Clean Air Bus Transport

Transcription

Clean Air Bus Transport
Future proof and sustainable technology
Robert Staimer, SRNB, Israel, January 2013
MAN CNG Buses
 Environment:






Diesel
Diesel Hybrid
Electric
Hydrogen
Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)
Compressed BioGas (CBG)
 Infrastructure
 Gas Supply
 Gas Equipment
 Service & Health & Safety
MAN Truck & Bus AG
Robert Staimer
MAN CNG Buses
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MAN CNG Buses
Natural Gas
is the world’s fastest growing alternative fuel.
Why ?
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Robert Staimer
MAN CNG Buses
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MAN CNG Buses
CNG vs. Conventional Liquid Fuel





Environmental Benefits
Improved Safety
Increased Efficiency
Optimum Availability
Economic Advantages
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Robert Staimer
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MAN CNG Buses
The number of Natural Gas Vehicles is growing exponentially and currently at the rate of over 250,000 vehicles
per month.
No of Natural Gas Buses increased by 31% in the last year.
From 317,000 to 401,000
These include buses, HGVs, light vans, refuse trucks and passenger cars, FLTs,
By 2020 the number of gas vehicles is expected to exceed
MAN Truck & Bus AG
Robert Staimer
65,000,000
MAN CNG Buses
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MAN CNG Buses
Agenda
1
MAN CNG bus history
2
Actual CNG bus & engines portfolio
3
MAN CNG buses – sales worldwide
4
Actual CNG technology – Euro 6
5
Advantages of CNG technology (compared to Diesel)
6
Cost Calculation
7
Summary
MAN Truck & Bus AG
Robert Staimer
MAN CNG Buses
January 2013 <
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MAN CNG Buses
History
1972 – LNG Bus for Munich Olympic Games
1988 – SL 202 CNG Bus
MAN Truck & Bus AG
2001 – CNG Bus for Zwickau, Germany
2003 – CNG Bus for Frankfurt/Oder, Germany
Robert Staimer
MAN CNG Buses
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MAN CNG Buses
Products
A74 EGO Ankara
A23 Augsburg
A23 Saarbrücken
A21 Nürnberg
A26 Stockholm
A26 Liechtenstein
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Robert Staimer
MAN CNG Buses
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MAN CNG Buses
Agenda
1
MAN CNG bus history
2
3
4
Actual CNG technology - Euro 6
5
6
Cost Calculation
7
Summary
MAN Truck & Bus AG
Robert Staimer
MAN CNG Buses
January 2013 <
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MAN CNG Buses
CNG Product Portfolio
1) also available as Lion`s City L LE with 2 or 3 doors
2) height with standard CNG storage system
3) height with optional CNG storage system
4) also available as Lion`s City G LE with 2 or 3 doors
5) also available as Lion`s City GL LE with 2 or 3 doors
MAN Truck & Bus AG
Robert Staimer
MAN CNG Buses
January 2013 <
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MAN CNG Buses
CNG product portfolio – cont`d
12 m low floor chassis - solobus
18 / 18,75 m low floor chassis – articulated bus
12 m low entry chassis - solobus
MAN Truck & Bus AG
Robert Staimer
MAN CNG Buses
January 2013 <
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MAN CNG Buses
Component overview
CNG storage- and fuel supply system

Wide range of storage systems available

Highest safety standards available (cylinders & supply system)

ECE R-110 certified
EEV-/ Euro VI engine


Fuelling system
turbocharged engine, 12.8
litres
310 bhp / 1.250 Nm (LUH07)
272 bhp / 1.050 Nm (LUH08)

fill nozzle with
safety system

filling duration
similar to Diesel bus
Low noise level
MAN Truck & Bus AG
Robert Staimer
MAN CNG Buses
January 2013 <
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MAN CNG Buses
engine development milestones
MAN Truck & Bus AG
Robert Staimer
MAN CNG Buses
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MAN CNG Buses
Agenda
1
MAN CNG bus history
2
3
4
5
6
Cost Calculation
7
Summary
MAN Truck & Bus AG
Robert Staimer
MAN CNG Buses
January 2013 <
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MAN CNG Buses
sales figures worldwide 2000 - 2012
611
Country
Australia
Finland
France
Germany
Great Britain
Italy
Luxembourg
Mexico
Netherland
Norway
Austria
Poland
Portugal
Russia
Sweden
Switzerland
Slovakia
Spain
Turkey
Total
CNG Sales
520
488
431
334
289
196
209
182
177
145
125
80
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
MAN Truck & Bus AG
2006
2007
2008
Robert Staimer
2009
2010
2011
Units
175
31
2
724
37
65
34
1
559
211
21
29
294
3
867
35
1
555
1289
4993
2012
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MAN CNG Buses
CNG share 2009 - 2011
Lion`s City Sales – Sales Region Northern & Southern Europe (except Benelux, Germany, Iberia, Holland, France)
2.000
1.800
1809,0
1.600
1.400
1467,0
23,5 %
1.200
share
1234,0
16,9 %
22,2 %
share
share
1.000
800
600
400
555,0
419,0
200
251,0
0
2009
2010
Diesel
MAN Truck & Bus AG
Robert Staimer
2011
CNG & LPG
MAN CNG Buses
January 2013 <
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MAN CNG Buses
Agenda
1
MAN CNG bus history
2
3
4
5
6
Cost Calculation
7
Summary
MAN Truck & Bus AG
Robert Staimer
MAN CNG Buses
January 2013 <
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MAN CNG Buses
Dynamics in emission legislation Euro 1 – Euro 6
Particles [g/kWh]
0,5
Euro I (1993)
0,4
0,3
0,2
Euro II (1996)
Euro III (2000)
0,1
Euro V (2008)
Euro IV (2005)
Euro VI (2013)
0,0
0
1,0
2,0
3,0
4,0
EEV (2009)
MAN Truck & Bus AG
5,0
6,0
7,0
8,0
9,0
10,0
NOx [g/kWh]
Robert Staimer
MAN CNG Buses
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MAN CNG Buses
Environmental Aspects
ETC / WHTC
CO
NMHC
Nox
CH4
PM
particle
number
(g/kWh)
(g/kWh)
(g/kWh)
(g/kWh)
(g/kWh)
(10 11/ kWh)
Euro III limit
5,45
0,78
5
-
0,16
-
-
Euro IV limit
4
0,55
3,5
-
0,03
-
-
Euro V limit
4
0,55
2
-
0,03
-
-
EEV limit
3
0,4
2
-
0,02
-
-
Euro VI limit
4
0,16
0,46
0,5
0,01
6
10
MAN E 2876 - EEV
0,72
0,04
0,02
0,02
0,003
-
-
MAN E 2876 - Euro 6
0,3
0,02
0,31
0,14
0,001
2,59
8,86
MAN Truck & Bus AG
Robert Staimer
MAN CNG Buses
NH3
(ppm)
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MAN CNG Buses
WHTC emission limits - Euro 6
10,00
10,0
Emissionen
8,0
10,00
WHTC = World-wide Harmonised Transient Cycle
weighting: 14% cold + 86 % hot
6,00 *
6,0
4,0
4,00
2,0
0,16
0,50
0,46
0,0
CO
NMHC
Methan
NOx
Partikel
NH3
Partikelzahl
g/kWh
g/kWh
g/kWh
g/kWh
mg/kWh
ppm
10E11
* Diesel engine limits, particle number limit for CNGs expected until 31.12.2012
MAN Truck & Bus AG
Robert Staimer
MAN CNG Buses
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MAN CNG Buses
WHTC test results
10,00
10,0
Emissionen
8,0
EURO VI (WHTC - Grenzwert)
7,12
E 2876 LUH07
6,0
4,0
10,00
6,00 *
4,00
2,14
2,0
1,25
0,28
0,0
0,16 0,02
0,50
0,22
0,46 0,38
CO
NMHC
Methan
NOx
Partikel
NH3
Partikelzahl
g/kWh
g/kWh
g/kWh
g/kWh
mg/kWh
ppm
10E11
Wichtung: 14% kalt + 86 % warm
Prüfgas: G25, Emissionwerte inklusive Verschlechterungsfaktoren
* Diesel engine limit. Particle no. limit for CNG engines expected 31.12.2012
MAN Truck & Bus AG
Robert Staimer
MAN CNG Buses
January 2013 <
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MAN CNG Buses
emissions CNG engine E2876 LUH - Euro 6
weighting: 14% cold + 86 % hot
Emissions of CNG engine E2876LUH 07‐Euro 6
WHTC
12,0
10,0
8,0
Euro 6 limit
6,0
Fuel: GR ‐ Measured
Fuel: G25 ‐ Measured
4,0
2,0
0,0
[g/kWh]
[g/kWh]
[g/kWh]
[g/kWh]
[g/kWh]
[ppm]
10 11
CO
THC
CH4
NOX
PT/PM
NH3
PTN
* Diesel engine limits, particle number limit for CNGs expected until 31.12.2012
MAN Truck & Bus AG
Robert Staimer
MAN CNG Buses
January 2013 <
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Challenges of EURO VI for HD Vehicles
Trends Influencing EURO VI Heavy Duty Legislation
global harmonization
 world-wide harmonized heavy duty certification (WHDC, gtr № 4)
 world-wide harmonized OBD (WWH-OBD, gtr № 5)
 harmonization of OBD communication (ISO 27145)
PM
NOx
100%
8% 6,25%
EIII
EIV
EV
EVI
persistent legislative focus on emission reduction
 necessity of exhaust after-treatment
 increasing system complexity (engine, exhaust after-treatment)
*ETC
vehicle operation / on-road capabilities
 further focus on transient & real world engine operation (WHTC)
 inclusion of engine cold start into certification process
 focus on on-road capabilites/ in-service confomity (PEMS/IUPR)
driver notification / inducement
 noticeability of emission faults (discriminatory display strategy)
 emphasis on importance of NOx reduction (driver inducement)
 roadworthiness in terms of emissions (roadside check ISO 27145)
torque
speed
MAN Truck & Bus AG
Robert Staimer
MAN CNG Buses
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MAN CNG Buses
Euro 6 test cycle
World-wide Harmonised Heavy-Duty Certification Procedure (WHDC)
split into:
1. stationary test
WHSC (World-wide Harmonised Stationary Cycle)
2. transient test
WHTC (World-wide Harmonised Transient Cycle), 2 parts:
1. cold engine start
2. hot engine start after 10 min
MAN Truck & Bus AG
Robert Staimer
MAN CNG Buses
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MAN CNG Buses
WHTC engine rpm and torque progression - E2876LUH07
2000
1800
N [1/min]
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
1200
1400
1600
1800
Zeit [s]
1400
1200
M [Nm]
1000
800
600
400
200
0
-200
-400
0
200
400
600
800
1000
Zeit [s]
MAN Truck & Bus AG
Robert Staimer
MAN CNG Buses
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MAN CNG Buses
EURO 6 challenges for HD vehicles
 Durability
Legislation demands persistent low exhaust emissions (i.e. performance of the exhaust gas aftertreatment) over a
mileage of 700.000 km or 7 years for trucks > 7,5 t as well as 300.000 km or 5 years for buses and coaches.
 In Service Conformity, ISC = proof of durability
WWH-OBD / EURO VI-OBD
exhaust system check (filters, catalysts) for existence and function
control of all exhaust emission relevant actuators and sensors
PEMS-measurements
Emission measurements on vehicles on the road , carried out in defined time intervals
and in accordance with test cycles , which fulfill certain criteria (city/ intercity /highway mix),
Installation of a certified measuring system (PEMS, Portable Emission Measurement
System), reporting through standardised software.
 Repair and Maintenance Instructions, RMI
OEMs are obliged to make repair & maintenance instructions accessible for certified persons
 Conformity of production, COP
Check of production quality by means of emission measurements of 1 % of series engines
Guarantee of quality from outside supplier parts by means of supplier COP.
MAN Truck & Bus AG
Robert Staimer
MAN CNG Buses
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MAN CNG Buses
technical solutions / WWH-OBD functionalities
WWH-OBD functions
 control of exhaust emission system for correct performance
 control of exhaust emissions
General demands
 control of all electric wires to ECU
 control of components and sensors reference electrical faults (cable break, battery or earth
shortage) and plausibility check
 Conducting functional tests and check of components
 fault display by means of MIL (Malfunction Indicator Lamp) and storage in ECU fault memory
 Accessibility of fault memory by means of standardized, free vendible diagnostic devices
Realized control function for EGC4: catalyst diagnosis
 check of oxygen storage ability inside catalyst
MAN Truck & Bus AG
Robert Staimer
MAN CNG Buses
January 2013 <
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EURO VI challenges
Fault classification:
A: expected excess of OBD-limit
B1: emission relevant, OBD-limit
may be exceeded, but unclear
impact on emission
B2: emission relevant, without
exceeding OBD-limits
C: emission relevant, without
exceeding legal emission limits
Emissionen (WHTC kalt/warm)
fault classification
A
B1
OBD-treshold
B2
emission limits
C
fault class, priority (MIL)
emissiontreshold
highest OBD limits
NOx
[g/kWh]
CO
[g/kWh]
THC
[g/kWh]
NH3
[ppm]
particle mass
[mg/kWh]
no. of
particles
[#/kWh]
0,46
4
0,66
10
10
(6e+11)
1,2
---
---
---
25
---
MAN Truck & Bus AG
Robert Staimer
MAN CNG Buses
January 2013 <
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MAN CNG Buses
Technology
Otto-cycle Gas engine
Spark plug and special
combustion chamber with lower
compression ratio
MAN Truck & Bus AG
Robert Staimer
Diesel engine
Diesel injector and combustion
chamber with high compression
ratio
MAN CNG Buses
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MAN CNG Buses
Technology comparison Diesel vs. CNG (Otto)
Features of MAN CNG engines
Features of MAN-Diesel engines
External mixture forming: Natural gas injected into
compressed intake air, forming mixture upstream of
combustion chamber.
Externally induced ignition: mixture being ignited in
cylinder by means of spark plug
Engine power regulation: engine power regulated
through mixture quantity. The amount of gas/air mixture is
being
controlled by means of a throttle valve and charge air
pressure
Internal mixture forming: during intake stroke only air
will enter combustion chamber. Mixture forming by
means of Diesel fuel injection
Self ignition: Intake air heated up during
compression, leading to self-ignition of injected Diesel
fuel, without external igniter
Engine power regulation: engine power regulated
through mixture quality. Depending on engine speed
the amount of intake air stays almost constant. Only
quantity of injected fuel varies
1
Spark plug
2
Diesel Injector
3
Combustion
chamber
MAN Truck & Bus AG
Robert Staimer
MAN CNG Buses
January 2013 <
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MAN CNG Buses
E 2876 LUH
MAN Truck & Bus AG
Robert Staimer
MAN CNG Buses
January 2013 <
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MAN CNG Buses
Technology
E2876LUH
Number of cylinders: 6
Displacement:
12,8 l
Power output:
228 kW / 2000 rpm
Torque:
1250 Nm/10001700 rpm
Exhaust gas std:
Euro 6
MAN Truck & Bus AG
Robert Staimer
E0836LOH
Number of cylinders:
Displacement:
Power output:
Torque:
Exhaust gas std:
MAN CNG Buses
6
6,9 l
206 kW /2000 rpm
1000 Nm/900 1900 rpm
Euro 6
January 2013 <
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MAN CNG Buses
EGC4 - Technology
MAN Truck & Bus AG
Robert Staimer
MAN CNG Buses
January 2013 <
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MAN CNG Buses
EGC4 – load sensoring
sensor signals used to
make air mass flow
meter redundant
MAN Truck & Bus AG
Robert Staimer
MAN CNG Buses
January 2013 <
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MAN CNG Buses
Liner Technology
Type III cylinders are manufactured from
seamless, thin aluminum liners, wrapped
with carbon fibre laminate
advantage: weight saving up to 70 %
Type IV cylinders are full plastic liners
wrapped with fiberglass/carbon
Type I
Type II
MAN Truck & Bus AG
Robert Staimer
Type III - Dynecell®
MAN CNG Buses
Type IV
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MAN CNG Buses
Safety Aspects
What makes the CNG bus so safe ?

European regulation ECE-R110, StVZO, German pressure cylinder regulation, safety and
accident prevention regulations are fulfilled

Individual inspection of every vehicle prior to start of operation (by officially certified
inspector)

Filing nozzle with integrated check valve and shut-off valve

Fuel lines and unions made of stainless steel, gas tight

Liners



Aerospace proven materials
Operating pressure 200 bar, test pressure 300 bar, rated pressure 500 bar – Safety factor 2,5 !
Cylinder lifetime 20 years without need for intermediate inspection

Solenoid valves shut off fuel supply when ignition is switched off

Cylinder valves equipped with


Flow limiter
PRD (pressure relieve device): melting fuse will prevent cylinders from overpressure (in case of
fire)
MAN Truck & Bus AG
Robert Staimer
MAN CNG Buses
January 2013 <
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MAN CNG Buses
Agenda
1
MAN CNG bus history
2
3
MAN CNG buses – sales figures
4
5
6
Cost Calculation
7
Summary
MAN Truck & Bus AG
Robert Staimer
MAN CNG Buses
January 2013 <
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MAN CNG Buses
Euro 6 strategies / Diesel & CNG comparison
Euro 6 Diesel requires EGR & SCR technologies to be combined:
Euro 6 CNG only requires 3-way catalyst !
MAN Truck & Bus AG
Robert Staimer
MAN CNG Buses
January 2013 <
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MAN CNG Buses
Environmental Aspects - cont`d
Limit values & emissions busdrive trains (ETC)
PM (g/kWh)
Euro 3 Diesel
Euro 3 2000
EEV diesel closed soot trap
Euro 5 diesel closed soot trap
EEV stoichiometric CNG
EEV Lean burn CNG
Hybrid diesel
closed soot trap
Euro 4 Diesel PM-Kat
Euro 5 2008
Euro 6
0
Euro 4 2005
EEV
0.5
1.0
MAN Truck & Bus AG
1.5
2.0
Robert Staimer
2.5
3.0
3.5
MAN CNG Buses
4.0
4.5
5.0
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MAN CNG Buses
MAN Truck & Bus AG
Robert Staimer
MAN CNG Buses
January 2013 <
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MAN CNG Buses
Overview: environmental performance of buses
MAN Truck & Bus AG
Robert Staimer
MAN CNG Buses
January 2013 <
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MAN CNG Buses
!
!
MAN Truck & Bus AG
Robert Staimer
MAN CNG Buses
January 2013 <
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MAN CNG Buses
Agenda
1
MAN CNG bus history
2
3
4
5
6
Cost Calculation
7
Summary
MAN Truck & Bus AG
Robert Staimer
MAN CNG Buses
January 2013 <
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MAN CNG Buses
Financial Aspects-/ Cost comparison
1. vehicle costs (complete vehicle, Lion`s City)
vehicle investment for different drive technologies [%]
180,0
+ 63
160,0
140,0
+ 19
120,0
A37 Diesel
100,0
A37 Hybrid
80,0
A21CNG
60,0
40,0
20,0
,0
MAN Truck & Bus AG
Robert Staimer
MAN CNG Buses
January 2013 <
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MAN CNG Buses
2. fuel costs
Fuel cost comparison
[EUR]
450000
400000
350000
300000
250000
200000
150000
100000
50000
0
Diesel:
CNG:
 Calculation basis:
 10 year period
 annual mileage: 60.000 km
 Diesel cost: 1,40 EUR per litre
 CNG cost: 1,00 EUR per kg
 fuel consumption: 50/50 % mix from SORT 1 and SORT 2 values
MAN Truck & Bus AG
Robert Staimer
MAN CNG Buses
January 2013 <
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MAN CNG Buses
3. repair & maintenance comparison
Maintenance costs for Diesel and alternative drive technologies [%]
250000,0 €
140
200000,0 €
+26
120
maintenance costs [EUR]
100
preventive maintenance
costs [EUR]
80
150000,0 €
100000,0 €
+9
+1
60
repair costs [EUR]
40
50000,0 €
20
,0 €
Hybrid
Gas
Diesel
0
Diesel
Hybrid /D08
CNG / E28
Diesel / D20
Diesel / D08
Calculation basis:
• 10 year period
• annual mileage: 60.000 km
• labour rate & parts cost to German
standards
MAN Truck & Bus AG
Robert Staimer
MAN CNG Buses
January 2013 <
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MAN CNG Buses
Agenda
1
MAN CNG bus history
2
3
4
5
6
Cost Calculation
7
Summary
MAN Truck & Bus AG
Robert Staimer
MAN CNG Buses
January 2013 <
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MAN CNG Buses
Summary
The cleanest, CO2 neutral, reliable, non-fossil and affordable solution for
public transport:
• Buses readily available
• Proven reliable technology
• Highest well to wheel efficiency on CO2 reduction
• Lowest PM emission
• Lowest NOx emission
• Low noise production
• No link with food chain discussion
MAN Truck & Bus AG
Robert Staimer
MAN CNG Buses
January 2013 <
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MAN CNG Buses
Summary
The cleanest, CO2 neutral, reliable, non-fossil and affordable solution for
public transport:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Euro 6
No AdBlue
No battery packs, disposal of, replacement
no spillage risks
future proof – biogas option
manure, municipal waste, food waste – not crop reliant
biogas can be fed directly into the gas main
MAN Truck & Bus AG
Robert Staimer
MAN CNG Buses
January 2013 <
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MAN CNG Buses
Backup
Backup
MAN Truck & Bus AG
Robert Staimer
MAN CNG Buses
January 2013 <
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MAN CNG Buses
Prospects
The European Union has set the target of increasing the share of biofuels and so-called
alternative fuels, including natural gas, in traffic to 10 and 20 %, respectively, by 2020.
A European project called GasHighWay has been established, aiming to the realisation
of a comprehensive network of filling stations for these fuels spanning Europe
from the north, Finland and Sweden, to the south, Italy - in other words: the GasHighWay
MAN Truck & Bus AG
Robert Staimer
MAN CNG Buses
January 2013 <
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MAN CNG Buses
Summary
MAN Truck & Bus AG
Robert Staimer
MAN CNG Buses
January 2013 <
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MAN CNG Buses
Summary
Biofuel comparison – how far will biofuel made from crops grown on 1 hectare take you ?
MAN Truck & Bus AG
Robert Staimer
MAN CNG Buses
January 2013 <
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MAN CNG Buses
Summary
Biomethane plants in Germany
Number of plants
number
estimated number
MAN Truck & Bus AG
Robert Staimer
MAN CNG Buses
Capacity [m3/h]
capacity
estimated capacity
January 2013 <
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MAN CNG Buses
Focus: Carbon Footprint
Combined
Heat & Power
(CHP)
MAN Truck & Bus AG
Robert Staimer
MAN CNG Buses
January 2013 <
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World reserves of fossile energy
uncertainty range of
resources
Erdöl
Crude oil
Natural gas
Erdgas
Kohle
Coal
1000
0
50
100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 years
Mittelwerte aus verschiedenen Quellen
MAN Truck & Bus AG
Robert Staimer
MAN CNG Buses
January 2013 <
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?
MAN Truck & Bus AG
Robert Staimer
MAN CNG Buses
January 2013 <
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>
MAN CNG Buses
Thank you for your attention !

Clean Air Bus Transport

Transcription

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