KOEFICIENT NA OPTOVARENOST NA ROTIRA^KI BAGER

Transcription

“Work, finish, publish!“ – Michael Faraday
University “St.Kliment Ohridski”-Bitola
HORIZONS
INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC MAGAZINE
Series B
Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Engineering
and Technology, Biotechnology, Medicine and
Health Sciences
Year IX
Volume 11
Bitola
June 2013
Publisher: University St.Kliment Ohridski-Bitola
For the publisher: Prof. Zlatko Zhoglev, PhD, Rector
International Editorial Board
Prof. Ljupcho Trpezanovski, PhD, University St. Kliment Ohridski-Bitola,
R. Macedonia
Prof. Mile Stojchev, PhD, University of Nis, R.Srbia
Prof. Cemal Talug, PhD, University of Ankara, R.Turkey
Prof. Tomaz Tollazzi, PhD, University of Maribor, R.Slovenia
Prof. Kostadin Vasilev, PhD, University of food technology-Plovdiv,
R.Bulgaria
Prof. Jovica Jovanovik, University of Nis, R.Srbia
Prof.Mile Stankovski, University Ss. Cyril and Methodius-Skopje,
R.Macedonia
Editorial Committee
Prof. Pere Aslimoski, PhD, vice-rector
Prof. Sasho Atanasoski, PhD, vice-rector
Prof.Nikola Krstanoski, PhD, vice-rector
Prof. Jovanka Tuteska, PhD, vice-rector
Ofelija Hristovska, MA, Secretary General
Editor: Elena Kitanovska-Ristoska, MA
ISSN 1857- 8578
Print: AD Kiro Dandaro-Bitola, printing copies: 200
Dear readers,
The public has almost become a kind of used to the expectation that
Horizonti scientific journal with its every new edition, to trace a new
pathway towards its further establishment on the international educational
and scientific-research areas.
In its pronounced strive to achieve an increased level of quality, the
Horizonti that we know from before has been transformed and now it is
coming out as two separate issues of the same brand name, but with an
improved recognizability and an increased particularity in terms of the
scientific-research contents it brings.
Starting with this issue onwards, the educational, scientific and research
horizons are going to spread over two groups of scientific areas, one
dedicated to mathematics and basic natural science, technical, technological,
biotechnical and medical sciences, and the other dedicated to the social
studies and humanities. This new classification is made with a single aim
driven by the motivation of attributing the journal an increased degree of
focus on the scientific thought.
One more significant moment that signified our determination to transform
the existing journal and to divide it into two, eqiually important new series,
has been detected in our aspiration to obtain scientific-research contents that
would greatly influence the current social processes on local and
international level, and generally speaking, would turn out to represent a
powerful tool in the complex processes of internationalization and
integration within the European academic milieu. We strongly believe that
this can only be achieved through particular and focused targeting and
correspondent treatment of challenges outlined in the specific and narrowly
specialized scientific journals. By ‘splitting up’ Horizonti into two editions
dealing with similar, related scientific fields, our hope is to realize this
objective.
It is important to stress that, Horizonti will, for the coming period, just as it
did previously, continue respecting the principles of scientific impartiality
and editiorial justness, and will be committed to stimulating the young
researchers in particular, to select Horizonti as a place to publish the results
of their contemporary scientific and research work. Also there is an
emphasized need for those who, by means of publishing This is also in line
with the need to provide place incorporated within the publishing activity for
all those who through publishing their papers in international scientific
journals, such as the two new series of our University Horizonti, view their
future career development in the realm of professorship and scientificresearch profession.
The internationalization of our Horizonti journal is not to be taken as the
further most accomplishment of our University publishing activity. Just as
the scientific thought does not approve of limitations or exhaustive
achievements, so is every newly registered success of the Horizonti editions
going to give rise to new “appetites” for further objectives to reach. In this
context, for the very first time papers published in Horizonti, from this issue
onwards, will become accessible to the broader scientific public through the
EBSCO database.
Taken from the aspect of quality gradation, it is well justified if we announce
the publishing of the international scientific journal Horizonti with a
significant quantifier – journal with impact factor. This initiative of “St.
Kliment Ohridski” University – Bitola is given a substantial place in the
future undertakings outlined in the plan for increasing the overall quality of
organization and functioning of the University.
Last, but not the least, as we have made public our future steps, we would
like to express our sincere appreciation for the active part you all took in the
process of designing, creating, final shaping and publishing the scientific
journal. Finally, it is with your support that Horizonti is on its way to attain
its deserved, recognizable place where creative, innovative and intellectually
autonomous scientific reflections and potentials will be granted affirmation,
as well as an opportunity for a successful establishment in the global area of
knowledge and science.
Sincerely,
The editing board
CONTENT
Ivo Kuzmanov, MSc, Zore Angelevski, PhD, Silvana Angelevska, PhD;
Survey of key indicators in accordance with the internationlan standard ISO
9001:2008 in real industrial systems.............................................................. 9
Aleksandar Kotevski, MSc, Gjorgi Mikarovski, MSc; Using vector space
model for text classifying in e-learning system............................................. 15
Mirka Popnikolova Radevska, Blagoja Arapinoski, Vesna Ceselkoska;
Electromagnetic field analysis of three phase synchronous motor in 3D..... 21
Sashko Martinovski, MSc, Gjorgji Mancheski, PhD; GIS modelling for the
strategic urban development planing regarding
the Republic of Macedonia ........................................................................... 31
Vaska Atanasova, Lidija Markovik; Transport demand forecast by applying
software package PTV vision visum ............................................................. 43
Dmytro Zubov, PhD, Volodymyr Osypenko, PhD; “Exam as Additional
Training” Concept: Two Semesters Experience of the Special Test
Software’s Implementation ........................................................................... 53
Jordan Martinovski, Sasko Martinovski, MSc; Using geogebra in primary
schools .......................................................................................................... 63
Zivko Gacovski, Sasko Stojanovski; Investigating the genetic potential of
grain yield of wheat varieties cultivated in the Bitola part of Pelagonija .... 69
Vera Pande Simovska - Jarevska; Targeted “lifestyle” intervention
programmes to reduce cardiometabolic risk at
abdominal obese individuals ........................................................................ 75
Lenche Mirchevska, Snezhana Mojsoska; Socio-medical aspects of smoking
to examined population in Bitola.................................................................. 85
NATURAL SCIENCES AND MATHEMATICS, ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY,
BIOTECHNOLOGY, MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCES
udc 006.83:658(497.7)
SURVEY OF KEY INDICATORS IN ACCORDANCE
WITH THE INTERNATIONLAN STANDARD ISO
9001:2008 IN REAL INDUSTRIAL SYSTEMS 1
FP
Ivo Kuzmanov, MSc
Zore Angelevski, PhD
Silvana Angelevska, PhD
Technical Faculty, Bitola
[email protected]
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[email protected]
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[email protected]
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ABSTRACT
The global way of organization activity has completely changed the
organizational approach to work. Considering three key elements of today's
market society: the period of delivery, cost and quality, it can be concluded
that quality is a key element for market success. A key aspect in favor of this
conclusion is the identical delivery, and the changed habits of the customers.
The change in buying habits has led to a situation where the buyer is willing
to pay a higher price for distributed quality. In this way the quality of
product or service is the key differential element. Regarding to this
conclusion the implemented quality system in the form of ISO 9001:2008
international standard is one of the ways for perfecting quality in global
markets. But the real question that arises is the following: What is the
situation about the standard after the certification? Do organizations
maintain it?
The purpose of this paper is the survey on several key indicators in
accordance with the standard, realized in 82 business entities in Republic
Macedonia.
Key words: quality, ISO 9001:2008, key indicators regarding to
the requirements of the standard.
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INTRODUCTION
The global way of market activity has led to changed market
conditions, which led to drastically changed purpose of industrial systems.
While in the past, the basic purpose of any industrial system was profit,
today priority is placed on quality of product / service. The fact that the
market conditions are dramatically changed, can be recognized in today’s
buyers habits. Nowadays the customers are willing to pay a higher for
quality.
One of the ways for differential recognition of organizations, is
practically the implemented quality system, shown in the form of ISO
9001:2008 standards. Although the basis of the standard is documenting the
processes and activities, numerous organizations don’t understand the basic
concept of the standard. This can particularly be seen from the research
conducted on real industrial systems in the Republic. Macedonia.
In fact most of the organizations, the complete documentation have
"prescribed" from another organizations, or their sister organization has
rented a consulting company with purpose just to get a certificate. In this
matter the essence of the standard, which if properly implemented, brings
numerous benefits, is completely wasted.
But the situation is not so "black". This can be seen in numerous of
the organizations implementing the standard as a part of a long term strategy.
In this way the functionality of the standard leads to continuous quality
improvements.
THE RESEARCH OF THE KEY INDICATORS
Taking in consideration the nature of the standard and the applicability
of the same in any organization regardless of type, size, position and
organizational structure, there is a wide field for research in this area. One of
the key elements of the standard is to improve the quality in all organization
levels. In this direction was the conducted research on several key indicators
in 82 business entities in the Republic of Macedonia who have implemented
the ISO 9001:2008 standards.
The key indicators that were taken into the conducted survey were:
• Indicator – supplier
• Indicator – training
• Indicator - fulfillment of the customer’s requirements
• Indicator - use of methods and techniques for validation of business
processes
10 NATURAL SCIENCES AND MATHEMATICS, ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY,
• Indicator - relationship with a supplier in accordance with established
methodology according to ISO 9001 standard
• Indicator – nonconforming product
• Indicator - alternative actions nonconforming product
• Indicator – ways for identifying the product
• Indicator – use of the benchmarking process
The purpose of the conducted research was to get information for the
use of these key indicators with the requirements of international standard
for quality, in the so-called cross-certification period (time frame of 3 years).
Research as previously stated was conducted on 82 businesses that are
certified under the requirements of the standard. When choosing business
entities, despite the availability of information and the possibility of
cooperation, as elements taken into account were: organizations from
different industrial branches, with varying degrees of development, different
organizational structure and a different way of management.
In this way the sample taken into research in the survey is
representative and the results can be taken as a result of the population
(subjects who have implemented the standard and operating in the territory
of the Republic of Macedonia).
SOME OF THE INDICATORS TAKEN INTO THE CONDUCTED
RESEARCH
Indicator supplier
The demands of the standard ISO 9001:2008, into paragraph 7.4.2
(information suppliers), require evaluation of suppliers, which are an
essential element. These key elements are inputs into business that lead to an
increase or decrease of the final product quality..
The criteria that were used for this part of the research and the results
of the analysis are given into tabular display 1.
Num.
1
2
3
Criteria
„Just in time“ delivery
Quality of the delivered product
Nonconforming products in the
last period
Price
Suppliers capacities
Other criteria
4
5
6
Used
Frequency
%
78
95.1
75
91.4
/
0.0
82
24
3
100.0
29.2
0.7
Not used
Frequency
%
4
4.9
7
8.6
82
100.0
/
58
79
0.0
70.8
96.3
Tabular display 1. Research results for the indicator supplier
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HORIZONS
According to survey results in relation to the specified indicator,
businesses during the process of supplier choosing, primarily use the cost
criterion as a key element in 100% of the cases, then the quality of raw
materials as a criteria. On the other hand, the facts shows that most
businesses have a partner supplier that have constant quality of the materials
delivered.
Indicator – nonconforming product
Each organization MUST pay attention to identifying the products that
does not comply with the requirements. In the context of the above
mandatory requirement, the paragraph 8.3 (Managing nonconforming
product) of the standard, is with aim to prevent unintended use or delivery.
Management with non-harmonized product must be defined in a documented
procedure.
There are several ways to "treat" non-harmonized product in
organizations such as:
 Taking action to remedy the identified non harmonized shortcoming
 Approval for its use, additional permit given from the relevant
authority, sometimes from the user
 Taking measures to prevent its original intended use or application.
In accordance with the requirements of ISO 9001:2008 standard, and
taking into consideration the identified gaps, each non-compliance must be
properly documented and appropriate action MUST be taken for further
treatment of non-harmonized product. In this direction are given the results
from the researched criteria for the indicator nonconforming product, shown
in Table display 2.
Num.
1
2
3
4
Criteria
Identified nonconforming
product into the process
of production
Documenting the
nonconformance product
Evaluation of the
nonconformance
Report to the management
Used
Frequency
2
%
2.4
76
92.6
6
7.4
82
100.
0
100.
0
/
0.0
/
0.0
82
Not used
Frequency
%
80
97.6
Table display 2. Results from the research on the indicator nonconforming
product
Indicator - Product identification
According to the paragraph 7.5.3 (Identification and Monitoring) each
organization must provide adequate documented way to track the product
through production stages. Methods of recording and traceability are
different and depend on the subjective decision of the management team.
Research results are presented into the tabular display 3.
Num.
Criteria
Used
Not used
Frequency % Frequency %
1
Work order
77
93.9
5
6.1
2
Serial number
59
71.9
23
28.1
3
Date of production
1
1.2
81
98.8
4
Identification card
7
8.5
75
91.5
Table display 3. Results from the research on the indicator – product
identification
CONCLUSION
Taking into consideration the initial hypothesis of the study, that the
largest percentage of Macedonian businesses, quality systems have on paper,
and without proper use benefits, the results of the survey has proven quite
the opposite. Namely the largest percentage of organizations properly
identify products, identify non-compliance and evaluate their suppliers.
However the results from the indicator nonconforming product
showed that in 97.6% of cases the records is after the occurrence of noncompliance, and not in the process of production. This conclusion opens the
field for further research.
REFERENCES
1. Msc. Ivo Kuzmanov, Branding and application of ISO 9001:2008
standard and OSHAS 18001 as a model for continuous improvement of
industrial systems, PhD dissertation, Technical Faculty in Bitola, 2012
2. Ray Tricker, ISO 9001:2008 for Small Businesses, Fourth Edition, With
free customizable Quality Management system files, 2009
3. Msc. Ivo Kuzmanov, research on business entities, Technical Faculty in
Bitola, 2012
4. Erik V. Myrberg, A practical field guide for ISO 9001:2008, 2009
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HORIZONS
udc 37.018.43:00437.091.214-028.27]:37.011.3-051
USING VECTOR SPACE MODEL FOR TEXT
CLASSIFYING IN E-LEARNING SYSTEM 2
FP
Aleksandar Kotevski, MSc
Partizanska B.B.
Faculty of Law Kicevo
[email protected]
Gjorgi Mikarovski, MSc
Ivo Lola Ribar B.B.
Faculty of Technical Sciences Bitola
[email protected]
ABSTRACT
This work proposes a model of an intelligent e-learning system by
classifying the learning contents published by teachers using Vector Space
Model. The most materials in the case of e-learning are stored in a textual
unstructured form. A means to provide high-quality information from
unstructured text is text mining. Our proposal uses vector space models to
classify learning materials into different appropriate categories. In order to
make the process of information retrieval efficient, each category contains a
list of synonyms and keywords, and the categories are manageable by
administrator and users.
Key words: Data mining, intelligent, learning system, classification,
phrases
INTRODUCTION
Because the most learning materials are present in textual form, there
is one segment from data mining that is dedicate to mining the unstructured
and unrestricted documents, called text mining. Namely, text mining is more
complex process then data mining, because data mining works with data
with fixed and known structure, for example traditional databases [1]. In
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contrast, text mining works with unstructured data. That’s why text mining
involves a few steps for data processing and modeling.
In the proposed learning system, text meaning will be use for
searching through documents and learning articles that are published by
teacher. The result of text mining process will be proposing the most
relevant category for learning material. Category list is dynamically and
editable by system administrator. This technique mainly relies on the
analysis of keyword in the documents and learning content. Also they use
similarity calculation through word and phrase matching.
VECTOR SPACE MODEL
The vector-space models for information retrieval are just one subclass
of retrieval techniques that have been studied in recent years. Although the
vector-space techniques share common characteristics with other techniques
in the information retrieval hierarchy, they all share a core set of similarities
that justify their own class [2]. The Vector Space Model (VSM) is probably
the most widely used model for retrieving information from text collections
[3].
Vector-space models rely on the premise that the meaning of a document can
be derived from the document's constituent terms. They represent documents
as vectors of terms where is a non-negative value denoting the single or
multiple occurrences of term in document D. Thus, each unique term in the
document collection corresponds to a dimension in the space. Similarly, a
query is represented as a vector where term
is a non-negative value
denoting the number of occurrences of (or, merely a 1 to signify the
occurrence of term) in the query [4]. Both the document vectors and the
query vector provide the locations of the objects in the term-document space.
By computing the distance between the query and other objects in the space,
objects with similar semantic content to the query presumably will be
retrieved.
Information retrieval models typically express the retrieval performance of
the system in terms of two quantities: precision (ratio of the number of
relevant documents retrieved by the system to the total number of documents
retrieved) and recall (ratio of the number of relevant documents retrieved for
a query to the number of documents relevant to that query in the entire
document collection). Both precision and recall are expressed as values
between 0 and 1. An optimal retrieval system would provide precision and
recall values of 1, although precision tends to decrease with greater recall in
real-world systems [5].
IMPLEMENTATION
In this paper, the vector space model is used for classification the
learning content in different categories. This module is part of intelligent elearning system where teachers can upload learning content in e-learning
system. After textual file has been uploaded, system will go through the text
and detect which category is the most appropriate. As a part of this paper
was developed simple web application, which contain two main parts:
- Manage the category (key words for selected category)
- Upload and categorization
User can manage the keywords for categories, by changing value in text box:
Figure 1: Manage keywords for selected category
The main functionality of this system is proposing the most appropriate
category for learning content that user has been uploaded.
Figure 2: Upload new learning content
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HORIZONS
Vector space model is used for proposing new category by comparing the
most frequents words from learning content with keywords from each
category. The following algorithm is used for implementing Vector space
model:
Read text file
Extract Common Words
Use Vector Space algorithm
to compare lists (extract
words with category
keywords)
Storing results from (3) in
array
Compare proposed category
with the most appropriate
category
Figure 3: Implementing Vector space model 18 NATURAL SCIENCES AND MATHEMATICS, ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY,
RESULTS
After implementing the code for content categorization, we were
testing the system with 50 learning content from different categories:
programming, software, network and design.
File
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
adapter.txt
asp.txt
barcode.txt
c++.txt
computer-network.txt
corel.txt
css.txt
c-sharp.txt
delphi.txt
design.txt
Category
Hardware
Programming
Hardware
Programming
Networking
Design
Design
Programming
Programming
Design
Total
Precision
Vector
Space
Model
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
8
2
0,80
Table 1: Results from Vector Space model testing
Test process gave precision result of 0.80 (40/50). It means that from total
50 learning content, for 40 of them vector space model proposed the correct
category. That result is acceptable for implementing vector space model in elearning system.
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CONCLUSION
There are a lot of technologies that enable different ways to store and
share large amount of data. Some of them are useful for some users, but it’s
almost impossible to be found the most appropriate date from tremendous
amount of data [6]. But, using data mining technique will produce efficient
and easy access to useful information. On the other site, implementing elearning within the educational process becomes more than necessary. If we
make combination from e-learning and data mining, undoubtedly will got
learning system that will be adaptable to users (teachers and students) needs.
By using the Vector Space model, system can easy and effective
categorize the learning content to the most appropriate category.
REFERENCES
1. Kent Ridge Digital Labs, Text Mining: The state of the art and the
challenges
2. Michael W. Berry, Introduction to Vector-Space Models
3. Yannis Tzitzikas and Yannis Theoharis, Naming Functions for the
Vector Space Model, Computer Science Department, University of Crete,
GREECE, and Institute of Computer Science, FORTH-ICS, GREECE
4. N. Belkin and W. Croft. Retrieval techniques. In M. Williams,
editor, Annual Review of Information Science and Technology (ARIST),
volume 22, chapter 4, pages 109--145. Elsevier Science Publishers B.V.,
1987.
5. Frakes and R. Baeza-Yates, editors. Information Retrieval: Data
Structures & Algorithms. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey,
1992.
6. Eduard Hovy, Data and knowledge integration for egovernment,
Information Sciences Institute, University of Southern California, Marina del
Rey, California, U.S.A.
udc 621.313.323.042.1:004.942
ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD ANALYSIS OF
THREE PHASE SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR IN 3D 3
FP
PF
Mirka Popnikolova Radevska
Blagoja Arapinoski
Vesna Ceselkoska
St. Ivo Lola Ribar nn.
University st. Kliment Ohridski - Bitola
Faculty of technical sciences - Bitola
H
[email protected]
[email protected]
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[email protected]
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H
ABSTRACT
In this paper a methodology for numerical determinations and
complex nonlinear analysis of electromagnetic fields in 3D domains on three
phase salient poles synchronous motor is presented. The motor is
numerically modeled and calculated with nonlinear and iterative calculation
using Finite Element Method. The program package is also used for
performing automatic generation of finite element mesh. After defining
material construction and their properties, loading and excitation in both
motor windings, the distribution of electromagnetic field is calculated from
which the electromagnetic flux density in 3D motor domains can be
generated.
Key words: synchronous motor, electromagnetic field analysis.
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INTRODUCTION
The three phase solid salient poles synchronous motor is rated
following data: nominal power 2.5 kW, nominal voltage 240V, current of
excitation 5.5A, voltage winding of excitation 30V, power factor 0,97,
frequency 50Hz and speed of 1500rpm.
Finite elements method is proven tool for analyzing electromagnetic
phenomena in electrical machines and devices. This method enables to enter
“inside the machine” and to evaluate exactly magnetic quantities such as air
gap flux or flux density in any part of the electrical motor.
MODELING OF SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR WITH FINITE
ELEMENT METHOD
Design and modeling of three phase solid salient synchronous motor
used program package for fully automatic design and modeling on model
geometry based on solving the empirical equations based on his calculation
by classical theory, using parts of the modern theory [1].
In the case considered three-dimensional nonlinear magnetic fields as
expressed by the following system of equations:
rotH=J
divB=0
B=H
rotA=B
(1.1)
In this case the magnetic field is described by partial equation:
rot(  B  rot(A))=J
(1.2)
Equation 1.2, developed in differential form in 3D, takes the form of
Poisson-equation:
 
A   
A   
A 
  B
   B 
   B 
  J(x,y,z)



x 
x  y 
y  z 
z 
(1.3)
Equation (1.3), can-not be solved analytically because the
characteristic of magnetization is nonlinear. The solution is obtained by
reduction of its system of partial differential equations which are solved
using a computer.
Automatic computer design is performed in several stages, in addition,
the most important accurate definition of input data and motor geometry.
The stator is outer lamination stack where the three phase windings
reside. Stator core is made from magnetic material with characteristics of
magnetization given on Fig. 1 a).
Fig.1.a. Magnetic characteristic of stator
Rotor core is made from solid iron with magnetic characteristic given on
Fig. 1.b.
Fig.1.b. Magnetic characteristic of rotor
The stator is equipped with a three phase winding that has a sinusoidal
spatial distribution. Step of winding is reduced and is y=11/12, while the
rotor coil is performed as concentric. Part of motor geometry with windings
is shown on Fig. 2.
23
HORIZONS
Fig.2. Part of motor geometry with windings
PRE-PROCESING PART OF PROGRAM PACKAGE, DEFINING
THE NECESSARY VARIABLES
To obtain the magnetic field distribution and intensity of magnetic
field in the overall 3D synchronous motor domain, have a need for
additional input the current densities and conductivity or magnetic voltages
in both motor windings.
In order program to be able to solve the problem boundary conditions
on the border areas must be defined. For analyzed three phase synchronous
motor Dirichlet boundary conditions are used.
On Fig.3 motor model is presented and from figure very well see
whole 3D geometry, stator core with three phase winding and rotor core with
concentric windings.
Fig.3. Three phase synchronous silent pole motor, 3D model
Mesh of finite elements is presented which is derived fully
automatically and is consisted of 483205 Tetrahedron and is presented on
Fig.4.
The exact solution is obtained over 60 successive iterations that take
place in 4 phases, during eight hours, configuration used “Pentium i5”
processor and 4GB of RAM.
The time required to resolve depends on the mesh density of finite
elements and the specified accuracy of the results. In this analysis precision
of the results is of the order 10-6.
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Fig.4. 3D Finite element mesh
To get more accurate computations in some regions the mesh density
is increased, especially in the air gap on interface between two different
materials, there mesh of finite elements is densest. Detailed view of
increased mesh density is presented on Fig. 5.
Fig.5. Part of 3D finite element mesh in the air gap.
ELECTROMAGNETIC CHARACTERISTICS IN 3D DOMAINS OF
THREE PHASE SYNCHRONOUSЕ MOTOR
By solving a number of nonlinear equations and iterative procedure
leads to the final distribution of the magnetic flux density in overall 3D
synchronous motor domain. Magnetic flux density in overall 3D motor
domains when both windings are excited with rated currents is presented on
Fig. 6.a.
Fig.6.a. The magnetic flux density in overall 3D motor domains
Determines the value of magnetic flux density in all parts of the
synchronous motor is presented on Fig. 6. Because data of magnetic flux
density in air gap is one of the most important value. On Fig.6.b. normal
component of the vector of magnetic induction along the line which is
located in the middle of the air gap is shown.
27
HORIZONS
Bn  T 
length of midline  mm 
Fig. 6.b. Normal component of the vector of magnetic induction.
Direction of the vector of the magnetic flux density is presented on
Fig.7, as magnetic field intensity distribution is presented on Fig.8.
Fig.7. Direction of the vector of the magnetic flux density in 3D.
Fig.8. Distribution of Magnetic field intensity in 3D.
CONCLUSION
In this paper is presented numerical modeling of three phase
synchronous motor, computation of the magnetic field distribution and the
magnetic field intensity, by nonlinear iterative numerical method.
For this purpose is significant that the calculations are based as the
most suitable Finite element method in 3D motor domains.
It allows an accurate calculation of the magnetic flux density in 3D
motor domains as: air gap, teeth of stator core and rotor solid salient pole.
REFERENCES
1. Mirka Popnikolova Radevska, Blagoja Arapinoski, Computation of solid
salient poles synchronous motor electromagnetic characteristic,10th
international conference of applied electromagnetic ПЕС 2011, Nis, Serbia,
September, 2011.
2. М. Cundev, L. Petkovska, M. Popnikolova Radevska, Analyses of
electrical machines synchronous tupe based on 3d fem, ICEMA
International Conference on Electrical Machines and Applications, Harbin,
China, Septebmer 1996.
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HORIZONS
3. B. Arapinoski, M. Popnikolova Radevska, “Electromagnetic and
thermal analysis of power distribution transformer with FEM” ICEST 2010,
Ohrid, R.Macedonia 2010.
4. Blagoja Arapinoski, Mirka Radevska and Dragan Vidanovski, “ FEM
Computation of ANORAD Synchronous Brushless linear motor” Proceedings
of the twelft last international conference on elektrical machines, drives and
power systems ELMA 2008, 16-18 October 2008 Sofia, Bulgaria.
5. M.Popnikolova Radevska, V.Sarac, M.Cundev, L.Petkovska“
Computation of Solid Salient Poles Synchronous Motor Electromechanical
Characteristics and Parameter” MedPower 2002, Atеns, Greece, MED
02/227, 4-6, November, 2002.
6. M.Popnikolova Radevska, V.Sarac, M.Cundev, L.Petkovska “
Computation of Solid Salient Synchronous Motor’s Parameters by 3D-Finite
Element Method, EPNC’2002, Belgium, Leuven July 2002., p.p. 111-114.
7. Mirka Radevska, Blagoja Arapinoski,
“ Computation of
Electromagnetic Forces and Torques on Overline Magnetic Separator”,
Proceedings of XLII international scientific conferennce on information,
communication and energy sustems and technologies, ICEST 2007, Ohrid
24-27 June, 2007.
8. Mirka Popnikolova Radevska: “Calculation of Reactances of solid
salient poles synchronous motor by Finite element method”, ACEMP` 2004,
26-28 May, Istanbul, Turkey.
udc 007:004.6]:528.45(497.7)
GIS MODELLING FOR THE STRATEGIC URBAN
DEVELOPMENT PLANING REGARDING THE
REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA 4
FP
PF
Sashko Martinovski, MSc
Petre Prlickov 42, Veles
Faculty of Technical and Technological Sciences, Veles
[email protected]
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Gjorgji Mancheski, PhD
Gjorce Petrov, bb, Prilep
Faculty of Economics, Prilep
[email protected]
ABSTRACT
The Geographic Information System (GIS) is an important component
in the information technology, and it has come to be a very important
component in many different areas as well. It is commonly used in the areas
of state interest in the managing, analysis and planning sectors. The purpose
of this paper is to develop a conceptual design of strategic urban
development planning in the Republic of Macedonia in order to improve the
manner of planning and help competent authorities to make quick, accurate,
efficient and exact decisions. This paper shows cases of a concept of
strategic urban development planning for the Republic of Macedonia by
using GIS Modelling. This concept can also be applied to business models,
and it has been implemented and tested on a business model regarding the
influence of the socio-economic standing on the healthy nutrition of the
population in the Republic of Macedonia. As a result to this concept, the
way of planning is improved and the basic perception of it as planning
changes into one of an applied science.
Key words: Geographic Information System, GIS, GIS_MSUDP, GIS
Modelling, business models.
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Original scientific paper
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HORIZONS
INTRODUCTION
The Geographic Information System (hereafter referred to as GIS), is
one of the most prospective information technologies and it represents a
complex computer technology based on data processing with a few simple
components: data input, data management, data retrieval, data manipulation
and analysis and output data. GIS integrates spatial and other types of
information into a single system and thus provides a permanent framework
for analyzing spatial data. In this context, GIS can be understood as a
hardware, software and procedures system, organized to support the input,
manipulation, procedures and analysis of data, as well as the modelling and
output of spatial reference data.
Application of GIS in the urban and spatial planning in the local and
national government is default, and its application in the economy has
always been useful and helpful when making business models, but some
might find it strange to say that GIS can be applied even in the field of
medicine. Some examples of this are using GIS to analyze the human body,
using it in the public-health research in epidemiology- from identifying risk
factors to the making of plans and scenarios for the spreading and prevention
of diseases. The latest use of GIS is its application in analyzing and planning
habits for healthy nutrition of the population by region. A new GIS model is
being prepared by a team of researchers from our University on the impact
of the socio-economic status of healthy nutrition of the population in
Macedonia. These examples are sufficient to understand the role and
application of GIS as an information technology.
Nowadays, we use various systems to support urban development
planning such as the Planning Support System (PSS) and the Spatial
Decision Support System (SDSS), including GIS. These systems are
constantly being developed, and one can find similar SDSS and PSS, when
reading on the subject, whose key common goal is planning support. They
are used in several European countries and many other countries throughout
the world.
ANALYSIS OF THE USE OF GIS IN THE REPUBLIC OF
MACEDONIA
The analysis of the importance and use of GIS in Macedonian
municipalities was done over a period starting from 2006 till today. In the
period until 2006, USAID and EAR donated some GIS software for some
municipalities in Macedonia (ArcMap and ArcView from ESRI) as an
incentive for development. In order for it to be used properly, staff trainings
were held in the urban planning departments in each municipality, where
such projects were being conducted. In 2006, out of all the municipalities in
Macedonia, only 8% of used GIS software, and when asked how important
was the introduction of GIS in their municipality, they responded as follows:
51% believe it is very important, 42% find it very useful, 5% find it
moderately useful, and 2% find it unnecessary. When asked where they use
GIS the most, regarding municipality activities, the answers ranged from:
35% on urban planning, 20% in utilities, 14% on landscaping and use of
urban land, 10% in traffic 9% in environmentalism, 5% in social activities,
4% on tourism, 2% for energy facilities and 1% for other activities.
During this research, a number of discussions were held regarding the
ways of strategic urban development planning, with the competent experts
(urban planning experts, analysts, planners), in the municipalities in the
Republic of Macedonia in major urban areas such as Skopje, as well as in
smaller municipalities. The research conducted in the municipalities
considered their municipality development planning strategy, the spatial and
analytical data used, the reviewing of the data, the need for digitization of
the same and the importance of GIS.
At present the general state of GIS is quite different. In the majority of
municipalities in Macedonia, especially in the larger ones, it is already
introduced or is being introduced presently (GIS hardware, GIS software,
GIS training, digitalizing of spatial data). The state of GIS usage in
Macedonia for spatial data analysis and planning, is as follows: at the
moment, about 10% of urban planners and other municipality competent
experts (especially in smaller municipalities) are using classical methods of
planning, and another percentage, about 35 to 40%, use computers and
software, as well as digitized data for the analysis and planning of spatial
and analytical data, not a different system. The third and largest part of them,
about 50 to 55%, are already using or implementing GIS, as a system of
hardware, software and procedures, but haven’t built a good concept for
strategic urban development planning and the application of GIS is only in
urban planning. The lack of easily accessible, accurate and complete data in
the process of policy making and strategic planning, has led the national
governments of the Member States of the European Union to take measures
to overcome this problem. The 2007 Directive of the European Parliament
and the Council aims to establish an Infrastructure for Spatial Information in
the European Community (INSPIRE). The National Spatial Data
Infrastructure of the Republic of Macedonia in accordance with INSPIRE.
33
HORIZONS
PHASES OF GIS MODELLING FOR STRATEGIC URBAN
DEVELOPMENT PLANING IN MACEDONIA (GIS_MSUDP)
During the last years, many planning support systems have been
developed and are available to urban planners to assist them in their work.
Many of them focus on the design and evaluation of possible solutions to
spatial planning problems. The first advocate of the use the of PPS systems
was Harris (1989), later on Harris and Batty (1993), who believed in using
these systems to provide tools, models and information which can be used
for planning, with the help of information technologies (such as GIS). With
the advances in GIS, PSS became an even more important component (Brail
and Klosterman, 2001; Geertman and Stillwell, 2003; Yehetal, 2006).
Similar to the PSS, the SDSS developed planning through scenarios
(MacDonald 1996). Other SDSS and PSS were developed and introduced
the STEPP, a strategic means for integrating environmental aspects into the
planning process (Carsjens, Lihtenberg, 2007). Some of them included a
multi-agent modelling system.
GIS can be used in many areas of the business environment, for the
most part with examples such as: a model for the effective planning and
management of taxes; a model for promoting/encouraging investments; a
land use planning and natural resources management model; an energy
recovery planning model; a healthy nutrition of the population planning
model and many others.
Based on all the research, a concept for GIS_MSUDP has been
developed. Thus, new GIS products (GIS models) are created and can be
used for strategic urban development planning. The following phases are a
part of the process of GIS modelling: Application Domain, Spatial
Reasoning, Logical Model and Physical Model. Similarly, GIS_MSUDP is
divided into five phases, as presented in Figure 1. The important feature of
this concept is that all stages are represented by entities. The existence of
connections between the phases and science and scientific disciplines is
certainly requisite for modelling, but we could say that typically this block
diagram is dynamic and it depends on the created field patterns. For
example, a healthy nutrition of a healthy population planning model requires
the involvement of the science that deals with healthy nutrition, such as
Nutrition and food technology and biotechnology.
The suggested GIS_MSUDP concept uses entities and relations for
each stage, just like the E-R models in data organisation, enables good
organisation and can be applied for planning in the Republic of Macedonia.
GIS models that can be applied to GIS_MSUDP are:
o Binary models: Logical model - expressions; Map overlay; Sitting
analysis; spatial query.
o Index models: allocation and standardization of the values of spatial
elements of each layer.
o Regression models: are used to calculate/estimate. These models can
be divided into two types: Linear regression, when all the variables
are numerical and logical, and Logistic regression, where all the
variables are binary.
o Process models: integrate existing knowledge about the processes
occurring in the environment (real world) presented in a set of
relations and equations for the quantification of processes.
PHASE 1- DETERMINING THE GOALS –INTERESTS
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Every business model is the lifeblood of society and its true meaning
comes through a particular goal and interest (Figure 2).
Determining the goals is in a direct relation to the business model and
is presented as an entity with two fields: Goal (Model, Goal)
Figure 1: Phases of GIS modelling and its correlation with science
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HORIZONS
From a business perspective, the basic national interest are tax incomes, but
practical areas such as arable
land, mineral rights, forests, etc.
concessionary, are also of great
interest. A parcel is a cadastral
unit, which is the spatial extent
of past, present and future
rights and interests in real
estate. (FGDC, 1999).
Figure 2: Goals and interests of a business model
The interest in relation to the goal and is represented as an entity with two
fields: Interest (Interest, Goal)
PHASE 2 – SPATIAL REASONING
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It is necessary for GIS_MSUDP to go through the stage of spatial
reasoning, after the goal and interests have been determined. That is the
reality, the number of phenomena we see, that really exist in all parts of their
complexity, the defining of relationships, observation by making decision
trees, legislation, it all depending on the business model. The better the real
world is presented in a formal
system, the better the spatial
reasoning will be (Figure 3).
In order to understand spatial
reasoning
and
spatial
phenomena we can use the
help of the geo-information
science and GIS.
Spatial reasoning is in
conjunction with the goal and
can be presented as an entity
with two fields:
Visualization (Visualization,
Goal)
Figure 3: Spatial reasoning
PHASE 3 – CONCEPTUAL MODEL
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The conceptual GIS_MSUDP model is enlists defining all the
necessary items in the following order:
1. Defining the output data
2. Defining the input data
3. Defining modelling strategies
o Methods and techniques
o Data queries
o Cartographic processing
o Map algebra
o Mathematics and statistics
1. Defining Output Data
What sets this phase apart is that it starts by defining the output data. It
is best to define the output as a planning result in the beginning. It is in
conjunction with the goal of the business model and is represented as an
entity with two fields: Output (Output, Goal).
The output is one of the important factors for strategic planning, and apart
from analytical data it may come in the form of reports, thematic plans
through spatial data in the form of GIS layers (thematic layers) and in the
form of maps, satellite imagery, orthophoto images, etc.
2. Defining Input Data
To obtain the output data is necessary to define all the required input
data. The input is in conjunction with the output and can be presented as an
entity of two fields: Input (Input, Output).
Digitalized input data is needed for a good analysis, such as a GIS
layer with cadastral locations, satellite imagery, orthophoto, GIS
infrastructure layers, maps and many others. Also included in the input are
databases and legislation data (laws, regulations). When defining the input, it
is required to define its source. The data source can be presented as an entity
of two fields: Data Source (Source, Input)
Data sources can include: the municipality, the surveying office,
other state agencies and other sources. It is important to emphasize the need
for digitization of spatial data.
3. Defining Modelling Strategies

GIS Methods and techniques
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GIS_MSUDP uses GIS methods and techniques which can be applied
to get certain output data which could be used in the strategic urban
37
HORIZONS
development planning. They are is in conjunction with the input and can be
presented as an entity of two fields: Methods-Techniques (Method, Input)
Methods and techniques that can be applied are: geo-referencing, vector of
layers, transformation, etc.
 Data Queries
To receive the output data, one can use the data queries provided by GIS.
Data queries in GIS software (ESRI) are made as a SQL Query. Data queries
can be presented as an entity of two fields:
Queries (Query, Input)
 Cartographic processing
This is a frequently used possibility offered by GIS, which allows
overlapping, buffering, etc. using multiple GIS layers to obtain a new GIS
layer. Cartographic processing can be presented as an entity of two fields:
Cartographic processing (Processing, Input)
 Map Algebra
This is a useful feature that allows GIS to make calculations from
maps. Map algebra is in conjunction with the input and can be presented as
an entity of two fields: Map algebra (Algebra, Input)
 Mathematical and statistical calculations
Mathematical and statistical calculations are always needed for
strategic planning and can be presented as an entity of two fields:
Mathematics - Statistics (Calculation, Input)
PHASE 4 - LOGICAL MODEL
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Based on all entities of the previous phases, a logical model has been
built and represented as E-R diagram (Figure 4). Three conjunctions are the
most characteristic: business model/goals, output/goals and output/input. For
easier application of the proposed logical model, a relational database has
been created with the same structure. A separate Windows application has
also been created in conjunction with this database, to serve for editing and
displaying data in the logical model entities.
Figure 4: Logical model
PHASE 5 - PHYSICAL MODEL
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The physical model is created on the basis of the logical model. The
next block diagram shows a physical model (Figure 5). The designing and
testing of the physical model is made with the existing GIS software. This is
done by using the ArcMap - GIS software by ESRI, and ModelBuilder, a
graphical tool for designing models. To test the proposed GIS_MSUDP
concept, a distinctive business model has been selected: the socio-economic
impact on healthy nutrition in Macedonia, and new GIS model has been
created through the GIS software. This business model was chosen for two
reasons: to demonstrate the application of the proposed concept in economy
and the healthy food technology, and the second reason is that there is a
database at the Faculty of Technical and Technological Sciences in Veles,
created by our own ongoing research on the socio-economic impact on
healthy nutrition, dietary habits and healthy food in general. The spatial data
used includes maps and satellite photos of Macedonia.
39
HORIZONS
Figure 5: Physical Model
The proposed concept is built on
the basis of several principles.
The first principle is for the
Creating a Physical Model
model to be as simple as possible,
rather than building a complex
model that offers more options. It
Testing the Model
is better to build two simple
models rather than one that is
more complex. The concept we
Mistakes
propose is much simpler in
Yes
Correction
?
comparison with other concepts
such as PSS and SDSS systems
that are complex and hard to
manage and the possibility of a
Output data
mistake is far greater. The second
principle is to use easily accessible data. PSS and SDSS systems require a lot
of input data, that aren’t always necessary for certain decisions and
accessing them is very difficult due to great time complexity. The process of
digitalisation of spatial data, necessary for input, represents a comprehensive
process that on occasion requires a long time. The third principle is to avoid
building an ideal model that would fully describe the real world in a formal
system. This is not possible. The more one goes towards the idealization of
the real world in a formal system, the more complex and bigger this system
gets. The proposed concept makes visualising the real world in a formal way
only in certain areas important for planning, but does not go on into
idealizing.
Logical Model
CONCLUSION
The concept of modelling for the strategic urban development
planning represented in five phases does not allow for improvisation and
mistakes. This will improve the way of strategic planning and thus help the
competent authorities from the municipalities, government and the citizens
to quickly, efficiently and accurately make correct and timely decisions. The
new GIS model obtained by GIS modelling for strategic urban development
planning can affect the performance of municipalities, and generally the
national government in terms of urbanism, but also in all other parts of their
jurisdiction. The created GIS model for strategic urban development
planning, with software support, can be applied from both a theoretical
and an applicative aspect, thus making its importance even greater.
This concept has been practically applied and tested on a business
model for socio-economic impact on a healthy nutrition in the Republic of
Macedonia. The modelling is done with an existing software (by ESRI)
thereby creating a new GIS model.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Francis Harvey, A Primer of Fundamental Geographic and Cartographic
Concepts, The Guilford Press New York London, 75 - 290, 2008
2. Shivanand Balram, Canada, Suzana Dragicevic, Advances in Geographic
Information Science, © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, str. 9-152, 2010
3. Ian J. Bateman, Andrew A. Lovett, Julii S. Brainard, Applied
Environmental Economics, A GIS Approach to Cost-Benefit Analysis,
Cambridge University Press, 158-250, 2003
4. Shashi Shekar, Hui Xiong (Eds.), Encyclopedia of GIS, Springer, Science
+ Buisiness Media, LLC, 30 -1300, 2008
5. Paul A. Longley, Michael F. Goodchild David J. Maguire, David W.
Rhind
6. Geographical Information Systems and Science, 2nd Edition , UK John
Wiley & Sons Ltd,, Chichester, England, 21-500, 2005
7. Atsuyuki Okabe, GIS-Based Studies in the Humanities and Social
Sciences, Taylor & Francis Group, 79 -300, 2006
8. Matthias Ruth, Bruce Hannon, Modeling Dynamic Systems, SpringerVerlag New York, 18- 325 2004
9. Stephan T.P. Kamps, Cecile Tannier, A Planning Support System for
Assessing Stragies of Local Urban Planning Agencies, 1-9, 2008
10. Richard K.Brail, Planning support Systems for Cites and Regions,
Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, 85 – 99, 2008
11. ESRI, Introduction to ArcGIS I ESRI, 1-1 9-15, 2006
12. ESRI, Data Management in the Multiuser Geodatabase, ESRI, 1-1 1515, 2006
http://www.gis.com
http://www.esri.com
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HORIZONS
udc 656.01/.02:004.421
TRANSPORT DEMAND FORECAST BY APPLYING
SOFTWARE PACKAGE PTV Vision VISUM 5
FP
PF
Vaska Atanasova
Lidija Markovik
Ivo Lola Ribar bb,
University „St. Kliment Ohridski“
Faculty of Technical Science - Bitola
[email protected]
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[email protected]
H
ABSTRACT
Forecast is scientific prediction of some phenomena that are of great
importance to human society. For making forecast on transport demand there
are a lot of software packages and one of them is the software package PTV
Vision VISUM. Using this software package forecast is made on transport
demand for the city of Ohrid.
The goal of this paper is, by using concrete example for the city of
Ohrid, to present the possible ways for making forecast on transport demand
using an appropriate software package. Three ways of making forecast on
transport demand will be presented and the steps for making forecast will be
explained and followed with figures in order to get a clear picture for the
work in the software.
Keywords: demand, forecast, software
INTRODUCTION
The forecast has always been a big challenge for scientists who
conduct research in the field of future prediction and for others. The forecast
of certain phenomena becomes a need which rises in all spheres of human
activity (economy, traffic, etc.). The biggest reason for this is that the
forecast provides planning. Traffic planning is specificly planned process
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5
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Professional paper
43
HORIZONS
that determines necessary capacity to satisfy the needs of transport in the
future on some planned space.
To make a forecast in the software package PTV Vision VISUM, first
calculation on transport demand must be done. First to go to this section
transport network of the city must be defined, zoning of the city must be
made and connectors be set The most important part in the procedure for
making forecast is creation of the demand model. After that, calculation on
transport demand is made and modal values will be obtained so that, values
calculated by the software. Next is the process of making forecast.
Forecast can be done in several ways. In the following text three ways
of making forecast will be presented in the software package PTV Vision
VISUM.
TRANSPORT DEMAND FORECAST: APPROACH 1
One of the ways of making forecast is when we take into account
population growth for 10 years. We made an estimation of growth and this
data will be entered into software.
Entering data for residents in the software can be made on the
following way:
 In the software package we choose List ื Zones because the data for
residents are written in zones. (Figure 1).
Photo 1: Input data for zones
Now appears a table by using the command “Copy list to clipboard”
copy and we put them in Excel document. In Excel document we enter
estimated data for residents for all zones. We take the assumption that for 10
years the number of residents will be increased for 50 percent. After we
change values for residents we return back to the table into the software
using the command “Past content from clipboard”.
Figure 2 represented location of the command “Copy list to
clipboard”, and Figure 3 represented the table in Excel document.
Figure 2: Location of the command “Copy list to clipboard”
Figure 3: Input estimated data for residents in Excel document
Using the procedure for calculation of transport demand we will make
the forecast on transport demand for the city of Ohrid, for 10 years, for cars.
In the software after residential data changes are made the next commands
should be given: Calculate ื Procedures ื Operations ื Execute.
Obtained forecasted values are represented on Figure 4.
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HORIZONS
Figure 4: Forecasted values for trips in the city of Ohrid, for 10 years
The second way for making forecast is with input growth factors.
Forecast is done the following way:
 From menu Overview in software we choose Matrices ื All
matrices ื Zone matrices ื 1Cn1. Now appears matrix for the
first purpose, than we choose Projection tool. Figure 5 represented
locations of aforementioned commands.
Figure 5: Display of second way of making forecast
 Appears dropdown menu. In General parameters active command
“Multiply with factor” should be selected. We choose Projection is
execute ื For the entire matrix which means that the calculations
will be made for all matrix, (Figure 6);
 It is activated “Parameters for reference type “entre matrix” factor”
where we write 3, which means that for all matrix we define growth
factor 3, (Figure 7);
Figure 6: Activation of command for forecast
Figure 7: Defined growth factor
 In “Projection is execute” can be chosen “Singly constrained
production” or “Singly constrained attraction” which means to
specify factor for production and attraction for each zone separately,
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HORIZONS
(Figure 8), also can be chosen “Doubly constrained (multi –
procedure)” which means that are taken into account factors for
attraction and production for each zone separately. These factors are
entered in the section from parameters where by simply clicking on
appropriated zone factor is entered. (Figure 9).
Figure 8: Input factors for production
Figure 9: Input factors for production and attraction
After entering these factors the procedure for obtained forecasted
values is repeated.
The third way of making forecast on transport demand is by means of
forming a new matrix. This way of making forecast will be described.
In the software we choose the following commands:
 Choose Calculate ื Procedures ื Operations ื Create ื
Matrices ื Combination of matrices and vectors ื Ok. On this
way we create a new matrix. (Figure 10);
 Now, we select the newly formed matrix and go on “Selection
Matrix” (Figure 11). Appears dropdown menu where we choose
“Cn1” and click “Ok”. (Figure 12);
Figure 10: Creating a new matrix
Figure 11: Location of command “Selection Matrix”
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HORIZONS
Figure 12: Selection matrix
 Now we define matrix parameters. We choose “Parameters”. In
dropdown menu choose “Create” and now here in
Matrix/Attribute/Constant we call the matrix “1Cn1”, and in
“Coefficient” we write 1.05. Click “Ок”. (Figure 13);
 After the preformed steps we assign the command “Execute”.
Figure 13: Defining the parameters of the newly defined matrix
With this we represented another way of forecast.
DISCUSSION FOR WAYS OF FORECAST
The way of forecast depends on the type of travelling: local traffic, transit
traffic or origin – destination travelling.
At local traffic the most appropriate ways of making forecast is by four step
model, where generation of travelling depends on number of inhabitants,
number of employed places, purpose area and similar, namely first way of
forecast.
Data for transit and origin – destination travelling can be obtained through
automatic counters or through counting by cordon, using the method with
writing registration plates. There are in external zones and there are no
generations of travelling.
For transit traffic forecast is made by second described way with average
factors of growth.
At origin-destination travelling motorization growth rate must be paid
attention using the third way of forecast where coefficient is inserted.
CONCLUSION
The forecast on transport demand is prediction on traffic volume for
some goal year. Forecast on transport demand includes trip generation, trip
distribution, and traffic assignment and modal split. Using the software
package PTV Vision VISUM are made trip generation and distribution,
assignment and forecast on modal values. Unlike manual calculations,
software calculations allows more precision and accuracy in the work, but
also it is a good possibility to see all network of the city and forecast
transport demand for goal year. Step by step we were able to represent three
ways of making forecast on transport demand using appropriate software
package.
REFERENCES
1. Vaska Atanasova, 1. Traffic planning, Bitola, page, 1-5, 2010.
2. Vaska Atanasova, 2. Collection and analysis on transport data, Bitola,
page, 97, 2011.
3. Traffic study for Bitola town, Agreement number 08-1124/1, from
03.06.2010, during one year (June 1 2010 to June 2011).
4. PTV America, VISUM User Manual, Version 7.50. 2. MODEL
DESCRlPTlON. 2.1. Network Model. 2-3. 2.1.1. Transport systems, April
2001.
5. General urban plan of the city of Bitola, I book, Institute of Urban
Planning and Design, LLC, Bitola, Bitola, 1999.
6. Towards sustainable urban transport policies, Recommendation for local
authorities, SMILE project, European Commission, 2004.
7. White Paper 2011, Roadmap to a Single European Transport Area –
Towards a competitive and resource efficient transport system, European
Comission, - COM/2011/0144 final/ Brussels, 28.03.2011.
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HORIZONS
udc 004.455.021:[378.4.096:004(497.771)
“EXAM AS ADDITIONAL TRAINING” CONCEPT:
TWO SEMESTERS EXPERIENCE OF THE SPECIAL
TEST SOFTWARE’S IMPLEMENTATION 6
FP
Dmytro Zubov, PhD
University for Information Science and Technology (Ohrid, Macedonia),
[email protected], [email protected]
Volodymyr Osypenko, PhD
National University of Life and Environmental Sciences (Kiev, Ukraine),
[email protected]
ABSTRACT
In this paper, the “Exam as Additional Training” concept is discussed
on the basis of two-semester experience at the University for Information
Science and Technology “St. Paul the Apostle” in Ohrid. The software’s
final version includes a client (.NET Windows form) and a server (testsystem knowledge base) part. The main algorithm is based on random
selection of a question: the position of the question is selected randomly, the
position of the answer is selected randomly and sets of answers are selected
in compliance with the appropriate question-answer pair (i.e. one question –
one set of answers). From the evaluation point of view, students describe this
approach as user-friendly and effective for subject skills’ improvement.
Key words: education, test, software, random algorithm.
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INTRODUCTION
At the present time, test technique is the dominant approach of the
students’ knowledge estimation (i.e., validation) in up-to-date university
education system. This technique is often used in Bologna process which
one implements the standard educational schemes in different countries.
Moreover, tests allow to minimize the human factor’s impact on the test
system functioning, and organize the distance process. In addition, correctly
crated test may improve the student’s skills. It is clear that test can include
the solution of the simple task(s). Therefore, the appropriate subject(s) uses
to have the special complicated complex multistage practical projects within.
The quality of the test system depends on the next main factors (author’s
subjective point of view plus [1-18]):
1. Questions. It is necessary to cover the maximal part of the subject’s
information. It is two main (in a fact, polar) directions to realize this
requirement – to formulate (i.e., form) the highest possible quantity of
questions or, alternatively, split all questions in the appropriate sections
(e.g., subject “Web Application Development with Microsoft® .NET
Framework 4” with sections “Developing Web Form Pages”, “Developing
and Using Web Forms Controls”, “Implementing Client-Side Scripting and
AJAX”, “Configuring and Extending a Web Application”, “Displaying and
Manipulating Data”, and “Developing a Web Application by Using
ASP.NET MVC 2”). Indeed, students have the limited amount of questions
in both directions.
2. Answers. It is necessary to formulate set of the relative answers to
appropriate question. It is two main (in a fact, polar) directions to realize this
requirement – to formulate (i.e., form) sets randomly (it is acceptable
because all questions and answers have a concern with one subject) or,
alternatively, teacher creates these sets by oneself. Second approach is most
laborious, but the most objective in the students’ knowledge estimation.
3. Users’ profiles (collection of personal data associated to a specific
user). This information can be formed a priori by supervisor before the test
or during the test automatically (e.g., short preliminary questionnaire). Then,
this information can be used for the appropriate set of questions’ forming.
Practice shows that students are adapted very quickly to this system, and use
the appropriate behaviour to achieve highest grade in an easiest way.
4. In addition, it is preferably to use the random algorithms for the
positions’ selection of answers and questions.
Upon till now, a lot of research was conducted for the test system
development (e.g., [1-18]). Particularly, it has the concern with the
standardized educational testing (e.g., [1, 7, 12-17]). Some very interesting
educational test technologies’ were achieved (in a fact, they are some kind of
recommendations). As an example, we can admit the following. Gibson E.J.
(et al.) [1] did very good comparative analysis of web-based testing and
evaluation systems including the explanation component’s usage. Kun Hua
Tsai (et al.) [2] showed the necessity of the content’s changing dynamically.
Hema Srikanth (et al.) [3] underlined the fault proneness’s analysis.
Shuaiwen Xu (et al.) [4] paid a lot of attention on the data’s coding because
of secrecy’s aspect. Jiří Dostál [6] discussed the computer games’ usage in
the educational process – in a fact, it is possible to extend this idea to the
“Exam as Additional Training” concept. Said Khalifa (et al.) [7] showed the
importance of the user interface’s friendliness. Lilley M. (et al.) [8] were
talking about the development and evaluation of the test software prototype
including the problem of the unification. It is possible to realize some of the
above ideas, and avoid some problems if knowledge base is located
separately on some web resource, and it can be changed by supervisor on
time.
But, the standard test system has not yet developed. In authors’ point
of view, the main solution is to develop unique educational test software
taking into account all possible experience. Two main reasons are singled
out subjectively:
1. Heterogeneous students’ society – it is necessary to take into
account the features of different countries sometimes. For example, in Hong
Kong, the British A-level has been accused of grade inflation, and thus over
time the HKAL has become more strictly graded compared to its British
counterpart [16]. In author’s point of view, Hong Kong students were more
motivated than their British colleagues.
2. The commodification of education – commercial test systems are
closed even for description in general (e.g., Prometric Services: Testing and
Assessment [14]).
In addition, it is necessary to emphasize the large amount of
information in IT branch (information content is increased twice every two
years approximately). For example, total question quantity was 313 for the
“Server and Client Systems” subject (University for Information Science and
Technology “St. Paul the Apostle” (UIST), Ohrid, Macedonia; 2011/2012
educational year autumn semester). Information technologies are integral
part of modern society, and, therefore, it is necessary to take into account the
above fact. In this case, concept of additional training which one is based on
the special software is proposed: students use similar test software for
preparation and for exam (indeed, the limited part of questions are shown
contemporaneously – for example, 100 questions out of total 300). This
approach’s main advantages are:
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HORIZONS
1. Students have additional training about the whole course
information.
2. Respondents overcome easy the psychological difficulties within
the exam (the same software and information).
3. The answers and questions interpretation’s factor disappears. The
interpretation problem is in vogue in countries with strong law system (e.g.,
USA, UK).
This concept can be called as “Exam as Additional Training”. This
paper main goal is to show the two semesters experience of the special test
software’s implementation within the “Exam as Additional Training”
concept in UIST (2011/2012 educational year).
STAGES OF THE SPECIAL TEST SOFTWARE’S
IMPLEMENTATION
Special test software were used in subjects “Programming III”,
“Programming IV”, “Clients/Server Systems” (autumn semester), and
“Assembly Language Programming”, “Network Architecture” (spring
semester). The implementation’s stages and results are almost the same for
above subjects. Therefore, “Programming III” subject is discussed forth
mainly.
Second year students had 7 educational weeks every half-semester for
the “Programming III” subject (the course is based on the C# programming
language).
1st stage – 1st midterm exam (totally random approach: position of the
question is selected randomly; position of the answer is selected randomly;
alternative answers are selected randomly). Test questions’ quantity was 90
(out of total 172). 72 students were tested. Quality middle value was
94.94 %, minimum – 62 %, maximum – 100 %. Students’ subjective
opinion: exam is very easy because the right answer is easy selected through
heterogeneous answers.
Special test software was developed in the Visual Studio 2010
environment [19] (C# programming language) – screenshot is shown in
Figure 1. It is necessary to admit that it works in real time mode (in
opposition to the appropriate note in [5]). Two security features are realized
within this software:
1. Defocus’s detection – to avoid the tips usage.
2. Special checking phrase (it is written in the question textbox) – the
software authentication.
One disadvantage was detected during the implementation – it wasn’t
possible to start the software on the laptop of Chinese student, up to 10
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students didn’t bring their laptops (additional university laptops were used).
It was fixed within next 2nd stage of implementation – the test printing option
was added (i.e., students without laptops pass the usual paper test).
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Figure 1. Screenshot of the special test software for the 1st midterm exam
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2nd stage – 2nd midterm exam (quasi random approach: position of the
question is selected randomly; position of the answer is selected randomly;
alternative answers are selected randomly; theoretical and practical questions
and answers were split by teacher). Test questions’ quantity was 50 (out of
total 99). 73 students were tested. Quality middle value was 97 %, minimum
– 78 %, maximum – 100 %. Students’ subjective opinion: exam is very easy
because the insufficient quantity of questions, the right answer is easy
selected through heterogeneous answers. Special test software was improved
– the test printing option was added, questions and answers were split.
3rd stage – final semester exam (question oriented random approach:
position of the question is selected randomly; position of the answer is
selected randomly; sets of answers are selected in compliance with the
appropriate pair question-answer (one question – one set of answers)). Test
questions’ quantity was 100 (out of total 172). 16 students were tested (these
students were not tested early or wanted to do it once more; the rest of
students used middle value from midterm exams as a grade for final exam).
Quality middle value was 77.25 %, minimum – 42 %, maximum – 93 %. In
a fact, these results are more close to known systems [15-17] than from
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HORIZONS
previous stages. Students’ subjective opinion: question oriented random
approach test system reflects the students’ skills adequately.
Special test software was improved – the option about the forming of
the answers’ sets, and the link to appropriate question were added
(screenshot is shown in Figure 2).
Last remark. The test system’s support experience showed the
necessity of the split of the software and knowledge base. It was realized by
the appropriate files hosting. Moreover, the files usage’s possibility was
added (in case of the Internet connection absent) – see Figure 3. It allows the
knowledge base’s correction in real-time mode if necessary.
Figure 2. Screenshot of the special test software
Figure 3. Screenshot of the special test software –
loading the knowledge base’ regime (NA – Network Architecture)
SUMMARY TO THE VALIDITY AND GENERALIZATION OF THE
PAPER’S RESULTS.
SOME THOUGHTS ABOUT THE DEVELOPMENT’S
PERSPECTIVES
This paper results’ analysis shows the main advantage of the “Exam as
Additional Training” concept – adequate testing of the students’ skills. It is
clear that the validity and generalization of the experiment’s results are
complicated task. The main reasons are:
1. The sampled population forming is not possible.
2. Heterogeneous non-steady psycho-physiological parameters of
student groups and the teacher’s subjective point of view.
Obviously the test system’s questions and answers are theoretical in
general. Therefore, it is necessary to emphasize the practical task during the
semester lessons.
In a fact, the test software uses the Windows Forms technology of
user’s interface. It is necessary to admit that initial idea was to realize WebForms technique (ASP.NET [19]) or cloud application [20], but limited
hardware resources (unstable Internet connection, not every student has
laptop) didn’t allow to do it. This is the main perspective of this concept’s
development.
CONCLUSION
In this paper, the two semesters experience of the special test
software’s implementation within the “Exam as Additional Training”
concept in UIST (2011/2012 educational year autumn semester) was shown.
This concept is based on the question oriented random approach:
position of the question is selected randomly; position of the answer is
selected randomly; sets of answers are selected in compliance with the
appropriate pair question-answer (one question – one set of answers).
Special test software was developed in the Visual Studio 2010 environment
(C# programming language). Test results are very close to known systems
(e.g., IB Diploma Programme [15], GCE Advanced Level [16], Abitur [17]).
Students’ subjective opinion: question oriented random approach test system
reflects the students’ skills adequately. Obviously, the test system’s
questions and answers are theoretical in general. Therefore, it is necessary to
emphasize the practical tasks during the semester lessons.
As a main prospect, the secure improvement is important question
mostly because of the feature of .NET technology (it is possible to read free
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HORIZONS
some information in .exe file – in a fact, this file includes the IL-code, not
binary machine code).
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. E.J. Gibson, P.W. Brewer, A. Dholakia, M.A. Vouk, D.L. Bitzer. A
comparative analysis of Web-based testing and evaluation systems.” Proc. 4th
WWW conference, Boston, 1995.
2. Kun Hua Tsai, Tzone I. Wang, Tung Cheng Hsieh, Ti Kai Chiu, Ming Che
Lee. Dynamic computerized testlet-based test generation system by discrete
PSO with partial course ontology. Expert Systems with Applications Journal,
Vol. 37, Issue 1, January 2010, pp. 774-786.
3. Hema Srikanth, Sean Banerjee. Improving test efficiency through system test
prioritization. Journal of Systems and Software, Vol. 85, Issue 5, May 2012,
pp. 1176-1187.
4. Shuaiwen Xu, Xiaoming Wang. Network test system design and
implementation. Proc. 2012 International Conference on Future Electrical Power
and Energy Systems, Published by Elsevier, pp. 694-699.
5. Sun Hong-mei, Jia Rui-sheng. Research on the analysis and design of general
test database management system. Proc. 2012 International Workshop on
Information and Electronics Engineering (IWIEE), Published by Elsevier,
pp. 489-493.
6. Jiří Dostál. Instructional software and computer games – tools of modern
education. Journal of Technology and Information Education, 1/2009, Vol. 1,
Issue 1, pp. 23-28.
7. Said Khalifa, Chris Bloor, Walter Middelton, Chris Jones. Educational
computer software, technical, criteria, and Quality. Proc. 2000, Information
Systems Education Conference, pp.34-42.
8. Lilley M., Barker T., Britton C. The development and evaluation of a
software prototype for computer-adaptive testing. .Computers & Education
Journal, August 2004, Vol. 43, Issue 1/2, pp. 109-124.
9. The Joint Committee on Testing Practices (JCTP): Code of Fair Testing
Practices in Education. http://www.apa.org/science/programs/testing/fairtesting.pdf
10. Torin Monahan. Just Another Tool? IT Pedagogy and the Commodification
of Education. The Urban Review, Vol. 36, No. 4, December 2004.
http://torinmonahan.com/papers/Just_another_tool.pdf
11. Torin Monahan. Built Pedagogies & Technology Practices: Designing for
Participatory Learning. http://torinmonahan.com/papers/pdc2000.pdf
12. Torin Monahan. The Rise of Standardized Educational Testing in the U.S.:
A Bibliographic Overview. http://torinmonahan.com/papers/testing.pdf
13. Diane
Ravitch.
The
Uses
and
Misuses
of
Tests.
http://www.dianeravitch.com/uses_and_misuses.pdf
14. Prometric
Services:
Testing
and
Assessment.
http://www.prometric.com/default.htm
15. IB Diploma Programme.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Baccalaureate_Diploma_Programme
16. GCE Advanced Level. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Level_(UK)
17. Abitur. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abitur
18. José Muñiz, Dave Bartram. Improving International Tests and Testing.
European Psychologist Journal, Vol. 12, N 3, 2007, pp. 206-219.
19. MacDonald M., Freeman A., Szpuszta M. Pro ASP.NET in C# 2010, Fourth
Edition. Published by Apress, 2010, 1617 p.
20. Roberto Brunetti. Windows Azure: Step by Step. Published by O’Reilly
Media, Inc., 2011, 316 p.
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HORIZONS
udc 373.3.091.3:51
USING GEOGEBRA IN PRIMARY SCHOOLS 7
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Jordan Martinovski
I. L. Ribar, bb, Bitola
Faculty of Technical Sciences -Bitola
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[email protected]
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Sasko Martinovski, MSc
Faculty of Technology and Technical Sciences – Veles
[email protected]
ABSTRACT
The introduction of computers into the educational process in R.
Macedonia is a part of a fundamental transition from traditional forms of
learning to new forms that focus on quality teaching techniques. GeoGebra
is interactive software designed for teachers and students that combines
geometry, algebra, analysis and application. The objective of this research is
to analyze the applicability and acceptance of GeoGebra in primary schools.
Method: Research was carried out on two groups of elementary school
students on specific topics algebra and geometry. One group was taught in
the classical way; the other using GeoGebra. Both groups of students were
tested and the results summarized. The results have shown that Geogebra
increases the students’s ability to understand the content of mathematics,
improve their learning, encourage thinking and develop creativity.
INTRODUCTION
GeoGebra is a free of charge software for learning mathematics, and it
is written in Java which makes it available for several platforms. With the
development of software for visualization of mathematical problems,
especially by using GeoGebra, fully translated in Macedonian, it makes it
very easy for students to master the material by attracting and retaining their
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HORIZONS
attention. GeoGebra is interactive and dynamic geometry software. Solving
tasks in GeoGebra is done using constructions which can be made in a very
simple manner by using points, vectors, segments, lines, segments,
polygons, inequalities, conic sections, implicit polynomials and functions.
GeoGebra has the ability to use variables for numbers, find derivatives and
integrals of functions and commands such as Root or Extremum as well as
making conjectures and proving geometric theorems.
LEARNING WITH GEOGEBRA
The research has been conducted on 124 students from seventh-grade
who were divided into two groups of 62 students and were taught the
Pythagorean theorem and square of a binomial (curriculum for seventhgrade
education implemented in eight-year elementary school and
curriculum for eight-grade education implemented in ninth-year elementary
school).The first group of 62 students were taught the Pythagorean theorem
and the square of a binomial in the traditional way, by using a textbook, and
the second group of 62 students were taught by using GeoGebra.
When explaining the Pythagorean Theorem and the square of a
binomial using GeoGebra, the geometric constructions and algebra window
are shown at the same time, including software tools needed, which
contributes to better visualization as one of the main differences from
traditional teaching. The consequently created GeoGebra products (for the
Pythagorean Theorem and the square of a binomial) are uploaded on video
and Wiki pages. This enables students to use them during the learning of the
material.
GeoGebra uses the following concept for the Pythagorean Theorem: A
right-angled triangle is drawn and then a square is traced out for each
cathetus and the hypotenuse. The area of all squares is then calculated
(Figure 1). The calculations show that the area of the square whose side is
the hypotenuse (the side opposite the right angle) is equal to the sum of the
areas of the squares whose sides are the two legs (the two sides that meet at a
right angle). This proves the Pythagorean Theorem in a striking and simple
way. It is important to emphasize the interactive learning and repetition of
the material, especially in the case of the Pythagorean Theorem, one can
change the values of the sides of the triangle by dragging the vertices A and
B, and can make conclusions from the obtained results and visual
demonstration.
With GeoGebra the following concept is used to determine the square
of a binomial: we draw a square one side equalling “a+b” which is divided
into two smaller squares and two smaller rectangles as shown in Figure 2.
The area of the bigger square P= (a+b) 2 is equal to the sum of the areas of
the two smaller squares P 1 =a2, P 4 =b2 and both rectangles P 2 =ab, P 3 =ab, i.e.:
P=P 1 +P 2 +P 3 +P 4  (a+b)2=а2+2ab+b2. This helps prove the square of a
binomial using geometry in an easy and clearly visible way. By dragging
any of the marked points the values of the sides a and b are changing, and
thus enabling the students to make conclusions for the square of a binomial
from the obtained results and visual demonstration. This interactive learning
helps students to make conclusions by themselves.
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Figure 1: Pythagorean Theorem in GeoGebra
Figure 2: Square of a binomial in GeoGebra
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TESTING AND RESULTS
The two groups of students have been given the same problems with
the Pythagorean Theorem and the square of a binomial. The problems were:
1. Calculate the length of diagonal of rectangle with sides a=3 cm and
b=4 cm. How much the diagonal of the rectangle will increase if the
length of the sides of the rectangles is doubled?
2. Calculate the length of the side of isosceles triangle with base 12 cm
and height 8 cm.
3. Write the following polynomial: (a+2)2 + (a+8)2 in a standard form.
4. How much the value of the square of binomial (a+b)2 will increase if
the values of “a” and “b” are doubled?
5. Compute 552 by using the formula for square of binomial.
The testing results can be seen in Table 1 and on the chart in Figure 3. It can
be seen in Table 1 and Figure 3 that the students of Group 2 who have
studied with the help of GeoGebra have successfully mastered the material
and have achieved better results. The average success of this group is 4.42
which, is above average compared to an average of 3.89 from the students of
Group 1 who studied using the traditional way. It is notable that the number
of students with sufficient and insufficient success has been significantly
reduced and more precisely from the 10 who studied using the classical way
to just 2 students.
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Table 1: Statistical Testing Results
Group 1 - Traditional
Learning Method
Number
Assessment of the
of
Percentage
test
students
5
27
44%
4
13
21%
3
12
19%
2
8
13%
1
2
3%
62
Total:
3,89
GPA:
66 P
Group 2 - GeoGebra
Learning
Number
of
Percentage
students
37
60%
16
26%
7
11%
2
3%
0
0%
62
4,42
Figure 3: Testing Success Chart
CONCLUSION
The research has shown that using Geogebra in the educational process in
primary schools enables greater success in mastering mathematics. It is
interesting that the part of students who find solving mathematical problems
a major difficulty have greater success when using GeoGebra. Based on the
results of this research it can be concluded that Geogebra enhances the way
of thinking while solving and mastering geometry and algebra problems.
Geogebra as interactive software allows students to change parameters on
their own while learning and revising the material in an easy and simple
manner and to make the right conclusions from the obtained results.
Problems solved with Geogebra can be posted on video and Wiki pages,
which will be easily accessible to students.
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HORIZONS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Carter, J., & Ferrucci, B., An Analysis of Students' Research on Model
Lessons that Integrate GeoGebra into School Mathematics, Beijing Normal
University, Beijing, China, 1-8, 2009.
2. Fahlberg-Stojanovska,, L. and V. Stojanovski, GeoGebra – Freedom to
Explore and Learn Teaching Mathematics and its Applications, 433-463.
3. Haciomeroglu, E.S. Bu, L., Schoen, R.C, & Hohenwarter, M., Learning to
Develop Mathematics Lessons with GeoGebra, 9(2), 24-26, 2009.
4. Hohenwarter J., Hohenwarter M., Introduction to GeoGebra 4.0 , 11-126,
2011.
5. Hohenwarter, M., & Jones, K. Ways of Linking Geometry and Algebra:
The Case of GeoGebra. In D. Kuchemann (Ed.), Proceedings from the
British Society for Research into Learning Mathematics, vol. 27(3): 126131, 2007.
6. Lu Yu-Wen, A.L., Linking Geometry and Algebra: English and
Taiwanese Upper Secondary Teachers’ Approaches to the use of GeoGebra.
In Joubert, M. (Ed.) Proceedings of the British Society for Research into
Learning Mathematics 29(1), 61-65, 2009.
udc 633.11-155.9:631.526.1(497.774)“2009/2012“
INVESTIGATING THE GENETIC POTENTIAL OF
GRAIN YIELD OF WHEAT VARIETIES
CULTIVATED IN THE BITOLA PART OF
PELAGONIJA 8
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Zivko Gacovski
Sasko Stojanovski
“St. Kliment Ohridski” University - Bitola
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine – Bitola
[email protected]
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ABSTRACT
The genetic potential of grain yield of six wheat varieties: Pobeda,
Emese, Super zitarka, Barbara, Pesna and Altana was investigated in line
with the possibilities for their cultivation in the Bitola part of Pelagonija, in
the production year 2010 and 2011.
Out of the six investigated wheat varieties, the highest average yield of
the two production years achieved Altana (5243 kg/ha) and Emese (5108
kg/ha). Lowest yield was registered for Super zitarka (3400 kg/ha) and
Pesna (3580 kg/ha). In general, considering that the varieties were cultivated
without irrigation, it could be considered that all have expressed high grain
yield. However, based on the obtained results the varieties Altana and
Emese could be recommended for wheat production in this region.
All of the six examined wheat varieties, cultivated in conditions with
no irrigation, in Bitola part on Pelagonija, achieved high grain yield and can
be successfully grown in this region.
Key words: wheat, genetic potential, variety, grain yield.
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INTRODUCTION
For achieving high and stable wheat grain yield, despite the
application of standard agrotechnical measures, one of the most important
preconditions is the selection of most appropriate genotype or variety that
will respond to the climatic and soil conditions in the region in order to
express its genetic potential for grain yield.
Our examinations were focused on determination of the genetic
potential of grain yield of six soft wheat varieties. The yield has a complex
quantitative character and involves the result of several traits as the number
of grains per spike, grain weight etc. This character largely depends on the
growing conditions and the influence of environmental factors. Therefore it
is recommended to be evaluated over several years so that true yield
potential and stability of the variety could be expressed.
MATERIAL AND METHOD
The experiment was carried out in the production 2009/2010 and
2010/2011 year in the localities of the village Novaci at individual farms.
Six wheat varieties originating from different countries were included in the
trials:
 Pobeda, made in the Institute for field crops and horticulture Novi
Sad, Serbia.[3];
 Emese, Agricultural Research Institute of the Hungarian Academy
of Sciences, Hungary.[5];
 Super zitarka and Barbara, Agricultural Institute - Osijek,
Croatia.[4];
 Pesna, Institute for Crop Production, Sadovo, Bulgaria;
 Altana, Agricultural Institute - Skopje, Macedonia.
Variety Pobeda was used as a standard for comparison with other varieties.
The investigated varieties belong to the group of soft winter wheat.
Experiments were set up and analyzed by the method of Fischer-randomized
blocks or random block system in four replications, with the size of
experimental plots of 500 m2. The results are compared with the standard,
and deviations from the standard are given in % and kg / ha.
After the harvest, grain moisture was determined and the yield in
kg/ha was measured in grains with 14% humidity.
In both trial years, previous crop was silage corn. Standard agrotechnical measures for wheat were applied, with the following order: plating
of plant remains on 15.09.2009 and 16.09.2010 year, reverberating of plant
remainings (15-20 cm) on 17.09.2009 and 19.09.2010 year, fertilization (100
P
70 P
kg/ha N, 90 kg/ha P and 60 kg/ha K) on 22.09.2009 and 23.09.2010 year,
deep plowing (30-40 cm) on 24.09.2009 and 25.09.2010 year, plating and
sowing on 10.10.2009 and 12.10.2010 year, additional fertilization (80 kg/ha
N) on 27.02.2009 and 29.02.2010 year, protection from weeds after sowing
(for tight leafs Tolureks 2,8 l/ha + for wide leafs Logran 45 g/ha) on
05.04.2009 and 09.04.2010 year and foliar fertilization in spring (in phase to
second node with Axiall 0,8 l/ha) on 10.04.2009 and 12.04.2010 year. Plants
harvesting was conducted on 18.07.2010 and 20.07.2011 year.
SOIL AND CLIMATIC CONDITIONS
а) Soil conditions
According to Filipovski (1971), soil conditions in Bitola part of
Pelagonija are heterogeneous, i.e. various soil types and subtypes are
represented. In the locality where experiment was performed, in the village
Novaci, soil type is alluvial, without carbonate and with weak acidic reaction
(pH in KCl 6,05 and H 2 O 6,50), which is a suitable environment for the
development of wheat. Nutritious substances were analyzed according to the
AL method (Bogdanovic, 1966 - quote by Filipovski). The soil is well
supplied with humus (2,58) and provided with secondary nutrients (P 2 O)
13,5 and (K 2 O) 19,40 according to the method of Tjuran and Konanova.
б) Climatic conditions
In Table 1, data for temperature conditions in Bitola part of Pelagonija
are given, out of which it can be seen that they give opportunity for
successfull cultivation of wheat varieties with different length of vegetation
period.
Tab.1 Climatic conditions
R
R
R
R
Months
IX
X
XI
XII
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
Total
R
R
Rainfalls
in mm
2009/2010
53, 1
134, 0
70, 2
101, 1
52, 4
118, 2
77, 3
55, 2
82, 4
43, 2
787, 1
Year
Average monthly
air temperature ˚C
2009/2010
17, 9
11, 7
7, 6
6, 6
2, 8
4, 2
7, 4
12, 0
16, 9
20, 9
Rainfalls in
mm
2010/2011
46, 3
142, 0
65, 3
79, 2
51, 2
29, 7
11, 7
14, 8
82, 7
31, 9
554, 8
Year
Average monthly
air temperature ˚C
2010/2011
16, 1
7, 7
10, 6
3, 6
0, 5
5, 4
6, 8
10, 9
14, 6
19, 9
71
HORIZONS
According to Jevtic (1986), in wheat regions in the Republic of Serbia
where precipitation amounts to 600 l/m2 during the vegetation, if the
coefficient of exploitation is 70% which means 420 l/m2, each year there are
farms with yield of 7000 kg/ha [2].
In Table 1, data on the total amount of rainfall during the vegetation of
wheat are given and it can be noticed that they meet the needs for normal
wheat development and achievement of high yields of this crop. In the first
experimental year the rainfalls are amounted to 787.1 mm, while in the
second year they lower to 554.8mm, which means 232.3mm less. If
precipitation in both experimental years by month during the vegetation is
analyzed, it could be noticed that the biggest differences are in February
(2010 - 118.2mm and 2011 - 29.7mm), March (2010 - 77.3mm and 2011 11.7mm) and in April (2010 - 55.2 mm and 2011 - 14.8mm).
In terms of the availability of soil moisture, should be taken the fact
that surfaces which were used for the experiment are in the vicinity of the
river Crna. Therefore, ground water in this locality are maintained constantly
at a high level, which of course affects the recharge of the water shortages.
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Tab. 2 Grain yield of the investigated wheat varieties
Num.
Genotype
1
Pobeda St.
2009/102010/11
Average
number
of
plants/m2
600
2009/10
2010/11
2009/10 2010/11
Average
yield
(kg/ha)
Index
%
Average
yield
(kg/ha)
Average
yield
(kg/ha)
4742
4582
4662
5050
**
5150
**
3500
5108
**
5243
**
3580
100,
00
109,
57
12, 46
2
Emese
610
3
Altana
600
4
Pesna
620
5166
**
5336
**
3660
5
Super
zitarka
Barbara
590
3500
3300
3400
72, 93
595
4350
4150
4250
91, 16
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LSD 0, 05 = 295 kg; LSD 0, 01 = 465 kg
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In Table 2, data for grain yield of the six wheat varieties are presented.
Variety Pobeda (St) which was used as a standard achieved average
yield of grains of 4662kg/ha.
Compared with the standard, higher yield reached varieties Altana
(5243 kg/ha) with 12.46% and Emese (5108 kg/ha) with 9.57%. The
remaining varieties had lower yield than Pobeda, variety Barbara with 4250
kg/ha, Pesna with 3580 kg/ha and Super zitarka with 3400 kg/ha, realized
91.16%, 76.79% and 72.93% (consequently) of the yield of the standard.
Chart 1, concisely presents the data from Table 2, the average grain
yield of the investigated wheat varieties.
Average yield of grain in kg/ha
6000
5000
4000
4662
5108
5243
4250
3580
3400
3000
Barbara
Super zitarka
Pesna
2000
Altana
1000
Emese
0
Pobeda (St.)
Pobeda Emese Altana Pesna Super Barbara
(St.)
zitarka
Chart 1. Average grain yield of the investigated wheat varieties
From the obtained results it can be concluded that all investigated
varieties expressed high yield, especially considering that they were
cultivated without irrigation and that they could be successfuly grown in
Bitola part of Pelagonija. Compared with the standard, higher yield varieties
Altana (5243 kg/ha) with 12.46% and Emese (5108 kg/ha) with 9.57%.
73
HORIZONS
CONCLUSION
Based on the two years study of the genetic potential for grain yield of
six soft winter wheat varieties in Bitola part of Pelagonija, following
conclusions can be drawn:
Out of the six investigated wheat varieties, the highest values were
achieved by variety Altana with average yield of 5243 kg/ha, followed by
variety Emese with average yield of 5108 kg/ha, the variety Pobeda which
was taken as St, with an average yield of 4662 kg/ha, variety Barbara with
an average yield of 4250 kg/ha, variety Pesna, with an average yield of 3580
kg/ha and the lowest yield by variety Super zitarka with an average yield of
3400 kg/ha.
Tested wheat varieties, cultivated without irrigation in Bitola part of
Pelagonija reached high yield grain and can be successfuly grown in Bitola
part of Pelagonija and elsewhere in the Republic of Macedonia.
REFERENCES
1. Filipovski G. (1971): The soils of Pelagonija (manuscript), Skopje.
2. Jevtic S. (1986): Wheat, Scientific Paper. Belgrade.
3. Grain yield of wheat in macro-exams 2010, Agriculture Institute, Novi
Sad. from web site:www. Nsseme.com/.
4. Andrijana Eded, Z. Loncaric, D. Horvat, K. Skala (2010): Visualization
of quantitative traits of winter wheat diagram of parallel coordinates.
Agriculture. Vol.16 (2): 14-19, December 2010.
5. Agricultural Researsh Institute of the Hungarian Academy of sciences,
from web site:
wheat.pw.usda.gov/ggpages/awn/53/Textfile/HUNGARY.html.
udc 613.25:616.1
TARGETED “LIFESTYLE” INTERVENTION
PROGRAMMES TO REDUCE CARDIOMETABOLIC
RISK AT ABDOMINAL OBESE INDIVIDUALS 9
FP
Vera Pande Simovska - Jarevska
University “St. Clement of Ohrid”, Bitola
Faculty of Technology and Technical Sciences, Veles
Krste Misirkov bb, Skopje
”
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Public Health Institutions-Skopje”, Skopje
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[email protected]
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ABSTRACT
Obesity and cardiovascular disease (CVD) can be considered as
diseases as a result of unhealthy diet and physical inactivity. The aim of our
programmes was to develop a model of efficient intervention intended for
high-risk individuals with abdominal fat distribution and increased risk for
CVD and diabetes mellitus (T2DM). According to the protocol of work, all
tested at the programme four groups of changeable variables were followed
and calculation indexes were made. Analysed were 15 anthropometrics, 13
functional, 12 laboratory and 2 ergonomic variables in order to predict the
energetic consumption according to the level of the physical activity.
Research results confirm a significant therapeutic efficiency of the
recommended program of physical activity in combination with a suitable
diet therapy prescribe the possibilities for therapy and prevention of obesity
connected with increased risk for CVD and T2DM at people with abdominal
fat distribution.
Key words: abdominal obesity, diet therapy, physical activity,
cardiovascular risk, type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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75
HORIZONS
INTRODUCTION
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is national health priorities in
Macedonia. Primary prevention relating to health and lifestyle is generally
the same for CVD and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Obesity is a serious
public health problem and a significant risk factor for development of main
noncommunicable (NCD), in the world and in Macedonia as well.
Abdominal obesity is the most important single risk factor (RF) for CVD
and T2DM. In general, obesity, CVD and T2DM can be considered as a
disease as a result of unhealthy diet and physical inactivity. Lifestyle
intervention is beneficial especially in abdominal obese individuals to reduce
morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular and metabolic disease (1).
Cardiometabolic risk means global CVD and diabetes (T2DM) risk.
AIM
The aim of our programmes was to develop a model of efficient
intervention intended for high-risk individuals with abdominal fat
distribution and associated risk factors (RF) for arteriosclerosis and
metabolic complications that is for people with increased risk for
development of CVD and T2DM.
OBJECTIVES
Within the randomised controlled trial at a group of abdominal obese
individuals with presence risk factors (RF) for arteriosclerosis, CVD and
T2DM chosen according to a previously given criteria, we suggest the
following two types of programmes to be applied:
I – a combined therapeutic programme composed of individually dosed,
programmed PA and moderate hypo energetic (reduction) diets with a low
atherogenic potential and low glycaemic index (GI);
II – low fat, low GI, moderate hypo energetic (reduction) diets.
The programme’s objectives are as follows:
1. To examine the influence of the suggested preventive-therapeutic
programmes on the basis of a follow up of the intensity of the dynamics and
the course of changes of certain anthropometrical variables and indexes for
evaluation of the obesity degree and the abdominal distribution of the fat, the
functional variables for estimation of the cardio respiratory capacities and
the laboratory variables – indicators for glycoregulation and the metabolism
of the lipids;
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2. To estimate the risk for diabetes and arteriosclerosis on the basis of
determination of the dynamics of changes in the index circumference of the
waist/hip ratio (WHR), indexes of the arteriosclerosis: LDL-C/HDL-C,
TC/HDL-C, the fasting plasma glucose concentration (FPG), as well as the
HbA1c, and at the same time estimating the efficiency of the suggested
programmes;
3. To suggest a prognostic index by which the beneficial effects of the
preventive and therapeutic programmes shall be provided, chosen on the
basis of morphologic and functional characteristics of the fat tested with
abdominal distribution of fat and associated risk factors for arteriosclerosis;
4. To propose a method of programming of the physical activities on the
basis of the common biological suppositions (sex, age, level of aerobic
capacities), characteristics of the hypo kinesis and the obesity degree, in
accordance with a suggested diet therapeutic programme.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
In this randomised controlled trial the total number of 82 tested
individuals from the adult population, an equal number of men and women
were selected. Chosen in accordance with the previously given criteria, 42
were obese individuals with abdominal distribution of fat (abdominal
obesity) and some RF for arteriosclerosis and T2DM that is for people with
increased cardiometabolic risk for the development of CVD and T2DM
were present (2). According to the applied type of the therapeutic
programme, they were divided into two experimental groups:
I–group FAD (n=20), which applied a combined preventive-therapeutic
programme, performed into two phases, out of which the first one was done
within a one-month period;
II–group D (n=22), which applied a diet therapeutic programme, also in two
phases, but as a unique therapeutic procedure;
Group K (n=40), a control group of healthy tested individuals.
According to the protocol of work and the originally made health record
card, all tested at the programme four groups of changeable variables were
followed and calculation indexes were made, as well as examinations of the
demographic characteristics.
Analysed: 15 anthropometrics, 13 functional, 12 laboratory and 2 ergonomic
variables in order to predict the basic metabolic rate and energetic
consumption according to the level of the physical activity.
After the selection of an adequate preventive-therapeutic programme, the
tested people are followed within the period of 47.19±16.22 days. The
77
HORIZONS
results gained regarding the reduction of the weight (g/day) are shown at the
initial and final phase of the programme, but also after the 30.05±6.27 days.
For the processing of the gained data, descriptive and the following analytic
statistic methods are applied: Student’s t-test, Pearson X2 and the MannWhitney test, Ann’s, Mann’s, discrimination analysis “step by step” and the
logistic regression where the regression coefficient was interpreted in terms
of the relative risk (“RR”). The data from this programme was processed by
application of the software package SPSS of the Kuopio University.
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Experimental model:
Significantly higher therapeutic effects of the suggested combined
programme are based on the synergic effect of the individually dosed,
programmed physical activity and the diet therapy applied at obese
individuals with abdominal fat distribution (abdominal obesity) and present
RF for arteriosclerosis and T2DM in regard to the effects of the diet therapy,
applied as the only therapeutic procedure. For this purpose, the following
programmes were suggested (3):
1. The diet therapy programme in the first phase of the programme was
prepared so that it had a character of “a temporary” reduction diet with an
energetic value of 1200 kcal, a specific relation among certain fat acids
(SFA, MUFA, PUFA), low atherogenic potential (AHA, EAS), low GI and
vitamin-mineral supplementation. The second phase of the programme was
the increased energetic value of the diet therapy for 200 kcal per day
(Figure-1).
Figure-1: Basic food groups in daily meals in the I-st and the II-nd phases
of diet therapy.
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2. The physical activity programme, with individually dosed loading
intensity which is >50%HRMax reserve (Heart rate maximum reserveHRmax reserve) in the first phase and >60%HRMax reserve in the second
phase was prepared on the basis of the initial level of aerobic capacity
(VO 2 max) of the obese individuals.
Method for programming PA (Figure-2):
A. Basic criteria for distribution of the tested patients into programme
groups on different physical activity levels (“PALs”) is in accordance to the
initial level of the VO 2 max, expressed into metabolic equivalents (METT).
B. The choice of the type of the physical activity is made in relation to the
energetic cost, expressed in METT, which is in accordance to the initial level
of the aerobic capacities of each tested individual.
C. The level of intensity in the appropriate “PALs” groups is 50% of the
initial values of the VO 2 max.
D. The suggested method is based on the classification of the VO 2 max of the
WHO, 1973.
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Figure-2: Pyramid “Physical Activity and Health”.
79
HORIZONS
An estimation of the efficiency of the preventive-therapeutic programmes
could be made by following the dynamics of changes of certain indicators of
the situation of the glycoregulation and the metabolism of the lipids, as well
as by following certain anthropometrical and functional indicators of the
cardio respiratory capabilities of the obese individuals.
A criterion for estimation of the efficiency of the programmed physical
activity is the significantly higher reduction of the tested RF and the risk for
arteriosclerosis and T2DM associated with abdominal obesity.
We suggested four groups to be formed through modelling of the
programme of the physical activity whose energetic value corresponds to the
individual abilities of each individual tested. Programmed physical activities
should be applied 30 min/5-6 times a week, or 60 min/3 times a week.
The aim of the selected physical activities though the modelling of this
programme is to encourage specific biological changes, which are connected
with the increased maximal oxygen consumption (VO 2 max) in individuals
with abdominal obesity and present RF for arteriosclerosis and T2DM.
At the same time, estimation was made for:
1) The morphologic status and the structural components;
2) Functional capabilities of the cardio respiratory system;
3) The metabolism of the lipids and the glycoregulation;
4) Indexes for arteriosclerosis;
5) Basal metabolic rate and the consumption during the physical strain.
Both experimental and control groups have been included in the statistical
analysis and examined in the initial and final phase.
In order to determine the dynamic changes of certain variables during the
application of the programmes that functions from the initial to the final time
phase, we made an analysis, observing the time changes as well. Except for
this conclusion in terms of time changes, the direction of changes in both
experimental groups is analysed, upon which the behaviour between the two
groups is determined. We put into three parts the dynamic changes of all
variables and indexes observed, as well as those analysed according to the
type of the applied preventive-therapeutic programme, according to which
the intensity and the direction of changes are determined.
In order to determine the favourable effects of the programmed PA, analysis
on the type of behaviour among the groups during the programme is made,
that uses the statistical method MANOVA.
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RESULTS
Significantly more intensive dynamic changes are determined in the
following variables and indexes in the FAD group, comparing it with group
D (Graph-1 and graph-2):
- Higher reduction of body weight in the first phase and the whole period of
the programme;
- Higher reduction of the total body fat (%F), the lean body mass (LBM kg)
and abdominal accumulated fat tissue (WHR);
- Decrease of the basal metabolic rate (BMR);
- Decrease of the arteriosclerosis risk (LDL-C/HDL-C and TC/HDL-C);
- Increase of the level of the HDL-C for the difference of the D group, in
which a significant decrease regarding the initial values appeared;
- Increase of the maximal oxygen consumption (VO 2 max) which is 17.16%
in relation to the initial values;
- Increase of the VO 2 max for 14.83% in relation to the expected average
value (OPV), so that after the finalization of the programme 101.18% of the
OPV of the VO 2 max are confirmed;
- Decrease of the number of tested individuals with under average aerobic
abilities for 30%, out of which in the final phase of the programme 80% of
the tested in the FAD group had normal and above average abilities of the
aerobic capacity;
- The tested had a significantly lower average value of the systolic blood
pressure in still position in the FAD group, compared to the D group;
- Significantly lower average value of the fasting plasma glucose
concentration (FPG), as well as in the HbA1c.
Graph-1: Significant changes in the level of VO 2 max and “major” RF for
CVD and T2DM between; FAD (physical activity and diet) and D (diet)
groups.
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HORIZONS
Graph-2.
Descriptive characteristics of the fasting plasma glucose
concentration (FPG) from initial to final phase in gr. FAD and gr. D and
MANOVA:
Prognostic index of the therapeutic effect
By application of the methods of logistic regression we predict the
regression, that is the possible variables (factors) significant for the selection
of an adequate therapeutic programmes and success in the treatment of the
abdominal obesity and the increased RF for appearance of arteriosclerosis,
CVD and T2DM on the basis of 50 variables included as regressors.
The first model of the logistic regression is shown in the form of the
following equation, and in relation with the value of the exponent β
determines the distribution of the patients into one of the experimental
groups, formed in accordance with the type of the programme in order to
achieve a maximal therapeutic effect.
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ln “RR”=108,2588–1,7689 x DKN-B in+1,7087 x BMI in+0,3993 x Hb in –
2,9423 x VO2max–OPV–10,5402 x WHO in +0,0770 x 50% kcal/h
As a result a prediction of 94.87% is achieved.
The second model of the logistic regression expresses the essence of the
treatment, which is that the group of the patients included in the physical
activity programme increase the level of the protective HDL-C.
ln “RR”=11.8347 - 10.545 x HDL-C fin.
The results of the examination of the RF’s for CVD, T2DM and
arteriosclerosis point out the significance of the discovery of these variables
in order the same to be followed up and division of the groups of the patients
as risky because of the possibilities for development of health complications
and diseases.
The achieved results were compared with numerous data from the
contemporary literature, among which is also quoted the Meta analysis made
in 700 scientific studies carried out within the last 25 years, regarding the
testing of the effects of the non-pharmaceutical therapeutic treatments of the
obesity (4).
CONCLUSION
Research results confirm a significant therapeutic efficiency of the
recommended program of physical activity in combination with a suitable
diet therapy prescribe the possibilities for therapy and prevention of:
1) Obesity connected with expression of certain RF for arteriosclerosis and
the consequential development of the process of arteriosclerosis;
2) Metabolic complications combined with insulin resistance that increase
the цардиометаболиц risk of the appearance of CVD and T2DM at people
with increased abdominal fat distribution.
As a reply to the given targets of the future researches in this field, suggested
by the WHO, the results from our programme have wider international
importance.
REFERENCES
1. Simovska V.: Effects of diet therapy and programmed physical activity on
obesity and it’s complications. Ed. ISBN 978-608-200-025-1, Menora,
Skopje. 2008.
2. Alberti,K.G.M.M. et all. International Diabetes Federation: a consensus
on Type 2 diabetes prevention. Diabetic Medicine. 2007; 24:451-463.
3. Simovska-Jarevska V., Vidin-Jarevska M.: A proposal-a measure in the
modern concept of type 2 diabetes prevention focused on macronutrient
content of diet and increasing cardio respiratory fitness at high-risk obese
subjects.
5th World Congress on Prevention of Diabetes and its Complications (WCPD
2008), June 1-4, 2008, Helsinki, Finland, Abstract Book 2008:44-45.
http://posters.f1000.com/p882
4. Puska P. at all.: North Karelia Project - 20 Years Results and
Experiences. Ed. Helsinki, National Public Health Institute of Finland 1995.
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HORIZONS
udc 613.84:316.612(497.774)
SOCIO-MEDICAL ASPECTS OF SMOKING TO
EXAMINED POPULATION IN BITOLA 10
FP
Lenche Mirchevska
University “St. Kliment Ohridski” - Bitola
Higher Medical School - Bitola
ul. Vasko Karangelevski, bb
[email protected]
HT
T
Snezhana Mojsoska
University “St. Kliment Ohridski” - Bitola
Faculty of Security -Skopje
INTRODUCTION
Today it is estimated that smoking is one of the most conditions which
are affecting health, with many implications for the health and the human
life. And besides existing of enough information about the smoking, harmful
effects of the smoking to the health of peoples (especially the young),
however thay themselves choose to enjoy to smoke tobacco cigarettes, trying
it to become universally accepted norms of behavior.
The results of many scientific researches in the world
show emphasizing of the desire for special status in the middle of
emancipation (women who smoke), or proof of masculinity (in male
smokers). In medical circles, the smoking to reckon as disease of addiction
and it is cause for manu diseases.
BASIC TERMS, DEFINITIONS AND SMOKING OF TOBACCO
The smoking as definition is smoke inhalation, mainly from burning
which it leaves in the tobacco, the cigarettes, the pipe tobacco and other
smoking products. Pasive expose to smoke or chemicals in tobacco smoke to
persons who are not smokers. (1) In some references can be found many
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HORIZONS
kinds of smoking addiction, as: physical, mental, withdrawal syndrome,
etc. (2) Tobacco products are produced from tobacco leaves that are
processed and used for smoking, chewing, and snorting (cigarettes, joints,
cigars). Nicotine is an alkaloid found in tobacco, which in small quantities is
highly stimulating, and in the much quantities to work with paralizing of the
brain. (3)
ETIOLOGY AND EPIDEMIOLOGY OF SMOKING
The etiology of smoking is multifactorial and multidimensional
phenomenon with a significant role: a variety of cultural features, poor
socio-economic conditions of life (unemployment, low education, low
income, property in the family), social isolation, inadequate ways of
promotion and education, problems in the personality and character traits of
personality (low intellectual capacity, innate disabilities, introverted
personality, etc.), than present family problems, etc. From an
epidemiological aspect, to the smoking are responsibles: causer, vector and
host, and therefore there is need multidisciplinary approach to addressing of
this significant problem.
SOCIAL AND HEALTH ASPECTS OF SMOKING
Sociopathy phenomenon is characterized by individual or group
antisocial behavior of certain groups, which is part of society. (4) That
smoking is not so distinct, because smokers do not require membership in a
group, as what is the case with the producers of drugs of alcohol. Usually,
the health consequences of smoking are occureing after 15 years of active
smoking. (1) In our middle the most diseases are: to the cardiovascular
system, to the respiratory system, to the nervous system, skin aging, changes
in the fetal maternal smoking and like diseases. It is estimated that by 2020
year, the smoking will be one of the three leading causes of death in the
adults. (1) Frequently, causes of death in R. Macedonia are related to
smoking are: chronic bronchitis, asthma, obstructive lung disease, high
blood pressure, arteriosclerosis, heart disease and cancer. Some authors are
estimated that at least one in four smokers dies after 20 years of smoking, or
at least one in two smokers dies after 40 years active smoking.
OBJECTIVES
The purpose of this study was to analyze the group of examined
persons: smokers / non-smokers and social environment in Bitola, the
confirmation or exclusion of the 3 types of goals: knowledge - showing of
socio-economic aspects to smoking among the population in Bitola, the
utility - survey conducted in Bitola have to be in the function of
inplementation and control to the measures against smoking on the level of
local administration and implementation of the measures to prevent of
smoking and also health education to smokers, and to make comparative
analysis with other results from domestic sources and foreign research
results, to realization of goals of this work.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
In this work is used indirect method with a structured review and
analysis of the survey datas, using statistical methods (relative numbers,
student t-table of proportions, X²-test, linear trend). Research was conducted
on 100 pupils and students on age of 15-24 years, which was conducted
in the months: March, April, May 2012 year. The examined peoples in the
sample were divided into 3 groups: respondents who smoke - smokers,
participants who do not smoke – non-smokers, subjects who smoke
cigarettes occasionally. In these groups, the questionnaire contains 18
questions, covering the modalities for sex and age structure, educational
attainment of parents, presence of smoking in the family, the attitudes of the
young peoples about the law of smoking, leisure time their relationship to
smoking cessation, the position with regard to the existence of health
problems associated with smoking. This study will analyze the parts to
answers of the questions in the survey.
87
HORIZONS
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The analysis of results in this research are showed the following:
Table no. 1. Structure of examined persons by age and sex
Gender
Age
Total
Boys
Girls
бр.
%
бр.
%
бр.
%
to 15 year
16 - 18 year
8
14,8
5
10,8
13
13,0
10
18,5
14
30,5
24
24,0
19 - 21 year
24
44,4
18
39,2
42
42,0
22 - 24 year
12
22,3
9
19,5
21
21,0
Total
54
100,0
46
100,00
100
100,0
The table shows that men are more respondents (54%), while 46 % are
girls. The most age for men is 19-21 years.(44.4%), and to girls 39.2%). The
structure of the sample is different, young school children to 18 years (37%)
and the young students of 25 years (63%).
Figure no. 1. Structure of respondents by gender in relation to smoking
The figure no. 1 shows that of 100 respondents were mainly smokers
58%, compared to 42% for non-smokers. 58 subjects, who said that the
smoke, the fact that the most, 32 or 55.1% confirmed that smoke regularly,
and if we add the percentage of those who reported occasional smoking 39.6
%, the incidence and prevalence of young smokers in Bitola can to say that
is pretty big. The results are showed that the smokers are reported 58% of
the total number of participants who are 32 men or 55.2%, while the girls are
reported that they smoke about 26 or 44.8 %. As non-smokers from the total
number of participants are reported about 42 % and thay are most girls
(47.6%). The difference between the proportions of smoking in both groups
is significant and is due to differences in gender (t=1.04, p>0.05).
Table no. 2. Incidence of smoking in the family
Yes
number
56
Total
number
%
100
100,0
No
%
56
number
44
%
44
Parents have a major influence in deciding whether their children will
smoke by their personal example. There are examples which show that if the
both parents smoke, their children are likely to become smokers is quite
large. A large percentage of parents who smoke in our study (56%), explains
the higher percentage of smokers opposite in relation with non-smokers
(58%): (42%).
Table no. 3. Structure of the respondents smokers / non-smokers by
education of the father
Education
of father
Without
education
Primary
school
Secundary
education
Higher and
faculty
Total
Smokers
Non-smokers
Total
No.
%
No.
%
No.
%
4
8,3
0
0,0
4
4,0
6
12,5
5
9,6
11
11,0
26
54,2
21
53,8
47
47,0
22
58
25,0
100,0
16
42
36,6
100,0
38
100
38,0
100,0
The research results in table no. 3 are showed that in smokers (54.2%)
and non-smokers (53.8%), the largest percentage of the presence of the
father education is with secondary education. There is not association
between father's education level and smoking status (X2=7,815, p>0.05).
89
HORIZONS
Table no. 4. Structure of the respondents smokers / non-smokers by education
of the mother
Education
of the
mother
Without
education
Smokers
Non-smokers
Total
Number
%
Number
%
Number
%
7
12,0
2
4,9
9
9,0
Primary
school
5
8,7
10
23,8
15
15,0
Secundary
education
32
55,2
14
33,3
46
46,0
Higher and
faculty
14
24,1
16
38,0
30
30,0
Total
58
100,0
42
100,0
100
100,0
Smokers in most of the current maternal education (table no. 4)
secondary education is 55.2%, whereas destructive or higher school and
faculty education is 38.0%. The educational structure of the parents,
especially to the mother has great influence in the upbringing of children and
motivation to avoid smoking or rapid cessation among those who have
already tried a cigarette or thay are a permanent smokers. There is a
correlation between educational level and maternal smoking (Х2 = 9,299, p
< 0,05).
The results are showed that the highest rate of employment among
both parents to the children who are smokers (46.7%) and also among
children who are non-smokers. Characteristic is the fact that 10% of
respondents to provide information that the parents are unenployment. There
is need the further the researches to be directed towards of family income to
smokers, or how the smokers can to buy up cigarettes, when the both parents
do not work. The datas in the research showed that the use of leisure time of
young people to devote much of the remainder (48%), and then for other
tasks (23%) at the sport 19 %, while reading the book, at least (10%).
T
T
P
P
T
T
Table no. 5. First lighted cigarette by the age structure
Age
Total
to 15 years
16-18 years
19-21 years
22-24 years
No.
%
No.
%
No.
%
No.
%
No.
%
8
13,7
20
34,5
18
31,1
12
20,7
58
100,0
The table shows that in Bitola, the most smokers started with smoking
of its 16-th to 18-th year (34.5%). But the fact is characteristic of the
prevalence of youth smokers, who lighted the first cigarette at the age under
15 years (13.7%).
Figure no. 2. Linear trend of active smoking by age
The results of linear trend, is showing a positive association, i.e. with
increas the age, there are increasing to the numbers of active smokers.
Table no. 6. Structure of examined population by the number of smoked
cigarettes
Number of cigarettes smoked
<5
10
No.
%
6
10,4
No.
16
Total
20
> 20
%
No.
%
No.
%
No.
%
27,6
24
41,2
12
20,8
58
100,0
The most respondents to this question said that daily smoking from 11-20
cigarettes is present with 41.2%, but the problem is the fact that 12 of 58
respondents or 20.8% are smoking more than a pack in the day.
91
HORIZONS
Figure no. 3. Structure of respondents who observed the law of smoking
Positive thinking is a growing of percentage of respondents (81.0%)
who are responded affirmatively to the question: “Do you respect the law of
smoking in R. Macedonia". A very small percentage (5%), are answered hat
the do not respect.The girls in the question: “would you like to smoke
the cigarettes during pregnancy and lactation", 12% are responded that they
not believe about the harmful effects of smoking on the fetus and therefore
will not quit.Of 58 respondents, 37% of smokers said they intended to quit
smoking as a positive indicator, which refers to the fact that 43% do not
think about smoking, while 20% have no answer. On the question:,,whether
the smoking is harmful to the health"of 100 respondents, a high percentage
(87%) are responded ,,yes”, 4% ,,did not anser ",and 9%" did not
know". Smokers - respondents to the question, why smoke ", 35% responded
that they smoke to prove the opposite sex, habits, 19 percent, and 21% of
respondents said they smoked because of family problems, 12% for other
reasons, and 13% due to problems in the social environment.
Of the 100 respondents, the highest rate of 79.9 % is reported that
smoking did not cause to the health problems, while 20.1% said they had
health problems are associated with smoking (known wheezing, frequent
cough, bronchitis, inflammation of the lining of the mouth, nose and eyes,
etc..). If you calculate how much smoking costs for those who are heavy
smokers (smoking more expensive about two boxes of cigarettes a day, for
50 years smoking experience) will determine that it is almost lost own
apartment.
CONCLUSION
Today, despite the successful implementation of action programs against
smoking, it is rapidly increasing, especially among young people.
The research results suggest to the following:
- respondents men more smoke than females (55,2:44,8%);
- the majority of respondents are on to age of 16-18 years (43.2%);
- most respondents are answered that to use the free time for rest (48%),
by other activities 23% (caffe-house, surf on the internet, feisbuk etc.) vices
to use their free time in reading books, sports, walks in nature, and like
ativities. A higher percentage of the smokers in Bitola are respecting a law
of smoking (81%). The spending of money to buy cigarettes is quite big. To
concern is the fact that the young girls do not consider the smoking as a risk
factor in the pregnancy and lactation. A large percentage of young people
(43%) do not want to stop with smoking.Numerous studies in Europe and in
the world showed the presence of young smokers and the risk of the
consequences, associated with the smoking. According to a study in England
(2008), one third of students (32%) are tried to smok once a week, while 6%
were regular smokers. Tge girls are more common (11%) than boys
(8%). About two-thirds (69%) of peoples of aged over 16 years in England
in 2008/2009 smoke in their homes, while 81% smoke in public
places. Around 83 900 deaths (it is 18% of all deaths in the age of 35 years
in England in 2008.) There are estimated that cause is the smoking.
According to the National Survey to reducing of smoking rates among
youth in America, there is an increased risk of diseases associated with the
smoking. In many cases the smoking of one or more cigarettes per day,
increase from 68.8 % in 1998 year, at 81.8 % in 2009 year. (5, 6)
The measures to prevent and fight against smoking are related to use of:
the causal measures, symptomatic measures, promotional measures, prevent
of complications and the consequences of the smoking. Special programs are
needed for smoking cessation (psychotherapy and therapeutic treatments,
individual or groups counseling with a psychologist or application of
techniques which are various and to intend for termination).
93
HORIZONS
REFERENCES
1. Malinska P. Social dimensions of smoking among the youth. Institute for
Sociological, Political and Justice Researches in Skopje, Ph.D. Thesis,
Skopje, 2007:17
2. Zakoska M. Smoking been legal, truth and deception, Tetovo, 2001:86
3.Yugoslav Lexicography Office. Medical Encyclopedy 1970, Zagreb 1979:
2-34.
4. Jakovljevic V. Introduction between social patology. Health Books,
Belgrade, 1971:33
5. Centers for diseases, Control and Prevention. National Center for Chronic
Disease, Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health,
Department of Health and Human Services.Smoking and Tobacco-Use Fact
Sheet: Health effects of smoking.Updated January 2008. Available at:
http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/health_effects/effects
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6. Centers for Diseases, Control and Prevention. National Center for Chronic
Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office of Smoking and Health,
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Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/chronicdisease/resources/publications/aag
7. Available at: http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/NN/B/B/C/T/.
8. Arnaudovski Lj. Lectures in social pathology. Skopje, 1982
9. BBC News. ,,Health,| Smoking ban proposed for England”. 11/16/2004.
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10. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic
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11. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Center for Chronic
Diseases, Prevention and Health Promotion, Office of Smoking and Health.
Department of Health and Human Services. Smoking and tobacco use, Fast
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12. Belluzzi JD, Wang R, Leslie FM. Acetaldehyde enhances acquisition of
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13. Buka SL, Shenassa ED, Niaura R. Elevated risk of tobacco dependence
among offspring of mothers who smoked during pregnancy: A 30-year
prospective study. AmJ Psychiatry 160:1978-1984, 2003
HT
94 TH
14. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic
Department of Health and Human Services, smoking and tobacco use-flyer:
passive smoking causes heart disease. Updated May 2007.Available at:
http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/secondhand_smoke/h
ealth_effects/ ~ ~ HEAD = number of wins hearts.
95

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