risk identification in the lubuskie region

RIVER-SHIELD Project
implemented through financial assistance of the ERDF funds within the framework
of the INTERREG III B CADSES Neighborhood Programme
Work package WP 2.1 “Risk Identification Assessment”
Report on the work done by the Institute of Environmental Protection in Poland
in the period June – September 2006
RISK IDENTIFICATION
IN THE LUBUSKIE REGION
Chief investigator:
Mieczys aw Borysiewicz
Investigators:
Ma gorzata Brodowska, Pawe B aszczyk,
Wanda Kacprzyk, Anna Roma czak,
Marcin Ro ek, Katarzyna Rymwid-Mickiewicz
Warsaw, September 2006
Translation:
Mieczys aw Borysiewicz (Chapter 3), Katarzyna Rymwid-Mickiewicz
The report was prepared by the Institute of Environmental Protection under project named
Protecting Rivers from Accidental Industrial Pollution (RIVER SHIELD)
implemented through financial assistance of the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)
within the framework of the INTERREG III B CADSES Neighbourhood Programme.
The report reflects the authors’ views
and the CADSES Managing Authority is not liable
for any consequences made from its use.
2
CONTENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ....................................................................................................5
INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................6
1.
INTERNATIONAL ODER RIVER BASIN DISTRICT .............................................8
1.1. General description......................................................................................................8
1.2. Implementation of the Water Framework Directive in the IORBD .............................14
1.3. Activities undertaken in the Polish part of the Oder river basin ..................................18
1.4. International Warning and Alarm Plan for the Oder River..........................................22
1.5. Alarm and Warning Plan for the Boundary Waters of RP-FRG..................................23
Information sources..........................................................................................................24
2.
LUBUSKIE REGION...............................................................................................26
2.1. General description....................................................................................................26
2.2. Environmental overview............................................................................................29
2.2.1. Terrestrial environment ......................................................................................29
2.2.2. Aquatic environment ...........................................................................................33
2.2.2.1. Groundwaters ..............................................................................................................33
2.2.2.2. Surface waters..............................................................................................................37
Information sources..........................................................................................................41
3.
IDENTIFICATION OF POTENTIAL WATER HAZARDS IN THE LUBUSKIE
REGION ..................................................................................................................43
3.1. Industrial stationary installations................................................................................43
3.1.1. Method for water hazard assessment in the region ..............................................43
3.1.2. Identification of potential accident risk spots ......................................................49
3.2. Other anthropomorphic hazard sources ......................................................................55
3.2.1. Other point sources of potential hazard ..............................................................55
3.2.2. Linear hazard sources.........................................................................................60
3.2.3. Surface hazard sources .......................................................................................62
3.3. Natural hazard sources...............................................................................................64
3.4. Hazard sources from beyond the Lubuskie Region.....................................................64
3.5. Analysis of historical accidents in the Lubuskie Region.............................................65
Information sources..........................................................................................................68
3
ABBREVIATIONS..............................................................................................................69
Annexes
Annex 1.
Annex 2.
Annex 3.
Annex 4.
Annex 5.
Annex 6.
Annex 7.
Maps
Map 1.
Map 2.
Map 3.
Map 4.
Map 5.
Map 6.
Map 7.
Map 8.
The largest and most valuable forest complexes in the Lubuskie Region
A system of legally protected areas and monuments in the Lubuskie
Region
NATURA 2000 sites in the Lubuskie Region
List of river gauges, covered by the IMGW monitoring network
in the Lubuskie Region
List of municipal wastewater treatment plants in the Lubuskie Region
Selected accident events involving dangerous substances, which
occurred in the Lubuskie Region in 1999-2004
Digital maps of the Lubuskie Region
Competent authorities in the International Oder River Basin District
Land-use in the International Oder River Basin District
according to CORINE Landcover
Lubuskie Region
Land-use in the Lubuskie Region
Nature conservation and protection of cultural heritage
in the Lubuskie Region
Groundwaters in the Lubuskie Region
Surface waters in the Lubuskie Region
Potential water risk spots in the Lubuskie Region
4
71
73
80
82
83
85
86
9
16
27
28
31
35
38
54
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The project entitled Protecting Rivers from Accidental Industrial Pollution – RIVER SHIELD
is co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) within the framework
of the INTERREG III B CADSES Community Initiative, and supported by Greece, Hungary, Poland,
the Czech Republic, Slovenia and Bulgaria from the state budgetary and project participants’ own
financial resources. The Institute of Environmental Protection in Warsaw is responsible
for the implementation of the Polish part of the Project.
The major aim of the two-year RIVER SHIELD Project is to protect rivers against pollution caused
by industrial accidents by preparing and implementing the principles of good practice in the field
of: water accident risk management, prevention of and response to accidents posing a threat to waters.
Furthermore, it is also important to develop partnership, to exchange information and experiences
and to strengthen transnational cooperation providing promotion of sustainable and coordinated spatial
(territorial) development.
This report on “Risk Identification in the Lubuskie Region” was prepared at the Institute
of Environmental Protection. It is based on available measurement results and statistical data, existing
estimates and information, as well as on materials obtained from the Inspection for Environmental
Protection.
The Oder river (the Odra river) basin within the territory of the Lubuskie Region is the main subject
of interest to the Polish part of the RIVER SHIELD Project. Chapter 1 presents a brief description
of the international river basin district of the Oder, representing the sixth tributary to the Baltic Sea
by volume, against the background of the activities undertaken to implement the EU water policy,
and in particular the provisions of the Water Framework Directive1 , taking account of the measures
taken in Poland.
Chapter 2 is dedicated to the Lubuskie Region, across which the Oder river flows. This chapter
includes information on the region natural conditions presenting also on maps the data
on the aquatic environment of the region, as well as on sites and objects (monuments)
that are vulnerable and valuable from the point of view of the protection of the environment
and cultural heritage.
To identify, the so-called, accident risk spots (ARS) in the Oder river basin in the Lubuskie Region
the methodology used was based on the one elaborated by the International Commission
for the Protection of the River Elbe (ICPE). It is based on the classification of hazardous substances
that are present in the region into the so-called water risk classes (WRC), their recalculation into water
risk class 3 equivalents (WRC 3 equivalents – WRC 3E), and finally the calculation of the water risk
index (WRI). The analysis covered 9 stationary establishments that create potential industrial accident
hazards, including 3 plants presenting high risk and 1 with increased risk, according to the provisions
of the Seveso II Directive18. Finally, three accident risk spots with WRI ≥ 5 were identified
and assessed. The total risk level (water risk index) for the whole region, which is 7.8, was calculated
in Chapter 3.
Additionally, Chapter 3 identifies other potential hazards to waters in the region examined, including
other point, linear and spatial sources (Map 8) of both anthropogenic and natural origins.
Digital maps of the Lubuskie Region (Annex 7) were also elaborated within the RIVER SHIELD
Project.
5
INTRODUCTION
The project entitled “Protecting Rivers from Accidental Industrial Pollution – RIVER
SHIELD” was selected in 2006 in the course of the 4th Call for Project Proposals
by the CADSES Steering Committee, to be co-financed by the European Regional
Development Fund (ERDF) under the EU Community Initiative INTERREG III B CADSES
Neighbourhood Programme. Its aim is to support international cooperation (strand B), both
inside as well as outside the European Community. Strand B of the CADSES mainly aims
at developing transnational cooperation promoting more balanced and harmonious spatial
(territorial) development. The spatial area of cooperation within the CADSES covers
the Central, Adriatic, Danubian and South-Eastern European Space.
Among the project partners are the competent public authorities and institutions involved
in environmental protection from Greece, Hungary, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovenia
and Bulgaria. To improve the implementation process of CADSES projects the principle
of a Lead Partner is used. The Region of East Macedonia – Thrace from Greece, plays
this role. The RIVER SHIELD Project partners, apart from a Greek consulting company,
constitute public institutions, mostly involved in water management within the basins
of Greek, Moravian and Slovenian rivers. The status of a ministerial institute, similar
to the one of the Institute of Environmental Protection, is held by the Hungarian VITUKI
Institute. Bulgaria – the only Non-EU-Member State - is represented by the Regional
Development Foundation.
The RIVER SHIELD Project, labelled as 5D189, is reimbursed with Community resources
on the basis of an external agreement (Subsidy Contract) between the Italian Ministry
for Infrastructure and Transport, acting as the Managing Authority of the INTERREG III B
CADSES Neighbourhood Programme, and the Region of East Macedonia – Thrace.
The Institute of Environmental Protection, like other partners, fulfils its tasks under the Joint
Convention, signed in Komotini on 18 May 2005. The Polish part of the RIVER SHIELD
Project is financed by the ERDF (75%), the Institute of Environmental Protection (15%)
and the state budget (10%).
The operational CADSES programme lays down 4 priorities and 12 measures. The RIVER
SHIELD Project falls under Measure 4.2: Promoting risk management and prevention
of disasters under Priority 4: Environmental protection, resource management and risk
prevention.
The aim of the two-year project is to protect rivers against pollution caused by industrial
accidents by preparing and implementing the principles of good practice in the field of: risk
management, prevention of and response to accidents.
It is expected that the project will strengthen the capacity of emergency and environmental
services engaged in the process directed at the reduction of the effects of potential industrial
accidents. It is planned to:
Ø Create regional networks to strengthen the know-how transfer and transnational
cooperation.
Ø Elaborate and disseminate guides on emergency response and elimination of accident
effects to the environment.
6
Ø Develop and recommend for use in practice the spatial planning and land-use measures
likely to contribute to the reduction of adverse environmental effects of industrial
accidents.
Ø Create a mechanism supporting future implementation of the Project results in the form
of establishing and providing necessary equipment for the RIVER SHIELD Unit located
in Greece.
Ø Take measures to promote the Project out-comes at the regional, national and European
levels.
The Project has been divided into six Work Packages (WP):
• WP1: Management and reporting.
• WP2: Capacity building.
• WP3: Emergency response.
• WP4: Know-how utilization.
• WP5: Follow-up activities.
• WP6: Information and publicity.
This report on “Risk identification in the Lubuskie Region” presents the results obtained
within Work Package WP 2.1: Risk identification assessment. The report has been prepared
by national experts from the Institute of Environmental Protection (IEP) on the basis
of available measurement results and statistical data, existing estimates and information,
as well as materials obtained from the Inspection for Environmental Protection. It will be
subject to discussion during the workshops to be organized under the Project. This report
includes: a presentation of the International Oder River Basin District, a description
of the Lubuskie Region and its natural conditions, and the results of the potential risk
assessment for the Oder river (the Odra river) in the Lubuskie Region in case of an accidental
release of industrial pollutants, with the use of the methodology approved by all Project
partners. Thematic digital maps of the Lubuskie Region were also elaborated (Annex 7).
Project results will successively be made available, according to the implementation timetable
of the RIVER SHIELD Project, through the Internet on an international Project website.
Information presented in this report reflects the authors’ views only and thus the CADSES
Managing Authority does not take responsibility for any effects resulting from its use.
7
1.
INTERNATIONAL ODER RIVER BASIN DISTRICT
1.1. General description
Location. The International Oder River Basin District (IORBD) lies in Central Europe
within the catchment area of the Baltic Sea (Map 1) with the total area of the river basin
of 122 512 km spreading across the territories of the Republic of Poland (PL) – the largest
part, the Czech Republic (CZ) and the Federal Republic of Germany (DE). Detailed data
on the IORBD in different countries are presented in Table 1.1. Around 21.4% of the area
of the IORBD lies at the altitude of over 300 m above sea level, 54.6% within the limits
of 100-300 m above sea level, and 24% - below 100 m above sea level.
Table 1.1.
Data related to the International Oder River Basin District
Specification
Area of the river basin
in different countries
Countries’ shares in the river
basin area
River basin’s share in the
area of the country
Climatic conditions
River type
Number of transverse
constructions identified on
the tributaries /within the
river basin
Poland
Czech Republic
Germany
107 279 km2
7 246 km2
7 987 km2
87.6 %
5.9 %
6.5 %
34.3%
9.2%
2.2%
IORBD lies under moderate climatic conditions of continental nature.
In general, the river basin lowlands receive 500-600 mm of average
annual precipitation, whereas the southern mountain-like areas - up
to 1000-1400 mm.
Dominant lowland- Mountain-like and
Mainly lowland-type;
type; mountain-like highland-type, as well
mountain-like in the
and highland-type in as lowland-type at
south
the south
higher altitudes
705
1254
307
Source: [6,7,8]
The Oder river course overview. The Oder river (the Odra river) is the sixth largest tributary
of the Baltic Sea and is regarded as a large river. It is the second largest river, after the Vistula
river, in Poland. It is 854.3 km long, of which 742 km lie within the territory of Poland. Data
on the Oder river characteristics are presented in Table 1.2. The Oder river has its sources
in the Sudety Odrza skie Mountains (CZ) at the altitude of 632 m above sea level. The Oder
river flows partly forming the boundary of Poland with the Czech Republic (over a short
upstream distance) and partly along the boundary between Poland and Germany over a distance of 161.7 km.
8
Map 1. Competent authorities in the International Oder River Basin District
Sources: ICPO 2005 WFD Report [6] designed by GIS Partner on the Polish National Reference System, 1992
Scale 1: 1 500 000
9
The mean upstream river slope over a distance of 47 km is 7‰, while the average total
gradient amounts to 0.73‰. The Oder river flows through a valley, which is around
150-200 metre deep and is composed of lower Carboniferous puddingstones, sandstones
and mudstones. After crossing the Niski Jesionik fault and flexure scarp it flows into Brama
Morawska, and then to the Ostrava Valley. Enriched by two tributaries it loses its mountainlike nature and flows through a wide valley with 15-20 m high slopes, narrowing towards
Ostrava.
Table 1.2.
The Oder river (the Odra river) characteristics
Sea catchment
Area of the Oder river basin
River’s total length, of which:
•
navigation distance
Water level fluctuations at the downstream
part of the Oder river
Average annual flow rate at the mouth of
the Oder river to the Szczecinski Bay
Average discharge
Average annual discharge volume to the
Baltic Sea (for the period 1921–1990, with
Q= 542.34 m3/s, Hohensaaten-Finow)
Discharge in 1996
Discharge from 1 km2 of the river basin
in1996
Water levels /flow rates of the Oder river
near Opole
Critical flow at Gozdowo during the flood
of 31.07-1.08.1997
Baltic Sea
118 861 km2
854.3 km
711 km
5.7 m
567 m3/s
18.5 billion m3/year
17 103 hm3
19.36 billion m3/year
5.2 l/s km2
213 cm/ 82.5 m3/s (average)
733 cm/ 3500 m3/s (10-11.07.1997) (extreme value)
644 cm (28.08.1813)
44 cm (1.02.1956)
3679 m3/s (flow of 0.5% probability, i.e. once every
200 years)
Source: [6,7,8]
After receiving waters from the Olza river (which is partly also a boundary river), the Oder
river in Poland flows through the Raciborska Basin (average slope of 0.54 7‰) almost
parallel to the general direction of the Sudety Mountains and the Sudety Foothills
and is supplied by several tributaries. The main tributaries of the Oder river are listed
in Table 1.4. The bottom of the Oder valley is up to 5 km wide with numerous ox-bow lakes
(old river-beds) and small retention reservoirs. Over a distance of 186 km (from K dzierzynKo le to Brzeg Dolny) the river is regulated by 23 stages of fall with the riverbed level
difference of 64 m. The Oder river flows through a glacial melt-waters trough. After a change
of direction in the north it flows through Obni enie cinawskie defeating the hills
of the Trzebnicki Ridge in a 2 km long valley, receiving waters from numerous short
tributaries. Next, the Oder river flows to the west through the wide G ogowska Ice-marginal
Valley (Pradoline) with numerous ox-bow lakes. After a change of direction to the north
it flows through a wide valley among the forests between the Zielonogórski Ridge
and the S awskie Lake District in order to turn to the west reaching the boundary with
Germany. Flowing to the north the river breaks through the moraine hills of the Lubuskie
Lake District, forming the Lubuski Oder River Gap with a varied width of the valley (4-7 km)
with a network of numerous canals. Then the Oder river flows to Cedynia through the Toru 10
Eberswalde Valley in two riverbeds through a 20 km long valley. The last part of the Lower
Oder runs through the moraine hills of the Zachodniopomorskie Lake District
and Szczeci skie Pobrze e. Starting from Widuchowa the river is divided into the West Oder
and East Oder (main river-bed), which is further divided and flows through a cone-like
riverbed to the Szczeci ski Bay (an estuary-type river mouth is affected by the sea and wind
backwaters). Finally, the Oder river leaves the Bay through the following 3 straits: D wina,
wina and Piana with developing backward deltas.
Shallow (2-3 metre deep) and narrow (50-200 metre wide) ox-bow lakes and river floodplains
can be found over the whole Oder river valley. They developed as a result of water lifting
caused by alluvial fans at the downstream section of the tributaries (eg. Warta river).
The Oder river is connected through canals with the German rivers (Spree and Havel,
as well as with the Upper Silesian Industrial District (GOP) through the Gliwicki Canal
and with the Vistula river through the Bydgoski Canal.
The Oder’s hydrology. The lowest water levels of the Oder river are observed during
the summer and autumn months, except for the heavy rainfall period in summer
in the mountains. The summer freshets are shorter and more impetuous than the ones
in spring. The Oder upstream peak waves seldom reach the mouthpart of the river
as an annual maximum value. The Warta river has the highest influence on the discharge rate
of the Oder river reflected in almost doubling the flow rate. Besides the tributaries, the Oder
water regime is also affected by groundwater supply, especially that from the deeply cut
V-shaped ice-marginal valleys.
Although the Oder river is not regarded as rich in water (Table 1.2) it is quite often that
it causes flooding resulting in a differentiated scale of damage. Thus, the constant need
for taking certain prevention measures (retention reservoirs, embankment systems, flood
control canals and sluices, etc.).
The greatest flood in July 1997 predominated over the natural disasters that have taken place
so far. The Oder river and its tributaries’ freshets were a result of very high, long-lasting
and long-range precipitation, after the June rainfall, which caused ground saturation,
consequently limiting the capacity of the river basin for further retention. The freshet wave
slowly flew down the river. The duration of high waters exceeding the alarm levels was
from 16 days at Miedonia to 34 days in S ubice. Typical peak flows for a 200-year water
of around 3670 m3/s and with a probability of occurrence of 0.5% caused unbelievable losses
in the Polish part of the IORBD (54 fatal casualties, 106 thousand people evacuated,
enormous material damage: many destroyed dykes, almost all towns and settlements
in densely inhabited areas flooded, including industrial plants, waste water treatment plants
and waste landfill sites, approx. 500 thousand ha of agricultural land was flooded with water,
the following were destroyed or damaged: 2 thousand km of roads and railways,
1.7 thousand km of bridges and road culverts, and other elements of infrastructure).
The fluctuation of water flows in the Oder river is very high. Specific flows covering
the period of 1951-1990 for the three river gauge sections, i.e.: Cha upki (Czech-Polish
boundary), Po cko (Polish-German boundary) and Gozdowice (before the splitting
of the Oder) are presented in Table 1.3.
11
Table 1.3.
Characteristic flows of the Oder at river gauge stations: Cha upki, Po cko
and Gozdowice
River gauge
Cha upki
Po cko
Gozdowice
WWQ
1050
1680
2322
Characteristic long-term flows [m3/s]
WQ
Q
NQ
403
42.3
8.94
828
263
108
1313
574
274
NNQ
4.22
52.3
167
Source: [6]
The water resources of the river basin are estimated at 23.5 billion m 3 per year,
of which surface waters constitute 19.9 billion m3, i.e. 84.6%. The average annual discharge
of the Oder river into the Baltic Sea is 18.5 billion m3/year, which corresponds to 29.5%
of the precipitation total for the whole river basin district.
The average water temperature is relatively not very differentiated, eg. during winter
maximum 5.10C in the Raciborska Basin and minimum 3.40C in the Lower Oder, and during
summer 16.70C and 16.60C, respectively. On average the freezing period (except
for the lower river part) lasts approx. 12 days a year, with great fluctuation in different years
(from 0 to 30 days). The greatest intensity of the ice-formation phenomena occurs
in the period covering January and February. In general, mobile ice in the form of slush ice
is observed. Springtime, after ice-sheet breaking is associated with the drifting of the ice floe,
which is dangerous due to numerous ice-jams. The water levels of the Oder river are regulated
by a number of retention reservoirs on the following rivers: Nysa K odzka (2), Ma a Panew
(1), Bóbr (8), K odnica (10), Kwisa (2) and Bystrzyca (1).
The tributaries of the Oder river. The flow rate changes of the Oder river are strongly
correlated with the feeding from its tributaries. Two rivers from the Czech territory discharge
their waters into the Oder (Table 1.4), whereas there are 43 different-sized tributaries flowing
across the territory of Poland. Among all the Oder tributaries only the Warta river
is classified as a middle-sized river, 16 tributaries as small rivers, and the other
26 – as streams. German tributaries are also regarded as streams.
The density of the river network of the Oder river basin is irregular, but considerably high
– especially in the Sudety Mountains (due to significant precipitation on poorly permeable
base with varied relief), and partly in the lowlands (on poorly permeable grounds). The Oder
river basin is asymmetric (the relation between the left-side river basin and the right-side
is as 30:70). This is connected with the land slope towards the north-west and with the relief
development in the Tertiary and Quaternary periods. Major left-sided and right-sided Oder
tributaries are listed in Table 1.4.
The right-sided Oder tributaries (especially, the Czech rivers and Nysa K odzka and Bóbr)
are of mountain-like nature or similar to it, and this often determinates the risk of flooding.
To reduce such a risk multi-purpose dammed reservoirs are built, eg.:
• Slezká Harta, Kružberk – a cascade on the Moravica river in the Opava river basin;
• Šance, Morávka, Žermanice, Olešna and Baška – in the Ostravica river basin;
• Térlicko – in the Olza river basin;
• Kozielno, Topola, Otmuchów, Nysa – forming the so called Nysa K odzka cascade;
• Bukówka, Pilchowice, Sosnówka – in the Bóbr river basin;
• Mietków and Dobromierz – in the Bystrzyca river basin;
12
•
•
S up – on the Nysa Szalona river;
Le na and Z otniki - on the Kwisa river.
Table 1.4.
Main (1-tier) tributaries of the Oder river from its sources to the mouth
Left-sided Oder tributaries
River
Length
[km]
Opava
122
River
basin**
[km2]
2088.11
Nysa K odzka
O awa
l a
Bystrzyca
Kaczawa
Bóbr*
Nysa u ycka*
182
92
79
95
84
272
252
4570.31
1135.42
973.15
1782.61
2263.05
5874.45
4403.45
*
**
Right-sided Oder tributaries
River
Length
River
[km]
basin**
[km2]
Ostravica
63.9
827.09
Olza
K odnica
Ma a Panew
Stobrawa
Widawa
Barycz
Obrzyca*
Warta*
Ina
86.2
75
132
78
103
133
66
808
129
1106.12
1003.43
2114.59
1596.0
2417.53
5547.37
1804.98
54519.56
2150.60
rivers flowing across the Lubuskie Region
river basin area according to the Atlas on the hydrographic division of Poland, Warsaw 2005
Source: [6, 8]
The Nysa u ycka river is a significant Oder tributary (at 542 rkm), which is also a boundary
river. Its catchment area covers parts of the territories of Poland, Germany and the Czech
Republic.
The right-sided Oder tributaries are lowland-type rivers, which do not pose any significant
risk of flooding. Turawa on the Ma a Panew river and Dzier no Du e on the K odnica river
belong to the largest dammed reservoirs.
The Warta river, whose entire catchment area lies within the territory of Poland, is the longest
tributary of the Oder river (at its 617.7 rkm). The following rivers are the largest tributaries
of the Warta river: Note , Prosna, Drawa, Gwda and Obra. Its average long-term flow rate
is 216 m /s, which accounts for app. 40% of the average the Oder river flow rate.
The lowland-type Warta river catchment area constitutes around half of the entire the Oder
river basin and this causes asymmetry, which is typical for the Polish river basins
with a significant majority of right-sided area. Jeziorsko is the greatest dammed reservoir
on the Warta river, which through a 24.7 km long Bydgoski Canal (operational since 1914)
is connecting the Note river with the Brda river, and thus enabling navigation between
the Oder river and the Vistula river basins.
Considerable forest areas and a large number of lakes contribute to the stability of the flow
in the Warta river catchment. Its area covers the majority of lakes in the Oder river basin
and many areas that are environmentally valuable, including, inter alia, 3 national parks
to a great extent linked with the following aquatic eco-systems: “Wielkopolski”,
“Drawie ski” and “Uj cie Warty”.
13
The occurrence conditions of groundwaters in the IORBD are very differentiated, depending
on the geological structure. Most of the significant reservoirs of ordinary groundwaters have
moderate or even small water resources. There are only few small hydrogeological units
basin-wide with a high degree of waterlogging. Groundwaters are mainly found
in the Cenozoic sediments. There is a smaller water content in the Triassic, upper Cretaceous
and Paleozoic rocks.
1.2. Implementation of the Water Framework Directive in the IORBD
Basis for international cooperation. Three Member Parties of the European Union agreed
that coordination of the implementation of the Water Framework Directive (WFD)1
throughout the International Oder River Basin District will be carried out within
the International Commission for the Protection of the Oder River against Pollution
(ICPOaP)2. Each country has designated competent authorities responsible
for the development and implementation of the European water policy in different regions
of the IORBD (Map 1).
Bilateral cooperation in the field of water management in the International Oder River Basin
District is carried out on the basis of the following agreements:
Ø Agreement of 19 May 1992 between the Republic of Poland and the Federal Republic
of Germany on cooperation in the field of water management on boundary waters.
Ø Agreement of 21 March 1958 between the Government of the Republic of Poland
and the Government of the Republic of Czechoslovakia on water management
on boundary waters.
Ø Agreement of 12 December 1995 between the Federal Republic of Germany and
the Czech Republic on cooperation in the field of water management on boundary waters.
Quality of water bodies. 2527 water bodies have been identified throughout the IORBD
in all categories, including 251 water bodies classified as artificial and 380 water bodies
regarded temporarily as heavily modified. The final identification of heavily modified water
bodies will be done by 2009 at the latest. In this number 2 065 constitute water bodies
determined on watercourses, while 462 on standing waters.
Hydrogeology. At the present state of knowledge 102 groundwater bodies have been
determined. In general, the water bodies determined were not single bodies but water body
groups, including 24 in the Czech Republic, 59 in Poland and 19 in Germany. The Upper
Oder catchment area is dominated by water bodies found in the crystalline and Quaternary
formations. Locally, rich groundwater resources can be found in the Triassic limestones
and the Cretaceous sandstones. In the mountain part of this area groundwaters from rock
debris on early Paleozoic formations are used commercially. Within the range of the Central
Oder catchment area only Cenozoic rocks are aquiferous and their water resources
are regarded as moderate and low. In the Nysa u ycka catchment area waters also dominate
in the Cenozoic formations. The share of waters in other formations is insignificant
1
Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2000 establishing
a framework for Community action in the field of water policy ( OJ L327 22.12.2000)
2
Convention on the International Commission for the Protection of the Oder River against Pollution
(Dz.U. of 1999 No. 79, item 886), signed in Wroc aw (Poland) on 11 April 1996 and entered into force
on 28 April 1999
14
in this catchment area. This region demonstrates a strong pressure on groundwaters
from mining. In the Warta river region apart from the dominating role of the Cenozoic layers,
it is the aquifers of late Cretaceous and Jurassic that locally play an important role. However,
this catchment area shows very low values of the underground runoff, which is determined
by very low precipitation. In the Lower Oder and Przymorze Zachodnie water regions
the ordinary groundwaters are found only in the Cenozoic sediments, especially those from
the Quaternary period. Well waterlogged Pleistocene rocks can be found in the ice-marginal
valleys at the borderline of Poland and Germany.
River basin land-use. The International Oder River Basin District is inhabited
by 16.38 million people (Table 1.5). The gross added value of app. 80 billion Euro is
generated by 5.63 million working people. The services sector contributes mostly to this
value, i.e. 46.85 billion Euro.
Table 1.5.
Demographic indices
Parameter
Population [in millions]
Population density [persons/km2]
Poland
14.08
131
Czech Republic
1.55
214
Germany
0.758
95
Source: [6]
The Oder river is the best inland waterway in Poland, which carries around 70%
of the country’s loads of goods, eg. hard coal, iron ores, phosphorites and apatites. The Oder
river constitutes an important part of the Oder Water Way. In 2002 the Oder river navigation
transported around 6.0 million Mg of goods, including 3.5 million Mg from ports
and trans-shipment yards located downstream. The most important ports are as follows:
Gliwice (near the Gliwicki Canal), K dzierzyn-Ko le, Opole, Wroc aw, Malczyce, cinawa,
G ogów, Nowa Sól, Cig cice, Krosno Odrza skie, Kostrzyn, Szczecin and winouj cie.
For instance, in 2002 the turnover of goods in the last two aforementioned sea ports amounted
to 21.9 million Mg of goods.
The Oder river basin district is used in a variety of ways. Apart from large agglomerations
(Ostawa, Racibórz, K dzierzyn-Ko le, Opole, Brzeg, Wroc aw, G ogów, Nowa Sól, Krosno
Odrza skie, S ubice, Frankfurt, Kostrzyn, Schwedt, Szczecin, Police) as well as transport
routes, including sea and river ports, almost all sectors of industry, services and agriculture
are developing well. This area, that is already popular, will in the future constitute a tourist
and recreation region.
Land-use. Map 2 provides the spatial view of the land-use structure in the IORBD.
The dominant shares have: the arable land (from 29.96% in the Nysa u ycka river
catchment area to 49.23% in the Warta river catchment area, with an average of 42.71%
for the whole river basin) and the forests (from 25.28% in the Szczeci ski Bay catchment
area to 47.19% in the Nysa u ycka river catchment area, with an average of 33.41%
for the whole river basin). Greenland accounts for around 15%. Wetlands cover an area
smaller than 0.4%, and multi-year cultures do not exceed 0.1% of the river basin.
The Oder river and most of its tributaries play a very important role as the so-called
ecological corridors with relatively well preserved natural conditions compared
with the majority of the EU rivers. The Oder River Basin District has 7 national parks.
15
Map 2.
Land-use in the International Oder River Basin District according to CORINE
Landcover
Sources: ICPO 2005 WFD Report [6] designed by GIS Partner on the Polish National Reference System, 1992
Scale 1: 1 500 000
16
The following lie within the territory of Poland: Karkonoski, Gór Sto owych, Wielkopolski,
Drawie ski, Uj cie Warty and Woli ski. Unteres Odertal (the Oder Downstream Valley
national park) is on the territory of Germany. Apart from that the area covers a number
of landscape parks, nature reserves and other forms of legal nature protection. Many areas,
particularly those in the river valleys, are proposed to be protected within the European
Union NATURA 2000 ecological network. Table 1.6 presents some figures concerning
protected areas in the IORBD.
Table 1.6.
Number of protected areas in the International Oder River Basin District
Sub-districts
Upper Oder
Central Oder
Lower Oder
Szczeci ski Bay
Warta
Nysa u ycka
Areas of water
protection intended
for drinking water
abstraction
493
957
410
163
532
275
Areas intended
for recreation and
bathing purposes
Areas
vulnerable
to nutrients
Areas intended for
protection under
NATURA 2000
72
124
28
38
266
14
161
7
3
2
7
15
52
87
244
110
23
98
Source: [6]
Pressure on water quality. The greatest pressure on the aquatic environment originates
from every human activity connected with discharging or releasing substances
into the environment. It is one of the direct or indirect causes of water quality deterioration.
The total volume of water abstracted from the IORBD in 2003 amounted
to 4 154 585 thousand m3. Detailed data on surface water abstraction exceeding 50 l/s
or greater than 1/3 of average low flow rate ( NQ) broken down into different countries and
two groups of objectives are presented in Table 1.7.
Table 1.7.
Data on water management in the IORBD
Parameter
Annual water abstraction intended for
municipal use*/ /for industrial and
other uses**/ (total***/)
[thousand m3/year]
Number of municipal pollution
sources with p.e. 2 000
Municipal waste water discharge
[million m3/year] (percentage share)
Countries’ shares in the total organic
compounds load discharged from
municipal sources (BOD5=11.2
Gg/year /CODCr= 37.9 GgO2/year)
Countries’ shares in the total
phosphorous load discharged from
municipal sources
(total = 1.3 Gg/year)
Poland
153 300/3 688 900
(3 842 200)
Czech Republic
76 400/150 700
(227 100)
Germany
0/85 285
(85 285)
635
56
50
446.03
(74%)
90.6 %/83.9%
128.8
(21%)
8.5%/12.3%
31.9
(5%)
0.9%/3.8%
80.3%
17.3%
2.4%
17
Parameter
Countries’ shares in the total nitrate
load discharged from municipal
sources (total = 12.1 Gg/year)
Number of water users:
total/towns/industrial plants
Municipal/ urban wastewater
[million m3/year]
Industrial wastewater
[million m3/year]
Poland
82.0%
Czech Republic
15.5%
Germany
2.5%
222/105/117
46/15/31
10/5/5
689
118.5
24.5
692.4, of which 75.6
- mining waters
113
56.4
*/
water abstraction intended for the so-called municipal purposes mainly means treatment of water for the public
water abstraction intended for industrial and other purposes includes industrial, energy, agricultural
(irrigation) purposes, flooding of mine pits, water transfer to other catchment areas and alimentation of closed
reservoirs or groundwater collectors
***/
the value in brackets stands for the total water abstraction
**/
Source: [1, 6]
2 000 have been identified
Altogether, 741 municipal pollution sources of p.e.
in the IORBD. Annually, around 606.739 million m3 of wastewaters from these sources
are discharged into surface waters.
It is not possible, at this stage, to have a full view of the situation regarding all industrial
sources in the whole IORBD. Table 1.7 presents the initial data related to the year 2003.
1.3. Activities undertaken in the Polish part of the Oder river basin
Implementation of the EU water policy. The most important activities targeted at proper
implementation of the EU water policy in Poland are as follows:
Ø Implementation of the National Municipal Wastewater Treatment Programme (Directive
91/271/EEC3).
Ø Implementation of programmes on water protection against nitrates of agricultural origin
(Directive 91/676/EEC4).
Ø Implementation of programmes on the improvement of the quality of water intended
for public drinking water supply (Directive 74/440/EEC5).
Ø Performing tasks connected with the reduction of dangerous substances discharged
into waters, including the programme for reducing dangerous substances from List II
of Directive 76/464/EEC6.
Ø Implementation of action programmes included in water management plans for river basin
districts to achieve environmental goals (WFD1).
Ø Implementation of the principle of paying back the costs of water services (WFD).
3
Council Directive 91/271/EEC of 21 May 1991 concerning urban waste-water treatment (O.J. L 135
03/05/1991)
4
Council Directive 91/676/EEC of 12 December 1991 concerning the protection of waters against pollution
caused by nitrates from agricultural sources (O.J. L 375 31/12/1991)
5
Council Directive 75/440/EEC of 16 June 1975 concerning the quality required of surface water intended
for the abstraction of drinking water in the Member States (O.J. L 194 25/07/1975)
6
Council Directive 76/464/EEC of 4 May 1976 on pollution caused by certain dangerous substances discharged
into the aquatic environment of the Community ( O. J. L 12 18/05/1976)
18
Ø Development and implementation of water monitoring in the river basin districts (WFD).
Ø Adaptation of international cooperation in the field of water management to
the aforementioned water policy.
Oder Programme 2006. The long-term „Programme for the Oder River - 2006” has been
established in 2001 under a legal act7. It covers various economic and investment activities
connected with the modernisation of the Oder River Water System, among which flood
control measures for the whole Oder river basin are regarded as a priority. The major aims
of the programme are, inter alia.:
Ø To protect large agglomerations against floods, including Racibórz, K dzierzyn-Ko le,
Opole, Wroc aw and S ubice, and sites with a high frequency and intensity of flooding,
such as the K odzka Basin and the left-sided tributaries of the Oder river.
Ø To improve the water quality in the Oder river basin by implementing, inter alia,
the Action Programme to Protect the Waters of the Oder River against Pollution, prepared
under the International Commission for the Protection of the Oder River against Pollution.
General description. Table 1.8 presents data on drinking water consumption in 2002
in households broken down into water regions. The majority of water consumption
concentrates in towns and cities. The following cities are among the largest water consumers:
Szczecin (132 l/capita/24h), Wroc aw (128.7 l/capita/24h), Pozna (128.2 l/capita/24h),
Opole (122 l/capita/24h).
Table 1.8.
Drinking water consumption in households in different regions
Water
consumption
[l/capita/24h]
1913513
Number of
persons using
public water
supply
1833112
115
Population
connected to public
water supply
[in %]
95.7
166.9
4892102
4431700
103
90.3
43.9
939237
887053
128
94.0
232.5
6296800
5690590
111
90.4
Water
consumption
[hm3]
Population
Upper Oder
77.5
Central
Oder*/
Lower Oder*/
Warta
Water region
*
The Central Oder water region covers also the Polish part of the Nysa u ycka catchment area, whereas the
Lower Oder water region covers also the Polish part of the Szczeci ski Bay
Source: [6]
Around 822.6 million m3 of wastewaters was discharged in the Polish part of the Oder river
basin in 2002. At the time 949 wastewater treatment plants were under operation. There is
a constant trend in reducing the amount of wastewaters that are discharged (Table 1.9). Only
58.8% of people use the sewerage system. The insufficiently developed sewerage network
and not enough sophisticated wastewater treatment plants result in a bad qualitative status
of water resources and high loads of pollutants discharged to the Baltic Sea.
7
Act of 6 July 2001 on the establishment of a long-term programme „Programme for the Oder River – 2006”
(Dz.U. of 2001 No. 98, item 1067)
19
The shares of the Polish part of the International Oder River Basin District in the total
pollution load discharged to the sea from the territory of Poland are as follows: 32%
for BOD5, 41% for COD, 33.6% for nitrates and 54% for phosphorous.
Table 1.9.
The amount of municipal wastewater discharged in the Polish part of the Oder
river basin
Year
3
Amount of municipal wastewater [hm ]
1996
2002
862.9
822.6
Source: [6]
An increase in the nitrate loads discharged into the Baltic Sea and a stable high level
of the phosphorous loads maintained indicate that the determinant factors in this case
are those connected with pollution point sources presenting unsatisfactory water
and wastewater management.
Nitrate concentration levels in groundwaters and partly also in infiltration waters in some
parts of Poland show that agricultural activity may have significant pressure on shallow
groundwaters. Over 50% of the total nitrate loads originate from this source. Agricultural
pollution creates hazards to 5 groundwater bodies. Five groundwater bodies in the Polish
part of the IORBD have been qualified as chemically endangered by mining activity.
Water monitoring. Activities connected with the monitoring of waters and bottom sediments
of rivers, lakes and dammed reservoirs, as well as their quality assessment in the Oder river
basin are carried out within the inland surface water monitoring sub-system of the State
Environmental Monitoring System (PM ), which has been established in 1991. Their aim
is to provide the basis for taking measures to improve the quality of waters and protect them
against pollution, including eutrophication caused by the impact of the municipal sector
and agriculture, as well as against industrial pollution, including salinity and substances
that are especially harmful for the aquatic environment. In future, water quality assessments
will be used for integrated water management in river basins. Work targeted at the preparation
of a new surface water monitoring system and a system to assess their ecological
and chemical status, according to the requirements of the WFD, is also under-way.
The quality assessment system will be implemented successively depending on organisational
and economic capacities, so as to fully meet the provisions of the WFD by 2009.
Since 2004 the water quality in rivers has been monitored in line with the provisions
of the WFD (53 physico-chemical and biological parameters measured) in order to end up
with an assessment in relation to the five water quality classes (status categories), as well as
in view of agricultural impact (pollution from nitrogen compounds) of waters suitable
for fish-life, which are protected due to their use as drinking water source. The results
obtained show (Table 1.10) that surface waters in the 4-benchmark sections belong to class IV
(poor quality), and only the ones on the Nysa u ycka and Ina sections to class III (moderate
quality).
The water quality of the Oder river is affected, inter alia, by municipal and industrial
wastewaters discharged with unsatisfactory treatment, historical pollution of the aquatic
20
and terrestrial environments in the river basin, deposition of air pollutants and discharges
of mining waters to the Oder river and its tributaries, mainly from the outside of the region.
Table 1.10. Water classification at benchmark sections in the Oder river basin according
to the monitoring results of the year 2004
Type of indicators
River
Section
rkm
Physical indices
Oxygen indices
Nutrients
Salinity
Metals
Industrial pollutants
Biological indices
Microbiological
indices
Overall classification
Parameters or groups
of parameters
determinating the
overall water
classification
Cha upki
20.0
I,II,IV
I,III,IV
III,IV
I,II,III
I,III
I,II,III
III
IV,V
IV
total
suspended
solids,
BOD5
CODCr
nitrates,
phosphates,
coliform
bacteria
Water quality classes in the Oder river basin
Warta
Oder
Nysa
u ycka
Wroc aw
Krajnik
Gubin
Pozna
249.0
690.0
12.0
243.6
I,III,IV
I,III,IV
I,II
I,II,V
I,II,III
I,III,IV
I,II
I,III,IV,V
II,III,IV
II, III
II,III
II,III,IV
I,II,III, IV
I,II,III
I,II
I,II
I,II,III, IV
I
I,III
I,III
II
I
I,II
I
IV
III,V
III
IV
III,IV
IV
IV
III,IV
IV
colour,
conductivity,
dissolved
substances,
nitrogen, Cd,
chlorides,
chlorophyll
“a”,
coliform
bacteria
IV
colour,
BOD5
CODCr
chlorophyll,
faecal
coliform
bacteria
III
colour,
BOD5
CODCr
organic
carbon,
ammonia,
Al, Mn, Fe,
chlorophyll
“a”
IV
colour,
CODMn
CODCr,
Kjeldahl
nitrogen,
chlorophyll
“a”, faecal
coliform
bacteria
Ina
Goleniów
10.2
I,III,IV
I,III,IV
I,II,III
I,II,III
I,III
I,II
II,III
IV
III
colour, BOD5
CODMn
CODCr, Ca,
Mn, organic
carbon,
saprobility
index,
phytoplankton,
faecal
coliform
bacteria
Sources: [12]
Furthermore, monitoring is being continued within the national network of the 10 benchmark
lakes, of which three are inside the Oder river basin: Kr psko D ugie, remskie, Tarnowskie
Du e, and within the region programmes, covering lakes that exceed an area of 100 ha,
as well as others regarded as important for economic and natural reasons.
Water levels are measured under the monitoring activities within a network of river gauge
stations by an observer, conventionally 3 times a day and automatically every 10 minutes.
In cases of emergency the frequency of observation may be increased. Additionally,
the Institute of Meteorology and Water Management (IMGW) takes measures of the flow
volumes and on this basis creates the flow rate curves to enable the recalculation
of the observed water levels into flow rates. Water levels and characteristic long-term flow
rates, which are used for determining the resources of surface waters, are calculated
periodically.
Hydrological and meteorological information collected in the IMGW is the main source
of data enabling the modelling of industrial accident effects in the aquatic environment.
21
In cases of emergency the IMGW is obliged to submit all available information
to the emergency response services.
1.4. International Warning and Alarm Plan for the Oder River
The International Warning and Alarm Plan for the Oder River was adopted
by the International Commission for the Protection of the Oder River against Pollution
in 2006. The Plan’s aim is to ensure immediate notification of the competent authorities
responsible for accident control (and at the same time to provide information for the public)
about sudden pollution caused by chemicals endangering the quality of water in the Oder river
basin, which due to their volumes or concentrations may have a negative impact
on the quality of the Oder waters. The Plan should ensure, in particular:
• elimination of hazards,
• identification of an accident originator (the polluter),
• analysis of causes,
• taking measures to eliminate accident causes and effects,
• elimination of accident damage.
The definition of an accident. The Plan introduces the term of an accidental deterioration
of water quality (accident). It is an extraordinary major deterioration, or an extraordinary risk
to the quality of water. It is usually, of a sudden, unpredictable nature and results in harmful
colour, odour, sedimentation, formation of oil or foam layers, or in extraordinary fish
mortality. A hazard that has been created due to uncontrolled migration of dangerous
substances, or wastewaters of such a quality or volume that is likely to cause an accident
in the aquatic environment, is regarded as an extraordinary risk to water quality. Cases
of technical accidents or malfunctioning that precede such a migration of hazardous
substances and cases of leakage of crude oil from installations used for its collection,
transportation and separation, are all also treated as accidents. The following are also
regarded as accidents:
Ø cases of water quality deterioration or hazards created by oil-derivative substances,
or by radioactive radiators and radioactive waste;
Ø situations in which deterioration or hazards occur for water in the protected zones of water
management or protective zones, or on watercourses and their river basins.
An event may will not be considered as an accident in those situations where due
to the spatial range or place of leakage the risk of penetration of harmful substances
into groundwaters or surface waters is eliminated.
The above-mentioned definition indicates that the Plan applies to:
Ø waters contaminated with:
• oil and oil-derivatives,
• other chemical substances and substances posing a threat to water quality (solid, liquid
and gaseous substances),
• radioactive substances,
22
Ø other events creating a hazard to water quality or to the life of aquatic organisms,
or those raising public concern.
Operation procedure. The International Warning and Alarm Plan for the Oder River
includes:
Ø a communication plan,
Ø tasks assigned to the international major warning centres (IMWC) and their required
equipment,
Ø a list of IMWC established in PL, DE, and CZ,
Ø a procedure and format for a warning notification and for providing information about
an accident,
Ø approved channels for accident notification in PL, DE, and CZ.
The Plan serves as a basis for the coordination of activities of the relevant emergency response
services and for international cooperation in the area of immediate notification about accidents
by the IMWC to the competent regional and national level warning services, and as such
does not change the existing regional/national warning plans.
1.5. Alarm and Warning Plan for the Boundary Waters of RP-FRG
In 1998 a joint Alarm and Warning Plan for the Boundary Waters of RP-FRG8 has been
approved by the Polish-German Commission on Boundary Waters, which contains
an instruction and a scheme for submitting information on major accidents causing pollution
of the boundary waters. Its present structure, which has been updated in 2004, consists
of the following two parts:
1) the main part, containing required information on alarming and notification
about pollution of boundary waters, including, inter alia:
• an alarm procedures,
• alist of competent bodies subject to alarming in the boundary areas,
• notification forms,
• a general map;
2) the general part, containing additional lists and materials:
• a list of objects (facilities) on boundary waters,
• a list of operational sections,
• a list of potential risk sources for boundary waters,
• the Polish-German dictionary,
• training materials.
8
Elaborated by the Polish-German Working Group W-3 on “extraordinary pollution” on the basis of Art. 2
point k and Art. 10 para. 2 point a, b, d of the Agreement between the Republic of Poland and the Federal
Republic of Germany on cooperation in the field of water management on boundary waters
(RP stands for the Republic of Poland; FRG stands for the Federal Republic of Germany)
23
Alarm procedures. Alarming and informing appropriate Polish and German emergency
services is carried out by using a “notification form” and a “notification confirmation form”,
prepared in a bi-lingual version. These forms are used for transmitting short and uncomplex
information on accident occurrence on the Nysa u ycka and Oder rivers with the use
of words that have been agreed upon and listed in the Polish-German dictionary. Information
on accidents is transmitted to the relevant bodies in Germany and in Poland (the Regional
Commandant of the State Fire Service and the Regional Inspector for Environmental
Protection), which are listed in the main part of the Plan. All submitted notification forms
must be confirmed by using a special “notification confirmation form” and sent back as quick
as possible to the notification sender. Information on the notification received that is related
to accidents on boundary waters must also be submitted without delay to the Director
of the Department for Major Accident Prevention in the Chief Inspectorate for Environmental
Protection.
Risk classification. For the purposes of the Alarm and Warning Plan a risk classification
has been adopted, which is based on correlations between alarm levels and R-phrases,
or water risk classes (WRC). The exceedance of certain alarm levels in case of water
contamination with hazardous substances caused by accidents is the basis for submitting
either “an information” or “a warning”.
In 1992 pursuant to Agenda 21, Chapter 19 (United Nations Conference on Environment
and Development) a proposal has been made for international harmonisation of legislation
on the classification and labelling of chemicals. At the same time the European law
on chemicals has been updated (Directive 92/32/EEC9), and thus it also contains certain
provisions on classifying substances as hazardous to the aquatic environment (R50-R53 risk
phrases).
Risk classification is based on experiences from the implementation of alarm and warning
plans for the Elbe and Rhine river basins (see Chapter 3.1). Poland does not have any uniform
regulated provisions for the classification of risks connected with extraordinary surface water
pollution nor approved threshold criteria for classifying waters polluted with hazardous
chemicals into relevant groups, that would be equivalent to the German classification,
therefore the solution proposed by the Working Group on extraordinary pollution has been
accepted for the time being until the issue is regulated by Poland.
Information sources
1.
Mi dzynarodowa Komisja Ochrony Odry przed Zanieczyszczeniem ( http://www.mkoo.pl)
2.
Dorzecze Odry. Powód 1997. Mi dzynarodowa Komisja Ochrony Odry przed Zanieczyszczeniem.
Wroc aw 1999
3.
Program szybkiego dzia ania dla ochrony rzeki Odry przed zanieczyszczeniem 1997-1999
Mi dzynarodowa Komisja Ochrony Odry przed Zanieczyszczeniem. Wroc aw 1999
9
Council Directive 92/32/EEC of 30 April 1992 amending for the seventh time Directive 67/548/EEC on the
approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions relating to the classification, packaging and
labelling of dangerous substance (O.J. L 154 05/06/1992)
24
4.
Ocena stanu realizacji inwestycji obj tych programem szybkiego dzia ania dla ochrony rzeki Odry
przed zanieczyszczeniem 1997-1999. Mi dzynarodowa Komisja Ochrony Odry przed
Zanieczyszczeniem. Wroc aw 2000
5.
Program dzia a przeciwpowodziowych w dorzeczu Odry. Mi dzynarodowa Komisja Ochrony Odry
przed Zanieczyszczeniem. Wroc aw 2004
6.
Mi dzynarodowy Obszar Dorzecza Odry. Charakterystyka obszaru dorzecza, przegl d wp ywu
dzia alno ci cz owieka na rodowisko oraz analiza ekonomiczna korzystania z wody. Raport
dla Komisji Europejskiej, zgodnie z art. 15, ust. 2, 1. tiret Dyrektywy 2000/60/WE Parlamentu
Europejskiego i Rady z dnia 23 pa dziernika 2000 r. ustanawiaj cej ramy wspólnotowego dzia ania
w dziedzinie polityki wodnej (Raport 2005). Koordynacja w ramach Mi dzynarodowej Komisji
Ochrony Odry przed Zanieczyszczeniem (http://www.mkoo.pl/index.php?mid=6&aid=270)
7.
Rocznik statystyczny Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej 2005, GUS, Warszawa 2005
8.
Wielka encyklopedia. PWN. Warszawa, 2004
9.
Atlas podzia u hydrograficznego Polski. Praca zespo owa pod kierunkiem H. Czarneckiej. Seria Atlasy
IMGW, Warszawa 2005
10. Biuro Pe nomocnika Rz du ds. „Programu dla Odry 2006” ( http://www.programodra.pl)
11. Program Pa stwowego Monitoringu rodowiska na rok 2006 (http://www.gios.gov.pl)
12. Stan czysto ci rzek, jezior i Ba tyku na podstawie wyników bada wykonanych w ramach
pa stwowego monitoringu rodowiska, Biblioteka Monitoringu rodowiska, IO , Warszawa 2005
13. Bobi ski E., elazi ski J., Ocena przyczyn lipcowej powodzi wnioski do programu ochrony
przeciwpowodziowej w przysz o ci. Ekspertyza opracowana dla Sejmowej Komisji Ochrony
rodowiska, Zasobów Naturalnych i Le nictwa (http://www.odra.pl/pl/dokumenty/962585850.shtml)
14. Fal B. Powód tysi clecia? Wiedza i ycie. Nr 10/1997
25
2.
LUBUSKIE REGION
2.1. General description
Location. The Lubuskie Region (the Lubuskie Voivodship) [PL4310], established in 1999,
covers an area of 13 989 km2. It lies in the western part of Poland (Fig. 1b). From the west
it borders with the Federal Republic of Germany (with Brandenburg – one of the republic
states), in the north with the Zachodniopomorskie (West Pomeranian) Region, in the east with
the Wielkopolskie Region, and in the south with the Dolno l skie (Lower Silesian) Region
(Map 3). Gorzów Wielkopolski is the capital of the region, where the headquarters
of the representative of the governmental administration, i.e. the Lubuskie Region Head,
is situated. Zielona Góra is the second most important city with its regional selfgovernmental
authority.
Fig. 1. Location of: Poland in Europe (Fig. 1a) and the Lubuskie Region in Poland (Fig.1b)
Fig.1a
Fig. 1b
Administration division. The Lubuskie Region, one of the 16 regions (“voivodships”)
in Poland, is composed of 12 districts (”poviats”) and 2 cities with district status
(i.e. the aforementioned cities). The whole area is divided into 83 communities (“gminas”).
Economy. The Lubuskie Region is the smallest region in Poland with regard to population
(approx. 1 million people), with an urbanisation index of 64.2% (higher than the country’s
average value) and low population density (72 persons/km2). It belongs to the group
of medium-industrialized regions with unfavourable agricultural conditions (low quality
of soils) but with well developing services.
Land-use. The Lubuskie Region is dominated by forestland, whereas agricultural land
constitutes over 1/3 of its total area (Fig. 2). The spatial land-use structure in the region
is presented on Map 4.
10
Number of the region (voivodship) according to the nomenclature for the territorial units used for statistical
purposes (NUTS)
26
27
28
The environment constitutes the major value of the Lubuskie Region
with its the differentiated landscape, preserved biodiversity, dense forest complexes,
as well as numerous lakes and rivers. Over 1/3 of its area consists of valuable legally
protected land.
Fig. 2.
Land-use structure in the Lubuskie Region in 2005:
1- agricultural land – 5 743.84 km 2, including arable area – 4 074.66 km2, meadows –
10914.94 km2, pastures – 371.70 km2, orchards – 31.09 km2 and other arables (built-up areas,
ponds and ditches) – 251.45 km2
2- forestland, trees and bushes – 7130.75 km 2
3- land under water – 236.64 km 2
4- built-up and urbanised areas – 581.58 km 2
5- others, including ecologically valuable areas – 21.86 km 2, waste-land – 184.38 km 2, varied
areas – 90.15 km 2
4,2% 5,1%
1,7%
1
38,0%
2
3
4
5
51,0%
Source: [13]
2.2. Environmental overview
2.2.1. Terrestrial environment
Climate and meteorological conditions. The Lubuskie Region lies within the moderate
type of climate, transient in nature, within three climatic regions (of the Warta River Valley,
the Lubuski region and the West Dolno l ski region) influenced by the dominating impact
of the polar and marine masses of air flowing from above the Atlantic Ocean. It is one
of the warmest regions of Poland – with the annual average air temperature of 8.5 0C. Winters
are mild and short (unstable snow cover remains for around 40-50 days), while the summers
are early, long and warm. The average precipitation totals are moderate (500-600 mm).
The vegetation period is the longest in Poland (exceeding 225 days).
Geographical location and land relief. The Lubuskie Region lies within the province
of the Central European Lowlands of Western Europe outside the Alps (Map 3). It has
a differentiated landscape, formed during the Pleistocene glaciation periods. The southern part
29
of the region has been shaped during the Central Poland glaciation period ( rodkowopolska
Lowlands and Sasko- u ycka Lowlands), and the rest of the area during the Baltic glaciation
(Po udniowoba tyckie Lake District).
Among the dominating land relief forms are the glacial outwash plains (Gorzowska,
Torzymska), late glacial moraine uplands (Dobiegniewskie, agowskie and S awskie lake
districts) and moraine and kame hills (Gubi skie Hills, Czerwie ska Highlands), which are
cut by vast concave forms (ice-marginal valleys - pradolines: Toru -Eberswalde, WarsawBerlin and Barycko-G ogowska), as well as other land lows (Lubuski Oder Gap, Bruzda
Zb szy ska, Lower Bóbr Valley).
The landscape is diversified by numerous river valleys (of inter alia, the Oder, Warta, Bóbr
and Kwisa rivers) and in the northern and central parts by numerous glacial lakes, including
groove lakes facilitating the hydraulic contact of different horizons and levels of aquifers,
mainly from the Tertiary and Quaternary levels.
Soils. Sand and clay are the main parent rocks (bedrocks) in the Lubuskie Region that are
used in soil formation. Soils on a sandy bed with low humus contents are poor and very
permeable for waters. The dominating soils in the Lubuskie Region from the point of view
of agricultural needs are those that are moderately or poorly rich (quality classes IV
and V). In practice, class VI soils (83 thousand ha) are only suitable for afforestation.
Rusty and brown soils are in the northern part of the region; in ice-marginal valleys –
podzolic soils, as well as mucky and peaty soils are found in ice-marginal valleys; alluvial
soils - in the valleys of larger rivers, and podzols and brown-grey podzolic, lessive soils –
in the south.
Forests. Almost half of the region’s area is covered with forests (Map 4), among which
the dominant are young (21-60 years old) pine and larch treestands (85.2 %). Treestands
exceeding the age of 81 account for 19% of the whole forest area. Broadleaved forests (beech
woods and oak woods) are less numerous. The Lubuskie Region has the highest forest cover
index in Poland (48.7%).
The greatest forest complexes are found in the western and central parts of the region
(Puszcza Lubuska, Buczyna agowska, forests near the Nies ysz Lake). Larger forest-land
areas, mainly young dry and fresh pine-tree forests with some birch, spruce, oak, alder,
hornbeam, ash and linden treestands can be found near Lubsko and in the south of ary (Bory
Dolno l skie, covering the sandy plains between the following rivers: Nysa u ycka, Kwisa,
Bóbr and Szprotawa). The characterization of the most valuable forest complexes is presented
in Annex 1.
Nature protection. The area of the Lubuskie Region due to its high landscape differentiation
is characterised by a variety of ecosystems. Among the most vulnerable to degradation are
the marshland and aquatic environments, including river valleys. Two national parks,
52 nature reserves, 8 landscape parks, 38 protected landscape areas, 5 nature-landscape
complexes, 324 ecologically valuable areas (Table 2.1) and 1712 nature monuments – all
form a system of legally protected areas and objects (Map 5). Altogether, they cover 39.3%
of the region’s area.
30
31
In national parks all the nature and landscape values are under protection. Full protection
of selected nature elements is provided in established nature reserves. Landscape protection
areas linked together by the so called ecological corridors form a network of most naturevaluable areas. A description of the most important objects and sites is presented in Annex 2.
Table 2.1.
The area of different categories of the legally protected areas in the Lubuskie
Region
National
parks
Nature
reserves
Landscape
parks
Protected
landscape areas
Ecological
land
Landscape-nature
complexes
13606.4
3394.6
77012.0
[ha]
438576.9
2819.5*
14528.5
*
data originating from [14]
Source: [3]
There are various animal species found in the Lubuskie Region, including many protected
species. The following are among the animals that are rarely found: the European fallow deer
(Dama dama), Raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides), Muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus),
Eurasian beaver (Castor fiber), Cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo), Goldeneye (Bucephala
clangula), White-tailed Eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla), Osprey (Pandion haliaetus), Black Stork
(Ciconia nigra) and Common Crane (Grus grus). The popular White Stork (Ciconia ciconia)
is represented in large numbers. Fauna and flora species categorized by the World
Conservation Union (IUCN) as extinct or endangered are under special protection.
They are as follows, in particular:
Ø mammals – Bechstein’s Bat (Myotis bechsteini), wolf (Canis lupus) and otter (Lutra
lutra),
Ø birds – Red Kite (Milvus milvus), Peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus), Montagu’s harrier
(Circus pygargus), Osprey (Pandion haliaetus), White-tailed Eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla),
Lesser Spotted Eagle (Aquila pomarina), Eurasian Eagle Owl (Bubo bubo), Great Bittern
(Botaurus stellaris), Pintail (Anas acuta), Spotted Crake (Porzana porzana), Little Crake
(Porzana parva), Ringed Plover (Charadrius hiaticula), Ruff (Philomachus pugnax),
Curlew (Numenius arquata), Little Tern (Sterna albifrons), Short-eared Owl (Asio
flammeus), Woodchat Shrike (Lanius senator), Shelduck (Tadorna tadorna), Aquatic
Warbler (Acrocephalus paludicola),
Ø reptiles – European pond turtle (Emys orbicularis),
Ø fishes – Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), Knife (Pelecus cultratus),
Ø cyclostomes – European River Lamprey (Lampetra fluviatilis),
Ø insects – European stag beetle (Lucanus cervus), Great capricorn beetle (Cerambyx
cerdo),
Ø plants – Pillwort (Pilularia globulifera), Strapwort (Corrigiola litoralis), Six-stamened
Waterwort (Elatine hexandra), St. Bernard's Lily (Anthericum liliago), Celak (Stipa
joannis), Brown Beak-sedge (Rhynchospora fusca), Many-stalked Spike-rush (Eleocharis
multicaulis).
32
Natura 2000. Initially 23 sites covering an area of 323 392 ha have been proposed
from the territory of the Lubuskie Region for protection within the European Union’s Natura
200011 network. Poland has officially submitted only 10 sites to the European Commission
(Map 5). Their description is included in Annex 3. At present, work on the preparation
of the NATURA 2000 site protection plans is under-way, together with the monitoring
of the state of natural habitats and species. It is necessary to ensure that the values, serving
as a basis for qualification for inclusion in the NATURA 2000 network, be sustained
by maintaining favourable forms of land-use.
2.2.2. Aquatic environment
2.2.2.1. Groundwaters
Hydrogeology. The Lubuskie Region belongs to the western macroregion of the Polish
Lowlands with the majority of its area lying in the Wielkopolski region and the northern part
in the Zachodniopomorski region. There are three aquatic formations: the Cretaceous, Tertiary
and Quaternary. The last two play a functional role. Their differentiated water-bearing
capacity was affected by a number of erosion and sedimentary cycles, glacitectonics
and morphology.
The water resources capacity in the region is regarded as good in the northern part
and differentiated in the southern part. The groundwater abstraction capacity
in the region accounts for app. 4.8% of the total national resources.
The central (Oder) part of the Barycko-G ogowska ice-marginal valley (Pradoline) forms
one of the richest in water reservoirs of the Quaternary waters in Poland. The 10-12 km
wide aquifer is made of an extremely well alimented sand and gravel complex,
which is around 20-60 metre thick. The water supply capacity of the wells ranges
from 80-100 m3/h to 200-250 m3/h.
Also waters from the Quaternary level in the area of the Zielonogórska Highland show
significant abstraction capacity exceeding as much as 100 m3/h, low mineralization (usually
0.4 g/dm3) and they generally do not require purification. Additionally, fossil formations
are found within this highland area, which despite their limited spatial range and resources,
play an important role in public water supply, especially in the western part.
A number of the so-called Main Groundwater Reservoirs (MGR) with areas of highest
protection (AHP) and areas of higher protection (AhP) have been distinguished in 1990
within the region. They constitute water resources intended for drinking water abstraction
estimated at app. 2.7 million m3/24h (Table 2.2). The location of different MGR is presented
on Map 6.
11
Established in the European Community in 2004 under the provisions of Council Directive 79/409/EEC
of 2 April 1979 on the conservation of wild birds (OJ L 103, 25/04/1979) and Council Directive 92/43/EEC
of 21 May 1992 on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora (OJ L 206 22/07/1992)
33
Table 2.2.
Item MGR
No. No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
Characteristics of the Main Groundwater Reservoirs (MGR)
Reservoir
Area [km2]
MGR AHP AhP
134
135
136
137
Stratigraphy
(aquifer
age)
Q, Tr
Q
Q
Q
Average
depth
[m]
D bno
242
44
198
55
Barlinek
170
26
144
50
Dobiegniewo
180
0
180
50
790
790
0
40
Toru Eberswalde
Ice-marginal
Valley (Warta
River)
138
Toru 2100 2100
200
Q
30
Eberswalde
Ice-marginal
Valley (Note
River)
144
Wielkopolska
4000
408 2902
Q
60
Fossil Valley
147
Warta River
50
50
160
Q
40
Valley
(SierakówMiedzychód)
148
Pliszka River
506
506
0
Q
35
outwash
149
Krosno-Gubin
434
434
0
Q
25
outwash
150
Warsaw1904
274 1630
Q
25-25
Berlin Icemarginal
Valley
(Ko o-Oder)
301
Zasieki Ice236
236
0
Q
30
marginal
Valley
Nowa Sól
302
Barycz435
435
0
Q
30
G ogów Icemarginal
Valley (W)
306
Wschowa
200
100
100
Q
35
reservoir
315
Chocianów1052
1052
Q
60
Gozdnica
Estimated water resources of the MGR within the Lubuskie Region
Q- Quaternary; Tr – Tertiary
Source: [8]
34
Unit
Estimated
run-off
resources
[thousand [l/ (s km2)]
m3/24h]
29.15
1.39
51.50
3.51
51.84
3.3
369.00
5.41
400.00
2.20
480.00
1.39
10.00
2.31
242.88
5.56
187.48
5.00
456.00
2.77
90.62
4.44
59.00
1.57
22.00
1,27
292.00
3.21
2741.47
35
Monitoring. The monitoring of ordinary groundwaters in the Lubuskie Region under the
State Environmental Monitoring System (PM ) is carried out by the Polish Geological
Institute (PIG) within an observation network at present consisting of 15 measurement points
sampling water from the Quaternary and Tertiary aquifers. The following physico-chemical
parameters are measured: arsenic, ammonia, nitrates, nitrites, boron, barium, bromine,
chlorides, chromium, zinc, fluorides, phosphates, aluminium, cadmium, lithium, magnesium,
manganese, copper, molybdenum, nickel, pH, lead, potassium, conductivity, silica, sulphates,
strontium, total dissolved solids, sodium, total water hardness, carbonate water hardness,
titanium, calcium, vanadium, hydrocarbonates, carbonates, mineral alkalinity, total alkalinity,
total iron, and only in shallow groundwater samples - total organic carbon (TOC)
and cyanides. Additionally, antimony, selenium, silver and dissolved oxygen were determined
in 2004.
Groundwater quality. The quality of groundwaters in the Lubuskie Region is mainly
determined by natural conditions. Commonly present ferrous and manganese compounds
require only the use of simple purification methods for water intended for human
consumption. The results of groundwater quality assessment12 of 2004 and 2005 are shown
in Table 2.3. In general, the quality of water has improved apart from the Gorzów
and Rudnica-p water abstraction stations.
2.2.2.2. Surface waters
Hydrograph. The entire area of the Lubuskie Region lies within the catchment area
of the Oder (Odra) central course (Map 7). The mouth sections of the Warta, Note , Bóbr,
Nysa u ycka and Kwisa rivers, apart from the Oder, are its main rivers. Specific flows
of the 3 major rivers are shown in Table 2.4. Many smaller rivers have their catchment areas
located entirely on the territory of the region (inter alia, Pliszka, Ilanka, Postomski Canal).
The catchment areas of the Note and Nysa u ycka rivers each cover 11% of the region area,
the catchment area of the Bóbr river – 12%, the remaining part of the Warta catchment area –
28% and the remaining part of the Oder catchment area – 38%.
Table 2.4.
Item
No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Characteristic long-term flows covering longer periods of time in selected river
gauge stations in the Lubuskie Region
River gauge
Gubin
Gubin 2
Po cko
S ubice
Gorzów
Wielkopolski
River
Nysa
u ycka
Nysa
u ycka
Oder
Oder
Warta
River
Analysed
basin area period
[years]
[km2]
3973.6 1956 2003
4.125 1946 2003
47152.0 1951 2003
53382.2 1951 2003
52404.3 1951 2003
NNQ
[m3/s]
(date)
5.62
NQ
[m3/s]
Q
[m3/s]
WQ
[m3/s]
10.3
30.4
173
10.9
29.6
160
(20.01.1964)
6.65
(23.7.1981)
(27.08.2003)
52.3
108
261
831
64.7
3200
(24.7.1997)
132
309
911
(29.09.1953)
(12.12.1959)
597
(23.7.1981)
(4.01.1954)
56.3
WWQ
[m3/s]
(date)
597
2870
(27.7.1997)
104
214
476
1110
(21.3.1979,
22.3.1979)
Source: [9]
12
Groundwater quality assessment carried out in line with the provisions included in Regulation of the Minister
of the Environment of 11 February 2004 on the classification for presenting the status of surface waters
and groundwaters, the method of monitoring and interpretation of the results obtained and the presentation
of the status of these waters (Dz.U. of 2004 No. 32, item 284 )
37
38
Hydrological information (water status and flow volumes, flow rate curves, flow rates,
characteristic long-term flows for the majority of the 34 river gauge stations - Annex 4)
is available in the IMGW.
There are over 700 lakes on the territory of the region, including 52 with an area exceeding
50 ha, with a total area of app. 20 000 ha (Map 7). The lakes are concentrated in the Lubuskie
Lake District (e.g. Nies ysz, Lubniewsko, Lubi , Trze niowskie, Wojnowskie, Paklicko
Wielkie, Wilkowskie, Bukowieckie, D ugie, G bokie, Chycina, Ma cz, Wielicko, Bytnickie,
Ostrowicko, Lubinickie, Nied wiedno), in the Dobiegniewskie Lake District (eg. Osiek),
in the S awskie Lake District (eg. S awskie) and in the Drawska Plains (eg. Ostrowiec).
Apart from large and deep lakes (eg. Niesulickie, Lubikowskie, Ch op, Szarcz) there are also
many smaller ones that are of high recreational value.
Many lakes are found in the northern part of the region, where the lake-cover index reaches
2-3%. In the south, below the line of the last glacial period, this index does not exceed 0.1%.
The lake resources have been estimated at over 500 thousand hm 3 of water.
Quality of running waters. In 2004 for the first time the monitoring of the quality of waters
in the Oder river basin has been carried out in compliance with the provisions of the national
legislation7, which included the new requirements for water monitoring and assessment
pursuant to the provisions of the Framework Water Directive (FWD). The waters of the Oder,
Warta, Nysa u ycka, Bóbr, Note , Barycz, Kwisa and Rów Polski rivers are monitored
under the national monitoring system. Additionally, a dozen or so smaller rivers are covered
by the regional and local monitoring systems (Table 2.5). Surveillance monitoring
was applied for the largest and at the same time economically most important rivers
of the region and their main tributaries. The results obtained in 2004 are also presented
on Map 7. The quality of water has improved in 5 measurement stations. Only the Kwisa river
waters were classified into a lower quality class in 2005.
Table 2.5.
River
Oder
Warta
Note
Barycz
Rów
Polski
Kopanica
Bóbr
Kwisa
Nysa
u ycka
Lubsza
The quality of running freshwaters in the Lubuskie Region in 2004 and 2005
Section
above
Nowa Sól
Po cko,
Kostrzyn
Kostrzyn
Santok
river mouth
outlet to
Barycz
outlet to
Rów Polski
outlet to
Oder
outlet to
Bóbr
outlet to
Oder
outlet to
Nysa
u ycka
Class*
Indicators determining the overall water classification
2004 2005
V
IV chlorophyll “a”, bacteriology, electrolytic conductivity, (significant
salinity of the Oder river to the Polish-German boundary)
IV
IV chlorophyll “a”, bacteriology, organic substances
IV
IV
V
V
IV
IV
IV
V
V
V
IV
IV
organic carbon, chlorophyll “a”, bacteriology
organic carbon, bacteriology
organic pollutants, nutrient content , bacteriology, heavy metals
organic pollutants, dissolved substances, nutrients , chlorophyll “a”,
bacteriology
oxygen dissolved in water, organic pollutants, dissolved substances,
nutrients, chlorophyll “a”, bacteriology
bacteriology, organic pollutants
III
IV
organic pollutants and bacteriology
IV
IV
IV
IV
bacteriology, organic pollutants (additionally, total suspended solids in
some control and measurement points)
bacteriology, organic pollutants and nutrients
39
Class*
Indicators determining the overall water classification
2004 2005
Obra
Skwierzyna V
IV bacteriology, phosphates, chlorophyll “a”, organic pollutants, dissolved
substances
Ilanka
wiecko
IV
III bacteriology
Pliszka
Urada
IV
III chlorophyll “a”, bacteriology
*
for class explanation see Table 2.3
River
Section
Source: [18,26]
Wastewater discharged from pollution point sources, spatial pollution from agricultural land,
a well as deposition from precipitation are the major water pollution sources in the Lubuskie
Region. The quality of major rivers (Table 2.6) is also affected by pollution sources beyond
the boundaries of the region, at the upper course of the Oder river and its tributaries.
Table 2.6.
River
Oder
Warta
Bóbr
Nysa
u ycka
Note
Kwisa
Barycz
Rów Polski
*
Water quality classification for the major rivers of the Lubuskie Region
according to measurement results carried out in 2004
Length of the
controlled section
[km]
208.6
137.0
112.0
112.0
48.9
17.0
4.8
15.0
Class I
Class II
Waters
Class III
Class IV
Class V
Percentage of the length of section controlled in different classes
80.2
19.8
100.0
98.2
1.8
100.0
-
-
100.0
-
100.0
-
100.0
100.0
for explanations to class numbers see Table 13
Source: [18]
Map 7 also shows waters at all control and measurement points, which on the basis
of the monitoring results obtained in 2004 by the Regional Inspectorate for Environmental
Protection did not meet the provisions13 required for supporting the life of salmonid
and cyprinid fish species. Excessively elevated concentrations of nutrients (nitrates
and phosphorous, in particular) and sometimes also excessive concentrations of organic
substances, as well as periodical deficit of dissolved oxygen were observed in those waters.
The values of other parameters indicated the capacity of waters to support fish-life, including
the salmonid species.
Quality of standing waters. The Regional Inspectorate for Environmental Protection
(WIO ), under the State Environmental Monitoring System and under the merital supervision
of the Institute of Environmental Protection is responsible for the monitoring of lakes
in a 5-year cycle, in accordance with the principles of the System for the Lake Quality
13
laid down in Regulation of the Minister of the Environment of 4 October 2002 on provisions regarding inland
waters supporting fish-life under natural conditions (Dz.U. of 2002 No. 176, item 1455).
40
Assessment (SOJJ), elaborated by the Institute. Table 27 presents the results of 9 lakes,
that have been examined. The quality of lakes in the Lubuskie Region controlled under
the regional monitoring system [27] is presented on Map 7.
Table 2.7.
Item
no.
The quality of lakes monitored in the Lubuskie Region and their category
of biological degradability
Lake
Ostrowiec
near/G usko
Lubiewsko
Paklicko Wielkie
Lubi
Tarnowskie Du e
Goszcza
Krajnik
Lubie
Czarne
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Category
of biological
degradability
Area
[ha]
Volume
[thousand
m3]
387.6
36433.1
II
II
II
II
240.4
196.0
130.5
92.0
48.0
40.3
28.4
19.1
12412.8
15823.3
6075.1
3504.0
3692.0
4370.0
3697.1
2137.7
III
III
III
II
III
-
III
III
III
II
III
III
III
II
III
II
II
II
III
III
II
II
II
II
III
III
II
II
I
I
Water quality class
according to the results of
1993
1998
2003
class I – mesotrophic and weakly eutrophic lakes
class II – moderate eutrophic lakes
class III – strongly eutrophic lakes
Source: [17]
Final comments. The Lubuskie Region presents favourable situation, against the countrywide background, regarding the state of the environment, nevertheless having
the preservation of its natural value in mind further reduction of releases of all pollutants
into the environment is becoming even more pressing.
Information sources
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Atlas podzia u hydrograficznego Polski. Praca zespo owa pod kierunkiem H. Czarneckiej. Seria Atlasy
IMGW, Warszawa 2005
Atlas klimatu Polski. Pod redakcj H. Lorenc. IMGW, Warszawa 2005
Baza danych - OBSZARY CHRONIONE WPOLSCE. Zak ad Ochrony Przyrody i Krajobrazu. Instytut
Ochrony rodowiska, Warszawa
Europejska sie ekologiczna Natura 2000 ( http://natura2000.mos.gov.pl/natura2000/pl/terminarz.php)
INFOGEOSKARB. Informacja geologiczna z o a kopalin (http://baza.pgi.gov.pl/igs)
Kondracki J., Geografia regionalna Polski. PWN, Warszawa 2005
Malinowski J. (red) Budowa geologiczna Polski. Tom VII. Hydrogeologia, PIG, WG, Warszawa 1991
Mapa obszarów g ównych zbiorników wód podziemnych (GZWP) w Polsce wymagaj cych szczególnej
ochrony Pod redakcj A. S. Kleczkowskiego. IHiGI AGH Kraków 1990
Mi dzynarodowy Obszar Dorzecza Odry. Charakterystyka obszaru dorzecza, przegl d wp ywu
dzia alno ci cz owieka na rodowisko oraz analiza ekonomiczna korzystania z wody. Raport
dla Komisji Europejskiej, zgodnie z art. 15, ust. 2, 1. tiret Dyrektywy 2000/60/WE Parlamentu
Europejskiego i Rady z dnia 23 pa dziernika 2000 r. ustanawiaj cej ramy wspólnotowego dzia ania
w dziedzinie polityki wodnej (Raport 2005). Koordynacja w ramach Mi dzynarodowej Komisji
Ochrony Odry przed Zanieczyszczeniem (http://www.mkoo.pl/index.php?mid=6&aid=270)
41
10. Oberec J., Sudety i obszary przyleg e w: Budowa geologiczna Polski T.4, cz. 2 Instytut Geologiczny,
WG, Warszawa 1972
11. Prace i wyniki PMS. GIOS ( http://www.gios.gov.pl/index7.php?temat=7)
12. Program ochrony rodowiska dla województwa lubuskiego na lata 2003 – 2010, Zielona Góra, 2003
13. Rocznik statystyczny województw 2005 , GUS Warszawa 2006
14. Rocznika Statystyczny województwa lubuskiego 2005, Urz d Statystyczny w Zielonej Górze
15. Rocznik statystyczny Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej 2005, GUS, Warszawa 2005
16. Stan czysto ci rzek, jezior i Ba tyku na podstawie wyników bada wykonanych w ramach
pa stwowego monitoringu rodowiska . Biblioteka Monitoringu rodowiska, GIOS Warszawa 2005
17. Stan rodowiska w województwie lubuskim w latach 1999-2003 (http://zgora.pios.gov.pl)
18. Stan rodowiska w województwie lubuskim w 2004 roku ( http://zgora.pios.gov.pl)
19. Stan rodowiska w województwie lubuskim w 2003 roku ( http://zgora.pios.gov.pl)
20. Stan rodowiska w województwie lubuskim w 2002 roku ( http://zgora.pios.gov.pl)
21. Stan rodowiska w województwie lubuskim w 2001 roku ( http://zgora.pios.gov.pl)
22. Stan rodowiska w województwie lubuskim w 2000 roku ( http://zgora.pios.gov.pl)
23. Stan rodowiska w województwie lubuskim w 1999 roku ( http://zgora.pios.gov.pl)
24. Studium na temat retencji wód powierzchniowych na obszarze Polski w aspekcie wyst powania suszy
hydrologicznej. Ocena mo liwo ci zwi kszenia dyspozycyjnych zasobów wód powierzchniowych
w oparciu o du e zbiorniki wodne (pod kierunkiem P. Kowalczaka) IMGW Pozna 2005
25. Stupnicka E. Geologia regionalna Polski. WG, Warszawa1989
26. Wyniki bada i pomiarów. Monitoring jako ci rzek województwa lubuskiego
(http://zgora.pios.gov.pl/monitoring/rzeki/rzeki.htm)
27. Wyniki bada i pomiarów. Klasyfikacja jezior województwa lubuskiego
(http://zgora.pios.gov.pl/wios/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=66&Itemid=80 )
28. Wyniki bada i pomiarów. Ocena jako ci wód podziemnych województwa lubuskiego
(http://zgora.pios.gov.pl/wios/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=60&Itemid=69 )
29. Zar ba R., Puszcze, bory i lasy Polski , Warszawa 1986
42
3.
IDENTIFICATION OF POTENTIAL WATER HAZARDS IN THE LUBUSKIE
REGION
3.1. Industrial stationary installations
3.1.1. Method for water hazard assessment in the region
The approach adopted is based on the method developed in 1995 by the International
Commission for the Protection of the River Elbe (ICPE). The essence of the method
is to begin with determination of water risk classes (WRC) for chemical substances
and their mixtures present in the region, then to calculate their third water risk class
equivalents WRC 3E. In the assessment of water pollution caused by an accident a water risk
index (WRI) is introduced, which makes it possible to classify water-related accidents
according to their potential danger. The WRI corresponds to the base 10 logarithm
of the WRC 3. It is the basis for the identification of potential accident risk spots (ARS)
in the region.
Since 2001 this method has been used also by the International Commission for the Protection
of the Danube River (ICPDR).
Water Risk Classes. Water risk classes have already been used in Germany for more
than 20 years as a means of assessing "substance-specific water hazards", particularly
in determining the potential for water pollution represented by hazardous installations.
By now about 6000 substances and mixtures of substances have been classified
in these terms.
The following properties of substances are the essential factors that are taken into account
when classifying in terms of water risk classes (WRC):
• Toxicity (acute, chronic) to humans and mammals,
• Aquatic toxicity,
• Persistence,
• Biological degradability,
• Physiochemical eliminability,
• Properties of distribution in water and the soil,
• Accumulation in the organism.
The adopted method for determination of WRC makes use of the German regulation 14
of May 17, 1999: on the classification of substances hazardous to water (VwVwS).
In detail the water risk class is determined by assessing the effects of substances
that are categorised in terms of the 25 R-ratings. The difference is made between substances
posing no danger and those ranked into three classes of danger:
• WRC 1: low danger to water,
• WRC 2: dangerous to water,
• WRC 3: high danger to water.
14
General Administrative Regulation under the Federal Water Act on the Classification of Substances
Hazardous to Water in Water Hazard Classes (Verwaltungsvorschrift wassergefährdende Stoffe - VwVwS)
43
The previous division into four water risk classes, WRC 0-3, is replaced with the three classes
WRC 1-3. In addition, Annex 1 of the new administrative regulation contains a list
of substances that are considered non-hazardous to water. The previous WRC 0 includes
substances that are termed "in general not hazardous to water". These substances present little
or no hazard potential to waters. Previous WRC 0 substances that, according to the new
classification criteria, are non-hazardous to water, are listed in Annex 1 as "substances nonhazardous to water". The remaining substances in the previous WRC 0 that have little hazard
potential to waters meet the new criteria for WRC 1. Like other already classified substances,
they are listed in Annex 2 along with their WRC.
With respect to the classification into water risk classes, VwVwS discriminates between
substances and mixtures. Before the WRC can be determined, it is therefore necessary
to decide whether the compound represents a substance or a mixture (the latter term being
largely equivalent to the term preparation). The following points may serve as a guide:
Ø A substance may contain impurities resulting from technical processes. These will usually
not have to be evaluated separately, as long as the tests on which the evaluation is based
were conducted with the same technical product.
Ø A reaction mixture not subject to further separation or processing may be considered
a substance. The same applies to substances having a complex chemical composition
resulting from their (partly) natural origin (e.g. petroleum products and fatty acid esters).
Ø If a manufacturer deliberately mixes individual constituents (which may themselves
consist of several substances), the result is a mixture.
In the classification of a substance, VwVwS discriminates between two groups:
Ø Substances specified in VwVwS Annexes 1 and 2.
Ø All other substances (regardless of whether they are existing or new notified substances
in the sense of the Chemicals Act).
When the inventory of substances is completed then it is checked for each substance
identified whether it is named in Annexes 1 and 2 of VwVwS or is included on other lists
published by the Federal Ministry of Environment and Reactor Safety. If it is not the case
then the procedures of self classification could be applied following the recommendations
of the document issued by the Federal Ministry: Guidelines for self-classification 15,
based on Annex 3 of VwVwS. The classification scheme in Annex 3 only applies
if a substance is not named in Annexes 1 and 2, in which case the water risk class is derived
from R-phrases and/or default values.
Classification on the basis of R-phrases according to VwVwS Annex 3. If a substance is not
named in Annexes 1 and 2 of VwVwS, then it needs to be classified by the industry according
to the provisions in VwVwS Annex 3. The following steps are to be taken in order to derive
a water risk class:
1. Assessment of the basic data set.
2. Assessment of other hazardous features of the substance.
3. Determination of the R-phrase classifications.
4. Allocation of evaluation points and default values.
15
Classification of Substances and Mixtures into Water risk classes according to the Administrative Regulation
on the Classification of Substances Hazardous to Waters - Guidelines for self-classification
44
5. Derivation of WRC.
6. Documentation of the classification.
The basic data set. VwVwS provides that a WRC should be assigned to a substance
on the basis of at least four hazard characteristics (the so-called "basic data set"):
• Acute oral or dermal toxicity to mammals (e.g. LD50 in rats).
• One piece of data on aquatic toxicity - fishes (acute), daphnia (acute) or algae.
• Biodegradability.
• Potential for bioaccumulation.
There are two fundamental ways to establish the data of the basic data set:
Ø The substance has been classified into a corresponding R-phrase in Annex 1of Directive
67/548/EEC16 (“legal classification” according to the Law on Hazardous Substances).
Ø Corresponding studies have been conducted and are known to the classifier.
The R-phrases listed in VwVwS Annex 3 also describe some characteristics hazardous
to waters that are not part of the basic data set (e.g. R-phrases on carcinogenic and mutagenic
effects).
If such R-phrases are listed in Annex 1 of the EU Directive 67/548/EEC ("legal
classifications") they must be taken into account in deriving the water risk class. When
this is not the case, the manufacturer or distributor is responsible for allocating an R-phrase
according to the Ordinance on Hazardous Substances if the corresponding hazards are known.
After this R-phrase classification according to the Law on Hazardous Substances, evaluation
points are allocated according to Annex 2.
Allocation of evaluation points and default values. The allocation of evaluation points
to the R-phrases of a substance follows the procedures in VwVwS Annex 3.
The consideration of the R-phrases and, thus, the allocation of evaluation points, is based
on the following principles:
Ø There is no double tally of R-phrases on acute oral and dermal toxicity to mammals.
The more sensitive characteristic is the only relevant one. Example 1: A substance
classified into R21/22 is allocated 1 evaluation point (not 2 points).
Ø Classifications reflecting long-term or irreversible effects, and repeated exposures are taken
into account in addition to the acute toxicity. Example: A substance classified
into R22-40/21/22 is allocated 1 + 2 = 3 evaluation points.
Ø There is no double tally of carcinogenic and mutagenic properties. The more sensitive
characteristic is the only relevant one.
Ø There is no double tally of toxic effects on reproduction; here again, the more sensitive
characteristic is the only relevant one. Example: A classification into R61-62 results
in 4 evaluation points (not: 4 + 2 = 6).
16
Council Directive 67/548/EEC of 27 June 1967 on the approximation of laws, regulations and administrative
provisions relating to the classification, packaging and labelling of dangerous substances (O.J. L 196
16/08/1967)
45
The R-phrases are assigned evaluation points as follows:
R-phrase
R21
R22
Points
Remarks
1
is not additively assigned to R22, R20/22, R25, R23/25, R28
or R26/28
1
is not additively assigned to R24, R23/24, R27 or R26/27
R24
3
is not additively assigned to R25, R23/25, R28 or R26/28
R25
3
is not additively assigned to R27 or R26/27
R27
5
is not additively assigned to R28 or R26/28
R28
R29, R33, R40
R45
R46
R50
R52, R53
R60
R61
R62
R63
R65
5
2
9
9
6
3
4
4
2
2
1
R15/29
R20/21
R20/22
2
1
1
R20/21/22, R21/22
R23/24
R23/25
R23/24/25, R24/25
R26/27
R26/28, R26/27/28, R27/28
R39/24, R39/25, R39/23/24,
R39/23/25, R39/24/25,
R39/23/24/25
R39/27, R39/28, R39/26/27,
R39/26/28, R39/27/28,
R39/26/27/28
R40/21, R40/22, R40/20/21,
R40/20/22, R40/21/22,
R40/20/21/22, R48/21, R48/22,
R48/20/21, R48/20/22,
R48/21/22, R48/20/21/22
R48/24, R48/25, R48/23/24,
R48/23/25, R48/24/25,
R48/23/24/25
R50/53
R51/53
R52/53
1
3
3
3
5
5
4
is not additively assigned to R45
is not additively assigned to R60
is not additively assigned to R61
is not additively assigned to R60 and R62
is not additively assigned to R21 and R22
is not additively assigned to R22, R25 or R28
is not additively assigned to R24 or R27
is not additively assigned to R25 or R28
is not additively assigned to R27
is not additively assigned to R28
6
2
4
8
6
4
Default values. If an item is missing from the basic data set, then as a precaution a high level
of risk is assumed, and default values are allocated for the corresponding area. If, for a given
46
substance, no proof of testing for certain toxic characteristics and for certain environmental
impacts is available, and if the substance has not been classified into one of the R-phrases
listed in Annex 1 of Council Directive 67/548/EEC16, in its applicable version, the substance
shall be assigned the following point values as default values:
Ø The default value shall be 5 points, if a substance, in Annex 1 of Directive 67/548/EEC,
has not been classified into the R-phrases 21, 22, 24, 25, 27 or 28, either alone or
in combination, and if no proof is available of testing for acute toxicity for a rodent
species upon swallowing and in contact with skin.
Ø The default value shall be 6 points, if a substance, in Annex 1 of Directive 67/548/EEC,
has not been classified into the R-phrases 50, 50/53, 51/53 or 52/53, and if no proof
is available of testing for acute toxicity for a fish species and a water-flea species,
and for inhibition of algae growth. Notwithstanding the first sentence of this paragraph,
the default value shall be 8 points, if also:
• testing for ready biodegradability has shown that the substance is not readily
biodegradable; or
• the substance is potentially bioaccumulative; or
• no proof of testing for biodegradability is available; or
• no proof of testing for potential bioaccumulation is available.
Ø The default value shall be 3 points, if a substance in Annex 1 of Directive 67/548/EEC
has not been classified into the R-phrases 50/53, 51/53, 52/53 or 53 and
• no proof of testing for biodegradability or for potential bioaccumulation is available; or
• no proof of testing for biodegradability is available and the substance is potentially
bioaccumulative; or
• no proof of testing for potential bioaccumulation is available and the substance
is not readily or inherently biodegradable.
Notwithstanding the first sentence, the default value shall be 4 points, if no proof of testing
for biodegradability is available and a test is known whereby the acute toxicity for a fish
species (96 h LC50) or a water-flea species (48 h EC50) or for inhibition of algae growth
(72 h IC50) is more than 10 mg/l and not more than 100 mg/l.
Notwithstanding the first sentence, the default value shall be 6 points, if no proof of testing
for ready biodegradability or for potential bioaccumulation is available and a test is known
whereby the acute toxicity for a fish species (96 h LC50) or a water-flea species (48 h EC50)
or for inhibition of algae growth (72 h IC50) is more than 1 mg/l and not more than 10 mg/l.
Notwithstanding the first sentence, the default value shall be 2 points, if the substance
is classified in R50 and if no proof of testing for ready biodegradability or for potential
bioaccumulation is available.
Derivation of water risk classes. The evaluation points and default values allocated
to a substance are added up to obtain the total number of points, and thus the water risk class
(WRC):
Total number of points
WRC
0 to 4
1
5 to 8
2
9 and more
3
When the total is 0 the substance may be classified as "non-hazardous to waters" if it fulfils
certain other prerequisites.
47
Substances non-hazardous to waters. To classify a substance as "non-hazardous to waters",
it must first be evaluated according to VwVwS Annex 3 (as described above). A substance
is non-hazardous to waters if its total number of points is 0 and it fulfils all of the following
prerequisites:
Ø The substance's solubility in water, at 20 degrees Celsius, is less than 100 mg/l, or,
if the substance is a liquid under normal conditions, is less than 10 mg/l.
Ø No test is known whereby the acute toxicity for a fish species (96 h LC50) or a water-flea
species (48 h EC50) or for inhibition of algae growth (72 h IC50) lies below the solubility
threshold.
Ø An organic substance that is a liquid under normal conditions is readily biodegradable.
Classification of mixtures. VwVwS Annex 4 specifies the methods to derive the water risk
class for a mixture. The first consists of a computation of the WRC on the basis
of the components WRC (as in the 1996 VwVwS). Secondly, the WRC may be derived
from tests conducted with the mixture itself. Results obtained by the latter method have
priority.
The computation rule in Annex 4 is basically identical to the former rule in the 1996 VwVwS.
It first requires the determination of the WRC of each single component by the methods
that apply to substances in general. If the identity of a component is unknown or undefined,
then as a precaution WRC 3 is assumed for that component.
The mass fractions of the individual components are added up by their WRC, and the WRC
of the mixture is then determined according to the Table 3.1. Components are taken into
account if their fraction surpasses the following thresholds:
• 0.1% in the case of carcinogenic substances,
• 0.2% in the case of all other substances.
Table 3.1.
Computation rule for the derivation of the WRC of a mixture from the WRC
of its components
Ingredients
(components)
WRC 3
Result
WRC 3
3%
WRC 2
WRC 2
WRC 1
non-hazardous
0.2 to 3 %
< 0.2 %
in case of additives
< 0.2 %
(no additives permitted)
0.2 to 5 %
< 0.2 %
5%
WRC 1
3%
<3%
non-hazardous
R45
(carcinogenic)
0.1 %
0.1 %,
but WRC 2
< 0.1 %
in case of additives
< 0.1 %
(no additives permitted)
If carcinogenic substances are actively added to a mixture and their fraction is less than 0.1%,
the mixture is classified at least into WRC 1; the same applies when the fraction of WRC 3
additives is less than 0.2%.
48
In general, the polymers and polymers dispersions are assumed to be hazardous to water.
The procedure for assessing their WRCs is the same as used for mixtures of substances.
The inventory of chemicals (type and amount) in each site is calculated. For each substance
or mixture the WRC is determined following rules outlined above.
For each substance or mixture of the class WRC I, an equivalent WRC 3 mass, mWRC3E,
in kg is calculated, making use of the formula:
mWRC3E = mWRCI / 103-I
(3.1)
where:
− I is the water risk class index, and
− mWRCI is the mass in kg of the substance or mixture of the water risk class index I.
For the determination of the water endangering potential of the assessed site the water risk
index, WRI, is calculated from the sum of equivalent WRC 3 mass of all dangerous
substances present, i.e.:
WRI = log10
∑m
WRCE k
(3.2)
k
where: the summation extends over all substances hazardous to water, present
in the establishment.
As mentioned earlier, to asses the risk caused by an accident the so-called water risk index
(WRI) has been used. In addition, the following secondary criteria were introduced: for the
sake of determining which industrial activities posed the highest risk potential, a cut-off
threshold of WRI 5 was introduced, and only those activities were considered that were
located within direct vicinity of the examined river or up to 50 km upstream on its tributaries.
The ICPE methodology applied enables fast identification of the most dangerous activities
and recommendation of safety measures that should be given the highest priority.
It should be pointed out that the ICPE methodology takes account of the substances and
mixtures regarded as threatening to the environment under the Seveso II Directive 17 and the
Industrial Accident Convention18.
3.1.2. Identification of potential accident risk spots
Identification of potential risk spots. Plants that store or use various chemical substances
in their technology processes are among those creating major environmental hazards. The risk
level increases when the plants are located in dense built-up areas or in sensitive areas.
The basis for the identification of potential accident risk spots (ARS) was the register19
of stationary establishments developed and maintained by the Chief Inspectorate
for Environmental Protection (GIO ). The register, in particular, includes establishments
satisfying the selection criteria of the EU Seveso II Directive 17 and the Industrial Accidents
17
Council Directive 96/82/EC of 9 December 1996 on the control of major hazards involving dangerous
substances (OJ L 10 14/1/1997)
18
UN/ECE Convention on the Transboundary Effects of Industrial Accidents
(http://unece.org/env/teia/welcome.htm)
19
According to provisions of the Environmental Protection Law (Dz.U. of 2001 No. 62, item 627, as amended)
49
Convention18. The establishments in the register are classified into three tiers with respect
to major accident risks:
• potential risk,
• increased risk,
• high risk.
The following groups of establishments were identified in the Lubuskie Region (Table 3.2):
Ø of potential risk: ELDROB, NORDIS, EC GORZÓW, OSM in Gorzów, Pump station
No. 6 of the PERN "Przyja " pipeline;
Ø of increased risk: PKN ORLEN fuel depot No. 93, JERSAK;
Ø of high risk: STILON, SHELL GAS-POLSKA, ORLEN GAZ, ROCKWOOL- POLSKA,
KRONOPOL.
All establishments of high and increased risks satisfy the selection criteria formulated
in the Regulation of the Minister of Economy of 9 April 2002 and its further amendments20.
They also comply with the requirements of all regulations14 in force in the area of major
industrial accidents. Map 8 presents the locations of these plants.
A dedicated database has been developed containing information on the establishments listed
above, which can be useful for further steps in the RIVER SHIELD Project implementation.
The database has the following structure:
• plant/facility identification data,
• information on plant location,
• information on the activity profile and used installations,
• data on potential hazards created by a plant,
• information on safety and prevention measures,
• data on endangered objects and sites in the vicinity of the plant.
The database will be amended and updated systematically on the basis of available
information.
Finally, in line with the aforementioned methodology used for potential risk assessment
in relation to regional water hazards 9 establishments have been qualified from among all
that were included in the GIO register. SHELL GAS-POLSKA, ORLEN GAZ and JERSAK
(the liquified gas distribution stations), subject to the Seveso II Directive18, were excluded
as substances that are used there (i.e. propane and butane) are not regarded as posing a threat
to the aquatic environment.
Identification and classification of hazardous substances. For all substances present
in the establishments included in the database WRC were calculated making use
of the methodology outlined above in Chapter 3.1.1. This resulted in the following grouping
of substances into water risk classes:
Ø WRC 1: sodium hydroxide (solution); acetic acid (solution); hydrogen chloride (solution);
methanol.
20
Regulation of the Minister of Economy of 9 April 2002 on dangerous substances and their quantities
determining installations of increased and high risks of major industrial accidents (Dz.U. of 2002 No. 58,
item 535, as amended)
50
54
Ø WRC 2: ammonia (anhydrous, liquefied); heating oil; formaldehyde; phenol; ammonia
water; ammonia (anhydrous, liquefied); sodium nitrite.
Ø WRC 3: hydrazine; petrol; crude oil.
WRI for each establishment. Basing on the calculated values of WRC indices
and the maximum quantities of substances, that can be present in an establishment, the water
risk index (WRI) of this establishment was calculated making use of formula (3.1).
The results are included in Table 3.2. Water risk indexes (WRI) of the establishments
from Table 3.2 were calculated making use of formula (3.2). The calculated values of WRI
are shown in Table 3.2 in column 12.
Column 13 of Table 3.2 indicates potential points, where the released materials
from the installations in the Oder river basin can reach the waters of rivers from this basin.
WRI for the Oder river in the examined region. The total WRI for the whole area
of the basin of the Oder river in the Lubuskie Region was calculated to be 7.8 basing
on formula (3.2), where the summation was over all substances present in the establishments
in this region.
To determine the potential risk areas, after an accidental release of hazardous substances
to a river a simplified method was selected, described in the paper: Harvey E. Jobson,
Prediction of Traveltime and Longitudinal Dispersion in Rivers and Streams [12].
For sophisticated assessments a set of computer programs was set up, that can calculate
dynamic multidimensional fields of concentrations of released hazardous substances
into the surface water and groundwater bodies.
There are also other sources of water accident hazards apart from those generated
by stationary installations. They are related to hazardous material transportation by roads,
railways, inland waterways and trans-country pipelines. They will be assessed when adequate
data will be collected.
3.2. Other anthropomorphic hazard sources
3.2.1. Other point sources of potential hazard
Municipal wastewater treatment plants. Prevention and reduction of water contamination
from municipal sources that include industrial sources discharging wastewaters to municipal
sewerage systems21, should be accomplished by implementing the National Programme
for Municipal Wastewater Treatment (KPO K) 22. Its objective is to comply with Articles
3, 4 and 5 of Directive 92/271/EEC3 by 2015, in line with the provisions
of the Implementation Plan that has been prepared for this Directive.
The National Programme for Municipal Wastewater Treatment covers 1577 agglomerations
with the population equivalent (p.e.) not less than 2000. 58 of such agglomerations
were identified in the Lubuskie Region, including 19 with p.e. 15000 requiring higher
21
Regulation of the Minister of Infrastructure of 20 July 2002 concerning the means of realisation of the duties
of industrial sewage suppliers and the conditions for introducing the sewage to the sewage systems (Dz.U.
of 2002 No. 129, item 1108)
22
prepared according to the requirements of Art. 43 of the Water Law (Dz.U. of 2001 No. 115, item 1229,
as amended) and approved by the Council of Ministers in June 2005.
55
nutrient removal, like for sensitive areas23. A list of wastewater treatment facilities
for agglomerations of p.e. 15000 with a high share of industrial wastewaters ( 15%),
is presented in Table 3.3, and all identified agglomerations are shown on Map 8.
Wastewater management in industrial facilities. Industrial facilities dispose
of their wastewaters mainly using the municipal sewerage systems. From among the larger
facilities in the Lubuskie Region, which should, according to the Environmental Protection
Law17 and Directive IPPC 96/61/EC24, obtain integrated permits for utilizing the environment,
only:
• ROCKWOOL-POLSKA in Cigacice producing mineral wool,
• Poultry Processing Plant, Export- Import-Whole Sale Trade „BOLEMIN” in Bolemin,
discharge their wastewaters directly to rivers. The discharged wastewater satisfies
the requirements of the Polish legislation in force.
Other establishments that can potentially discharge hazardous substances to municipal sewage
systems in case of an accident:
• Silk Industry Works SILWANA in Gorzów Wielkopolski,
• Chemical Fibers Works STILON in Gorzów Wielkopolski,
• Enterprise of Refrigerating Industry NORDIS in Zielona Góra,
• Steel Construction Works KONSTAL in Nowa Sól,
• Factory of Wool Products POLTOPS in aga .
According to the „Programme for the reduction of hazardous substances from list II
of Directive 76/464/EEC” and permissions for utilizing the environment, these facilities
are required to reduce the amounts of discharged hazardous substances to the levels given
in these permits and Polish regulatory acts transposing Directives 91/271/EEC3
and 76/464/EEC6 with their “Daughter” Directives25, by the end of 2007.
23
The whole territory of Poland has been qualified as sensitive in the context of the provisions of Council
Directive 91/271/EC, according to Water Law
24
Council Directive 96/61/EC of 24 September 1996 concerning integrated pollution prevention and control
(O.J. L 257, 10/10/1996)
25
Council Directive 82/176/EEC of 22 March 1982 on limit values and quality objectives for mercury
discharges by the chlor-alkali electrolysis industry (O.J. L 81 27/03/1982), Council Directive 83/513/EEC
of 26 September 1983 on limit values and quality objectives for cadmium discharges (O.J. L 291 24/10/1983),
Council Directive 84/156/EEC of 8 March 1984 on limit values and quality objectives for mercury discharges
by sectors other than the chlor-alkali electrolysis industry (O.J. L74 17/03/1984), Council Directive 84/491/EEC
of 9 October 1984 on limit values and quality objectives for discharges of hexachlorocyclohexane (O.J. L 274
17/10/1984), Council Directive 86/280/EEC of 12 June 1986 on limit values and quality objectives for
discharges of certain dangerous substances included in List I of the Annex to Directive 76/464/EEC (O.J. L 181
04/07/1986), Council Directive 88/347/EEC of 16 June 1988 amending Annex II to Directive 86/280/EEC
on limit values and quality objectives for discharges of certain dangerous substances included in List I
of the Annex to Directive 76/464/EEC (O.J. L 158 25/06/1988) and Council Directive 90/415/EEC
of 27 July 1990 amending Annex II to Directive 86/280/EEC on limit values and quality objectives
for discharges of certain dangerous substances included in list I of the Annex to Directive 76/464/EEC
(O.J. L 219 14/08/1990)
56
Other objects. Other objects creating potential hazards for the Oder river and its direct
tributaries include hydropower plants, fuel stations and large agricultural farms
(Table 3.4).
Table 3.4.
No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
List of objects potentially hazardous to surface waters in the Lubuskie Region
Object
Hydropower plant
Hydropower plant
Fuel station
Hydropower plant
Glass works
Hydropower plant
Hydropower plant
Hydropower plant
Hydropower plant
Fuel station
Agriculture farm
Fuel station
Freight customs clearance terminal
Paper factory
Location
Sobolice
Bukówka
Przewóz
Przesieka
knica
arki Wielkie
Zielisko
Zasieki
Gubin
Gubin
Bieganów
Rzepin
wiecko
Kostrzyn
Recipient river
Nysa u ycka
Nysa u ycka
Nysa u ycka
Nysa u ycka
Nysa u ycka
Nysa u ycka
Nysa u ycka
Nysa u ycka
Nysa u ycka
Nysa u ycka
Oder
Ilanka/Oder
Ilanka/Oder
Oder
River
kilometres
[rkm]
114.00
102.00
101.30
92.00
80.55
71.60
69.40
53.40
16.00
15.80
564.50
580.00
580.00
614.00
Source: [16, 2]
Places of natural resources extraction. The Lubuskie Region is rather poor in natural
resources, thus only the oil and natural gas mines in Kosarzyn near the estuary of the Nysa
u ycka river (1 km) to the Oder river and oil shafts nearby Gorzów Wielkopolski
on the 617 km of the Warta river, can be considered as potential hazard sources.
Landfills. In 2004 there were 35 municipal waste landfills operating in the Lubuskie Region,
totalling the area of 105 ha and holding 194 Gg of waste (see Map 8). There are problems
with landfills not complying with the formal and regulatory requirements, not having proper
base protection, drainage, degassing installation, weighing equipment, special equipment
including piezometers for monitoring environmental impacts nor proper supervision. Seven
landfills were reclamated and there are activities under way for limiting the amounts
of landfilled waste through segregation and composting. There are no installations
for thermal treatment (incineration) of municipal waste in the region.
Industrial wastes from industrial activities constitute the largest stream of waste produced
in the region. Table 3.5 shows the data for facilities producing more than 1000 tonnes
of waste annually (see Map 8).
58
Table 3.5.
Industrial waste landfill sites in the Lubuskie Region
No. Plant/waste landfill Locality/community
1.
Victaulic Polska/
Plant storage area
Go cim/
Drezdenko
2.
Electrical energy
and heating plant Gorzów/
Plant storage area aggradate mud
containers
Electrical energy
and heating plant Gorzów/
Wet slag and ash
storage area
Meprozet Stare
Kurowo
Gorzów
Wielkopolski
5.
Arctic Paper
Kostrzyn
Plant storage area
Kostrzyn on Oder
6.
DOMEX Nowa Sól Bobrowniki/
(lessee)
Oty
Postproduction
waste storage area
7.
ZASET Ko uchów Mirocin /Dolny
Postneutralisation Ko uchów
sedimentation pond
3.
4.
Waste deposited
Waste material from
casting processes, and
dusts from off-gas
Sludge from water
decarbonisation
Janczewo/
Santok
Slag and ash mixtures
from wet removal
of furnace waste
Nowe Kurowo/
Stare Kurowo
Postneutralisation
waste, including
membrane systems
waste containing heavy
metals
Concrete waste and
crushed concrete from
demolition and repair
activities
Waste from casting and
metallurgic processes,
off-gas dust and iron
and its alloys
Sludge from
physicochemical
processing of waste
containing hazardous
materials
Total
Mass
of waste
deposited in
2004 [Mg]
2595.0
Area
of waste
deposit [ha]
1.16
1 934.0
2.51
41 455.0
15.0
40.3
0.70
55.5
2.34
2918.6
6.25
1008
1.3
50006.4
29.26
Source: [19]
Among the biggest hazardous waste producers in the Lubuskie Region in 2004 are:
Ø KRONOPOL - around 676 Mg of waste, mainly waste from production, preparing,
handling and using glues and sealants.
Ø Community Regional Hospital, Hospital Complex in Gorzów Wielkopolski around 360 Mg of hazardous medical waste.
Ø Community Regional Hospital in Zielona Góra - around 174 Mg of hazardous medical
waste.
Ø GEDIA in Nowa Sól - around 126 Mg of waste, mainly from degreasing with water
and vapour.
59
Ø ROCKWOOL POLSKA - around 119 Mg of waste, mainly saturated or used
ion-exchange resins.
Ø Road Communication Company in Gorzów Wielkopolski - around 115 Mg of hazardous
waste, mainly used vehicles, waste oils and accumulators.
Ø Municipal Communication Company in Gorzów Wielkopolski - around 55 Mg of waste,
mainly used accumulators and oils.
Ø Energetic Group ENEA Gorzów - around 44 Mg of waste, mainly transformers.
Ø Meprozet Stare Kurowo - around 40 Mg of postneutralisation waste.
Hazardous waste in the Lubuskie Region is mainly utilised or recycled. The situation
is different with small companies or individual users, due to the lack of easily accessible
points for collecting such waste. This results in hazardous waste being transported
with communal waste to communal landfills thus creating a real threat for ground/water
environment.
Water reservoirs. The potential sources of hazards are also technological accidents
of technical infrastructure of reservoirs. A large artificial reservoir (Dychowski Water
Reservoir) that is located in the Lubuskie Region has a volume of 3.6 million m3.
Airports. There are two active airports in the Lubuskie Region: civilian-military in Babimost
and sport airclub in Przylepa near Zielona Góra.
3.2.2. Linear hazard sources
The Lubuskie Region is located on European transit routes. This results in large quantities
of hazardous materials being transported through the area both by road and railroad,
which causes the risk of occurrence of emergencies on routes leading to from the country
borders (see Table 3.6).
Road transport. The communication structure of the region encompasses a well-developed
network of national, regional and local category roads. The most important are E30 Warsaw,
Pozna , wiebodzin, S ubice, Berlin, E36 Olszyna, Legnica and E65 Szczecin, Gorzów
Wielkopolski, Zielona Góra, Prague.
Road transport is used for transporting hazardous materials in packages and tanks of various
volumes. Unfortunately a rise can be seen in the number of accidents involving vehicles
carrying such cargos, also in populated areas, or areas valuable in terms of environmental
protection. This is due to the rise in traffic intensity, in the amount of transported materials
(mainly fuels) and due to the poor state of the roads and vehicles and insufficient
communication solutions. Depending on the kind and quantity of transported material
and the meteorological conditions, the threatened area can extend at a distance from several
to more than 10 kilometres from the hazard source. Special danger to the water environment
exists in areas where the surface formations do not provide sufficient isolation
for groundwater and at bridges and in their proximity (Table 3.7). The highest frequency
of hazardous materials transport in the Lubuskie Region occurs on interregional roads
indicated in Table 3.7 and on the map 8.
60
Table 3.6.
Border crossing points in the Lubuskie Region for transporting goods
Border crossing points crossing rivers by roads or rail roads
Poland
Germany
Kostrzyn on
Oder
Küstrin-Kietz
Road/railroad, on the Oder river
Mi ów
Eisenhüttenstadt
Through the Oder river
S ubice
Frankfurt on Oder Road, on the Oder river; through the Oder
river
Passenger cars
Frankfurt on Oder Road, on the Oder river
Trucks,
Passenger cars
wiecko
Description
For vehicles:
Passenger cars
Kunowice
Frankfurt on Oder Railroad, on the Oder river
Gubin
Guben
Road/railroad on the Nysa u ycka river
Passenger cars
Gubinek
Guben
Road, on the Nysa u ycka river
Trucks,
Passenger cars
Zasieki
Forst
Road/railroad on the Nysa u ycka river
Olszyna
Forst
Road, on the Nysa u ycka river
Trucks,
Passenger cars
Source: [2]
Table 3.7.
No.
Bridges on selected important interregional roads in the Lubuskie Region
National road
No.
1.
3 (E65)
2.
3.
2 (E30)
22
4.
18
(E36 and E40)
Route
Bridges
(on roads crossing the following larger
rivers in the Lubuskie Region)
Oder, Obra, Warta
Jelenia Góra - Zielona Góra Gorzów Wielkopolski - Szczecin
wiecko - wiebodzin - Pozna
Oder, Pliszka, Obra
Kostrzyn - Gorzów Wielkopolski - Oder, Postomia, Warta
Elbl g
Olszyna - Wroc aw
Oder, Czarna Wielka
Source: [2]
For preventing potential accidents on the roads of the Lubuskie Region, periodic inspections
of hazardous materials transport are carried out by the Police, Road Inspectorate, State Fire
Service and the Regional Inspectorate for Environmental Protection (WIO ) in Zielona Góra.
Railroad transport. Serious potential hazards are connected with mass transport of goods
by rail, including hazardous toxic materials. The analysis of railroad accidents with hazard
for human life and health and the environment shows, that they most frequently occur
on stations or switching yards and in their proximity.
The rail routes most used for hazardous materials transport in the Lubuskie Region are:
the Oder Coal Trunk Line (Nadodrza ska Magistrala W glowa) connecting Silesia with ports
in Szczecin, which crosses the Oder river above Krosno Odrza skie and the line Warsaw
- Pozna - Berlin, crossing the Oder river in Kunowice. The most important railway junctions
are: Czerwie sk, Rzepin, Zb szynek and aga .
61
Inspections carried out for all – important in the context of hazardous materials transport –
railway junctions show that the threat is not lessening. Due to a partial deterioration
of the infrastructure at some junctions, which are not of high priority for the railroad
management, the threats can rise. The hazard rises due to the poor technical condition of tank
cars entering Poland mainly from the East.
Inland navigation. Among the rivers of the Lubuskie Region, only Oder, Warta and Note
are used for the purpose of river transport:
Ø the Oder river route connecting Silesia with the ports of Szczecin- winouj cie;
Ø the Warta and Note route connecting the northern part of the region with Bydgoszcz
and Gda sk.
For these rivers, the hazard of contamination with transported materials (e.g. coal, iron ore)
and oil fuels for the vessels is the highest. Additional source of hazards are river
loading/unloading ports. On the part of the Oder river in the boundaries of the Lubuskie
Region there are 5 river ports: Nowa Sól (429.8 rkm), Cigacice (471.8 rkm), Krosno
Odrza skie (514.40 rkm), Urad (564.80 rkm) and Kostrzyn (618.80 rkm), and on the Warta
river - port in Gorzów Wielkopolski (57.20 rkm). The most important of these are Cigacice
and Kostrzyn on Oder.
Ship and barge accidents, technical port equipment accidents
to the hydrotechnical buildings are potential hazards for surface waters.
and
damage
The potential linear hazard sources are also:
Ø The PERN "Przyja " pipeline, transporting oil to the refinery in Schwedt (Germany),
going through the north-east part of the region, crossing the Warta river below Gorzów
Wielkopolski and the Oder river on the 674.2 rkm.
Ø The Jamal natural gas pipeline transporting fuel from Russia to Western Europe, crossing
the Oder river on the 601.8 rkm.
3.2.3. Surface hazard sources
Agricultural sources. In Poland, the contamination of water with nitrates of agricultural
origin is low:
Ø only 0.75% of the monitoring results for 2002 showed surface water contamination
> 40 mg NO3 /dm3;
Ø on average 13% of the results showed first aquifer level groundwater contamination
> 50 mg NO3 /dm3, and the contamination of deep-seated water was significantly lower.
A similar situation can be seen in the Lubuskie Region, however, due to the large percentage
of forest covered areas (average for Poland is 28.7%) the hazards concerning nitrogen
compounds of agricultural origin is very small, because larger forest complexes remove
the excess of fertilizer (nitrogen and phosphorus) from groundwater. This is also why only
two communities: Szlichtyngowa and Wschowa, located on the south-east of the region,
are considered as places with high hazards of contamination with nitrates of fertilizer
62
origin26. A repair plan, developed by the Regional Water Management Board (RZGW)
in Wroc aw27, has been adopted for the Rów Polski river basin. Data from the monitoring
of water quality in the Rów Polski river basin, conducted by WIO on the 13.5 rkm
go and 3.2 rkm of Rów Polski river in Dry yna are given
of the Kopanica river in
in Table 3.8.
Table 3.8.
The results of studies of waters at risk from contamination with nitrogen
compounds of agricultural origin in the Lubuskie Region in 2004
Contamination
indicators
Value
min.
max.
yearly
mean
min.
max.
yearly
mean
Rów Polski river
Kopanica river
Levels of indicators
above which
eutrophication occurs
General
phosphorus
[mg P/dm3 ]
0.15
3.62
0.87
0.28
4.42
1.8
> 0.25
General nitrogen
[mg N/dm3]
1.75
28.4
7.36
2.72
11.61
6.41
>5
Nitrates
[mg NO3/dm3 ]
0.0
18.5
4.96
0.0
18.1
7.21
> 10
Nitrate nitrogen
[mg N-NO3 /dm3]
0.0
4.182
1.12
0.0
4.09
1.63
>3.4
Chlorophyll “a”
[µg/dm3]
0.7
62.7
17.17
1.8
64.2
17.4
>25
source: [19]
Ten economic entities in the Lubuskie Region release their wastewaters to the soil
for agricultural purposes. Often the farmlands border directly with water basins and rivers.
This facilitates the infiltration of biogenic compounds into the waters, which causes faster
eutrophication of the lakes.
Air deposition of contaminants. Contaminant deposition with precipitation is a substantial
source of spatial contamination (although a declining trend can be observed). The most
contaminated precipitations were reported from the Mi dzyrzecki District (poviat)
and the least from the Wschowski District. Half of the precipitation is classified as acid rains
(pH<5.6), confirmed by the presence of strong mineral acids in the precipitation water.
26
meeting the requirements of Council Directive 91/676/EEC4– implemented in the Polish legislation, inter
alia, by the Water Act
27
established on the basis of a regulation of the Head of Regional Water Management Board in Wroc aw
of 26 April 2004 on the implementation of a plan for reducing the outflow from agricultural sources
63
3.3. Natural hazard sources
Natural hazards are connected with hydrological events (floods) and meteorological
conditions (soil droughts and subsequent hazard of forest fires).
Floods. Floods are an additional factor enlarging the hazard of river contamination. They can
affect installations with hazardous materials located on flood areas.
Depending on the causes the floods can be divided into:
Ø precipitation floods: mainly during the summer, caused by heavy local or frontal rainfalls;
Ø spring floods due to melting of the snow cover of the drainage basin when the ground
is still frozen or when the river flows are blocked by floating ice (eg. on the Oder, Warta
and Note rivers).
In the Lubuskie Region not only the precipitation floods are dangerous, but the floods
due to snow melting or blockage of river flows can also be a significant threat. Flood threats
exist especially in the Oder, Bóbr, Nysa u ycka, Warta and Note valleys, creating
the hazards for human life, health and property.
During the disaster flood of July 1997, wastewater treatment facilities, fuel stations,
municipal and industrial waste landfills and industrial facilities storing hazardous materials
in the Oder river basin were flooded.
River embankments and polders are among the most important technical means for protection
against floods in the Lubuskie Region. However, the assessment of the technical state
of the existing embankments showed that the majority of them are in poor condition.
Another cause of a higher flood threat in the Lubuskie Region is the inappropriate usage
of river valleys: housing, foresting or agricultural use of polders or the terrain between
the embankments.
Erosion. It is estimated that the area of potentially endangered agricultural and forest land
by surface water erosion and valley erosion covers 22% and 14%, respectively of the region
territory.
3.4. Hazard sources from beyond the Lubuskie Region
Industrial facilities. It should be highlighted that point sources of hazard are also located
beyond the boundaries of the Lubuskie Region, in the upper part of the Oder river
and its tributaries and that accident releases of hazardous substances from such sources can
be a threat to the water quality in the analysed region.
Reservoirs. There are retention reservoirs on the Bóbr, Warta, Nysa u ycka and other
tributaries of the Oder river, lying beyond the boundaries of the Lubuskie Region. Accidental
malfunctioning of dams protecting these reservoirs can be a potential hazard for the sections
of the rivers lying in the region. High water levels during a flood caused by a malfunction
of the reservoirs can additionally cause industrial contaminations resulting from accidental
releases of hazardous substances.
64
3.5. Analysis of historical accidents in the Lubuskie Region
Accidents involving hazardous substances. Accidents involving hazardous substances have
specific characteristics, which include:
• uncertainty in prediction of time and/or location of events,
• multiple causes,
• various direct and indirect effects,
• individual, inimitable conduct of the event.
The Lubuskie Region does not have large installations that could affect neighbouring regions
or cause transboundary hazards on a large scale, but there are a number of objects
for which the potential hazard for the neighbouring areas can be seen as substantial.
In the transport of hazardous materials both roads and railroads are used, that are located
on terrains that are populated or important because of their natural values.
However, each year potentially hazardous events involving hazardous materials take place,
the effects of which are hazardous for human life, health and property as well as
the environment. All accidents are registered in an accident database in the Regional
Inspectorate for Environmental Protection (WIO ) in Zielona Góra. The report describing
each accident is sent to the central registry in the Department for Major Accident Prevention
of the Chief Inspectorate for Environmental Protection (GIO ) in Gda sk.
During the period 1999-2004, 44 events having the characteristics of an industrial accident
or events having effects on the environment were registered in the Lubuskie Region (see
Table 3.9).
Table 3.9.
Events having the characteristics of an industrial accident, registered
in the Lubuskie Region in the period: 1999-2004
Year
Number of events
1990
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
7
7
16
8
2
4
Source: [19,18]
Figure 3.1 presents the percentage of different accident causes. It can be seen that 64%
of the accidents took place during transport activities, which is subsequent to the location
in the region of international transit routes and the transport of very large quantities
of hazardous materials.
Road transport gives rise to most hazards. Road events often take place in the early morning
hours. Most cases were liquid fuel carrying auto-tanker accidents involving ground
contamination and potential hazard for groundwater.
Railroad transport is an important source of potential hazard. The events mostly take place on
railway junctions. Generally these are minute malfunctions, mostly concerning valves and
tanker gaskets, which are immediately taken care of. Their causes, apart from low tanker
quality, are human errors (e.g. during switching) or theft of oil products from the tankers.
These events usually have no substantial effects on the environment.
65
Fig. 3.1. Different accident causes in the Lubuskie Region in 1999-2004:
1 - road transport,
2 - railroad transport,
3 - inland navigation,
4 - industrial facilities,
5 - other
18%
39%
1
2
3
18%
4
5
7%
18%
Source: [17,18]
Accidents arising from activities concerning inland navigation are mainly the effect
of the irresponsibility of barge crews. The leakage from barge (mainly of diesel fuel)
has a wide spectrum of impacts on the river. The person responsible for such an event
is usually hard to identify. Probably the registered events encompassed releases from river
barges or releases during fuel reloading on the riverside. In total, 3 such events took place
on the Oder and Warta rivers.
Eight events took place in industrial installations in the Lubuskie Region, involving
3 industrial facilities’ fires and 5 accidental releases of hazardous materials to the sewer
system, caused mainly by human errors. However, fire in a facility can lead to an accidental
release of hazardous materials on site, especially if it happens close to hazardous installations
or storage tanks.
Most of the accidents which happened in storage installations, originated from reloading
of oil products (fuel oil, cyclopentane). There was also one latex leakage. The effects
were various: 3 industrial sewage system contaminations, 2 groundwater contaminations
and 1 ground contamination. A substantial river contamination was prevented by using
sorption barriers of the fire brigades and contaminated ground was treated as a follow-up
to the control activities carried out by WIO . In the case of an accident, contaminant releases
to the terrestrial and aquatic environments in the proximity of regional-scale groundwater
reservoirs are especially hazardous. These reservoirs are utilisable and all adverse phenomena
in their water supply areas affect the quality of these waters.
No hazardous accidents were reported for oil pipelines. Generally such events were local
in character and did not cause substantial environmental damage. However, they required
actions of specialist fire brigades. WIO in Zielona Góra took part in mitigating
66
the consequences of these events by sampling and assessing the
of the environment, as well as supervising mitigation of these consequences.
condition
When analysing the effects of all accidents over the period 1999-2004, it is important
to take account not only of the large cubature of release contaminated ground (estimated
at about 2500 m3), many kilometres of contaminated water and emissions to the air,
but also the very high costs of every response requiring involvement of considerable forces
and measures from the rescue services as well as from the cooperating institutions.
The analysis of the events leads to the following conclusions:
Ø the each event involving hazardous substances can cause adverse effects
for the environment, independent of the size of the release (about 50%
of the registered events),
Ø the intensity and frequency of the accidents proves that they will take place
in the future as well, which will require the involvement of some forces and means
and continuing close cooperation with the services and organisations taking part
in the consequence mitigation process,
Ø the effects of an accident can involve:
• release of materials (flammable, and explosive when mixed with air, corrosive or toxic
vapours and gases, contaminating the air also outside the boundaries of the facility)
causing exceptional hazard for human life and health, especially on populated areas,
• surface water contamination, that can result in substantial ecological effects (e.g. large
scale fish deaths) and hazard for drinking water intakes for human consumption,
• ground contamination, resulting in the devastation of both soil and groundwater,
including the utility levels for human water supply,
• direct contamination of groundwater,
• large construction disasters for hazardous installations, that can result in releasing
the media to the environment,
• destruction of protection dykes, due to a flood, which can result in damage
to the installation and release of hazardous substances to the environment.
Other events. Other events classified as hazardous accidents can encompass events
not connected with transport or storing hazardous materials. These events are results
of natural disasters (flooding of fuel stations, warehouses, other hazardous installations),
water blooming, or unexplained lake, river and canal contamination. These are uncontrolled
events, not connected with industrial processes. The examined period saw 6 of such events.
Usually they did not have a substantial impact on the environment, however in the case of,
for example, warehouse flooding or large scale fish deaths, the damage could have been
substantial.
Cooperation of involved parties. In cases of hazardous accidents, there is cooperation
between governmental organisations and specialised services and institutions (State Fire
Service, Police, State Health Inspectorate, State Road Transport Inspectorate, Construction
Supervisory Body, Office of Technical Inspection and Inspectorate for Environmental
Protection). The activities concerning accident mitigation and response are mostly involved
with actions from the Fire Services and the Police (providing safety and order), emergency
command services (possible evacuation) and WIO (supervision and control of the state
of the environment, including controlling mitigation effect).
67
The positive effects of the yearly controls of high risk facilities carried out by the Fire
Service and WIO should be highlighted.
Information sources
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
Atlas podzia u hydrograficznego Polski. Praca zespo owa pod kierunkiem H. Czarneckiej. Seria Atlasy
IMGW, Warszawa 2005
Atlas Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej. PSGiK, Warszawa, 1993-1997
Burnod-Requia K. Rapid Environmental Assessment of the Tisza River Basin, UNEP 2004
Checklists for the investigation and assessment of industrial plant with substances and preparations
which are hazardous to water, Meeting of the "Joint ad hoc Expert Group on Water and Industrial
Accidents", 2001 http://www.umweltbundesamt.de/anlagen/jeg/methodology.html)
Checklists for the analysis and assessment of the state of facilities treating substances
and preparations hazardous to water Federal Environmental Agency draft 2005
Classification of Substances and Mixtures into Water Hazard Classes according to the Administrative
Regulation on the Classification of Substances Hazardous to Waters - Guidelines for self-classification
(http://www.umweltbundesamt.de/wgs-e/archiv/einstuf.pdf)
General Administrative Regulation under the Federal Water Act on the Classification of Substances
Hazardous to Water in Water Hazard Classes (Verwaltungsvorschrift wassergefährdende Stoffe VwVwS) on 17 May 1999 (http://www.umweltbundesamt.de/wgs-e/wgs-down.htm#vwvws )
INFOGEOSKARB. Informacja geologiczna z o a kopalin (http://baza.pgi.gov.pl/igs)
Informacja na temat wyznaczania w Polsce obszarów szczególnie nara onych na azotany pochodzenia
rolniczego i niezb dnych dzia a z tym zwi zanych. Warszawa, listopad 2003
Internationale Flussgebietseinheit Rhein Merkmale, Überprüfung der Umweltauswirkungen
menschlicher Tätigkeiten und wirtschaftliche Analyse der Wassernutzung 2005
(http://www.iksr.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Dokumente/Rheinkarten/cc_0205d_rev._18.03.05_online.pdf)
Inventory of Potential Accidental Risk Spots in the Danube River Basin, International Commission
for the Protection of the Danube River 2001 (http://www.umweltbundesamt.de/anlagen/jeg/ars.html)
Jobson H. E. Prediction of Traveltime and Longitudinal Dispersion in Rivers and Streams, U.S.
Geological Survey, Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4013
Krajowy Program Oczyszczania cieków Komunalnych (Dz.U. z 2001 r. nr 115, poz. 1229)
i zaakceptowany, w wersji zaktualizowanej w czerwcu 2005 r., przez Rad Ministrów
Materia y z GIOS (maszynopisy)
Mi dzynarodowy plan ostrzegawczo-alarmowy dla Odry, Mi dzynarodowa Komisja Ochrony Odry
przed zanieczyszczeniem, Wroc aw 2006
Plan alarmowo-ostrzegawczy dla wód granicznych RP-RFN, 1998
Rocznik statystyczny województw 2005 , GUS Warszawa 2006
Stan rodowiska w województwie lubuskim w latach 1999-2003 (http://zgora.pios.gov.pl)
Stan rodowiska w województwie lubuskim w 2004 roku (http://zgora.pios.gov.pl)
Strategia gospodarki wodnej, przyj ta przez Rad Ministrów w dniu 13 wrze nia 2005 roku
(http://www.mos.gov.pl/1materialy_informacyjne/raporty_opracowania/SGW_RM_calosc_6_09_05.pd
f)
Studium na temat retencji wód powierzchniowych na obszarze Polski w aspekcie wyst powania suszy
hydrologicznej. Ocena mo liwo ci zwi kszenia dyspozycyjnych zasobów wód powierzchniowych
w oparciu o du e zbiorniki wodne (pod kierunkiem P. Kowalczaka) IMGW Pozna 2005
68
ABBREVIATIONS
AHP
AhP
ARS
cST
CZ
DE
EC50
ERDF
EU
GIO
Areas of Highest Protection
Areas of Higher Protection
Accident Risk Spots
centiStoke – unit of kinetic viscosity
Czech Republic
Federal Republic of Germany
the concentration in the environment which is lethal to 50%
of the test animals
European Regional Development Fund
European Union
Chief Inspectorate for Environmental Protection (G ówny
Inspektorat Ochrony rodowiska)
GIS
GOP
IC50
ICPDIR
ICPE
ICPOaP
IEP
IMGW
Geographic Information System
Upper Silesian Industrial District
the concentration in water which is lethal to 50% of the algae
population
International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River
International Commission for the Protection of the River Elbe
International Commission for the Protection of the Oder River
against Pollution
Institute of Environmental Protection
Institute of Meteorology and Water Management (Instytut
Meteorologii i Gospodarki Wodnej)
IMWC
IORBD
KPO K
LC50
LD50
International Major Warning Centre
International Oder River Basin District
National Programme for Municipal Wastewater Treatment
(Krajowy Program Oczyszczania cieków Komunalnych)
the concentration in air or in water which is lethal to 50%
of the test animals
the dose administered orally or intravenously which is lethal
to 50% of the test animals
M
ME
modernisation
modernisation and extension
MGR
NATURA 2000
Main Groundwater Reservoir
European Union’s Natura 2000 Network
the lowest flow rate (najni sze nat enie przep ywu z wielolecia)
Protected Landscape Area (obszar chronionego krajobrazu)
Oder river
Protection Sub-zones (obszar ochrony)
NNQ
OChK
Odra
O.O.
69
p.e.
population equivalent
PIG
PK
PL
PLB
PLH
PM
Polish Geological Institute (Pa stwowy Instytut Geologiczny)
Landscape Park (park krajobrazowy)
Republic of Poland
Area of Special Bird Conservation in Poland
Special Area of Habitat Conservation in Poland
State Environmental Monitoring System (Pa stwowy Monitoring
rodowiska)
PN
Pradoline
Q
R
RZGW
National Park (park narodowy)
the ice-marginal valley
Quaternary
Risk Phrases
Regional Water Management Board (Regionalny Zarz d
Gospodarki Wodnej)
NQ
average low flow rate ( rednia z najni szych nat e przep ywów
rocznych z wielolecia)
SOJJ
System for the Lake Quality Assessment (System Oceny Jako ci
Jezior)
Q
average flow rate ( rednia z nat enia przep ywów rocznych
z wielolecia)
WQ
average high flow rate ( rednia z najwy szych nat e przep ywów
rocznych z wielolecia)
Tr
VwVwS
WFD
WGS 84
WIO
Tertiary
German regulation of May 17, 1999: on the classification
of substances hazardous to water
Water Framework Directive
the type of the coordinate system used for digital maps
Regional Inspector for Environmental Protection or Regional
Inspectorate for Environmental Protection (Wojewódzki Inspektor
Ochrony rodowiska lub Wojewódzki Inspektorat Ochrony
rodowiska)
WP
WRC
WRC 3E
WRI
WWQ
Work Package
Water Risk Class
Water Risk Class 3 Equivalent
Water Risk Index
the highest flow rate (najwy sze nat enie przep ywu z wielolecia)
70
Annex 1.
The largest and most valuable forest complexes in the Lubuskie Region
Puszcza Notecka (or Notecko-Warcia ska) [Notecka Primeval Forest] constitutes a compact
forest complex of an area of app. 130 thousand ha (partly in the Lubuskie Region). The soils
of the primeval forest are formed of post-glacial sands, therefore there is a majority of poor
sylvan habitats. The species’ composition of the treestands is only differentiated to a small
extent with the dominating Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) (95%) and a small number of birch
(Betula) treestands. Only in the areas adjacent to the Warta river there are oak and beech
treestands, and in more humid habitat – the European alder (Alnus glutinosa). The primeval
forest is famous for its variety of mushrooms, such as the king bolete (Boletus), birch bolete
(Leccinum), slippery Jack (Suillus), Man on Horseback (Tricholoma flavovirens), yellow
Chanterelle (Cantharellus cibarius). The deer (Cervus elaphus) is the largest and most typical
representative of the fauna. The world of birds is especially to be found at the outskirts of the
primeval forest and around the lakes.
Puszcza Lubuska (Puszcza Rzepi ska) [Lubuska Primeval Forest] covers a large lakeland
area between the Oder river and the Warta and Obra rivers with no big towns and with a
relatively low settlement index. The sylvan habitats account for as much as 94.5% of the
area. Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) and birch (Betula) have the best living conditions here. The
poorest sandy outwash habitats, which are unsuitable for agriculture, are covered with dry
coniferous forest (26.9%). A significant part of the forest habitats has undergone secondary
depletion. The numerous lakes formed in the southern glacial troughs (channels) can be
found over the entire primeval forest area. The trough of the agowskie lakes is the most
beautiful and best known. Near the lakes and rivers where the habitat conditions are best
there are the European beech (Fagus sylvatica) and oak (Quercus) treestands. Alders (Alnus
L.) may sometimes be found in the natural land depressions. This area lies beyond the
rangeland of the fir-tree (Abies Miller) and spruce (Picea), while the European beech (Fagus
sylvatica) is found at the range borderline. Low precipitation – not exceeding 550 mmdetermine the severe water shortage leading to land steppization. The numerous nature
reserves and other forms of nature protection reflect the natural wealth of these areas despite
difficult soil and water conditions.
Bory Dolno l skie [Lower Silesian Coniferous Forests] belong to the greatest compact forest
complexes in Central Europe with an area of app. 165 thousand ha (partly in the Lubuskie
Region). The bedrock consists of the majority of the Middle Poland glaciation sands. Typical
are numerous ponds and peatbogs as well as inland dunes. Dominant are pine forest
complexes with a small number of broadleaved trees: oak (Quercus), birch (Betula), alder
(Alnus), the European beech (Fagus sylvatica), aspen (Populus tremula) etc. From among the
coniferous trees the numbers of spruce (Picea) and Silver Fir (Abies alba) are increasing.
Fresh coniferous forest is dominating in this area, while the share of dry, humid and mixed
coniferous forests is smaller. Peatbogs are covered by a variety of Atlantic vegetation, eg.
cross-leaved heath (Erica tetralix), spatulate-leaved sundew (Drosera intermedia), ferns
(Polypodiopsida Cronquist), multi-stalked Spike-rush (Eleocharis multicaulis) etc.
Rare and protected plant species are also found in this area, eg.: daphne (Daphne mezereum),
ostrich fern (Matteuccia struthiopteris), pursch (Diphasium tristachym), deer fern (Blechnum
spicant), deadly nightshade (Atropa belladonna), marsh clubmoss (Lycopodiella inundata),
71
fringed pink (Dianthus superbus), globe flower (Trollius europaeus), etc. Forests are rich
with mushrooms and blueberries. Among the forest fauna the following species are found:
roe deers (Capreolus capreolus), red deers (Cervus elaphus), wild hogs (Sus scrofa), foxes
(Vulpes vulpes), otters (Lutra lutra), European Hares (Lepus europaeus), as well as adders
(Vipera berus), fat doormice (Glis glis), the European pond turtles (Emys orbicularis),
natterjack toads (Bufo calamita), black storks (Ciconia nigra), the Eurasian eagle owls (Bubo
bubo), the Eurasian pygmy owls (Glaucidium passerinum), Tengmalm's owls (Aegolius
funereus), the European nightjars (Caprimulgus europaeus), hoopoes (Upupa epops), black
grouses (Tetrao tetrix) and capercaillies (Tetrao urogallus). The numerous ponds serve as
habitats for water birds, inter alia for: cranes (Grus), whooper swans (Cygnus cygnus), snipes
(Gallinago gallinago) etc. Pedatory birds can also be found here, such as the white-tailed
eagles (Haliaeetus albicilla), sparrowhawks (Accipiter nisus), goshawks (Accipiter gentilis).
The rivers flowing across the Dolno l skie Coniferous Forests are rich in fish, eg. brown
trouts (Salmo trutta fario), sea trouts (Salmo trutta, Morpha trutta) and graylings (Thymallus
thymallus).
Information sources:
1. Zar ba R., Puszcze, bory i lasy Polski , Warszawa 1986
72
Annex 2.
A system of legally protected areas and monuments in the Lubuskie Region
The spatial location of the sites included in the database on “Protected areas in Poland”
(Tables A-E), managed by the Institute of Environmental Protection, is presented on Map 5.
Database update as of 31 December 2005.
Map 5 also shows the monuments subject to protection from the list of the Lubuskie Regional
Conservation Officer (Table F).
Table A.
National parks in the Lubuskie Region
Name of national park
Park Narodowy „Uj cie Warty”
Drawie ski Park Narodowy
(Uj cie Warty National Park)
(Drawie ski National Park)
Establishment year
2001
1990
Total area,
8038 ha
11 341 ha, including 5 568 ha
(app. 50%), which lies within
the Lubuskie Region
including:
q
area under strict protection 682 ha
368 ha
Buffer zone area
10454 ha
35590 ha
Number of protection sub-zones 3 ( O.O. Chyrzyno, O.O. S o sk, 21
O.O. Polder Pó nocny)
Number of the Lubuskie districts 3 (Gorzów, S ubice, Sul cin)
1 (Strzelce Kraje skie)
covered by the national park
Number of the Lubuskie
4 (Górzyca, Kostrzyn, S o sk, 1 (Dobiegniew)
communities covered by the
Witnica)
national park
Forest area
81.73 ha
9507 ha
Water area
297 ha
937 ha
Number of identified bird
255, including 174 breeding
151
species
species, including:
q endangered by extinction
26
Number of identified mammal
38
40
species
Number of identified fish
35
12
species
Number of identified plant
431
638
species
Number of identified vegetation 60
224
complexes
Table B.
Nature reserves in the Lubuskie Region
No.
Name of nature reserve
1.
2.
3.
Bukowa Mountain
Czaplenice
Ba antarnia
Area
[ha]
10.64
8.1
17.88
Establish Type of nature reserve according to the main:
ment
type of
year
environment
subject of protection
1954 floral
forest
1959 faunal
forest
1959 floral
forest
73
No.
Name of nature reserve
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
ab dziniec
Zimna Woda
Czaplisko
Bagno Ch opiny
(swamp)
Buczyna Szprotawska
Nad Jeziorem
Trze niowskim (lake)
Wilanów
Buczyna agowska
Uroczysko Grodziszcze
urawie Bagno
(swamp)
Wrzosiec
Pawski ug
Lemierzyce
D bowy Ostrów
Nad M y sk Strug
Jeziora Go y skie
(lakes)
Czarna Droga
Pami cin
Bogdaniec I
Bogdaniec II
Annabrzeskie W wozy
(glens)
Laski
Nietoperek
Buki Zdroiskie
Jezioro wi te (lake)
Mesze
Janie im. W. Korsaka
D bowiec
Kr cki g
Uroczysko W gli skie
M odno
D browa Brze nicka
Pniewski ug
Mokrad a Su owskie
(wetland)
Jezioro ubówko (lake)
Jezioro Wielkie (lake)
Bogdaniec III
D browa na Wyspie
(island)
D bina
Rybojady
Area
[ha]
4.3
88.69
2.9
Establish Type of nature reserve according to the main:
ment
type of
year
subject of protection
environment
1959 faunal
mixed
1959 phytocenotic
forest
1959 faunal
forest
118.99
155.32
1963
1965
floral
floral
peatbog
forest
47.73
67.16
115.86
15.75
1965
1966
1968
1969
phytocenotic
phytocenotic
phytocenotic
phytocenotic
forest
forest
forest
forest
44.52
64.96
34.32
3.32
1.84
132.56
1970
1970
1970
1970
1970
1970
biocenotic and physiocenotic
floral
floral
phytocenotic
phytocenotic
phytocenotic
peatbog
forest
peatbog
forest
forest
forest
3.1
21.95
2.65
20.83
40.03
1972
1972
1972
1974
1974
floral
floral
floral
phytocenotic
phytocenotic
mixed
forest
steppe
forest
forest
56.11
42.92
50.77
75.57
19.51
19.88
50.52
9.39
65.57
6.82
92.91
5.88
6.84
1977
1977
1980
1982
1983
1983
1984
1984
1987
1987
1988
1989
1990
phytocenotic
phytocenotic
faunal
phytocenotic
floral
floral
faunal
faunal
faunal
floral
floral
floral
floral
forest
forest
faunal
forest
aquatic
peatbog
aquatic
forest
forest
forest
peatbog
forest
peatbog
45.27
77.5
236.3
11.23
1990
1991
1991
1995
biocenotic and physiocenotic
ecological landscape
faunal
phytocenotic
peatbog
mixed
aquatic
forest
4.4
12.18
5.61
1995
1995
1995
ecological landscape
phytocenotic
biocenotic and physiocenotic
forest
forest
peatbog
74
No.
Name of nature reserve
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
Rzeka Przy ek (river)
Santockie Zakole
Lubiatowskie
Uroczyska
Radowice
Bogdanieckie Cisy
(treeland)
Dolina Ilanki
(valley)
gi ko o S ubic
(marshy meadows)
Torfowisko Osowiec
(peat-bog)
Dolina Postomii
(valley)
Table C.
No.
Area
[ha]
35.08
454.94
Establish Type of nature reserve according to the main:
ment
type of
year
subject of protection
environment
1995 ecological landscape
mixed
1998 faunal
mixed
188.42
55.6
2000
2000
faunal
phytocenotic
mixed
forest
21.24
2000
floral
forest
239.23
2000
biocenotic and physiocenotic
peatbog
397.94
2003
biocenotic and physiocenotic
forest
18.24
2003
floral
steppe
65.33
2005
biocenotic and physiocenotic
forest
Landscape parks in the Lubuskie Region
Name
of landscape park
Establish
ment year
1.
agowski PK
1985
2.
Pszczewski PK
1986
3.
1991
4.
Barlinecko-Gorzowski
PK
Gry y ski PK
5.
PK Uj cie Warty
1996
6.
Krzesi ski PK
1998
7.
Przem cki PK
1991
8.
PK uk Mu akowa
2001
1996
Area [ha]
in the Lubuskie
Region
3 536
total area
(6 612)a
12 220
9 300
(33 080)
(18 455)
23 982
12 143
(31 768.19)
(11 713.19)
2 755
total area
(20 412.5)
20 532
total area
(no buffer
zone)
8 546
total area
(no buffer
zone)
21 450
2 000
(no buffer
zone
18 200
total area
(no buffer
zone)
total
a)
buffer zone
PK – Landscape park
75
Location
(communities within
the Lubuskie Region)
agów, Sul cin
Pszczew, Trzciel, Przytoczna,
Mi dzyrzecz
K odawa, Strzelce Kraje skie
Bytnica, Krosno Odrza skie,
Czerwie sk, Sk pe
Witnica, Górzyca, S o sk,
Kostrzyn
Gubin, Cybinka, Maszewo,
Wschowa
Brody, Tuplice, Trzebiel,
Przewóz,
knica
Table D.
Protected landscape areas in the Lubuskie Region
No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
Name of protected landscape area
OChK Puszcza Drawska (primeval forest)
OChK Puszcza Barlinecka (primeval forest)
OChK Lasy Witnicko-D bie skie (forests)
OChK Lasy Witnicko-Dzieduszyckie (forests)
OChK Dolina Warty i Dolnej Noteci (valleys)
OChK Gorzowsko - Krzeszycka Dolina Warty (valley)
OChK Pojezierze Puszczy Noteckiej (lake district)
OChK Gorzycko
OChK Dolina Obry (valley)
OChK Pojezierze Lubniewicko- Sul ci skie (lake
district)
OChK Dolina Postomii (valley)
OChK O nia ska Rynna z jeziorem Radachowskim
(glacial trough with a lake)
OChK O nia ska Rynna z jeziorem Busko
(glacial trough with a lake)
OChK Zb szy ska Dolina Obry (valley)
OChK Rynna Paklicy i O oboku (glacial trough)
OChK Dolina Ilanki (valley)
OChK S ubicka Dolina Odry (valley)
OChK Puszcza nad Pliszk (primeval forest)
OChK Rynny Obrzycko-Obrza skie
(glacial troughs)
OChK Kro nie ska Dolina Odry (valley)
OChK Gubi skie Mokrad a (wetlands)
OChK Pojezierze S awsko-Przem ckie (lake district)
OChK Nowosolska Dolina Odry (valley)
OChK Wzniesienia Zielonogórskie (highlands)
OChK Dolina l skiej Ochli (valley)
OChK Rynna P awska (glacial trough)
OChK Dolina Jeziornej Strugi (valley)
OChK Dolina Bobru (valley)
OChK Bronków-Janiszowice
OChK Dolina Nysy (valley)
OChK Wzgórza Dalkowskie II (hills)
OChK Dolina Brze nicy (valley)
OChK Zachodnie Okolice Lubska
OChK Wschodnie Okolice Lubska
OChK Dolina Szprotawki (valley)
OChK Las arski (forest)
OChK Bory Bogumi owskie (coniferous forests)
OChK Bory Dolno l skie (coniferous forests)
OChK – Protected Landscape Area
76
Establishment
year
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
Area [ha]
42.173
26.691
7.904
1.803
33.888
16.669
12.000
8.720
10.092
2003
2003
14.917
2.494
2003
2.223
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2.145
1.050
20.533
7.864
14.075
32.244
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
23.375
13.265
1.884
16.737
9.852
3.573
10.350
3.000
5.708
13.162
3.529
3.216
3.982
2.542
17.536
7.907
5.570
2.360
8.910
26.223
Table E.
No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Landscape-nature complexes in the Lubuskie Region
Name
of landscape-nature
complex
Jezioro Wielkie (lake)
Uroczysko
Mi dzyrzeckiego Rejonu
Umocnie (fortification)
Uroczysko Doliny Lenki
(valley)
Uroczysko Lubniewska
Establishment
year
Uroczysko O nia skich
Jezior (lakes)
1997
Table F.
No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
Area [ha]
2002
2001
Scope of protection (protected values)
3768.47 Protection of natural lake-like landscape
6209.03 Protection of culture landscape
1999
1233.0 Protection of valley landscape
2002
1436.9 Protection of the natural wealth of the
agowskie Lake District landscape
2046.0 Protection of valuable lake-like landscape
List of protected monuments registered in the Lubuskie Region
Town and monument
BLEDZEW - hydropower plant
BOBOWICKO - palace
BORYSZYN - fortifications
BRODY - Brül palace and park complex
BYTOM ODRZA SKI - town-hall
CHLASTAWA - church complex
D BROSZYN - palace
D BROSZYN - organised park
D BRÓWKA WLKP. - Prince Stein palace
DOBIEGNIEW - church
DREZDENKO - church
GO CIKOWO- PARADY - postmonasterial complex
GORAJ - church
GORZÓW WIELKOPOLSKI - cathedral
GORZÓW WIELKOPOLSKI - church
GORZÓW WIELKOPOLSKI - granary
GUBIN - municipal fortification
GUBIN - town-hall
I OWA - palace
I OWA - organised park
KARGOWA - royal castle
KL PSK - church
KOSTRZYN - castle
KO UCHÓW - church
KO UCHÓW - Lapidarium (collection of stones)
KO UCHÓW - defense walls
KO UCHÓW - water-tower
KO UCHÓW - castle
KR PA - cardboard factory
KROSNO ODRZA SKIE - prince castle
LUBI CIN - windmill
LUBNIEWICE - castle
LUBSKO - church
LUBSKO - gate tower
77
No.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
86.
Town and monument
AGÓW LUBUSKI - Polish Gate
AGÓW LUBUSKI - railway bridge
AGÓW LUBUSKI - castle
KNICA - Mu akowski park
MIERZ CIN - park and palace complex
MIERZ CIN - residential complex
MI DZYRZECZ - town-hall
MI DZYRZECZ - castle
MI DZYRZECKI - strengthened Area
NIWISKA - palace
NOWA SÓL - lifted bridge on the Oder river
OGARDY - palace
O NO LUBUSKIE - church
O NO LUBUSKIE - defense walls
O NO LUBUSKIE - town-hall
PRZYTOK - palace
ROGI - palace
SIEDLISKO - castle
S AWNO - church
S O SK - church
S O SK - castle
SKWIERZYNA - church
STRZELCE KRAJE SKIE - prison tower
STRZELCE KRAJE SKIE - collegiate church
SULECHÓW - defense gate and walls
SULECHÓW - town-hall
SULECHÓW - prince castle
SUL CIN - church
SZPROTAWA - town-hall
SZPROTAWA - prince castle
WIEBODZIN - church
WIEBODZIN - town-hall
WI TY WOJCIECH - church
TARNÓW JEZIERNY - prince castle
WIEJCE - palace
WITKÓW - tower
WITNICA - brewary
WOJNÓW - place
WSCHOWA - Lapidarium (collection of stones)
WSCHOWA - prince castle
ZABÓR - palace
ZABÓR - organised park
ZATO - palace
ZIELONA GÓRA - church
ZIELONA GÓRA - church
ZIELONA GÓRA - town-hall
ZIELONA GÓRA - "POLSKA WE NA" former textile factory complex
AGA - church
AGA - Wallenstein palace
AGA - palace park
ARY - church
ARY - castle
78
No.
87.
88.
Town and monument
ARY - town-hall
ARY - fortification
Information sources:
1. BAZA DANYCH - OBSZARY CHRONIONE W POLSCE. Zak ad Ochrony Przyrody i Krajobrazu.
Instytut Ochrony rodowiska, Warszawa
2. Wojewódzki Urz d Ochrony Zabytków w Zielonej Górze (http://www.lwkz.zgora.pl)
79
Annex 4.
List of river gauges,
covered by the IMGW monitoring network in the Lubuskie Region
No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
River
Oder
Oder
Oder
Oder
Oder
Warta
Warta
Warta
Warta
Warta
Warta
Nysa u ycka
Nysa u ycka
Bóbr
Bóbr
Bóbr
Kwisa
Note
Note
Jab onówka
Obra
Drawa
Czerna Ma a
Skroda
Czerna Wielka
My la
Cienica
Obrzyca (Jezioro S awskie)
Obrzyca
Obrzyca
Jezioro Lubikowskie
Jezioro Osiek
Paklica
Lubsza
River gauge
Cigacice
Nietków
Po cko
Bia a Góra
S ubice
Skwierzyna
Borek
Santok
Gorzów Wielkopolski
wierkocin
Kostrzyn
Przewóz
Gubin
Szprotawa
aga
Dobroszów Wielki
ozy
Nowe Drezdenko
Go ciniec
Prze azy
Bledzew
Drawiny
I owa
Przewo niki
aga
Dolsk
Ku nica G ogowska
Radzy
Lubiatów
Smolno Wielkie
Lubikowo
ugi
Mi dzyrzecz
Ple no
River [rkm]
471.3
491.5
530.3
545.6
584.1
92.2
75.4
67.3
57.2
28.9
3.2
100.8
13.4
97
74.5
52.1
13.0
38
18.9
25.9
19.6
4.4
2.9
3.3
3.1
43.2
1.4
55
47.2
12.2
0.6
5.6
Information sources:
1.
Atlas podzia u hydrograficznego Polski. Praca zespo owa pod kierunkiem H. Czarneckiej. Seria Atlasy
IMGW, Warszawa 2005
82
Annex 5.
List of municipal wastewater treatment plants in the Lubuskie Region
(agglomerations with a population equivalent of more than 2 000)
No.
Municipal wastewater
treatment plants
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
Trzebiel
Santok
Bytnica
Lubrza
Tuplice
Boczów
Przytoczna
Trzciel
Krzeszyce
Kolsko
Torzym
Niegos awice
Bledzew
Przewóz
S o sk
Lubniewice
Bytom Odrza ski
agów
Jasie
Trzebiechów
Nowe Miasteczko
Szlichtyngowa
Nowogród Bobrza ski
Siedlisko
Cybinka
knica
Pszczew
Dobiegniew
O no Lubuskie
Babimost
Ma omice
Czerwie sk
Stare Kurowo
Rzepin
Zb szynek
Skwierzyna
Ko uchów
Drezdenko
I owa
Population equivalent (p.e.)
of agglomeration28
2 000
p.e. < 15 000
2046
2 275
2295
2604
2665
2859
2976
3082
3140
3489
3 681
3757
3897
4359
4451
4464
4 675
4863
4948
5003
5057
5137
5 515
5 622
6088
6200
6 212
6258
6323
6343
6527
7823
8733
8838
10311
10457
11958
13657
13743
28
Capacity
[ m3/24h]
215
258
350
60
300
330
325
600
220
450
450
110
350
657
1200
1158
640
400
361
1200
369
500
600
700
210
600
290
550
510
371
240
1100
1203
2500
1450
1500
According to the Regulation of the Minister of the Environment of 22 December 2004 on mean
of the method of determining the area and boundaries of agglomerations (Dz.U. of 2004 No. 283, item. 2841)
83
No.
Municipal wastewater
treatment plants
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
Sulechów
Gubin
ary
Lubsko
Wschowa
Sul cin
Strzelce Kraje skie
Mi dzyrzec
S ubice
Krosno Odrza skie
Szprotawa
S awa
Witnica
Nowa Sól
aga
wiebodzin
Kostrzyn on Oder
Gorzów Wielkopolski
Zielona Góra
Population equivalent (p.e.)
of agglomeration28
p.e.
-
15 000
21257
47300
51900
19900
21050
15196
21700
28150
16450
29860
44527
30662
17123
46666
42700
39600
22494
239800
245700
Capacity
[ m3/24h]
3160
12000
4920
4200
3500
2000
2500
9200
4500
4000
300
1400
1000
15000
4080
10000
4540
245000
51250
data not available
Information sources:
1. Krajowy Program Oczyszczania cieków Komunalnych. Ministerstwo rodowiska Warszawa 2003
2. Aktualizacja Krajowego Programu Oczyszczania cieków Komunalnych w latach 2003-2005.
Ministerstwo rodowiska Warszawa 2005
3. Sprawozdanie z wykonania Krajowego Programu Oczyszczania cieków Komunalnych w latach
2003-2005. Ministerstwo rodowiska, 2006
84
Annex 6.
Selected accident events involving dangerous substances,
which occurred in the Lubuskie Region in 1999-2004
Item
no. Year
Place
1.
2004 Cigacice
2.
2003
ary
3.
2002 Droszków
4.
2002 Kostrzyn
5.
2002 Sulechów
6.
2002 Zawada
7.
2001 Szcza c
8.
2001 Gorzów
Wielkopolski
9.
2001 Kostrzyn
10.
2000 Kostrzyn
11.
2000 Pasterzowice
12.
2000 Zielona Góra
13.
2000 Urad
14.
1999 Laski
Accident event
Short description
Fire in the „ROCKWOOL” Plant
in the de-dusting installation with
likelihood of attacking the adjacent
facilities
Fire in the KRONOPOL Plant
in the installation close to the stored
hazardous substances, which created
a major hazard
An accident of a truck transporting
Diesel oil in barrels resulting in
300 litre oil leakage into the ground
Accidental 3 hour leakage of oil
substances to the Warta River
in the Trading Port
Unsealing of a barrel filled with used
lubricating oil in the POSBET
enterprise resulting in a discharge
of app. 200 litres of oil
into a melioration ditch.
An accident of a tank resulting
in a release of ferrous sulphate
(PIX 123) into the environment
Leakage of oil-derivatives
from a plant in Szcza c
Leakage of heating oil from
an installation at Zamo residential
area
Unsealing of a tank shell filled
with lead tetraethyl without leakage
Leakage of crude oil from a standing
tank-truck
Unsealing of a tank-truck and leakage
of 13 000 litres of fuel
Leakage of latex from a technological
installation into the sewage system
in the NOVITA Plant
Oil spill on the Oder river
(unidentified originator)
Contamination of the Zimna Woda
Canal with activated sewage sludge
(unidentified originator)
Environmental effects
Emission from the combustion
of exhaust dusts
No effects
Soil contamination
Surface water contamination
Surface water contamination;
3500 litres of contaminated
water was pumped and
transmitted for treatment
The leakage was neutralised
using water and quicklime,
which resulted in soil
remediation
Contamination
of the Lubiniecka Struga River
Contamination of app. 1 km
of rainwater sewage system
and app. 20 m3 of ground
No effects
Contamination of app.
150-200 m3 of ground
Ground contamination (360m3
was treated)
Contamination of the G nik
canal over 2 km
No significant damage due
to a thin layer of oil
Fish mortality over a 2 km
distance
Information sources:
1. Stan rodowiska w województwie lubuskim w latach 1999-2003 (http://zgora.pios.gov.pl)
2. Stan rodowiska w województwie lubuskim w 2004 roku ( http://zgora.pios.gov.pl)
85
Annex 7.
Digital maps of the Lubuskie Region
Within the framework of the RIVER SHIELD Project the Institute of Environmental
Protection prepared a number of digital maps for the Lubuskie Region. Using the ArcGIS
software developed these maps. ArcGIS creates a series of products, which form a complete
package: the Geographic Information System (GIS). This user-friendly system is used
for the management, analysis and display of geographic data. It is based on commonly
accepted technical standards and adapted to the differentiated needs of its users.
Like all information systems, ArcGIS has a well-defined model for working
with the database on geodata. A common framework shared by all ArcGIS products
and applications, to the database on geodata allows to:
• handle rich data types;
• apply sophisticated rules and relationships;
• access large volumes of geographic data stored in files and databases.
ArcMap is the central application in the ArcGIS Desktop for all map-based tasks, including
cartography, map analysis and editing. ArcMap offers two types of map views:
Ø Geographic data view – an environment where geographic layers are symbolized into GIS
data sets. A table of contents interface organizes and controls the drawing properties,
analysed and compiled into GIS data sets;
Ø Page layout view – an environment where map pages contain geographic data views
as well as other map elements such as scale bars, legends, north arrows and reference
maps. The page layout view is used to compose maps on pages for printing
and publishing.
ArcMap is used for all activities connected with mapping and editing, as well as for analysing
reference maps.
The following documentation and data obtained from the Main Office of Geodesy
and Cartography in the ArcInfo coverage format (GIS package) in the WGS 84 coordinate
system served as a basis for elaborating the digital maps for the Lubuskie Region:
1) feature data source:
• administration units,
• hydrography,
• transport,
• settlements and anthropogenic establishments,
• geographical names,
• land cover,
• land relief,
2) image data source:
• land relief
– from the Database on Geographical Data in 1:500 000 scale.
Databases containing information most important from the point of view of water protection
against accidental release of dangerous substances (Table A) were also elaborated under
the RIVER SHIELD Project. Selected data were introduced as layers in feature format
(SHAPE format) containing multi-angled, linear and point objects (files in shp and shx
formats) with assigned attributes (files in dbf format).
86
Table A.
Information available on the digital maps of the Lubuskie Region
Type of information
Scope of information
Sites/facilities with Identification data,
location, activity profile,
potential accident
hazards and safety
risk
measures, land-use data
for areas adjacent to
potentially hazardous
plants
Name and location
Other objects
endangering surface
waters
River gauge stations Name and location
Specific long-term Characteristic discharges
flows
Main Groundwater
Reservoirs
Number, name, location,
area, water resources,
run-off index
Groundwater quality 2004 monitoring data
Surface water
quality (rivers)
Surface water
quality (lakes)
Industrial waste
landfill sites
Wastewater
treatment plants
National parks
Nature reserves
Data source
Register of potential originators of extraordinary
environmental hazards; GIO
Alarm and Warning Plan for the PL-DE Boundary
Waters
Atlas on Hydrographic Division of Poland
A report for the European Commission
on the implementation of Directive 2000/60/EC
A map with the Main Groundwater Reservoirs
in Poland requiring special protection
Study and measurement results. Assessment
of groundwater quality in the Lubuskie Region
(http://zgora.pios.gov.pl/wios/index.php?option=co
m_content&task=view&id=60&Itemid=69)
2004 monitoring data
Study and measurement results, Classification
of rivers in the Lubuskie Region
(http://zgora.pios.gov.pl/monitoring/rzeki/rzeki.ht
m)
2004 monitoring data
Study and measurement results, Classification
of lakes in the Lubuskie Region
(http://zgora.pios.gov.pl/wios/index.php?option=co
m_content&task=view&id=66&Itemid=80)
Name and location, waste The state of the environment in the Lubuskie
types and amounts, area Region in 2004 (http://zgora.pios.gov.pl)
of sub-sites
p.e., capacity (total) +
National Programme for Municipal Wastewater
quantities of treated
Treatment
wastewaters, percentage
of industrial wastewaters,
type of industry,
receiving waters,
investment (for the
largest)
Name, location, area,
Database on Protected Areas in Poland –
establishment year, brief Department for Nature and Landscape Protection
at the Institute of Environmental Protection
description
Name, location, area,
establishment year, type
of reserve, brief
description
87
Type of information
Scope of information
Landscape parks
Name, location, area,
establishment year,
protection objectives
Landscape
Name, location, area,
protection areas
establishment year,
protection objectives
Natura 2000
Name, location, area,
brief description
Historical
Name, location
monuments
Data source
Natura 2000
(http://natura2000.mos.gov.pl/natura2000)
Regional Office for Monument Conservation
in Zielona Góra (http://www.lwkz.zgora.pl)
The database on Potential Accident Risk Objects (Accident Risk Spots) contains
the most important information on objects (plants, facilities, sites) that create potential
hazards to the aquatic environment in case of an industrial accident. It was prepared
for the purpose of further work under the RIVER SHIELD Project on the basis of materials
and documentation obtained from the Register of potential originators of extraordinary
environmental hazards, managed by the Department for Major Accident Prevention of the Chief
Inspectorate for Environmental Protection (GIO ). The database includes information
on 12 plants (objects):
Ø with potential risk (ELDROB, NORDIS, EC GORZÓW, OSM in Gorzów, Pump station
No. 6 of the PERN "Przyja " pipeline),
Ø with increased risk (PKN ORLEN fuel depot No. 93, JERSAK),
Ø with high risk (STILON, SHELLGAS-POLSKA, ORLEN GAZ, ROCKWOOLPOLSKA, KRONOPOL)
The database has the following structure:
• plant/facility identification data,
• information on plant location,
• information on the activity profile and used installations,
• data on potential hazards created by a plant,
• information on safety and prevention measures,
• data on endangered objects and sites in the vicinity of the plant.
The database will be amended and updated systematically on the basis of available
information.
Databases allow to generate thematic maps in all scales. For the purposes of this report
6 thematic maps have been prepared in a 1:800 000 scale:
Map 3. Lubuskie Region
Map 4. Land-use in the Lubuskie Region
Map 5. Nature conservation and protection of cultural heritage in the Lubuskie Region
Map 6. Groundwaters in the Lubuskie Region
Map 7. Surface waters in the Lubuskie Region
Map 8. Potential water risk spots in the Lubuskie Region
88
With ArcGIS, data management and access are within a common framework designed
to maximize the performance and work flow of using image and feature data source.
Maps provide the advanced GIS applications for interacting with geographic data.
A document catalogue enables users to organize, discover, and gain access to shared
geographic knowledge. GIS is evolving from a database approach to a knowledge approach.
89