3.2 Vorgaben zum Aufbau und zur Gestaltung eines

KS Willisau
3.2
Wegleitung zur Maturaarbeit im Fach Biologie/Chemie
Vorgaben zum Aufbau und zur Gestaltung eines wissenschaftlichen Posters
Ein wissenschaftliches Poster ist weder ein Werbe- noch ein Veranstaltungsplakat [13], sondern
die visuelle, gekürzte Wiedergabe einer wissenschaftlichen Arbeit. Die inhaltlichen Aussagen
und der Aufbau des Posters entsprechen deshalb im Wesentlichen den Aussagen und dem
Aufbau der zugrundeliegenden Arbeit.
Die folgenden Ausführungen ergänzen die Broschüre ‚Maturaarbeit – Präsentation der Ausstellung’ [14], in der unter anderem wichtige Hinweise zu den Ausstellungsmodulen und den
entsprechenden Posterformaten zu finden sind.
3.2.1
Aufbau eines wissenschaftlichen Posters
Das Poster ist eine illustrierte Zusammenfassung einer wissenschaftlichen Arbeit. Es erlaubt
der Leserin die Kernaussagen der zugrundeliegenden wissenschaftlichen Arbeit rasch zu erfassen. Ein Poster sollte dementsprechend Folgendes beinhalten [13] [15] [17]:
•
Titel der Arbeit, Autoren und Organisation (KS Willisau).
•
Abstract (optional): Das Poster-Abstract ist eine stark gekürzte Fassung des Abstracts aus
der Dokumentation (Richtangabe: nicht mehr als 10 Sätze).
•
Einführung: Kontext der Arbeit; warum ist das Thema wichtig?; kurze Ausführung über die
der Arbeit zugrundeliegende und für das Verständnis notwendige Theorie.
•
Problemstellung: Das Poster muss die Fragestellung oder die zu prüfenden Hypothesen der
Arbeit klar und verständlich wiedergeben. Dem Leser muss aus diesem Teil ersichtlich
werden, was die Arbeit zeigen oder untersuchen wollte.
•
Methoden: Es müssen nicht alle in der Arbeit verwendeten Methoden detailliert erklärt
werden. Nur die zum Verständnis der Arbeit wichtigen Methoden sollten aufgeführt und
wenn notwendig kurz erklärt werden. Komplexe Apparaturen und Versuchsanordnungen
können durch Abbildungen veranschaulicht werden.
•
Resultate: Die wichtigsten Resultate werden dem Leser präsentiert und mit Abbildungen
(Diagrammen) ergänzt. Der Leser sollte anschliessend wissen, was mit der Arbeit gezeigt
werden konnte und welche neuen Erkenntnisse durch die Arbeit gewonnen wurden.
•
Schlussfolgerungen: Diese entsprechen einer kurzen Interpretation der Resultate vor dem
Hintergrund der Fragestellungen oder Hypothesen der Arbeit. Die Schlussfolgerungen müssen die am Anfang der Arbeit stehenden Fragestellungen/Hypothesen beantworten.
•
Quellenangaben: Alle im Poster verwendeten Quellen müssen auf dem Poster angegeben
werden.
Der Text sollte knapp, klar, einfach und präzise formuliert und auf das Wesentlichste beschränkt
werden. Um den Text zu reduzieren, können anstelle von Volltexten verbale Wortketten, stichwortartige Aufzählungen etc. verwendet werden. Abbildungen, Diagramme und Tabellen müssen selbsterklärend und mit einer Legende beschriftet sein.
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KS Willisau
3.2.2
Wegleitung zur Maturaarbeit im Fach Biologie/Chemie
Gestaltung eines wissenschaftlichen Posters
Ein wissenschaftliches Poster ist zwar kein Werbeplakat, trotzdem soll es attraktiv erscheinen
und zum Lesen einladen. Um dies zu erreichen, müssen bei der Gestaltung eines Posters ein
paar einfache Grundsätze eingehalten werden [13] [14] [15] [18] [19]:
•
Als erstes muss die Raumaufteilung des Posters geplant werden: Soll das Poster Hochformat oder Querformat gestaltet werden? Wie viele Spalten und Abschnitte werden für das
Poster benötigt? Wo werden Titel, Autoren, Logo und Quellenverzeichnis platziert?
•
Der Titel bildet den Einstieg in ein Poster. Er muss deshalb aussagekräftig und gut lesbar
sein. (Hände weg von WordArt-Titeln in verschiedenen Farben und von Titeln in Grossbuchstaben.)
•
Gliederung: Dem Leser muss klar sein, wie das Poster gegliedert ist und wo er mit Lesen
starten muss. Die Gliederung soll bereits optisch ersichtlich werden. Eindeutige Überschriften und Ziffern bei den Überschriften können die Abfolge allenfalls verdeutlichen. Die
Texte müssen ihrem Inhalt entsprechend angeordnet werden, also Abstract, Fragestellung,
Methoden, Resultate, Schlussfolgerungen und Quellenangaben.
•
Text und Abbildungen sollten nicht mehr als zwei Drittel des Posters bedecken. Hier kann
man Mut zur Lücke beweisen: Ein Drittel der Fläche eines Posters sollte frei bleiben.
•
Nie mehr als 2–3 Schriftarten und -grössen verwenden. Die Schriftgrösse der Texte sollte
nicht kleiner als 24 Punkt sein, die Schriftgrösse des Titels sollte ca. 72 Punkt betragen.
•
Die Überschriften und Texte müssen einheitlich formatiert werden (Schriftart und -grösse,
Absätze, Abstände etc.). Die Textblöcke werden normalerweise linksbündig formatiert, um
mehr Zwischenräume zu schaffen, Blocksatz ist aber ebenfalls möglich. In beiden Fällen ist
situativ manuelle Silbentrennung einzusetzen, um grosse Lücken zu vermeiden.
•
Abbildungen und Fotos müssen von guter Bildqualität sein. Grafiken sollten ansprechend
gestaltet werden.
•
Die Farbgestaltung des Posters soll das Poster attraktiver und besser leserlich machen. Das
Poster enthält idealerweise 2–3 Farben, nicht mehr. Auf schrille Farben ist zu verzichten.
Am besten lesbar sind Poster mit einer dunklen Schrift auf hellem Hintergrund. Der Hintergrund sollte nicht gemustert sein.
Im Programm, mit dem das Poster erstellt werden soll, muss zu Beginn unbedingt das Papierformat (z. B. A1: 84 x 59.4 cm) definiert werden. Informationen zur Postergrösse (A1/A0), Tipps
zu den zu verwendenden Programmen zum Erstellen des Posters und die verschiedenen Möglichkeiten zum Druck des Posters sind in der Broschüre ‚Maturaarbeit – Präsentation der
Ausstellung’ zu finden [14].
3.2.3
Beispiele wissenschaftlicher Poster
Jedes Poster ist auf das Thema der Arbeit, das Zielpublikum und den Autor abgestimmt und
präsentiert sich deshalb sehr individuell. Eine einheitliche Formatvorlage macht deswegen
keinen Sinn. Die folgenden Beispiele von wissenschaftlichen Postern sind keine ‚perfekten’
Version 2009/2010
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Fachschaften Biologie/Chemie
KS Willisau
Wegleitung zur Maturaarbeit im Fach Biologie/Chemie
Poster, welche alle erwähnten Grundsätze zum Aufbau und zur Gestaltung eines Posters
erfüllen, aber es sind allesamt sehr gute Poster, die nahezu ‚perfekt’ sind:
Poster title goes here, containing strictly
only the essential number of words...
Author’s Name/s Goes Here, Author’s Name/s Goes Here, Author’s Name/s Goes Here
Address/es Goes Here, Address/es Goes Here, Address/es Goes Here
Introduction
Method
Results
First…
Tips for making a successful poster…
Importing / inserting files…
Check with conference organisers on their specifications
of size and orientation, before you start your poster eg.
maximum poster size; landscape, portrait or square.
The page size of this poster template is A0 (84x119cm),
landscape (horizontal) format. Do not change this page
size, MIU can scale-to-fit a smaller or larger size, when
printing. If you need a different shape start with either a
portrait (vertical) or a square poster template.
Bear in mind you do not need to fill up the whole space
allocated by some conference organisers (eg. 8ftx4ft in
the USA). Do not make your poster bigger than
necessary just to fill that given size.
Printing and Laminating…
! Re-write your paper into poster format ie.
Simplify everything, avoid data overkill.
Images such as photographs, graphs, diagrams, logos,
etc, can be added to the poster.
! Headings of more than 6 words should be in upper and
lower case, not all capitals.
To insert scanned images into your poster, go through the
menus as follows: Insert / Picture / From File… then find
the file on your computer, select it, and press OK.
! Never do whole sentences in capitals or underline to
stress your point, use bold characters instead.
The best type of image files to insert are JPEG or TIFF,
JPEG is the preferred format.
! When laying out your poster leave breathing space
around you text. Don’t overcrowd your poster.
! Try using photographs or coloured graphs. Avoid long
numerical tables.
Be aware of the image size you are importing. The
average colour photo (13 x 18cm at 180dpi) would be
about 3Mb (1Mb for B/W greyscale). Call MIU if unsure.
Once you have completed your poster, bring it down to
MIU for printing. We will produce a A3 size draft print for
you to check and proof read. The final poster will then be
printed and laminated.
Note: Do not leave your poster until the last minute. Allow
at least 5 working days before you need to use it.
Simply highlight this text and replace.
Cost…
For poster-printing and laminating charges contact to MIU
Do not use images from the web.
! Spell check and get someone else to proof-read.
Captions to be set in Times or
Times New Roman or
equivalent, italic, between 18
and 24 points.
Left aligned if it refers to a
figure on its left. Caption
starts right at the top edge of
the picture (graph or photo).
Notes about graphs…
For simple graphs use MS Excel, or do the graph directly
in PowerPoint.
Graphs done in a scientific graphing programs (eg. Sigma
Plot, Prism, SPSS, Statistica) should be saved as JPEG
or TIFF if possible. For more information see MIU.
Conclusion
For more information on:
Aim
How to use this poster template…
Simply highlight this text and replace it by typing in your
own text, or copy and paste your text from a MS Word
document or a PowerPoint slide presentation.
The body text / font size should be between 24 and 32
points. Arial, Helvetica or equivalent.
Captions to be set in Times or
Times New Roman or
equivalent, italic, between 18
and 24 points. Right aligned if
it refers to a figure on its right.
Caption starts right at the top
edge of the picture (graph or
photo).
Captions to be set in Times or
Times New Roman or
equivalent, italic, between 18
and 24 points.
Left aligned if it refers to a
figure on its left. Caption
starts right at the top edge of
the picture (graph or photo).
Keep body text left-aligned, do not justify text.
Poster Design, Scanning and Digital Photography,
and Image / file size.
Contact:
Medical Illustration Unit
Prince of Wales Hospital
Ph: 9382 2800
Email: [email protected]
Web: http://miu.med.unsw.edu.au
The colour of the text, title and poster background can be
changed to the colour of your choice.
Acknowledgements
Captions to be set in Times or Times New Roman or equivalent, italic, 18 to 24 points,
to the length of the column in case a figure takes more than 2/3 of column width.
Captions to be set in Times or Times New Roman or equivalent, italic, 18 to 24 points,
to the length of the column in case a figure takes more than 2/3 of column width.
Just highlight this text and replace with your own text.
Replace this with your text.
Abb. 4:
Formatvorlage 1 zu einem wissenschaftlichen Poster im Querformat [15].
(Im Anhang befindet sich eine analoge Vorlage im Hochformat, vgl. Abb. A1, S. 32. Zusätzlich findet sich
dort noch eine weitere Vorlage im Hochformat und im Querformat, vgl. Abb. A3, Abb. A2. In der OnlineVersion [21] dieser Wegleitung kann man einzelne Bereiche des Posters nach Wunsch vergrössern.)
Abb. 5:
Farbschemavarianten bei einem wissenschaftlichen Poster [17].
Version 2009/2010
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Fachschaften Biologie/Chemie
KS Willisau
Wegleitung zur Maturaarbeit im Fach Biologie/Chemie
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Konkretes Beispiel für ein wissenschaftliches Poster [16].
(In der Online-Version [21] dieser Wegleitung kann man einzelne Bereiche des Posters nach Wunsch
vergrössern.)
[..]
Version 2009/2010
– 24 –
Fachschaften Biologie/Chemie
KS Willisau
Wegleitung zur Maturaarbeit im Fach Biologie/Chemie
6. Anhang
Template 70x100cm ” scientific poster”
with font Mundo Sans or Arial regular 72pt
The name of the authors 28pt regular
Conclusions first: 44 pt bold
Always put the most important part - your conclusions - first! Place your
conclusions in the upper left hand corner of your poster.
Prepare your material from the reader's perspective. What was done, by who
and your conclusion has to be accessible within a couple of second's reading!
Use active voice when writing the text. textsize: 36 pt regular
Use pictures or illustrations! Make sure that every figure, table and picture has a caption that
describes what is being shown. All text should be horizontal, not vertical. Image caption: 28pt
regular
Introduction
Posters are primarily visual
presentations. Your poster
should be dominated by selfexplanatory illustrations such
as graphs and pictures while
the amount of text should be
kept to the minimum.
Always write a descriptive caption. 28pt
regular
Use diagrams to illustrate your
results. 28pt regular
Your aim
Start by thinking of your poster
as an advertisement for your
work rather than an opportunity
for a complete presentation.
Use diagrams to illustrate your
results. 28pt regular
Your message
Keep your message clear and
your text concise. Decide what
is relevant for this poster and try
to get your message across to
your target group.
Karolinska Institutet 18pt regular
Person in charge: First name, Surname
Section
Formatvorlage 2 zu einem wissenschaftlichen Poster im Hochformat [15].
Maintain a good amount of space
between your columns. Although you
could squeeze them right up against
each other, the poster#s aesthetics
would suffer. So when your mentor says
to do it, just nod your head as if you#re
listening, but roll your eyes as soon as
she#s not looking."
The first sentence of the
first paragraph does not
need to be indented."
Introduction!
This is a header. If you make the
font size large, and then add bolding,
there is no need to also apply
underlining or italicization or
numbers. Adding multiple kinds of
styles, needlessly, just marks you as
a poster novice."
This is a Microsoft Powerpoint template that has column widths and
font sizes optimized for printing a 36 x 56” poster—just replace the
“tips” and “blah, blah, blah” repeat motifs with actual content, if you
have it. Try to keep your total word count under 500 (yea, this
suggestion applies to everyone, even you). More tips (18 pages!) can
be found at “Advice on designing scientific posters” at my web site
(www.swarthmore.edu/natsci/cpurrin1). To see examples of how
others have abused this template to fit their presentation needs,
perform a Google search for “powerpoint template for scientific
posters.”
This paragraph has “justified” margins, but be aware that simple
left-justification (other paragraphs) is infinitely better if your font
doesn’t “space” nicely when fully justified. Sometimes spacing
difficulties can be fixed by manually inserting hyphens into longer
words. Powerpoint doesn’t automatically hyphenate, by the way.
Your main text is easier to read if you use a “serif” font such as
Palatino or Times (i.e., people have done experiments and found this to
be the case). Use a non-serif font for your title and section headings.
Abb. A2:
Contact Mediabyrån at
University Library for help with
layout and Image enhancement.
For printouts and professional
photographers contact
Bildmakarna. Fore more
information:
www.bildmakarna.kib.ki.se
The best font for text blocks
that are as short as they should
be on a poster is a Sans Serif
typeface family. Therefore, use
sans serif fonts such as Arial or
Mundo sans rather than serif
fonts like Times or Courier.
AVOID CAPITAL LETTERS IN
TEXTS THAT ARE LONGER
THAN ONE LINE, SINCE
THEY ARE MORE DIFFICULT
TO READ.
Handouts
If you succeed in getting the
reader's attention, provide her/
him with more detailed
information in the form of
handouts or printed articles.
Include references on your
handout instead of your poster.
It is a good idea to use pictures and write some few
short notes of what´s going on in the future. Put
handouts, business cards, reprints nearby - on a
table or in an envelope hung with the poster.
Always write a descriptive
caption. 28pt regular
Abb. A1:
Layout, photos and
print
Tips:
Visiting address: Berzeliusväg 7
Post address: 171 77 Stockholm
Telephone: 08-524 8 63 29
Fax: 08-000 0 00 00
e-mail: [email protected]
website: mediabyran.kib.ki.se
Formatvorlage 3 zu einem wissenschaftlichen Poster im Hochformat [15].
Title that hints at the underlying issue or question!
Format in “sentence case.”
This means only the “t” in
“title” gets capitalized."
Your name(s) here"
Department of Biology, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, Pennsylvania 19081"
Results!
The overall layout for this section should be modified from this
template to best show off your graphs and other result-related
illustrations. You might want a single, large column to accommodate a
big map, or perhaps you could arrange 6 figures in a circle in the
center of the poster: do whatever it takes to make your results
graphically clear. And, for the love of God (or whoever), make your
graphs big enough to read from 6’ away.
Paragraph format is fine, but sometimes a simple list of “bullet”
points can communicate results more effectively:
•!
•!
•!
•!
data were so non-normal, they were bizarre
9 out of 12 brainectomized rats survived
1 brainectomized rat escaped, killing 12 undergraduates
Control rats completed maze faster, on average, than rats
without brains (Fig. 3b) (t = 9.84, df = 21, p = 0.032)
If you can orient your label
horizontally (like this one),
do it! Viewers with fused
neck musculature are
more likely to read it."
Rats with brains navigated mazes faster
Conclusions!
"
Brainectomized"
Putting titles on graphs is a
huge no-no for manuscripts,
but for a poster it really makes
your graph instantly
understandable to your
viewers. E.g., just TELL your
viewer what#s so cool or
important about the graph…
don#t make them hunt for it."
"
Time (s)
Control (brain intact)"
Maze difficulty index"
Figure 4. Avoid keys that force readers to labor through complicated
graphs: just label all the lines (as above) and then delete the silly key
provided by your charting software altogether. The above figure would
also be greatly improved if I had the ability to draw mini rats with and
without brains. I would then put these really cute little illustrations next to
the lines they represent."
Be sure to separate figures from other figures by generous
use of white space. When figures are too cramped, viewers get
confused about which figures to read first and which legend goes
with which figure."
Figures are preferred but tables are sometimes unavoidable.
A table looks best when it is first composed within Microsoft Word,
then “Inserted” as an “Object.” If you can add small drawings or
icons to your tables, do so!
Figure 1. Photograph or drawing of
organism, chemical structure, or
whatever. Don#t use graphics from the
web (they usually look terrible when
printed)."
Make sure the edges of your
columns are aligned with
adjacent columns. Don#t trust
your eyes: select the columns,
then “Align” with the Align tool."
You can, of course, start your conclusions in column #3 if your results
section is “data light.”
Conclusions should not be mere reminders of your results.
Instead, you want to guide the reader through what you have
concluded from the results. What is the broader significance? Would
anyone be mildly surprised? Why should anyone care? This section
should refer back, explicitly, to the “burning issue” mentioned in the
introduction. If you didn’t mention a burning issue in the introduction,
go back and fix that -- your poster should have made a good case for
why this experiment was worthwhile. A good conclusion will also refer
to the literature on the topic -- how does your research add to what is
already published on the topic?
Blah, blah, blah. Blah, blah, blah. Blah, blah, blah. Blah, blah,
blah. Blah, blah, blah. Blah, blah, blah. Blah, blah, blah. Blah, blah,
blah. Blah, blah, blah. Blah, blah, blah. Blah, blah, blah. Blah, blah,
blah. Blah, blah, blah. Blah, blah, blah. Blah, blah, blah. Blah, blah,
blah. Blah, blah, blah. Blah, blah, blah. Blah, blah, blah. Blah, blah,
blah.
Blah, blah, blah. Blah, blah, blah. Blah, blah, blah. Blah, blah,
blah. Blah, blah, blah. Blah, blah, blah. Blah, blah, blah. Blah, blah,
blah.
Remember: no period after
journal name. Ever (unless
you use abbreviation)."
Materials and methods
Be brief, and opt for photographs or drawings whenever possible to
illustrate organism, protocol, or experimental design. Viewers don’t
actually want to read about the gruesome details, however fascinating
you might find them.
Blah, blah, blah. Blah, blah, blah. Blah, blah, blah. Blah, blah,
blah. Blah, blah, blah. Blah, blah, blah. Blah, blah, blah. Blah, blah,
blah. Blah, blah, blah. Blah, blah, blah.
Blah, blah, blah. Blah, blah, blah. Blah, blah, blah. Blah, blah,
blah. Blah, blah, blah. Blah, blah, blah.
I sure wish I#d
presented my theory
with a poster before I
wrote my book."
Literature cited!
Figure 3. Make sure legends have enough detail to explain to the viewer
what the results are, but don#t go on and on. Note that for posters it is good
to put some “Materials and methods” information within the figure legends or
onto the figures themselves—it allows the M&m section to be shorter, and
gives viewer a sense of the experiment(s) even if they have skipped directly
to figures. Don#t be tempted to reduce font size in figure legends, axes
labels, etc.—your viewers are probably most interested in reading your
figures and legends! "
Often you will have some more text-based results between your
figures. This text should explicitly guide the reader through the figures.
Blah, blah, blah (Figs. 3a,b). Blah, blah, blah. Blah, blah, blah. Blah,
blah, blah. Blah, blah, blah. Blah, blah, blah. Blah, blah, blah. Blah, blah,
blah.
Blah, blah, blah. Blah, blah, blah. Blah, blah, blah. Blah, blah, blah.
Blah, blah, blah. Blah, blah, blah. Blah, blah, blah. Blah, blah, blah (Fig.
3c). Blah, blah, blah. Blah, blah, blah. Blah, blah, blah. Blah, blah, blah.
Blah, blah, blah. Blah, blah, blah (data not shown).
Blah, blah, blah. Blah, blah, blah. Blah, blah, blah. Blah, blah, blah.
Blah, blah, blah. Blah, blah, blah. Blah, blah, blah. Blah, blah, blah. Blah,
blah, blah. Blah, blah, blah (God, personal communication).
Bender, D.J., E.M Bayne, and R.M. Brigham. 1996. Lunar condition influences
coyote (Canis latrans) howling. American Midland Naturalist 136:413-417.
Brooks, L.D. 1988. The evolution of recombination rates. Pages 87-105 in The
Evolution of Sex, edited by R.E. Michod and B.R. Levin. Sinauer, Sunderland,
MA.
Scott, E.C. 2005. Evolution vs. Creationism: an Introduction. University of
California Press, Berkeley.
Society for the Study of Evolution. 2005. Statement on teaching evolution. < http://
www.evolutionsociety.org/statements.html >. Accessed 2005 Aug 9.
Hi. If you’ve found this poster helpful, please
consider sending me a postcard from wherever
you are presenting your poster. It makes me feel
like a have friends. Colin Purrington, Dept of
Biology, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA
19081, USA.
Acknowledgments!
Put a figure here
that explores a
statistical result"
This is the gene of
interest! "
Figure 5. You can use connector lines and arrows to visually guide viewers
through your results. Adding emphasis this way is much, much better than
making the point with words in the text section. These lines can help viewers
read your poster even when you#re not present."
Figure 2. Illustration of important piece of equipment, or perhaps a
flow chart summarizing experimental design. Scanned, handdrawn illustrations are usually preferable to computer-generated
ones. Just bribe (cookies, whatever) an artist to help you out."
Abb. A3:
Abutting these last sections can save you a
little space, and subtly indicates to viewers
that the contents are not as important to
read."
We thank I. Güor for laboratory assistance, Mary Juana for seeds, Herb Isside for
greenhouse care, and M.I. Menter for questionable statistical advice. Funding for this
project was provided by the Swarthmore College Department of Biology, a Merck
summer stipend, and my mom. [Note that people’s titles are omitted.]
Blah, blah, blah. Blah, blah, blah. However, blah, blah, blah.
For further information!
Please contact [email protected]. More information on this and related
projects can be obtained at www.swarthmore… (give the URL for general laboratory
web site). A link to an online, PDF-version of the poster is nice, too.
If you just must include a pretentious logo,
hide it down here rather than up near where it
would compete with your title.
Formatvorlage 4 zu einem wissenschaftlichen Poster im Querformat [20].
Version 2009/2010
– 32 –
Fachschaften Biologie/Chemie