Dark Tourism Agita Livina [Compatibility Mode]

Transcription

DARK TOURISM
PhD., Assoc. Professor
Agita Līviņa
Faculty of Social Sciences
Vidzeme University of Applied Sciences
Latvia
Agita Līviņa, 6 August 2014 Mustjala, Estonia
JOINT MASTER`S IN INTERNATIONAL
TOURISM EVENTS MANAGEMENT
• Program by two universities from two
neighbour countries:
– Vidzeme University of Applied Sciences
(Latvia)
– Klaipeda University (Lithuania)
– Partner universities in UK, Italy and Estonia
STRUCTURE
1. Tourism profile of Latvia
2. Diverse forms of Niche Tourism and boundaries
between dark tourism niches
3. Cemetery Tourism
4. Prison Tourism
5. Military Heritage Tourism in Latvia
Agita Līviņa, 6 August 2014
Mustjala, Estonia
PROFILE OF LATVIA
• Population 2.07 millions (Slovenia, Namibia).
• 1/3 lives in the capital city, Rīga.
• The main nationalities are Latvians and
Russians.
• The area is 64.6 thousand km2 (Srilanka)
• The official language is Latvian.
• Length of Latvia’s Baltic coastline: 494 km
• Religious confessions: Evangelic Lutheran,
Roman Catholics and Russian Orthodox
Mustjala, Estonia
EVOLUTION ON TOURISM IN
LATVIA
1. up to the 1st World War (First health resorts;
recreation and health tourism)
2. Tourism in the first Republic of Latvia (1918 –
1940) (development of Local tourism, slogan “Travel
Your Country”)
3. Tourism under the Soviet rule (1945 – 1991)
(well-developed mass tourism within the USSR)
4. Tourism in the current period in free market
(Since 1991) (private tourism companies and
accommodations have emerged)
MEMBERSHIPS
• In 2002 established a Joint Tourism
Committee consisting of tourism officials
from the Baltic States LATVIA,
LITHUANIA AND ESTONIA (the Great Baltic
Marathon).
• Since 2004 Member of European Union
• Member of UNWTO 2005-2012
• In 2008 Latvia joined the Schengen treaty
• Since 2014 negotiations with OECD
TOURISM SLOGAN
• Best Enjoyed
Slowly.Latvia.
Since 2010
The Land That Sings
2002-2009
Mustjala, Estonia
The Song and Dance
Celebration in Latvia
• Since 1873
• in the UNESCO List of
the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity.
• The festivities bring together more than
30 000 participants
• A final concert at the Mežaparks open air
stage with a concert of the 13 000 - strong
joint choir.
Asoc. professor Agita Līviņa. 7th March, 2014 in Hyderabad, India
TOURISM PROFILE OF LATVIA
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2009
2011
2012
2013
Number
of 1914
border crossings
by non-resident
travellers, thsds
2273
3033
4645
5496
4727
5538
5600
5822
Average length 1.8
of trips, visitor
nights
2.1
1.7
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.3
1.2
1.4
Average
daily 31
expenditure per
traveller, euro
28
38
55
71
79
76
80
75
• From all trips are 78%Domestic, 22% Outbound in 2011
• Tourism balance sheet is negative -23.1 mln Lats
• Air transportation -78 world destinations
TOURISM GROWTH IN 2014
• More visitors for rural tourism from
Benelux countries
• Increase of German tourists
• Stability of Scandinavian and Russian
tourists
• In total plus 15% more visitors in tourism
accommodations in first three months of
2014
Mustjala, Estonia
GUIDELINES OF LATVIAN TOURISM
DEVELOPMENT 2014-2020
• Is development of sustainable tourism by
promoting increase of competitive tourism
products in foreign markets.
• By increasing the length of stay,
• Increasing capacity of accommodations
during out of seasons,
• Increasing profit from tourism products
and the annual increase of tourism product
export.
Mustjala, Estonia
LATVIAN TOURISM
PRODUCT
• Quality, (Q-Latvia)
• Sustainability,
• Individualization,
• High added value,
• Attraction of tourists and
gaining experience.
Mustjala, Estonia
TOP TOURISM TYPES
• Health tourism
• Nature tourism
• Culture, creative tourism
In 2014 the capital city Rīga is European
Culture capital city
NICHE TOURISM
• ..represents diversity and ways of marking
difference. (Robinson, Novelli, 2005)
• Offers specific knowledge, experience, or
services, products over average
performance
• Small groups of consumers with
specialised characteristics or tastes (Weaver,
Lawton, 2006)
• Alternative tourism (Weaver, 1998)
MICRO NICHES (adapted from Robinson, Novelli, 2005)
Dark
Cultural
Nature
Rural
Urban
Others
Disaster
Heritage
Geotourism Farms
Prison
Tribal
Coastal
Crafts
Holocaust
Religious
Alpine
Gastronomy Gastronomy Photographic
Cemetery
Genealogy
Adventure
Sport
Slavery
Research
Nature
Gardening
Ghost
Educational
Industrial
Wildlife
Virtual
Space
Battlefield
Literature
Hunting
Smoke
Military
Film
Music
Horse
riding
Soviet
Off-road
Transport
Poor
regions
Sport
Youth
Volunteer
Small cruise
MASS TOURISM V.S.
NICHE TOURISMS
• UNWTO highlights, forecasts – figures,
volumes, more and more international
tourists
• When dark tourism could develop as
regular tourism?
• Who are target groups of dark tourism?
• Sustainability of dark tourism. Is it
sustainable?
MOTIVATIONS FOR
TRAVELLING DARK (Seaton)
• Travel to witness public enactments of death
• Travel to see sites of mass or individual deaths
after they have occurred
• Travel to internment sites of, and memorials to,
the dead
• Travel to view material evidence/symbolic
representations of particular deaths
• Travel for re-enactments or simulation of death
REASONS FOR VISITING
• Niemela (2010) from 1 to 5
– Learn about these places 3.7-4.09
– Respect the victim 3.48
– Feel emotionally involved 2.52
• Ashworth&Hartmann (2005)
– The curiosity of seeing something unique and unusual
– Feeling empathy towards victims of certain dark events
– The argument that people are naturally attracted to horror
Mustjala, Estonia
CEMETERY TOURISM
• www.cemeterytourism.com
MINI TASK – 5 minutes
• Let`s think about how «this» world is
connected with cemetery tourism!
– Birds
– Outdoor recreation
– Jim Morison
– Burial
• Describe briefly in 2-3sentences.
MOTIVATION FOR VISITING
CEMETERIES (Thomas, 2007)
•
•
•
•
An interest in local history
Nature lovers
Those visiting for educative purposes
People who seek passive recreation by
merely walking through the site
THE ASSOCIATION OF SIGNIFICANT
CEMETERIES IN EUROPE
• is the European network comprising those
public and private organisations which
care for cemeteries considered to be of
historical or artistic importance.
• This organisation is working as a non profit
organisation
• interactive European cemeteries route –
that also has become a Cultural route of
the council of Europe
CEMETERY TOURISM
•
•
•
•
Cemetery/graveyard is resting place
Culture diversity of cemeteries in the world
Annual celebration
http://nekropole.info/en/
Agita
25 September,
AgitaLīviņa,
Līviņa,
6 August 2013
2014 Mustjala, Estonia
Resting place of world famous ice hockey player K.Skrastiņš
ESTONIA, SAREMAA.
Lisboa, Portugal
Mustjala, Estonia
Mustjala, Estonia
Mustjala, Estonia
FRANCE, PARIS,
PERE-LACHAISE
• Cemetery since 1804
• Père Lachaise is still an operating
cemetery and accepting new burials.
• Writers Onore de Balzak, Oscar Wilde,
Fr.Chopin, rock star Jim Morison
• http://www.perelachaise.com/perelachaise.php
AgitaAgita
Līviņa,
Līviņa,
6 August
25 September,
2014 Mustjala,
2013
Estonia
UK, Brookwood cemetery
• Or known as London Nekropolis since
1849
• One of the largest in Europe
VEĻU TIME PERIOD IN LATVIA
( VELIS ~PHONTOM)
Agita Līviņa, 6 August 2014 Mustjala,
Estonia
“KAPUSVĒTKI” (ANNUAL CELEBRATION
–DAY OF EACH CEMETERY)
By
Vita
Štrobindere
Estonia
CEMETERIES IN LATVIA
•
•
•
•
(Meža kapi) Forest Cemetery 1913
(Lielie kapi) Grand Cemetery since 1773
Cemeteries in countryside
Different Monuments for battlefield, wars
and tragedies
• Ancient sites
OTHER CEMETERIES IN LATVIA
http://neogeo.lv/ekartes/latvijas-kapi.html
Estonia
WARRIOR`S CEMETERY
Estonia
WARRIOR`S CEMETERY
Estonia
RIGA FOREST CEMETERY
Jāņa Čakstes kapa piemineklis Meža kapos. 2009.g.
Foto: Dāvis Kļaviņš, panoramio.com
Estonia
Kārlis Sebris
(1914- 2009)
Estonia
1896-1958
Estonia
RAINIS CEMETERY
Aspazija
(1865- 1943)
Rainis
(1865- 1929)
Estonia
RAINIS CEMETERY
Estonia
Estonia
BONE CHURCH KOSTNICE
IN KUTNA HORA, Czech Republic
Agita Līviņa, 25 September, 2013
ANCIENT SITES
Ancient sacred sites are surrounded by
myths and lgends allowing a contemporary
person have a look, even if only a slight,
into history.
Nowadays sacred sites of nature may seem
as a simple stone or hill.
Riga region 57
Vidzeme region 88
GEOCACHING NEAR
ANCIENT SITES (www.geocaching.com)
Kaspars Līviņš 21.08.2013
GEOCACHES IN VIDZEME
Kaspars Līviņš 21.08.2013
Memory place for NAZI in RUMBULA, LV
PRISON TOURISM
• Prison, jail and correction facilities
• 100 prison museums throughout the world
(according to the Eastern State Penitentiary
website)
• Prison museums offer a glimpse of what a jail
and/or prison might have been like (Jeffrey Ian
Ross, 2012)
GIFT SHOPS
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Books
Videos/CDs
T-shirts
Key chains
Wallets
Hats
Patches
buckles
• Shot glasses
• Coffee mugs
• Arts and crafts made
by prisoners
Mustjala, Estonia
PRISON TOURISM in the world
• Charles Street Prison in Boston
– It is made in to a hotel
– Still many effects from the prison times
• Alcatraz Prison, San Francisco
– Lays on an island in
– Open for tourists in 1972
– One of the most visited prisons in the US
A seagull flies over Alcatraz
Federal Penitentiary on Alcatraz
Island July 2, 2003 in the San
Francisco Bay, California.
Getty Images North America
Mustjala, Estonia
PRISON TOURISM in the world
• Con Dao Island, Vietnam
– Was a prison for Vietnamese Patriots during
the French domination
– Today a hot spot for eco-tourists
• Fremantle Prison in West-Australia
– Built in 1850’s
– Guided tours, visitor centre
• Bodmin Jail in Cornwall, GB
– Built in 1779
Mustjala, Estonia
PATAREI SEA FORTRESSPRISON, TALLINN, ESTONIA
• 1840 sea fortress
1867 functioning as barracks
• Since 1920 prison
• Since 2007 cultural park
Trip advisor
“Dirty, dark, disgusting, dangerous(?)... and a great
experience”
I have visited a few prison museums around the world,
but I was definitely not expecting the experience that
this attraction had to offer. When I left after an hour or
so, I brought with me a lot of strong impressions, and I
have to say that this is probably the creepiest place I
have ever visited.
This is not a museum. It is an abandoned and looted
soviet prison that someone is selling you a 2 Euro
ticket to enter. There are no signs, no light, no
safety, no signs telling you to "not touch" (and trust
me, you don't want to touch anything anyways), and
no glass showcases.
With that said, this is a truly unique experience that
is hard to find elsewhere. So go there before it is
too late. I believe this place will soon be closed for
safety reasons, or it will be cleaned up and
transformed into a more regular museum, and then
it will lose parts of its attraction.
Bring steady shoes, a torch, and a strong mind.
Don't bring children. Visited September 2013
Mustjala, Estonia
MILITARY /PRISON TOURISM IN LATVIA
EUROPEAN DESTINATIONS OF EXCELLENCE (EDEN)
Liepaja Naval Port Prison
• It was military prison untill 1997
• Opened for visitors since 2002
PUBLICITY, AWARDS
• In 2011 received Award of EDEN
http://vimeo.com/moogaloop.swf?clip_id=3107
6228
• In the Lonely Planet year book “Best in
travel 2011”
• In 2011 www.hotel.info 101 amazing hotels
• In 2014 Omska (Siberia) TV creates movie
on Extreme Tourism in Liepaja Prison
Mustjala, Estonia
AWARDS
Mustjala, Estonia
Show «Behind Bars» since 2003 (7335
visitors in 2003; 2695 in 2012)
Extreme night since 2004 (848 persons in
2006)
Other services look at
http://www.karostascietums.lv/
Mustjala, Estonia
Mustjala, Estonia
VISITORS IN LIEPAJA NAVAL
PORT PRISON
Mustjala, Estonia
Mustjala, Estonia
Mustjala, Estonia
MILITARY TOURISM? China. Terracotta Army. (K.Līviņš, August,
2013)
Mustjala, Estonia
Sīrija, Alepo
Military tourism? (K.Līviņš, August, 2013)
Syria, Alepo
MILITARY TOURISM
• Map of Military Heritage is produced by
association «Lauku ceļotājs»
• Military heritage in terms of this map refers
to historical outdoor objects such as
redoubts, fortresses, certain castles, shoreline
defense batteries, bunkers, dugouts, locations of
major battles, former military bases, army
airfields and bases, as well as museums and
collections located in places where history can be
studied close up.
Mustjala, Estonia
Mustjala, Estonia
MORE BATTLE MUSEUM
Mustjala, Estonia
More Battle museum in LV
http://www.moresmuzejs.lv/index.php?nod=23
The German forces left Riga during the Battle of More. The
subsequent occupation of the capital by the Red Army met
with no resistance, and as a result Riga was not destroyed.
MILITARY HERITAGE
MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES,
2011
• Assesment criteria (9)
• Renovation plan
• Data base of military heritage objects
Military tourism? (K.Līviņš, August, 2013)
Equipment museums: Tank Museum in Dorset,
UK
Mustjala, Estonia
Military tourism
(K.Līviņš, August, 2013)
Equipment museums: Tank Museum Kubinka,
Russiaequipment museums: Tank Museum Kubinka,
Russia
Military tourism (K.Līviņš, 2013 August)
•
•
battlefields
Stalingrad / Volgograd
- probably the biggest
such site
talingrad / Volgograd probably the biggest
such site
Military tourism (K.Līviņš, August 2013)
Comparative chart of notable structures vs Volgograd statue
Approximatevs
heights
of various notable statues:
parative chart of notable structures
Volgograd
1. Spring Temple Buddha 153 m (incl. 25m pedestal and 20m throne)
statueComparative
chart of notable
structures vs Volgograd
2. Statue of Liberty 93 m (incl. 47m pedestal)
statue
3. The Motherland Calls 91 m (excl. plinth)
4. Christ the Redeemer 39.6 m (incl. 9.5m pedestal)
5. Statue of David 5.17 m (excl. 2.5m plinth)
SOVIET TOURISM
CASE OF HISTORICAL BUILDING
GUIDELINES OF COASTAL AREA IN
LATVIA
Prepared by association «Lauku ceļotājs».
Used PPT (next 3 slides) by Jānis Saknītis
FENCE
Mustjala, Estonia
CASE OF REBUILDING HERITAGE FROM SOVIET PERIOD,
SEASIDE IN LATVIA
Rebuilding of Pumping
Plant in to Residental
Mustjala, Estonia
CASE OF REBUILDING HERITAGE FROM SOVIET PERIOD,
SEASIDE IN LATVIA
Rebuilding of Gas Station from Soviet period in to
Observation Tower
Mustjala, Estonia
THE SECRET SOVIET BUNKER
IN LIGATNE
• Located in the Gauja National
park
• Tourism is one of four priorities
• This is underground well-equipped 2000
m² facility, whose secrecy stamp was
removed in 2003.
• The bunker was built in 1980
VISITORS IN LIGATNE BUNKER
(Data source: Sigita Trauliņa, Ligatne Bunker. 29 October, 2013)
Mustjala, Estonia
NORTH ESTONIA
READINGS
• LLTA Lauku ceļotājs. (2011) Military Heritage management
guidelines. Available at:
http://www.celotajs.lv/cont/prof/proj/GreenBelt/dokumenti/va
dlinijas/Militaro_objektu_apsaimniekosanas_vadlinijas_eng
_kopija.pdf (accessed 30 June, 2014).
• Strange, C., Kempa, M. (2003) Shades of dark tourism: Alcatraz and
Robben Island. Annals of Tourism Research, Vol. 30, No. 2, pp. 386–
405, 2003
• Jeffrey Ian Ross (2012) Touring Imprisonment: A descriptive statistical
analysis of prison museums. In. Tourism Management Perspectives.
4(2012) pp.113-118
BEST ENJOYED SLOWLY!
My contacts:
E-mail:
[email protected]

Dark Tourism Agita Livina [Compatibility Mode]

Transcription

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