Equus Dramaturgy

Equus Dramaturgy
I.
II.
III.
IV.
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VI.
The play and playwright
References in the script
a. by scene/page number
b. by character
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Horses
Character analysis materials
a. by topic
b. by character
Other
References in the script
x
Rokeby Psychiatric Hospital: The hospital in the script is fictitious, but this is
interesting to note: in 1973, Peter Shaffer set Equus in the Rokeby Psychiatric
Hospital in Southern England; in 1976 a psychiatric hospital (The Hobart Clinic)
was established in Rokeby, Tasmania, on the former grounds of Anglican
Benedictine Monks.
I.2
pg. 9
x
x
x
M agistrate Court system: Magistrate Courts are the lowest level of court in
England and Wales and see approx. 95% of all cases. A Bench of three
Magistrates serves as the equivalent of judge and jury of American standards.
Magistrates are volunteers from the community. They may be reimbursed for
travel expenses, but are not paid for their time. Most often they have not attended
law school; a legal clerk advises them and oversees that all procedures and
decisioQVDUHZLWKLQWKHODZ,WLVWUDGLWLRQDOWRUHIHUWRWKH%HQFKDV³<RXU
:RUVKLSV´DQGWRWKH&KDLUDV³6LU´RU³0DGDP´0DJLVWUDWHVDUHIRUFHGWRUHWLUH
at age 70.
SchizophrenicDPHQWDOFRQGLWLRQDIIHFWLQJRQH¶VSHUFHSWLRQRIUHDOLW\GLVWRUWLQJ
the senses (hallucinations, delusions, etc.)
C atatonia: extreme loss of motor functions or extreme hyperactive activity
associated with diseases like schizophrenia
pg. 10
x Polynesian: Polynesia is a group of approx. 1000 islands in the central and
southern Pacific. They lie in a rough triangular shape with Hawaii at the
northernmost tip. Polynesian people are said to have originally migrated from
southeast Asia. Western Polynesia (Tonga, Niue, Samoa) is much more developed
than Eastern Polynesia, with high populations, central governments, and
industrialized economic/monetary systems. Eastern Polynesia (Tahiti, Hawaii, etc.)
LVFRQVLGHUHGPRUH³FXOWXUDO´ZLWKDJULFXOWXUH-based villages and economies and
values with emphases on art, dance, body jewelry, etc.
x Spanish F ly: A Spanish fly is a small green beetle whose body composition is up
to 5% cantharidan, a substance considered an aphrodisiac. Spanish fly is often
ground into a powder and added to farm animal feed to encourage them to mate.
People often use Spanish fly for insatiable arousal and to intensify sex, but it is
also a dangerous poison that irritates the urethra and inflames sex organs,
sometimes causing permanent damage to the kidneys and genital area. If used in
high doses, it may result in death.
x W inchester: Winchester is a cathedral city, the county town of Hampshire in
Southeast England. Its population is approx. 40,000. Attractions include the
Winchester Cathedral, Wolvesey Castle, Winchester Castle, Winchester College,
and the Hospital of St. Cross. See map for geographical location.
I.3
pg. 12
x B ritish Rail,QWKH³ELJIRXU´UDLOZD\VLQ(QJODQG*UHDW:HVWHUQ5DLOZD\
London, Midland and Scottish Railway, London and Northeastern Railway, and
Southern Railway) combined to form the British Rail. The map below shows to
ZKHUHWKHWUDFNVH[WHQG1RLQIRUPDWLRQLVUHDGLO\DYDLODEOHDERXWD³%ULWLVK5DLO
PHDO´EXWLWFDQEHLQIHUUHGWKDWLWLVOLNHDQ\RWKHUUDLOZD\PHDOH[SHQVLYH
bland, and probably not very hot.
x
Doublemint: Doublemint gum was established in 1914 in the United States as
part of the Wrigley company. Beginning in 1956, Doublemint began using twins
in iWVDGYHUWLVLQJ,QWKH³'RXEOHPLQW7ZLQV´ZHUH7ULFLDDQG&\E
Barnstable. They are pictured below. The fact that they dress in cowgirl boots and
KDYHDQDPHOLNH%DUQVWDEOHPD\H[SODLQ$ODQ¶VIDVFLQDWLRQZLWKWKH'RXEOHPLQW
advert (or it just may be a clever coincidence incorporated by Shaffer).
x
x
M artini: Martini is the common abbreviated name for Martini & Rossi, an
alcoholic beverage company that produces primarily vermouth, but also sparkling
wines. The advert that Alan has seen features the vermouth and a sunny day
aboard a motor boat.
T yphoo: Typhoo, having launched in 1903, is one of the most popular tea
companies in the UK. The name Typhoo is derived from the Chinese word for
³GRFWRU´7KHPRVWIDPRXV7\SKRRMLQJOHVDQJ³7KHUH¶VRQO\RQHµ7¶LQ
7\SKRR´DQGWRGD\¶VMLQJOHIHDWXUHV³<RXRQO\JHWDQµRR¶ZLWK7\SKRR´
alluding a sort of orgasmic pleasure attained from drinking it.
I.4
pg. 14
x T exaco: Texaco is an American oil company launched in 1901 in Beaumont,
Texas, then known as the Texas Fuel Company. It spread to all 50 states and, in
1947 spread to England under the name Regent. The name changed to Texaco in
England in 1967.
I.5
pg. 14
x Homeric Greeks ± These are the Greeks that are written about by the famous epic
poet Homer. They largely lived as individual city states and worshiped a patron
deity as well as the rest of the typical Greek pantheon. Geographically, these
people lived on the Peloponnesian peninsula and occupied what we know as
Mycenae and the island of Crete. Historians refer to these Greeks as the
Mycenaeans and Minoans. An excellent link to a short description of Homeric
Greece is:
http://library.thinkquest.org/19300/data/homersgreece.htm
And a handy map:
x
So Called Mask of Agamemnon ± The mask is actually too old to historically
belong to Agamemnon, since it dates from 1550 BC and the Trojan War has been
IRXQGWRKDSSHQLQ%&7KHPDVNLVEHDWHQJROGDQGLVRQO\´WKLFNVRLW
LVYHU\YHU\IUDJLOHJLYHQJROG¶VH[FHSWLRQDOVRIWQHVV,WZDVDWWULEXWHGWR
Agamemnon because it was found by Heinrich Schliemann, an amateur
archeologist who so vehemently believed the story of the Trojan War that he
ILQDQFHGKLVRZQDUFKHRORJLFDOGLJDW0\FHQDHDQG7UR\DQGSURYHGERWKFLWLHV¶
existence. Random fact: The historical Troy was actually sacked 7 times because
there are 7 different layers to the city that have been excavated.
x
Human Sacrifice ± Human sacrifice in ancient Greece is largely discussed as a rite
for extremely important military expeditions. Probably the most famous example
of human sacrifice lies in the Trojan War, where Agamemnon sacrifices his
daughter Iphigenia to Artemis in order for the Greek fleet to make the journey to
Troy. In the summer 1979, there was a sacrificial altar found in a temple in
Minoan Greece that had an 18 year old boy who may have been sacrificed on it
(more info attached or see link below).
http://projectsx.dartmouth.edu/classics/history/bronze_age/lessons/les/15.html#8
x
Plain of Argos red soil ± Argos is one of the oldest Greek city states, and has Hera,
queen of the gods, as it patron. Interestingly enough, recent studies by geologists
show that the Greeks actually chose their temple sites based on the soil (this is a
2008 discovery, so it is nigh impossible Shaffer knew this). All temples to Hera
would have red soil because they chose sites that had high concentrations of clay
EHFDXVHLWSURGXFHVJRRGODQGIRUFDWWOHJUD]LQJDQG+HUDLVNQRZQDVWKH³R[H\HGTXHHQ´$OVRWKHWHPSOHVZHNQRZWRday were predated by open air temples,
probably like the one Dysart dreams about.
+HUH¶VWKHOLQNIRUWKHDUWLFOHhttp://dsc.discovery.com/news/2008/10/07/greektemple-soil.html
A picture is below with the soil. Argos is the second row far left. Also see the
map under the Homeric Greece entry to get an idea of local geography.
x
x
pg. 15
Pop-eyed Masks ± these are some of the other masks found at Mycenae with the
fable Mask of Agamemnon.
x
Reading hieroglyphics: Hieroglyphics are the Ancient Egyptian alphabet. Instead
of using letters through the combination of which a sound is symbolized,
hieroglyphics are symbols of the combination of sounds phonetically. For
example, the (QJOLVKZRUG³FRLQ´KDVYRZHOVRDQGL,QKLHURJO\SKLFVWKH
OHWWHUVZRXOGEHRQHV\PERO$QRWKHUH[DPSOHLVWKHZRUG³SKRQH´7KHSDQGK
ZRXOGEHRQO\RQHV\PERO6LOHQWOHWWHUVOLNHWKHJDQGKLQ³KHLJKW´GRQRWH[LVW
in hieroglyphics. The symbols used are more like pictures of objects.
I.6
pg. 18
x Swiz: British slang for a swindle or fraud
x ¶VWHOHYLVLRQVHW:
x
x
old-type Socialist
English schoolteacher
pg. 19
x Hammer of the Scots/King Edward the First
Edward I 1272-1307
Aiming at a united Britain, he defeated the Welsh chieftains and created his eldest
son Prince of Wales. He was known as the 'Hammer of the Scots' for his victories
in Scotland and brought the famous coronation stone from Scone to Westminster.
x
Henry the First/never smiled again
Henry I 1100-1135
He was educated for the church, but became king in 1100 upon the unexpected
death of his brother, William Rufus, in a hunting accident. He was called the 'Lion
of Justice' as he gave England good laws even if the punishments were ferocious.
His two sons (among them Prince William, Henry's only legitimate son) were
drowned in the White Ship his court returned from Normandy. Henry is said to
have never smiled again. His daughter Matilda was made his successor, but found
unfit to rule.
x
King John/put out the eyes/prevented/gaoler was merciful
King John is universally held to be the worst king in all of English history.
8VXUSHGWKHWKURQHDIWHU.LQJ5LFKDUG,7KH/LRQKHDUWHGGLHG+H¶VNQRZQIRU
his cruelty, jealousness, and viciousness, and for raising punitive taxes to such
extreme levels that the clergy and the nobility forced him to sign the Magna Carta.
The reference to putting out eyes is toward his very young nephew Arthur. Arthur
ZDVWKHULJKWIXOKHLUDIWHU5LFKDUG,¶VGHDWKEXW-Rhn claimed the throne and
drove him into France. Arthur was later captured after trying to lead an army
against John, and John sentenced him to having his eyes burnt out with hot irons
for defying him. The gaoler, a man by the name of Hubert, prevented this by
UHIXVLQJWRFDUU\RXWWKHRUGHUDQGWKURZLQJRXW-RKQ¶VVHUYDQWVZKRWULHG$UWKXU
was still killed later. The only mention of putting out of eyes to be found is in
&KDUOHV'LFNHQV¶V$&KLOG¶V+LVWRU\RI(QJODQG in chapter 14.
x
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pg. 20
x Sabbath evening
I.7
pg. 21
x Prince the horse
x
x
pg. 22
Christian Cavalry/horse and rider one person/a god
Horse picture: Here are some possibilities for visual imagery.
x
Book of Job passage: This is the entire passage. The lines quoted by Dora and
Alan are italicized.
King James Version: Job Chapter 39
1 Knowest thou the time when the wild goats of the rock bring forth? or canst thou mark when the hinds do
calve?
2 Canst thou number the months that they fulfil? or knowest thou the time when they bring forth?
3 They bow themselves, they bring forth their young ones, they cast out their sorrows.
4 Their young ones are in good liking, they grow up with corn; they go forth, and return not unto them.
5 Who hath sent out the wild ass free? or who hath loosed the bands of the wild ass?
6 Whose house I have made the wilderness, and the barren land his dwellings.
7 He scorneth the multitude of the city, neither regardeth he the crying of the driver.
8 The range of the mountains is his pasture, and he searcheth after every green thing.
9 Will the unicorn be willing to serve thee, or abide by thy crib?
10 Canst thou bind the unicorn with his band in the furrow? or will he harrow the valleys after thee?
11 Wilt thou trust him, because his strength is great? or wilt thou leave thy labour to him?
12 Wilt thou believe him, that he will bring home thy seed, and gather it into thy barn?
13 Gavest thou the goodly wings unto the peacocks? or wings and feathers unto the ostrich?
14 Which leaveth her eggs in the earth, and warmeth them in dust,
15 And forgetteth that the foot may crush them, or that the wild beast may break them.
16 She is hardened against her young ones, as though they were not her's: her labour is in vain without fear;
17 Because God hath deprived her of wisdom, neither hath he imparted to her understanding.
18 What time she lifteth up herself on high, she scorneth the horse and his rider.
19 Hast thou given the horse strength? hast thou clothed his neck with thunder?
20 Canst thou make him afraid as a grasshopper? the glory of his nostrils is terrible.
21 He paweth in the valley, and rejoiceth in his strength: he goeth on to meet the armed men.
22 He mocketh at fear, and is not affrighted; neither turneth he back from the sword.
23 The quiver rattleth against him, the glittering spear and the shield.
24 He swalloweth the ground with fierceness and rage : neither believeth he that it is the sound of the
trumpet.
25 He saith a mong the trumpets, Ha, ha ; and he smelleth the battle afar off, the thunder of the captains, and
the shouting.
26 Doth the hawk fly by thy wisdom, and stretch her wings toward the south?
27 Doth the eagle mount up at thy command, and make her nest on high?
28 She dwelleth and abideth on the rock, upon the crag of the rock, and the strong place.
29 From thence she seeketh the prey, and her eyes behold afar off.
30 Her young ones also suck up blood: and where the slain are, there is she.
x
W esterns: The Westerns Alan would have watched are likely Euro-Westerns, not
American Westerns. A complete list of Euro-Westerns with short synopses is
available at the following URL: http://www.lfvw.com/eurowestern.htm
pg. 23
x B righton: Brighton is a town in East Sussex (south coast of England). It is part of
the city, Brighton and Hove, formerly several small villages. The major equestrian
attraction in Brighton is the Brighton Racecourse which, when using its full track,
actually extends into the streets and, therefore, streets must be closed and traffic
detoured. See the map of England for geographic location.
x Bowler hat: The bowler hat was invented in London in 1849. It was designed for
riders so that the tight-fitting low-crowned hat would protect their heads from low
branches while on horseback. Photo is below.
x Jodhpurs: Jodhpurs are traditional riding trousers named after the city in India
where they were first worn. Modern jodhpurs are tight and flexible, but jodhpurs
WKDW'RUD¶VJUDQGIDWKHUZRXOGKDYHZRUQDUHVQXJDURXQGWKHDQNOHDQGIODUH
above the knee. They have leather patches inside the leg and sometimes on the
seat to NHHSIULFWLRQZLWKWKHKRUVH¶VVLGH-RGKSXUVDUHZRUQZLWKMRGKSXURU
SDGGRFNERRWVDW\SHRIVKRUWULGLQJERRW3KRWRVRIMRGKSXUVRIWKH¶V
DSSUR[ZKHQ'RUD¶VJUDQGIDWKHUZRXOGKDYHEHHQULGLQJare featured below.
pg. 24
x T ea traditions:
o The tea kettle should always face the hostess/pourer on the table or tray.
This is to ensure that if the pourer spills the tea, it will splash toward her
and not the guest.
o You must use a short/stout tea kettle--others do not allow enough room for
the leaves to expand.
o A teacup is 3 1/4" to 3 3/4" in diameter and 2" to 2 1/2" in height and the
saucer is 5 1/4" to 5 5/8". They should be filled 3/4 of the way, not more,
not less.
o To single the hostess to stop pouring, one should place his/her spoon
across the saucer.
o If the drinker is at a table, he/she should NOT pick up the saucer, but only
the tea cup, and should always replace the cup on the saucer in between
sips. If the drinker is not at a table, he/she should hold the saucer in his/her
lap with the left hand and hold the cup with the right. The cup should
never remain in the air in between sips.
o You should never wear gloves with drinking tea unless they are long
gloves accompanying a ball gown.
pg. 25
x Insuperable: incapable of being surmounted, overcome, passed over, or solved
I.9
pg. 29
x Q uid: Quid is slang for the pound. It is both singular and plural and is derived
IURPWKH/DWLQ³TXLGSURTXR´PHDQLQJ³VRPHWKLQJIRUVRPHWKLQJ´,QRQH
quid equaled approx. $2.50. The 20 quid that Dysart is paid would have been
about $50/hour. That would be approx. $220/hour today.
I.10
pg. 30
x Riding crop: A riding crop is a short whip without a lash. The shaft is usually
fiberglass or cane and covered in leather. There is a handle on one end. The crop
is used to back up verbal and physical commands made with the legs and seat.
Below are two pictures, one showing the size compared to a dollar bill, the other
showing the size compared to a standard whip. The crop is designed to require no
more than a flick of the wrist.
x
G alloping: The gallop is the fastest pace in which a typical horse is trained. The
feet move one at a time. The rider should lift his/her seat slightly off the saddle
and put his/her weight on the heels. More information is available on the pace
attachment and pictures are below.
x
T rojan: Trojan the Horse ± This may be a clever allusion by our playwright to
the Trojan Horse of The Aeneid by Vergil. This is where we get the famous story
of the Trojan horse that Odysseus and the Greeks used to breach the Trojan
fortress by pretending to leave the shores of Troy and leave a statue of a horse as
a gift to city. This horse was actually filled with Greek soldiers. Since the Trojans
believed the Greeks had left and they had won, they brought the gift within the
city walls and threw a city-wide victory party. The Greeks inside the horse waited
until the Trojans went to bed (more likely passed out from drinking) and then
snuck out of the horse and opened the city gates. Meanwhile, the Greek fleet
returned and reunited with their hidden forces to sack the city of Troy: killing,
UDSLQJDQGSLOODJLQJLQGLVFULPLQDWHO\7URMDQWKH+RUVHFRXOGEHDVLPLODU³JLIW´
to Alan²by letting the horse into his life he has spawned the Equus that will lead
to his disturbed and painful future.
x
Mounting: It is recommended to first learn to mount from the left, but a good
rider can mount from either side. A complete guide to mounting a horse (with
pictures) is attached.
x Reins/Guiding the horse:
x Jesse James: Jesse James was a 19th century outlaw who came to be known as the
symbol of the Wild West. He was a Confederate guerilla during the Civil War
who allegedly murdered many Union soldiers. He also murdered bank employees
and bystanders as he committed numerous robberies. His legacy in pop culture
and as is depicted in Western films is that of a Robin Hood character, though his
robberies were to benefit only his gang.
x W heeling a horse: rearing the horse
I.11
pg. 35
x O ur Lord on to C alvary: There have been many renditions of this scene by
artists throughout history. The following examples are the most graphic and,
DOWKRXJKWKH/RUGGRHVQ¶WQHFHVVDULO\DSSHDULQFKDLQVLWLVDOPRVWDVLIWKH
cross is mounted on His back, rather than He mounted on the cross.
I.13
pg. 40
x
Revelations passage: This is the Bible passage from Revelations of St. John
the Divine (from the King James version). The parts that Alan quotes are in
LWDOLFV³'DVKLQJKLVVSXUVDJDLQVWWKHFKDUJHU¶VIODQNV´GRHVQRWDSSHDULQDQ\
edition of the Bible.
T he Rider on the W hite Horse
11 And I saw heaven opened, Ezek. 1.1 and behold a white horse; and
he that sat upon him was called F aithful and True, and in
righteousness he doth judge and make war.
12 His eyes were as a flame of fire, Dan. 10.6 and on his head were
many crowns; and he had a name written, that no man knew, but
he himself.
13 And he was clothed with a vesture dipped in blood: and his
name is called The Word of God.
14 And the armies which were in heaven followed him upon
white horses, clothed in fine linen, white and clean.
15 And out of his mouth goeth a sharp sword, that with it he
should smite the nations; and he shall rule them with a rod of
iron: Ps. 2.9 and he treadeth the winepress of the fierceness and
wrath of Almighty God. Is. 63.3 · Joel 3.13 · Rev. 14.20
16 And he hath on his vesture and on his thigh a name written,
KING OF KINGS, AND LORD OF LORDS.
17 And I saw an angel standing in the sun; and he cried with a
loud voice, saying to all the fowls that fly in the midst of heaven,
Come and gather yourselves together unto the supper of the great
God;
18 that ye may eat the flesh of kings, and the flesh of captains,
and the flesh of mighty men, and the flesh of horses, and of them
that sit on them, and the flesh of all men, both free and bond,
both small and great. Ezek. 39.17-20
19 And I saw the beast, and the kings of the earth, and their
armies, gathered together to make war against him that sat on the
horse, and against his army.
20 And the beast was taken, and with him the false prophet that
wrought miracles before him, with which he deceived them that
had received the mark of the beast, and them that worshipped his
image. Rev. 13.1-18 These both were cast alive into a lake of fire
burning with brimstone.
21 And the remnant were slain with the sword of him that sat
upon the horse, which sword proceeded out of his mouth: and all
the fowls were filled with their flesh.
I.14
pg. 42
x Begats: A biblical form for genealogy. John Doe begat Jane Doe means Jane
Doe is the daughter of John Doe. The former name bears the latter.
I.15
pg. 45
x Philco hotplate: Philco is the Philadelphia Storage Battery Company and
Philco Corporation. Electronics company that began in 1892. As near as I can
tell, they never made hot plates, but they started out as a batteries company
that later bridged in the 1920s into radios, and became the world leader in
radio technology. They created an assortment of other appliances, mostly TVs,
speakers, refrigerators, and possibly washing machines.
x
5HPLQJWRQODGLHV¶VKDYHUV Remington is the same shaving company we know
today, which certainly carries ladies shavers. A division of Spectrum Brands,
they now make everything from shavers to bug spray. They too started as a
battery company (Rayovac).
x
Eveready batteries: An Indian based battery company. They started in 1905
and have continued to create dry cell batteries and flashlights ever since.
x
Hoover: The well known vacuum company began in 1907 when asthmatic
janitor Murray Spangler invented the suction sweeper to keep dust out of his
lungs while he worked. Hoover has stuck to vacuums since its inception, and
has made many innovations in the field.
x
Westinghouse: Westinghouse has been a world leader in consumer electronics,
making a huge variety of interesting gadgets and inventions. They started back
before the civil war and their Equus contemporary credits include developing
the first instant-on television in 1968, the video cameras used by Neil
Armstrong and his companions on the lunar landing in 1969, and the first
DXWRPDWLFDOO\FRQWUROOHGXQGHUJURXQG³SHRSOHPRYHU´IRUDLUSRUWV
x
Pifco automatic toothbrushes: Pifco was recently acquired by the American
company Salton, and then later dissolved. Pifco, headquartered in the United
Kingdom, produced and marketed a broad range of branded personal care
appliances, electrical hardware, cookware and battery operated products under
the brand names of Pifco(R), Salton(R), Carmen(R), Russell Hobbs(R),
Tower(R), Hi-Tech(R), Mountain Breeze(R) and Haden(R). They probably
did make automatic toothbrushes.
x
Beautiflor: $FRPSDQ\WKDWZRUNHGZLWK-RKQVRQ¶VWRPDNHHOHFWULFZD[
polishers. Not much on them, they have one from the 1950s on ebay, though.
x
Windolene: Windolene is a glass cleaner company that looks eerily similar to
Windex. In fact, it is the same company, only Windolene is British.
Windolene is often used in cleaning the front of televisions.
x
Philco transistor radio: The Philco was actually sold to Ford in 1961 and
became Philco-Ford, but Ford sold Philco to GTE-Sylvania in 1974. Ironically,
when Philco began to market radio tubes under the Philco brand name, the
tubes were made for Philco by Sylvania. Both Sylvania and Philco eventually
became part of Philips Consumer Electronics Corporation, known today for
their Philips Magnavox line of consumer electronics products.
Thus, the first customer who wants a Philco hot-plate is misinformed
(and/or stupid), and the customer who wants a transistor radio is buying a high
end, possibly antique, piece of technology.
pg. 46
x Clipping horses:
x Clipping machine/blades:
I.16
pg. 47
x Strapping a horse:
x Frog:
pg. 48
x Hoof pick:
x
Dandy:
x
Body brush:
x
Curry-comb:
x Grooming:
pg. 50
x Nosey Par ker7KHVODQJWHUP³1RVH\3DUNHU´was first recorded around 1907.
³1RVH\´KDVEHHQXVHGWRODEHOVRPHRQHZKRSRNHVLQWRDQRWKHU¶VEXVLQHVVVLQFH
the 1880V,WKDVEHHQVXJJHVWHGWKDW³1RVH\3DUNHU´HYROYHGIURP³QRVH-SRNHU´
,WKDVDOVREHHQVXJJHVWHGWKDWWKHWHUPGDWHVEDFNWRWKHVZKHQ³SDUNHUV´
or park-keepers, were known as peeping Toms at the Great Exhibition at Hyde
Park.
I.17
pg. 51
x C igarettes: 0DUOERURLV(QJODQG¶VPRVWIDPRXVEUDQGRIFLJDUHWWH7KH
packaging has changed very little since 1973 and there is little to no difference
between American and British design.
x Neurotic: A neurotic suffers from neurosis, not neuroticism. A neurotic typically
does not suffer from delusions or hallucinations, but does suffer from extreme
anxiety, hysteria, phobias, or personality disorders. Neurosis is not psychosis;
psychosis is when the sufferer loses touch with reality. In psychoanalysis,
Neurosis is rooted in ego defense mechanisms; defense mechanisms are actions
we take or habits we form to maintain ourselves; if any of these actions become
harmful, the term neurosis is applied. Symptoms of neurosis that Alan exhibits are:
irritability, mental confusion, low self-esteem, impulsive and compulsive acts,
unpleasant or disturbing thoughts, obsession/repetition of thoughts, habitual
fantasizing, negativity/cynicism, interpersonal dependency, schizoid isolation, and
socially inappropriate behaviors. 7KHWHUP³QHXURWLF´LVQRORQJHUXVHGLQFOLQLFDO
psychology since it is so broad.
I.18
pg. 52
x Northern H ygienic: short for Northern Hygiene Laboratories, Ltd., Hygiene and
Food Testing Services
pg. 53
x ³6DFUHGDFUREDWVRI&UHWHOHDSLQJWKURXJKWKHKRUQVRIUXQQLQJEXOOV´6HHSLFWXUH
x
Highland Games: The Highland Games are a national competition in Scotland
(and all over the world at this point), where the Scots come together to compete in
feats of athletics and celebrate their heritage through a festival with food, music
and dance. According to some sources, the games predate written history. The
events largely include enormous feats of strength including the caber toss, the
stone put, the Scottish hammer throw, the weight throw, and the sheaf toss
(noticing a trend?). Cool picture of Scottish strength: the caber toss!
x
Iliad: Iliad ± The Iliad is the first in a two part epic (the second being the Odyssey)
written by the famous epic poet Homer. It tells the story of the Trojan War: the
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Greece was not unified as a nation). Many great heroes and kings are described
and detailed in its text such as Achilles, Agamemnon, Hector, Priam, Paris, and
the infamous Helen of Troy (the woman the war was supposedly fought over).
x
Glasgow:
x
Doric temple: Doric Temple ± The best example of a Doric temple is the
Parthenon: the temple to Athena at the Acropolis in Athens. Doric temples are
characterized by their plain capitals (top of columns), wide column shafts, and no
bases to the columns. See pictures below for examples:
For more cool info, check out this site: http://www.sandrashaw.com/AH1L18.htm
x
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C hianti: an Italian red wine, traditionally in a short, squat bottle wrapped in straw
(called a flask or fiasco), medium-bodied, medium-high acidity, with floral,
cherry, and nutty flavors/aromas
China condiment donkeys: See picture.
x
Local gods: Local gods ± Greeks and Romans believed that there were many
different gods. Beyond the deities we know, there were also river gods, muses,
nymphs, satyrs, and other lesser divine creatures that inhabited each thing in the
natural world. A Greek polis would select one god to be their patron, and would
also worship gods of their own local area (River gods, etc). Geniuses are among
the possibilities of local gods, since they inhabit every sentient thing.
x
Geniuses: from the OED: The tutelary god or attendant spirit allotted to every
person at his birth, to govern his fortunes and determine his character, and finally
to conduct him out of the world; also, the tutelary and controlling spirit similarly
connected with a place, an institution, etc.
These are the little gods that inspire you to greatness by whispering in your ear.
They are often seen in statues of important Roman figures like Augustus Caesar.
Genius
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1.19
pg. 55
x Hypnotism:
I.20
pg. 60
x C hestnut horse: Chestnut horses are copper-red with a mane and tail of the same
or lighter color. Chestnut means the absolute absence of black hairs. It is the most
common color for a horse and appears in almost every breed. See pictures.
x
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replace a lost shoe on a horse. Here is a picture.
x
Bit and bridle:
I.21
pg. 62
x Nettles: Nettle can refer to up to 45 species of flowering plants, some of which
are annual and some are shrubs. The Stinging Nettle is poisonous and common in
Europe, but almost all varieties of nettle have stinging hairs. Only one variety of
nettle has been known to kill horses and other animals. It only exists in New
Zealand. The nettle Alan and Nugget encounter is most likely harmless.
pg. 63
x F lank: The flank is the area behind the ribcage and in front of the hind legs of the
horse. This is the area to watch for DKRUVH¶VEUHDWKLQJUDWHDVZHOODVLWV
hydration level. If the area is caved in, the horse is dehydrated. The horse should
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of dehydration; if the horse sweats there for no apparent reason, it is a sign of
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hairs, rather than down and back.
x Last Supper:
pg. 64:
x Walk:
x Trot:
x Canter:
x Turning a horse: