Georgia

Transcription

Georgia

Project "Clean Rivers - Clean Sea! NGO actions for environmental protection within Black Sea area", funded by the European Union through the
Joint Operational Programme “Black Sea Basin 2007 – 2013”
1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Aims of the report ..................................................................................................3
2 Introduction to the studied area .................................................................................3
2.1. Problem description ..........................................................................................3
2.2. Decline in commercial marine living resources .........................................................3
2.3. Degradation of the Black Sea marine and coastal biodiversity and habitats .......................4
2.4. Eutrophication ................................................................................................4
2.5.Poor water quality ............................................................................................4
2.6. Measures taken to date ......................................................................................5
2.7.National and international developments .................................................................5
2.8. Long-term goals and short-term targets ..................................................................5
3.
General Description of the Chorokhi-Adjaristskali River Basin ..........................................9
3.1 General data ....................................................................................................9
3.2 Climate and Meteorological Station ...................................................................... 10
5. Human activities .................................................................................................. 17
6. Water abstractions and consumption ........................................................................ 18
7.1 Water resources ............................................................................................. 22
8. Chorokhi-Adjaristskali River Basin Management Plan ...................................................... 28
Background ........................................................................................................ 28
8.1 Surface Water Bodies under Significant Pollution Pressures identified through Desk Review of
Initial Studies...................................................................................................... 28
8.2. Surface Water Bodies under Hydromorphological Pressures, identified through Desk Review of
Initial Studies...................................................................................................... 31
8.3. Surface Water Pressures & Impacts Associated with Key Driving Forces / Significant Water
Management Issues ............................................................................................... 35
9. Impact and risk assessment ..................................................................................... 38
9.1.Risk Assessment of SWBs against Point Source Pollution Pressures ................................. 40
9.2.Risk Assessment of SWBs Against Non-point Pollution Sources ...................................... 40
9.3. Risk Assessment of SWBs against Hydromporphological pressure Indicators ..................... 40
9.4. Identification of Heavily Modified Surface Water Bodies ............................................ 46
10. Initial Programme of Measures for Water Bodies “at Risk” and HMWBs .............................. 47
11. Ecological Effectiveness Analysis And Ranking of Measures ............................................ 52
11.1 Costing of Measures ........................................................................................ 54
11.3. Estimating the costs of the non-structural measures /instruments .............................. 55
11.4 Prioritization of Measures ................................................................................ 58
12. Conclusions ....................................................................................................... 64
13. References ....................................................................................................... 66
2
1. Aims of the report
Report was prepared by the BSEA in cooperation with REC-Caucasus under the consultancy
assignment for the Development of the study on water management and pollution control
for in this case for the Chorokhi-Adjaristskali River Basin as identified priority basin during
the Focus Groups organized within the project., which constitutes an activity within the
EU-funded project: Clean Rivers-Clean Sea. The assignment is commissioned by the NGOs
actions for environmental protection within Black Sea (CRCS), a leader organization of the
project
2 Introduction to the studied area
2.1. Problem description
The Black Sea is a unique water body. This is a sea with the largest specific drainage basin
in the world. Its basin drains over two million square kilometers and covers almost one
third of continental Europe. These natural characteristics have made the Black Sea
ecosystem out-standing in terms of biodiversity. However, during recent decades the sea
became one of the most environmentally degraded regional seas on our planet. Its huge
catchment area and the semi-enclosed nature have made the Black Sea highly sensitive to
a variety of anthropogenic impacts.
Improvement of the ecological state of the Black Sea gains a special importance
considering the fact that infrastructural development of the coastal zone for promoting the
tourism sector in Georgia is a national priority for the country.
The Black Sea faces four main problems: (i) decline in commercial marine living resources,
(ii) degradation of the Black Sea marine and coastal biodiversity and habitats, (iii)
eutrophication1 and (iv) poor water quality not only for human health but also for
recreational use and aquatic biota.
2.2. Decline in commercial marine living resources
In 1960, 26 commercial fish species were registered in the Black Sea and today there are
only 3 to 4. Due to over fishing in the early 1970s and 1980s, the structure of catches has
shifted significantly.
Overfishing, invasion of alien species and degradation of the aquatic environment are the
primary causes of this decline. Regional agreements on fisheries will contribute to
sustainable fishery practices. Lack of regionally coordinated methodologies to assess the
condition of populations of commercial marine resources inhibits the Black Sea-bordering
countries’ abilities to determine the amount of the resources that might be extracted and
to plan joint regional measures for the protection of specific commercial fisheries. Lack of
scientific research on Black Sea ecology and fishery t makes the planning and decisionmaking process difficult. No instruments ensuring increased production from
environmentally friendly mariculture are in place.
1
The gradual increase in the concentration of phosphorus, nitrogen, and other plant
nutrients in an aquatic ecosystem that promote a proliferation of plant life, especially algae,
which reduces the dissolved oxygen content and often causes the extinctio n of other
organisms.
3
2.3. Degradation of the Black Sea marine and coastal biodiversity and habitats
The increase in invasive species has a significantly deleterious impact on the native Black
Sea biological diversity, with negative consequences for human activities and economic
interests. Between 1996 and 2005 a total of 48 new alien species were recorded.
Ineffective management of the coastal zone contributes to the degradation of the Black
Sea marine and coastal biodiversity and habitats. The Framework for National Integrated
Costal Zone Management (ICZM) legislation and ICZM Strategy were drafted but these
documents have not been adopted. Decreased amounts of sediment flushed to the coast
in the Chorokhi river coupled with intensive sediment extraction from the coast for
construction purposes have caused cause erosion and degradation of the coastal zone.
Coastal erosion caused by wave action is already noticeable. Although Georgia introduced
and implemented significant coastal conservation measures both in coastal wetlands and in
marine ecosystems (Kolkheti National Park), considering the importance of the coastal
biodiversity and habitats, more efforts should be made to identify and designate areas
which need protection..
The situation is extremely severe on the coastal zone of Apkhazia region. To meet the
infrastructural needs for the preparation of Sochi Olympiad 2014, vast amount of
construction inert materials are being extracted from the costal zone of this region. With
the further development of existing scenario the unique and vulnerable coastal zone of the
Black Sea will face irreversible dramatic consequences.
Some activities for the Black Sea coast can be viewed in chapter 12, Climate Change.
2.4. Eutrophication
Increased concentration of nutrients2 has caused eutrophication of the Black Sea.
Eutrophication creates a significant risk not only for the biodiversity of the Black Sea, but
also for human health and can seriously damage the tourism sector. Municipal waste water
discharge is a major source of nutrients to the Black Sea. Of the 19Waste Water
Treatment Plants (WWTPs) in the Black Sea basin, only one is operational. The vast
majority of the waste water discharges into the Black Sea without even primary treatment.
Runoff from agricultural fields is another major source of nutrients pollution of the Black
Sea. . Inadequate monitoring and assessment of major rivers and straits of the Black Sea
basin makes determining and implementing the necessary measures difficult.
2.5.Poor water quality
Georgia is a Party to the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from
Ships (MARPOL). Obligations of the convention are not fully met especially in the main Port
of Georgia – Poti where there are no disposal and treatment facilities for ballast and oily
waters that pollute the Sea. The Black Sea is also polluted from the numerous dumping
sites that are mainly located at the banks of the rivers in the proximity of the Sea and
from the discharge of untreated municipal waste water.. Water quality in the Black sea is
further deteriorated by other additional factors resulted from a very heavily used road
passing directly through recreational zones. Due to the fact that the road is narrow and the
speed is limited air pollution from cars is very high and this contributes to an increased
contamination of the Black Sea water. No permanent monitoring of bathing water quality
is conducted.
2
Elements such as nitrogen and phosphorus that are needed for plant growth
4
2.6. Measures taken to date
A number of national and regional projects have been implemented since the Bucharest
Convention ws signed in 1994. The most important national achievement is the
establishment of the Kolkheti National Park that ensures protection of coastal and marine
biodiversity. In addition, a draft Law of Georgia on ICZM was developed and efforts to
address solid waste and waste water problems were initiated. However, the draft Law on
ICZM has not been approved and solid waste and waste water management related
problems remain acute in the coastal region.
The Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan was approved in 2005 by the Government of
Georgia; however, it does not address marine biodiversity. This gap was partially rectified
by signing the Black Sea Biodiversity Protocol of the Convention on the Protection of the
Black Sea against Pollution as well as by signing other international agreements
(ACCOBAMS- agreement to the Bonn Convention). Existing economic Instruments for the
protection of water bodies, (such as licenses for water extraction/discharge and taxes for
water pollution) have been abolished. To optimize institutional effectiveness, several
governmental agencies or scientific institutions responsible for Black Sea related issues
were reorganized, but this reorganization did not help remedy deficiencies in current
national policy addressing local and transboundary Black Sea issues.
2.7.National and international developments
The Black Sea coastal zone is a prime location for the development of the tourism industry
in Georgia. A number of infrastructure developments in the region, the increase of
tourists, potential large scale projects such as construction of the airport, and creation of
a free trade zone in the city of Poti will significantly promote economic development of
the region, but at the same time will increase the load on the Black Sea. Climate change
will also influence the coastal zone. The Black Sea coastal zone is identified as one of the
sites vulnerable to climate change in Georgia.
The importance of protection of the Black Sea is well-recognized by the government.
Several international treaties and agreements were signed between 1992-2009 aiming at
protecting the Black Sea and promoting regional cooperation. The Black Sea Regional
Strategic Action Plan (BS SAP) on the Rehabilitation and Protection of the Black Sea (2009,
Kiev) sets priorities and actions for the protection of the Black Sea. Black Sea issues are
one of the priorities of EU-Georgia neighborhood program. Recently, Georgia ratified the
Black Sea Biodiversity Protocol to the Black Sea Convention and the Protocol for the
Protection of the Marine Environment of the Black Sea from Land-Based Sources and
Activities and once more proved its readiness to participate in implementing activities to
protect the Black Sea.
2.8. Long-term goals and short-term targets
The long-term goal for the protection of the Black sea is to reach the ecological state of
the Black Sea of the 60-ies of the last century. This goal is in line with the target set by
all Black Sea countries in BS SAP.
For implementing this goal the following targets should be achieved in 5 years:
Target 1. Preservation of commercial marine living resources
5
Target 2. Conservation and management of the Black Sea marine and coastal
biodiversity and habitats
Target 3. Reduction of Eutrophication
Target 4. Ensuring good water quality for human health, recreational use and aquatic
biota
Achieving these targets is very important not only from biodiversity and environmental
perspectives, but also for ensuring sustainable infrastructural development of the coastal
region and promoting tourism in this area.
Overall goal - to reach the ecological state of the Black Sea of the 60-ies of the last century
6
Target 1. Preservation of commercial marine living resources
Measures
1
2
Promote national Black Sea ecology and fishery
scientific researches through strengthening the Black
Sea Monitoring Center.
Introduce instruments including management,
economic and legal to ensure increased production
from environmentally friendly mariculture to
encourage a decrease in fishing effort.
3
Time
frame
Responsible
agency
2012-2013
MEPNR, MES
2012-2013
MA, MESD, MEPNR,
Business sector
Finance estimate
(GEL)4
Medium cost
Potential Source
Indicators
State Budget,
Donors.
The Black Sea Monitoring Center
is relevantly staffed
State Budget
Instruments are in place and at
least 2 mariculture farms are
established.
Potential Source
Indicators
Low cost
Target 2. Conservation and management of Black Sea marine and coastal biodiversity and habitats
Finance estimate
(GEL)
Measures
Time
frame
Responsible
agency
1
Include marine biodiversity aspects in relevant
strategic documents
2011-2015
MEPNR, MES
Low cost
State Budget,
Donors
Marine biodiversity issues are
covered by Biodiversity Strategic
Action Plan for 2011-2015
2
Development of an indicator related to marine
Biodiversity to be added to the National Biodiversity
Monitoring System
2011-2012
MEPNR
Low cost
GIZ
Indicators are developed
3
Development and implementation of a pilot project
for preservation of marine biodiversity
2011-2014
MEPNR
Medium cost
GIZ
Pilot project is implemented
4
Support existing and, where appropriate, identify and
establish additional protected areas to enhance
conservation of marine and coastal habitats and
biodiversity
Management of existing marine
and coastal protected areas are
further improved
New marine and coastal
protected areas are established
5
6
7
Introduce ICZM approaches, as stated in regional
LBSA protocol through adopting and implementing
the national strategy and enacting draft ICZM law
Ban building material extraction from the Chorokhi
river.
Awareness rising of local stakeholders in coastal
regions on the requirements of the Black Sea
Regional Strategic Action Plan
3
4
2011-2015
MEPNR
High cost
State Budget
Donor grants
2011-2015
MEPNR, MESD,
MRDI, local coastal
authorities
High cost
State Budget
Donor grants
2011-2012
MESD, MEPNR
Low cost
2011-2015
MEPNR
Low cost
donors
National strategy is adopted and
ICZM law is in place
Coastal erosion is reduced in this
area
Number of trainings and
workshops for stakeholder
groups
Legal basis regulating the fishery related issues in the Black Sea will be developed under the activity 8 of the target 2 in the chapter 6
In this document below of 100 000 GEL is defined as “Low cost”, 100 000 – 500 000 GEL – “Medium cost” and 500 000 –up “High
cost”.
7
Target 3. Reduction of Eutrophication
Time
frame
Measures
1
2
3
Introduce the adequate monitoring and assessment
system of Nitrogen and Phosphorus (concentrations
and loads) in major rivers and straits of the Black
Sea basin
Promote good agricultural practices and organic
farming (economic instruments, advertisement,
awareness rising campaign) and other low input
farming systems.
Support investment projects for construction of
water supply/ sewage systems and wastewater
treatment plants (WWTP) for popular Black Sea
resorts5.
Responsible
agency
Finance estimate
(GEL)
Potential Source
Indicators
State Budget
Reliable data series are in place
State Budget,
Business
Number of organic farms
established
State Budget,
IFIs, DABLAS TF
Water supply/sewage system in
Ureki and WWTP for
Ureki/Kobuleti
Potential Source
Indicators
within existing
structure of
MEPNR/State
Budget, DABLAS
TF
List is in place and updated
regularly
Medium cost
2013-2014
MEPNR, MLHSP
2011-2015
MEPNR, MA,
Municipalities,
NGOs
2011-2015
MEPNR, MRDI,
Municipalities
Low cost
High cost
Target 4. Ensuring good water quality for human health, recreational use and aquatic biota
Time
frame
Measures
1
2
Introduce the “List of Black Sea-specific priority
pollutants” to help target monitoring priorities
Provide adequate port reception facilities for shipgenerated wastes according to MARPOL Convention
Responsible
agency
2011-2012
MEPNR
2011-2015
Port
Administrations,
Municipalities,
MEPNR
Finance estimate
(GEL)
Low cost
High cost
Port
Administrations
Low cost
3
Clean-up and close unregulated/illegal riverine and
coastal dumping sites and designate appropriate sites
2011-2013
MEPNR,
Municipalities
Low cost
4
Carry out permanent monitoring of bathing
water quality during the touristic season
2011-2015
MLHSP, MEPNR
5
Support the construction of Kobuleti-Batumi
bypass road
2011-2014
MRDI, MEPNR
5
State and Local
Budget
High cost
Ballast and oily water treatment
in the Poti port as well as
standard disposal sites for other
waste in Batumi and Poti ports
are established
Unregulated/illegal riverine and
coastal dumping sites are
cleaned and closed Near Batumi,
Kobuleti and Poti. Appropriate
sites are designated with
relevant infrastructure.
State budget
Daily monitoring during the
Summer season in Batumi,
Kobuleti and Ureki is carried out
Loan from IFIs,
State Budget
Construction is started, air
quality in resorts is improved and
road safety is increased.
This measure can be covered by the activity 2 of the target 3 of the chapter 2.
8
3.
General Description of the Chorokhi-Adjaristskali River Basin
3.1 General data
The Chorokhi-Adjaristkali river basin is located in Adjara Region covering the major part of it.
The Chorokhi River originates in Mescit Mountains, north-eastern Turkey , flows through the
cities
of Bayburt, Ispir, Yusufeli,
and Artvin,
along
the Kelkit-Çoruh
Fault,
before
crossing Georgia, where it flows in the the Black Sea, south of Batumi, few kilometres north of
the Turkish-Georgian border. The Adjaristskali is a right tributary of the Chorokhi River. Its
source is located in the Arsiani Mountains.
The Chorokhi-Adjarisktsali basin is bordered with Guria (North), Samtkhe-Javakheti (East),
Karchkhali Belt (South) and Arsiani belt (West).
The major part of the pilot basin is covered with mountains and deep gorges and coastlines –
with valleys (Kobuleti and Kakhaberi valleys). In the coastline valleys there is humid subtropical
climate with cold winters and hot summers. In the mountainous areas air is humid, winter –
moderately cold, and summers brief and warm. Adjara is distinguished with its conveniently
warm climate.
Figure 1. Map of the Chorokhi-Adjaristskali River Basin
9
3.2 Climate and Meteorological Station
Chorokhi-Adjaristskali Basin territory expands over the extreme southern part of Kolkheti
Valley and mountainous Ajara. Kolkheti Valley is characterized by humid subtropical
climate, while in the mountainous Ajara, mainly situated in the Adjaristskali River valley
and is surrounded by Meskheti and Shavsheti belts and their southern branches, dry
climatic conditions prevail.
Climatic description of these territories is based on multi-year data gathered by meteorological
stations operating over the given territory or adjacent areas.
Air temperature – one of the key factors defining climate conditions, is directly linked to sun
radiation, and its average, monthly, annual and extreme rates based on the multi-year data the
hottest months in the region are July and August, with January and February being the coldest.
Freeze, i.e. cooling of the air below 00C against the average day-night positive temperature
starts in November and ends in April on average.
24 hour precipitation maximum volume in this region is quite high. 24 hour precipitation
maximum of 231 mm was recorded by Batumi meteorological station on 25 August 1948.
Humidity levels are quite high in the area under consideration. It is noteworthy that annual
records of absolute humidity and its deficit practically coincide with that of the air
temperature. The average wind velocity over the territory under consideration is high and based
on Kapandiba meteorological station data comes to 5.3m/s, while average maximum wind
velocity has been recorded in December and comes to 7.9 m/s.
It is mostly cloudy over the entire Ajara region all around the year with 60-65% of the sky on
average being covered with clouds. Cloud cover increases in winter months (70-75%), as well as
the number of cloudy days. There are 120-170 cloudy days on average, with 45-70 days of the
clear sky.
Thunderstorms, hail and fog is frequent in the region. Thunderstorms occur all year round, with
1-day in winter and 3-8 days in summer on average, and 20-45 to a maximum of 70 days
annually. Like thunderstorms, hail can occur any time of the year. Hail drops are not large in
size, hence causing no damage. Generally, the number of days with hail is relatively rare – 1 or
2 days per year, but in isolated cases, it can reach 12 days annually.
10
4. Meteorological stations operating on the territory of the basin or
neighbouring areas
The list of meteorological stations operating over the territory of the Chorokhi River basin and in the
neighboring areas by elevation above sea level and starting date of the observation activity is given in
the Table 1 below.
Table 1
Precipitation
(observation
since)
Batumi
2
1882
1949
1891/1892
1936
1936
Charnali
310
1952
1952
1952/1952
1952
1952
Kapandiba
20
1941
_
1941/_
1941
1956
Makhuntseti
138
1928
_
1928/_
_
1947
Keda
256
1930
1948
1934/1935
1936
1936
Khulo
923
1930
1952
1900/1930
1936
1937
Purtio
565
1926
_
1927/_
_
_
Chakvistavi
315
1936
_
1938/1940
_
_
According to the data provided by these meteorological stations and sites, daylight period is long
year-round and its average annual length varies between 1800-2200 hours. Total radiation rate is
also quite high and varies between 110-130 kcal/sm2.
Average, monthly, annual and extreme air temperatures in t 0C
Air temperature-one of the key factors defining climate conditions, is directly linked to sun
radiation, and its average, monthly, annual and extreme rates on the multi -year data provided
by the meteorological stations operating over the given territory and it is proximity is given in
the Table 2 below:
Table 2.avarage, monthly, annual and extreme temperatures
Meteorological
stations
Batumi
Charnali
Temperature
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
Ann
ual
Average
Abs.
maximum
Abs.
minimum
Average
Abs.
maximum
Abs.
minimum
6.7
6.7
8.2
11.3
15.9
20.2
22.9
23.1
20.1
16.2
12.1
9.0
14.4
25
28
32
38
38
40
40
37
33
29
24
40
-9
-8
-7
-2
2
9
13
13
7
2
-6
-7
9
5.7
5.9
7.7
11.2
15.0
18.5
20.9
21.5
18.8
16.1
12.0
8.6
13.5
24
26
31
36
37
40
41
43
37
34
30
28
43
-10
-10
-8
-2
2
9
11
12
6
2
-4
-7
-10
11
Kapandiba
Makhuntseti
Keda
Khulo
Average
Abs.
maximum
Abs.
minimum
Average
Abs.
maximum
Abs.
minimum
Average
Abs.
maximum
Abs.
minimum
Average
Abs.
maximum
Abs.
minimum
Average
6.5
6.8
8.9
12.2
16.2
20.0
22.5
22.7
19.8
16.5
12.5
8.8
14.4
24
28
32
38
38
40
40
41
39
36
30
29
41
-8
-8
-7
-1
3
10
13
13
6
2
-3
-6
-8
3.2
4.8
7.9
12.0
16.4
19.4
21.9
22.3
19.0
14.8
10.2
5.8
13.1
3.1
4.0
7.4
12.1
16.1
19.1
21.3
21.5
18.4
14.2
9.8
5.3
12.7
22
26
31
36
38
42
42
41
40
33
37
23
42
-15
-15
-11
-4
1
6
10
9
3
0
-11
-12
-15
0.9
1.7
4.6
9.4
14.2
16.5
18.6
19.4
16.2
12.3
7.8
3.6
10.4
17
21
24
31
35
39
39
39
38
32
27
22
29
-18
-18
-13
-9
-2
4
7
7
0
-3
-12
-13
-18
1.5
2.6
5.7
9.8
15.2
17.6
20.1
20.2
16.6
12.2
7.6
2.8
11.0
20
25
31
36
37
39
40
41
38
33
30
23
41
-15
-14
-13
-5
-1
4
7
8
2
-3
-9
-13
-15
Average
5.0
5.4
7.3
11.3
15/
0
17.9
20.0
20.5
17.7
14.9
10.8
7.4
12.8
Abs.
maximum
24
27
32
37
37
40
40
41
37
35
28
27
41
Abs.
minimum
-14
-14
-9
-3
1
7
10
11
3
-1
-6
-8
-14
Abs.
maximum
Abs.
minimum
Purtio
Chakvistavi
As the Table 2 shows, the hottest months in the region are July and August, with January and
February being the coldest.
First and last freeze dates and duration of freeze-free periods in the number of days
First and last freeze dates, as well as the duration of freeze-free periods in the number of days,
based on the multi-year observation data of the same meteorological stations, is given in the
Table 3 below.
Table 3. First and last freeze dates
Freeze-free periods in
days
Freeze dates
Meteorological Station
Chakvistavi
19.XII
First
_
_
20.III
Last_
_
273
Average
_
Shortest
_
Longest
Average
Early
Late
Average
Early
Late
Batumi
1.I.
24.XI.
8.III.
4.III.
24.I.
2.IV
302
233
404
Charnali
20.XII.
-
-
14.III.
-
-
280
-
-
Kapandiba
1.I
-
-
9.III
-
-
297
-
-
Makhuntseti
8.XII.
-
-
19.III
-
-
263
-
-
Keda
4.XII
1.X
12.I
21.III
5.II.
24.IV
257
167
322
Khulo
6.IX
30.IX
6.XII
14.IV
5.III
12.V
205
160
238
12
Purtio
18.IX
_
_
7.IV
_
_
224
_
_
Ground surface temperature (GST), which is defined by the type of soil, its mechanical
composition, soil moisture, vegetation cover in summer and snow cover in winter, and measured
at the uppermost millimeters of the soil. Its value is closely linked with air temperature values.
Average, monthly, annual and extreme ground temperatures in t0C
Average, monthly, annual, average maximum and average minimum temperatures, based on the
multi-year observation data of Batumi, Charnali, Keda and Khulo meteorological stations, are
given in the table 4 below
Table 4.Avarage,monthly,annual and extreme temperatures
Meteorological
stations
Batumi
Charnali
Keda
Khulo
Temperature
I
II
III
IV
V
VI VII VIII
IX
X
XI XII
Average
Average
maximum
Average
minimum
Average
5
6
9
14
19
24
26
25
21
16
11
7
15
12
13
18
26
33
39
40
39
34
28
19
14
26
1
1
3
6
11
15
18
18
15
11
7
3
9
3
4
7
13
19
23
25
24
20
16
10
6
14
Average
maximum
11
12
18
27
36
40
41
40
34
29
20
14
27
Average
minimum
-1
-1
2
6
10
14
17
17
14
10
6
1
8
1
2
7
13
18
23
25
24
20
14
8
3
13
7
10
19
28
35
40
42
40
35
28
17
10
26
-2
-1
2
6
11
14
17
17
14
9
4
-1
8
0
0
5
12
19
23
25
25
19
14
7
2
13
9
6
17
32
40
44
45
46
38
30
17
9
28
-5
-5
-2
4
8
12
14
15
11
6
2
-3
5
Average
Average
maximum
Average
minimum
Average
Average
maximum
Average
minimum
Year
Monthly and annual average rainfall in mm
Atmospheric precipitation, which represents one of the key elements defining climatic and
hydrologic regime of the region, is a surplus in coastline areas and limited in the Ajaristkhali
River basin of the research territory. Average annual rainfall on the given territory varies
between 1034 and 4519 mm. At the same time, minimum precipitation is recorded in the warm
months of the year, while during the rest of the year, the average rainfall is practically equally
distributed by months. Monthly and annual average rainfall based on the multi-year observation
data of the same meteorological stations is given in the Table 5 below.
13
Table 5. Monthly and annual average rainfall (mm)
Meteorological
stations
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
Year
Batumi
281
228
174
122
92
163
182
255
335
306
304
276
2718
Charnali
378
305
198
130
97
170
190
266
353
328
337
330
3082
Kapandiba
238
195
153
110
83
146
168
236
310
280
273
244
2436
Makhuntseti
202
173
144
80
69
120
132
165
222
256
209
207
1979
Makho
254
208
161
111
84
148
167
234
306
280
278
253
2484
Maradidi
193
163
138
78
67
116
129
160
214
249
201
192
1900
Keda
186
166
132
76
74
83
94
98
161
217
202
163
1652
Khulo
164
125
105
71
83
85
69
65
97
155
162
140
1321
Purtio
123
90
86
57
67
68
55
52
77
124
128
107
1034
Chakvistvali
281
229
203
119
108
165
187
245
324
314
290
265
2730
Tsiskara
508
412
315
206
141
250
282
397
515
488
510
495
4519
Maximum 24 hour precipitation of different probability in mm (annual)
24 hour precipitation maximum volume in this region is quite high. 24 hour precipitation maximum
of 231 mm was recorded by Batumi meteorological station on 25 August 1948. Maximum 24 hour
precipitation of various sources based on the multi-year observation data by Batumi and Khulo
meteorological stations is given in the Table 6 below.
Table 6. Maximum 24 precipitation
Monthly and annual average air humidity
Meteorological
station
Average
maximum
(mm)
Probability%
Recorded
maximum
63
20
10
5
2
1
mm
Date
Batumi
Khulo
128
110
162
185
203
224
238
231
25.VIII.1948
61
54
74
82
89
98
105
100
5.X.1949
Air humidity is one of the key elements of climate. It is mainly measured according to three
main characteristics: absolute humidity, i.e. resilience of water vapor, relative humidity and
humidity deficit. The first one characterizes the amount of water vapor in the air, the second–
density of vapor in the air, and the latter refers to the probable degree of evaporation.
Humidity levels are quite high in the area under consideration. It is noteworthy that annual
records of absolute humidity and its deficit practically coincide with that of the air temperature.
Monthly and average air humidity levels based on multi-annual observation data of Batumi,
Charnali, Keda and Khulo meteorological stations is given in the Table 7 below.
[[[[[
Table 7. Monthly and average humidity levels
14
Meteorological
station
Batumi
Charnali
Keda
Khulo
Humidity
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
Year
Absolute
millibar
Relative%
7.4
7.6
8.3
10.5
14.8
18.9
22.2
22.8
19.2
14.8
11.5
8.4
13.9
74
77
80
80
81
78
78
80
82
83
80
73
79
Deficit
millibar
Absolute
millibar
Relative
%
Deficit
millibar
Absolute
millibar
Relative
%
Deficit
millibar
Absolute
millibar
Relative
%
Deficit
millibar
3.2
5.9
2.9
6.1
2.6
6.8
3.4
9.0
3.9
13.2
5.7
17.4
6.4
20.8
6.0
21.1
4.4
17.6
3.3
13.0
3.3
9.6
3.6
6.7
4.1
12.3
66
68
72
74
78
80
82
82
82
74
69
63
74
4.1
4.1
4.0
5.2
5.0
4.7
4.5
4.4
4.1
4.9
5.2
5.0
4.6
6.1
6.2
6.9
9.2
13.0
16.7
20.1
20.4
16.9
12.5
9.5
7.0
12.0
78
76
73
70
73
76
80
82
83
81
79
77
77
2.1
2.6
3.7
5.6
6.3
6.4
5.9
5.6
4.6
3.7
3.2
2.5
4.4
4.5
4.7
5.2
7.0
10.1
13.2
16.2
16.0
12.9
9.4
7.0
5.2
9.3
69
69
68
64
66
72
77
75
74
70
66
65
70
2.4
2.6
3.4
5.7
7.0
6.7
6.1
6.8
5.9
5.3
4.4
3.4
5.0
Dates of first and last measurable snow
According to the multi-year observation data of the same meteorological stations, the earliest
snow cover appears at October 1st (M/S Khulo, Keda) and the last snow disappears at May 1st
(W/S Khulo). At the same time, based on Khulo meteorological station data, the average
volume of snow per decade is 248 cm. Dates of first and last measurable snow based on the
multi-year observation data of the same meteorological stations is given in the Table 8 below.
Table 8. first and last measurable snow
Meteorological
station
Snowfall duration in
days
First snow
Last snow
Average
Early
Late
Average
Early
Late
Batumi
12
13.I.
14.XI.
-
24.II.
-
20.IV.
Charnali
29
25.XII.
-
-
17.III.
-
-
Keda
45
14.XII
1.X.
_
18.III.
_
10.IV
Khulo
86
14.XI
1.X
6.I
5.IV
14.II
1.V
15
Wind directions and still meteorological periods
Wind directions vary over the basin territory, however the coastline areas are mainly
characterized by south-west and south-east winds, while north and south, as well as east and
west direction winds are frequent in the Adjaristskali River basin. Wind directions and still
meteorological periods based on multi-year observation data of the same meteorological stations
is given in the Table 9 below.
Table 9. Wind directions
Meteorological
stations
N
Batumi
9
4
2
1
26
Charnali
Kapandiba
Keda
Khulo
NE
8
2
0
9
21
E
11
23
2
26
1
SE
13
14
51
8
1
S
12
7
16
6
24
SW
24
29
1
19
20
W NW
14
11
14
29
3
9
10
14
2
4
# of days with still
Met.conditions
18
22
25
56
14
16
5. Human activities
General Parameters. According to the latest available data, gross regional product (measured
as Gross Value Added – GVA by Georgian statistical accounting system) in Ajara in 2012 amounted
to approx. 1,675.4 million Georgian Lari (GEL) or 7.8% of national GDP in basic prices. This is the
4th largest regional product in Georgia after Tbilisi, Imereti, Racha-Lechhumi and Kvemo Svaneti
and Kvemo Kartli regions.6 Per capita regional product was approx. 4,363 GEL which is about
91.3% of Georgian per capita value (USD 2,623).
Major economic activities in the region are services (26% share of total GVA), construction (12%
of GVA) and trade and repair works (12% of total GVA). Agriculture, industry and, transportation
and communications make up about 7-8% of total GVA each.
Industrial facilities and busineses. In accordance with 2011 statistics, among various
enterprises, the largest number was accounted to trade and repair SMEs, making up over 2000 in
number. This was followed by processing industries counting over 390 registered enterprises in
2011 and hospitality and construction businesses counting about 360 registered enterprises each.
In the processing industry, food, beverage and tobacco production made up the largest share
(40%) of total industrial output, followed by processing and production of non-metal mineral
products, e.g. asphalt roofing (22%), timber processing and furniture manufacturing (14%) and
textile industries (12%).7 One of the largest industrial facilities is Batumi oil terminal that
operates 185 tanks (300 m3- 10,000 m3 capacity each), with total amount of 581,000 tons of oil
storage capacity. Tanks are divided in 5 areas (tank depots) which include 3 tank depots for
crude oil (Kholodnaya Sloboda, Kapreshumi and Bartskhana areas). Other 2 tank depots are
intended for fuel oil, diesel, gasoline, jet fuel, naphtha and liquid petroleum gas (LPG) (In 2008
the LPG terminal was expanded to 5,000 m3) All tanks were built or restored for the last few
years.8
Dredging sand and gravel. It is noteworthy to mention that are numerous construction
companies that extract sand and gravel from the Adjaristskali river beds and banks. Last years,
such operations were undergoing on the Chorokhi River. However, in 2014 sand and gravel
extraction was stopped on that river due to the expiration terms of validity of the licences
issued. Below is given the table 4 of licences issued on sand and gravel extraction in Adjara.
Agriculture. Given the shortage of land resources in Adjara, due to its mountainous terrain,
agriculture lands occupy only about 25% (72,862 ha) of the total land of the region, of which 52%
are pastures.
Fisheries. There are 91 fish farms in Adjara, of which only 72 are currently operational. By the
year of 2011, fish production reached 277.2 t annually, while the maximum capacity of these
farms is 678 t.
6
Source: National Accounts of Georgia. 2012. National Statistics Offie of Georgia.
http://www.geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_files/georgian/nad/krebuli.2012.pdf
7
Source: Ministry of Finance and Economy of AR of Adjara. http://www.mofea.ge/page.php?id=28
8
Source: http://www.terminal.akdesignst.com/?lng=eng&act=specification
17
6. Water abstractions and consumption
Currently, major water user in the pilot basin is the hydropower sector, followed by potable
water supply, fisheries and industry sectors. More specifically, in 2013 total of 1,041.82 million
m3 water was abstracted in Chorokhi-Adjaristskali basin. Of this amount, only 11.65 million m3
(~1.12%) was accounted for groundwaters. The remaining was abstracted from surface waters.
Out of total amount abstracted, 1033.41 million m3 (~99.2%) was used and the remaining lost in
the water supply systems. Of total amount used, 42.52 million m3 (~4.1%) was consumed by
water supply sector, 973.5 million m3 (~94.2%) – used by HPPs, 15.74 million m3 (1.5%) – by
fisheries and, 1.886 million (~0.2%) – by industry. As water uses per river basins, the largest
amount of water was abstracted in Adjaristskali basin (842.19 million m3 – 81% of total water
abstraction), largely due to the water uses by HPPs, followed by the amount abstracted in
Chorokhi river basin (146.7 million m3 – 14.08%), also due to water uses by HPPs. Third largest
figure of abstracted water is accounted to Chakvistskali basin (31.2 million m3), largely due to
the Chakvistskali water abstraction and use by Batumi water supply system.9
Table 10. 2013 Water Abstraction and Use Statistics
Water abstraction,
million m3
River
Water use, million m3
Specific Uses
Total
Groundwater
included in
total
Total
Potablehousehold
Industry
Hydropower
Fishery
Chorokhi basin
146.7
5.216
145.15
9.8
0.8
132.6
2.05
Chorokhi
13.55
5.216
12
9.8
0.8
1.5
Charnali
0.55
0.55
Machakhela
132.6
132.6
0.55
Ajaristskali
basin
842.19
0.014
842.06
1.32
0.026
828.8
11.9
Ajaristskali
807.2
0.014
807.11
0.47
0.026
801.3
5.3
132.6
AkavreTa
5.7
5.7
5.7
Chirukhistskali
28.4
28.4
Satsikhuri
0.89
0.85
0.85
Bartskhana
Basin
0.02
0.02
0.02
0
Bartskhana
0.02
0.02
0.02
Kintrishi Basin
0.02
21.5
6.4
19.9
7.2
0.04
8.7
6.4
7.1
7.2
0.04
Achkva
0.6
0.6
Kinkisha
12.2
12.2
Kubistskali Basin
0.2
Kubistskali
0.2
Korolistkali
Basin
6.1
Korolistskali
6.1
Chakvistskali
Basin
9
31.2
0.2
5.2
0
26
0
12.1
0.7
0.2
12.1
0.1
0
0
0
0
0
1.14
0.2
5.1
0.08
0
0
0.6
0.2
0
0.9
0.02
Kintrishi
0
27.5
0.01
0.08
24.2
0.7
Source: 2012 Water use accounting data of the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources Protection
18
Chakvistskali
TOTAL
31.2
1047.82
11.65
26
24.2
0.7
1038.531
47.62
1.856
1.14
973.5
15.79
Batumi is a major drinking and industrial water user. In 2012 its share of the region’s total
drinking water use was 57%. This indicates the presence of serious problems with the drinking
water supply to Adjara population, particularly to the people living in mountainous regions.
The second largest water user is the city of Kobuleti. It should be also noted that Batumi water
supply system abstracts water from Chakvistksali and Korolistskali intake facilities, while that of
the city of Kobuleti – from the filtrates of the Kintrishi River. Stemming from this, we can
conclude that the rivers utilized by major water users are under the certain pressure.
The Korolistskali River is fed by snow, rain and ground waters. The water regime is characterized
with weak summer floods and year-round flash floods caused by heavy rains. The mount Mtirala
(1,381,9m), located on the eastern water divide of the river is known for the highest values of
annual precipitations – 4,519 mm. Average annual flow of the Korolistskali River is 3.3 m3/sec,10
regulated through water abstraction for drinking and industrial water uses at a rate of 0.2
m3/sec.
Figure 2. Chakvistskali water abstraction station
A similar situation exists in the Chakvistskali River Basin. However, the river has much higher
water flow and more stable seasonal run-off than the Korolistskali River. More specifically, the
multi-year average flow of the Chakvistskali River is 9.89 m3/sec, while the designed capacity of
the intake facility is only 1.15 m3/sec. Based on such data, the Chakvistskali River only loses
11.6%, which is sufficient river flow for the aquatic organisms. However, when minimum annual
river flow discharge is taken into accout (1.172 m3/sec), the decrease in flow in the
Figures for annual average flow and annual water abstraction were double -checked in different sources and corrected to 3.3 m3/s and
0.2 m3/s respectively.
10
19
Chakvistkskali River may reach 66.8%. This would have serious impact on the riverine ecosystems
in the river section below the abstraction point.
Wastewater discharges. Regarding wastewater discharges, in 2013 total of 995.29 million m3
wastewater was discharged into surface waters and on the land surface of the ChorokhiAdjaristskali river basin, of which only 3.837 million m3 was discharged on the land surface
(0.38%) and the remaining – in surface water bodies. Out of total volume of wastewater
discharged, 3.36 million m3 (about 0.35% of total volume discharged in surface waters) was
untreated or inadequately treated wastewater, 13.63 million m3 (~3.74% of total volume
discharged in surface waters) – treated water and 970.60 million m3 (~95.59% of total volume
discharged in surface waters) – technologically clean water. The largest volume of untreated or
inadequately treated wastewater (2.3 million m3 or 64.55% of total volume of untreated or
insufficiently treated wastewater) was discharged into the Adjaristskali River, followed by the
amounts discharged into Charnali (0.6 million m3), Chorokhi (0.302 million m3), Kubastskali (0.2
million m3) Korolistskali ( 1.2 million m3), Akavreta (0.1 million m3) and Mejinistskali (0.04
million m3) and Bartsnkhana (0.01 million m3) rivers. Untreated/inadequately treated
wastewater discharges were accounted to small town sewerage systems in Adjaristskali basin
and discharges from industrial facilities in Bartskana and Chorokhi basins. Discharge of
technologically clean water was accounted to returned water from small to medium-size HPPs11
discharges in surface water bodies, million m3
In total, million m
Form which
Discharge by
rivers
In total
1
3
2
from which
discharged on
surface relief
3
in total
clean water
(not needed
treatment)
Polluted
4
5
6
7
8
132.6
0.9
134.6
0.07
134.38
0.002
0.
9
Chorokhi river
1.4
0.07
1.33
0.002
0.3
Charnali river
0.6
0.6
132.6
132.6
Chorokhi Basin
Machakhela
132.6
Adjaristskali basin
843.1
1.5
841.6
1.5
Adjaritskali river
808.3
0.8
1.2
807.5
1.4
Akavreta river
5.7
5.7
0.1
Chirukhistskali river
28.4
28.4
0.7
0.7
0.05
0.004
0.04
0
Bartskhana river
0.05**
0.004
0.04
0
Kintrishi Basin
14.9
2.1
12.8
2.1
2.1
Qobroni river
0.6
0.006
Kinkisha river
12.2
12.2
Kubastskali Basin
0.2
0.2
Kubastskali river
0.2
0.2
9.9
801.3
3.4
5.6
0.
01
0.0
1
0.9
0.03
0.03
12.1
0.6
0.7
0.6
12.1
Mejinistskali Basin
0.04
0.01
Mejinistskali river
0.04
0.01
11
825.8
27.5
Bartskhana Basin
Kintrishi river
0.9
0.6
1.
2
Satsikhuri river
treated
0.1
0.
03
0.0
3
Source: 2012 Water use accounting data of the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources Protec tion
20
Korolistskali basin
Korolistskali
Chakvistskali basin
Chakvistskali
1.2
0.003
1.2
0.
01
0.1
1.0
1.2***
0.003
1.2
0.0
1
0.1
1.0
1.2
0.06
1.1
1.2
0.06
1.1
995.29
3.737
991.32
1.1
1.1
TOTAL
1.512
2.1
5
970.6
13.63
Table 11. Wastewater discharges into waters of Chorokhi-Adjaristskali river basin
** 0.2 million m3 (drainage water from storm water collector) discharged by Batumi Oil Terminal in the Bartsnkhana
River
*** 1.1 million m3 (drainage water from storm water collector) discharged by Batumi Oil Terminal in the Korolistskali
River
21
7. Characteristics of the Chorokhi-Adjaristskali River Basin
7.1 Water resources
The current shape of relief and its paleo-dynamic nature of development significantly define
groundwater spread intensity, genetic characteristics and dynamics, which is reflected in rich
surface water resources of the
basin consisting of the rivers Chorokhi, Machakhela,
Adjaristskali, Skhalta, Chirukhistskali, Korolistskali, Chakvistskali, Kintrishi and Achkva. Brief
hydrographic description of these rivers is given below
Chorokhi River (Choruk-Nekhr) is one of the major rivers of the Black Sea East coast. It takes
origin in Tku-Badagi mountain in Turkey, 20 km South-West mountain Ispir, at 2700m above the
sea level and flows into the Black Sea on the territory of Georgia 6 km South-West Batumi.
The river is 438 km long, while watershed area is 22065.4 km2. 26 km long lower reaches of the
river flow on the territory of Georgia. In this section of the river average fall is 780 m, while
average inclination –300. Three main tributaries join the river on the territory of Georgia:
Machakhelistskali (37 km long), Adjaristskali (90 km) and Charnali (13 km). Watershed area of
the Chorokhi River on the territory of Georgia is 1804.8 km2.
The basin has mountainous topography. It consists of the northern slopes of the Shavsheti ridge,
western slopes of the Arsiani ridge from the West and southern slopes of the Ajara-Imereti
ridge.10 km long lower section of the basin is situated on Kakhaberi lowland.
Mountainous part of the basin slopes are divided by deep gorges of Machakhelastskali and
Adjaristskali tributaries.
Geologically the basin is comprised oftuffs, clay shales and young andesite-basalt lavas..
Vegetation is mainly represented by deciduous and coniferous forests, while Kakhabery lowland
is used for agricultural cultures.
The river gorge from Georgia-Turkish border to the village of Erge is of V-shape. Bottom of the
river does not exceed 100-200 m. The section of the river from the village of Erge to
Khelvachauri considerably widens and assumes cube shape with a wide bottom (0,3-0,8
km).Below Khelvachauri, over Kakhaberi lowland, the river shape turns trapezoidal (bottom
width – 1,0 – 1,5 km), while it is poorly distinguished near the estuary.
The river bed from the state border to the village of Kapandiba is moderately meandering and
branches out into 2-3 branches. Below the village of Kapandiba, it becomes intensively
meandering with multiple branches. Isles created between the river branches varies from 20-100
m in width and 100-300 meters in length. They are partly covered with vegetation and grass.
Sections of turbulent and slow flow of the river interchange in every 500m. On the territory of
Kakhaberi lowland the river bed is very deformed and the river often changes its flow.
Tributary width varies from 50 m (near the village of Maradidi) to 120 m (near the village of
Makho), depth 1,5 m -4,9 m, while velocity from 0.7 m/s – 2,5 m/s. Tributary bottom is made of
stone and gravel. The sources of the river are snow, rain and groundwater. The river has high
water flow in spring and floods are frequent in autumn, while it has a low flow periods in
summer and winter seasons. Spring flooding starts in early March, reaches a maximum in May
and ends late July. In August and September the river has a low flow, but occasionally it is
flooding 4-5 times as a result of heavy rainfall. Heavy rainfalls also cause floods in autumn often
exceeding the spring floods. Occasionally, summer floods coincide with the flooding caused by
intensive rains, which result in catastrophic increase in water level. By the end of November the
winter low flow period starts, which lasts till March of the following year. 45% of the annual
22
runoff is generated in spring (March-May), 25% - summer(June – August), 17% - autumn
(September- November) and 13% - winter (December –February).
Multi-year average runoff of the Chorokhi River at Erge gauging site, where the catchment area
equals 22,000km2, is 272 m3/sec, maximum runoff – 3,840 m3/sec (recorded on 8 May,1942) and
minimum runoff – 44.4 m3/sec (recorded on 12 August, 1955). River turbidity varies between
3,700 and 110,000 g/m3 during floods and flash floods. The maximum sediment flow is recorded
in May and makes up 3,100 kg/sec, while the minimum sediment flow is recorded in September
and makes up 3.0 kg/sec. Ice formation is a very short-term phenomenon. The river Chorokhi is
not used for irrigation.
Machakhela River, one of the major tributaries of the river Chorokhi originates in Turkey, at the
altitude of 2620 m a.s.l. as a result of convergence of several springs located on the south slope
of the mount Mereta (2,662.7 m a.s.l.). It joins river Chorokhi from the right side near the
village Machakhevispiri.
Total length of the river is 37 km and catchment area – 369 km2. The upper course of the river is
located in Turkey, while middle and lower courses with a total length of 21km – in Georgia. The
major tributary of the Machakhela River on the territory of Georgia is Skurdidi River (11 km in
length). Other tributaries are no longer than 5-6 km. In the Georgian section of the basin, the
catchment area is 114.9 km2.
The basin’s relief is mountainous and is characterized by clear contours. From place to place the
height of picks reaches 800-1,000 m above river beds. Steep slopes of the watersheds are heavily
fragmented by deep gorges of river.
branches. Major rocks are covered with mountain-meadow yellowish-brown leached soils. In the
river basin, above the altitude of 2,000-2,200 m alpine grassy biomes are met and below this
belt – mixed forests. The lower course of the basin is represented by orchards and arable lands.
The river gorge is V-shaped. The width of the gorge is 60-130 m. The slopes of the gorge merge
with adjustment ridges. A floodplain is only met at the river mouth. Its length is 5-6 km, width –
40-50m and, height – 0.5-1 m. During the flash floods the flood plain is inundated with 0.3-1m
water.
The river bed in a distance of 1.5-2.0 km from the national border is branched and forms 10-m
wide and 20-m long pebble islands. The width of the river varies between 10 and 18 m, depth –
between 0.4 to 0.8 m and the flow velocity – between 2.5 to 0.5-08 m/sec. The bottom of the
river is uneven, covered with large boulders. River banks are composed of non-compact gravel
and from place to place are cliffy.
The river is fed by snow, rain and ground waters. The water regime is characterized by spring
floods, fall flashfloods, unstable summer low flow and stable winter law flow periods. Spring
runoff contributes 35% to the annual water flow, summer runoff – 18%, fall runoff –28% and
winter runoff – 19%. At the Sindieti gauging site, where the catchment area is 365 km2, multiyear average river runoff is recorded at 21.2 m3/sec. At the same site, maximum runoff was
recorded on 12 September 1962 and amounted to 430 m3/sec, while the minimum runoff was
recorded on 10 February 1950 and amounted to 1.5 m3/sec. During floods and flashfloods the
river turbidity varies between 65 and 2000 g/m3, the maximum sediment runoff is recorded in
November and amounts to 140 kg/sec, while the minimum runoff is recorded in April and
amounts 0.70 kg/sec.
23
River water is clean, transparent and potable during low waters. No ice phenomenon is recorded
on the river. The river is used for hydropower generation and for water mills. It is not used for
irrigation. In the past, there were two small-scale local canals watering 3 ha collective farm
lands of Chkhutuneti and Keda.
The Adjaristskali River originates at the 2,435 m, on the western exposition of the northern part
of the Arsiani ridge, to the east of the mount Chanchakhi (2,506.7 m) within 1 km distance from
it. It flows into the Chorokhi River from the right side, downstream of the village Keda within 1
km distance from it. Total length of the river is 90 km, overall fall 2,397 m, average slope 26.60,
total catchment – 1,540 km2, average altitude – 1,400 m. The hydrographic network of the the
river basin is composed of 988 rivers with a total length of 2,165 km. Major tributaries are
Satsikhur (14 km), Skhalta (29 km), Chikhuristskali (32 km), Chanistskali (21 km) and Akavtreta
(19 km).
The borders of the river basin follow them water divides of the ridges of Chakvi, Ajara-Imereti,
Arsiani and Shavsheti. The relief is mountainous and very fragmented, the altitude of the water
divides exceeds 1,500-2,000 m. The basin geologically is composed of tuffs, sandstones and clayshales. Young andesite-basalt lava is also met from place to place. Mountainous forest podsolised
clay soils dominate within the basin. The largest area of the basin is covered with dense mixed
forests, which at the tops of the water divides transform into alpine grassy meadows.
The river gorge is V-shaped. The width of the river bed varies from 5-20 to 200-250 m. Steep
slopes of the watershed are high and merge with adjustment ridges. From place to place river
gorge is represented by cliffs. In the downstream areas the slopes of the river gorge are
terraced. The width of these structures varies from 20 to 300 m and the height from 3 to 10 m.
The surfaces of the terraces are flattened and planted with crops. Two-sided floodplain with a
width of 40-100 m is met in the middle and downstreams. Its height is 0.5-1.2 and over-flooded
with 0.3-1.0m water during floods and flashfloods.
The river bed is moderately meandered and branched in middle and lower reaches. Alluvial
islands with 10-100 m length, 5-30m width and 0.5-1.0m height are met each 0.5-1 km section.
At the water source the river bed is characterized by very steep slopes (100-1150) and cliffs.
From place to place waterfalls are met, of which the highest is the one with 12-13m height. In
other sections, rapid and low velocity zones sequence each other in every 100-300 m. The width
of the river varies from 1-6 m to 40-60 m, its depth – from 0.2-0.8 m to 0.5-1.5 m and the flow
velocity – from 1.5-2.0 m/sec to 0.8-1.2 m/sec.
The river is fed by snow, rain and ground waters. Of this, the largest contributor to the
formation of the water flow is the snow melting and its share increases towards the river head.
The river regime is characterized by spring floods, fall flash floods and summer and winter
unstable low waters. Spring’s flow contributes about 50% to the annual water flow, summer’s
flow – 17%, fall’s flow- 19% and winter’s flow – 14%.
Multi-year average flow of the Adjaristskali River at Khulo gauging site, where the river
catchment is 251 km2, is 8.73 m3/sec, maximum flow - 189 m3/sec (30 October, 1947) and
minimum flow – 8.73 m3/sec (20 August, 1949) – 0.25 m3/sec. The maximum of sediment flow
was recorded in April 1968 and amounted to 460kg/sec; minimum flow – in July 1979 and
amounted to 0.086 kg/sec.
The river is clean and transparent is potable during low flows. Ice is only formed in the upstream
areas and only during very cold winters. The river is used for power generation and irrigation
purposes.
24
River Skhalta originates on the west slope of the Arsiani ridge, from the source located at the
altitude of 2,220 m a.s.l. and flows into the Adjaristskali River from the left side near village
Buturauli. Total length of the river is 29 km, average slope 590, total catchment – 220.1 km2,
average altitude – 1,590 m. The hydrographic network of the river basin is composed of 142
small tributaries with a total length of 192 km. The symmetric river basin is located between the
basins of the rivers Chirukhistskali and Adjaristskali on the west slopes of Arsiani ridge. The
mountainous relief is characterized by deep gorges with steep slopes.
Highly eroded branches of the Assiani ridge from 2,400-2,500 m fall to 1,300-1,200 m towards
the gorge of the Ajariststkali River. Geologically, the basin is composed of sandstones, mergers,
andesitic, basalts, tuffs and porphyries covered with gray podzolized clayey soils. The vegetation
cover is characterized by vertical zoning. The alpine meadows are met the altitude of 2,0002,800 a.s.l., which are replaced by dense mixed forests andtheir under-stories at lower
altitudes. The plain areas are transformed into agricultural lands.
The river has a V shape along its entire length. The width of its bed varies from 15-20m to 100200m. Steep banks of the basin merge with the slopes of adjacent ridges. The terraces are met
only in downstream areas. The largest one with 600 m length, 100-150 width and 2.5-3m height
is found upstream of the river mouth within 2.5 km distance from it. The floodplain is formed
only in sections from village Khikhadziri to village Vernebi and from village Kvtia tot the river
mouth. Its width is 90-100 m and height – 0.4-0.5 m. It is covered with boulders and flooded by
0.3-1.0 m water during floods and flashfloods. The river bed is moderately meandered and unbranched. The width of the river varies between 2-7m to 20-25 m, depth– from 0.3m to 1.4 m
and the flow velocity – from 2m/sec to 0.6 m/sec. The river is fed from snow, rain and ground
water. Of these, the largest source is snow melting and rain water. The water regime is
characterized by spring floods, summer-fall flash floods and winter instable low waters.
The river is clean and transparent and is potable during low waters. Ice is only formed during
very cold winters. The river is used for hydropower generation and irrigation purposes.
Chirukhistskali River originates at the altitude of 2,220 m on the north-east slopes of the
Shavsheti ridge and flows into the Adjaristskali River from the left bank near the village
Shuakhevi. Total length of the river is 32km, overall fall 1860 m, average slope 58.10, total
catchment – 327.5 km2, average altitude – 1700m. The hydrographic network of the river basin
is composed of 305 small rivers with a total length of 398km. Major tributaries are Modulistskali
(11km) and Tbeti (15 km).
The river basin is located on the north slopes of the Shavsheti ridge, whose water divide
altitudes vary from 2,300m to 2,800m. The relief is mountainous and fragmented by river
tributaries and their deep gorges. Geologically, the basin is composed of sandstones,
mergels, basalts, andesites, tuffs, covered by light colored podzolised soils. Vegetation cover is
characterized by vertical zoning. At the altitude above 2,000200 m alpine meadows are met, which in lower altitudes are replaced by coniferous and then by
dense mixed forests and their understories. The lowlands are used for agricultural purposes.
The river gorge from the source to the mouth has a deep V-shaped form. The width of the river
bed varies from 10-15 m to 60-70 m. Steep slopes of the gorge (30-600) merge with the slopes
of adjacent ridges. Downstream of the village Tselati two-sided terraces are met from place to
place. The width of these relief forms is 20-50 m, at some places – 150-200 m. The height of the
terraces is 3-15 m. They are covered with clay soils and near settlements they are used for
agriculture crop production. Two-sided floodplains are met in the downstream areas. Their
25
width varies from 40-50 m to 70-80 m, height – from 0.5 m to 1.5 m. During floods and
flashfloods floodplains are inundated by 0.5-0.7 m water.
The river bed is moderately meandered and mainly un-branched. Fast and slow flow areas
sequence each other in every 100-150 meters. From place to place rapids are met. The width of
the river varies from 1 to 14 m, depth – from 0.3-05 m to 0.7-1.2 m and, the velocity –from
2.2.1-6 m/sec to 1.0-1.2 m/sec. The river is mainly fed by snow melt and rain water.
Groundwaters play a little part in formation of the water flow. The hydrological regime is
characterized by spring floods, strong fall flashfloods and unstable summer and winter low
waters. The spring runoff accounts for 60% of annual water flow, fall runoff – for 24% and winter
runoff – for only 7-8%.
The ice formation is very short-term phenomenon continuing for only 3-10 days is recorded from
December through February. The river was historically used for hydropower generation and
irrigation purposes.
Korolistksali River originates on the west slope of the Ajara-Imereti ridge, to the west of the
mount Chinkadze (1,306.1m) within 04km distance from it at the altitude of 1,180m. It flows
into the Black Sea to the south of the resort Makhinjauri within 1.2 km distance from this
settlement. Total length of the river is 13 km, overall fall 1180 m, average slope 90.7‰, total
catchment – 49.7 km2. The hydrographic network of the river basin is composed of small rivers
with a total length of 22 km.
The river basin is located on the west slope of the Ajara-Imereti ridge between the rivers
Chakvistskali and Bartskhana. Geologically, the basin is composed of andesites, basalts and tuffs,
covered with clay and red soils. In mountainous areas deep broad leafed forests are met, while
downstream of the village Chaisubani the majority of lands is transformed into agricultural and
industrial lands.
The river gorge from its source to the village Chaisubani is V-shaped and downstream of the
village becomes trapezoidal. The gorge, highly furrowed by small streams and deep gorges has
very steep slopes merging with the slopes of adjacent ridges. The width of the river bed is 10-15
met at the river source and 350-400 m to the west of the village Kapreshumi. River terraces and
floodplains are found downstream of the village Chaisubani. The height of the terraces is 4-6 m
and the width – 50-300 m. Their surfaces are flattened and cultivated for agricultural crop and
fruit production. The two-sided alluvial floodplain is inundated by 0.5-1.0 m level water during
floods and flashfloods.
The river bed is moderately meandered and un-branched upstream of the village Chaisubani.
Downstream areas are branched creating instable alluvial islands with 100-700 m length, from
40-50 to 150m width and 0.7-1.0m height. During flash floods the islands are inandeted by 1.52.0 m water. The width of the river varies from 3-5 m to 30-50m, depth –from 0.2 to 0.6 m and
the flow velocity from 1.6 m/sec to 0.5 m/sec.
The river is fed by snow, rain and ground waters. The hydrological regime is characterized by
weak spring floods and annual flash floods caused by the rains. It has to be noted that the mount
Mtirala, characterized by the largest amount of precipitations in Georgia (4,519 mm) is located
on the east water divide. The river is utilized by water mills.
Chakvistskali River originates on the south slope of the mount Tirati (1,379.4 m) located on the
Kobuleti ridge, at the altitude of 1,300 m and flows into the Black Sea to the south of the village
26
Chakvi. Total length of the river is 23 km, overall fall 1,300 m, average slope 26.6‰, total
catchment – 173.2 km2. 496 tributaries of different size with a total length of 337 km flow into
the river.
The mountainous relief of the basin below the village Khala transforms into the hilly landscape.
The river bed is moderately meandered and unbranched above the village Gorgadzeebi.
Downstream of this settlement several islands are formed, which are inundated by about 1 m
level water during floods and flash floods. The river regime is characterized by spring floods and
flash floods caused by rains during any season of the year. Besides, the water level of flash
floods is much higher than that of spring floods. Relatively instable low waters are recorded
during summer times. The seasonal flow of the water fluctuates significantly from year to year.
In the downstream area of the basin, the ice phenomenon is not recorded. The river is not used
for economic activities.
Atchkva River originates as a result of the convergence of various springs flowing on the northwest slope of the mount Ilias Tsikhe at the altitude of 1000 m and flows into the Black Sea near
Kobuleti. Total length of the river is 19 km, overall fall – 999 m, average slope 53.6‰, total
catchment – 37.9 km2, average height – 156 km. The river has 79 tributaries with a total length
of 80 km.
The upstream area of the basin, located on the north-west slope of the Ajara-Imereti ridge is
furrowed by tributary rivers and ravines. The middle stream is hilly and the downstream is a
plain area. Geologically, the basin is composed of tertiary and quaternary sedimentary rocks,
covered with clay mountain-forest leached soils. The vegetation is represented by Colkhic
forests.
The river bed is moderately meandered. The river width varies between 2 and 12 m, depth –
between 0.2 to 1.5 m and the flow velocity – from 1.1 m/sec to 0.2 m/sec. The river regime is
characterized by flash floods during all seasons of the year. Low waters are reported in summer.
Ice formation does not occur. The river water is used by mills.
The Kintrishi River originates on the south-west slopes of the Ajara-Imereti ridge, near the
mount Khino at the altitude of 2,320 m and flows into the Black Sea, south to Kobuleti within 1
km distance from it. Total length of the river is 45 km, average slope 52‰, total catchment –
250 km2, average height – 835 m. The major tributaries and Magalakhevisgele (12 km) and
Kinkisha (15 km).
The river basin is characterized by mountainous relief. Geologically the basin is composed of
tuffs, and alluvial, deluvial and eluvial sediments. Major rocks are covered with clay soils.70% of
the basin is covered with deep mixed forests. The river bed is meandered and as well, branched
below the village Khutsubani. As a result of branching small islands are formed, with a length
varying from 50 to 1000 m and the width varying from 50 to 200 m. The width of the river is 1-50
m, depth – 0.2-2m and flow velocity – 1.8-0.7 m/sec.
The river is fed by snow, rain and ground waters. Spring floods and flashfloods during the entire
year are specific to the river hydrology. Besides, water level during flash floods is much higher
than that during floods. Relatively instable low waters are recorded during summer periods.
Seasonal river regime fluctuates greatly from year to year. Ice phenomenon is not recorded at
all. The water is used by mills.
27
8. Chorokhi-Adjaristskali River Basin Management Plan
Background
The RBMP addresses the significant water management issues in the Chorokhi-Adjaristskali River
Basin posing risks to ecological, including: biological, general physico-chemical and
hydromorphological quality elements of the Water Bodies of the Pilot River Basin, through
setting a number of Environmental Objectives (EOs) and designing Programme of Measures (PoM)
to attain these EOs. The RBMP is a management tool for relevant decision-makers (the Ministry
of Environment and Natural Resources Protection, Adjara Environmental Directorate, relevant
line ministries) and other stakholders to implement/coordinate implementation of time-bound
feasible measures to protect, enhance and restore water resources in the Chorokhi-Adjaristskali
River Basin. Moreover, it may serve as a guiding document for donors to make funding decisions
around the PoM.
The the Chorokhi-Adjaristskali River Basin is first River Basin management plan which has just
been prepared by REC-Caucasus in cooperation with GREENTECS, Ltd. under the consultancy
assignment for the Development of the River Basin Management Plan for the ChorokhiAdjaristskali River Basin, which constitutes an activity within the EU-funded
project: Environmental Protection of International River Basins Project (EPIRBP), commissioned
by the Hulla&Co Human Dynamics KG, an implementing agent for the EPIRBP project. The
duration of the RBMP covers the period from 2015 through 2020, the first 6-year planning cycle
for Georgia, however this document still is a draft and has not been approved by the government
yet.
8.1 Surface Water Bodies under Significant Pollution Pressures identified through
Desk Review of Initial Studies
Following the thematic and geographic scoping of key drivers/water management issues,
pressures and impacts, further pressure-impact assessment was conducted at the water body
level through desk review, analysis and aggregation of results of preliminary risk assessment
contained in Water Body Delineation study and 1st joint field survey of major physico-chemical
and biological parameters of water bodies as well as through spatial and qualitative analysis of
available relevant information on pollution pressures and impacts, including current and historic
water quality data. In total, as a result of preliminary studies and desk review of their results,
12 surface water bodies were identified as being under the pollution pressures.
As a result of preliminary risk assessment conducted under Water Body Delineation Study, using
site observation, experts’ judgement and spatial analysis of key drivers and related pressures, 9
SWBs were identified as undergoing pollution pressures (release of non-priority substances
attributed to sand and gravel extraction, wastewater discharges, runoff from landfills, etc.),
including 4 SWB on the Adjaristskali River (Adj 103, 105, 109, 113), 2 SWBs on the Chorokhi
River (Cho 002, 003), 1 SWB on the Achkva River (Ach 002), 1 SWB on the Korolistskali River (Kor
002) and 1 SWB on the Kintrishi River (005). Though, lateron the list of SWBs under pollution
pressures was modified based on recent data to exclude Adj 113, Cho 002 and 003, Kor 002 and
Kin 005 and to include 1 SWB on the Dologani River (Dol202), 1 SWB on the Tsoniarisi River (Tso
201) , 1 SWB – on the Shkhalta River (Skh 203) and 1 SWB on the Chorokhi River (Cho 008)
undergoing diffused source pollution pressures from sand and gravel extraction and, leacheates
and surface runoff from solid waste disposal site near Batumi;
As a result of the analysis of water quality data (major physico-chemical parameters) obtained
through the 1st join field survey of 24 SWB against physic-chemical parameters, the study team
identified 1 SWB on the Gorjomi river (Gor 202) and 2 SWBs on the Shkalta river (Skh 201, 202)
28
with non-compliances for NH4-N Georgian MACs12. Though when studied in detail pollution
sources for these impacts couldn’t be identified. Moreover, high ecological status was
designated to these SWB as a result of hydrobiological survey. Therefore, these results might be
considered as errors to measurements and need further double-checking;
As a result of the analysis of 2013 routine water quality monitoring data as well as historic data
(2005-2009) generated by the NEA, regular non-compliance of Georgian and EU water quality
MACs for BOD and nitrogen ammonia were detected for the Bartskhana and Kubastskali Rivers
(SWB: Bar 001) and the Korolistskali River (Kor 002).Moreover, exceedances for total nitrogen
and nitrites were also observed .
JFS data on hydrobiological parameters of 24 SWB, using Rapid Biological Assessment (RBA)
method13, showed “bad ecological status” against the macrozoobenthos (MZB) parameter only
for 1 water sample from the site (Cha004) located on the Chakvistskali River in v. Khala, where
water and MZB is significantly impacted by water intake (probably drying up during the summer
period); 1 sample was also assigned a “moderate ecological status”; it was taken from the
Adjaristskali River after Keda town (Adj109) where increased turbidity was detected presumably,
caused by sand and gravel extraction.
Table 12. SWBs Undergoing Pollution Pressures in the Chorokhi-Adjaritskali River Basin
#
WB
CODE
Description
1
Adj103
The
Adjaristskali
River reach
from Khulo
settlement to
the
confluence
with the
Kedlebi River
2
Adj105
The
Adjaristskali
River reach
from
Shuakhevi
settlement to
the
confluence
with the
ChvanisTskali
River
Len
gth
Area
Km2
11.6
279
882
5
.
4
Discharge
Point (P)
Diffuse
(D)
P
P
Pollution
Source/Pre
ssures
Urban
Wastewater
;
Urban
waste
water
discharge
to the river
Presence of
Empirical
Evidence on the
pressure/impact
Yes: (water use
accounting data
on wastewater
discharges)
Yes: (water use
accounting data
on wastewater
discharges; JFShydrobiological
and general
physico-chemical
survey)
Comment
Water use
accounting data do
not show
exceedances of
Georgian
regulations on
effluent
discharges;
However, this
information needs
doublechecking
through
calculations, given
the low reliability
of data
Water use
accounting data do
not show
exceedances of
Georgian
regulations on
effluent
discharges;
JFS showed high
ecological status
of the SWB and no
violation of
Georgian and EU
12
source: test report 106, 129. The National Environmental Agency. The Department of Environmental Pollution Monitoring. Atmospheric Air, Water And Soil Analysis
Laboratory
13 This implies determination of relative proportions of macroinvertebrates in the sample and comparison of these data with expected proportions/numbers of
organisms under reference conditions of the river type under investigation. Other relevant factors such as the intensity of algal and/or weed development,
water turbidity, bottom siltation, substratum type, current speed (velocity), water depth, DO saturation, electrical conductivity and pH, are also taken
into account in the assessment procedure
29
MACs
3
Adj109
The
Adjaristskali
River reach
from Keda
settlement to
the
confluence
with the
Kalaskurici
River
4.4
1380
D&P
Urban
waste
water
discharge
to the
river and
Yes (JFS of
hydrobiological
parameters)
Increased turbidity
from sand and
gravel extraction
(JFS), resulting in
medium biological
status against BMZ
Municipa
waste
disposal
No
BOD,(>5) Total N,
NO3,(>2.5) PO4( >
0.1),Total P
(>0.2), Cl,(>300),
NH4 (>0.4), TDS
(>800), Organics,
Heavy metals
NH4-N MAC noncompliance as a
result of survey of
physic-chemical
parameters of the
rivers; High
ecological status
as a result of
hydrobiological
survey
NH4-N MAC noncompliance as a
result of survey of
physic-chemical
parameters of the
rivers; High
ecological status
as a result of
hydrobiological
survey
Na,(>300),
Mg,(>100),K
Ca,(>100), Mn
(>0.5), Sb(>0.05)
SO4 (>300), &Cl
(>300) TDS (>800),
TSS, (>30)
Turbidity(>100)
Na,(>300),
Mg,(>100),K
Ca,(>100), Mn
(>0.5), Sb(>0.05)
SO4 (>300), &Cl
(>300) TDS (>800),
TSS, (>30)
Turbidity(>100)
Na,(>300),
Mg,(>100),K
Ca,(>100), Mn
-Sand and
gravel
extractio
n from
river beds
4
Cho008
The Chorokhi
River,
downstream
Batumi landfill
20392
3
.
6
D
5
Skh201
The Shkalta
River
2
.
7
Unidentifie
d
Yes (JFS)
6
Skh201
The Shkalta
River
7
.
7
Unidentifie
d
Yes (JFS)
7
Skh203
The Shkalta
River
1
.
6
D
Sand and
gravel
extraction
from river
beds
No
8
Tso201
The Tsoniarisi
River
8
.
5
D
Sand and
gravel
extraction
from river
beds
No
9
Dol202
The Dologani
river
D
Sand and
gravel
extraction
No
30
from river
beds
9
Ach002
The Achkva
River mouth
reach nearby
Kobuleti
1.7
38
D &P
10
Kor002
8.5
9
P
11
Bar001
10.1
250.2
P
12
Gor202
The
Korolistkali
River outskirts
of Batumi
The
Bartskhana
River,
outskirts of
Batumi
The Gorjomi
River
2.6
Diffuse
source
pollutionnonorganized
wastewater
from
settlement
and solid
wastes
Industrial
wastewater
No
Industrial
wastewater
discharges
Yes (Routine
water quality
monitoring data)
Unidentifie
d
Yes (JFS)
Yes (Routine
water quality
monitoring data)
(>0.5), Sb(>0.05)
SO4 (>300), &Cl
(>300) TDS (>800),
TSS, (>30)
Turbidity(>100)
This information
needs
doublechecking
Non-compliance of
Georgian and EU
MAC for BOD, NH4N, Total N, NO3
Non-compliance of
Georgian and EU
MAC for BOD, NH4N, Total N, NO3
NH4-N MAC noncompliance; High
ecological status
of the SWB.
Presumably,
measurement
error
Note: During the desk review of significant pressures and impacts, the study used aggregated
agriculture data aggregated for municipalities in order to identify diffuse source of pollution.
Based on the expert judgement pressures and impacts from agricultural non-point sourceson the
SWBs were estimated.
8.2. Surface Water Bodies under Hydromorphological Pressures, identified through
Desk Review of Initial Studies
Through analysis and aggregation of the findings of preliminary risk assessment conducted under
Water Body Delineation study as well as through spatial analysis of key drivers and related
pressures, 21 SWBs undergoing significant hydromporphological pressures were identified,
including 1 SWB (Cha004) on the Chakvistskali River due to drinking water abstraction, 1 SWB
(Kor002) on the Korolistskali River due to drinking water abstraction, 1 SWB (Chi202) on the
Chirukhistskali River due to small HPP operations, 4 SWBs on the Ajaristskali River (Adj 105, 109,
111, 113) due to past and on-going sand and gravel dredging operations and 16 MW HPP
operations, all 8 SWBs on the Chorokhi River (Cho001, 002, 003, 004, 005, 006, 007, 008) due to
past sand and gravel dredging operations and river regulation from upstream HPPs and dams, 1
SWB (Mach106) on the Machakhela River due to HPP operations, 1 SWB (Kik102) on the Kinkisha
River due to HPP operations, 1 SWB (Dol202) on the Dologani River, 1 SWB (Tso201) on the
Tsoniarisi River, 1 SWB (Skh203) on the Skhalta River and 1 SWB (Kin005) on the Kintrishi River
due to past and on-going sand and gravel extraction operations;
31
Of total SWBs undergoing significant hydromphplogical pressures, 5 HMWBs (Heavily Modified
Water Bodies)14 were identified, including 1 HMWB on the Adjaristskali River (Adj 111) and, 4
HMWBs downstream the Chorokhi River (Cho004, Cho006, Cho007 and Cho008) within entire 10
km section to the mouth, where the river is channelled and its banks reinforced by concrete
dams.
As a result of JFS of the hydromporphological parameters (stream flow data) of 24 SWBs, 17
water bodies were classified as of “high status”, 2 – as of “good status” and 2 – as of “poor
status”. These two last are: i) Cho002 - located on the Chorokhi River stretch that has the
significant impact on the hydrological regime due to HPPs upstream the Georgian-Turkish
border; ii) Cha004 – located on the Chakvistskali River stretch that has the significant changes
in the hydrological regime due to the drinking water abstraction .
Table 13. SWBs under hydromporphological pressures (existing and potential)
#
WB
CODE
1
Adj105
2
Adj109
3
Adj
111
4
Adj113
14
Description
The
Adjaristskali
River reach
from
Shuakhevi
settlement to
the
confluence
with the
ChvanisTskali
River
The
Adjaristskali
River reach
from Keda
settlement to
the
confluence
with the
Kalaskurici
River
Ajaritskali
river
The
Adjaristskali
River reach
from Khveda
Makhuntseti
settlement to
Leng
th
Description of the
pressure and/or
impact
Driver
Sand
5 and gravel
extraction
from
.
river
4 beds
4.4
Change in channel
and bed bottom
morphology, volume,
stream velocity, etc.;
Bank erosion,
accumulation of
sediments, change in
chemical composition
of water
Presence
of
empirical
evidence
on the
impact
Yes (JFS)
Comment
Suspended operations;
high ecological and
hydromporphological
status
Sand
and
gravel
extracti
on from
river
beds
Change in channel
and bed bottom
morphology, volume,
Bank erosion,
accumulation of
of water
Yes (JFS)
Ongoing operations; JFS
showed medium
hydromporphological
status for this SWB
operatio
ns of
derivati
on type
HPP
HMWB*
hydromorphological
changes
Yes (JFS)
due to significant caused
by construction and
(“Atshesi”)
Change in channel
and bed bottom
morphology, volume,
Bank erosion,
accumulation of
No
Suspended operations
Sand
6 and gravel
extraction
from
.
river
6 beds
A body of surface water which as a result of physical alterations by human activity is substantially changed in character”.
32
5
Cho00
1
6
Cho00
2
7
Cho00
3
the
confluence
with the
Bartskhana
River
The Chorokhi
River at the
border of
Georgia and
Turkey
The Chorokhi
River
confluence
with the
Adjaristskali
River nearby
Adjaristskali
settlement
of water
-River regulation
from upstream
(Turkey) HPP
and dam
operations
(hydropeaking)
-Sand
2
and gravel
extraction
from
.
river
9 beds
-River regulation
from upstream
(Territory of
Turkey) HPP and
dam operations
(hydropeaking)
The Chorokhi
River
confluence
with the
Adjaristskali
River nearby
Acharistskali
settlement
-Sand
4
and gravel
extraction
from
.
river
beds
7
--River
regulation from
upstream
(Territory of
Turkey) HPP and
dam operations
(hydropeaking)
-River regulation
from upstream
(Territory of
Turkey) HPP and
dam operations
(hydropeaking)
-River regulation
from upstream
(Territory of
Turkey) HPP and
dam operations
(hydropeaking)
-River regulation
from upstream
(Territory of
Turkey) HPP and
dam operations
(hydropeaking)
-River regulation
from upstream
(Territory of
Turkey) HPP and
dam operations
(hydropeaking)
8
Cho00
4
The Chorokhi
river
9
Cho
005
The Chorokhi
river
10
Cho00
6
The Chorokhi
river
11
Cho00
7
The Chorokhi
river
fully regulated river
flow
No
Regulated flow
- River flow change
- Yes for
hydrologic
al change
(JfS);
-Suspended operations
for sand and gravel
extraction;
- Change in channel
and bed bottom
morphology, volume,
Bank erosion,
accumulation of
of water
- River flow change
- No for
morphological
change
No
- Change in channel
and bed bottom
morphology, volume,
Bank erosion,
accumulation of
of water
- No vegetation; Rapid
fluctuations in water
level (Turkish HPPs);
Poor
hydromporphological
status
-Suspended operations
for sand and gravel
extraction;
- JFS did not provide
hydrological data on this
water body. But, based
on existing empirical
hydrological data and
close location of this
river body to Cho002 and
Turkish HPPs, the WB’s
hydrological regime
might be impacted from
upstream operations
Fully regulated flow
of river
No
of river
No
of river
No
of river
33
12
Cho00
8
The Chorokhi
river
13
Kor002
The
Korolistkali
River
downstream
Ortabatumi
settlement
14
Cha00
4
The
Chakvistskali
river
15
Kin005
The Kintrishi
River
downstream
of confluence
with the
Kinkishi River
nearby
Kobuletih
16
Chi201
The
Chirukhistskal
i river
Shuakhevi
municipality,
v.
Makhalikadze
ebi
Sand and gravel
extraction from
river beds
17
Dol202
Keda
municipality,
v. Dologani
Sand and gravel
extraction from
river beds
8.5
0.9
-River regulation
from upstream
(Territory of
Turkey) HPP and
dam operations
(hydropeaking)
Drinking water
abstraction
of river
No
Reduction of river
flow; Change in
channel and bed
bottom morphology,
volume, stream
velocity, etc.; Bank
erosion, accumulation
of sediments, change
in chemical
composition of water;
impacts on
ecosystems
No
Water
abstraction for
Batumi WWS
Reduction of river
flow; Change in
channel and bed
bottom morphology,
volume, stream
in chemical
impacts on
ecosystems
Change in channel
and bed bottom
morphology, volume,
Bank erosion,
accumulation of
of water
Change in channel
and bed bottom
morphology, volume,
Bank erosion,
accumulation of
of water
Change in channel
and bed bottom
morphology, volume,
Bank erosion,
accumulation of
- Yes for
hydrologic
al change
(JfS);
Sand and gravel
extraction from
river beds
There is no empirical
evidenc on
hydromporphological
changes of the SWB. In
Korolistksali, intake rate
is 0.4 m3/sec, while the
source capacity is only
0.76 m3/sec; “bad”
ecological status for MBZ
and “poor”
hydromorphological
status is detected for
Chakvistskali source;
Presumably,
Korolistksali may face
similar problems,
though it was not tested
through JFS
bad” ecological status
for MBZ and “poor”
hydromorphological
status is detected for
Chakvistskali source
Yes (JFS)
Suspended operaraions.
JFS revelealed “high
hydromporphological”
and “good ecological”
status for this SWB
Yes (JFS of
hydromorphological
parameter
s)
Ongoing operations; High
hydrompor-phological
status
No
Ongoing operations
34
of water
18
Tso201
Keda
municipality,
v. Tsoniarisi
Sand and gravel
extraction from
river beds
19
Skh203
Khulo
municipality,
v. Cheri
Sand and gravel
extraction from
river beds
20
Kik
102
The Kinkisha
River
HPP operations
21
Mach
106
The
Machakhela
River
HPP operations
22
Chi
202
The
Chirukhistskal
i river
HPP operation
Change in channel
and bed bottom
morphology, volume,
Bank erosion,
accumulation of
of water
Change in channel
and bed bottom
morphology, volume,
Bank erosion,
accumulation of
of water
Change in water and
sediment flow;
change in river bed
Change in water and
sediment flow;
change in river bed
No
Ongoing operations
No
Ongoing operations
No
Existing small HPP.
Yes: JFS
Change in water and
sediment flow;
change in river bed
No
Existing HPP. Good
ecological and high
hydromorphological
status
Existing small HPP.
8.3. Surface Water Pressures & Impacts Associated with Key Driving Forces /
Significant Water Management Issues
Surface Water Pollution Pressures and Impacts
Following the identification of key driving forces and water management issues, possible
pollution pressures and impacts were assigned to them and tentative geographic locations of
driving forces/pressures identified, by using IMRESS’s driving force-pressure-impact screening
matrix. During this analysis data from the JFS I (2013) and JFS II (2014) that were conducted
under the EPIRB project along with datasets from the National Environmental Agency (surface
water monitoring programme) were used. Results from this analysis are presented in Table 14
and 12.
Table 14. Surface water pollution pressure and impactsin the Chorokhi-Adjaritskali River
Basin
River
Type of pressure
Specific pressure
Tsoniarisi, Shkalta,
Chirukhi, Dologani,
Adjaristkali (Shuakhevi
municipality), Chorokhi,
Kintrishi, Korolistskali
Non-point source
pollution
Sand and gravel
extraction
Typical State and/or
mpact
Release of non-priority
substances, e.g. sodium,
magnesium, potassium,
calcium, manganese,
antimony, sulphates and
chlorides and impacts on
Comment
Extraction operations are
already terminated in 2014
on Chorokhi, Kintrishi and
Korolistskali
35
water clarity through
increased turbidity and
TSS; Increased turbidity
and TSS; Increased
concentrations of nonpriority substances;
changes in levels of
Dissolved Oxygen, pH,
and in the structure of
habitats and algae
1.1.1
Point source
pollution
Adjaristskali
River,
downstream of
settlements:
Keda, Shuakhevi
and
smaller
settlements;
Achkva river –
Kobuleti
outskirts;
Bartskhana,
Korolistskali,
Kubastskali rivers
in outskirts of
Batumi
Untreated
wastewater
1.1.2
discharges from
sanitation systems
Downstream locations of
the basin: Bartskhana,
Korolistskali, Kubastskali
- Batumi outskirts;
Achkva – Kobuleti
outskirts
Point source
pollution
Untreated
wastewater
discharges from
industries: food
industries, oil
terminal
Water
bodies/catchments with
perennial cropland
locations- Kintrishi,
Chakvistskali, etc.
(Kobuleti and Shuakhevi
municipalities);
Upstream locations with
agriculture lands
(Shkhalta, Gorjomi)
Diffuse source
pollution
Use of fertilizers
(predominantly
nitrogen) and
pesticides;
agriculture run-off
WBs located near Batumi
Diffuse source
Solid waste
Increased BOD,
decreased DO,
increased
nutrients;
Changes in the
composition and
condition of
algae in
freshwater
ecosystems and
alteration of the
survival,
reproductive and
competition
capacities of
water organisms
Increased BOD,
decreased DO, increased
nutrients; Changes in the
composition and
condition of algae in
freshwater ecosystems
and alteration of the
survival, reproductive
and competition
capacities of water
organisms
Increased nutrients,
BOD, turbidity; Changes
in the composition and
and competition
capacities of water
organisms
Increased BOD,
1.1.3
Multiple locations;
Sanitation systems
of settlements
serve less than
2000 persons each,
but more than 2000
persons in total.
They have close
locations and are
concentrated in 1
watershed Adjaristskali;
Occurs during normal
operating conditions and
continuously; Water quality
data downstreams of
Adjaristskali do not indicate
on water pollution, while
water pollution is observed
for three river in outskirts of
Batumi
Multiple locations, water
bodies and rivers; Occurs
during normal operating
conditions and regularly;
May also cause gulp
discharges as a result of
industrial accidents; Regular
exceedances of BOD, NH4,
total N are observed; Have
direct impact on the Black
Sea
Multiple locations, water
bodies and rivers, upstreams
and downstream impacts;
Occurs regularly; Chemicals
are washed down or leached
to streams and rivers; Noncompliance with MACs of
ammonia ions happen in
upstream locations of the
basin: Shkalta, Ghorjomi;
Non-compliances of MACs for
ammonia ions, BODs, total
nitrogen, nitrites are
regularly observed in
downstream locations:
Bartskhana, Korolistskali,
Kubastskali due to impacts
from upstream locations
Non-compliances of MACs for
36
and Kobuleti landfills
(Chorokhi, Kintrishi);
-Downstreams of basin
having impacts from
upstream locations:
Kubastskali, Bartskhana,
Korolistskali
pollution
disposal/dumping:
Leachates, seepage
of pollutants,
surface run-off
turbidity, decreased DO;
Increased concentrations
of heavy metals, ions,
organics, PoPs; Changes
in the composition and
and competition
capacities of water
organisms
ammonia ions, BODs, total
nitrogen, nitrites are
regularly observed in
downstream locations:
Bartskhana, Korolistskali,
Kubastskali due to impacts
from upstream locations
37
9. Impact and risk assessment
As a result of risk assessment of SWBs, 41 SWBs “at Risk” and 24 SWBs “Possibly at Risk” were
identified.
Table 15. Summary of risk assessment results
#
SWB
SWB Code
Risk category
1
Achkva
Ach001
At Risk
2
Adjaritskali
Adj 109
At Risk
3
Adjaritskali
Adj 111
At Risk
4
Adjaritskali
Adj102
At Risk
1
Adjaritskali
Adj103
At Risk
2
Adjaritskali
Adj104
At Risk
3
Adjaritskali
Adj107
At Risk
4
Adjaritskali
Adj112
At Risk
5
Adjaritskali
Adj114
At Risk
6
Bartskhana
Bar001
At Risk
7
Boloko
Bol102
At Risk
8
Batumi
BS
At Risk
9
Chakvistskali
Cha004
At Risk
10
Chakvistskali
Cha006
At Risk
11
Chirukhistskali
Chi202
At Risk
12
Chirukhistskali
Chi203
At Risk
13
Chorokhi
Cho001
At Risk
14
Chorokhi
Cho002
At Risk
15
Chorokhi
Cho003
At Risk
16
Chorokhi
Cho004
At Risk
17
Chorokhi
Cho005
At Risk
18
Chorokhi
Cho006
At Risk
19
Chorokhi
Cho007
At Risk
20
Chorokhi
Cho008
At Risk
21
Charnali
Chr102
At Risk
22
Chvanistskali
Chv201
At Risk
23
Dekhva
Dek002
At Risk
24
Dekhva
Dek003
At Risk
25
Diakonidze
Dia201
At Risk
26
Didi Tskali
Did301
At Risk
27
Dzhvelta
Dzh101
At Risk
28
Ghorjomistskali
Gor201
At Risk
29
Ghorjomistskali
Gor202
At Risk
38
30
Kinkisha
Kik102
At Risk
31
Kinkisha
Kik103
At Risk
32
Kintrishi
Kin005
At Risk
33
Kintrishi
Kin006
At Risk
34
Korolistskali
Kor002
At Risk
35
Machakhela
Mach 106
At Risk
36
Mechkhristskali
Mch102
At Risk
37
Medzhinisi
Med001
At Risk
38
Modulistskali
Mod301
At Risk
39
Shiganistskali
Shi302
At Risk
Skh202
At Risk
40
Shkalta
41
Tbeti
Tbe301
At Risk
42
Adjaristskali
Adj105
Possibly at Risk
43
Shkhalta
Skh203
Possibly at Risk
44
Tsoniarisi
Tso201
Possibly at Risk
45
Achkva
Ach002
Possibly at Risk
46
Adjaristskali
Adj106
Possibly at Risk
47
Adjaristskali
Adj108
Possibly at Risk
48
Adjaristskali
Adj113
Possibly at Risk
Aka202
Possibly at Risk
49
Akavreta
50
Chirukhistskali
Chi201
Possibly at Risk
51
Khirkhatistskali
Kac401
Possibly at Risk
52
Kintrishi
Kin004
Possibly at Risk
53
Medzhinisi
Med001
Possibly at Risk
54
Naghvarevistskali
Nag301
Possibly at Risk
55
Skhalta
Skh201
Possibly at Risk
Skh203
Possibly at Risk
56
Shkalta
57
Tbeti
Tbe302
Possibly at Risk
58
Vanistskali
Van301
Possibly at Risk
59
Dologani
Dol202
Possibly at Risk
60
Chakvistskali
Cha002
Possibly at Risk
61
Kedkedi
Ked202
Possibly at Risk
62
Kintrishi
Kin004
Possibly at Risk
63
Kozakisghele, Dekhva
Dek001
Possibly at Risk
64
Makho
Mak101
Possibly at Risk
65
Narvand
Nap301
Possibly at Risk
39
9.1.Risk Assessment of SWBs against Point Source Pollution Pressures
In order to identify SWBs “at risk” undergoing point source pollution pressures, two pressure
indicators: the ratio of untreated wastewater to annual minimum flow, showing river dilution
capacity and, the ratio of total wastewater to annual average flow, showing total wastewater
share were used. In addition, as where routine water quality monitoring data existed, impact
indicators using EU and Georgian water quality standards were applied. In case of using pressure
indicators, water bodies were assigned three risk categories: i) at risk; ii) possibly at risk and; iii)
not at risk, pending on the achievement/exceedances of specific numerical thresholds. In case
of impact indicators, WBs were grouped into two risk categories: i) at risk and, ii) not at risk,
pending on the attainment/non-attainment of EU and national water quality standards against
common physic-chemical parameters, e.g. BOD, nutrients, salinization, etc.
9.2.Risk Assessment of SWBs Against Non-point Pollution Sources
In order to identify SWBs at risk undergoing agriculture non-point source pollution pressures, two
pressure indicators: the ratio of agriculture area in a given water body catchment to the
catchment area of the respective water body and, the ratio of animal livestock unit to the
catchment area of the respective water body were used by application of GIS tools.
For common agriculture pressure indicator, total area of crop and arable lands was used as
numerator of the equation. Pastures and hayfields were not counted, since no use of
agrichemicals is recorded for these categories of lands.
9.3. Risk Assessment of SWBs against Hydromporphological pressure Indicators
For identification of WBR against hydromorpholocial elements, 5 hydromporphological pressure
indicators were used including: i) interruption of river continuity and fish migration routes; ii)
water abstraction and insufficient ecological flow; iii) impoundments/reservoir effects/back
water; iv) hydro-peaking and; v) changes in overall nature-like morphological condition of rivers.
The study team used “One-Out-All-Out” principle, assigning “at risk” category to SWBs, meeting
any of above risk criteria.
Table 16
and Figure 4
below summarize the results of WBR identification against
hydromporpological pressure indicators:
Table 16. Summary of risk assessment results against hydromorphological pressure
indicators:
Type of
pressure
#
WB CODE
Description
1
Adj105
The
Adjaristskali
River reach
from
Shuakhevi
settlement to
the
confluence
with the
ChvanisTskali
Len
gth
5.4
Pressure
Sand and
gravel
extraction
from river
beds
State and/or impact
Morphological
alternation
Change in channel and
bed bottom
morphology, volume,
Bank erosion,
accumulation of
of water
Presenc
e of
empiric
al
evidenc
e on the
impact
Yes
(JFS)
Risk
assessm
ent
result
not at
risk
Comment
Suspended
operations; high
ecological and
hydromporpholo
gical status
based on 1st JFS
40
River
2
Adj109
The
Adjaristskali
River reach
from Keda
settlement to
the
confluence
with the
Kalaskurici
River
4.4
3
Adj 111
Ajaritskali
river
4
Adj113
6.6
5
Cho001
The
Adjaristskali
River reach
from Khveda
Makhuntseti
settlement to
the
confluence
with the
Bartskhana
River
The Chorokhi
River at the
border of
Georgia and
Turkey
6
Cho002
The Chorokhi
River
confluence
with the
Adjaristskali
River nearby
Adjaristskali
settlement
2.9
Sand and
gravel
extraction
from river
beds
Morphological
alternation
bed bottom
morphology, volume,
Bank erosion,
accumulation of
of water
Yes
(JFS)
Possibly
at risk
Operations
of
derivation
type HPP
Change in
hydrological
regime;
morpholog
ical
changes
Hydro-morphological
changes
Yes
(JFS)
At risk
Sand and
gravel
extraction
from river
beds
Morphologi
cal
alteration
bed bottom
morphology, volume,
Bank erosion,
accumulation of
of water
No
Possibly
at risk
Suspended
operations
-River
regulation
from
upstream
(Territory
of Turkey)
HPP and
dam
operations
(hydropeak
ing)
-Sand and
gravel
extraction
from river
beds
-River
regulation
from
upstream
(Territory
of Turkey)
HPP and
dam
operations
(hydropeak
ing)
Hydrological
change;
morpholog
ical
change
Hydro-peaking,
damming
Yes (2nd
JFS)
At risk
Fully regulated
river flow from
upstream HPP
operations
Hydrological;
morphological
- River flow change
- Yes for
hydrolog
ical
change
(JfS);
At risk
-Suspended
operations for
sand and gravel
extraction;
- Change in channel
and bed bottom
morphology, volume,
Bank erosion,
accumulation of
of water
- No for
morphol
o-gical
change
Ongoing
operations; JFS
showed medium
hydromporpholo
gical status for
this SWB
- No vegetation;
Rapid
fluctuations in
water level
(Turkish HPPs);
Poor
hydromporpholo
gical status
observed during
1st and 2nd JFSs
41
7
8
9
10
Cho003
The Chorokhi
River
confluence
with the
Adjaristskali
River nearby
Acharistskali
settlement
Cho004
The Chorokhi
river
Cho 005
Cho006
The Chorokhi
river
The Chorokhi
river
4.7
-Sand and
gravel
extraction
from river
beds
--River
regulation
from
upstream
(Territory
of Turkey)
HPP and
dam
operations
(hydropeak
ing)
Hydrological;
morphological
- River flow change
-River
regulation
from
upstream
(Territory
of Turkey)
HPP and
dam
operations
(hydropeak
ing)
Hydrological;
morphological
- River flow change
-River
regulation
from
upstream
(Territory
of Turkey)
HPP and
dam
operations
(hydropeak
ing)
Hydrological;
morphological
- River flow change
-River
regulation
from
upstream
(Territory
Hydrological;
morphological
- River flow change
No
At risk
- Change in channel
and bed bottom
morphology, volume,
Bank erosion,
accumulation of
of water
No
At risk
- Change in channel
and bed bottom
morphology, volume,
Bank erosion,
accumulation of
of water
At risk
- Change in channel
and bed bottom
morphology, volume,
Bank erosion,
accumulation of
of water
At risk
- Change in channel
and bed bottom
morphology, volume,
-Suspended
operations for
sand and gravel
extraction;
- JFS did not
provide
hydrological
data on this
water body.
But, based on
existing
empirical
hydrological
data and close
location of this
river body to
Cho002 and
Turkish HPPs,
the WB’s
hydrological
regime is
impacted from
upstream
operations
- JFS did not
provide
hydrological
data on this
water body.
But, based on
existing
empirical
hydrological
data and close
location of this
river body to
Cho002 and
Turkish HPPs,
the WB’s
hydrological
regime is
impacted from
upstream
operations
- JFS did not
provide
hydrological
data on this
water body.
But, based on
existing
empirical
hydrological
data and close
location of this
river body to
Cho002 and
Turkish HPPs,
the WB’s
hydrological
regime is
impacted from
upstream
operations
- JFS did not
provide
hydrological
data on this
water body.
42
11
12
13
Cho007
Cho008
Kor002
The Chorokhi
river
The Chorokhi
river
The
Korolistkali
River
downstream
Ortabatumi
settlement
8.5
of Turkey)
HPP and
dam
operations
(hydropeak
ing)
Bank erosion,
accumulation of
of water
-River
regulation
from
upstream
(Territory
of Turkey)
HPP and
dam
operations
(hydropeak
ing)
- River flow change
At risk
- Change in channel
and bed bottom
morphology, volume,
Bank erosion,
accumulation of
of water
-River
regulation
from
upstream
(Territory
of Turkey)
HPP and
dam
operations
(hydropeak
ing)
Hydrological;
Morphological
- River flow change
Drinking
water
abstraction
Hydrological;
morpholog
i-cal
Reduction of river flow
– insufficient
ecological flow;
bed bottom
morphology, volume,
Bank erosion,
accumulation of
of water; impacts on
ecosys-tems
No
At risk
No
Possibly
at risk
- Change in channel
and bed bottom
morphology, volume,
Bank erosion,
accumulation of
of water
But, based on
existing
empirical
hydrological
data and close
location of this
river body to
Cho002 and
Turkish HPPs,
the WB’s
hydrological
regime is
impacted from
upstream
operations
JFS did not
provide
hydrological
data on this
water body.
But, based on
existing
empirical
hydrological
data and close
location of this
river body to
Cho002 and
Turkish HPPs,
the WB’s
hydrological
regime is
impacted from
upstream
operations
JFS did not
provide
hydrological
data on this
water body.
But, based on
existing
empirical
hydrological
data and close
location of this
river body to
Cho002 and
Turkish HPPs,
the WB’s
hydrological
regime is
impacted from
upstream
operations
There is no
empirical
evidenc on
hydromporpholo
gical changes of
the SWB. In
Korolistksali,
intake rate is
0.2 m3/sec,
while the source
capacity is only
3.3 m3/sec;
“bad” ecological
status for MBZ
and “poor”
43
14
Cha004
Chakvistskali
river
15
Kin005
The Kintrishi
River
downstream
of confluence
with the
Kinkishi River
nearby
Kobuletih
16
Chi201
17
Water
abstraction
for Batumi
WWS
0.9
Sand and
gravel
extraction
from river
beds
Morphological
The
Chirukhistskal
i river
Shuakhevi
municipality,
v.
Makhalikadze
ebi
Sand and
gravel
extraction
from river
beds
Morphological
Dol202
Keda
municipality,
v. Dologani
Sand and
gravel
extraction
from river
beds
18
Tso201
Keda
municipality,
v. Tsoniarisi
Sand and
gravel
extraction
from river
beds
19
Skh203
Khulo
municipality,
v. Cheri
Sand and
gravel
extraction
from river
beds
Reduction of river
flow; Change in
channel and bed
bottom morphology,
volume, stream
in chemical
impacts on ecosystems
bed bottom
morphology, volume,
Bank erosion,
accumulation of
of water
bed bottom
morphology, volume,
Bank erosion,
accumulation of
of water
bed bottom
morphology, volume,
Bank erosion,
accumulation of
of water
bed bottom
morphology, volume,
Bank erosion,
accumulation of
of water
bed bottom
morphology, volume,
Bank erosion,
accumulation of
of water
hydromorpholog
ical status is
detected for
Chakvistskali
source;
Presumably,
Korolistksali
may face similar
problems,
though it was
not tested
through JFS
“Bad”
ecological status
for MBZ and
“poor”
hydromorpholog
ical status is
detected for
Chakvistskali
source;
- Yes for
hydrolog
ical
change
(JfS);
At Risk
Yes
(JFS)
Not at
risk
Suspended
operaraions. JFS
revelealed “high
hydromporpholo
gical” and “good
ecological”
status for this
SWB
Yes (JFS
of
hydromorphol
o-gical
paramet
ers)
Not at
risk
Ongoing
operations; High
hydromporphological
status observed
during 1st JFS.
No
Possibly
at risk
Ongoing
operations
No
Possibly
at risk
Ongoing
operations
No
Possibly
at risk
Ongoing
operations
44
20
Kik 102
The Kinkisha
River
HPP
operation
21
Mach 106
The
Machakhela
River
HPP
operation
22
Chi 202
The
Chirukhistskal
i river
HPP
operation
Hydrological;
morphological
Hydrological;
morphological
Hydrological;
morphological
Change in water and
sediment flow; change
in river bed
No
At risk
Existing small
HPP
Change in water and
in river bed
No
At risk
Existing HPP
Change in water and
in river bed
No
At risk
Existing small
HPP
Figure 3. Map of the WBR against hydromorphological pressure indicators
45
9.4. Identification of Heavily Modified Surface Water Bodies
Based on the definition of the EU WFD, Heavily modified water body (HMWB) means a body of
surface water which as a result of physical alterations by human activity is substantially changed
in character.
In the Chorokhi-Adjaritskali pilot river basin as it was mentioned in the previous chapters, there
are several constructions to have impact on the hydrological regime and on the river
morphology. Mainly water abstraction, hydropeaking and river continuity interruption (dams of
old HPPs) have caused that some of the SWBs were classified as „at risk“.
However, substantially changed character was found for the Chorokhi River due to HPPs cascade
in Turkey. The hydrological regime of the river did not show any “natural” features (high
fluactuations during the day). Therefore, SWBs Ch001-Ch008 may be grouped into one and
classified as HMWB. On the other hand, this decision can be revised after the Gap-filling surveys.
46
10. Initial Programme of Measures for Water Bodies “at Risk” and
HMWBs
Measures for SWBR and HMWBs address major water management issues and aim at attainment
of environmental objectives aligned around these issues, during the period of 2015-2021. Major
issues in the Chorokhi-Adjaristskali River Basin,as per Pressure-Impact analysis are:
point source pollution from sewerage systems and industries (food and oil);
non-point source pollution from agricultural activities (use of agrichemicals, unsustainable land
use practices, etc.);
non-point source pollution from livestock (high density of livestock per area of land, etc.)
hydromorphologicalalterarations due to drinking water abstractions;
hydromorphological alterations due to operations of small-size derivation type of HPPs.
As outlined in the introduction of this report, the study distinguishes between basic (structural
and non-structural measures, and instruments or supplementary measures.
Basic structural measures for point and non-point source reduction include:
Structural measures necessary for point-source pollution abatement (e.g. wastewater collection
and treatment as per EU directives);
Structural measures necessary for agricultural non-point source pollution reduction (e.g
rehabilitation of drainage systems to reduce water induced erosion and agriculture run-off);
Good practices and/or modern innovative technologies for diffused source pollution reduction
(e.g. establishment of organic farms, application of slurry using the hose-towed technique;
reduction of nutrient and pesticide discharge by creation of riparian buffer zones; erosionminimising soil cultivation: contour cultivation, direct sowing, mulch sowing with existing or new
equipment, cultivation primarily at right-angles to the slope, etc.);
Non-structural legal-regulatory and law enforcement measures to reduce point and non-point
source pollution (e.g. introduction of a new water law, based on EU WFD, setting of a new
effluent discharge limits in line with EU directives, review and revision of environmental impact
conditions regarding environmental spills, setting of norms for fertilizer and pesticide use, etc.
restriction of livestock grazing in water protection zones, etc.)
In terms of basicnon-structural measures, the overarching measure common to all water bodies
and objectives is to adopt a new Water Law, based on EU WFD. It is known that the law will be
adopted and be effective from 2015 that will be followed by the development and adoption of a
number of sub-laws to implement the new Law. While the draft law, mandating division of
Georgia into river basin management districts and developing river basin plans as per EU WFD
requirements as well as permitting and lisencing of effluent discharges as per relevant EU
directives is already in place, the development of several regulations, including those related to
the Division of Georgia in River Basin Management Districts, River Basin planning procedures and
steps and public participation is on-going and is supported by the given project.
Supplementary measures for point and non-point source pollution reduction include soft
measures (e.g. monitoring, development and implementation of training programmes) to fill
data and capacity gaps identified during the JFS and previous studies as well as soft measures to
implement new Water Law and aid achievement of environmental objectives, e.g. development
of sub-laws and regulations, law enforcement, reseach and studies. More specifically, these are:
Elaboration of normative act on definition of ecological and chemical status of water bodies;
Elaboration of a regulation on Planning and Implementation of Water Resources Monitoring
Program;
47
Strengthening monitoring system (Surface);
Strengthening of national and regional inspecorate of the Environmental Supervision Service of
the Ministry of Environment;
Promotion of organic farming through providing grants and soft loans to the farmers as well as
building their capaicities in establishing and running such farms;
Elaboration of a handbook for farmers on methodology for proper use of different types of
fertilizers;
Establishment of action plans and codes of good agricultural practices for nitrate vulnerable
zones;
Carrying out of investigation works for elimination of historical pollution of several rivers under
significant athropogenic pressures.
While structural measures for point source pollution reduction, particularly those related to the
construction of EU-compliant wastewater treatmet plans require high invenstments and longerterm: from 3 to 5 years of implementation (time for infrastructure construction), non-point
source pollution reduction measures may take the form of demonstration projects and be
implemented duration each.
Basic structural and non-structural measures to mitigate/eliminate major hydromorphological
issues are as follows:
adoption and implementation of new Water Law and, elaboration and adoption of a methodology
on assessment of environmental flow levels in rivers and streams.
Review of permit conditions for existing HPPs;
Review/recalculation of water abstraction quantity taking into consideration ecological flow
level in the river;
Arrangement of fish passes and ensuring of proper operation of these structures.:
Review/recalculation of water abstraction quantity, taking into consideration ecological flow
level in the river;
Effective water loss management - elimination of losses in Batumi water supply system;
Introduction of environmentally friendly technologies for hotels and guest houses for drinking
water consumption.
Supplementary non-structural measures/instruments for SWBR significantly impacted by HPP
operations and drinking water abstractions are as follows:
Elaboration of normative act on definition of ecological and chemical status of water bodies;
Elaboration regulation on planning and Implementation of Water Resources Monitoring Program;
Strengthening hydrological monitoring system (Surface);
Strengthening of national and regional inspection of environmental supervision;
Review of tariff system of water supply;
Set up payment system for water abstraction from the surface water courses;
Review of current water abstraction regulation.
Table 17 summarises structural and non-structural measures proposed by the national study
team to achieve environmental objectives in the Chorokhi-Adjaristskali River Basin by 2021 as
per WFD.
48
Table 17. Summary table of measures for SWBR in the Chorokhi-Adjaristskali River Basin
Water Body
River
Point Source Pollution
Adj 103
Ajaristskali,
near Khulo
settlement
Adj 109
Ajaristskali,
near Keda
settlement
Water Status – At
Risk/impact on
water body
Objective
Deterioration of
water quality by
untreated
municipal
wastewater
To Improve water
quality against
following parameters:
BOD5,COD, NH4-H; Ntotal
and Ptotal by reduction
of
untreated/insufficiently
treated municipal
wastewater discharge
Deterioration of
water quality by
untreated
municipal
wastewaterand
industrial
wastewater (sand
and gravel
extraction)
To improve water
quality against
BOD5,COD, NH4-H; Ntotal
and Ptotal and suspanded
solids and turbidity by
reduction of
treated municipal
wastewater and
industrial wastewater
discharges
Basic measures
1. Adoption of the new draft
Law on Water;
2. Renovation and of
sewerage systems of Khulo
town;
3. Construction of wastewater
treatment plant (biological) for
Khulo town with a design
capacity in consideration of
20% population increase;
4. Elaboration of a new (in
compliance with the EU
guideline) regulation on
Calculation of Maximum
Admissible Concentration of
Effluents in discharged
Wastewater;
5. Introduction of on-site
wastewater treatment
technologies in hotels,
municipal buildings and
guesthouses.
1. Adoption of the new draft
Law on Water;
2. Renovation of a sewerage
system in Keda town;
Kheda town with a design
20% population increase
Shuakhevi town with a design
20% population increase (this
will have a positive impact on
Keda as being at upstream
location);
6. Elaboration of a new (in
Admissible Concentration of
Pollutants in discharged
Wastewater;
7. Introduction of on-site
guesthouses.
Supplementary measures
1. Elaboration of Normative act
on definition of ecological and
chemical status of water
bodies;
2. Elaboration regulation on
Planning and Implementation of
Water Resources Monitoring
Program;
3. Carry out requirement of
existing Regulation on the
Protection of Water Bodies
Against Pollution
4. Strengthening monitoring
system (Surface);
6. Strengthening national and
regional inspection of
environmental supervision
7. Training of staff in
requirements of new Water
Law.
1. Elaboration of Normative act
bodies;
2. Elaboration regulation on
Program;
3. Carry out requirement of
existing Regulation on the
Protection of Water Bodies
Against Pollution
4. Strengthening monitoring
system (Surface);
6. Strengthening national and
7. Training of staff in
requirements of new Water
Law.
49
Kor002
Bar 001
Korolitskali
Bartskhana
Deterioration of
Water Quality by
industrial
wastewater from
oil terminals
To improve water
quality against
BOD5,COD, and oil
products (TPH) by
reduction of
treated wastewater
discharges
Adoption of a new Water Law;
Review of permit conditions
regarding to accidental spills;
recalculate MPC of wastewater
Ensure proper operation of
existing treatment plant and
set up permanent (automatic
control) monitoring systems;
Full-scale improvement of
wastewater treatment via
modern oil product removal
technology.
Elaboration of Normative act on
definition of ecological and
bodies;
Elaboration of aregulation on
Program;
Strengthening monitoring
system (Surface);
Strengthening national and
Carrying out of investigation
works for elimination of
historical pollution of
Korolistskali and Bartskhana
river s (downstream of the
river).
Strengthening of monitoring
system (Surface and
Groundwater);
Elaboration of a regulation on
Program;
bodies;
Financial subsidies (grants, soft
loans, etc) for organic farming;
Elaboration of handbook for
farmers on methodology of
proper using of different types
of fertilizers and pesticides;
Establishment of action plans
and codes of good agricultural
practices for nitrate vulnerable
zones;
Training of farmers in good
agricultural practices and
organic farming;
Training of decision-makers in
implementation of a new water
law.
Strengthening monitoring
system (Surface and
Groundwater);
Program;
bodies;
Financial subsidies ( grants, soft
loans/microcredits) for
introduction of biogas
digesters;
Setting norm/guidelines for
livestock grazing intensity.
Development of guidelines for
good agricultural practices;
Training of farmers in
sustainable livestock farming.
Diffuse source pollution
Bar 001
Bol 102
Cha004
Cha 006
Cho001
Cho003
Cho004
Cho005
Cho006
Cho 008
Dek002
Dzh001
Ked202
Kik102
Kik 103
Kor202
Bartskhana
Boloko
Chakvitskali
Chakvitskali
Chorokhi
Chorokhi
Chorokhi
Chorokhi
Chorokhi
Chorokhi
Kozakisghele,
(Dekhva)
Gvelistskali
(DzhochoTskali)
kedkedi
Kinkisha
Kinkisha
Korolistskali
Deterioration of
water quality by
run off from
agricultural lands
To improve water
quality against BOD,
nutrients (nitrates,
phosphates) and
pesticides by reduction
of nutrient and
pesticide discharges
Application of slurry using the
hose-towed technique;
Renovation of agriculture
drainage systems;
Establishment of traditional
organic farms;
Determination of fertilizer and
pesticide use norms
Reduction of nutrient and
pesticide discharge by creation
of riparian buffer zones;
Erosion-minimising soil
cultivation: contour cultivation,
direct sowing, mulch sowing
withexisting or new equipment,
cultivation primarily at rightangles to the slope.
Bar 001
Kik 202
Bartskhana
Kinkisha
Deterioration of
water quality by
run off from
livestocks
To improve water
quality against BOD,
nutrients by reduction
of nutrient and
pesticide discharges
Promotion of installation of
biogas digesters for households;
Avoidance of livestock grazing
in water protection strips by
providing alternative shading
and water;
Restoration of range and
pasture lands and revegetation
of floodplain zones.
Hydromorphological Pressures
50
Cha 004
Chakvitskali
Reduction of river
flow; Change in
channel and bed
bottom
morphology,
volume, stream
velocity, etc.;
Bank erosion,
accumulation
of sediments,
change in chemical
composition of
water; impacts on
ecosystems by
water abstraction
for Batumi WSS
To improve hydro
morphological state
(hydrology, continuity,
morphology) of river
through ensuring
ecological flow in the
river and increased
water use efficiency
Adoption of a New Law;
Review/recalculation of water
abstraction quantity, taking
into consideration ecological
flow level in the river;
Elaboration and adoption of
methodology on Assessment of
Environmental Flow Levels in
Rivers and streams;
3. Elimination of losses in
Batumi water supply system;
Introduction of environmentally
friendly technologies for hotels
and guest houses for drinking
water consumption.
Kik 102
Chi202
Adj111
Kinkisha
Chirukhistskali
Change in
hydrological
regime;
morphological
changes by
Operations of
derivation type
HPP
To improve hydro
morphological state
(hydrology, continuity,
morphology) of river
through ensuring
ecological flow in the
river and river bank
erosion control
Elaboration and adoption of
methodology on Assessment of
Environmental Flow Levels in
Rivers and streams
Review of permit conditions for
existing HPPs;
abstraction quantity taking into
consideration ecological flow
level in the river;
Arranging/rehabilitation of fish
passes and ensuring their
proper operation and
monitoring;
Implementation of river bank
erosion control/prevention
activities (restoration of
floodplain zones, putting of
river bank reinforcement
structures, rectification of river
bed morphology, etc.)15.
15
Elaboration of a normative act
bodies;
Elaboration of regulation on
Program;
Strengthening hydrological
monitoring system (Surface);
environmental supervision;
Review of tariff system of
water supply;
Settin up payment system for
water abstraction from the
surface water courses;
Review of current water
abstraction regulation
Elaboration of a normative act
bodies;
Program;
Strengthening hydrological
monitoring system (Surface);
environmental supervision;
Review of current water
abstraction regulation.
This measure is relevant only to Adj 111, where 16 -MW operational HPP is located
51
11. Ecological Effectiveness Analysis And Ranking of Measures
Simplified methodology suggests CEA, based on the ecological effectiveness analysis of the measures. It
uses the possible cause/effect matrix in a pressure situation comprised of “deficits” in the areas of point
sources, diffuse sources and hydro-morphology. Under the “deficit” ecological deficit indicators
(saprophytes, algae, and benthic invertebrate) are implied. The individual effects of the measures are
ticked/marked as “x” (table 18). The level/intensity of the effect is expressed by the number of “x” per
individual indicator. Then the scores are summed-up and measures are ranked, based on the ranking
scale (table 19).
Table 18: Cause/effect matrix with classification of priority
Measure
1
2
3
4
Ecological Deficit parameters
Macrophysics Algae
XX
XXX
XXX
Benthic
invertebrate
fauna
X
X
XX
XX
X
XX
X
Sum of
evaluations
Rank
Fish fauna
X
XXX
XXX
XXX
2
7
10
9
1
2
4
3
Table 19. Ecological Effectiveness Ranking Scale
Sum of total individual evaluations
12-9
8-5
4-1
0
Description of effectiveness
High ecological effectiveness
Medium ecological effectiveness
Low ecological effectiveness
No ecological effectiveness
Rank
3
2
1
0
Table 20 summarizes the expert evaluation and ranking of ecological effectiveness of the initial
PoMs for SWBR in the Chorokhi-Adjaristskali River Basinidentified and listed in the previous
chapter of this document.
Table 20. Cause/effect matrix with classification of priority for the initial PoMs for SWBR in
the Chorokhi-Adjaristskali River Basin
Macrophites
Algae
Sum total of
individual
evaluations
Priority Rank
Adoption of a new Law on Water
XXX
XXX
XXX
Renovation and of a sewerage system of
Khulo town
Construction of wastewater treatment plant
(biological) for Khulo town with a design
capacity in consideration of 20% population
increase
X
X
X
XXX
12
3
X
4
2
X
X
XX
XX
6
2
Fish Fauna
Indicators of ecological
deficits
(Water Framework
Directive, Annex V)
Benthic
invertebrate
Measure
52
Elaboration of a new (in compliance with the
EU guideline) regulation on Calculation of
Maximum Admissible Concentration of
Effluents in discharged Wastewater
Renovation of a sewerage system in Keda
town
(biological) for Kheda town with a design
increase
XXX
XXX
XXX
XXX
12
3
X
X
X
X
2
2
XXX
XXX
XXX
XXX
12
3
XXX
X
X
XX
XX
6
2
XXX
XXX
XXX
XXX
12
3
XXX
XXX
XXX
XXX
12
3
Ensuring of proper operation of existing
treatment plants and setting up permanent
(automatic control) monitoring systems
Full-scale improvement of wastewater
treatment via modern oil product removal
technology (coaliscentic)
Introduction of on-site wastewater
treatment technologies in hotels, municipal
buildings and guesthouses
Application of slurry using the hose-towed
technique
Rehabilitation of agricultural drainage
systems in Kobuleti and Khelvachauri
municipalities
Establishment of traditional organic farms
X
X
XX
XX
6
2
XXX
XXX
8
3
Determination of fertilizer and pesticide use
norms
Reduction of nutrient and pesticide
discharge by creation of riparian buffer
zones
Erosion-minimising soil cultivation: contour
cultivation, direct sowing, mulch sowing with
existing or new equipment, cultivation
primarily at right-angles to the slope
Installation of biogas digesters for
households
Avoidance of livestock grazing in water
protection strips by providing alternative
shading and water
Restoration of rangeland, pastures and
floodplain zones
Review of permit conditions for existing HPPs
Review/recalculation of water abstraction
quantity, taking into consideration ecological
flow level in the river (for 2 HPPs and Batumi
water company)
XXX
XXX
XXX
(biological) for Shuakhevi town with a design
increase (this point is not located in this
WP, but has cumulative influence on water
quality of Adj109WB)
Review of permit conditions regarding to
accidental spills of LTD Oil Terminal
Recalculations of MPC for wastewaters
XX
X
XX
X
X
5
2
XX
XX
XX
XX
8
3
XX
XX
XX
XX
8
3
X
X
XX
XX
6
2
XXX
XXX
XXX
XXX
12
3
XXX
XXX
XXX
XXX
12
3
X
XX
XX
XX
7
2
X
XX
X
XX
6
2
XX
X
XX
X
6
2
X
XXX
XXX
XXX
10
3
XXX
XXX
6
2
XXX
XXX
9
3
53
Arranging/rehabilitation of fish passes and
ensuring their proper operation and
monitoring (3 HPPs)
Elaboration and adoption of methodology on
Assessment of Environmental Flow Levels in
Rivers and streams
Reduction of losses in Batumi water supply
system
Introduction of environmentally friendly
technologies for hotels and guest houses for
drinking water consumption
Implementation of river bank erosion
control/prevention activities (restoration of
floodplain zones, putting of river bank
reinforcement structures, rectification of
river bed morphology, etc.)
XX
XXX
5
2
XXX
XXX
XXX
9
3
X
XXX
XXX
7
2
X
XX
XX
5
2
XXX
XXX
XXX
9
3
Thus, as a result of ecological effectiveness assessment, 14measures out of 29measures were
ranked as of high priority and remaining as of medium priority. Such measures as setting up of
legal-regulatory framework for implementation of WFD received the highest ranks.
11.1 Costing of Measures
Costing of measures for the Chorokhi-Adjaristskali River Basin has been indertaken in line with
the guidance provided in the “Handbook” and recommendation of the Draft Auxiliery Document
with certain modifications, assumptions and expert estimates made by the study team in the
absence of detailed technical and economic data.
As a general principle, distinction has been made between direct and economic, or indirect
costs.
Direct costs are payable for the implementation of specific measures, such as the cost
ofstructural measures in water protection, or administrative costs for adoption and
enforcement of an instrument, e.g. adoption and collection of taxes for water pollution.
Furthermore, direct costs can be devided into two groups:
Upfront investment costs for implementing structural measures, such as investment cost of
construction of a wastewater treatment plant, or a cost of development andadoption of a new
instrument;
Annualoperation costs which can be related to annual operation and maintenance of an
infrastructure, such as wastewater treatment plant, or annual administration cost for
implementing and enforcing an unstrument, eg. water abstraction taxes.
Distinction between and recognition of these subgroups of direct cost are important in economic
analysis of measure in the Chorokhi-Ajaristskali River Basin and in Georgia, in general, as long as
unavailability of local funds for maintaining of an infrastructure or administration of an
instrument may be the major limitation undermining the decisions concerning investments in the
infrastructure or adopting of the instrument.
Indirect or economic costs are incurred by measures and instruments in the sense that the
measures restrict or change the uses of a water body, or necessitate adaptation measures. In
contrast to direct costs, a significant proportion of economic costs are comprised of lost
revenue. This makes the calculation of economic costs fairly complex.
54
11.2. Estimating the cost of structural measures
As ageneral rule, direct costs can be reliably estimated on the basis of experimental values,
availability of technical and economic data. However,in this study, due to limitations in terms
time and availability of information on specific issues to be addressed in the basin, it was
practically impossible to provide accurate estimates of investment and operation costs. Instead
experts’ rough estimations of costs on the basis of bandwidths were aplied. More specifically,
cost bandwidths of three categories were established:
Low cost measures - measures with the estimated cost (investment/operation and maintenance)
in the range of 0 – 50 000 Euro;
Medium cost measures - measures with the estimated cost (investment/operation and
maintenance) in the range of 50 000 – 500 000 Euro;
High cost measures - measures with the estimated cost (investment/operation and
maintenance) higher than 500 000 Euro;
For basic structural measures, costestimates of Engineer specifically hired for this study
and information provided by the Adjara Water Company, Adjara Environmental
Department and operators of existing HPPswere applied, instead of the bandwidths.
This approach is in line with the Draft Auxiliary Guidance Document, which recognizes that “for
theselection of measures on site, direct costs ascertained within the context of a
comparativeanalysis are decisive in the majority of cases”.
11.3. Estimating the costs of the non-structural measures /instruments
In many cases, the costs incurred as a result of application of the instruments may only be
roughly estimated to begin with. This is true of administrative costs as well as the burdens
incurred to third parties as a result of application of the instruments.
The direct costs of non-structural measures/instruments are primarily comprised of the
administrative costs. Unlike the cost of measures, these costs incurred to the executing
authority tend to be low. Additionally, the direct costs arising from administrative expenditure
are calculated differently from structural measures: as a general principle, the costs over time
should be taken into account in both cases.
In addition, the direct costs of non-structural measures/instruments are often exceeded by the
indirect (economic) costs incurred to the affected economic players. This is illustrated, for
example, by the introduction of a tax on fertilisers or pesticides: only administrative costs are
incurred to the implementing authority, whilst the bulk of the costs are apportionable to the
farmers required to pay the tax. For the farmers, in turn, opportunity costs make up a
significant part of the burden. Such costs are incurred, for example, when farmers switch to
alternative crops or cultivation methods in order to avoid the tax, and generate lower profits as
a result. For this reason, calculating of the cost of instruments is by nature more complex than
calculating the cost of measures, and entails greater uncertainties.
Taking into consideration the difficulties related to calculating the directe and indirect costs of
non-structual measures/instruments, bandwidths estimates of cost were applied in this study.
The dandwidths are the same as in the case of direct costs of measures:
55
Low cost non-structual measures/instruments - non-structual measures/instruments with the
estimated cost (development and adoption/administration/indirect) in the range of 0 – 50 000
Euro;
Medium cost non-structual measures/instruments - non-structual measures/instruments with
the estimated cost (development and adoption/administration/indirect) in the range of 50 000 –
50 000 Euro;
High cost non-structual measures/instruments - non-structual measures/instruments with the
estimated cost (development and adoption/administration/indirect) higher than 500 000 Euro;
Below is given the table of costs for the initial PoMs for SWBR in the Chorokhi-Adjaristskali
River Basinin EUROs 16.Information provided in table 1 has been used for estimating the costs of
rehabilitation of water supply ans sanitation systems in Batumi, Khulo, Keda and Shuakhevi
towns.
Table 21. Costing of the initial PoMs for SWBR in the Chorokhi-Adjaristskali River
Basin
Measures
Direct investment
costs
(Euro)
1
Adoption of a new Law on Water
< 50 000
2
Renovation of a sewerage system of the
Khulo town
122 222
3
Construction of wastewater treatment
466 666
plant (biological) for Khulo town with a
design capacity in consideration of 20%
population increase
Elaboration of a new (in compliance with ≤50 000
the EU guideline) regulation on
Calculation of Maximum Admissible
Concentration of Effluents in discharged
wastewater.
Renovation of a sewerage system in
55 555
Keda town
466 666
plant (biological) for Keda town with a
design capacity in consideration of 20%
population increase
511 111
plant (biological) for Shuakhevi town with
a design capacity in consideration of 20%
population increase (this point is not
located in this WP, but has cumulative
influence on water quality of Adj109WB)
Review of permit conditions regarding to ≤50 000
accidental spills of LTD Oil Terminal
11 111
9
Recalculations of MPC for wastewaters at ≤50 000
the Batumi Oil Terminal
low
16
Exchange rate 1 Euro=2.25 GEL has been used f or calculations.
4
5
6
7
8
Annual operation
and
Indirectcosts
maintenance/admini (Euro)
stration costs
(Euro)
medium
Compliance costs
incurred by
economic players
28 888
-
Compliance costs
incurred by
economic players
25 333 Euro
-
11 111
-
11 111
-
Low
Compliance costs
incurred by the
economic player
Compliance costs
incurred by
economic players
56
10
11
12
13
Ensuring of proper operation of existing
treatment plants and setting up
permanent (automatic control)
monitoring systems at the Batumi Oil
Terminal
Full-scale improvement of wastewater
treatment via modern oil product
removal technology (coaliscentic) at the
Batumi Oil Terminal
Introduction of on-site wastewater
treatment technologies in hotels,
municipal buildings and guesthouses
Application of slurry using the hosetowed technique
70 000
120 000
300 000
30 000 per project, 10
demo projects
(1.6-2.0 EURO/m3),
20 000 per project, 10
demo projects
5 244 444 Euro
14
Rehablitation of agriculture drainage
systems in the Kobuleti municipality
15
Rehablitation of agriculture drainage
15 111 Euro
systems in the Khelvachauri municipality
16
Establishment of traditional organic
farms
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
300 000, 30 000 per
one project, 10 demo
projects
Determination of fertilizer and pesticide < 50 000
use norms
Reduction of nutrient and pesticide
300 000, 15000 per one
discharge by creation of riparian buffer project, 20 projects
zones
Erosion-minimizing soil cultivation:
70 000, 7 000 per
contour cultivation, direct sowing, mulch project, 10 projects
sowing with existing or new equipment,
cultivation primarily at right-angles to
the slope
Installation of biogas digesters for
80 000, 2 000 per
households
project, 40 projects
Avoidance of livestock grazing in water 100 000 5 000 per
protection strips by providing alternative project, 20 projects
shading and water
Restoration of range and pasture lands
300 000, 30 000 per
and revegetation of floodplain zones
project, 10 projects
Review of permit conditions for existing ≤ 50 000
HPPs
abstraction quantity, taking into
120 000
consideration ecological flow level in the
river (for 2 HPPs and Batumi water
company)
Arranging/rehabilitation of fish passes
31 110
and ensuring their proper operation and
monitoring (3 HPPs)
Elaboration and adoption of methodology ≤ 50 000
low
on Assessment of Environmental Flow
Levels in Rivers and streams
Reduction of losses in Batumi water
2 075 555
>1 000 000
supply system
Establishment of environmentally friendly 200 000,
technologies for hotels and guest houses 20 000 per project, 20
for drinking water consumption
projects
Implementation of river bank erosion
30 000
Compliance costs
incurred by
economic players
57
control/prevention activities at the Ats.
HPP
11.4 Prioritization of Measures
Prioritisation of measures is the final step in CEA and it attempts to identify most cost effective
measures out of a wider set of measures which are targeted for achieving environmental
objectivesin a river basin. The overall goal is to select such actions that may have highest
ecological effect with least costs. In other words, CEA is aimed for selecting the least costly
options while achieving specific environmental objectives. Ideally, the process itself needs
significant level of efforts and data inputs. It integrates ecological and economic effectiveness
analysis using various indicators and mulicriteria analysis. In this study, taking into consideration
limitations in terms of available environmental, technical and economic data, a special
methodology was developed for prioritization of measures identified for achieving ecological
objectives in the Chorokhi-Adjaristskali River Basin. The methodology proposed has looked at
each measure, including structural and non-structural measures, through a prism of indicators
such as ecological effectiveness, time required for achieving the ecological effect, cost of
measures including direct investment, operation and maintenance, administrative, and indirect
costs. A ranking system was designed to help to identify the most cost effective measures or
measures with maximum potential ecological effect with the least costs in a relatively shorter
period of time. More specifically, the following indicators and ranking system has been
developed and used for prioritization of measurers:
Indicator 1 -Ecological effectiveness. This is the indocator for assessing the ecological
effectiveness of a measure,or in other words, impact of the measure on ecological deficit
parameters (macropytes, algae, benthic invertebrates, and fish fauna). This ndicator hadbeen
discussed in more details in chapter 4 of this study. Moreover, all measures have been ranked in
termes of ecological effectiveness. This prioritization methodology uses the same scores (1 to 3)
for all proposed measures listed and ranked in table 5 of chapter 4.
Indicator 2 - Time for achieving the ecological effect.Including this indicator in the
prioritization excercise is important as long as in line with the WFD and according to the
requirements of the Draft Auxiliary Document the measures should be planned for and ecological
objectives must be achieved in a limited period of time (2015-2020 for the Chorokhi-Adjaristskali
River basin).
It is assumed in this study that most of the structural measures will have desired ecological
effect in a relatively shorter period of time, e.g. 1-3 years, while most of the instruments will
have positive environmental effects in medium or longer term. Score 2 is assigned to measures
with shorter period of achieving the ecological effects, while score 1 is assigned to measures
having positive ecological effect in medium or longer period.
Indicator 3-Direct upfront investment cost required for implementation of structural measures
or for the development and adoption of non-structural measures/instruments. For this indicator
scores 1 to 3 have been used: 1 for low(<50 000 Euro), 2 for medium (50 000 -500 000 Euro), and
3 for high cost (>500000 Euro) measures.
Indicator 4 - Operation and maintenance/ administrative cost. Availabiity of annual operation
and maintenance costs are essential for sustaining an effective functioning of implemented
structureal measures. Also, provision of administrative costs is necessary for enforcement of
instruments, such as regulations or taxes, by environmental or other authorities responsible for
58
monitoring and enforcing implementation of the instruments. For this indicator scores 1 to 3
have been used: 1 for low (<50 000 Euro), 2 for medium (50 000 -500 000 Euro), and 3 for high
(>500 000 Euro) operation and maintenance or administration costs.
Indicator 5- Indirect costare incurred by individuals, institutions and or companies in the sense
that the measures restrict or change the uses of a water body, or necessitate adaptation or
undertaking actions to comply with the requirements of the instruments. Scores 1 to 2 apply to
measures for ranking according to this indicator: Score 1 applies to measure if its
implementation or adoption leads to indirect costs for economic players; Score 2 applies if there
is no significant indirect cost incurred by economic players.
Finally, scores in each indicator are summed up to rank measures. Measures with ranking 1-10
are of lower priority, measures with ranking >10 are of higher priority.Table 22 below
summarizes the results of ranking and prioritization of measures.
3
Construction of
plant (biological) for
Khulo town with a
design capacity in
consideration of 20%
population increase
Indirect costs
medium
Priority
Renovation of a
sewerage system of the
Khulo town
< 50 000
Rank
2
Operation and
maintenance/administ
ration costs (annual)
Adoption of a new Law
on Water
Direct investment
costs (Euro)
1
Time for achieving the
ecological effect
Measures
Ecological
effectiveness
Table 22. Ranking and prioritization of measures the initial PoMs for SWBR in the ChorokhiAdjaristskali River Basin
11
High
2
-
10
low
2
11
High
3
2
3
122 222
2
28 888
Complianc
e costs
incurred
by
economic
players
1
-
2
1
2
466 666
3
11 111
2
2
2
3
59
4
Elaboration of a new (in
Admissible
Concentration of
Effluents in discharged
wastewater.
5
Renovation of a
sewerage system in Keda
town
6
Construction of
Keda town with a design
capacity in
population increase
≤50 000
low
-
3
1
3
55 555
3
25 333
2
-
12
High
2
1
2
466 666
3
11 111
2
-
11
High
3
2
1
3
2
High
11
7
Construction of
Shuakhevi town with a
design capacity in
population increase (this
point is not located in
this WP, but has
cumulative influence on
water quality of
Adj109WB)
8
Review of permit
conditions regarding to
accidental spills of LTD
Oil Terminal
9
Recalculations of MPC
for wastewaters at the
Batumi Oil terminal
10
Ensuring of proper
operation of existing
treatment plants and
setting up permanent
(automatic control)
monitoring systems at
the Batumi Oil Terminal
3
2
511 111
11 111
-
1
3
2
≤50 000
Low
Complianc
e costs
incurred
by
economic
agents
1
Complianc
e costs
incurred
by
economic
agents
3
2
3
≤50 000
3
low
3
1
3
70 000
3
medium
1
3
2
2
2
2
Low
11
1
12
1
High
11
High
11
High
60
11
12
Full-scale improvement
of wastewater
treatment via modern
oil product removal
technology (coaliscentic)
at the Batumi Oil
Terminal
Introduction of on-site
guesthouses
13
Application of slurry
using the hose-towed
technique
14
Rehabilitation of
agricultural drainage
systems in the Kobuleti
municipality
15
Rehabilitation of
agricultural drainage
systems in the
Khelvachauri
municipality
16
Establishment of
traditional organic farms
17
Determination of
fertilizer and pesticide
use norms
18
Reduction of nutrient
and pesticide discharge
by creation of riparian
buffer zones
19
Erosion-minimizing soil
cultivation: contour
cultivation, direct
sowing, mulch sowing
with existing or new
equipment, cultivation
primarily at right-angles
to the slope
20
Installation of biogas
digesters for households
3
2
120 000
medium
-
2
2
2
High
11
300000,
300 000 per
project, 10
demo projects
2
1
3
1
3
1
-
2
200 000
20 000 per
project, 10
demo projects
2
5 244 444 Euro
3
2
10
low
3
2
-
11
High
1
3
2
10
Low
3
300 000, 30 000
per one
project, 10
demo projects
2
< 50 000
3
2
-
12
High
3
low
11
High
3
300 000, 15000
per one
project, 20
projects
3
70 000, 7 000
per project, 10
projects
3
2
Complianc
e costs
incurred
by
economic
agents
1
-
11
Hgh
3
2
-
12
High
3
2
11
High
11
High
15 111 Euro
3
1
3
1
3
1
3
1
2
1
3
1
80 000,
2 000 per
project, 40
projects
3
2
-
3
2
61
21
Avoidance of livestock
grazing in water
protection strips by
providing alternative
shading and water
22
Restoration of range and
pasture lands and
revegetation of
floodplain zones
23
Review of permit
conditions for existing
HPPs
24
Review/recalculation of
water abstraction
quantity, taking into
consideration ecological
flow level in the river
(for 2 HPPs and Batumi
water company)
25
Arranging/rehabilitation
of fish passes and
ensuring their proper
operation and
monitoring (3 HPPs)
100 000,
5 000 per
project, 20
projects
2
1
3
1
2
-
3
300 000,
30 000 per
project, 10
projects
3
≤ 50 000
3
2
-
11
High
3
12
High
1
3
≤ 50 000
3
2
Complianc
e costs
incurred
by
economic
players
1
10
low
3
1
3
31 110
3
1
11
High
2
2
3
3
2
High
12
26
Elaboration and
adoption of methodology
on Assessment of
Environmental Flow
Levels in Rivers and
streams
27
Reduction of losses in
the Batumi water supply
system
28
29
Establishment of
environmentally friendly
technologies for hotels
and guest houses for
drinking water
consumption
Implementation of river
bank erosion
control/prevention
activities at the Ats.
HPP
3
1
3
2 075 555
3
>1 000 000
Complianc
e costs
incurred
by
economic
agents
1
-
2
2
1
2
2
1
200 000,
20 000 per
project, 20
projects
3
2
≤ 50 000
low
1
3
High
9
low
-
3
30 000
3
11
2
2
11
High
-
3
2
12
High
Twenty three out of 29 measures were ranked as of higher priority in result of integrated cost and
economic effectiveness analysis. These include mostly non-structural measures or instruments
elaboration, adoption and administration of which are not related to high economic costs to
environmental authorities or the governments. Even though these measures, unlike the structural
measures, will not have immediate ecological effect, their stepvise implementation will bring
62
widespread environmental benefits in the basin. It has been understood that these measures may
have significant indirect financial and economic costs to economic players such as individuals,
industries and other organizations. Nevertheless, their adoption and enforcement will help to
implement “Polluter Pays Principle,” -the fundamental principle of environmental
protectionimplying that ultimately the polluters must bear the economic cost of reducing the
negative effect on the environment and in particular in the Chorokhi-Adjaristskali River Basin.
Small scale pilot projects such as Implementation of river bank erosion control/prevention
activities, installation of biogas digesters for households, avoidance of livestock grazing in water
protection strips by providing alternative shading and water, also received higher priority due to
their high demonstration environmental effects and relatively lower cost of implementation. Such
kind of projects may bring together resources of various stakeholders such as local people, local
and national governments, local and national NGOs, private busyness and international donors.
By giving higher priority to non-structural measures/instruments and small-scale infrastructure
demonstration projects, the study team proposes to implement these measures in a shorter period
of time, e.g. in the period 2015-2017.
Structural measures such as e.g. upgrading the existing WWTP in Shuakhevi town to provide
adequate biological treatment, or e.g. rehabilitation of drainage canals in the Kobuleti
Municipality received lower priority due to high cost and lower impact on ecological
parameters. However, by no means this should underscore the importance of these
structural measures. It has been implied that the structural measures can be implemented
on a later stage e.g. in the period 2018-2021.
63
12. Conclusions
By giving higher priority to basic non-structural measures/instruments it is proposed to
implement these measures in a shorter period of time, e.g. in the period 2015-2017. In addition,
it in the nearest future it is planned to implement the third phase of rehabilitation works for the
city of Batumi for the period from 2015 through 2018 as well as to renovate Keda sewerage
system and construct biological treatment plant there for the period from2015 through 2016.
Thus, this information is reflected in the RBMP.
Small-scale demonstration projects to abate point and non-point pollution and use water more
efficiently applicable on-farm, in hotels and guest houses, also ranked at high may be
implemented during the entire planning cycle of the RBMP.
Structural measures such as e.g. rehabilitation of drainage canals in the Kobuleti Municipality
received lower priority due to high cost and lower impact on ecological parameters. However,
by no means this should underscore the importance of these structural measures. It was implied
that the structural measures can be implemented on a later stage e.g. in the period 2018-2021.
As for competent authorities, we should differentiate various roles and responsibilities in
relation to the implementation of RBMP. For each of the role and type of measure there might
be one or several responsible parties.
The typical roles for RBMP are:

Coordination of implementation of the RBMP;

Funding of RBMP;

Implementation of structural measures;

Implementation of non-structural measures;

Implementation of small-scale demonstration measures;

Monitoring and evaluation of the implementation of the plan, including monitoring of
water status;

Public outreach and advocacy.
Coordination role for the implementation of the RBMP is assigned to the Ministry of Environment
and Natural Resources Protection of Georgia (MoENRP) and the Directorate for Environmental
and Natural Resources of Adjara Autonomous Republic, based on the statutes of these agencies
as well as based on the the new Water Code to be adopted in 2015.
The MoENRP through its National Environmental Agency and, Adjara Environmental Department
are responsible for monitoring implementation of the RBMP and water status as per monitoring
programme outlined in the RBMP.
Implementation of medium to large-scale public works (e.g. rehabilitation of drinking water
supply and sanitation systems, construction and proper operations of WWTPs, rehabilitation of
irrigation-drainage canals, etc.) rests upon the Adjara Water Companies and Adjara Roads and
Melioration Department.
Small-scale demo point and non-point source pollution abatement measures may be
implemented by the Ministry of Agriculture of Adjara Autonomous Republic, local CSOs, including
NGOs, farmers associations, CBOs and the private sector.
64
Implementation of structural and non-structural measures related to the reduction of pointsource pollution and hydromorphological pressures from existing HPPs and industries should be a
responsibility of operators/owners of HPPs and industrial facilities, while the compliance
assurance and control should be conducted by the Environmental Inspectorate of the Ministry of
Environment of Georgia.
Elaboration, adoption and implementation of legal, regulatory and financial mechanisms should
be a responsibility of the Parliament of Georgia (in case of the adoption and enactment of laws)
and relevant Line Ministries, including the MoENRP, Ministry of Agriculture and the Ministry of
Energy.
Public outreach and advocacy campaigns should be coordinated by designated competent
authorities (MoENRP and the Directorate for Environmental and Natural Resources of Adjara
Autonomous Republic) and carried out by the relevant line Ministries, Adjara government and,
Adjara and national-wide NGOs, e.g. REC-Caucasus, CENN, Global Water Partnership- Georgia
(GWP), Greens Movement, Ecovision, etc, media.
Finally, major financial support for the implementation of basic measures of the RBMP should be
provided by the Treasury, the Ministry of Finance of Georgia and the Ministry of Economy of
Adjara Autonomous Republic, multi-lateral and bi-lateral Development Banks, e.g. WB, ADB,
EBRD, KfW, bi-lateral and multilateral development agencies, e.g. EU, UNDP, USAID, GIZ,
Swedish Sida, Cida, JICA, etc., private sector, e.g. owners/operators of HPPs and industrial
facilities and, CSOs, including international and local NGOs, CBOs, farmers associations, etc.
65
13. References















Adjara Environnent Directorate
2012-2012 Social-Economic Development Strategies of Khulo, Keda, Shuakhevi,
Khelvachuri and Kobuleti Municipalities. Young Scientistics Union “Intellect” and
local authorities.
http://www.intellect.org.ge/index.php?m1=2&m3=10&rf=library&type=8&subtyp
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Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation at Local Level. Municipal Profiles.
Institutionalization of Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation in Georgian
Regions. USAID/NALAG. www.nala.ge
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1769.doc&ei=uMbUU6qpJsTMygOCloH4BQ&usg=AFQjCNGVvvKfCz0l0EmFoGTE_qYhdGFoQ&cad=rjt
Agriculture of Georgia. Statistical Publication. Tbilisi 2013. National Statistics
Office of Georgia.
http://geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_files/georgian/agriculture/2012%20wlis%20
soflis%20meurneoba.pdf
2012 Water use accounting data of the Ministry of Environment and Natural
Resources Protection
Water companies of Batumi, Shuakhevi, Khulo and Keda
Adjara Road and Melioration System Department
Clmate Change Strategy of Ajara. 2013.
UNDPhttp://www.ge.undp.org/content/dam/georgia/docs/publications/UNDP_G
E_EE_Ajara_CC_2013_eng.pdf
River Basin Analysis in the Chorokhi-Adjaristksali River Basin (RBA). http://blackseariverbasins.net/en
Overview of Energy Sector in Ajara. Ministry of Finance and Economy of Ajara
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(PoMs) and Simplified Cost Effectiveness Analysis (CEA)
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for selecting the most cost-effective combinations of measures for inclusion in the
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Programme of Measures. http://blacksea-riverbasins.net/en;
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2000/60 /EC of 23 October 2000 establishing a framework for Community action in the
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Achievement of Environmental Objectives According to the EU WFD;
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