to increase the carrying capacity
to more than 20 LU/ha. Therefore, North Sulawesi
AIAT carried out an assessment to develop this
superior grass in cattle producing centers, accelerate
farmers in adopting this high quality grass, and assess
crop adaptation in new environment. The
assessments were carried out in Minahasa and
Bolaang Mongondow Regency at four dense cattle
population areas.
The soil was completely tillaged then two
segment cuttings of PpM were planted at a space of
50 cm x 100 cm. Weeding was applied as needed. P
and K fertilizers were applied at 14 days and 6 months
after planting at the rate of 100 kg/ha. Urea of 200
kg/ha was provided at 30 and 45 days after planting
(DAP) and after cuttings. The first cutting was done
at 75 DAP and thereafter at intervals of 45 days. Plants
were cut at 5 cm above the soil surface.
Plant performances at the first harvest varied
between locations. The first cut at 75 DAP produced
4.69 kg fresh forage per clump. With a population of
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20,000 plants/ha minus 20% uneffective plants (to
be 16,000 plants), the potential yield of the first cut
was 75,040 kg/ha. With a cutting interval of 45 days,
the grass can be harvested 8.3 times a year so that
the fresh forage yield per year is 600,320 kg/ha. If
cattle consume 40 kg fresh forage/head/day then the
carrying capacity of PpM on land under coconut trees
is 41.11 LU/ha.
by field day attended by policy makers, farmers and
extension agents accelerate the adoption of the
superior grass. In 2011, the grass was planted by
the District Animal Husbandry Services on 25 ha of
pasture garden. PpM is well adapted to the new
development areas in North Sulawesi, thus increases
the carrying capacity of grazing land from only 2 LU
to more than 30 LU/ha.
The combined application of 300 kg Ponska and
100 kg urea/ha produced fresh forage of 4.69 kg/
clump with a carrying capacity of 41.12 LU/ha.
Nutrient content, especially protein and energy, of
the leaves was much higher than that of the stems.
Development of Integrated CattleOil Palm
Forage introduction through agro-ecosystem and
agribusiness approach encourages beef cattle
agribusiness in the village. PpM introduction followed
Integrated cattle-oil palm is one of the farm
businesses by utilizing oil palm waste as feed. Midrib
of oil palm is relatively abundant, sustainable and
not compete with human needs.
Assessment of integrated cattle-oil palm system
was held on farmers’ group Ingin Jaya of Alue Nyamuk
Village, Birem Bayeum Subdistrict, East Aceh District
using 20 male bali cattle of 1.5-2.0 years old, i.e. 10
heads owned by cooperator farmers (applying
integrated model) and 10 heads owned by noncooperator farmers. Cooperator farmers keep bali
cattle in the barn, while non-cooperator farmers raise
cattle in oil palm plantations. Cooperator farmers’
cattle were feeding on 1 kg coconut cake combined
with 2 kg rice bran/head/day as well as oil palm midrib
and grass of 10% by body weight and supplements
(mineral blocks, vitamins and anthelminthic).
Feed concentrate contains 90.53% dry matter,
11.04% ash, 16.12% fat, 12.00% crude protein and
26.76% crude fiber to meet the nutritional need of
beef cattle for fattening. Application of integrated
cattle-oil palm for 90 days by cooperator farmers
produced an average daily body weight gain of 0.74
kg/head, higher than that owned by cooperator
farmers that was only 0.3 kg/head/day.
Natural pastures under coconut trees (top)
and utilization of land under coconut trees to
cultivate superior grass (below).
110
In West Sumatra, to increase beef cattle
productivity, West Sumatra AIAT introduced oil palm
waste-based feed, consisting of bark, palm kernel
cake and solid. In addition to improve productivity
and reproduction of local cattle, farmers can also save
cost, time and manpower. Technology demonstration
in West Pasaman showed that providing 2 kg oil palm
cake, 2 kg palm bark and grass for local cows produced body weight gain of 0.6 kg/head/day, significantly higher than those given grass (0.2 kg/head/
day) or 2 kg oil cake and grass (0.4 kg/head/day).
A hectare of oil palm plantation produces 6-7
tons midrib/ha/year. Oil palm midrib can substitute
50% grass because its nutrient content is similar to
grass. Oil palm midrib should be supplied with palm
kernel cake or sludge (solid).
In addition to increase productivity, utilization of
oil palm midrib to substitute forage is more efficient
in terms of cost and time, especially in cut and carry
system. Harvesting oil palm bunches littered midrib
so that its use as feed can reduce environmental
problems.
In West Sumatra, the price of palm kernel cake
is IDR500/kg, cheaper than that of rice bran. Farmers
usually purchase palm kernel cake in large quantities
and then store it. For solid, farmers only pay wages
of IDR40-100/kg to factory, and the factory is helpful
in reducing waste.
Application of Patchouli Cultivation
Technology in Upland
Upland farming system in Naggroe Aceh Darussalam
(NAD) still untouched by a technology. This is exacerbated by dry soil conditions with high acidity, poor
organic matter, dominated by red-yellow podzolic soil
and high rainfall.
Farmers usually cultivate patchouli traditionally
or semi-intensively so that the productivity is low.
The productivity can be increased by using improved
varieties, planting at suitable areas, fertilizing, and
pest and disease control. In this regard, NAD AIAT
assessed the package of patchouli cultivation
technology and compared it with farmers’ pattern.
Utilization of oil palm plantation for cattle
rearing (top), chopping oil palm midribs prior
used as feed (middle), and composting feed
waste and cow dung (below).
The assessment was carried out in farmers’ land
in Kuala Bakong Village, Sampoiniet Subdistrict, Aceh
District, involving 10 cooperator farmers on a hectare
of land, in which five farmers implemented introduced
technology and five others applied their pattern. The
introduced technologies consisted of improved variety
Sidikalang and using 5 tons organic fertilizer or
compost, 2 tons dolomite, 280 kg urea, 100 kg SP36, 150 kg KCl and 150 kg NPK/ha. The traditional
farmers used local varieties, without organic fertilizer
or compost and dolomite, 200 kg urea, 50 kg SP-36
and 100 kg KCl/ha.
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movement of utilizing the yards, both in urban and
rural areas. Utilization of yards for producing
medicinal plants, food crops, horticulture, livestock
and fish is not only to meet the needs of families for
food, but also to increase households’ income if it is
planned and managed properly.
Superior patchouli variety, Sidikalang.
The results showed that at two months after
planting, patchouli cultivated using introduced
technology had 25.75 cm plant height, 41.28 cm
canopy diameter and 5.63 branches, while those
cultivated traditionally only had 23.30 cm plant height,
26.70 cm canopy diameter and 4.90 branches. At
four months after planting, the plant height increased
to 40.48 cm, canopy diameter 83.28 cm and 14.50
branches for introduced technology and only 39.30
cm plant height, 64.70 cm canopy diameter and 10.90
branches for farmers’ pattern.
Sustainable Food Reserve Garden
and Its Development to All
Provinces in Indonesia
Indonesia has 10.3 million ha of yards or 14% of
total agricultural land. The yard has a potential to
provide nutritious and high economic valued food.
However, the yard is generally not utilized yet
optimally to produce various agricultural commodities,
particularly food sources.
Yard utilization as a source of household food
(crops, livestocks and fishes) has been practiced for
a long time, especially in rural areas. Government
commitment to engage households in achieving food
self-sufficiency can be implemented through
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In late 2010, the Ministry of Agriculture set a
model of Sustainable Food Reserve Garden (SFRG).
SFRG is a set of households that can create food
self-sufficiency by utilizing their yards optimally. It is
intended to allow the households to diversify their
local resource-based food crops while preserving
them for the future, and increase the welfare of
families and communities.
IAARD is mandated by the Ministry of Agriculture
to develop the SFRG and support technological
innovations and technical assistances to all provinces
in Indonesia. Implementation of SFRG considers the
strata of the yards, arrangement and selection of the
commodities, and its development. The yards are
grouped into urban and rural yards in establishing
cultivated commodities, business scales, as well as
in organizing the crops, livestocks and fishes.
Urban yards are grouped into four clusters,
namely: (1) without yard (housing type 21 with total
land area of 36 m2); (2) narrow yard (housing type
36 with land area of about 72 m2); (3) medium yard
(housing type 45 with land area of 90 m2) and (4)
wide yard (housing types 54 or 60 with land area of
about 120 m2). Rural yards are also classified into
four groups, namely: (1) very narrow yard (without
yard); (2) narrow yard (<120 m2); (3) medium yard
(120-400 m2) and (4) wide yard (> 400 m2).
Selection of the cultivated commodities is based
on food and nutrition needs of families as well as
possibility of region-based commercial development.
Commodities that can be cultivated in the yards
include vegetables, medicinal plants and fruit crops
(papaya, starfruit, guava, sugar-apple, soursop). On
wide yards, households are also able to make fish
ponds and rear poultry and small ruminants. Each
SFRG should determine the commodities that can be
commercially developed, equipped with a nursery to
ensure its sustainability.
Growing spinach and lettuce in bamboo attached to a fence in home-yard.
Implementation of sustainable food reserve garden in narrow home-yard in Nogosari,
Kayen, Pacitan (left) and in Talang Keramat, Banyuasin, South Sumatra (right).
SFRG is implemented by involving communities
and relevant parties at central and regional levels.
Seed availability will determine the SFRG sustainability. Therefore, it is necessary to establish village
nurseries in each region. Cropping pattern and crop
rotation, including integrated crop and livestock
systems and diversification model, should be properly
formulated to meet the expected food patterns and
contribution to family income.
The pilot of SFRG was established in February
2011 at Jelok, Kayen Village, Pacitan, East Java. The
yards are grouped into three clusters, namely narrow
(< 100 m2), medium (200-300 m2) and large (> 300
m2). Households, having narrow yard can grow
vegetables using verticulture system. Those having
medium yards are able to grow vegetables and
medicinal plants in beds or using verticulture and rear
chickens, while those with large yards can complete
it with goat pen, tuber crops and shade trees.
The SFRG was initially developed in Kayen Village
of Pacitan District, East Java, in November 2010
involving 30 households. At the end of 2011, the SFRG
has been implemented by more than 750 households
spread across four subdistricts in nine villages in
Pacitan. In East Java, SFRG has developed in Pasuruan,
Mojokerto, Jombang, Surabaya and Malang Districts,
and in Malang City. The village nursery can suppress
the household expenditure ranging between
IDR195,000-715,000/month, and increase the index
of expected food patterns from 76.3 to 83.3%.
Application of SFRG has extended to all provinces
in Indonesia. In 2011, AIATs in all provinces in
Indonesia implemented the SFRG. In 2012, the model
will be developed to all districts/cities.
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Dissemination of
Innovations
The Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and
Development (IAARD) utilizes multichannel dissemination
spectrum (MCDS) to eliminate the problems in the transfer of
innovations to users. All institutions within IAARD empower
their resources to disseminate the innovations generated. In
this regard, various dissemination activities were undertaken,
such as exhibitions, exposes, the use of printed and electronic
media as well as assistance in the application of technological
innovations in the field. Development of the library also receives
critical attention for enabling users to access information.
Granting licenses to partners is also important to accelerate
the development of innovations by users while the management
of intellectual property rights of the innovations is still
performed.
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Dissemination of Innovations
Exhibitions and Exposes
Throughout 2011, IAARD organized and participated
in numerous exhibitions and exposes to promote
technological innovations to the users (Table 1). In
addition to participating in exhibitions held every year,
such as Agrinex Expo, Agro & Food Expo, the National
Technology Awakening Day, World Food Day,
Appropriate Technology Exhibition and National Flori
and Flora Expo, IAARD conducted a nation wide
dissemination activities, such as National Swamp
Agriculture Week and Specific Location Agriculture
Week. IAARD also appeared full at Thirteenth
Farmers-Fishermen National Week (Penas) on 1823 June 2011 in Tenggarong, Kutai Kartanegera, East
Kalimantan, and participated in the Indonesia Book
Fair and the Women’s Movement for Plant and
Maintain to promote a model of Sustainable Food
Resource Garden (SFRG). Assisting in the development
of improved rice varieties, such as Inpari 13, has
accelerated the use of these varieties by farmers.
Technology Expose in Penas XIII
Unproductive land of 50 ha around sports stadium in
Tenggarong has turned into a productive greenish
agricultural area. Rice plants, palawija, horticulture
and estate crops planted at this location make many
people amazed. At Penas XIII in 2011, IAARD exhibited
almost all the latest innovations. The innovations were
arranged in four clusters, namely self-sufficiency and
sustainable self-sufficiency, food self-reliance, food
diversification and added value, competitiveness and
exports.
The first cluster presents a pilot area of upland
rice, swamp rice, lowland rice and livestock, while
food self-reliance cluster features SFRG. In the
clusters of food diversification, it can be found
technological innovations of cassava and a variety of
sweet potatoes, sorghum and sago, while the cluster
of energy self-reliance displays the latest technological innovations of physic nuts (jatropha), candlenut
Sunan, ballnut and cassava for ethanol production.
In addition farmers can consult about agricultural
technology with IAARD reseachers.
New varieties of rice, maize and soybean planted
in the field showed optimal performances. Tidal
swamp rice variety Inpara 4, for example, produced
6.7 t/ha. During the study, Inpara 4 can survive up to
14 days of submergence. Anjasmoro soybean variety
that has wide adaptability, can be developed on tidal
swampland type C, and the yield in the area ranged
Vice President Budiono
accompanied by Ministry
of Agriculture Suswono
visited IAARD stand at
World Food Day Expo.
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Table 1. Exhibitions/exposes held by IAARD in 2011.
Exhibition
Location
Indonesia Youth Expo
Agrinex Expo
Climate Change Expo
Agro & Food Expo
Indonesian Environment Week
Farmers and Fishermen National Week (Penas) XIII
National Swamp Agriculture Week
National Technology Awakening Day
Exhibition on the 33th Asean Ministerial Meeting on Agriculture
and Forestry (AMAF)
Indonesian Seed Community Expo
Expose of Applicable Technology XIII
National Estate Crops Innovation Expo II
World Food Day
Indonesian Disaster Preparedness and Responses Expo
and Conference (IDEC)
Specific Location Agriculture Week
Indonesia Book Fair
Women’s Movement for Plant and Maintain
National Flori and Flora Expo
Bogor, West Java, 29-30 January 2011
Jakarta, 4-9 March 2011
Jakarta, 26-29 May 2011
Jakarta, 26-29 May 2011
Jakarta, 1-5 June 2011
Tenggarong, Kutai Kartanegara, 18-23 June 2011
Banjarbaru, South Kalimantan, 12-15 July 2011
Serpong, Banten, 10-12 August 2011
Jakarta, 3-9 October 2011
from 2.5 to 3.0 t/ha. QPM maize hybrids (high protein)
are capable to produce 10 t/ha and the leaves are
staying green at harvest date so it can be utilized as
feed.
In addition to exhibite the technology in the field,
various innovative products were displayed in the
booths. The materials displayed got quite a lot of
attention from visitors.
Penas XIII which was opened by Vice President,
Prof. Dr. Budiono, on 18 June 2011 was success. The
indicators are that this national event is not only visited
by 30 thousand farmers-fishermen from 33 provinces
in Indonesia, but also the high appreciation of the
community. Penas being a place for agriculture,
fisheries and forestry investors. In the agribusiness
expose event, some collaborations had been made,
including the development of technological innovations
generated by IAARD.
The success of Penas XIII certainly cannot be
separated from the joy of the President of the
116
Kendari, Southeast Sulawesi, 12-16 October 2011
Gorontalo, 20-23 October 2011
Bogor, West Java, 17-21 November 2011
Jakarta, 24 November-4 December 2011
Karawang, West Java, 2 December 2011
Bali, 19-22 December 2011
Republic of Indonesia in teleconference of presidential
palace in Jakarta and Penas location in Kutai
Kartanegara on 22 June 2011. Interactive
communication between the President and the
farmers participated in Penas XIII runs smoothly and
gets applause from all participants.
World Food Day 2011 in Gorontalo
World population is now almost 7 billion and in 2050
is expected to grow to 9 billion people “We are not
safe in terms of food security. Food insecurity in the
future will continue to haunt”, said Vice President,
Prof. Dr. Budiono in the opening ceremony of World
Food Day on 20 October 2011 in Bone Bolango,
Gorontalo.
Vice President concerns and reminds all parties
to continue to increase food production. Efforts to
increase food production face various problems,
including global climate change. On the other hand,
First harvest of submergence tolerant rice Inpara 4 by the Ministry of Agriculture, Suswono (front,
second from the right), Governor of East Kalimantan, Awang Faroek (front, third from the right),
Regent of Kutai Kartanegara (front, second from the left), and President‘s Specialized Staff for Food
and Energy, Prof. Dr. Jusuf (left front) in the area of Farmers and Fishermen National Week in
Tenggarong, East Kalimantan. In the tidal swampland of East Kalimantan, this new improved rice
variety yielded 6.7 t/ha in submerged condition for two weeks.
the need for food is enhancing in line with the increase
in population. Therefore, the Vice President stressed
the importance of implementing appropriate
technology and wise resources management to
produce adequate food for the people. “This way we
can do to anticipate the threat of food insecurity”,
said the Vice President.
During his visit to the field, the Vice President
was amazed to the performance of high yielding
soybean varieties grown in the area of IAARD expose.
This admiration is reflected from plucking young
soybean pods by the Vice President and taste it to
prove the soybean seed. The Vice President also
witnessed closely the two-cob hybrid maize. During
this time, maize generally only have one cob. For
Vice President and even for most people, maize with
two cobs would be something new. The Vice
President also amazed to see the performance of
vegetables and medicinal crops planted in the SFRG.
At the celebration of World Food Day, IAARD exhibited
a variety of technological innovations in the field,
which is arranged into four clusters, namely SFRG,
functional food, food self-sufficiency and medicinal
and aromatic crops.
Various innovative products were also exhibited
in the booth. Visitors are very eager to obtain
information about the products displayed. Printed
media such as books and leaflet provided free of
charge also got a lot of attention of visitors.
117
The Director of ICRI, Dr. M. Yasin (second
from the left), explained the advance of
research on hybrid maize that have two cobs
per plant to the Vice President of the Republic
of Indonesia, Prof. Dr. Budiono accompanied
with the Ministry of Agriculture, Dr. Suswono
(right).
The Director of ICFORD, Dr. Hasil Sembiring,
explained the advance of research on rice and
secondary crops to the Vice President of the
Republic of Indonesia on the ceremony of
World Food Day on 20 October 2011 in
Gorontalo.
National Swamp Agriculture Week
First National Swamp Agriculture Week (PPRN I) was
held at Indonesian Swampland Agricultural Research
Institute (ISARI) in Banjarbaru, South Kalimantan on
12-15 July 2011. The event with the theme “Swamp
Food Barn Facing the Climate Change” was a success.
Officially opened by the Minister of Agriculture, Dr.
Suswono, PPRN I was attended by the Governor of
South Kalimantan and 200’s people from government,
universities, private companies, state enterprises,
NGOs, farmers, students and the public.
118
At the opening, Minister of Agriculture in his
speech addressed the importance of swampland
technology, which is one of the roles of IAARD to
generate such technology. Meanwhile, Governor of
South Kalimantan provided an enormous appreciation
for the implementation of PPRN I. Governor stated
that swampland agriculture historically has been one
of Banjar people skills.
The events held on PPRN I included expose,
Agriculture Minister’s visit to Kayu Abang Village of
Hulu Sungai Selatan District, course of melon
cultivation on swamplands, product launches, MURI
record-breaking, book review and an exhibition of
agricultural products and technologies. Products
launched included Biotara and Biosure biofertilizers,
Organorawa organic fertilizer, mice control Retail, a
prototype of Swampland Information System (SILAR),
swampland soil test kit and the book State of the Art
and Grand Design of Swampland Development. PPRN
I was performed together with the National Seminar
on Land Resources. MURI record successfully breaked
was the swamp rice germplasm collection of 130
institutes in Cimanggu Agricultural Research Campus;
(2) empowerment of farmers through PUAP workshop,
preparation of participatory dissemination material
and consolidation of FEATI, technology meeting as
well as audio visual and exposes and (3) support to
national food security through the declaration of the
movement of a model of Sustainable Food Reserve
Garden (SFRG) by the Minister of Agriculture, SFRG
display at the booth, workshop of SFRG and National
Rice Production Increase and competition of local food
processing.
Ministry of Agriculture and Governor of South
Kalimantan harvested watermelon grown on
swampland.
PPSL 2011 was opened by the Deputy Minister
of Agriculture and attended by 400 invited guests from
the government, cooperating partners, stakeholders,
accessions and the presentation of the largest talepuk
cake with a size of 1 m x 10 m x 0.5 m. Talepuk cake
is made from lotus seed that grows in swamplands.
Promotional event of swampland agricultural
innovations that is held for the first time is planned
to be conducted for every 3-4 years.
Specific Location Agriculture Week
Assessment Institutes for Agricultural Technology
(AIATs) as the spearhead of IAARD in the provinces
have generated specific location innovations to
increase productivity, income and welfare of the
farmers’ through empowering farmers in accessing
information, technology and capital to develop
agribusiness and partnerships with the private sector.
Based on these ideas, Specific Location Agriculture
Week (PPSL) 2011 was held with the theme
“Accelerating Innovation Transfer for Specific Location
Agricultural Technology for Empowerment of Farmers
Supporting the National Food Security”. The activity
was centered at Agricultural Research Campus,
Cimanggu, Bogor-West Java on 17-21 November
2011. Three major activities held were: (1)
accelerating the innovation transfer through
seminars, exposes/exhibitions, public consulting, talk
shows, book review and open house of research
Launching of Sustainable Food Reserve
Garden (SFRG) by the Ministry of Agriculture.
119
Development, addressing Agro Innovation Award,
transfer of SFRG material by the Minister of
Agriculture to the Governor of West Java, Mayor of
Bogor, Deputy Mayor of Padang, Regent of Pacitan,
and Regent of Sukabumi as well as delivery of award
for Movement and Innovation of SFRG by the Minister
of Agriculture to Regent of Pacitan and Head of East
Java AIAT.
Ministry of Agriculture visited a stand in
Specific Location Agriculture Week.
farmers’ associations and representatives of the FMA
FEATI. Deputy Minister of Agriculture emphasized that
technology generated by IAARD, especially specific
location technology, is aligned with the needs of users
and similar activities of PPSL are expected to bridge
the synergy between researchers, extension workers
and policy makers at central and regional levels. Some
activities held at the opening ceremony were the
signing of nine manuscripts of collaboration between
AIATs and local governments and private partners,
the delivery of a book containing 100 Specific Location
Innovative Technologies by the Director of IAARD to
the Deputy Minister of Agriculture, and the launch of
PPSL by the Deputy Minister of Agriculture.
The peak of PPSL was held on 21 November
2011 and attended by the Minister of Agriculture,
Governor of West Java, Regent of Pacitan, Mayor of
Bogor, Deputy Mayor of Padang, Head of Agricultural
Services of West Sumatra Province, Regent of
Sukabumi and another invitations from the central
and local levels. The launch of SFRG by the Ministry
of Agriculture is symbolized by the release of hot air
balloons and doves, followed by the launching of
Alternative Food Collection Garden which is marked
by the planting of some varieties of sweet potatoes.
The peak of PPSL 2011 was also performed by the
delivery of specific location agricultural innovations
from the Director of IAARD to the Director of
Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Human Resources
120
Development of New Improved Rice Variety
Inpari 13
Climate change impacts on the development of plant
pests/diseases. Brown planthopper, for example, has
destroyed rice crops in the northern coast of West
Java and Central Java in the planting season of 2010
with substantial losses. In Sukamandi, West Java,
over 350 ha of rice crops aged 15-30 days must be
eradicated and replanted with losses of IDR1.5 billion.
IR64 and Ciherang varieties which have been widely
planted by farmers are attacked by brown planthopper
as well.
To overcome this problem, IAARD developed
Inpari 13 variety in various areas, especially in rice
production centers. Released in 2010, Inpari 13 is
resistant to brown planthopper, very early maturing
(99-103 days) and potentially high yield (8.0 t/ha),
higher than Dodokan variety (5.0 t/ha) which is also
very early maturing (100-105 days). In addition, Inpari
13 is lodging resistant with medium grain shattering.
In West Java and Banten, the first harvest of
Inpari 13 was conducted by the Ministry of Agriculture
in the series of Indonesian Center for Rice Research
(ICRR) Open House in February 2011 in Sukamandi.
In addition to using Inpari 13 variety, the success of
the rice harvest in the midst of brown planthopper
attack was supported by simultaneous planting in late
November 2010. Initiated by ICRR, simultaneous
planting was also carried out in three districts of the
northern coast of West Java, namely Subang,
Purwakarta and Karawang. In Sukabumi, West Java,
the yield of Inpari 13 harvested by the Vice Regent of
Sukabumi on 20 August 2011 reached 8.7 t/ha, while
Ciherang variety only yielded 6.9 t/ha.
Ministry of Agriculture conducted first harvest of Inpari 13 rice variety in February 2011 in Sukamandi,
West Java.
In Central Java, the Governor took the initiative
in the socialization of Inpari 13 variety and planting
simultaneously to the farmers. Development of Inpari
13 in Klaten, Central Java was supported by the
provision of 20,100 kg seed by ICRR. On 11 August
2011, the Governor of Central Java, the Director of
IAARD, Director General of Food Crops and officials
from Klaten Regency harvested Inpari 13 in the District
of Polanharjo, Klaten. Governor of Central Java will
distribute the harvested seed to some districts in
Central Java to be planted on 7,000 ha area. Yields
of Inpari 13 ranged from 6.7 to 9.3 t/ha. In Purwodadi
and Pekalongan, the yield of Inpari 13 reached 8.27
t/ha.
In Sumenep, East Java, the yields of Inpari 13
ranged from 6.72 to 7.84 t/ha, or higher 1.76 t/ha
compared to Ciherang with average yield of 6.08 t/
ha. In Gorontalo, the first harvest of Inpari 13 on 30
June 2011 by the Governor of Gorontalo produced
8.2-8.6 t/ha. The seed harvested was bought by PT
Sang Hyang Seri to be further propagated.
Launching Ornamental Plants Varieties
Ornamental plant industry continues growing following
the dynamic of consumer preferences. In this regard,
IAARD launched numerous varieties of ornamental
plants on 17 October 2011. In addition to 20 orchid
varieties that have been released, 47 new varieties
of ornamental plants were launched, consisted of six
Dendrobium, six standard Phalaenopsis, seven
multiflora Phalaenopsis, two Vanda, 13 standard
chrysanthemum, two potted chrysanthemum, four
gladiolus, two potted roses and five varieties of
carnation. Consumer preference test on promising
clones of Dendrobium and Phalaenopsis showed that
consumers preferred nine clones of a standard and
multiflora Phalaenopsis and four Dendrobium clones.
121
Launching of ornamental plant varieties
generated by IAARD on 17 October 2011.
These clones will be launched in 2012. Through the
interaction between visitors and breeders it was
known that markets require roses that are adaptive
to low elevation areas, the standard type of
Phalaenopsis with pure white flowers, large flowers
and thick petals as well as a yellow or white flowering
Dendrobium.
Ministerial Meeting in the Fourth
Session of the Governing Body of
Genetic Resources for Food and
Agriculture
(ITPGRFA). Ministerial Meeting of States Parties of
ITPGRFA on Biodiversity, Food Security and Climate
Change was held on 11 March 2011 in Nusa Dua,
Bali. The ministerial meeting was followed by the
Fourth Session of the Governing Body of the
International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for
Food and Agriculture (GB4-ITPGRFA) in Bali on 14-18
March 2011 with an agenda to discuss benefit sharing
fund (BSF). BSF represents an opportunity for
Indonesia to the management, conservation and
sustainable use of genetic resources, information
exchange, technology transfer and improvement of
farmer’s capacity.
The Director of IAARD, Dr. Haryono, on the
sidelines of the meeting explained that the joint
management of genetic resources is able to ensure
food security of the world. BSF is the formation of
consensus of new opportunities for farmers and
agriculture in Indonesia.
Dr. Haryono further explained that the meeting
agreed on the need for long-term funding sources to
achieve an effective system of financing, either
through the member states, investment or through
BSF. Cooperation with international institutions, such
as UNDP and IFAD, also needs to be built, such as
cooperation on handling of food insecurity and
anticipation of climate change so that its existence is
not merely to give a donation. Cooperation can also
be implemented with private parties and other funding
agencies.
To deal with global climate change which have huge
influence on food production and agricultural systems,
genetic resources are required as a base for the
varietal improvement that are able to adapt to climate
change. Climate change will also affect and threaten
the world’s biodiversity. Therefore, major efforts
should be done to manage and conserve genetic
resources appropriately.
Indonesia has a commitment and engagement
in the preservation and utilization of genetic resources
and acceded to the International Treaty on Plant
Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture
122
Ministerial Meeting on the Fourth Session of
ITPGRFA in Bali.
Concerning genetic resources, challenges of the
world societies today is how to achieve sustainable
food security in the midst of a fairly high population
growth, land use change, degradation of natural
resources and global climate change. Ability to
maintain food security and sustainable food production
can be established through the use of genetic
resources in the improvement of high yielding
varieties that can respond to the dynamics of demand
and global environmental change.
Ministerial meeting was attended by 17 ministers
and 111 participants representing 48 member
countries of ITPGRFA. The meeting produced the
Bali Ministerial Declaration on the International
Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and
Agriculture, which stresses the importance of
ITPGRFA and BSF in the multilateral system (MLS)
and coherence implementation of the Convention on
Biological Diversity (CBD), ITPGRFA and Nagoya
Protocoll.
Utilization of Mass Media
especially useful for extension officers to support their
activities.
National newspapers and tabloids were also
utilized to disseminate information. Since 2007, IAARD
has been managing Agro-Innovation rubric in Sinar
Tani tabloid to deliver practical information on
agricultural innovations to communities, especially
agricultural extension officers. Press conference and
journalists visit were also important to convey
information to the public.
IAARD publishes scientific and popular magazines
(Table 2), books, proceedings, leaflet, folders,
technical guidance and the like to disseminate
information on agricultural innovations. Scientific
magazine plays an important role as media for
communication among researchers or scientists,
besides as a mean to obtain credit points for
functional position. Publishing articles in international
scientific journals is also important as an effort to
improve the image of IAARD at the international level.
Development of Library
IAARD utilized printed and electronic media to
disseminate information on agricultural technology.
The electronic media used include television and radio
broadcasts as well as CD/VCD/DVD, while the printed
media were newspapers, tabloids, scientific and
popular magazines, technical guidance on information
technology, leaflet and folders.
In 2011, three topics that received particular
attention for the show in national and private
television stations were the event of GB-4 ITPGRFA,
the National Estate Expo and SFRG and food
diversification. Beside through television, IAARD
routinely fill one of the programs on the Ciawi
Agriculture Radio. The broadcasting event was
responded positively by the listeners, indicated by the
number of questions submitted to the IAARD.
CD/VCD/DVD that contain information on
agricultural inovations were also produced to
complement the existing media. The media is
IAARD through the Indonesian Center for Agricultural
Library and Technology Dissemination (ICALTD) since
2006 has developed information technology-based
library. Prototype of digital library, known as the Library
Model, tried to be implemented in Central Java AIAT
and the Bureau of Law and Public Affairs (now the
Bureau of Law and Public Information) of the
Secretariat General of the Ministry of Agriculture. The
prototype was then developed into semidigital library
in 2007 in five IAARD’s units, namely AIAT of North
Sumatra, West Sumatra, South Sulawesi, South
Kalimantan and East Java.
In 2008, the semidigital library was developed
into digital library in 54 institutes within IAARD.
Subsequently in 2009, digital library was established
in five institutes within IAARD and in the library of
the Directorate General of Horticulture, Indonesian
Agency for Human Resources Development and the
Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Quarantine. Thus
123
Table 2. Serials published by the units of Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development.
124
IAARD unit
Serial title
Secretary of IAARD
Informatika Pertanian
Indonesian Center for Agricultural Library and Technology
Dissemination (ICALTD)
Indonesian Journal of Agricultural Science
Indonesian Journal of Agriculture
Jurnal Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian
Pengembangan Inovasi Pertanian
Jurnal Perpustakaan Pertanian
Buletin Teknik Pertanian
Warta Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian
Indonesian Center for Food Crops Research
and Development (ICFORD)
Jurnal Penelitian Pertanian Tanaman Pangan
Buletin Iptek Tanaman Pangan
Berita Puslitbangtan
Buletin Palawija
Indonesian Center for Horticultural Research
and Development (ICHORD)
Jurnal Hortikultura
Indonesian Center for Estate Crops Research
and Development (ICERD)
Jurnal Penelitian Tanaman Industri
Warta Puslitbang Tanaman Industri
Buletin Penelitian Tanaman Rempah dan Obat
Perkembangan Teknologi Tanaman Rempah
dan Obat
Perspektif
Infotek Perkebunan
Majalah Semi Populer Tree Tanaman Rempah
dan Industri
Buletin Rempah dan Industri
Buletin Palma
Indonesian Center for Animal Research
and Development (ICARD)
Jurnal Ilmu Ternak dan Veteriner
Wartazoa
Indonesian Center for Agricultural Socio Economic
and Policy Studies (ICASEPS)
Jurnal Agro Ekonomi
Forum Penelitian Agroekonomi
Jurnal Analisis Kebijakan Pertanian
Buletin Agro Ekonomi
Indonesian Center for Agricultural Land Resources
Research and Development (ICALRD)
Jurnal Tanah dan Iklim
Jurnal Sumberdaya Lahan
Warta Sumberdaya Lahan
Indonesian Center for Agricultural Biotechnology and
Genetic Resources Research and Development (ICABIOGRAD)
Jurnal Agro Biogen
Buletin Plasma Nutfah
Warta Biogen
Indonesian Center for Agricultural Engineering Research
and Development (ICAERD)
Jurnal Enjiniring Pertanian
Indonesian Center for Agricultural Postharvest Research
and Development (ICAPRD)
Jurnal Penelitian Pascapanen Pertanian
Buletin Teknologi Pascapanen Pertanian
Indonesian Center for Agricultural Technology Assessement
and Development (ICATAD)
Jurnal Pengkajian dan Pengembangan
Teknologi Pertanian
Reading room and information
access through on-line public
access catalogue.
up to 2010 the digital library has been established in
70 institutes within the Ministry of Agriculture.
Digital library continues to be refined in order to
provide excellent service to users. Accordingly, human
resource capacity in library management and
utilization of IT continues to be improved through
training, internships, workshops and seminars.
ICALTD also provides guidance and set up various
guidelines for the management of libraries in an effort
to provide excellent service to users.
Library collection is developed through
subscribing printed international journals, on-line
database Pro-Quest and Science Direct, as well as
off-line data base (CD-ROM) TEEAL. In addition,
reference materials and other library materials
published in and outside the country, were developed
either through purchase or exchange. To make
optimum use of information in the database, IAARD
through ICALTD made open access for libraries within
IAARD to utilize the full-text scientific journals
published in the Pro-Quest and Science Direct.
Management of Agricultural
Intellectual Property
Intellectual property rights (IPRs) are exclusive rights
granted by the state to a person or a group of persons
in the form of protection of inventions and creations
in the fields of science, technology, art and literature,
and the use of a symbol or emblem of commerce
which include patents, copyright, trademark, trade
secrets, industrial designs, layout designs of integrated
circuits and plant varieties. Management of
agricultural intellectual property is important, not only
to certificate the IPR properly, but also to stimulate
inventors to register their inventions. The excellence
and commercial inventions of IAARD to be the main
target to protect its intellectual property.
In 2006-2011, the number of applications of
intellectual property reached 621, including 149
patents, 39 creations, 40 brands, 27 plant varieties
protection (PVP) and 366 varieties. For 2011 the
number of registrations of IP/IPR included 16 patents,
six creations, four brands, seven PVP and 86 varieties
(Table 3).
125
Table 3. Applications for patents, creations, brands and plant variety protection (PVP) within the Indonesian Agency for
Agricultural Research and Development and certificates issued in, 2006-2011.
Year
Before 2006
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Total
Registration/application
Certificate
Patent
Creation
Brand
PVP
Variety Total
Patent
Creation Brand
PVP
Variety Total
59
16
2
15
13
28
16
6
7
5
10
5
6
22
1
7
4
2
4
3
2
6
4
5
7
14
18
64
104
80
86
87
41
22
97
135
120
119
9
7
5
2
5
6
2
7
1
9
1
3
8
2
1
2
2
-
11
18
57
100
80
86
14
18
26
64
105
102
95
149
39
40
27
366
621
34
20
13
5
352
424
The Director of IAARD signed the
memorandum of understanding
for invention licension to private
parties.
To promote agricultural technologies to users
(industry, government and community), a round table
meeting (RTM) was performed. In 2011, six RTMs
were held for horticultural commodities, livestock,
estate crops, postharvest and food crops, and one
business meeting in collaboration with the Indonesian
Agricultural Seed Society. Industry interested in
developing such technology is able to make an
agreement (MOU) of license. Technology transfer
through licensing provides licensing to partner to
develop, manufacture and market the technology and
IAARD as the licensor receives royalties.
126
In 2011, 20 licensing agreements have been
performed, consisting of eleven patents and nine plant
varieties (Table 4). One of these technologies, namely
the SMARt (biofertilizer formula for rice) is licensed
to three companies non-exclusively. In 2010 the
number of licenses was only eleven, resulting in an
increase of almost two times.
Progress, success and accountability guarantee
of the implementation of license agreement need to
be evaluated. Verification is one of management tools
that can be used to monitor the success of an on-
Table 4. IAARD inventions that have been licensed to private parties in 2011.
Invention
Inventor
Private parties
Hybrid maize Bima 7
Healthy drink made from mangosteen rind
Bio-additive BBM
AWS Telemetry system (automatic weather data recorder)
Pheromone Exi (sex pheromone as male insect attractant)
SMARt (biofertilizer formula for rice)
Process of decreasing rice glicemic index
Hybrid rice Hipa 12
Hybrid rice Hipa 14
Quality protein maize
Chrysanthemum Puspita Nusantara
Chrysanthemum Swarna Kencana
Straight snap bean Balitsa 1
Straight snap bean Balitsa 2
Attractant
Trap glue for fruit flies
Water spinach Sutera
SMARt Plus (biofertilizer formula for rice)
ICERI
West Sumatra AIAT
IMACRI
IAHRI
ICABIOGRAD
ISRI
ISRI
ISRI
ICAPRD
ICRR
ICRR
ICERI
IOPRI
IOPRI
IVEGRI
IVEGRI
IMACRI
IMACRI
IVEGRI
IMACRI
PT Biogen Plantation
PT Zena Nirmala Sentosa
PT Sinergi Alam Bersama
PT Indocommit Citra Mahardhika
PT Nusagri
PT Bio Nusantara
PT Petrosida Gresik
PT Buana Agro Sejahtera
PT Petrokimia Gresik
PT Saprotan Benih Utama
PT Saprotan Benih Utama
PT Berdikari
PT Alam Indah Bunga Nusantara
PT Alam Indah Bunga Nusantara
Fajar Seed
Fajar Seed
PT Sianindo Kurniasejati
PT Sianindo Kurniasejati
PT Sang Hyang Seri
PT Sapa Berkah Persada
going license agreement. The data obtained are useful
in making recommendations for implementation
improvement or subsequent planning. In 2011,
verification of inventions licensed by the private has
been conducted to find out the potential amount of
the royalties of IP that has been licensed to private
parties.
Proposed IPR registration in 2011 increased over
the previous year, but a lot of proposals that do not
meet the requirements. For this purpose three general
guidelines were issued, that were the criteria for
assessment of an invention (patent and PVP), a
general guide for valuation of invention and general
guidelines for verification.
127
Organizational
Development
The Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and
Development (IAARD) continues to develop organization and
improve management capacity in line with the changes in
strategic environment of agricultural research. The
organizational development includes addition of authority,
evaluation of tasks and functions, improvement of nomenclature
in accordance with the functions of organization, development
of human resources to improve the competencies, skills and
expertise through education and training, improvement of
facilities, infrastructure, program and budget, and development
of collaborations in the country and abroad.
128
Organizational Development
Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development 2011
Institutional Development
IAARD has the task to carry out agricultural research
and development (R&D) in accordance with the
Decree of the Minister of Agriculture No. 61/2010. To
implement this task, IAARD conducts: (1) preparation
of technical policies, plans and programs of
agricultural R&D; (2) implementation of agricultural
R&D; (3) monitoring, evaluation and reporting of
agricultural R&D; and (4) the administration function.
In 2011 IAARD arranged its research institutions
in line with the changes in strategic environment,
namely: (1) the changes in the organization of the
Indonesian Planters Association for Research and
Development bestowing R&D on seven commodities
(coffee, cocoa, rubber, sugarcane, tea, quinine and
oil palm) to IAARD; (2) the need for the development
of agricultural technology in two new provinces,
namely Riau Islands and West Sulawesi; (3) support
for the acceleration of beef self-sufficiency program
and (4) anticipation of pest outbreaks on crops due
to climate anomalies. This arrangements cover the
changes in nomenclature, increase in echelon,
addition of mandate and establishment of new
institutions which include:
a. The addition of Echelon V in Tungro Disease
Research Station, Goat Research Station and Beef
Cattle Research Station.
b. The addition of tasks and change in nomenclature
of research institutes within the Indonesian
Center for Estate Crops Research and Development, namely the Indonesian Palm Crops
Research Institute, Indonesian Sweetener and
Fiber Crops Research Institute, Indonesian Spice
and Medicinal Crops Research Institute, and
Indonesian Industrial and Beverage Crops
Research Institute.
c. The establishment of Assessment Stations for the
Riau Islands and West Sulawesi.
With the changes, IAARD organization in 2011
consisted of the Secretariat, four Research and
Development Centers, two Centers, seven Research
Centers, 15 Research Institutes, Office for Technology
Transfer (OTT-IAARD), 31 Assessment Institutes for
Agricultural Technology, two Research Stations, and
three Assessment Stations for Agricultural Technology. The organizational structure is presented in
Figure 1.
Human Resources
In the year 2011, IAARD was supported by 8,151
staffs. Of these, 3,439 (42.2%) are the functional
staffs, consisting of researchers, engineers, librarians, computer specialists, archivists, technicians,
statisticians, extension specialists, personnel
analysts, planners and public relation officers (Figure
2).
Based on educational level, 4,558 personnels
(55.9%) have under BS degree, 2,076 personnels
(25.5%) hold BS degree, 1,133 personnels (13.9%)
possess master degree and 384 personnels (4,7%)
own doctoral degree. The development of IAARD
staffs by level of education during the last five years
is presented in Table 1. Human resource development
program through long-term education aims to
increase the number of personnels holding master
and doctoral degree. Over the last five years (20072011), IAARD sent 467 staffs to universities in and
outside the country, comprising of 228 staffs for
doctoral program, 212 staffs for master program,
and eight staffs each for BS and under BS program.
Based on age, most of IAARD employees aged
46-55 years. The data show that in the next five years,
a lot of the employees will be entering retirement
age. Effort to replace the retiring employees is
conducted through recruitment of new staffs.
Researcher is a main mover in generating
technological innovations. In 2011 IAARD is supported
by 1,644 researchers and 441 prospective researchers
(Table 2). The number of researchers in 2011
decreased by 2.7% compared with that in 2010 which
reached 1,689 researchers, because some of them
entering retirement age. The number of researchers
is still insufficient for a research institution. Efforts to
meet the ideal number of researchers are conducted
129
IAARD
IAARD
Secretariat
ICFORD
ICHORD
ICARD
ICERD
ICRR
ICASEPS
IRCVS
ICALRD
ICATAD
31 AIAT
ILETRI
IVEGRI
ISMCRI
IRIAP
ISARI
ICERI
ITFRI
ISFCRI
IBCRS
ISRI
TUNDRES
IOPRI
IPCRI
ICSFRI
IIBCRI
2 ASAT
IGRS
ICALTD
ICAERD
ICABIOGRAD
ICAPRD
OTT-IAARD
IAHRI
IAERI
Figure 1. Organizational structure of IAARD, 2011.
57.81%
25.58%
0.42%
0.02%
0.12%
0.02%
0.06%
0.02%
0.00% 3.59%
0.50%
1.08%
10.54%
130
0.22%
Researchers
Extension specialists
Librarians
Veterinary medical
Computer specialists
Cattle breed observers
Archivists
Personel analysts
Technicians
Planners
Statisticians
Public relation officers
Engineers
Administrative officers
Figure 2.
through the recruitment of new staffs as well as
education and training of the new researchers to the
Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI). In 2011, IAARD
sent 81 staffs to attend training at LIPI. Ninety four of
IAARD researchers are professors from various
disciplines, but 15 of them had retired.
Composition of functional staffs of
IAARD, 2011.
Budget
In 2011, IAARD managed the budget of IDR1.10 trillion
and foreign grants of IDR21.95 billion. The budget is
approximately 6.3% of the total budget of the Ministry
of Agriculture (IDR17.74 trillion), and rose IDR179.61
billion (19.01%) compared with that in 2010.
Table 1. Development of IAARD personnels based on education, 2007-2011.
Education
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Lower than BS degree
BS degree
Master degree
Doctoral degree
4,557
1,786
1,104
365
4,964
1,797
1,093
375
4,864
1,789
1,099
372
4,818
1,910
1,098
376
4,558
2,076
1,133
384
Total
7,812
8,229
8,124
8,202
8,151
Table 2. Researchers of IAARD based on researcher level and age, 2011.
Age (year)
Researcher level
25-35
36-45
46-55
>55
Senior Researcher
Intermediate Researcher
Junior Researcher
First Level Researcher
Nonclass Researcher
0
0
14
123
331
0
37
210
196
72
81
343
232
70
36
182
150
4
2
2
263
530
460
391
441
Total
468
515
762
340
2,085
Management and utilization of the budget are
classified into three types of expenditure, namely
employee, goods and capital spending. Employee
spending of IDR405.36 billion (36.1%) was used to
finance the salaries, allowances, honoraria, overtime,
compensation and benefits work. Goods spending of
IDR524.29 billion (46.6%) was used to finance
program and R&D activities. Capital spending of
IDR194.54 billion (17.3%) was used to maintain asset
and capital accumulation, such as the construction/
renovation of buildings and laboratories, revitalization
of experimental garden, procurement of office
equipments, laboratory and experimental garden
tools, journals and scientific books, and other
intangible capital accumulation to support agricultural
R&D capacity.
Total
Facilities and Infrastructures
Laboratory is an important research resource in
generating technological innovations. In 2011 IAARD
had 153 laboratories scattered in research institutions
in all provinces in Indonesia. The types and capabilities
of the laboratories varied so that efforts to improve
the capability and capacity are continuing to be made.
A total of 34 of 153 IAARD laboratories had
obtained ISO 17025-2000 certificate from the National
Accreditation Committee, meaning that the
laboratories receive formal recognition at the
national, regional and international levels to carry out
testing. Twenty five laboratories are in the
accreditation process and 94 laboratories are not
accredited yet. In the long run, IAARD laboratories
131
Table 3. Laboratories of instutions within IAARD obtained accreditation of SNI 19-17025-2000.
Laboratories
Coverage of trials
ICAERD
ICRR
ICALRD/ISRI
ICABIOGRAD
ITFRI
ICAPRD
ITFRI
IVEGRI
ISMCRI
IOPRI
IRIAP
North Sumatra AIAT
North Sumatra AIAT
Yogyakarta AIAT
East Java AIAT
West Nusa Tenggara AIAT
South Sulawesi AIAT
Tractor, water pump, and seed postharvest equipment
Proximate and seed quality
Soil, fertilizers and water
Qualitative GMO and RAPD
Animal disease, food safety and BSL3
Flour characterization
Seed quality
Virus, soils, crops and fertilizers
Physiology and ecophysiology
Seed quality
Feed proximate
Soil and fertilizer
Soil and fertilizer
Soil and fertilizer
Soil and fertilizer
Soil and fertilizer
Soil and fertilizer
are expected to be a reliable and legitimate reference
in doing testing, training, internships and research
activities.
Laboratory management refers to the Indonesian
National Standard (SNI) 19-17025-2000, which adopts
ISO/IEC 17025:1999 and ISO 19-9001:2001, for the
implementation of quality management systems.
Laboratory management in accordance with these
standards aims to have scientific and commercial
competitiveness.
IAARD laboratory accreditation has been
conducted since 2002. Laboratories of 10 institutions
have been accredited by the National Accreditation
Committee. These laboratories are owned by the
Indonesian Center for Veterinary Research,
Indonesian Center for Agricultural Engineering
Research and Development, Indonesian Center for
Rice Research, Indonesian Center for Agricultural
Land Resources Research and Development,
Indonesian Center for Agricultural Biotechnology and
Genetic Resources Research and Development,
132
Indonesian Vegetables Research Institute, Indonesian
Spice and Medicinal Crops Research Institute, Indonesian Ornamental Plants Research Institute, and
Assessment Institutes for Agricultural Technology
(AIATs) of North Sumatra and South Sulawesi (Table
3).
Experimental garden has the primary function
in supporting R&D activities in the field, as well as a
place of ex situ conservation of genetic resources,
production of source seed, show window of
technological innovations and education media. IAARD
has 119 experimental gardens with a total area of
5,853.46 ha, spread over 43 institutions. Conditions
of the experimental garden vary in area, land status,
utilization and performance, and scattered in different
agro-climate conditions in the lowlands to the
highlands. Experimental garden capacity continuously
improves through increasing budget, human
resources and facilities. Human resources capacity
is improved through training and workshops,
meanwhile infrastructure has been revitalized since
2011.
Importation and Expenditure of
Seeds and Genetic Resources for
Research
IAARD is authorized to give permission to the
importation and expenditure of genetic resources
based on the Decree of the Ministry of Agriculture
No. 37/2011 on Conservation and Utilization of Plant
Genetic Resources. The authorization includes:
1. Exploration permission (search and collection,
followed by identification, characterization,
documentation and evaluation) of genetic
resources, 15 working days.
2. Administration of collection garden (collecting
followed by conservation and maintenance of the
genetic resources resulted from exploration in
the form of material and information), 15 working
days.
3. Importation of genetic resources for research
and/or breeding, 10 working days.
4. Expenditure of genetic resources through
exchange for research and/or breeding, 10
working days.
In 2011, 103 permits had been issued, consisted
of 62 permits to import, 40 permits to expenditure
and one permit to register collection garden or
genetic resource conservation.
Collaborations
Collaboration in research and development is
beneficial to optimize resource use, avoid overlapping
research, improve research quality, streamline
research results dissemination, and most importantly
is able to deliver tangible outcomes such as IPR,
journals/scientific publications, patents and benefits
for stakeholders, especially the farmers. Food
security, climate change and biodiversity are key
points in establishing research collaborations.
IAARD has fairly extensive collaborations, both
nationally and internationally. Several research
collaborations have been established with research
institutes under the coordination of the Ministry of
Research and Technology, LIPI, BATAN, BPPT and
several universities. To streamline the dissemination
of research results, collaborations with local
governments, private sector, policy makers and
agencies within the Ministry of Agriculture, and others
have also been established. Internationally, IAARD
also includes in the network of bilateral, multilateral
and regional collaborations.
Domestic Collaboration
IAARD collaborates with domestic partners such as
local governments, private companies, state
enterprises, non-governmental organizations,
universities and other government agencies.
Collaboration coverages include research, development, assessment, engineering, mapping, technology
guidance, evaluation/characterization of agricultural
resources as well as the exchange and utilization of
information. The collaboration was stated in the
memorandum of understanding.
Collaboration basically aims to: (1) accelerate
the maturation of technologies through verification
test, multilocation trials, adaptation trials and
feasibility test; (2) accelerate the dissemination and
adoption of technology; (3) accelerate the achievement of the objectives of agricultural development;
(4) increase capacity building; (5) obtain feedback
for the improvement of technology and (6) create
alternative sources of R&D financing. In 2011, IAARD
managed 598 domestic collaborations, consisted of
276 (46%) with the Ministry of Research and
Technology, 131 (23%) with universities, 102 (17%)
with provincial and district governments, and 79 (14%)
with private parties.
International Collaboration
International collaborations include cooperation with
foreign research institutions, international organizations, universities, private sector and NGOs. IAARD
133
collaborates with various partners, such as ACIAR
(Australian Centre for International Agricultural
Research), CSIRO (Commonwealth Scientific and
Industrial Research Organization), JICA (Japan
International Cooperation Agency), JIRCAS (Japan
International Research Center for Agricultural
Sciences), Amarta, Ansoft, RDA (Rural Development
Administration), AFACI (Asian Food and Agriculture
Cooperation Initiative), US Department of State,
CIMMYT (International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center), CIRAD (Agricultural Research for
Development), IRRI (International Rice Research
Institute), FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization),
Yuan Longping Ltd, HORTIN II, AFACI (Asian Food
and Agriculture Cooperation Initiative), Gent
University, MAFF (Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and
Fisheries) Japan, AMNET, ICRAF (The World Agroforestry Centre), ICCTF (Indonesia Climate Change
Trust Fund), IDRC (International Development
Research Centre), IAEA (International Atomic Energy
Agency), CIP (International Potato Centre),
Biodiversity International, IPNI (International Plant
Names Index), IOM, the Malaysian Rubber Research
Institute, UNDP (United Nations Development
Programme), Giz, Murdoch University, IFPRI
(International Food Policy Research Institute),
University of Queensland, IPI (International Potash
Institute), REDD ALERT and the World Bank.
International collaboration aims to further
improve access to relevant methods and technologies
to support IAARD activities as well as to improve the
competence of researchers/engineers. Collaboration
is conducted formally based on equality with a
mutually profitable and implemented with a strict
control system.
International collaboration is implemented
through bilateral, regional and multilateral schemes.
Bilateral collaboration is jointly implemented by the
two countries through government to government or
private to private parties. Regional collaboration is
implemented by some countries in the region on a
specific interest, such as ASEAN and APEC. Multilateral
cooperation is implemented by many countries, such
as FAO, WHO and CGIAR.
134
Table 4. Number of domestic and international research
collaboration of IAARD, 2007-2011.
Year
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Number of collaborations
Domestic
International
2591)
2051)
8882)
5822)
5982)
48
77
45
41
65
Include collaboration with universities
Include collaboration with universities and the Ministry
of Research and Technology
1)
2)
In 2011 IAARD managed 65 international
collaborations, consisted of 40 bilateral and 25
multilateral cooperations. ACIAR contributed most
(18) to the number of bilateral cooperation activities,
followed by AFACI-South Korea (five). IRRI
contributed most (13) to the number of multilateral
cooperation activities. The number of collaboration
activities within and outside the country in 2007-2011
are presented in Table 4.
Agricultural Research Partnership with
Universities
In 2011, the number of research partnership
proposals achieved 260 titles from 47 universities with
the proposed budget of IDR33.755 billion. Of these,
131 proposals from 30 universities were funded with
a value worth IDR10.613 billion or an average cost
per proposal of IDR81,018,183. Of these, 33 were
advanced proposals and 98 were new proposals.
Based on the approved budget, environmental and
land resources, and food crops have the largest
budget, each of IDR1.821 billion and IDR1.805 billion.
Biotechnology and genetic resources ranked the first
for average budget per proposal, namely
IDR94,051,714/proposal. For the number of proposals
approved, Bogor Agricultural University ranked the
first with 53 proposals (40.5%), followed with Gadjah
Mada University of 23 proposals (17.6%) and
Padjadjaran University of six proposals (4.6%).
Incentive Program for Improvement of
Researcher and Engineer Capabilities
The program is a collaboration between IAARD and
the Ministry of Research and Technology and held
since 2009. This program was initially named SINTA
(A Synergy of Research and Development), funded
by the Directorate General of Higher Education, the
Ministry of National Education. Since 2010, the program was funded by the Ministry of Research and
Technology.
In 2011, there were 394 proposals with a
proposed budget of IDR82.4 billion. Proposals
approved were 276 with cost of IDR43.8 billion. The
focusses of research included food security (264
proposals), health and medicine technology (10
proposals), as well as science and humanities (two
proposals). Assessments of agricultural technologies
had the greatest budget, that was IDR18.9 billion,
while researches on agricultural mechanization,
sociology and agricultural economics had the highest
average budget per proposal, namely IDR183,333,333.
135
Organizational Units of the Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and
Development
Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research
and Development Secretariat (IAARD
Secretariat)
Jalan Ragunan No. 29, Pasarminggu
Jakarta 12540
Phone +62 21 7505395, 7806202
Facs. +62 21 7800644
E-mail : [email protected]
Website : http://litbang.deptan.go.id
Indonesian Center for Food Crops Research and
Development (ICFORD)
Jalan Merdeka No. 147, Bogor 16111
Phone +62 251 8334089, 8331718
Facs. +62 251 8312755
[email protected]
Website : http://pangan.litbang.deptan.go.id
Indonesian Center for Horticultural Research
and Development (ICHORD)
Jalan Ragunan No. 29A, Pasarminggu
Jakarta 12540
Phone +62 21 7805768, 7892205
Facs. +62 21 7805135
Website : http://hortikultura.litbang.deptan.go.id
Indonesian Center for Estate Crops Research
and Development (ICERD)
Jalan Tentara Pelajar No. 1
Bogor 16111
Phone +62 251 8313083, 836194, 8329305
Facs. +62 251 8336194
Website : http://perkebunan.litbang.deptan.go.id
Indonesian Center for Animal Research and
Development (ICARD)
Jalan Raya Pajajaran Kav. E-59, Bogor 16151
Phone +62 251 8322183, 8328383, 8322138
Facs. +62 251 8328382
Website : http://peternakan.litbang.deptan.go.id
Indonesian Center for Agricultural Socio
Economic and Policy Studies (ICASEPS)
Jalan Ahmad Yani No. 70, Bogor 16161
Phone +62 251 8333964
Facs. +62 251 8314496
Website : http://pse.litbang.deptan.go.id
Indonesian Center for Agricultural Library and
Technology Dissemination (ICALTD)
Jalan Ir. H. Juanda No. 20, Bogor 16122
Phone +62 251 8321746
Facs. +62 251 8326561
Website : http://pustaka.litbang.deptan.go.id
Indonesian Center for Agricultural Engineering
Research and Development (ICAERD)
Situgadung, Legok, Tangerang, PO Box 2,
Serpong 15310
Phone +62 21 5376787, 70936787
Facs. +62 21 71695497
Website : http://mekanisasi.litbang.deptan.go.id
Indonesian Center for Agricultural
Biotechnology and Genetic Resources Research
and Development (ICABIOGRAD)
Jalan Tentara Pelajar No. 3A, Bogor 16111
Phone +62 251 8337975, 8339793
Facs. +62 251 8338820
Website : http://biogen.litbang.deptan.go.id
Indonesian Center for Agricultural Postharvest
Research and Development (ICAPRD)
Jalan Tentara Pelajar No. 12, Bogor 16114
Phone +62 251 8321762, 8350920
Facs. +62 251 8321762
Website : http://pascapanen.litbang.deptan.go.id
Indonesian Center for Agricultural Land
Resources Research and Development (ICALRD)
Phone +62 251 8323012, 8327215
Facs. +62 251 8311256
Website : http://bbsdlp.litbang.deptan.go.id
Indonesian Center for Rice Research (ICRR)
Jalan Raya No. 9, Sukamandi, Subang 41172
Phone +62 260 520157
Facs. +62 260 520158
Website : http://bbpadi.litbang.deptan.go.id
Indonesian Agency for Agricultural l Research and Development Annual Report 2011
137
Indonesian Research Center for Veterinary
Science (IRCVS)
Jalan R.E. Martadinata No. 30, PO Box 52
Bogor 16114
Phone +62 251 8331048, 8334456
Facs. +62 251 8336425
Website : http://bbalitvet.litbang.deptan.go.id
Indonesian Ornamental Plants Research
Institute (IOPRI)
Jalan Raya Ciherang, PO Box 8 SDL
Segunung Pacet, Cianjur 43252
Phone +62 263 517056, 514138
Facs. +62 263 514138
Website : http://balithi.litbang.deptan.go.id
Indonesian Center for Agricultural Technology
Assessment and Development (ICATAD)
Phone +62 251 8351277
Facs. +62 251 8350928
Website : http://bbp2tp.litbang.deptan.go.id
Indonesian Tropical Fruits Research Institute
(ITFRI)
Jalan Raya Solok Aripan km 8, PO Box 5
Solok 27301
Phone +62 755 20137
Facs. +62 755 20592
Website : http://balitbu.litbang.deptan.go.id
IAARD Office for Technology Transfer
(IAARD-OTT)
Jalan Salak No. 22, Bogor 16151
Phone +62 251 8382563, 8382567
Facs. +62 251 8382567
[email protected]
Website : http://bpatp.litbang.deptan.go.id
Indonesian Legume and Tuber Crops
Research Institute (ILETRI)
Jalan Raya Kendal Payak km 8, PO Box 66
Malang 65101
Phone +62 341 801468
Facs. +62 341 801496
[email protected]
Website : http://balitkabi.litbang.deptan.go.id
Indonesian Cereals Research Institute (ICERI)
Jalan Dr. Ratulangi, PO Box 173 Maros 90514
Phone +62 411 371529
Facs. +62 411 371961
Website : http://balitsereal.litbang.deptan.go.id
Indonesian Vegetables Research Institute
(IVEGRI)
Jalan Tangkuban Perahu 517 Lembang
Bandung 40391
Phone +62 22 2786245
Fax. +62 22 2786416
Website : http://balitsa.litbang.deptan.go.id
138
Indonesian Citrus and Subtropical Fruits
Research Institute (ICSFRI)
Jalan Raya Tlekung No. 1, Junrejo, Kota Batu 65301
Phone +62 341 592683
Facs. +62 593047
Website : http://balitjestro.litbang.deptan.go.id
Indonesian Spice and Medicinal Crops Research
Institute (ISMCRI)
Phone +62 251 8321879
Facs. +62 251 8327010
Website : http://balittro.litbang.deptan.go.id
Indonesian Industrial and Beverage Crops
Research Institute (IIBCRI)
Jalan Pakuwon km 2, Parungkuda
Sukabumi 43357
Phone +62 266 7070941
Facs. +62 266 6542087
[email protected]
Website : http://balittri.litbang.deptan.go.id
Indonesian Palm Crops Research Institute
(IPCRI)
Jalan Bethesda II, Mapanget, PO Box 1004
Manado 95001
Phone +62 431 812430
Facs. +62 431 812017
Website : http://balitka.litbang.deptan.go.id
Indonesian Sweetener and Fiber Crops
Research Institute (ISFCRI)
Jalan Raya Karangploso km 4, PO Box 199
Malang 65152
Phone +62 341 491447
Facs. +62 341 485121
Website : http://balittas.litbang.deptan.go.id
Indonesian Research Institute for Animal
Production (IRIAP)
Jalan Banjarwaru, Ciawi
PO Box 221
Bogor 16002
Phone +62 251 8240752
Facs. +62 251 8240754
[email protected]
Website : http://balitnak.litbang.deptan.go.id
Indonesian Soil Research Institute (ISRI)
Jalan Ir. H. Juanda No. 98
Bogor 16123
Phone +62 251 8336757
Facs. +62 251 8321608
Website : http://balittanah.litbang.deptan.go.id
Indonesian Agroclimate and Hydrology
Research Institute (IAHRI)
Jalan Tentara Pelajar No.1A, Bogor 16111
Phone +62 251 8312760
Facs. +62 251 8312760, 8336757
Website : http://balitklimat.litbang.deptan.go.id
Indonesian Swampland Agricultural Research
Institute (ISARI)
Jalan Kebun Karet Loktabat Utara, PO Box 31
Banjarbaru 70712
Phone +62 511 4772534
Facs. +62 511 4773034, 4772534
[email protected]
Website : http://balittra.litbang.deptan.go.id
Indonesian Agricultural Environment Research
Institute (IAERI)
Jalan Raya Jakenan, Jaken km 5, PO Box 5, Jaken
Pati 59182
Phone +62 295 381592
Facs. +62 295 381592
Website : http://balingtan.litbang.deptan.go.id
Assessment Institute for Agricultural
Technology (AIAT) Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam
Jalan P. Nyak Makam No. 27, PO Box 41, Lampineung
Banda Aceh 23125
Phone +62 651 7551811
Facs. +62 651 7552077
[email protected]
Website : http://nad.litbang.deptan.go.id
Technology (AIAT) North Sumatra
Jalan Jend. A.H. Nasution No.1B,
PO Box 7 MDGJ
Medan 20143
Phone +62 61 7870710
Facs. +62 61 7861020
Website : http://sumut.litbang.deptan.go.id
Technology (AIAT) West Sumatra
Jalan Raya Padang-Solok, km 40, Sukarami
Solok 27366
Phone +62 755 31122, 31564
Facs. +62 755 731138
Website : http://sumbar.litbang.deptan.go.id
Technology (AIAT) Riau
Jalan Kaharudin Nasution No. 341, km 40
Padang Marpoyan
PO Box 10210
Pekanbaru
Phone +62 761 674206, 674205
Facs. +62 761 674206
[email protected]
Website : http://riau.litbang.deptan.go.id
Technology (AIAT) Jambi
Jalan Samarinda Kotabaru
PO Box 118, Kotabaru 36128
Jalan Jambi-Palembang km 16, Desa Pondok Meja,
Kecamatan Mestong, Kabupaten Muaro Jambi
Phone +62 741 7053525, 40174
Facs. +62 741 40413
[email protected]
Website : http://jambi.litbang.deptan.go.id
139
Technology (AIAT) South Sumatra
Jalan Kolonel H. Barlian km 6
PO Box 1265, Palembang 30153
Phone +62 711 410155
Facs. +62 711 411845
Website : http://sumsel.litbang.deptan.go.id
Technology (AIAT) Bangka Belitung
Jalan Mentok km 4, Pangkalpinang 33134
Phone +62 717 421797, 422858
Facs. +62 717 421797
Website : http://babel.litbang.deptan.go.id
Technology (AIAT) Bengkulu
Jalan Irian km 6,5
PO Box 1010, Bengkulu 38119
Phone +62 736 23030
Facs. +62 736 23030
Website : http://bengkulu.litbang.deptan.go.id
Technology (AIAT) Lampung
Jalan Z.A. Pagar Alam No. 1A Rajabasa
Bandar Lampung 35145
Phone +62 721 781776, 701328
Facs. +62 721 705273
Website : http://lampung.litbang.deptan.go.id
Technology (AIAT) Banten
Jalan Raya Ciptayasa km 01, Ciruas
Serang 42182, Banten
Phone +62 254 280093, 281055
Facs. +62 254 282507
[email protected]
Website : http://banten.litbang.deptan.go.id
Technology (AIAT) West Java
Jalan Kayuambon No. 80, PO Box 8495, Lembang
Bandung 40391
Phone +62 22 2789846
Facs. +62 22 2786238
[email protected]
Website : http://jabar.litbang.deptan.go.id
140
Technology (AIAT) DKI Jakarta
Jalan Ragunan No. 30, Pasarminggu
PO Box 7321/JKSPM
Jakarta 12540
Phone +62 21 78839949, 7815020
Facs. +62 21 7815020
[email protected]
Website : http://jakarta.litbang.deptan.go.id
Technology (AIAT) Central Java
Bukit Tegalepek, Sidomulyo,
PO Box 101 Ungaran 50501
Phone +62 24 6924965, 6924967
Facs. +62 24 6924966
Website : http://jateng.litbang.deptan.go.id
Technology (AIAT) Yogyakarta
Ringroad Utara Jalan Karangsari Wedomartani,
Ngemplak, Sleman, PO Box 1013
Yogyakarta 55010
Phone +62 274 884662
Facs. +62 274 562935
[email protected]
Website : http://yogya.litbang.deptan.go.id
Technology (AIAT) East Java
Jalan Raya Karangploso km 4, PO Box 188
Malang 65101
Phone +62 341 494052
Facs. +62 341 471255
[email protected]
Website : http://jatim.litbang.deptan.go.id
Technology (AIAT) Bali
Jalan By Pass Ngurah Rai, Pasanggaran
PO Box 3480, Denpasar 80222
Phone +62 361 720498
Facs. +62 361 720498
Email : [email protected]
[email protected]
Website : http://bali.litbang.deptan.go.id
Technology (AIAT) West Nusa Tenggara
Jalan Raya Paninjauan Narmada, PO Box 1017
Mataram 83010
Phone +62 370 671312
Facs. +62 370 671620
Website : http://ntb.litbang.deptan.go.id
Technology (AIAT) East Nusa Tenggara
Jalan Timor Raya km 32, PO Box 1022 Naibonat,
Kupang 85362
Phone +62 380 833766
Facs. +62 380 829537
Website : http://ntt.litbang.deptan.go.id
Technology (AIAT) East Kalimantan
Jalan Budi Utomo No. 45 Siantan Hulu,
PO Box 6150, Pontianak 78061
Phone +62 561 882069
Facs. +62 561 883883
[email protected]
Website : http://kalbar.litbang.deptan.go.id
Technology (AIAT) Central Kalimantan
Jalan G. Obos km 5, PO Box 122
Palangkaraya 73111,
Phone +62 536 3329662
Facs. +62 536 3231416
[email protected]
Website : http://[email protected]
Technology (AIAT) East Kalimantan
Jalan P.M. Noor, Sempaja,
PO Box 1237, Samarinda 75119
Phone +62 541 220857
Facs. +62 541 220857
Website : http://kaltim.litbang.deptan.go.id
Technology (AIAT) South Kalimantan
Jalan Panglima Batur Barat No. 4
PO Box 1018 & 1032 Banjarbaru 70711
Phone +62 511 4772346
Facs. +62 511 4781810
[email protected]
[email protected]
Website : http://kalsel.litbang.deptan.go.id
Technology (AIAT) North Sulawesi
Jalan Kampus Pertanian Kalasey, PO Box 1345
Manado 95013
Phone +62 431 836637
Facs. +62 431 838808
[email protected]
Website : http://sulut.litbang.deptan.go.id
Technology (AIAT) Central Sulawesi
Jalan Lasoso No. 62, Biromaru,
PO Box 51, Palu
Phone +62 451 482546
Facs. +62 451 482549
[email protected]
Website : http://sulteng.litbang.deptan.go.id
Technology (AIAT) South Sulawesi
Jalan Perintis Kemerdekaan km 17,5
PO Box 1234, Makassar
Phone +62 411 556449
Facs. +62 411 554522
Website : http://sulsel.litbang.deptan.go.id
Technology (AIAT) Southeast Sulawesi
Jalan Prof. Muh. Yamin No. 89, PO Box 55
Kendari 93114
Phone +62 401 312571
Facs. +62 401 313180
Website : http://sultra.litbang.deptan.go.id
Technology (AIAT) Gorontalo
Jalan Kopi No. 270, Desa Iloheluma, Kecamatan
Tilongkabila Kabupaten Bone Bolango,
Gorontalo 96183
Phone +62 435 827627, 8700075
Facs. +62 435 827627
[email protected]
Website : http://gorontalo.litbang.deptan.go.id
Technology (AIAT) Maluku
Jalan Chr. Soplanit, Rumah Tiga
Ambon 97233
Phone +62 911 3303865
Facs. +62 911 322542
Website : http://maluku.litbang.deptan.go.id
141
Technology (AIAT) North Maluku
Komplek Pertanian Kusu, Kecamatan Oba Utara
Kota Tidore Kepulauan 97000
Phone +62 921 326250
Facs. +62 921 326250
[email protected]
Website : http://malut.litbang.deptan.go.id
Technology (AIAT) Papua
Jalan Yahim No. 49, PO Box 256, Sentani
Jayapura 99352
Phone +62 967 592179
Facs. +62 967 591235
Website : http://papua.litbang.deptan.go.id
Office of Assessment Institute for Agricultural
Technology (AIAT) Riau Islands
Jalan Pelabuhan Sungai Jang No. 38
Tanjung Pinang
Phone +62 771 22153
Facs. +62 771 313299
Website : Assessment Institute for Agricultural
Technology (AIAT) West Sulawesi
Jalan Martadinata No. 16
Mamuju
Phone +62 0813142692046
Facs. +62 426 22547
Website : http://sulbar.litbang.deptan.go.id
Technology (AIAT) West Papua
Jalan Amban Pantai Waidema
PO Box 254
Manokwari 98314
Phone +62 986 213182, 211377
Facs. +62 986 212052
Website : http://papuabarat.litbang.deptan.go.id
142

Technological Innovations 2011 - digilib.litbang.pertanian.go.id.

Transcription

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