Yogyakarta : Management of Multiculturalism

Session 1 “Multicultural Society”
⇡⇩⇝∍∙ 1Ⅴ‫ٶ‬૨҄σဃⅥ
Yogyakarta : Management of Multiculturalism
Herry Zudianto
Mayor of Yogyakarta City
Yogyakarta, or Jogja which some people are more familiarized with, located on the southern part of
Java Island, nevertheless, is portraying the country itself as well, Indonesia. The city, which
constitutes the capital of Yogyakarta Special Region province is commonly conceived as the
“miniature of Indonesia”, for the diversity of its citizens’ origins and cultures.
By means of almost similar configuration, the presence of islands far distinct from each other (Java,
Sumatra, Bali, Borneo, Celebes, New Guinea, and so forth), acculturation and assimilation as a result
of international trade with foreign merchants - furthermore followed by foreign clerics and troops for
centuries, perpetual preservation of the local wisdoms, have been major factors on building the
Indonesian society as multilinguistic, multiethnic, multireligious and multiculture. There are over 300
tribes or ethnic groups and more than 700 local languages or dialects spoken throughout the country
from the largest ethnic, Javanese, to smaller clans in Papua (West New Guinea). Therefore,
multiculturalism by means of favorable interrelations among different ethnics, different beliefs and
different interests within the Indonesian society is undoubtly a very important feature needed to be
well-managed not only by the government, but it also needs the involvement of all citizens and all
communities by promoting and extending the value of tolerance.
Before the early establishment days of Yogyakarta in the year 1756, interaction among nations
throughout the Southeast Asian region has signified the appearance of Hinduism, Buddhism, Islamic
and Christianity influence within the society. Major cultures as well as Javanese, Austronesian,
Indian sub-continent, Chinese, Arabic and eventually European civilizations came from various
directions giving colorful coherence and contribution to the flourished multiculturalism evolution.
The native Javanese culture inherited from Kraton Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat (Kingdom of
Ngayogyakarta) existed before the arrival of other major cultures in Java Island. Javanese civilization
– which tend to be open, inclusive and tolerance – assumed the presence of other cultures, indicated by
the developed communities and settlements in some areas of the city during 1800s. Far eastern
settlements – mostly Chinese and Arabic traders and merchants - evolved adjacent to the Royal Palace,
native villages and Dutch houses at that time. By 1920, there were 94,254 (90.08%) Javanese
inhabitants compared to 5,643 (5.44%) Chinese and 3,730 (3.59%) Europeans according to local
Dutch-administered statistics. The feature revealed that multiculturalism was deep-rooted within the
city, particularly among different nations, different cultures and different communities – peacefully.
Yogyakarta is well-known as a “City of tolerance” in Indonesia. The local wisdom concept of
teposeliro (or literally “tolerance” in Javanese) which means the spirit of mutual respect reciprocally
in harmony has important role in acculturating other cultures introduced by settlers from outer islands
or overseas. Tolerance encourages people to be open-minded understanding the differences and not
resist against different ideas. That is, tolerant views which extend beyond individual interests,
understanding that other peoples’ interests do exist and has to be equally considered. Nevertheless,
there is presence of mutual interest which bounds to be mutually respected as well.
At present, Yogyakarta is also well-known as a City of education and prominent tourism destination –
nearest city to Borobudur and the city of patriotism. The presence of high-ranking universities in
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Session 1 “Multicultural Society”
⇡⇩⇝∍∙ 1Ⅴ‫ٶ‬૨҄σဃⅥ
Yogyakarta, such as Gadjah Mada University and a number of 18 more universities throughout the
city become magnets that attract students from all over the country and abroad. With almost 750
foreign students from 51 countries in Yogyakarta, and approximately 1.6 million tourists per year
visiting Borobudur, Prambanan and the surrounding areas, Yogyakarta is an international city enriched
by a multicultural atmosphere.
The local government in Yogyakarta together with central government in Jakarta have significant roles
in conducting measures to ensure a cohesive society between people of different ethnics, cultures and
religions. After government reformation in 1998, the ruling government at that time extended the
favorable policy to foster the freedom of speech, freedom of conducting religious prayer and freedom
of preserving minority art and culture. The blossoming of the government’s respective open policies
stimulated the development of considerable intercultural activities especially in favor of better relation
and interaction between the majority and the minority segments of the population. The approval of
Chinese Lunar New Year as national holiday, Confusian as the 6th prominent religion, the flourishing
Chinese art and cultures traditional groups in Indonesia mark out the enhancing government
accomodation to minorities.
Regarding the multicultural society in Indonesia, a number of non-governmental organizations and
interest groups also have significant role to preserve favorable interaction and interrelation between
different religions, cultures and ethnics, particularly between the majority and minorities. The
presence of strong moderate Islamic organizations such as Muhammadiyah and NU assert the
Indonesian image as moderate largest Moslem predominantly country – as a counter for raising
considered right-wing hardliners due to current several terrorism issues.
The synergy between important roles of the government, non-governmental organizations and interest
groups in preserving favorable relation between minority and the majority segments of the population;
and the well-preserved basic values including local wisdoms, norms, religious-guided rules among the
society have strong impact in maintaining cohesive society between people of different ethnics,
cultures and religions.
Yogyakarta City Government has conducted several programs and acitivities in favor of strengthening
the interrelation between different communities such as :
1.
2.
3.
4.
Procurement of Green Open-Space in some areas of the city by purchasing uncultivated-land
from the citizen to provide space or building for social-gathering purpose (sport, meeting,
community service, etc).
To organize and to support mass religious prayer and services to celebrate major religious
holiday.
To promote major cultural events organized by the government or the society
To facilitate constructive interracial dialogue among different religions, different ethnics and
different communities in Yogyakarta in conjuction with community-own established
inter-religion or inter-community dialogue forums.
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TheWorldBankMission
THEWORLDBANK
“Ourdreamaworldfreeofpoverty….”
CitiesandClimateChange:
TheWorldBank'sResponse
• LargestMultinational
DevelopmentFinancialInstitution
• Ownedby187membercountries
• Providesloan/creditandtechnical
assistancetodevelopingcountries
• 10,000employeesinmorethan100
officesworldwide
• US$500billioncommitmentsince
itsestablishmentin1944
• US$89billioncommittedfromJuly2008
throughJanuary2010
• Financial&knowledgebank
IBRD,IDA
IFC,MIGA,
ICISD
Source:IPPUC
UCLGASPACWorldBankSpecialSession
Hamamatsu,October20,2010
HiroakiSuzuki,LeadUrbanSpecialist,Finance,EconomicandUrbanDepartment,
TheWorldBank
1
2
Outline
TheSustainable
DevelopmentChallenge
• Thesustainabledevelopment
challenge
• Developmentandclimatechange
• Theurbanizationchallengeandthe
WorldBank’sresponse:Eco2 Cities
initiative
3
4
Humansconsumemorethantheplanet
cansustainablyoffer
THE BIG ACCELERATION
5
Source:LivingPlanetReport,ZoologicalSocietyLondon,GlobalFootprintNetwork,WWF
6
Source:WBSDLPTomGladwin
DRYLAND
DEVELOPING
COUNTRY
CASE
CLIMATE
CHANGE
S
URBANIZATION
O
//
O
DIRECT EFFECTS
SECONDARY AND
TERTIARY EFFECTS
S
O
//
WATER
AVAILABILITY
THE BIG
O
O
SY
O
INTERDEPENDENC
E
O
S
//
O
//
POVERTY
PREVALENCE
//
O
O
O
S
S=SAME DIRECTION
O=OPPOSITE DIRECTION
//=TIME LAG
O
//
S
S
S
ECOSYSTEM
HEALTH
O
POPULATION
SIZE
O
7
8
- 55 -
THE BIG SQUEEZE
Developmentand
ClimateChange
Innovation
Decline in Living Systems
Sustainability
Avoid
Risks
Avoid
Risks
Seize Opportunities
Seize Opportunities
Increases in Population and Consumption
1980
2000
??
??
9
Source:WBSDLPTomGladwin
10
CO2isoffthecharts
TemperatureAnomalies(relativeto1960Ͳ1990)
MediterraneanRegions(10WͲ40E,30NͲ50N)
Observations
2003
11
Source: Lüthi and others 2008
12
Source:WBSDLPWillDay
Projectedimpactsofclimatechange
WhatisHappening?
13
Source:SternReview
15
Slide 16
- 56 -
Slide 17
Source:UNOfficefortheCoordinationofHumanitarianAffairs& CARE,“HumanitarianImplicationsofClimateChange:
MappingEmergingTrendsandRiskHotspots” (August2008).
Morethanabillionpeopledependonwaterfrom
diminishingHimalayanglaciers
Source:WorldDevelopmentReport2010.
Richcountriesarealsoaffectedbyanomalousclimate:
The2003heatwavekilledmorethan70,000peopleinEurope
19
Source:WorldDevelopmentReport2010.
20
Whereisenergybeingconsumed?
Japanrecordeditshottest
summerever
22
21
Individuals’ emissionsinhighͲincomecountriesoverwhelmthosein
developingcountries
Unequalfootprints:EmissionspercapitainlowͲ,middleͲ,and
highͲincomecountries,2005
Source:WorldDevelopmentReport2010.
18
23
Source:WorldDevelopmentReport2010.
- 57 -
24
Wheretheworldneedstogo:EnergyͲrelatedCO2
emissionspercapita
Whatshouldwedo?
Theemissionsgapbetweenwheretheworldisheadedandwhereit needstogoishuge,buta
portfolioofcleanenergytechnologiescanhelptheworldstayat450ppmCO2e(2㼻C)
25
Source:WorldDevelopmentReport2010.
Source:WorldDevelopmentReport2010.
26
ThegoalistopushlowͲcarbontechnologiesfromunproven
concepttowidespreaddeploymentandtohigheremission
reductions
Technologyoptions:Abatementbeyondbusinessasusual
(GTCO2eperyearin2030)
100
CCSretrofit Biodiesel
Avoideddeforestation
IndustrialCCS
CCSonnewcoal
CoǦfiringbiomass
Costofabatement€ pertCO2e
50
Wind:lowpenetration
CCS&enhancedoilrecovery
Nuclear
IndustrialnonCO2
Standbylosses
Sugarcanebiofuel
Ǧ50
18
550
ppm
~€25
Waterheating
Ǧ
100
Ǧ
150
Source: McKinsey 2007
26
33
Fuelefficiencyinvehicles
450
ppm
~€40
400
ppm
~ €50
Marginalcost€ pertonCO2e
Lighting/Airconditioning
Fuelefficiencyincommercialvehicles
Buildinginsulation
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
27
Source:WorldDevelopmentReport2010.
28
AfterMcKinsey
It’snotjustaboutenergy:Athighcarbonpricesthecombinedmitigation
potentialofagricultureandforestryisgreaterthanthatofotherindividual
sectorsoftheeconomy
Globalgreenstimulusspendingisincreasing
29
Source:WorldDevelopmentReport2010.
Source:WorldDevelopmentReport2010.
30
Thegapislarge:Estimatedannualclimatefundingrequiredfor
a2㼻Ctrajectorycomparedwithcurrentresources
GreenGrowth
31
Source:WorldDevelopmentReport2010.
- 58 -
32
GovernmentbudgetsforenergyRD&Dareattheirlowest,
andnucleardominates
Annualspendingforenergyandclimatechange
R&Dpalesagainstsubsidies
33
Source:WorldDevelopmentReport2010.
34
Source:WorldDevelopmentReport2010.
ClimateimpactsarelongͲlived:
Risingtemperaturesandsea
levelsassociatedwithhigher
concentrationsofCO2
a
ACTNOW
㻭㼏㼠㻌㻺㼛㼣
㻭㼏㼠㻌
㼀㼛㼓㼑㼠㼔㼑㼞
㻭㼏㼠㻌
㻰㼕㼒㼒㼑㼞㼑㼚㼠㼘㼥
35
Source:WorldDevelopmentReport2010.
36
Rebalancingact:SwitchingfromSUVstofuelͲefficientpassengercarsinthe
U.S.alonewouldnearlyoffsettheemissionsgeneratedinproviding
electricityto1.6billionmorepeople
Despitelowenergyconsumptionandemissionspercapita,
developingcountrieswilldominatemuchofthefuturegrowthin
totalenergyconsumptionandCO2 emissions
ACTTOGETHER
37
Source:WorldDevelopmentReport2010.
Source:WorldDevelopmentReport2010.
Africahasenormousuntappedhydropowerpotential,comparedtolowerpotential
butmoreexploitationofhydroresourcesintheUnitedStates
38
Turningbackthedesertwithindigenous
knowledge,farmeraction,andsociallearning
ACT
DIFFERENTLY
Source:WorldDevelopmentReport2010.
39
Source:WorldDevelopmentReport2010.
- 59 -
40
DidIconvinceyouthatglobal
warmingishappening?
Otherwise…….
41
Slide 42
Theworldurbanizes
TheWorldBank’sresponseto
theurbanizationchallenge:Eco2
CitiesInitiative
WorldPopulation(bil.)
WorldUrbanPopulation(bil.)
ShareofAsia(%)
43
Tokyo
•Quarterof
Japan’s
Population(35
Million)
•4%ofItsLand
•18%ofIts
GDP
Source: Acemoglu, D., Presentation at the World Bank on Jan.19, 2006
GDP for China is taken from the same presentation, and urbanization in China is taken from UN data
45
Increasing Solid Waste
Shopping Mall
Air Pollution & GHG
2050
9.19
6.4
54.5
44
China
Urbanization Generate Both Economic
Growth & Environmental Challenges
New Urban Landscape
2000
6.12
2.85
48.1
Urbanizationisagoodproxy
forincomelevel
DensityͲwhyitpaystobeclosetoTokyo
Source:WorldDevelopmentReport2010.
1950
2.54
0.74
32.1
46
UnsustainableGrowth
– Projectednewurbanbuiltupareaindevelopingcountries
aloneis400,000km² (2000– 2030)
– Thisequalsthetotalurbanbuiltupareaofthe‘entire
world’ asoftheyear2001– wearebuildinga‘wholenew
world!’
– 4Earths(EcologicalFootprint) requiredifdeveloping
countrycitiesurbanizefollowingthemodelsofdeveloped
countrycities
Investment
Natural Disaster
47
48
Source: International Energy Agency, 2005; World Bank Staff Estimates
- 60 -
ExampleofSimultaneousEconomicand
EnvironmentalImprovement
Since1990SwedishCO2emissionshavereducedby9%whileits
economyhasgrownatastablespeed.
www.worldbank/org/eco2
• Helpingcitiesachieveecologicaland
economicsustainabilityinsynergy.
• IntegratedcrossͲsectorapproach energy
efficientandlowcarbondevelopment.
• Optimalurbanplan&landuse compact
cities.
• Combiningmultiplefinancialinstruments
(IBRD,IDA,GEF,CF,CTF,IFC,PPPetc.)
49
50
Source: Symbiocity
1.Stockholm,Sweden
HowdidwearriveatourEco2 solutions?
Integratedutilitymanagement&resourcemanagementwasusedin
theredevelopmentofthesoutherndistrictinStockholm,Sweden
Bylookingatglobalgoodpracticecities:
Energy
– Stockholm,Sweden
– Curitiba,Brazil
– Yokohama,Japan
– Singapore
– Vancouver,Canada
– Auckland,NewZealand
– Brisbane,Australia
Waste
Waterandsewage
51
52
Source:StockholmCityPlanningAdministration
2.Curitiba,Brazil
Curitiba’sTransitOrientedDevelopment
São Paulo
Integratedlanduseandtransport
• Innovativelandusemanagement
Av. Paraná
– Linearurbangrowthalongfivestrategicaxeswithhighly
densecommercial/residentialdevelopmenttoabsorb
rapidpopulationgrowth
– InstituteforResearchandUrbanPlanningofCuritiba
(IPPUC)forintegratedplanning
Green Line
Parque Iguaçú
Mal. Floriano
DOWNTOWN
SOUTH STRUCTURAL
AXIS
Parque Barigui
Porto Alegre
• Affordableandintegratedbussystem
Nova Curitiba
– BusRapidTransitlanealongthefivestrategicaxes
– Investmentcost– aboutUS$3mil/km
(about3Ͳ6%ofundergroundmetro)
– 45%Busridership
– Lesstrafficcongestion
INDUSTRIAL
DISTRICT
Represa Do Passaúna
Ponta Grossa
53
54
2.Curitiba,Brazil
3.CityofYokohama,Japan
• Floodcontrolwithenhancedgreenspace
–
–
–
–
EcoͲsystempreservedinthecity
Expenditurefordrainageconstructionsaved
Greenandamenityspaceenhanced
FloodͲproneslumareasturnintovaluedlandoftaxrevenuesource
• SolidWasteReduction
– Implementationof3R(Reduce,
Reuse,Recycle)withcitizen
collaboration
– Achieved38.7%reductioninsix
years(2001Ͳ2007)
• Socialconsiderations
– Inclusiveneighborhoods
– Wastemanagementprograms
– CitizenownershipandecoͲconsciousness
55
Waste Reduction in Yokohama
56
Source: City of Yokohama
- 61 -
4.Singapore
5.London,Stockholm,Milan,Singapore
Closed
Water Loop
Congestionpricingforurbantransportmanagement
Integratedwaterresource
–
–
–
–
management
• Closedwaterloop
• Entirewatercyclemanagedby
oneorganization
• Watersecurity
• Watercatchment
• Wastewaterreclamation
• Desalination
• Demandmanagement
– Tariff:Financialincentiveto
reducewaterconsumption
London:
Source: PUB website, Singapore
Demand Control and Water Consumption
Year
2000
2004
Population (‘000)
4,028
4,167
GDP (US$ mil.)
92,720
109,157
National Water Consumption
(mil. m3)
454
440
Average Monthly Household
Water Consumption (m3)
20.5
19.3
Average Monthly Household
Water Bill (Singapore$)
31.0
29.4
57
London
Singapore
Stockholm
Milan(linkedwithGHGemission)
– £137mwasraisedinthefinancialyear2007/08toinvestbackintoimproving
publictransportinLondon.
– Trafficwas21%lowerthanpreͲchargelevelswithinthechargingzoneͲ
70,000fewercars/day
– Increasedusageofbusesandbicycles
58
58
Source: Transport for London website
Urbanformimpactsoncities’ transportefficiency
Cars– awasteofspace!
Decisionstodayarelimitedbydecisionsinthepast
59
60
Source:Bertaud,A.,andT.Pode,Jr.,DensityinAtlanta:ImplicationsforTrafficandTransit (LosAngeles:ReasonFoundation,2007).
FourPrinciplesofEco2
Eco2:StakeholderInvolvement
ACityͲBasedApproach
NationalPolicy&Framework
Enableslocalgovernmentstoproactivelyleadandinspire
Adaptedtothespecificcircumstancesandlocalecology
1.
AnExpandedPlatformforCollaborativeDesignandDecisionMaking
Sustainedsynergythroughcoordinationandalignmentofstakeholder
actionsandincentives
2.
AOneSystemApproach
3.
Realizebenefitsofintegration
OptimizethecityͲsystemasawhole
4.
AnInvestmentFrameworkthatValuesSustainabilityandResiliency
Lifecycleanalysis
Assesvalueandbenchmarkallcapitalassets(manufactured,natural,social
andhuman)
Broaderriskassessmentsandadaptivestrategiesforresilience
5.
Expandedbeyond
administrative
boundariesto
economicand
ecologicalboundaries.
Collaborationwithall
stakeholders
Asharedplanning
framework
Integrateddesign
process
Policy/investment
coordination
Regional
Systems
Private Sector
Citizens
Municipal
Services
low
Levelofcontrol
Building
Building
Stocks
Stocks
CityHall
Operations
high
Waste
highͲ LevelofcontrolͲ low
EnvironmentalMgt.
Procurement
OfficeBuildings
FleetMgt.
LandUse
Natural
Natural
Gas
Gas
Roads
Sewerage
Lighting
Information
Information
Communications
Communications
Social
Social
Services
Services
Ecosystems
Ecosystems
Transit
Water
Electricity
Electricity
Parks
Housing
Industry
Industry
Rural
Rural
Communities
Communities
Agriculture
Agriculture
Transportation
Transportation
61
62
ExamplesoftheOneͲSystemApproach
Eco2: AnIntegratedOneSystemApproach
Integrating
Water
Management
WaterMgt
Waste
Management
Regulation,Incentives
Technology,Awareness
Adaptto
natural
risks
Looping
Promote
Social
Equity
(Reuseresources)
Layering
Cascading
LandManagement
TransportPlanning
(Usesameresources)
63
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Usethesamefacilityfordifferent
purposes:day(school)/night
(vocationalcenter)/weekend
(culturecenter)
64
HowdowePrepareanEco2 CityProgram?
AnInvestmentFrameworkthatValuesSustainability
andResiliency
LifecyclecostͲbenefitanalysis:investmentdecisions
FinancialAccounting
Capital
O&MCosts
DisposalCosts
GIS toanalyzeurban
form
DesignCharrettesto
forecastandplan
Sankeydiagramsto
AnalyzeMaterialFlows
LifecyclecostͲbenefit
analysistocompare
alternativesforinvestment
decisions
EnvironmentalLoadProfile
Construction
Materials(Steel.
Concrete.etc
Energy,Water
Waste/Recycle
65
Phase2:PossiblescalingͲupofsupportin
partnershipwithnationalgovernments
Phase1:Variousfinancialinstruments
AlignmentofWorldBankfinancinginstruments:
AdoptionofPolicy/Regulation
DevelopmentPolicyLoan
SectorInvestmentLoan/Credit
CarbonFinance
GlobalEnvironmentFacility
InfrastructureInvestment
ClimateInvestmentFunds
IFC(privatesector)
MIGA(insurance)
67
68
Eco2 Pilot Operations
Eco2 Book
Bookavailable
atWBInfoshop,Amazon…..
Fororderinformation,pleasevisit
www.worldbank.org/eco2
ContactPerson:
HiroakiSuzuki:[email protected]
70
SeeYouatEco2 2010Yokohama!
PacificoOct21and22,2010
•First international conference
on Eco2 cities
•Global good practice cities
•East Asia pilot Eco2 cities
•Japanese cities and private
businesses
•Eco2 Operation Guide
Registration is Open to the Public and Free
http://go.worldbank.org/KRP47JLUZ0
71
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