Integrated Pest Management

Recent Development of lice control:
Integrated Pest Management
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Contents
§ Current status of lice managment
§ Understanding lice biology for better control
§ EWOS approach to Control lice through feed additives
§ SFI
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40 years of medicine use
Table 1. Compounds used in the control of sea lice in salmon production systems.
Compound
Product
Reference
Dichlorvos (organophosphate) (bath)
Aquagard® (Novartis)
(Rae, 1979)
Azametiphos (organophosphate) (bath)
Salmosan® (Novartis)
(Roth et al; 1992)
Hydrogen peroxide (bath)
Paramove® (Solvay Interox)
(Thomassen, 1993)
Deltamethrin (pyrethroid) (bath)
Alphamax® (Pharmaq)
(Høy, 1991)
Cypermethrin (pyrethroid) (bath)
Excis® / Betamax® (Novartis)
(Hart et al., 1997)
Ivermectin (in feed)
Ivomec® (Merck)
(Johnson & Margolis, 1993)
Emamectin benzoate (in feed)
Slice® (Schering Plough)
(Stone et al., 2000)
Diflubenzuron (in feed)
Lepsidon® (EWOS)
(Horsberg & Høy, 1991)
Teflubenzuron (in feed)
Calicide® (Skretting)
(Grøntvedt, 1997)
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40 years of medicine use
Table 1. Compounds used in the control of sea lice in salmon production systems.
Compound
Product
Reference
Dichlorvos (organophosphate) (bath)
Aquagard® (Novartis)
(Rae, 1979)
Azametiphos (organophosphate) (bath)
Salmosan® (Novartis)
(Roth et al; 1992)
Hydrogen peroxide (bath)
Paramove® (Solvay Interox)
(Thomassen, 1993)
Deltamethrin (pyrethroid) (bath)
Alphamax® (Pharmaq)
(Høy, 1991)
Cypermethrin (pyrethroid) (bath)
Excis® / Betamax® (Novartis)
(Hart et al., 1997)
Ivermectin (in feed)
Ivomec® (Merck)
(Johnson & Margolis, 1993)
Emamectin benzoate (in feed)
Slice® (Schering Plough)
(Stone et al., 2000)
Diflubenzuron (in feed)
Lepsidon® (EWOS)
(Horsberg & Høy, 1991)
Teflubenzuron (in feed)
Calicide® (Skretting)
(Grøntvedt, 1997)
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20 years of management controls
Integrated Pest
Management
Identification
Resistance
Management
Efficacy
screening
Monitoring
After 2000
1970’s
First use of
medicines
Management
Compound
rotation
Winter treatments
Area Management
1990’s
Fallowing
New medicines
Single year class
Targeting
gravid females
Coordinated
treatments
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Integrated pest management
§
§
§
§
No control is ‘stand alone’
Need to provide a range of additional tools
Integrate these alongside medicine use
Within the evolving management systems
§ Understanding of lice biology is a critical factor in effective control
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Lice Biology
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Detect and Attack
Heuch
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Feed management
§ Keep fish well satiated and at depth
§ Avoid surface feeding activity
§ Target for periods of increased lice settlement (spring)
Norway: Wallace (1998)
Mean lice numbers per fish
100
April
May
June
July
90
80
ChalimusL. salmonis
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
15
20
25
Week
30
Wallace
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Lice Biology
Bron
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Lice Biology
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Immune suppression
§
§
§
§
Prostaglandin PGE2
Range of proteases
Phosphatases
Macrophage inhibitors
These have an immune suppressive effect on a range of factors
§ Reduced respiratory burst
§ Lower macrophage activity
§ Increased apoptosis
§ Necrosis
§ Decreased numbers of mucosal cells
§ Down-regulation of immune genes IL-1, 6, 8ß, TNFαand MHC-1
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Recognition and suppression
Chalimus
Hold fast
Atlantic salmon get full dose
Immunsuppressive compounds
• Prostaglandin
• Phosphatase
• Macrophage inhibition factors
• Trypsin proteases
Coho can kill lice with immune
response
§
Close interaction between host
recognition and immune
suppression
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
Wadsworth (1998)
Atlantic
§
Rainbow
Coho salmon get 80% less
Seawater
§
Precentage of Responders
Gill tissue
Flounder
§
Different species cause lice to
release a different amount of
immune suppressive
compounds
Coho
§
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Canadian Atlantic Veterinary College
Different susceptibility to lice
▲
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Canadian Atlantic Veterinary College
§
§
§
§
Some Pacific species such as coho and
pink salmon only receive a low level of
immune suppressive compounds
Pacific salmon able to respond with a
stronger and earlier immune response
Can attack the lice at day 7 post
infection, while lice are still attached
Atlantic salmon and rainbow trout
receive full amount of immune
suppressive compounds.
Immune response delayed until day 21,
after lice have become mobile and are
safe from attack
200
Exposed
Non-exposed
Pink salmon
150
100
50
0
7
Relative
interleukin expression
Expression Relative to B-actin
§
IL-8 expression
Relative interleukin expression
Early and late immune response
14
21
28
Days
1.5
Atlantic salmon
1.2
0.9
0.6
0.3
0
0
12
21
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Canadian Atlantic Veterinary College
Lice Biology
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Anti attachment
Stimulus
Control
High
Low
copepodid
start point
L. salmonis programme UK
C. rogercresseyi programme Chile *
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FRS ML Aberdeen
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Anti attachment
§
§
§
§
Masking compounds effective at reducing salmon ‘attractiveness’
90% reduction in host location behaviour
Caligus and Lepeophtheirus both affected
Library of products being established to avoid habituation
§ In feed studies successful for Caligus
§ Further work needed for Lepeophtheirus
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80
40
60
Infestation (sea lice/cage)
100
120
Anti-attachment compound 1
Cntr
Expr
Treatment
>40% reduction in settlement (3
controlled challenges) after in
feed treatment for Caligus.
Validating in Lepeophtheirus
12% to >40% reduction in
settlement (9 studies) after in
feed treatment for Caligus.
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Validating in Lepeophtheirus
If it bleeds, we can kill it
Arnold Schwarzenegger, Predator
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Medicine use
§ Medicines an essential tool in all sea lice control strategies
§ Essential to monitor and control resistance
§ Rotation of compounds
§
§
§
§
§
Need to target surviving lice more effectively
Most medicines will leave a small % of attached lice
These lice will be weakened
Not releasing immune suppressive compounds at the same level
Rate of development is considerably slowed
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Adult females
14
Total lice in 18 sampled fish
12
10
8
6
4
2
Low
dose
Boost + Sanictum
Boost
+ immune
stimulant
Control
Diets
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EWOS Norway. Product Launch
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Sea lice: recommended use
J
F
Low Risk
M
A
M
J
Medium Risk
J
A
S
O
N
D
High Risk
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Sea lice: recommended use
J
F
M
Low Risk
A
M
J
J
A
Medium Risk
O
N
D
High Risk
Robust
Synergy
Synergy
Synergy
Robust
S
Robust
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2010-Q4 EI Quarterly Report
Project details
Functional feed
Sea lice
SFI application
§ Salmon Louse Research Centre: Centre for Research-based Innovation (CRI).
Submitted 21.04.10, Granted 12.10
- Adminstrator: UiB – Prof Frank Nilsen
- Participants:
§ SLRC objectives: Focus on the development of integrated pest management
-
New medicines and resistance monitoring & control methods
Anti attachment diets
Immune controls (specific & non specific)
Molecular parasitology (research tools and longer term controls: RNAi)
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2010-Q4 EI Quarterly Report
Project details
Functional feed
Sea lice
SFI: Centre for sea lice research
§ SFI successful
§ 8 year programme valued at $34 million
§ 6 work packages. EI controlling 2: WP2, WP3
§
§
§
§
§
§
WP 1. Chemotherapeutants Tor Einar Horsberg, NSVS
WP 2. Anti attachment
Simon Wadsworth, EWOS I.
WP 3. Immune response
Simon Wadsworth EWOS I.
WP 4. Molecular parasitology.
Frank Nilsen (UoB)
WP 5. Lice data base
Inge Jonassen,UoB
WP 6. Lice Lab Facilities.
IMR, UoB, EI
Highlights
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Thank You
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Diflubenzuron
Environmental impact
• Decades use of compound – extensive data set
• ICHMER review of fate in the environment (aquatic and terrestrial)
• Expert report Environmental Safety SNO 3877-98
• Assessment of marine salmon farming operations
• EIA data from UK, Norway and Chile
Summary
• Low solubility
• DFB present in faces and uneaten medicated pellets
• Will be up taken by marine organisms in sediment
• Detected in sediment 150m from cages
• Not bio accumulated
• Degradation to below level of detection
• Predicted Environmental Concentration / No Effect Conc. calculated
• Long term impact not different from normal operations
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