Surfaces 16 - Protective Coatings | International Paint

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Siag Aerisyn LLC > Fire Protection > Skarv FPSO > Challenges in the VOC world
INSIDE > Growth in Offshore Wind Power > Lansdowne Road Stadium > Mining and Mineral Processing
INTERNATIONAL-PC.COM
ISSUESIXTEEN2010
GROWTH IN
CONTENTS
The wind power industry has seen rapid
growth in recent years, with unprecedented
development of onshore wind in the USA
and China. While onshore growth is
expected to continue the offshore market
is beginning to establish itself as a
mainstream industry. Having developed
with the wind industry, International
Protective Coatings have coated one
in every four wind turbines worldwide,
establishing industry best practice
over the last 15 years.
The following are some of the recent offshore projects which International Protective Coatings has been involved with:
Rødsand B substation (Energinet) Denmark
Belwind Wind Farm – Zeebrugge, Belgium
Project: Connecting 90 turbines of the Rodsand
B offshore wind farm to the shore, International
Protective Coatings coated the 900 tonne
Rodsand B substation.
Project: Located on the Bligh Bank, 46
kilometers off the coast of Zeebrugge, Belgium
the Belwind wind farm required a coating system
which would ensure the turbines offered
maximum productivity. An anti-corrosion system
of Interzone® 954 and Interthane® 990 was
applied to the transition pieces, keeping them
protected for longer.
Component: Offshore Substation
System:
Structure: Interzinc® 52, Intergard® 475HS,
Interthane® 990
Decks: Interzone® 954
Project Size: 10,000 m2
ISO Environment: ISO 12944-2 C5-M
Applicator: Bladt Industries A/S
Year: 2008/2009
Component: Monopile Transition Pieces
System: Interzone® 954, Interthane® 990
Project Size: 30,000m2
ISO Environment: ISO 12944 C5-M, IM2
Applicator: Bladt Industries
Year: 2009
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Growth in Offshore
Wind Power
Ormonde Gas/Wind Cogeneration Project,
Scotland, UK
Project: This project had a number of
requirements which the coating system for this
project had to meet, including being a NORSOK
approved system, weekly technical support,
local and fast supply to meet a tight schedule
and proven track record. International Protective
Coatings met all these requirements and
supplied high build coatings to the turbines,
which are located just off the Irish Sea.
Components: Jacket and transition pieces
System:
Jacket: Interzone® 100
Decks: Interzone® 954, Interzone® 1000
Transition Pieces: Interzinc® 52, Intergard®
475HS, Interfine® 691
ISO Environment: ISO 12944 C5-M, IM2
Applicator: Burntisland Fabricators
Year: 2010
Lansdowne Road
Stadium
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Mining and Mineral
Processing
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Siag Aerisyn LLC
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Fire Protection
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Skarv FPSO
12
Challenges in the
VOC world
14
WIND
POWER
Being located miles from the shoreline, and facing harsh environmental
conditions, offshore wind turbines and their foundations require excellent
corrosion protection to prolong turbine life and limit costly maintenance.
While the massive onshore growth rates have transferred overseas in recent
years, offshore wind has presented northern Europe with an opportunity to once
again lead the market in volume installations. With countries such as Denmark,
Germany and the UK among those investing heavily in offshore, the North Sea is
becoming the proving ground for emerging offshore wind technologies.
Editor:
James Morton
Liaison:
Clare Goldie
Publisher:
International Protective Coatings
Produced By:
Sheridan Design
[email protected]
www.sheridandesign.co.uk
Although having many elements in common with onshore wind turbine
designs, offshore wind installations present a number of new technical and
engineering challenges to the wind industry. Many of these challenges stem
from the inaccessibility of the turbines once they are installed and operating.
The harsh conditions of the North Sea can make it very difficult and expensive
for maintenance vessels to operate, with most of the work having to be carried
out in the calmer summer months. It is therefore absolutely essential that every
component, including the coating system, is rigorously tested and performs
reliably for the lifetime of the offshore asset.
Furthermore the selection, design and installation of offshore foundations is a
completely new element to the wind industry. Here much of the technology
has been developed from oil and gas assets, allowing the offshore wind
industry to utilise already proven solutions.
With extensive track record in North Sea offshore oil and gas installations
stretching back more than 35 years, International Protective Coatings are able
to combine extensive offshore experience with a detailed understanding of the
wind business to deliver a complete offshore coatings solution.
With coating systems for hubs, blades, nacelles, components, towers and
foundations International Protective Coatings offers the opportunity to
reduce complexity by dealing with one supplier. Through a product range
including Intergard®, Intercure® and Interzone® International Protective
Coatings offers customers products which have all been rigorously tested to
ISO and NORSOK standards.
Cover photo: Offshore wind farm
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Lansdowne Road Stadium
BS8901 is a management
system for event venues that
deals with sustainability. This
standard had to be adhered to
during the redevelopment of
the renowned stadium and the
project’s environmental, social and
economic impact were all taken
into account from conception of
the project.
International Protective Coatings
is committed to sustainability.
Coating the exposed roof on
the new Lansdowne Road
Stadium in Dublin, Ireland,
with a polysiloxane finish
will prolong the design life
and will contribute to the
venue adhering to be
certifiably sustainable.
ALL PHOTOGRAPHY CHRIS GASCOIGNE
The original stadium first opened
as a multi-purpose venue and,
after hosting the first rugby game
in 1876 became synonymous with
the game. In 2007 the stadium
was demolished and, to ensure
sustainability was met throughout
the project, most of the existing
stadium was crushed onsite and
the materials were reused where
possible. Over 1,500 tonnes of
steelwork from the old stadium
was recycled.
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The architect who designed the
new stadium was Populous,
formerly HOK Sports with credit
to associate architects Scott
Tallon Walker (STW). As the
stadium is located in an ISO
12944 C4 environment, the
structural engineers contracted
on this project, Buro Happold,
specified a three coat system
which would offer anti-corrosive
protection and a quality durable
finish for steelwork on the
exposed roof. These criteria
were met by utilising a system of
Interzinc® 52, Intercure® 384 and
Interfine® 979 from International
Protective Coatings.
four times the colour and gloss
retention compared to traditional
polyurethanes to the project,
limiting the need for aesthetic
maintenance and reducing
environmental impact as VOC
solvents are reduced over the
life of the asset.
The project involved the
fabrication of 5,000 tonnes of
structural steel. The tubular
steelwork for the roof was
fabricated by Cimolai in Italy
and the lower tier was painted
and fabricated by Siac Butler in
Ireland. Interfine 979 has excellent
abrasion and impact resistance
which helps during transit and
limits the need for touch up
application on site, reducing
any related disruption to the
construction schedule.
Areas at the Lansdowne Road Stadium coated with
products by International Protective Coatings:
Interfine® 979 has
excellent abrasion and
impact resistance
Faying surfaces
Interzinc® 22 Zinc Silicate
With a global presence in the
coatings industry, International
Protective Coatings were able
to coordinate this multi-national
project with ease and ensure the
same product is applied in all
countries for consistency making
them the ideal coatings partner.
Lower Tier exposed steelwork
Interzinc® 52
Intercure® 384
Interthane® 878
Bolts and joint connections
Interplus® 256
Interplus® 770
Interfine® 979
Roof steelwork
Interzinc® 52
Intercure® 384
Interfine® 979
Track Record : Recent Sporting Venues:
The decision to use Interfine 979
was supported by the projects
architects as they required a finish
with enhanced cosmetic
properties. Together with the zinc
primer and intermediate coating,
the polysiloxane finish delivers
• Parc y Scarlets Stadium, Wales, UK
• Cape Town Stadium, South Africa
• Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium,
Port Elizabeth, South Africa
• Soccer City, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Mining and Mineral
Processing
Interplan® Takes the Pain Away
Producing 700,000 ounces of gold per annum,
Kalgoorlie Consolidated Gold Mine (KCGM), owned
by Newmont Australia and Barrick Gold Corporation,
is one of the largest gold producers in Australia. In
gold mining, structural steel, concrete and processing
equipment must be continually maintained due to
the harsh corrosive environments they face. Using
their Interplan® tool, International Protective Coatings
worked closely with KCGM to devise a custom made
maintenance plan to proactively manage corrosion.
Shaun Traves, KCGM
Maintenance Engineer, faces
the daily challenge of ensuring
the KCGM gold processing
facility continues to run at
optimal capacity. Maintenance is
expensive, time consuming and in
many key areas, such as process
tanks and conveyor systems,
maintenance due to corrosion will
affect production levels. Despite
this, maintenance is an essential
procedure to ensure the health
and safety of employees and the
continual operation of a facility.
In order to proactively manage
corrosion related maintenance
and optimise spend for KCGM,
International Protective Coatings
completed an Interplan® to
evaluate the priority maintenance
areas. The Interplan took the pain
away from the time consuming
process of devising a detailed
coatings maintenance plan and
this enabled KCGM to devise a five
year maintenance plan to address
the site's corrosion problems with
minimal disruption to production
(and hence profit). It also provided
a living document that can be
used to help justify the capital
expenditure required to maintain a
large gold processing site.
modified epoxy, have been
specified for dry and wet areas.
These high performing products
were required to protect the steel
from a combination of acidic and
hyper saline ground water.
Tierney Coating Services were
contracted by KCGM owners to
apply the products due to their
good reputation and experience
with coatings from International
Protective Coatings. Interzone
954 has excellent surface
tolerance properties allowing
applicators to apply the product
in the challenging environment
experienced on the KCGM site.
As the maintenance project
develops International Protective
Coatings will continue to work
with KCGM to periodically
assess the site maintenance
and offer solutions. A number of
factors were behind International
Protective Coatings being
selected to help maintain the site
including superior products and
technical service, good working
relationship with contractors,
good representation in the local
area and a long history of practical
maintenance success.
Interplan®, from International Protective Coatings,
delivers:
• Bespoke maintenance painting plans for effective
corrosion protection
• Optimised maintenance budgets to help reduce
maintenance spend over an asset’s lifetime
• Enhanced productivity
Please contact International Protective Coatings to
find out more about Interplan and how it can work
for you.
[email protected]
Currently, KCGM is at stage one
of the maintenance plan. Products
from International Protective
Coatings including Intercure®
200, rapid dry epoxy primer,
and Interzone® 954, a high build
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SIAG
AERISYN
LLC
International Protective Coatings
have supplied Aerisyn with protective
coatings since the company began
trading in 2005 and have developed a
close relationship with the staff and
management at the facility. It was this
relationship which lead SIAG Aerisyn
LLC to approach International
Protective Coatings at the end of
2009 to ask for some guidance in their
painting schedules.
New Interzinc® 22 Series
Ready for overcoat in just 41/2 hours*
The series consists of four zinc silicate products each
with a different zinc dust level, giving you the flexibility
to tailor specifications to a variety of standards and end
use requirements.
Best of all, each has the same overcoating performance
characteristics, allowing enhanced productivity in your
fabrication yard.
• Interzinc 22 – 85% zinc dust content
• Interzinc 2280 – 80% zinc dust content
• Interzinc 2277 – 77% zinc dust content
• Interzinc 2265 – 65% zinc dust content
SIAG Aerisyn LLC, located in
Chattanooga, Tennessee, are a leading
manufacturer of tubular steel wind turbine
towers, producing finished units for the
booming North American wind market.
They currently have a potential capacity
of around 250 wind turbine towers per
year and have worked with international
turbine manufacturers such as Clipper,
Gamesa and Mitsubishi.
SIAG Aerisyn LLC wanted to know how they
could improve the productivity of their paint
shop, reduce their paint usage and
streamline their coatings process, ahead of
an expected increase in demand. With
demand picking up and the future of the
North American wind industry looking bright,
SIAG Aerisyn LLC called upon the expertise
of their local sales representative.
Working with SIAG Aerisyn LLC International
Protective Coatings conducted a full site
audit in December 2009 covering all the
aspects of their coatings process including:
The shop audit was compiled into a
complete report including photographs and
comments. This was delivered to SIAG
Aerisyn LLC as a formal presentation where
the findings were presented and discussed,
SIAG Aerisyn LLC were also given a bound
hard copy of the audit and its findings for
their future reference.
Find out more by visiting
www.international-pc.com/22series
The service offered by International
Protective Coatings in assisting SIAG Aerisyn
LLC lead to the signing of an 18 month
contract for paint supply using International
Protective Coatings' industry leading
Intergard® 3450 and Interthane® 990UHS
coating systems.
Consisting of a direct to metal epoxy primer
intermediate, Intergard 3450 and a high
solids polyurethane finish Interthane
990UHS, this system protects one in every
three wind turbines manufactured in North
America providing long term corrosion
protection and aesthetic performance,
with zero HAPs and low VOC.
• Housekeeping
• Equipment
• Painting Practice
• Documentation
And finishing up with observations and
potential improvement.
* at 25°C (77°F), 55% relative humidity
International Paint.
Tested products, trusted solutions.
8
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9
SIAG
AERISYN
LLC
International Protective Coatings
have supplied Aerisyn with protective
coatings since the company began
trading in 2005 and have developed a
close relationship with the staff and
management at the facility. It was this
relationship which lead SIAG Aerisyn
LLC to approach International
Protective Coatings at the end of
2009 to ask for some guidance in their
painting schedules.
New Interzinc® 22 Series
Ready for overcoat in just 41/2 hours*
The series consists of four zinc silicate products each
with a different zinc dust level, giving you the flexibility
to tailor specifications to a variety of standards and end
use requirements.
Best of all, each has the same overcoating performance
characteristics, allowing enhanced productivity in your
fabrication yard.
• Interzinc 22 – 85% zinc dust content
• Interzinc 2280 – 80% zinc dust content
• Interzinc 2277 – 77% zinc dust content
• Interzinc 2265 – 65% zinc dust content
SIAG Aerisyn LLC, located in
Chattanooga, Tennessee, are a leading
manufacturer of tubular steel wind turbine
towers, producing finished units for the
booming North American wind market.
They currently have a potential capacity
of around 250 wind turbine towers per
year and have worked with international
turbine manufacturers such as Clipper,
Gamesa and Mitsubishi.
SIAG Aerisyn LLC wanted to know how they
could improve the productivity of their paint
shop, reduce their paint usage and
streamline their coatings process, ahead of
an expected increase in demand. With
demand picking up and the future of the
North American wind industry looking bright,
SIAG Aerisyn LLC called upon the expertise
of their local sales representative.
Working with SIAG Aerisyn LLC International
Protective Coatings conducted a full site
audit in December 2009 covering all the
aspects of their coatings process including:
The shop audit was compiled into a
complete report including photographs and
comments. This was delivered to SIAG
Aerisyn LLC as a formal presentation where
the findings were presented and discussed,
SIAG Aerisyn LLC were also given a bound
hard copy of the audit and its findings for
their future reference.
Find out more by visiting
www.international-pc.com/22series
The service offered by International
Protective Coatings in assisting SIAG Aerisyn
LLC lead to the signing of an 18 month
contract for paint supply using International
Protective Coatings' industry leading
Intergard® 3450 and Interthane® 990UHS
coating systems.
Consisting of a direct to metal epoxy primer
intermediate, Intergard 3450 and a high
solids polyurethane finish Interthane
990UHS, this system protects one in every
three wind turbines manufactured in North
America providing long term corrosion
protection and aesthetic performance,
with zero HAPs and low VOC.
• Housekeeping
• Equipment
• Painting Practice
• Documentation
And finishing up with observations and
potential improvement.
* at 25°C (77°F), 55% relative humidity
International Paint.
Tested products, trusted solutions.
8
international-pc.com
international-pc.com
9
Infosys Building
Victoria Hospital
Melbourne Airport
Wuxi Airport Extension
New York Times Tower
Heathrow Airport Terminal 5
India
Scotland
Australia
China
USA
UK
Interchar 963
Interchar 1120
Interchar 963
Interchar 963
Interchar 212
Interchar 212
Victoria Hospital UK
Protective coatings designed to prolong the life of steel by retarding the
rate of heating are known as fire proofing or fire protection materials.
The Interchar® brand from International Protective Coatings is an advanced
material designed to offer a fire protection solution to the building industry.
Recent global projects involving Interchar products:
Wuxi Airport Extention China
At temperatures above 400°C (752°F) steelwork loses its structural integrity and
at 600°C (1112°F) the steel would have lost about 75 percent of its strength. Steel
does not burn in a fire, but loss of integrity will lead to structural failure putting both
lives and assets at risk.
Track Record
New York Times Tower New York
Fire
Protection
A building should be designed and constructed
so that in the event of a fire, its stability will be
maintained for a reasonable period. Is your building
protected against cellulosic fires? This one simple
question will help in understanding the importance of,
and the need for fire protection.
The technology found in the Interchar material is designed to react to the heat
generated during a fire and to intumesce, or ‘swell up’ providing an insulating
layer (also known as char) over the steel to prevent it from heating too rapidly.
Offering the highest standards against cellulosic fires (fires caused by the burning
of materials such as paper and wood) to facilities such as office buildings,
airports, stadia and hotels Interchar allows buildings to be fire protected without
compromising aesthetic appeal.
"Interchar® fire
protection provides
a complete solution
for the building
industry"
The Interchar Product Range
Interchar® 212
Interchar 212 is a 100 percent volume solids, epoxy based intumescent product.
Offering effective fire protection for up to three hours Interchar 212 also has anticorrosive properties and an ability to be applied to four finish standards, making it
an ideal choice where quality finish is important.
Interchar® 404
This thin film, single pack intumescent coating will follow the contours of any steel
building and the smooth film will give you a visual finish with competitive loadings.
Interchar® 1120
As the latest edition to the Interchar range, Interchar 1120 is a thin film water borne
coating designed to protect the interior of exposed steelwork. When combined
with water based primers and topcoats Interchar 1120 can offer a truly sustainable
coating package.
Interchar® 963
Fast dry charactertics found in Interchar 963, a single pack intumescent material
allows you to improve your productivity and is suitable for both onsite and offsite
application.
The Interchar range has been providing solutions to infrastructure projects across
the globe such as New York Times Building, USA, Victoria Hospital, UK, Wuxi Airport
Expansion, China and to help combat cellulosic fires International Protective Coatings
is launching the established passive fire protection range in the Sri Lankan market.
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To learn more about the fire protection range from
International Protective Coatings, visit the product pages at
www.international-pc.com
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International Protective Coatings is supplying high performance coatings
and passive fire protection to the turret and topside structures of the
Skarv FPSO (floating, production, storage & offloading) as well as subsea
production equipment. BP has announced that 80% of the Skarv oil and
gas development project in the Norwegian Sea is now complete. The Skarv
FPSO vessel should begin production from the well in August 2011. The
owners of the Skarv field, BP, set aside $6.5 billion for development of the
field, first discovered in 1998, and believed to hold 106 million barrels of oil
and 35 billion standard cubic metres of natural gas. The Skarv FPSO will be
the largest to be deployed in the area.
Protected by high performance coatings with a 25 year service life.
The field, located just 30 miles south of the Arctic
Circle is in one of the harshest offshore environments
in the world and has water depths of 400 metres
(1,310 feet). BP decided that an FPSO was the most
economical and safest type of floating production unit
to be used on the field. Not only can FPSOs store the
crude oil in the hull before offloading to shuttle tankers,
but they are also able to process gas from the well on
their topsides. This gas can then be transported via
subsea pipelines to land.
A design feature of an FPSO is their ability to maintain
stability in stormy conditions and strong currents by
weather-vaning around a central turret. The turret can
be internal or external to the hull. Flow lines and risers
carry oil and gas through the middle of the turret to the
topsides for processing and storage.
In the case of the Skarv FPSO, an internal turret was
chosen, designed and fabricated by SBM Offshore at
a cost of $250 million. The design and fabricated was
based on their “bogie-wheel” concept, already used
on FPSOs in the North Sea and Brazil and is the world
largest turret as far as mooring loads are concerned.
© BP. Plc
Construction of the turret was carried out in the
Keppel shipyard in Singapore where it was recently
transported for integration into the hull at Samsung
Heavy Industries on Geoje Island, South Korea.
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A high performance coatings system was needed to
provide the turret and FPSO with a 25 year service
life. The coating systems used were certified to the
NORSOK standard M-501 which was developed
by the Norwegian petroleum industry. Two coats
of Interzone® 1000 were applied below the splash
zone of the turret, with upper sections using a three
coat scheme of Interzinc® 52, Intergard® 475HS and
Interfine® 691, as a non-isocyanate finish. The same
three coat scheme was applied to 16,000 tonnes
of piping and un-insulated carbon steel operating at
temperatures below 120°C (248°F) on the topside.
This offered the fabricator reduced coatings complexity
whilst meeting the needs of the customer. In addition,
over 230 tonnes of Chartek® 7, a passive fire protection
coating, were applied to offer excellent steel protection
and help maintain steel integrity during a fire.
In total 16 wells will be used to develop the oil and
gas field. Vetco Gray was given the Engineering,
Procurement & Construction (EPC) contract for the
subsea production units by BP worth over $260 million.
International Protective Coatings were chosen
to protect over 60,000 m2 of subsea equipment much of this was fabricated at Burntisland, Scotland.
A coating specification of two coats of Interzone® 954
was favoured, which provides excellent barrier
protection for immersed offshore environments. In
addition, being high build properties makes it favoured
by applicators.
International Protective Coatings protects over 50%
of the current FPSO fleet deployed around the world.
High performance coatings such as Intershield 300,
for water ballast tanks, Chartek 7, for passive fire
protection, and Intersleek® 900, as an easy clean
hull coating, are key products which can be used
on FPSOs. As offshore shallow water oil reserves
diminish, production from deepwater fields using
FPSOs holds the key to sustaining the world’s oil
and gas needs.
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13
challenges
in th
t e
C world
r
Volatile Organic Compound (VOC)
regulations drive the research and
development efforts of high performance
coating manufacturers. Various responses
towards VOC stringency have been
introduced; solvent-free coatings,
innovative high solids coatings and new
generation water borne high performance
coatings. This article investigates why
these are important developments for the
coatings industry and its customers, and
the challenges we face.
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High performance coatings facilitate molecular
lubricity, molecular mobility, dissolve high molecular
weight resins, lower surface tension and are far
removed from what some might interpret as “the
stuff that makes paint dry".
The Technologies
The coatings technical community has made great
technological strides to reduce the VOC in coatings
by using:
Water Borne Coatings
Water borne, high performance acrylics have
been formulated to provide enhanced barrier
performance and corrosion resistance.
High Solid Coatings
A variety of proprietary low VOC, low viscosity
and high solids coatings with far superior wetting
properties have been developed for harsh industrial
and marine environments. Unique mono and
di-functional reactive resins, together with curing
agents which have excellent molecular mobility
have been identified for complete corrosion
protection.
Solvent-Free
Two-Component Coatings
Applied at high dry film thicknesses, new
generation low or zero VOC, one coat lining
products cure in a few hours. With outstanding
chemical resistance and no risk of solvent
entrapment they save time and labour as well
as satisfy VOC regulations.
Challenges to Consider
Surface Preparation
Correct surface preparation for applying solventfree, or high solids lining systems, is imperative for
long term coating success. This is even more true
for coatings designed for immersion service. One
of the keys to success, therefore, is to obtain a
deeper profile of 75-100 microns (3 to 4 mils) in the
abrasive blasted steel. In addition, it is even more
important that the profile be jagged as opposed
to having a peen pattern. Published studies of
accelerated tests by International Protective
Coatings have demonstrated that the level of
corrosion resistance for immersion grade linings is
indeed a function of profile angularity and profile
amplitude in abrasive blasted steel.
High Viscosity
With respect to solvent free coatings, there
are other concerns besides surface profile
characteristics to deal with. Achieving low VOC
coatings by a solvent free route often results in
coatings that possess high viscosity, shorter pot
lives and limited recoat windows. Care must be
taken to select the proper application equipment.
Any addition of exempt or non-exempt solvent
to increase the working time of the coating will
drastically affect the coating performance. All these
issues highlight the need to properly follow the
coating manufacturer’s instructions.
Application Methods
Coatings that address VOC issues can have
specific application requirements. The range of
possible application methods has widened in order
to provide the optimum delivery method for each
type of coating. Air assisted and spray equipment
considerably improve the application of high solids
coatings containing exempt solvent and new
generation heated plural-component equipment
is ideal for one coat, thick film and short pot life
solvent-free coatings.
Customer Benefits
Modern solvent-free coatings are gaining
popularity with customers because, in general,
one coat systems save time and money and can
be placed in service within hours of application.
They have minimal occupational health and safety
hazards associated with them and risk of solvent
entrapment is removed.
International Protective Coatings are forging ahead
with better understanding of what is required for
success with low or zero VOC high performance
coatings. VOC regulations have elicited an
industry-leading response from coating formulators
to provide owners with life cycle extension benefits,
applicators with lower numbers of applied coats,
and all parties a quicker return to service.
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Siag Aerisyn LLC > Fire Protection > Skarv FPSO > Challenges in the VOC world
INSIDE > Growth in Offshore Wind Power > Lansdowne Road Stadium > Mining and Mineral Processing
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