FTA Implementation Assessment - revised final report

Transcription

"Financial Transparency &
Accountability Implementation
Assessment Report‖
Revised Final
Selam Development Consultants
P.O.Box 27419 code 1000
Tel. 251-115-536488, Fax 251-115-536489
Email: [email protected]
Addis Ababa
Addis Ababa
September, 2013
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Contents
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ACRONYMS........................................................................................................................................................ E
ACRONYMS........................................................................................................................................................ E
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...................................................................................................................................I
1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................ 1
2. OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF SERVICES ................................................................................................ 2
2.1 OBJECTIVES OF THE ASSIGNMENT ................................................................................................................. 2
2.2 SCOPE OF THE ASSIGNMENT .......................................................................................................................... 2
2.3 EXPECTED OUTPUTS ..................................................................................................................................... 3
3. SURVEY METHODOLOGY .......................................................................................................................... 4
3.1 PRIMARY DATA ............................................................................................................................................. 4
3.1.1 Calculation of the Household Sample Size of the Study ...................................................................... 4
3.2.2 KII and FGD surveys ........................................................................................................................... 7
3.2.3 Supply Side Survey and Best/worst case documentation ..................................................................... 7
3.2 SECONDARY DATA ........................................................................................................................................ 8
3.3 DATABASE DEVELOPMENT AND DATA ANALYSIS......................................................................................... 8
4. OVERVIEW OF FTA ...................................................................................................................................... 9
5. INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE ON FTA ............................................................................................. 15
6. SURVEY FINDINGS ON FTA ..................................................................................................................... 22
6.1. HOUSEHOLD SURVEY RESULTS .................................................................................................................. 22
6.1.1. Demographic and Household Information ........................................................................................ 22
6.1.2. General Civic Engagement ................................................................................................................ 27
6.1.2.1. Information access ........................................................................................................................................ 27
6.1.2.2. Frequency of information flow ..................................................................................................................... 28
6.1.3 Citizens’ Training and Awareness Creation on FTA .......................................................................... 31
6.1.3.1 Training ......................................................................................................................................................... 31
6.1.3.1 Posting of FTA Templates ............................................................................................................................. 34
6.1.4. Citizen's Perception of Coverage, Quality and Efficiency of core Services ....................................... 38
6.1.4.1 General .......................................................................................................................................................... 38
6.1.4.2. General Perception of Services ..................................................................................................................... 38
6.1.4.3 Health Services .............................................................................................................................................. 39
6.1.4.4 Education Services ........................................................................................................................................ 41
6.1.4.5 Agricultural Extension Services .................................................................................................................... 42
6.1.4.6 Water Services ............................................................................................................................................... 43
6.1.4.7. Solid Waste Services .................................................................................................................................... 44
6.1.5 Citizen's Understanding of Public Budget Process. ............................................................................ 45
6.1.6. Citizen's Engagement and Consultation ............................................................................................ 57
6.2 KEY INFORMANTS INTERVIEW (KII) RESULTS ............................................................................................ 65
6.2.1. Profile of KII Respondents ................................................................................................................. 65
6.2.2. Perceptions about institutional Setup for FTA ................................................................................... 66
6.2.3. Participation & Consensus Building ................................................................................................. 69
6.2.4. Responsiveness................................................................................................................................... 73
6.2.5. Transparency ..................................................................................................................................... 74
6.2.6. Accountability .................................................................................................................................... 76
6.2.7. Service Delivery ................................................................................................................................. 80
6.3 SUMMARY OF FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSIONS ................................................................................................. 83
6.4 SUPPLY SIDE (WOFED/COFEDS) SURVEY RESULTS .................................................................................. 85
7. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ........................................................................................ 91
ANNEXES ......................................................................................................................................................... 99
Ministry of Finance and Economic Development - - Financial Transparency and Accountability Implementation Assessment
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LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES
FIG. 1. NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS BY AREA OF RESIDENCE AND SEX. ...................................... 22
TABLE 6.1. AVERAGE HH SIZE BY REGIONAL STATES. ..................................................................... 23
TABLE 6.2. PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS BY AGE GROUP .......................... 23
TABLE 6.3 PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS BY HIGHEST EDUCATION
LEVEL ACHIEVED. .................................................................................................................... 24
TABLE 6.4. PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS BY CURRENT OCCUPATION. .. 25
TABLE 6.5. PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF HHS BY INCOME LEVEL AND PERCEIVED
WEALTH CATEGORY. .............................................................................................................. 26
FIG. 2. DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS BY MONTHLY INCOME AND REGION ....................... 26
TABLE 6.6 – KNOWLEDGE OF CITIZENS ABOUT THEIR CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHT BY
RESIDENCE, SEX AND WEALTH ........................................................................................... 27
TABLE 6.7. FREQUENCY OF ACCESS TO NEWS BY CITIZENS. ......................................................... 28
TABLE 6.8. FREQUENCY OF DISCUSSION OF CURRENT EVENTS WITH FRIENDS BY REGION
(IN PERCENT).............................................................................................................................. 29
TABLE 6.10 FREQUENCY OF CITIZEN’S PARTICIPATION IN VARIOUS MEETINGS .................. 30
TABLE 6.11 PERCENTAGE OF RESPONDENTS TRAINED IN FTA BY REGION, SEX AND
RESIDENTIAL AREA ................................................................................................................. 31
TABLE 6.12 ORGANIZER OF TRAINING OR MEETING ........................................................................ 32
TABLE 6.13 TOPICS COVERED DURING FTA TRAINING ..................................................................... 32
TABLE 6.15 PERCENTAGE OF RESPONDENTS WHO RATED THE CONTRIBUTION OF FTA
TRAINING AS GOOD, VERY GOOD OR EXCELLENT. ..................................................... 33
TABLE 6.16. PERCENTAGE OF RESPONDENTS WHO BELIEVE THAT TRAINING HELPED
THEM TO BECOME ACTIVE AND HOLD ACCOUNTABLE LOCAL OFFICIALS. ...... 34
TABLE 6.17. PERCENTAGE OF RESPONDENTS WHO CONFIRMED HAVING SEEN POSTED
TEMPLATES ................................................................................................................................ 34
TABLE 6.18. RESPONDENTS WHO CONFIRMED ABOUT DISCUSSION AFTER SEEING POSTED
TEMPLATES ................................................................................................................................ 35
TABLE 6.19. INFORMATION POSTED AND SEEN BY SECTOR ........................................................... 35
TABLE 6.20. MEDIAS USED TO DISCLOSE BUDGET AND SERVICE INFORMATION. .................. 36
TABLE 6.22. ASSESSMENT OF EFFECTIVENESS OF THE MEDIAS USED TO ANNOUNCE
BUDGET AND SERVICE INFORMATION ............................................................................. 37
TABLE 6.23 BASELINE AND CURRENT STATUS OF SATISFACTION WITH SERVICES AND
QUALITY OF LIFE ..................................................................................................................... 38
TABLE 6.24 BASELINE AND CURRENT VALUES FOR HIGH PRIORITY SERVICES BY REGION
(IN PERCENT).............................................................................................................................. 39
TABLE 6.25 TYPE OF HEALTH FACILITY VISITED BY RESPONDENTS. ........................................ 39
TABLE 6.26 BASELINE AND CURRENT PERCENTAGE VALUES ABOUT DISSATISFACTION
WITH MEDICAL SERVICES BY REGION AND PERCENT OF RESPONDENTS WHO
DISAGREE OR DISAGREE STRONGLY ................................................................................ 40
TABLE 6.27. PERCENTAGE OF BASELINE AND CURRENT RESPONDENTS WHO REPORT
SCHOOL CONDITIONS AS GOOD OR VERY GOOD, BY CHARACTERISTICS AND
BY REGION .................................................................................................................................. 41
TABLE 6.28 WHETHER USED AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION SERVICES. ....................................... 42
TABLE 6.29. REASON CITED BY FARMERS NOT USING AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION
SERVICES. .................................................................................................................................... 42
TABLE 6.30. MAIN SOURCES OF WATER. ................................................................................................ 43
TABLE 6.31. PERCENTAGE OF RESPONSES ON WHO COLLECTS HOUSEHOLD SOLID WASTE
......................................................................................................................................................... 44
TABLE 6.32. RESPONSES ON HOW SERVICES ARE PAID FOR. .......................................................... 45
TABLE 6.35. OPINION OF RESPONDENTS ON WHERE THE WOREDA SHOULD SPEND ITS
MONEY TO BE EFFECTIVE..................................................................................................... 47
TABLE 6.36. RESPONDENTS WHO OBTAINED INFORMATION ABOUT SOURCE OF WOREDA
FINANCE AND ITS EXPENDITURE ........................................................................................ 48
TABLE 6.37. HOW ONE RECEIVES BUDGET INFORMATION. ............................................................ 48
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TABLE 6.38. HOW WELL RESPONDENTS KNEW ABOUT THEIR WOREDA'S BUDGET. ............. 49
TABLE 6.39. PERCENTAGE OF RESPONSES ABOUT HOW IMPORTANT IS TO KNOW THE
WOREDA OR CITY BUDGET ................................................................................................... 50
TABLE 6.40 WHETHER FUNDS AVAILABLE TO THE WOREDA ADMINISTRATION ARE
SUFFICIENT TO PAY FOR ALL THE SERVICES IT SHOULD PROVIDE ...................... 50
TABLE 6.41 IMPORTANCE OR USEFULNESS OF CITIZENS' OPINIONS AND PRIORITIES ARE
IN THE DECISIONS OF THE WOREDA ADMINISTRATION ON TO SPEND CITY
FUNDS. .......................................................................................................................................... 51
TABLE 6.42. WHAT THE WOREDA ADMINISTRATION SHOULD CONSIDER WHEN IT MAKES
DECISIONS ON HOW MUCH MONEY TO SPEND AND ON WHICH SERVICES (Q64)
......................................................................................................................................................... 52
TABLE 6.43. SERVICE THAT THE WOREDA ADMINISTRATION USES MOST OF ITS FUNDS. .. 52
TABLE 6.44. HOW WOREDA COUNCIL MEMBERS ARE CHOSEN. .................................................... 53
TABLE 6.45. HOW KEBELE (OR TABIA) COUNCIL MEMBERS ARE CHOSEN. ............................... 53
TABLE 6.46. HOW WOREDA COUNCIL CAN BE IN INFLUENCING DECISIONS. .......................... 54
TABLE 6.47. HOW KEBELE COUNCIL CAN BE IN INFLUENCING DECISION MAKING. ............. 55
TABLE 6.48. PERCEPTION OF CITIZENS ABOUT HOW THEIR COMMENTS ARE LISTENED BY
COUNCIL MEMBERS. ............................................................................................................... 56
TABLE 6.49. STATEMENTS THAT BEST DESCRIBES THE ROLE THE WOREDA COUNCIL
MAKES WITH REGARD TO THE BUDGET. ......................................................................... 56
TABLE 6.50. PERCENTAGE OF CITIZENS ASKED TO GIVE THEIR OPINION ABOUT THE
SERVICES THE WOREDA/CITY PROVIDES. ...................................................................... 57
TABLE 6.51. HOW CITIZENS WERE ASKED TO GIVE OPINION ABOUT SERVICES OFFERED. 58
TABLE 6.52. MODALITIES USED BY CITIZENS TO EXPRESS THEIR OPINION ABOUT
SERVICES TO WOREDAS OFFICIALS. ................................................................................. 58
TABLE 6.53. PERCENTAGE OF RESPONDENTS WHO ATTENDED A MEETING WITH WOREDA
OFFICIALS (LAST 12 MONTHS) ............................................................................................. 59
TABLE 6.54. ISSUES DISCUSSED AT MEETINGS ..................................................................................... 59
TABLE 6.55. THE INFLUENCE OF CITIZENS COMMENTS ON WOREDAS ADMINISTRATION. 61
TABLE 6.56. RESPONSE TO WHETHER A CITIZEN HAS EVER GOTTEN TOGETHER WITH
NEIGHBORS TO SELECT ONE OF THEM TO PARTICIPATE IN A MEETING WHERE
WOREDAS BUDGET IS TO BE DISCUSSED. ........................................................................ 61
TABLE 6.58. OTHER OPPORTUNITIES TO EXPRESS VIEWS OF CITIZENS. ................................... 62
TABLE 6.61: KII RESPONDENTS BY REGION AND RESIDENCE ........................................................ 65
FIG 3. PERCENT OF KII RESPONDENTS BY SEX AND REGIONAL STATES. .................................. 66
TABLE 6.62: KNOWLEDGE OF KII RESPONDENTS ABOUT EXISTENCE OF FTA TEAMS .......... 66
TABLE 6.63: ASSESSMENT OF APPROPRIATENESS OF ADMINISTRATIVE ARRANGEMENTS
......................................................................................................................................................... 67
TABLE 6.64. PERCEPTION OF KII RESPONDENTS ABOUT STAFFING LEVEL AND CAPACITY
OF STAFF ..................................................................................................................................... 67
TABLE 6.65: REASONS FOR POOR DELIVERY OF SERVICES DUE TO MANPOWER ................... 68
TABLE 6.67: MAJOR MEANS OF COMMUNICATION USED BY LOCAL ADMINISTRATIONS
FOR PUBLIC PARTICIPATION AND CONSENSUS BUILDING........................................ 69
TABLE 6.68: LIMITATIONS OF PUBLIC PARTICIPATION FORUMS ................................................. 69
TABLE 6.69: MECHANISMS EMPLOYED BY LOCAL ADMINISTRATIONS TO ENSURE PUBLIC
PARTICIPATION ........................................................................................................................ 70
TABLE 6.69: METHODS USE TO CREATE PUBLIC AWARENESS BY REGION ............................... 70
TABLE 6.70: RANKING OF THE PURPOSE, NATURE AND/OR OUTCOMES OF CITIZENS’
PARTICIPATION ........................................................................................................................ 71
FIG, 4 PARTICIPATION OF CSO IN BUDGET FORMULATION OF THEIR CITY OR WOREDA .. 72
TABLE 6.71: CITIZENS’ AND CSOS CHANCE OF BEING LISTENED BY LOCAL OFFICIALS ..... 73
FIG. 5: CHANCE OF CITIZENS’ AND CSOS SUGGESTIONS TO BE ACTED UPON ......................... 73
TABLE 6.72: TIMELINESS OF ACTIONS BY LOCAL OFFICALS TO SUGGESTIONS FROM
CITIZENS AND CSOS ................................................................................................................. 74
TABLE 6.73 EXPOSURE OF CSOS TO VARIOUS LOCAL GOVERNMENTS’ DOCUMENTS AND
INFORMATION ........................................................................................................................... 75
FIG. 6 AVAILABILITY OF COPIES OF CERTAIN ENABLING/EMPOWERING AND PERSONAL
DOCUMENTS ............................................................................................................................... 76
TABLE 6.74. EXISTENCE OF TRAINING TO CREATE AWARENESS ABOUT CITIZENS RIGHTS
AND PRIVILEGES ...................................................................................................................... 76
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TABLE 6.75: ACCOUNTABILITY MECHANISMS PRACTICED IN THE SURVEYED
JURISDICTIONS ......................................................................................................................... 77
TABLE 6.76: RANKING OF ACCOUNTABILITY MECHANISMS BY KII RESPONDENTS .............. 77
TABLE 6.77: FEELING OF RESPONDENTS ABOUT EXISTENCE OF ACCOUNTABILITY
SYSTEMS AND AVAILABILITY OF INFORMATION TO MAKE PUBLIC SERVANTS
ACCOUNTABLE .......................................................................................................................... 78
TABLE 6.78: AWARENESS OF CITIZENS AND CSOS ABOUT THEIR RIGHT TO HOLD
OFFICIALS ACCOUNTABLE BY REGION ........................................................................... 78
TABLE 6.79: LIKELIHOOD OF GETTING SATISFACTORY OUTCOME WHEN INDIVIDUAL
CITIZENS AND/OR CSOS RESORT TO RECOURSE AND REDRESS MECHANISMS . 79
TABLE 6.80 DOES THE PERFORMANCES OF SERVICE PROVIDERS TAKES INTO ACCOUNT
SYSTEMATICALLY COLLECTED VIEWS OF THE PUBLIC? ......................................... 79
TABLE 6.81: PERCENTAGE OF RESPONDENTS WHO CONFIRMED TO HAVE SEEN FTA
TEMPLATES ................................................................................................................................ 80
TABLE 6.82: POSTING OF FTA TEMPLATES BY SERVICE DELIVERY TYPE ................................. 80
FIG. 6: PERCENT OF TRAINED AND NON-TRAINED KII RESPONDENTS ON FTA TEMPLATES
BY REGION. ................................................................................................................................. 81
TABLE 6.83: PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS ABOUT USEFULNESS OF
TRAINING ABOUT FTA TEMPLATES. .................................................................................. 81
TABLE 6.84: YES, THERE WAS SOME SORT OF DISCUSSION BASED ON THE INFORMATION
POSTED BY REGION ................................................................................................................. 82
TABLE 6.85: PERCENTAGE OF RESPONSES ABOUT SUITABILITY OF ADMINISTRATIVE
ARRANGEMENTS FOR FTA .................................................................................................... 85
TABLE 6.86: AVERAGE NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES ASSIGNED FOR FTA BY REGION. ............... 86
TABLE 6.87: AVERAGE NUMBER OF PUBLIC MEETINGS ON FTA BY REGION. .......................... 86
TABLE 6.88 APPROACHES USED BY FTA TEAMS WITH A VIEW TO ENSURE A MORE
EFFECTIVE PARTICIPATION BY CITIZENS ...................................................................... 87
TABLE 6.89 USE OF MEDIA APART FROM FTA TEMPLATES BY FTA TEAMS .............................. 88
TABLE 6.90 PERCEIVED EFFECT OF FTA TEMPLATE POSTING BY FTA TEAMS ....................... 89
TABLE 6.91 FTA INFORMATION DISSEMINATION MEDIA USED BY FTA TEAMS ....................... 89
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Acronyms
ADB
African Development Bank
BLT
Budget Literacy Training
BoFED
Bureau of Finance and Economic Development (Regional)
COPCU
Channel One Programmes Coordination Unit
CRC
Citizen‘s Report Card Survey (Part of WCBS survey in Ethiopia)
CSA
Central Statistical Agency
CSO
Civil Society Organizations
DfID
Department for International Development
EA
Enumeration Area
EMCP
Expenditure Management and Control Group
FDRE
Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
FGD
Focus Group Discussion
FTA
Financial Transparency and Accountability
FTAPS
Financial Transparency and Accountability Perception Survey
GGP
Good Governance Package
GTP
Growth and Transformation Plan
KII
Key Informants Interview
MoFED
Ministry of Finance and Economic Development
NGO
Non Governmental Organizations
PBS
Protection of Basic Services
PFM
Public Finanace Management
SNNPRG
Southern Nation Nationalities and Peoples Regional Government
SPSS
Statistical Package for Social Sciences
TAG
(Donors’) Transparency and Accountability Group
TOR
Terms of Reference
UNDP
United Nations Development Program
WB
World Bank
WCBS
Woreda City Benchmarking Survey
WoFED
Woreda Finance and Economic Development Office
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Executive Summary
The first Financial Transparency and Accountability Perception Survey was conducted in
2009 and its findings showed that Citizens‘ awareness of the public budget is very low with
uncertainty about where budget decisions are made. The results further revealed that
Citizens‘ have very limited access to information despite having a strong interest in learning
about their local public budget and to see improvements in the delivery of basic services.
As a Result of FTAPS recommendations templates providing budget information rolled-out in
all of Ethiopia‘s regions, Budget Literacy Training has been provided to 171,017 citizens to
strengthen their understanding of the national budget process. Based on reviews and citizen
feedback, a package of complementary FTA tools were developed and utilized. Capacity
building efforts of Government counterparts and institutionalizing the FTA initiative in
Government systems helped to speed-up progress and resolved a number of earlier setbacks.
It was against this backdrop of facts that MoFED was encouraged to measure the progress
made towards achieving the objectives of the Financial Transparency and Accountability
component of the Protection of Basic Services programme. To make the assessment
representative, the sample size was set as 10 percent of all woredas and city governments of
the country which means a need to conduct survey in 97 jurisdictions in the nine regional
states and the two city administrations. Following this, for the household survey the sample
size was determined as 8,916 based on a statistical formula that ensured representative
sampling of rural woredas, urban centers, remote and non remote areas as well as male and
female respondents. To complement the household survey, six Key Informants Interviews
(KII) per jurisdiction and three (men, women and elders) Focus Groups Discussions (FGDs)
have also been carried out as part of the methodological approach to triangulate the results.
Furthermore, a separate questionnaire was prepared to assess the Woreda and City Finance
and Economic Development Offices to gather information on what FTA activities they were
undertaking and the problems faced by employees assigned in PFM teams. An in depth case
study has also been carried out by selecting the best and worst FTA woredas/cities in the four
larger regions, i.e., Amhara, Oromia, SNNP and Tigray.
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The most important conclusion is that all Woredas and City administrations across the country are
now posting information on their local budget and service delivery targets and accomplishments.
According to the Household survey results, 42.5% of the respondents have seen the FTA templates
posted in the jurisdictions while the KII and FGD results also point in the same direction. This is a
very reasonable achievement for the FTA initiative. However, the results also show that there is a
high variability among the regional states where the highest percentage of about 86% is recorded in
Benshangul-Gumuz and the lowest is recorded for Somali region with 3%. Hence, MoFED should
focus more on the regions showing below average performance in this regard.
The respondents who had ever seen budget information posted in their area, were asked further if
discussions had followed after having seen the budget and service delivery figures and pictures in the
templates. The results show that indeed there was some discussion among Citizens and their
respective woreda/City officials (37%) and among citizens themselves (26%). On the other hand, in
many FGDs, it was suggested that information posting alone is not a solution and it has to be a
starting point for public debate that enhances the accountability of those responsible for service
delivery. This trend should be strengthened to achieve the intended objectives of FTA.
With regard to dissemination of budget and service delivery information used in their respective
woredas/cities, the respondents have indicated that the FTA templates are not even the most popular
ones in disseminating budget information. In fact, public meetings are the most applied means of
communication with about 29% followed by the use of FTA templates with about 13%. These are
followed by use of brochures containing budget and service delivery information while the use of TV
and Radio broadcasting stand very low at about 6 and 9 percent, respectively.
The use of
Newspapers and Drama/Theatre or other artistic forms is not significant with about 3 and 1 percent of
the cases, respectively. It is also to be noted that close to 30% of the respondents did not know what
type of media is being used to disseminate budget and service delivery information.
The FTA templates may not be easily understood by local people due to the low level of literacy
particularly in the rural areas. Hence, training on how to interpret the FTA templates has been
considered to be vital to close the gap in this regard. With the Household survey results showing
about 19% of respondents who had a chance to receive FTA training it is all too clear that more is
needed in this area to make the initiative highly effective. In fact, the contribution of training to
citizens‘ understanding of Financial Transparency and Accountability issues is rated by the survey
respondents as extremely high and this finding justifies all the cost and effort put by BoFEDs and
their woreda and city counterparts to train their citizen‘s on FTA.
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As revealed in the many FGDs, the places where the FTA templates are posted are criticized as
inadequate. The reasons for criticism are among others the following: (a) They are placed inside
Government Offices and not publicly accessible points such as markets; (b) they are damaged after
few days due to rain or sunshine; (c) they are placed in notice boards cluttered with other information;
etc.
On the other hand, the Content of FTA training, as judged by the responses, has also been structured
in the intended way. In line with this, it is appreciated that the larger portion of the content that was
covered during the training sessions was Budget information or templates according to 39.45 percent
of the respondents followed by Accountability issues. Budget formulation and approval was also
covered as revealed by 26% of the responses. The duration of training according to the survey results
was on average 3 days while the minimum and maximum were reported as half a day and 7 days,
respectively.
During the survey, respondents were asked to suggest more innovative approaches and ideas so that
the Government can improve the FTA initiative and the Templates/Media used to convey Budget and
service delivery information. Most respondents have suggested the following as effective means of
information dissemination in their area:
 Use FM Radio More
 Use places such as Mosques, Churches, Idirs and Market Places to communicate through
loudspeaker because many illiterate people can understand
 Deploy and use more and bigger posting billboards with covers
 Use all public meetings to convey Budget and Service Delivery information
 Use the Elders to teach the community about FTA
The perception of quality of life has increased persitently across all regions. The baseline in 2009 was
that 62% percieved their quality of life as bad while the 2013 survey results show that this has
dwindled to 25% which means 75% of respondents appreciate their quality of life as average, high or
very high. This is happenning regardless of the percentage of repondents who reported dissatisfaction
with local services showing a growth from 45% in 2009 to 67% in 2013. The service areas that have
more compliants from respondents are Health and Water particulary their quality. Hence, it it
recommended that focus be given to these service areas to reverse this situation.
One of the critical issues that needed to be assessed was whether the survey respondents knew where
the woredas/cities secured finances and how they were spending them. In this regard, the survey
results show that on average about 29 percent of the respondents knew about these issues while the
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majority was uninformed about the matter. Compared to the 2009 FTAPS results, there is an increase
in the percentage of those respondents who knew about woreda finances from 9% to 29% which can
be attributed to the FTA initiative. Notwithstanding this, the regional differences in the percentages
are very wide with only 7.3 percent in Somali and as high as 64 percent in Benshangul-Gumuz region.
The four larger regions are not that much better than the average except the SNNP with 53 percent of
the respondents knowing where the woredas/cities secured finances and how they were spending
them.
On the other hand, asked about how well they know about their respective woreda/city budget, close
to 50% of the Citizens however did not have any budget knowledge and only 4% responded knowing
the budget very well which is not a good indicator. Those knowing the budget very well have
increased from 1% in 2009 to the current level. The people who do have little knowledge were 28.7%
and this followed the same trend whether it is in Woredas or City Governments. The importance of
budget knowledge by citizens is an undeniable fact as expressed by over 85% of the respondents in
both Woredas and City governments while only 2.5% indicated that it is not important.
Citizens engagement and consultation is very vital for any intervention planned by Government and
or development partners mainly targeting service provision. In the 2009 FTAPS survey only 6.3% of
the respondents confirmed the engagement between local government and its citizens while in 2013
the participation rate has increased to around 26% showing an improvement. Regarding the modes of
communication used by citizens to express opinion about Woredas Services to Woredas officials,
respondents revealed that the opinion of citizens about Woredas services was communicated to
woreda officials through a community meeting for over 70% of the cases. On the other hand, 30% of
the citizens have confirmed to have attended a meeting during the last 12 months where
representatives of the Woreda presented information about the actions of the Woredas administration
which has increased immensely from the 9.1% in 2009. However, it needs to be mentioned that in
many FGDs the participants were mentioning that after many of the discussions the complaints were
not followed by corrective actions by the local officials.
As per the results of the survey, Woreda and city officials had sought in the last 12 months citizens
views on budgetary issues as confirmed by about 37% of the respondents. Besides, the officials had
also sought the views of the people in the concerning the quality of any public services as revealed by
43% of the respondents. This trend should be strengthened if the FTA initiative is to achieve its
purpose.
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Page .1.
1. Introduction
In an effort to reduce poverty and enhance decentralized public service delivery to the poor, the
Government of Ethiopia (GoE) and international development partners have embarked on a new
mechanism known as ―Protection of Basic Services (PBS)‖ Since 2005. The PBS project have been
implemented as PBS I (2005-2008), as PBS II (2009-2012) and recently as PBS III (sept 2012-jan2018). The PBS project supports Ethiopia‘s progress towards the Millennium Development Goals
(MDGs) and improves broad based economic growth, governance and basic service delivery in the
health, education, agriculture, water and sanitation sectors. The PBS I project consists of four
components of which one is the Financial transparency and accountability component aimed at
improving citizens‘ understanding of regional and woreda budget processes and make local
governments more accountable to the citizens they serve.
The government of Ethiopia has outlined its growth targets for the next five years in its Growth and
Transformation Plan (GTP 2011-2015). As the country‘s economy shows a sustained growth,
Financial Transparency and Accountability related issues pose a persistent challenge to the
development efforts. The major objective of this assessment is to determine the status of the Financial
Transparency and Accountability (FTA) as component of the Protection of Basic Services (PBS)
Program and suggest the way forward so that it contributes to expand access and improving the
quality of basic services while continuing to deepen transparency and local accountability in service
delivery.
Thus, the report is conveniently divided into nine sections including this introduction. The next
section presents the objective and expected outputs of the consulting assignment. Section three deals
with the methodology of the study and section four describes an overview of the FTA initiative in
Ethiopia. Section five highlights the international experience in FTA initiatives. The core section,
section six describes in detail the findings of the survey which are presented in four separate
subsections of which one attempts to draw summery of the summery of the main survey and the other
three subsections deal with the results of KII and FGD surveys as well as data from WoFED
employees engaged in FTA implementation. In section seven, the major conclusions and
recommendation of the study are forwarded. As usual additional information is presented through the
annexes.
Page .2.
2. Objectives and Scope of Services
2.1 Objectives of the Assignment
As Per the RFP document (P. 46), the overall objective of the assignment is “to provide an
independent, systematic, and objective assessment of the performance of FTA initiative of the
Protection of Basic Services (PBS) in Ethiopia. Based on quantitative and qualitative data and
information, the consultant is expected to analyze the effectiveness of the initiative, the FTA tools, the
budget literacy training and their impact on both men and women’s engagement in the budget and
service delivery process.”
2.2 Scope of the assignment
As Per the RFP document (Pp. 46-47), the scope of the assignment entails the following:

The consultant is expected to contact all regional, Addis Ababa and Dire Dawa city
administrations. The coverage of the study would be 10 % of Woredas /towns in each
Regional government and city administrations. Data will be collected from three Kebeles in
each of the selected Woreda.
The consultant is expected to undertake the following main tasks:
Determine through empirical evidences the extent to which the FTA tools are utilized and the
BLT is delivered
Assess whether citizens (men and women) have improved access to budget and service
delivery information and whether citizens‘ understanding has improved regarding budget
process and basic service deliveries (noting and analyzing any gender differences).
Analyze critically the relevance and appropriateness of the methodologies adopted in FTA to
promote men and women citizens‘ access to and awareness of budget information and their
interventions in planning and budget preparation.
To assess the contributions of the FTA initiative in supporting the public finance management
reforms
Assess the strengths and weaknesses of the initiatives coordination and implementation
arrangement in promoting the objective of the initiative at federal, regional and Woreda
levels, including urban administration.
Assess the M&E processes followed by Government and DPs including the mid-term reviews
and the application of the recommendations made thereof.
Determine the performance of FTA sub-component of the PBS program in achieving the
agreed result framework.
Propose practical recommendations to MOFED‘s management and all other stakeholders for
improving future proper utilization of public resources in economic governance for
sustainable growth and development in Ethiopia.
Provide suggestions and recommendations for improved FTA initiative and for improved
coordination with SA and other elements of the GoEs Good Governance Package.
In conducting the study, the key activities of the consulting firm are, but not limited to, assessing the
impact of FTA initiative:-
Page .3.
Prepare questionnaire that will help to conduct the survey and share it with EMCP/MOFED
for comment
Conduct a survey on the Woredas/Kebeles
Contact and interview relevant Government officials involved in FTA implementation
Collect information that will help to assess and evaluate the output of the FTA initiative in
comparison with other international experiences
Gather views of men and women and citizen representatives who received the BLT
Assess the effectiveness of the FTA tools for men and for women, and propose better
approaches and tools to provide budget literacy for citizens for better engagement
Assess whether approaches worked equally well for both men and women, and if not, what
approaches could be implemented to ensure that both men and women are reached by FTA
and benefit from this component of PBS.
Submit Final Report for comments
Conduct a workshop to discuss on the Final Report after incorporating the comments on the
draft report
Prepare and submit final report by incorporating the feedback.
2.3 Expected Outputs
Complete document that addresses the tasks outlined in this TOR which include:
Inception report including a survey questionnaire for comment
A Summary Report on the Findings (including data analysis) and Conclusions from the pretesting of the Questionnaire
A Final Report for comment which analyses the findings from the survey using appropriate
statistical analysis and a well organized survey data on FTA activities, outputs, challenges and
constraints and potential areas for better linkages with SA
Estimated size of the population well acquainted with the role of FTA and how budgets are
prepared, allocated, utilized and basic services sectors projects are successfully undertaken to
boost basic service deliveries.
A thorough report with recommendations for government decision
Page .4.
3. Survey Methodology
3.1 Primary Data
One of the important tasks of this assignment was to design suitable data collection
instruments to gather primary data from field. In this regard, the FTA team and the consultant
have discussed the most important variables that need to be captured by the survey
instruments to fulfill the requirements of the TOR. Based on this, the consultant had designed
the following questionnaires:
1. Household Questionnaire to be used in the Rural Areas (RURAL Questionnaire)
2. Household Questionnaire to be used in the Urban Areas Areas (CITY
Questionnaire)
3. Key Informants Questionnaire (KII Questionnaire)
4. Focus Group Discussion Guide (FGD Guide and Questionnaire)
5. Supply Side Questionnaire (used to gather data from Woreda/City Government
Offices)
All these data collection instruments were submitted to the client in draft format as annexes
to the final inception report. The MoFED FTA team has reviewed and forwarded detailed
comments on each one of the submitted draft questionnaire by the consultant. The survey
questionnaires are all attached as an annex to this report.
3.1.1 Calculation of the Household Sample Size of the Study
As indicated in the RFP, ―The consultant is expected to contact all regional, Addis Ababa and Dire
Dawa city administrations. The coverage of the study would be 10 % of Woredas /towns in each
Regional government and city administrations. Data will be collected from three Kebeles in each of
the selected Woreda.‖
For the Purpose of comparability, we had reviewed the study published in June 2009 by MoFED titled
―Financial Transparency and Accountability Perception Survey (FTAPS)‖. In this study, we had
found something that can be used to calculate the sample size for the current study without violating
the RFP requirement, i.e., 10% of Woredas/Cities in each region and three kebeles in each of the
selected jurisdictions. In page 18, the above mentioned study mentions that ―Knowledge of [...citizens
about the..] role of the council in the budget process is about 26.1 percent nationally with a huge
variation in the percentage of individual regions. Then, the breakdown of data by region is presented
in page 19 of the same study as follows:
Page .5.
Percent of respondents
Councils
approve the final
budget
Councils review
the final budget
but mayor
approves it
Councils
provide in puts
in the budget
Councils have
no role in the
budget
process
Don't
know
Tigray
9.5
7
2.5
1.7
79.3
Afar
9.6
21.3
6.4
0.8
61.8
Amhara
9.6
7.3
2.9
1.2
79
Oromiya
6.6
9.8
3.4
1.1
79
8
21.2
7.1
4.4
59.3
B-G
8.7
2.6
0.9
0
87.8
SNNP
5.7
21.9
5.3
3.9
63.2
Gambella
1.8
5.4
14.3
1.8
76.8
Harari
13.6
31.8
18.1
9.1
27.3
Addis Ababa
15.7
17.6
7.3
2.3
57.1
12
30
8
1
50
Regions
Somali
Dire Dawa
Source: MoFED, 2009, “Financial Transparency and Accountability Perception Survey (FTAPS)”
This data by region has been used as a baseline to calculate the overall sample size while the
change that we would like to estimate is a 3 percent reduction in the percentage of citizens that
do not know about the role of councils in the budget process. Then the two stage cluster
sampling formula which is presented next is used to calculate the number of sample households
for this specific assignment.
Where,
N = the required minimum sample size of households per region
D = the design effect for cluster surveys; here, the default value of 2 is used
P1 = Awareness level of citizens about role of council in the budget process (actual
2009)
P2 = The change in value of P1 that we would like to detect by region over a
specific year period, i.e., a 3 percentage point increase per year in each
region
Zα and Zβ = the Z-scores corresponding to the degree of confidence (level of
significance)and power, having standard values based on the desired
level of precision (in our case we used a 5 percent level of
significance and 80 percent statistical power).
Page .6.
In the formula, P1 represents the baseline measure for each region taken from the previous table. P 2-P1
represents the change in this baseline indicator over a three-year period (2010-2012) that we would
like to estimate by assuming a 3 percentage point increase for each year. The formula produces
sample sizes large enough to precisely estimate changes over time. The variation in sample size across
regions is driven by the variation in P1 and the desired ability to accurately estimate P2-P1. By
selecting independent samples by region using the derived sample sizes, we not only can attain the
desired levels of statistical precision for estimates within region, but we also are able to combine (with
stratum weights) the data across regions to produce reasonably precise national estimates. After taking
all these factors into consideration and applying this formula to the available data from the FTPAS
2009 previous survey, we determined the sample of households for each region independently and
summarized it into one national level sample size, i.e., 6, 995 Households. Following this, the
sample for each region was allocated proportional to its number of woredas and the total (10%) of the
country‘s total Number of woredas. The next table shows the number of woredas/cities in each region
and the sample size per region/woreda.
Sample size calculation table
Number of Sample Percent share in total Sample HHs Adjusted Sample
Woredas (10%)
Sample Woredas
per Region HHs Per Region
EAs
Tigray
46
5
336
4.81%
414
Afar
32
3
3.34%
234
288
Amhara
166
17
17.35%
1,213
1,494
Oromiya
305
31
31.87%
2,229
2,745
Somali
73
7
7.63%
534
657
Benishangul-Gumuz
21
2
2.19%
153
189
SNNPR
158
16
16.51%
1,155
1,422
Gambella
13
2
2.09%
146
180
Harari
9
1
1.04%
73
90
Addis Ababa
116
12
12.12%
848
1,044
Dire Dawa
9
1
1.04%
73
90
Total
948
97
100.00%
6,995
8,613
* Addis Ababa has 116 newly structured kebeles which were treated as woredas.
Region
Total Number of
Woredas
The Adjusted Sample Households is greater than the calculated sample by some 1618 Households.
This Adjustment is due to the fact that when we allocate the original sample, the households that need
to be surveyed per woreda were 81.34 while per kebele we needed to cover about 27.11 HHs.
Adjusting the number of Households in each Kebele from 27.11 to the nearest desirable number, i.e.,
30 has resulted in increasing the total number of HHs in the adjusted sample. Hence, the final
Sample Jurisdictions for this study would be 97 Woredas/Cities and the final Household Sample
Size is 8, 613. However, during data cleaning stage the data from 10 households was dropped
and the final Household sample size total has been 8,603.
Page .7.
3.2.2 KII and FGD surveys
Key informant interview (KII) have also been conducted to gather primary information from Civil
Society Organizations such as Idirs, Cooperatives, Women Associations. The KII survey has provided
for additional and complementary information about Financial Transparency and Accountability in
the selected 97 woredas and Cities.
On the other hand, Focus Group Discussions have been organized with men, women and elders
groups in ach surveyed Jurisdiction.
3.2.3 Supply Side Survey and Best/worst case documentation
As part of the assessment the Woreda and City Finance and Economic development offices
have also been requested to provide key suuply side data using a 4 page questionnaire.
Even though the TOR didn‘t make it mandatory, the consultant had felt it very important to
document the case of best and worst FTA initiative performers. Hence, in consultation with
the EMCP FTA team, woreda and city administrations that are believed to be the best and
worst performers in the four big regions and two emerging regions were selected for further
assessment. The selected woredas and cities in each regional state are the following:
Name of Region
Tigray
Amhara
Oromia
SNNP
Benshangul Gumuz
Somali
Woreda or City Administration
Believed to be Best Performer
Raya Azebo Woreda
Finote Selam City Admin.
Kuyu Woreda
Kedida Gamila & Denboya
Menge Woreda
Awuberi Woreda
Woreda or City Administration
Believed to be Worst Performer
Alamata Woreda
Gozamin Woreda
Wolmera Woreda
Doyo Gena Woereda
Komosha Woereda
Kebribeyah Woreda
To assess the critical factors that contribute to make a given woreda best or worst performer
in the implementation of FTA, a team of senior researchers and field assistants with
experience in qualitative data collection and analysis were assigned by the consulting firm.
Page .8.
3.2 Secondary Data
This step consists of the assessment of existing information contained, for example,
programme design documents, the FTA tools, statistics and reports related to the
assignment. In this regard, all relevant and available written and electronic materials has
been collected, analyzed and collated in order to minimize the various financial costs
incurred in field surveys and the possibility of straining the tolerance of respondent by
undue consumption of their time at interviews and discussions. In line with this, all
participating consultants have been given the following documents so that they have a
complete understanding of the assignment at hand:





MoFED, August 2009, Financial Transparency & Accountability: Laypersons‘ budget
and expenditure templates. Prototype design document;
MoFED, 2009, Media Disclosure Strategy and Guidebook;
MoFED, June 2009, Financial Transparency and Accountability Perception Survey;
MoFED, July 2009, Follow-up Study to Monitor Improvements in Financial
Transparency and Accountability Based on Woreda City Benchmarking
Survey, Draft
Ministry of Civil Service in Collaboration with PSCAP Donors, Nov. 2011,
"Woreda and City Administrations Benchmarking Survey IV‖: Supply Side
Report

"Woreda and City Administrations Benchmarking Survey IV‖: Citizens Report
Card (CRC)Report

"Woreda and City Administrations Benchmarking Survey IV‖: KII and FGD
Report
3.3 Database Development and Data Analysis
After reviewing the survey methodology, the questionnaire and other data collection
instruments, a separate CSPro data entry software was designed for the HH survey, the KII
Survey and the Supply Side Survey. At the end of the data entry stage, the data from CSPro
was exported to SPSS ver. 17. Data recoding and cleaning followed using the SPSS software.
Once a clean data set was secured, the analysis of data was also carried out using SPSS.
Page .9.
4. Overview of FTA
Public Financial Management1 (PFM) is the process by which governments raise revenues,
and allocate, spend and account for public funds. Public expenditure is crucial for the
implementation of government programmes. Traditionally the role of Public Expenditure
Management (PEM) systems was purely to provide mechanisms for financial control.
However, under the emerging agenda, PEM reform is now seen as a means to align the
incentives for managing public resources with policy objectives.
In order to perform the roles assigned to it by its people, the government needs to collect
resources directly or indirectly from the people or from aid donors and allocate those
resources in a manner that serves the best interest of the people. Public expenditure
management pertains to allocation and use of resources responsively, efficiently and
effectively.
Public expenditure management (PEM) literature identifies a few essential goals of any
sound public expenditure management system. It also identifies a set of universally
applicable necessary conditions to achieve these goals. Together they establish a general
framework for the sound public finance.
Three main goals of sound public expenditure management (PEM) systems
Fiscal discipline, efficient allocation of public funds, operational efficiency, accountability,
transparency and comprehensiveness of the budget are internationally recognised elements of
sound public expenditure management and arguably the conditions for economic
development to be sustainable.
Fiscal discipline means control of total government expenditure, including central and local
government budgets, state-owned enterprises and extra-budgetary funds. Absence of
constraints is likely to result in large, unsustainable deficits and an unstable macroeconomic
environment. Fiscal discipline requires ceilings imposed on total public sector expenditure
and on sectoral financial envelopes. Special care is required to control multi-year, explicit
legal commitments, such as debt-servicing as well as implicit or contingent liabilities (e.g.
guarantees).
Allocative efficiency means ensuring the best outcome by prioritising competing claims for
different social objectives on scarce public funds (within aggregate fiscal discipline).
Difficult choices must be made between the social benefits of various objectives in education,
health service or environment. Ultimately the outcome is achieved through political
bargaining, ideally supported by adequate information provided to all parties about trade-offs
that are being made. Impersonal rules for evaluating the relative importance of choices
improve the quality of prioritisation. Central Ministers are in the best position to ensure
efficient allocation of public resources among different sectors. Line ministers have a
comparative advantage (e.g. information) in programming and allocating resources within
1
We acknowledge that most of the data used in this sub-section draws heavily on the Allen, Tommasi (2001),
Schiavo-Campo, Tommasi (1999); World Bank (1998) as quoted by EAP Task Force of Organization for
Economic Co-operation and Development (CCNM/ENV/EAP(2003)12.
Page .10.
their respective responsibility areas, subject to the external constraint on the sectoral envelope
size.
Cost effectiveness implies achieving objectives at minimum cost. Cost-effectiveness tests are
best applied when benefits are difficult to measure and value or when objectives have already
been chosen. Contrary to allocative efficiency, cost-effectiveness is primarily a technical
concept and always suffers from political influence. It requires managerial autonomy over the
appraisal of specific projects and responsibility to implement defined expenditure
programmes subject to clearly defined accountability for performance. It requires competent
individuals in the civil service attracted through adequate, performance-based compensation
and a merit-based recruitment and promotion system.
Three necessary conditions for achieving PEM goals
Transparency entails low-cost access to relevant information. Public sector institutions
should use acknowledged international standards of accounting and disclosure of fiscal and
financial information to controlling bodies and to the public. Transparency requires
independent assurance of the integrity of financial reports through external audits and a
mechanism to ensure that external audit findings are reported to the controlling bodies and
that remedial action is taken.
Accountability means the capacity to hold public officials liable for their actions and
performance. Accountability measures must always address three questions: accountability
by whom; accountability for what, and accountability to whom. It is advisable to define
performance in terms of objective, impersonal measures. Effective accountability has two
components: responsibility and consequences.
Comprehensiveness of the budget. Ideally all public sector revenues should be pooled
together in a general fund, and the legislature, guided by the executive body, should allocate
these common resources to public expenditure programmes, so as to equalise the marginal
social benefit for each programme. Some economists, however, advocate earmarking and
separate bargaining over earmarked tax-expenditure programmes.
In an effort to reduce poverty and enhance decentralized public service delivery to the poor,
the Government of Ethiopia (GoE) and international development partners have embarked on
a new mechanism known as ―Protection of Basic Services (PBS)‖ Since 2005. The PBS
project have been implemented as PBS I (2005-2008), as PBS II (2009-2012) and recently as
PBS III (sept 2012-jan-2018). The PBS project supports Ethiopia‘s progress towards the
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and improves broad based economic growth,
governance and basic service delivery in the health, education, agriculture, water and
sanitation sectors. The PBS I project consisted of four components:

Component one: Protect basic services by sub-national governments – this
component protects basic services delivered by national government by providing
funds to the government on condition that the fund is transferred to regional and local
governments through intergovernmental fiscal transfer and federal block grant system.

Component two: Delivery of more effective basic health services – the aim is to
provide funding to procure critical health commodities such as vaccines, anti malaria
Page .11.
bed nets and contraceptives. It also has a specific focus on capacity building activities
particularly in the areas of procurement and logistics.

Component three: Financial transparency and accountability – this component
improves citizens’ understanding of regional and woreda budget processes and
make local governments more accountable to the citizens they serve.

Component four: Social accountability – this component engages citizens and CSOs
in pilot activities to enhance budget literacy and downward accountability in the
context of decentralized service delivery. It also enhances poor people‘s access to
services by promoting transparency and civic engagement.
After the successful completion of PBS I, the PBS II project made some amendments to its
project components to reflect the situation on the ground. Hence, as stated in the Project
Appraisal Document (P. 18), ―A key modification is that the tests and shared commitments
have been re-focused under PBS II to reflect changes in the risks relative to Phase I and are
embodied in a ―SAFE‖ approach—Sustainability in additionality, Accountability including
fairness, Fiduciary standards, and Effectiveness.‖ The PBS II appraisal document also stress
that ―As in Phase I, the PBS II Reviews will assess: (i) the extent of dissemination of budgets
and service information using layperson‘s tools; (ii) adherence to objective intergovernmental fiscal formulas for allocating block grants to sub-national levels; (iii)
implementation of the Dated Covenants and other agreed actions and action plans under the
transparency and accountability aspects of the PBS (Sub-Program C).‖ (P.19)
Most of the FTA initiative‘s Ground Work was designed during PBS I and executed under
PBS II. In line with this, the overall accomplishment of PBS II in general and its FTA
component in particular in terms of output and outcomes can be summarized as follows:
Protection of Basic Services (PBS II) – What is the programme all about?

Development partners support the Government of Ethiopia and its citizens through the
Protection of Basic Services (PBS) program. So, PBS is a Government-Led Approach
with Multiple Partners including the World Bank, KfW, ADB, EU, DfID, etc.

PBS aims to contribute to expanding access and improving the quality of basic
services while contributing to deepen transparency and local accountability in
service delivery.
To forward these objectives, the government-led and development partner
Financial Transparency and Accountability (FTA) initiative was launched

Focus of FTA in PBS II:





Support the printing, dissemination and customization of tools to local conditions
Institutionalize the FTA work into government systems
Provide large-scale Budget Literacy Training
Obtain feedback through experience sharing forums and other means
BELOW ARE SOME EXAMPLES OF budget Dissemination tools:
Page .12.
Improving Access to Budget and Expenditure Data –National Action:
1. In 2006, the Government began publishing its budget online through MOFED
2. MoFED also provided guidelines for regions to disclose budget/ expenditure
information to the public.
3. As a result, budget disclosure is now institutionalized in the Government financial
management system down to the Woreda/City level.
Improving Access to Budget and Expenditure Data –Local Action:

Woreda or City budget and spending information are posted on notice boards in
public places-like market places and government offices.

By 2009, more than 90% of Woredas in the country had posted their budget and
expenditure as well as service delivery information in public venues using a
combination of budget dissemination tools such as simplified budget guide,
simplified laypersons budget and expenditure templates as well as simplified service
facility level templates. Thus, for the first time, budget information is made readily
accessible to the public at different levels of Government.
Page .13.
Government Ownership:



The Government has developed a ―Good Governance Package‖ (GGP).
Elements of GGP are participation, consensus, responsiveness, transparency,
accountability, fairness or equitable and inclusive, rule of law, efficiency and
effectiveness.
These GGP principles are harmonious with the objectives of the Financial
Transparency and Accountability (FTA) component of the Protection of Basic
Services (PBS) Project.
Innovative Ways of Budget & Expenditure Information Dissemination:

Over time, some districts have gone beyond the use of spreadsheet forms and started
publishing their budget on websites, local newspapers, calendars, t-shirts and holiday
brochures. Some also use community meetings, radio drama, poems, Marsh bands,
Cultural Information Channels (eg. SNNP Ware, Songo, Sera), etc.. as well as
handicrafts (eg. Silti woreda uses Esedro, Zalo and Waso).
Innovative FTA Tools:



The FTA tools designed to address the needs of laypersons are:
(1) Simplified Budget Guide,
(2) Simplified Laypersons Budget and Expenditure Templates,
(3) Simplified Service Facility level templates, and
(4) Media Dissemination (TV, Radio, etc)
(5) Drama and other cultural ways
(6) Budget Literacy Training Module
These tools were designed and pilot tested and validated and are owned by GOE
They are disseminated to regions and districts and are customized to local contexts.
Social Accountability Component:

The through use of citizen report cards, participatory budgeting tools and
other innovative tools, the project is promoting social accountability at the
local level.

“Under PBS, support for FTA increases the supply of financial data to
the public while the Social Accountability component helps see to the
demand for greater transparency. Taken together, these components
support the supply of and demand for good governance.“ –Xavier
Furtado, Coordinator, PBS Secretariat
Page .14.
Financial Transparency and Accountability Perception Survey (FTAPS 2009):
FTAPS findings show that:
 Citizens‘ awareness of the public budget is very low and uncertainty about
where budget decisions are made,
 Citizens‘ have very limited access to information,
 Citizens have a strong interest in learning about their local public budget,
and
 Citizens would like to see improvement in the delivery of basic services.
As a Result of FTAPS Recommendations:




Templates providing budget information rolled-out in all of Ethiopia‘s
regions.
Budget Literacy Training has been provided to 171,017 citizens to
strengthen their understanding of the national budget process.
Based on reviews and citizen feedback, a package complementary FTA
tools were developed and utilized.
Building the capacity of Government counterparts and institutionalizing the
FTA initiative in Government systems helped to speed-up progress and
resolved a number of earlier setbacks.
Page .15.
5. International Experience on FTA
There is a growing number of international ‗best practices‘ that provide striking illustrations of how
the generation and use of information by both government and non-governmental actors can lead to
improvements in transparency and accountability, which in turn brings about higher standards of
service delivery. This section presents a number of methodologies or approaches to enabling public
oversight in service delivery, including Public Expenditure Tracking Surveys, Citizens‘ Report Cards
and Social Audits. The brief outlines of each methodology are accompanied by case studies of
international ‗best practices.‘
Public Expenditure Tracking Surveys (PETS)
PETS compare budgetary allocations to actual spending. This involves ‗following the money‘ to
where it is spent, comparing budgetary allocations with records of transfers and receipts at each level
of government. The data compiled by a well conducted PETS will show how much of the funds
intended for service providers actually reach the intended beneficiaries. It will also indicate at what
level any leakage or diversion takes place and will provide comparable statistics for administrative
divisions and service delivery stations (i.e. primary schools and dispensaries). This type of
disaggregated information provides invaluable diagnostic material for senior sector officials and
policy makers, as it gives them the data they require to identify sources of leakage and to assess to
what extent the resources are reaching the intended beneficiaries. As the Ugandan case study
illustrates (see Box 1), a PETS can also give information on the distribution of resources between
service delivery stations. This enables analysts to gauge to what extent the distribution of resources is
in accordance with equity concerns.
The impact of a PETS can rise exponentially if combined with a good Information, Education and
Communication (IEC) programme. Simply using the data provided by a PETS may assist policy
makers and implementers to make necessary adjustments in order to tighten procedures for
implementation and oversight. Putting expenditure figures in the public domain and enabling
communities to act on the information, on the other hand, can have a profound impact on power
structures at the local level in a manner that imparts an often unprecedented culture of accountability.
PETS – the Ugandan Experience
Public Expenditure Tracking Surveys were first developed and executed with great success in
Uganda. The original motivation for conducting the study in Uganda is also instructive. In the
mid-nineties it was observed that despite the significant increase in budgetary allocations for
primary schools since the beginning of Uganda‘s recovery in the late 1980s, enrolment in primary
schools remained stagnant. It was suspected that leakage or diversion of funds meant that the
resources actually reaching the primary schools were significantly lower than budget allocations.
The first Public Expenditure Tracking Survey was consequently designed and conducted. The
findings confirmed the worst fears of the authorities. Between 1991 and 1995 it was found that, on
average, only 13 percent of the annual per-student grant reached the primary schools. That meant
that 87 percent of the funds were misappropriated or were used by district officials for purposes
not directly related to education. It is also relevant to note the survey revealed a highly inequitable
allocation of funds. Larger schools and schools with pupils from wealthier families benefited
disproportionally from the annual per student grants, while the smaller and poorer schools
received no funds at all. Less than half the schools received any of the funds at all. The shocking
findings prompted the authorities to embark on a number of initiatives to enhance transparency
and to increase accountability:
 Transfers from the central government to the districts were publicised in the media
 Posting of transfer information at schools and district offices was made mandatory
 School committees were trained on how to use the information to hold authorities
accountable for the funds.
The effect of these efforts has been dramatic. When the school survey was replicated in 1999, they
found that the schools received more than 90 percent of the grant.
Source:
Reinikka, Ritva and Jakob Svensson. 2002. “Assessing Frontline Service Delivery,” Development Research
Group, World Bank, Washington, D.C.
Page .16.
Page .17.
Citizens’ Report Cards
Citizens‘ Report Cards is a methodology that more directly aims to get feed-back from users of public
services. It is a survey that asks citizens to rate the providers (or provisions) of public services, such
as water authorities, primary schools or municipal councils. The Citizens‘ Report Cards is an effective
means of gauging client satisfaction of public services. It can be particularly effective when
respondents are asked to rate a wide range of providers, as this allows for relative rankings, which
have been proven to be an effective way of providing incentives for improvement. Relative rankings
can also usefully be compiled between geographic areas.
Box 2. Citizens’ Report Cards – The Bangalore Experience
The „report card‟ on public services was created by a group of civil society institutions in the city of
Bangalore in India. The motivation for the initiative was what was seen to be the poor standards of
service delivery by public institutions in the city. The group had no power or influence over the
authorities or the institutions delivering services in the city. They decided that the best way to
stimulate an informed debate on the state of public services in the city was to enable the users of
public services to give feedback on their experiences with the services. They consequently devised a
„report card‟ that asked respondents to rate the institutions of service delivery in the city that they had
had direct experience with.
The exercise produced a users‟ evaluation of the main service providers in the city, with each
institution ranked according to their customers‟ satisfaction rating. The survey also asked more
detailed question of separate aspects of service delivery (e.g. staff behaviour and quality of service
provided), use of „speed money‟ and degree of responsiveness to complaints. The results were shared
with the heads of all the agencies surveyed, and were given extensive coverage in the press.
The report cards had a remarkable impact on the public awareness of the need for improvement in
social services delivery, and were instrumental in mobilising public pressure for improvement, which
in turn triggered reform in several of the agencies that had received unfavourable ratings. A repeat
survey in 1999 showed significant improvement in user satisfaction for the majority of the public
service institutions, proving that it is possible for independent research and pressure groups to impact
positively on service delivery.
Source:
Paul, Samuel. 1998. “Making Voice Work: The Report Card on Bangalore‟s Public Services,” Public Affairs
Centre, Bangalore.
As with PETS, Citizens‘ Report Cards are most effective when their findings are widely disseminated
and debated. The potential impact of media exposure is one of the key lessons from Bangalore, where
the methodology was pioneered to great effect (see Box 2). The report card approach has since spread
to several other cities in India, and is also now being integrated in public reform projects in Vietnam
and Ukraine, and as stand-alone initiatives in Bangladesh and Thailand. In Ethiopia, the Woreda City
Page .18.
Benchmarking Survey has included Citizens Report Cards in it four consecutive surveys conducted
since 2008.
Transparency International2 lists the following functions of the report card methodology
 Generate citizen feedback on the degree of satisfaction by various public service agencies;
 Catalyse citizens to adopt pro-active stances by demanding more accountability, accessibility
and responsiveness from service providers;
 Serve as a diagnostic tool for service providers, external consultants and analysts/researchers
to facilitate effective prognosis and therapy; and
 Encourage public agencies to adopt and promote citizen friendly practices, design
performance standards and facilitate transparency in operations.
Community Score Cards
Community Score Cards is another methodology for exacting local level accountability. It is also gaining
in usage, with the World Bank as a key proponent. It has more in common with classical PRAs than
Citizens‟ Report Cards and uses facilitated discussions in focus groups to bring out qualitative assessment
on projects, processes or service provisioning. Although it may provide localized feed-back that can aid
immediate action to rectify identified problems, it does not provide data that can be aggregated on a wider
scale of the kind that the Citizens‟ Report Cards do.
The Participation and Civic Engagement Group of the World Bank‟s Social Development Department
has provided the following diagram to distinguish between Citizens‟ Report Cards and Community
Scorecards
Citizens Report Card
Unit – Household/individual
More for macro level
Community Scorecard
Unit – Community
Meant for local level
Emphasis on immediate feedback and
Main output is demand side
accountability, less on actual data
Implementation time longer (3-6 months)
Implementation time short (3-6 weeks)
Feedback later, through media
Immediate feedback
Information collected through questionnaires Information collected through focus group discussions
As is evident from the above, the Community Scorecard methodology is mostly useful as a
feedback mechanism within a project setting, not least because it depends on skilled facilitators.
It is less useful as part of a wider campaign, due to the fact that it does not produce aggregate,
2
Transparency International (TI). 2000. “Press Release: Transparency International Integrity
Page .19.
comparable statistics, which makes it much less useable for wider publicity campaign and
mobilization of demand for accountability.
Social Audits and the Right to Information
Another methodology that has been employed to good effect is the social audit or „right to
information campaigns.‟ These typically grow out of initiatives by local activists that suspect that
development funds are being diverted or misused. Essentially, a „social audit‟ consists of an open
and participatory review of official reports of works and expenditure. Ideally, such audits would
come about as a collaborative effort between the government and local communities, whereby
the government takes advantage of local knowledge to verify that the contents of official reports
fit the realities on the ground. At other times, however, such audits can be more combative, in
that the organisation conducting the audit has had to use their own resources to locate and
procure the official reports that are presented. Often, systemic efforts of social auditing start
with the latter and later evolve into the former as the government sees the utility of the
approach, or yields to public demand to support the approach. Two of the best known cases of
social audits follow this pattern: the MKSS4 in Rajasthan, India and the Concerned Citizens of
Abra for Good Governance in Abra, Philippines (see boxes 3 and 4 below).
Award Winners,” Transparency International, Berlin.
Page .20.
Box 3. MKSS – The Right to Information Campaign in India
MKSS was founded by a group of activists in a poor village in the Indian state of Rajasthan in 1990.
Their early work focused on relief work and campaigns for farm workers to be paid the minimum
wage. They soon found, however, that work to improve the infrastructure for the poor was often
undermined by rampant corruption. In 1994, MKSS organised its first social audit by conducting
public hearings where official reports and financial statements are presented to the public in the
presence of local government officials. This often led to the public exposure of corrupt practices.
In the beginning, MKSS relied on sympathetic local government officials to access the documents, and
they often faced considerable obstacles in gaining access to official information. This led them to
engage in a campaign for the right to information. The first “Right to Information” law in Rajasthan
was passed in 1995. It took another year before the law was implemented, and only after MKSS
organised a strike in protest of non-action. When the Act was implemented, it was done so only
partially. Finally, in 2000, the state government enacted a new “Rajasthan Right to Information Act”
that provided the level of access to official records that they had demanded. It needs to be noted,
however, that the progressive new law notwithstanding, MKSS still continue to face considerable
resistance from the local bureaucracy in the release of official information. A recent example of this is
provided by Aruna Roy and Nikhil Dey, two of the founders of MKSS (2001).
The work of MKSS has led to significant improvements in the use of development funds earmarked
to benefit the poor. MKSS‟ successes have spurred similar freedom to information campaigns in other
Indian states (see www.parivartan.com for information on a partner initiative in Delhi). The state
government has also realised the effectiveness of MKSS‟ approach and has started arranging public
hearings under the supervision of MKSS. This is a good example of the kind of partnership that can
be built between civil society and government to enhance accountability, transparency and integrity.
Source:
Bhatanagar, Deepti, Animesh Rathore, Mgüi Torres and Parameeta Kanungu. n.d., 2001
―Empowerment Case Studies: Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan,‖ Indian Institute of
Management and World Bank, Ahmedabad and Washington, D.C.
Page .21.
Box 4. CCAGG – Participatory Audits in Philippines
In 1987, a group of professionals in the northern Philippine state of Abra formed the NGO, the
Concerned Citizens of Abra for Good Government (CCAGG). From its inception, CCAGG worked
with the local government authorities to monitor the implementation of the Community Employment
and Development Programme (CEDP). CCAGG soon came across and documented serious
irregularities in the reporting of CEDP projects. Its first case was a follow up to an announcement by
the Department of Public Works and Highways, that it had successfully completed 20 infrastructure
projects in Abra. CCAGG quickly documented that some of the projects hadn‟t even started and that
others had been completed using sub-standard materials. As a consequence of CCAGG‟s
investigations, 11 officials were found guilty of misconduct and were dismissed.
CCAGG has continued its vigilance after its first success and soon became eponymous with public
vigilance. Public departments in Abra often ask each other if they have been „CCAGG‟ed‟ recently i.e.
if they have been made subject to a CCAGG audit. The organisation received the Transparency
International Integrity Award in 2000 for its successes in promoting public accountability. The same
year, CCAGG entered an agreement with the Philippines Commission of Audit (COA) that members
of CCAGG will participate in COA audit teams for audit engagements in Abra province. The
partnership is seen to be highly beneficial for COA, as it provides a new dimension of capacity,
providing „value for money‟ audits, as well as enabling corrective actions in the implementation of
public works projects, in addition to the post-audits traditionally performed by COA.
Source:
Sumangil, Pura. 2001. ―The Concerned Citizens of Abra for Good Government: An NGO Watchdog in the Province of
Abra,‖ paper presented at the 2nd Global Conference on Fighting Corruption & Safeguarding Integrity, the Hague, May
28-31, 2001.
Page .22.
6. Survey Findings on FTA
6.1. Household Survey Results
6.1.1. Demographic and Household Information
6.1.1.1. Sex and Household Composition
In the household surveys, extending all over the country, 8603 households have been interviewed and
information obtained. The survey represented both urban (27.8 %) and rural respondents (72.2%,) of
which around 60 % were male respondents. The Urban respondent‘s figure increased by 7%
compared to 2009 survey because of probably the increased urbanization (Figure 1). In the surveyed
woredas and cities across the country the average HH size was 5.21 (table 6.1), with no difference to
the survey result in 2009 survey.
Figure 1. Number of respondents by area of residence and sex.
6,000
5,156
5,000
4,000
3,000
3,743
3,447
Female
2,471
2,000
Male
1,413
976
1,000
Rural
Urban
Total
Page .23.
Table 6.1. Average HH size by Regional States.
Regional state
Average Household Size
Tigray
4.99
Amhara
5.01
Oromia
5.56
SNNPR
5.46
Benshangul Gumuz
4.97
Dire Dawa
4.89
Afar
5.72
Somali
5.11
Gambella
5.04
Harari
4.43
Addis Ababa
4.49
Overall HH Size
5.21
6.1.1.2. Age Distribution
Age was one of the important demographic variables considered in the survey and nearly 92% were
aged between 21 and 60 years (Table 6.2) and about 25% of them were in the age group of 31-40
years and the national average (38 years) indicated that the majority of the respondents are the
energetic labor force.
Table 6.2. Percentage Distribution of respondents by Age Group
Age Group
Head Count
Under 20
Percent
203
2.4
21 – 30
2058
23.9
31 – 40
2988
34.7
41 – 50
2032
23.6
51 – 60
894
10.4
60 and Above
381
4.4
Do not Know
47
0.5
Total Persons
8603
100
Average Age Rural
39.48
Average Age Urban
38.96
Overall Average
38
Page .24.
6.1.1.3. Educational Status
Since education is a key variable in the reply of the respondents, the survey has captured the
educational background of all survey participants. The survey included a few questions about
educational background and each respondent was asked whether he or she can read and write which
was followed by another question for those who indicated that they could read and write to state the
highest grade completed.
The survey results show that 60.4% of the respondents were literate while the rest 39.6 were illiterate.
Those who were literate, surprisingly about 83% of them have completed at least grade 5 and over
10% have received at least undergraduate degree and this was a significant improvement in the
education sector compared to the 20093 FTAPS survey result. The literacy rate in urban areas has
increased from 71 to 82 percent while in the rural areas it has increased from 33 to 52 percent.
Table 6.3 Percentage Distribution of Respondents By Highest Education Level Achieved.
Education Level
Non Formal and Literacy Campaign
Percent
2.7
Grade 1-4
14.1
Grade 5-8
32.6
Grade 9 - 12
24.4
Grade 10+1
2.7
Certificate
2.9
Diploma and Degree (Not
Completed)
3.3
Diploma Completed
7.9
Degree Completed
7.3
Masters and Above
2.1
Total
100
6.1.1.4. Occupation Status and Household Income
As shown in Table 6.4, the occupation status of the respondents indicated about one-third (31.3 %)
classified as farmers followed by self employment (18.6%). Students constituted 3.8% compared to
3
Please note that the survey was conducted in April 2008 but the report was released in 2009
Page .25.
around 21 percent during the previous survey, showing the rising employment opportunities in
various sectors.
Table 6.4. Percentage distribution of respondents by current occupation.
Current Occupation
Percent
Farmer
31.3
Self employed
18.6
Housewife
18.5
Employed full-time
14.9
Unemployed
6.8
Student
3.8
Employed part-time
3.3
Retired/ Pensioner
2.6
Other
0.2
The distribution of HHs by income level revealed that more than 60% of the respondents earned from
Birr 250 to 3,000 Birr/per month. A significant number (11.29%) of the respondents earned more than
Birr 3000 a month. A breakdown by income level showed that 6.15% in rural areas and 5.31% of
respondents in urban areas have monthly household incomes of less than 250 Birr (Table 4). This
status has been significantly improved4 compared to 2009 FTAPS results which was 38.8% rural areas
and 24.5% urban areas. As shown in Figure 2, the distribution of Households by monthly Income in
all the surveyed areas depicts this reality. Nationally, the very poor and poor wealth category has gone
down to around 5 and 31 percent, respectively.
4
This may be attributable perhaps due to the high level of inflation that has a direct impact on nominal income.
Page .26.
Table 6.5. Percentage distribution of HHs by income level and perceived wealth category.
Type of Jurisdiction
Woredas
Count
Percent
Total
City Government
Count
Percent
Count
Percent
Income Level
0-250 Birr per month
382
6.15
75
3.14
457
5.31
2054
33.05
567
23.73
2621
30.47
2322
37.37
1112
46.55
3434
39.92
More than 3000 Birr per month
546
8.79
395
16.53
941
10.94
Don't know
167
2.69
12
.50
179
2.08
No answer
743
11.96
228
9.54
971
11.29
Perceived Wealth Category
Very poor
335
5.39
129
5.40
464
5.39
Poor
1879
30.24
749
31.35
2628
30.55
Neither poor nor non-poor
3534
56.87
1168
48.89
4702
54.66
466
7.50
343
14.36
809
9.40
Non-poor
Figure 2. Distribution of Households by Monthly Income and Region
70%
62%
58%
60%
40%
30%
50%
49%
50%
45%
40%
35%
45%
37%
28%
20%
16%
10%
0%
More than 3000 Birr per month
Page .27.
6.1.2. General Civic Engagement
6.1.2.1. Information access
Citizen have the constitutional rights to have information access (radio, television, newspapers, from
friends, etc.) and actively involve themselves in the planning and receiving provision of basic services
(like education, health, water & sanitation, and agricultural extension services). Results depict that the
knowledge of citizens about their constitutional rights is astonishingly high as revealed by the survey
results. Nationally, the response went to 73% of the respondents indicating that they knew about their
constitutional rights and the respondents that did not still know this were close only to 15%. Those
who replied do not know were 12.8%. Over 85% of the respondents from Harari followed by Addis
Ababa, Dire Dawa and Tigray knew about their rights; brining the figure to about 85.2% in Urban
areas as opposed to 68.2% in the rural areas. Close to 50% of the respondents in Benshanugul Gumuz
and Gambella did not know that it was their constitutional right, indicating the need for additional
efforts in these regions. The know how as expected was 76.9% and 67 % for male and female
respondents, respectively. The very poor (52.2%) and poor (64.7%) and non poor (67.2%) category
were less aware of their right as opposed to the neither poor nor non poor (80.6%) wealth category.
Table 6.6 shows the details.
Table 6.6 – Knowledge of Citizens About their Constitutional Right by Residence, Sex and
Wealth and Regional States
In Percent
Respondents
Urban
Rural
Yes
85.2
68.2
No
8.5
16.5
Don’t know
6.3
15.2
Male
Female
76.9
67.0
12.7
16.8
10.4
16.3
Non-poor
Neither poor nor non-poor
Poor
67.2
80.6
64.7
22.0
10.2
17.2
10.8
9.3
18.1
Very poor
52.2
26.3
21.6
Tigray
Amhara
Oromia
SNNPR
Benshangul Gumuz
Dire Dawa
Afar
Somali
84.7
79.6
71.4
63.8
52.0
87.6
39.9
69.5
1.3
7.7
12.5
28.8
34.3
4.5
28.0
11.5
13.9
12.7
16.1
7.5
13.7
7.9
32.1
19.0
Respondents
Gambella
Harari
Addis Ababa
Page .28.
Yes
53.1
90.0
89.4
Don’t know
8.4
8.9
3.4
No
38.5
1.1
7.2
6.1.2.2. Frequency of information flow
As shown in Table 6.7, radio (49.7%) is the most frequently utilized information flow medium for
both rural and urban citizens. Watching news on TV (24.4%) and reading News on News paper (3.6)
was the next important means of information gathering . The result revealed improvements compared
to the base line of 2009 FTAPS with the exception of the reading habits which was low compared to
the base line data (9.5%). It is true that respondents somehow have access to different types of mass
media in Ethiopia, but both assessment results (2009 and 2013) indicate that the respondents from
Afar, Somali, SNNPR, Harari, Addis Ababa, and Dire Dawa have relatively a better and frequent
access to radio information, as compared to respondents from
Tigray, Amhara, Oromiya,
Benishangul, and Gambella regions who do have relatively less frequent access or habit. Regarding
watching TV, similar trend was recorded; respondents from around the urban areas of Somali, Harari,
Addis Ababa, and Dire Dawa have access to television news at least more than once a week.
Table 6.7. Frequency of Access to News by Citizens.
Listen News on Radio
Read News on
Watch News on TV
Newspapers
Frequency
Baseline
Current
Baseline
Current
Daily
32.3
49.7
9.5
24.4
9.5
3.6
More than once a week
17.1
21.1
5.1
14.6
5.1
4.8
Once a week
5.2
8.2
4.6
11.8
4.6
10.6
3
2.3
6.7
10.6
6.7
12.3
Never
37.7
14.7
68.8
32.5
68.8
61.8
Don't remember
4.7
4.0
5.3
6.1
5.3
6.9
Monthly
Total
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Reading as a means of getting the required information is completely out of picture and this form of
information has not improved, with the exception of areas such as Addis Ababa and Dire Dawa where
over 10% percent are used to reading the newspapers. However, it is worthwhile noting that the
informal means of communication discussing current events with friends while on refreshment,
Page .29.
funeral and wedding occasion are the most common practice for over 70 percent of the survey
respondents. Table 6.8 shows the details by region.
Figure 3. Radio News listening habit in 2009 and 2013.
Percent of Response
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Daily
More than Once a week
once a week
Listen News on Radio Baseline
Monthly
Never
Don't
remember
Listen News on Radio Current
Figure 4. TV News Watching habit in 2009 and 2013.
Percent of Respondents
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Daily
More than once a
week
Once a week
Watch News on TV Baseline
Monthly
Never
Don't remember
Watch News on TV Current
Table 6.8. Frequency of discussion of current events with friends by region (In percent).
Daily
More than
once a week
Once a
week
Monthly
Never
Don't
Remember
Tigray
8.5
9.2
31.0
10.8
33.7
6.7
Amhara
14.3
35.1
17.9
5.8
20.4
6.6
Oromia
14.2
19.1
21.9
15.7
22.9
6.1
SNNPR
40.5
17.1
15.5
11.5
10.0
5.5
9.1
67.4
17.1
4.0
2.3
11.2
28.1
40.4
18.0
Afar
3.7
14.2
9.3
4.1
45.5
23.1
Somali
24.7
15.0
8.5
5.3
42.6
4.0
Gambella
40.2
20.1
12.8
6.1
20.1
.6
Harari
10.0
18.9
20.0
10.0
37.8
3.3
Addis Ababa
21.6
25.1
15.0
8.3
23.1
6.8
19.8
21.2
19.3
10.8
22.5
6.3
Regions
Benshangul Gumuz
Dire Dawa
Total
2.2
Page .30.
6.1.2.3. Participation in solving problem of their neighborhood and in meetings
About 61% of the respondent said they participated in solving neighborhood problems that arose at
any time. In this regard, the respondents participation was mostly in the form of contributing either
money or food, labor, participation in meetings and helping organize a group to solve their
neighborhood problems. The largest share of participation goes to neighborhood meetings with about
43% of respondents. The type of contribution the respondents have made to their neighbors varied
greatly between the urban and rural areas as shown in Table 6.9.
Table 6.9
Percentage Distribution of Citizen’s Participation by Type of Contribution to
solving neighborhood problems (in Percent)
Type of Contribution
By contributing money, food or supplies
By contributing your labor at no charge
By attending meetings to discuss the problem
By helping to organize a group to resolve the problem
Don‘t remember
Total
Urban
Rural
Total
17
25
43
13
3
100
23
24
44
9
0
100
19
24
43
12
2
100
With regard to participation in meetings, the most salient meetings held by the respondents are weekly
with religious type organizations (36.6%), Monthly meetings in the famous social gatherings of
Idir/Equb (38.8%) and yearly in the parents and teachers meetings (36.3%). About 60 percent of the
respondents have also said that they never participated in political party meetings and a further 8.4
percent have said not to remember if they ever participated in these meetings (Table 6.10).
Table 6.10 Frequency of Citizen’s Participation in Various Meetings
Weekly
More
than
once a
week
Monthly
Yearly
Never
Don't
remember
Of a religious organization
36.6%
11.7%
22.5%
6.8%
17.9%
4.5%
Of parents and teachers
4.4%
6.8%
11.8%
36.3%
34.3%
6.4%
Of an organization in your neighborhood
3.9%
7.2%
17.8%
11.6%
51.1%
8.4%
Of Idir or Equb
13.3%
11.3%
38.8%
6.2%
25.6%
4.9%
Of a political party
5.1%
3.6%
10.4%
13.4%
59.1%
8.4%
Participation in a Meeting
Page .31.
6.1.3 Citizens’ Training and Awareness Creation on FTA
6.1.3.1 Training
One of the expected key assessments by this survey is to find out about the effort of MoFED, BoFEDs
as well as their local counterparts in cities and woredas in implementing training on FTA and the
outcome of these trainings. In this regard, during the survey, respondents were asked whether they
had ever participated or not on FTA related training. The results show that about 19 percent of the
respondents have received training on FTA with more people trained in urban areas (21.14%) than in
the rural areas (18.14%). There was a remarkable difference when the data is disaggregated by sex,
i.e., trained male respondents were close 69% while females were only 31%. Training With regard to
the regions, the SNNP with 38 %, Benshangul-Gumuz with 26.3%, Addis Ababa with 22% and
Gambella with 16.8% of respondents confirming their FTA training can be considered better than the
national average. In contrast, Somali, Afar, Dire Dawa and Tigray regions have respondents
confirming to receive FTA training that is below average. The following table shows the details.
Table 6.11 Percentage of Respondents trained in FTA by region, sex and residential area
Regions
Sex and Residence
Trained in FTA
Tigray
11.7
Female
10.2
Male
12.4
Rural
11.7
Urban
11.6
Amhara
14.3
8.3
18.4
15.1
8.6
Oromia
15.4
11.5
18.1
14.8
19.7
SNNPR
38.0
31.9
42.4
35.5
55.6
Benshangul Gumuz
26.3
22.0
28.4
24.4
28.1
Dire Dawa
9.0
5.3
11.8
Afar
7.5
3.6
9.2
Somali
8.5
4.2
Gambella
16.8
16.1
Harari
12.2
2.6
19.6
22.0
Addis Ababa
22.0
17.1
25.4
100.0
19.0
14.6
21.9
Total
9.0
7.5
7.8
11.1
8.6
18.9
17.4
14.6
12.2
18.1
21.1
The respondents who confirmed their participation in BLT training were asked about who the
organizer of the training was and their response shows that FTA trainings were mostly organized by
WoFEDs (68.63%) followed by their respective regional BoFEDs (9.38%). MoFED was mentioned
only in about only 3 present of the cases truly reflecting the planned arrangement for FTA training.
The Following table shows the details.
Page .32.
Table 6.12 Organizer of Training or Meeting
Woreda
Organizer
City Government
Total
Count
Percent
Count
Percent
Count
Percent
MoFED
25
2.22
18
3.56
43
2.63
Regional BoFED
79
7.01
74
14.65
153
9.38
Woreda WoFED
815
72.32
305
60.40
1120
68.63
Woreda Council
100
8.87
22
4.36
122
7.48
NGO/CSO
18
1.60
16
3.17
34
2.08
Don't remember
90
7.99
70
13.86
160
9.80
1127
100.00
505
100.00
1632
100.00
Total
The Content of FTA training, as judged by the responses, has also been structured in the intended
way. In line with this, it is appreciated that the larger portion of the content that was covered during
the training sessions was Budget information or templates according to 39.45 percent of the
respondents followed by Accountability issues. Budget formulation and approval was also covered as
revealed by 26% of the responses. The duration of training according to the survey results was on
average 3 days while the minimum and maximum were reported as half a day and 7 days,
respectively. The following table shows the details.
Table 6.13 Topics Covered During FTA Training
Topics
Budget Formulation/Approval
Budget Information or Display
Templates
Accountability
Other
Don't remember
Total
Woredas
City Government
Count Percent
Count
Percent
456
25.65
197
27.02
Total
Count
Percent
653
26.05
711
39.99
278
38.13
989
39.45
564
11
36
1778
31.72
.62
2.02
100.00
239
4
11
729
32.78
.55
1.51
100.00
803
15
47
2507
32.03
.60
1.87
100.00
As part of the assessment the respondents were also asked about whether there were some materials
distributed during the conduct of the training and their responses show that 78.74% of them had
received
such
materials.
According
to
the
response
of
those who participated on FTA related training or meeting, it was reveled that in the sessions there
were an average of 35 men and 22 women.
Page .33.
Table 6.14. Percentage of Respondents who received FTA materials/brochures/manual
Regions
Tigray
Amhara
Oromia
SNNPR
Benshangul Gumuz
Dire Dawa
Afar
Somali
Gambella
Harari
Addis Ababa
Total
Yes
90.4
57.9
84.9
85.4
97.8
100.0
55.0
50.9
100.0
63.6
70.8
78.7
No
9.6
42.1
15.1
14.6
2.2
45.0
49.1
36.4
29.2
21.3
The contribution of the training on FTA to understanding of Financial Transparency and
accountability issues is rated extremely high by more than 75 percent of the respondents who received
the budget literacy training. This finding also justifies all the effort and cost put by BoFEDs and their
woreda and city counterparts to train their citizen‘s on FTA. The following table shows the details.
Table 6.15 Percentage of respondents who rated the contribution of FTA training as Good, Very
good or Excellent.
Contribution of FTA Training
Understanding the budget process
Knowing who is responsible
The accountability of woreda/kebele officials to citizen's
Where to look for budget information
How to interpret budget figures
Encouraging citizen's involvement
Percent
88.91
87.50
86.88
81.79
77.33
77.87
Asked whether receiving the FTA training has helped them to be encouraged to become active
participant in the budget formulation process or making woreda/kebele officials accountable, about
87% of the respondents had confirmed this albeit regional variations in the response. In fact this type
of appreciation by the survey respondents again strengthen the belief that the FTA training on budget
literacy can be effective to achieve the desired objectives if more and more citizens receive the
training. The table below shows the details by region.
Page .34.
Table 6.16. Percentage of respondents who believe that training helped them to become active
and hold accountable local officials.
Regions
Tigray
Amhara
Oromia
SNNPR
Benshangul Gumuz
Dire Dawa
Afar
Somali
Gambella
Harari
Addis Ababa
Total
Yes
96.2
80.6
84.2
94.1
97.8
100.0
40.0
30.2
100.0
72.7
93.6
87.1
No
3.8
19.4
15.8
5.9
2.2
60.0
69.8
27.3
6.4
12.9
6.1.3.1 Posting of FTA Templates
According to the survey results, 42.5% of the respondents have seen the FTA templates posted in the
jurisdictions. This is a very reasonable achievement for the FTA initiative. The results also show that
there is a high variability among the regional states where the highest percentage of about 86% is
recorded in Benshangul-Gumuz and the lowest is recorded for Somali region with 3%. The following
table shows the details.
Table 6.17. Percentage of Respondents who confirmed having seen Posted Templates
Regions
Tigray
Amhara
Oromia
SNNPR
Benshangul Gumuz
Dire Dawa
Afar
Somali
Gambella
Harari
Addis Ababa
Total
Yes
64.7
37.8
39.2
66.2
85.7
62.9
7.1
3.3
33.0
18.9
43.2
42.5
No
35.3
62.2
60.8
33.8
14.3
37.1
92.9
96.7
67.0
81.1
56.8
57.5
Those who had ever seen budget information posted in their area, were asked further if discussion had
followed after having seen the budget and service delivery figures and pictures in the templates. The
Page .35.
results show that indeed there was some discussion among Citizens and their respective woreda/City
officials (37%) and among citizens themselves (26%) as shown in the table below.
Table 6.18. Respondents who confirmed about discussion after seeing Posted Templates
What type of local government unit is the
jurisdiction?
Woreda
City Government
Total
Response
Citizens themselves
Count
678
Percent
26.87
Count
272
Percent
24.03
Count
950
Percent
25.99
Citizens and Woreda
Officials
978
38.76
386
34.10
1364
37.32
Citizens and CSOs
245
9.71
102
9.01
347
9.49
349
13.83
182
16.08
531
14.53
No, there was no
discussion
Don't remember
Total
273
10.82
190
16.78
463
12.67
2523
100.00
1132
100.00
3655
100.00
Asked to specify about the type of information they had seen posted by sector, the major of
respondents said that health and education related information was the dominant ones. The Table
below shows the details.
Table 6.19. Information posted and seen by Sector
Areas of Information
Woreda
City Government
Total
Responses
1844
Percent
26.62
Responses
740
Percent
31.80
Responses
2584
Percent
27.92
Health
2075
29.95
897
38.55
2972
32.11
Agriculture
1650
23.82
266
11.43
1916
20.70
Water Services
1254
18.10
364
15.64
1618
17.48
Don't remember
105
1.52
60
2.58
165
1.78
Total
6928
100.00
2327
100.00
9255
100.00
Education
Asked whether they had any sort of training on the interpretation of the posted, 19 percent had
indicated that they had training of these kind. In fact, it appears that the same respondents who
confirmed participating in the trainings organized by WoFEDs are the ones answering similarly here.
Furthermore, the results show that about 25% do know someone in their neighborhood who had been
trained to interpreter the information posted on the templates.
About 59% of the respondents have indicated that FTA training indeed contributes to understand
better the information posted on the templates with 57% in the rural areas and 63% in the urban areas
showing somehow their perception about the relationship of education level and capacity to interpret
the template.
Page .36.
With regard to dissemination of budget information used in their respective woredas/cities, the
respondents have indicated that the FTA templates are not even the most popular ones. In fact, public
meetings are the most applied means of communication with about 29% followed by the use of FTA
templates with about 13%. These are followed by use of brochures containing budget and service
delivery information while the use of TV and Radio broadcasting stand very low at about 6 and 9
percent.
The use of Newspapers and Drama/Theatre or other artistic forms is not significant with
about 3 and 1 percent of the cases. It is also to be noted that close to 30% of the respondents did not
know what type of media is being used to disseminate budget and service delivery information.
Table 6.20. Medias used to disclose budget and service information.
Total
Medias Used
Woredas
City Government
Count
Percent
Count
Percent
Count
Percent
TV
157
2.08
535
13.81
692
6.07
Radio
459
6.09
543
14.01
1002
8.78
Newspaper
112
1.49
221
5.70
333
2.92
Brochure
708
9.40
565
14.58
1273
11.16
948
12.58
505
13.03
1453
12.74
2570
34.11
679
17.52
3249
28.48
45
.60
72
1.86
117
1.03
2535
33.65
755
19.48
3290
28.84
7534
100
3875
100
11409
100
Budget, expenditure and service facility
template (tabular or pictorial)
Public Workshop or Community
Meeting
Drama, Theatre, or other artistic forms
Don't Know
Total
Table 6.21. Medias used to disclose budget and service information
Medias Used to disclose budget information
Regional States
TV
Radio
News
paper
Brochure
Service Delivery
Public Workshop
Template (tabular or
or Community
pictorial)
Meeting
Drama,
Theatre, or
Don't
other artistic
Know
forms
Tigray
1.69
2.25
15.75
9.14
11.53
40.93
2.11
16.60
Amhara
5.95
7.02
.51
4.66
14.21
33.86
.28
33.52
Oromia
3.55
9.79
.76
12.15
12.21
34.29
.62
26.62
SNNPR
3.73
7.72
3.62
14.91
17.06
33.18
1.00
18.79
Benshangul Gumuz
4.90
1.75
.35
12.94
21.33
51.05
Dire Dawa
19.91
24.07
4.17
16.67
5.09
12.04
Afar
5.24
10.49
.70
4.20
5.59
1.75
7.69
13.43
4.63
72.03
Page .37.
Medias Used to disclose budget information
Regional States
TV
Radio
Somali
.63
Gambella
2.93
Harari
2.17
30.43
Addis Ababa
16.73
12.16
6.07
8.78
Total
6.19
News
paper
Brochure
Service Delivery
Public Workshop
Template (tabular or
or Community
pictorial)
Meeting
Drama,
Theatre, or
Don't
other artistic
Know
forms
.16
.16
.95
4.13
2.70
85.08
.49
4.39
27.80
25.85
38.54
1.09
3.26
5.43
57.61
5.83
17.93
11.76
14.05
.57
20.96
2.92
11.16
12.74
28.48
1.03
28.84
According to the judgment of respondents, the media used in their woredas/cities to disclose budget and related
information is thought to be highly effective and somewhat effective in 74% of the cases. See the details in the
table below.
Table 6.22. Assessment of Effectiveness of the Medias used to announce budget and service
information
Total
Effectiveness Rate
Woredas
Count
City Government
Percent
Count
Percent
Count
Percent
Highly Effective
1190
32.35
674
41.48
1864
35.14
Somehow Effective
1377
37.43
693
42.65
2070
39.03
Minimally Effective
719
19.54
172
10.58
891
16.80
Not Effective
262
7.12
48
2.95
310
5.84
Don't remember
131
3.56
38
2.34
169
3.19
3679
100
1625
100
5304
100
Total
During the survey, respondents were asked to suggest more innovative approaches and ideas so that
the Government can improve the FTA imitative and the Templates/Media used to convey Budget and
service delivery information. Most respondents have suggested the following as effective means of
information dissemination in their area:
 Use FM Radio More
 Use places such as Mosques, Churches, Idirs and Market Places to communicate through
loudspeaker because many illiterate people can understand
 Deploy and use more and bigger posting billboards with covers
 Use all public meetings to convey
 Use the Elders to teach the community about FTA
Page .38.
6.1.4. Citizen's Perception of Coverage, Quality and Efficiency of
core Services
6.1.4.1 General
The perception of quality of life has increased persitently across all regions. The baseline in 2009 was
that 62% percieved their quality of life as bad while the 2013 survey results show that this has
dwindled to 25% which means 75% of respondents appreciate their quality of life as average, high or
very high. This is happenning regardless of the percentage of repondents who reported dissatisfaction
with local services showing a growth from 45% in 2009 to 67% in 2013. This clearly indicates that
the public workers are not very much committed and responsible to do the job as expected. The
following table shows the comarison of the two variables.
Table 6.23 Baseline and Current status of satisfaction with Services and Quality of Life
Overall, not satisfied with local
Quality of life is
services
bad or very bad
Region
Baseline
Current
Baseline
Current
(2009)
(2013)
(2009)
(2013)
Addis Ababa
49.2
59.3
64.3
27.9
Afar
49.4
95.5
62.2
55.6
Amhara
26.9
68.4
46.3
29.8
Benishangul - Gumuz
46.0
52.5
77.9
4.5
Dire Dawa
36.5
37.0
68.6
4.4
Gambella
67.9
97.7
80.0
55.3
Harari
63.6
60.0
45.5
28.8
Oromiya
37.1
74.1
51.9
17.5
SNNP
35.6
60.7
76.3
23.8
Somali
65.5
74.6
58.9
22.9
Tigray
22.6
57.3
50.9
6.2
6.1.4.2. General Perception of Services
The assessment result revealed that the major needs of the respondents to be:- increasing the amount
of water available to the community (24.8% ) followed by better roads (16.8%), improving Health
services (16.7%) and provide more assistance to poor families (10.8%). The major sector of the
livelihoods which is improving agricultural extension services accounted to 6 percent, indicating that
the hope in increasing the production and productivity has not at all improved. It was interesting to
note that the major services required by regions such as road construction, water availability,
education and health services were in the right direction compared to the base line data (Table 6.24).
Page .39.
Do not Know
6
3
1
15
35
16
12
6
2
4
3
Afar
-
0
4
40
2
1
10
0
20
14
-
0
14
7
1
2
28
8
1
0
30
27
Amhara
1
1
18
30
14
11
6
8
27
19
1
1
5
7
0
2
12
13
5
7
11
1
B–G
-
9
9
5
11
2
13
5
36
25
-
1
2
21
-
3
10
29
1
0
19
0
Dire Dawa
6
11
2
8
10
29
4
13
36
10
-
2
-
1
14
20
24
3
2
0
2
1
Gambella
-
0
20
75
15
2
2
4
18
13
-
0
4
1
-
0
27
3
-
2
15
0
Harari
-
8
52
18
10
2
-
0
5
7
-
3
-
0
5
20
24
36
5
7
-
0
Oromiya
2
1
21
21
14
27
8
5
23
19
1
2
3
8
1
1
13
6
3
3
14
7
SNNP
0
2
34
20
13
19
14
14
14
21
1
5
3
7
1
1
12
9
3
2
4
1
Somali
1
0
23
59
8
10
6
1
29
7
1
1
-
4
4
3
21
13
1
1
6
1
Tigray
2
0
17
19
8
18
9
11
16
14
1
1
5
3
4
2
14
26
9
3
16
3
6.1.4.3 Health Services
In general, because of some illness during the last 12 months, over 55 percent of the respondents have
visited health facilities during the assessment period compared to the 40 percent visit in 2009. The
figure is higher in urban areas compared to the rural areas. Government health centers accounted for
over 46 followed by Government run Health posts (21) and Government run clinics (13) and only 5.3
percent of the respondents had gone to private health facilities.
Table 6.25 Type of Health Facility Visited by those who were sick during the last 12 months.
Woredas
Health Facility
City Government
Total
Count
percent
Count
percent
Count
percent
Government-run Health post
839
24.35
150
12.00
989
21.06
Government-run clinic
484
14.05
110
8.80
594
12.65
Government-run Health center
1670
48.48
465
37.20
2135
45.47
Government-run Hospital
194
5.63
343
27.44
537
11.44
NGO run health facility
24
.70
17
1.36
41
.87
Current
2
Baseline
11
Baseline
Current
Other
Families
Assistance to poor
17
Baseline
Current
Housing
3
Baseline
Current
Services
3
Baseline
Current
Agricultural
Water
Drainage
8
Baseline
Current
Health Services
Current
16
Baseline
Baseline
Current
Schools
Roads
Current
10
Baseline
5
Baseline
Current
water
collection
9
Baseline
13
Addis Ababa
Current
Region
Garbage
Table 6.24 Baseline and Current values for high Priority Services by Region (in Percent)
Page .40.
Woredas
Health Facility
City Government
Total
Count
percent
Count
percent
Count
percent
Private health facility
87
2.53
162
12.96
249
5.30
Don't know
147
4.27
3
.24
150
3.19
3445
100.00
1250
100.00
4695
100.00
Total
For those who reported not to have visited any health facility (45%), the reason were mainly attributed
to distance and staff related issues. Over 58.6% and 13.5% of these respondents did not visit
Government facilities just because of the long queue and because of Medical staff absence in the
centers, respectively. The physical condition of buildings and staff availability was fairly good
compared to the base line data in all Regions. The availability of medicines (46%), the staff readiness
to help the patients (26%) and medical attention (35%) were low compared to the baseline although
there were some improvements.
Table 6.26 Baseline and Current percentage values about Dissatisfaction with Medical Services
by region and Percent of respondents Who Disagree or Disagree strongly
Wait not too
long
Baseline
Current
Baseline
Current
Baseline
17.5
27.0
35
20.5
13.4
27.0
31.8
32.0
14.7
23.9
16.3
19.8
15.9
Afar
17.4
62.1
17.6
55.8
22.2
68.4
47.2
72.6
19.3
62.1
25.9
23.2
25.9
54.7
Amhara
18
12.6
47.5
11.1
11.5
14.6
28.5
44.9
8.9
21.7
14.6
27.6
23.3
44.5
B/Gumuz
10
14.3
33.3
3.7
19.2
11.8
44.2
64.6
12
18.6
11.8
14.3
11.8
29.8
Dire Dawa
16
0.0
36
0.0
12
0.0
24
0.0
16
6.3
25
0.0
14.8
6.3
Gambella
17.6
66.7
58.8
32.2
29.4
47.8
72.2
66.7
35.3
57.8
22.2
15.6
55.6
53.3
Harari
23.1
0.0
42.9
2.7
16.7
0.0
42.9
5.4
25
0.0
21.4
2.7
8.3
27.0
Oromiya
22.3
17.1
48.3
15.0
27
24.1
51.2
51.8
26.2
24.8
24.2
19.8
36.9
34.7
SNNP
11.5
20.4
57.5
19.1
12.4
33.0
32.8
52.4
11.7
40.4
18.8
29.0
25
31.3
Somali
26.1
13.1
19.1
14.9
21.7
6.0
47.8
26.3
26.1
2.7
35.6
5.7
22.2
30.1
Tigray
9.9
5.6
30.9
4.0
9.7
3.2
30.7
11.9
7.5
5.6
10.5
11.1
13.7
5.6
Average
17.2
21.7
38.8
16.3
17.7
21.4
41.2
39.0
18.4
24.0
20.6
15.3
23.0
31.6
Current
Current
Addis
Ababa
Baseline
Baseline
Good attn
by good
staff
Current
Buildings in
good
condition
Baseline
Staff
Courteous/
helpful
Current
Supplies
available
Current
Staff
available
Baseline
Regions
Convenient
distance
29.8
Page .41.
6.1.4.4 Education Services
The survey result on children attending school is 85 percent showing a significant change compared to
the previous 71 percent of the 2009 survey result. Only 1.6 percent did not attend school. Major
reasons for not attending school are a) Children have other work to do (46%), b) Financial reason -no
money for fees uniforms (20%), c) School is too far away (14%), d) Children refuse to go to school
(11%) and e) School is not the most important thing (8%). Regarding access and school services
offered to children the response was very positive indicating significant development across all
Regions compared to the previous survey results (Table 6.27). As per the survey result, all schools are
located in a convenient distance, the teachers/administrators are never absent/and are readily available
to meet with pupils. Besides, the minimum required educational materials such as books and supplies,
desks and the physical feature of the schools were all meeting the standards. Furthermore, school fees
and uniforms are also affordable and Girls have access to a separate and private toilet or latrines.
Table 6.27. Percentage of Baseline and Current Respondents who report School conditions as
Good or Very Good, by characteristics and by Region
Regions
Condition of
Access to potable
Building
water
Access to toilet
Good play ground
Baseline
Current
Baseline
Current
Baseline
Current
Baseline
Current
Addis Ababa
83.10
91.55
79.00
84.95
81.60
94.98
77.20
75.26
Afar
78.90
63.78
86.10
25.20
67.50
56.81
57.00
19.69
Amhara
70.20
82.37
56.40
52.69
69.30
73.83
86.50
85.11
84.30
99.32
51.40
90.54
60.90
56.66
60.00
97.97
Dire Dawa
61.30
98.21
93.50
98.21
77.40
88.51
71.90
75.00
Gambella
77.30
76.92
36.40
41.03
21.70
92.86
37.50
50.43
Harari
83.30
100.00
41.70
82.69
45.50
22.05
72.70
100.00
Oromiya
65.50
95.75
52.00
76.17
52.10
73.66
69.80
77.29
SNNP
63.50
80.49
49.40
54.54
61.20
52.14
77.60
60.22
Somali
88.90
96.42
53.70
17.39
64.80
92.31
67.90
60.61
Tigray
84.10
93.19
74.70
72.76
69.90
78.14
80.50
67.38
69.10
88.92
56.20
63.03
61.70
67.85
76.50
72.32
Benishangul –
Gumuz
Total
Page .42.
6.1.4.5 Agricultural Extension Services
Participation in the agricultural extension services offered by the Government and other development
practioners during the past twelve months varied significantly from Regions to Regions. This has been
a significant improvement compared to the participation in 2009 which was nationally less than 40%.
Participation in all Regions accounted to around 64% and the same was true compared to the base line
data. Participation was the highest in Tigray region (77%) followed by Benshangul Gumuz (74.4%).
The regions that do have very low participation are Afar (19%) and Gabmbella (24%) regions as
shown in Tables 6.28 and 6.29. The reason why over 35% did not participate in the services offered
was attributed to staff absence, lack of transport and price. However, a very significant number (over
26%) of the respondents did not give any reasons why.
Table 6.28 Whether used agricultural extension services.
Response
Regional State
Yes
No
Count
Percent
Count
Percent
Tigray
203
76.89
61
23.11
Amhara
958
71.98
373
28.02
Oromia
1591
66.35
807
33.65
SNNPR
884
71.23
357
28.77
Benshangul Gumuz
64
74.42
22
25.58
Afar
51
19.03
217
80.97
Somali
192
35.75
345
64.25
Gambella
21
23.60
68
76.40
3964
63.79
2250
36.21
Total
Table 6.29. Reason cited by farmers not using agricultural extension services.
Reasons
Percent
Staff were not available/helpful
18.31
I had no means of transportation to get to the office
14.72
It is too expensive
12.57
I don‘t know what type of service they offer
12.27
Office is too far away from my home
9.93
Too many people were waiting, I couldn‘t get in
5.63
It was interesting to also note that the major extension servies offered were Farm inputs including
fertilizer, improved seeds, pesticides, farm system (21.69%), followed by Environmental protection -
Page .43.
soil conservation, forestry, plant protection (18.26%) and Animal husbandry, (16.4%). Marketing
goods and services (7.340%) and the least registered services were creating income generating
activities (2.69%). Oromiya, Amhara and SNNP were the regions that were significantly better in
their involvement in the agricultural extension services as compared to the rest of the Regions.
All offices where the agricultural services are offered were located in a convenient distance & the
extension workers were helpful and attentive as noted by over 50% of the respondents. The supplies
and material needed including the Quality of services offered got the same type of response.
6.1.4.6 Water Services
The results indicated that about 88 percent of rural and 55% urban areas depended in fetching their
own water. Percentage of total respondents by main type of water source, and percentage of those
who say they rarely or never have sufficient water when they need has changed significantly in the
past five years indicating water services coverage improvement throughout the country. The main
sources of water for urban and rural areas varied greatly. In rural areas source of water are mainly
river, lake, pond, stream and or other surface water (27%) followed by a communal spigot (Bono)
connected to the pipeline (22%) . In urban areas for over 46 % of the citizens the source of water is a
private connection to the city main pipeline as indicated in Table 6.30.
Table 6.30. Main Sources of Water.
Type of Jurisdiction in percent
Source of Water
Rural
Urban
Count Percent
From a communal spigot not connected to Woreda pipeline
Count
Percent
1048
11.8
332
9.90
408
4.6
1556
46.38
1018
11.5
260
7.75
687
7.7
177
5.28
From a communal spigot (Bono) connected to the pipeline
1943
21.9
327
9.75
From a river, lake, pond, stream or other surface water source
2416
27.2
124
3.70
Purchase water from a neighbor
323
3.6
279
8.32
Purchase water from a private vendor
181
2.0
168
5.01
From rain water/water harvesting
847
9.5
132
3.93
16
0.2
From a private connection to the Woreda/City pipeline
From a private protected (treated) well or spring
From a private un protected well spring
Others
Page .44.
Regarding water availability of the required amount, close to one third of the respondents reported
availability as rarely. On the other hand over 50% of the population both in the urban and rural areas
had sufficient water for the daily routine from their major sources of water. It is not only availability
of water but also the quality of water that is key for the population especially in the rural areas. The
response in this direction showed that over 75% of the time citizens did not get sick as a result of
drinking water. The voice of the significant proportion of the population (24%) that someone got sick
from drinking water has to be given due attention. The residents (about 64%) knew where to go and
contact when faced with water related problems. Some of the regions such as SNNP, Harari, Somalia
and many parts of Addis Ababa still remain with problems of adequate water supply.
6.1.4.7. Solid Waste Services
Logically, the issues related to Solid waste collection were addressed to the urban population only.
The survey results show that about over 55 percent of the solid waste from the households was
collected by the respective city government while the participation of the private sector accounted to
nearly 30 percent.
Table 6.31. Percentage of responses on who collects household solid waste
Response
City Government
Private company or individual
NGO or CBO
Other (specify)
Don't know
Percent
55.34%
29.51%
6.91%
2.80%
5.44%
Furthermore, about 70 percent of the respondents are satisfied or highly satisfied with the services.
The respondents who were either quite dissatisfied (21.35%) or Very Dissatisfied (4.65%) were asked
further if they knew where to complain about their situation and said Yes in 74% of the cases. Beside,
about 71% of these respondents were confident about their complaint resulting in some corrective
measure.
Page .45.
6.1.5 Citizen's Understanding of Public Budget Process.
Over 70 of the respondents have the understanding that collected money from the citizens in various
forms (tax and others) to be the major sources of the national budget. There were regional variations
in responses, similar to the trend recorded in 2009.
Table 6.32. Responses on how services are paid for.
Parameters
Agreement Level
Woreda
Total
City Government
Count
percent
Count
percent
Count
percent
Taxes I pay to the government
Strongly Agree
1647
26.50
745
31.18
2392
27.80
are used to pay services I
Agree somehow
3049
49.07
1181
49.43
4230
49.17
receive.
Disagree
687
11.06
276
11.55
963
11.19
99
1.59
26
1.09
125
1.45
732
11.78
161
6.74
893
10.38
Disagree Strongly
Don't know
Fees I pay (to sell my animals,
Strongly Agree
1478
23.79
638
26.71
2116
24.60
get a market stall, etc.) are
Agree somehow
2976
47.89
1264
52.91
4240
49.29
used by the government to pay
Disagree
807
12.99
251
10.51
1058
12.30
for services (such as water,
Disagree Strongly
125
2.01
25
1.05
150
1.74
roads, schools) I receive
Don't know
828
13.32
211
8.83
1039
12.08
Services I receive are paid by
Strongly Agree
391
6.29
227
9.50
618
7.18
foreign governments
Agree somehow
1497
24.09
626
26.20
2123
24.68
Disagree
2173
34.97
845
35.37
3018
35.08
890
14.32
406
16.99
1296
15.06
1263
20.33
285
11.93
1548
17.99
Disagree Strongly
Don't know
People like me do not pay for
Strongly Agree
334
5.37
217
9.08
551
6.40
services we received
Agree somehow
1349
21.71
474
19.84
1823
21.19
Disagree
2218
35.69
963
40.31
3181
36.98
Disagree Strongly
1404
22.59
576
24.11
1980
23.02
909
14.63
159
6.66
1068
12.41
Don't know
I pay a fee directly for the
Strongly Agree
1134
18.25
923
38.64
2057
23.91
service I received
Agree somehow
2539
40.86
829
34.70
3368
39.15
Disagree
1248
20.08
395
16.53
1643
19.10
Disagree Strongly
416
6.69
82
3.43
498
5.79
Don't know
877
14.11
160
6.70
1037
12.05
Responses to the questions formulated to know citizens understanding about services indicate that
there is confusion or lack of understanding as to how much the regions influence the local governing
Page .46.
bodies. Overall, 62% of the respondents did not know what influence the regional government had
with regard to the provision of services. This was higher in the rural areas (64 percent) compared to
the urban areas (54 percent). Over a quarter of the respondents did not have any idea as to their roles
but over 22% said that Woreda decisions need to be approved by the regional government and 21%
said the Woreda gets advice from the regional government. Besides, 18% said the Regional
government makes the decisions and the Woreda administration and about 14% said that the Woreda
can make most decisions on its own as shown in the Tables below.
Table 6.33. Perceived effect of regional government influencing the decisions of Woredas/Cities
in percent.
Response
Total
Rural
Urban
The Woreda can make most decisions on its own
13.21
15.15
13.75
The Woreda gets advice from the regional government
19.49
23.27
20.54
20.82
25.58
22.14
18.76
17.12
18.31
27.71
18.88
25.26
100
100
100
All Woreda decisions need to be approved by the regional
Government
Regional Government makes the decisions and the Woreda
administration must carry them out
Don't know
Total
Table 6.34. Perceived effect of Woreda government influencing the decisions of Kebeles
Agreement level
Total
City
Woredas
Government
Responsibilities
Count
Percent
Count
Percent
Count Percent
My kebele administrators represent
Strongly Agree
1212
19.50
492
20.59
1704
19.81
my interest with the Woreda council
Agree somehow
3280
52.78
1230
51.49
4510
52.42
Disagree
795
12.79
388
16.24
1183
13.75
Disagree Strongly
217
3.49
72
3.01
289
3.36
Don't know
710
11.43
207
8.66
917
10.66
My kebele administrators resolve
Strongly Agree
1061
17.07
432
18.08
1493
17.35
disputes on behalf of the Woreda
Agree somehow
3447
55.47
1276
53.41
4723
54.90
administration
Disagree
776
12.49
403
16.87
1179
13.70
Disagree Strongly
167
2.69
65
2.72
232
2.70
Don't know
763
12.28
213
8.92
976
11.34
My kebele administrators inform the
Strongly Agree
563
9.06
419
17.54
982
11.41
Woreda council what should be
Agree somehow
2606
41.94
1053
44.08
3659
42.53
included in the budget
Disagree
1331
21.42
492
20.59
1823
21.19
367
5.91
84
3.52
451
5.24
Disagree Strongly
Page .47.
Agreement level
Government
Responsibilities
Don't know
Total
City
Woredas
Count
Percent
Count
Percent
Count Percent
1347
21.68
341
14.27
1688
19.62
My kebele administrators tell me what
Strongly Agree
480
7.72
367
15.36
847
9.85
is in the Woreda budget
Agree somehow
2261
36.39
909
38.05
3170
36.85
Disagree
1481
23.83
565
23.65
2046
23.78
881
14.18
267
11.18
1148
13.34
1111
17.88
281
11.76
1392
16.18
Disagree Strongly
Don't know
As indicated in Table 6.33 the perception of respondents relating to the responsibility of their kebele
administrators, the result depict the following in order of importance:- a well prepared kebele
development plans (25%) , Don‘t know (22% ), public information showing how much money is
spent in each kebele (15%) and Kebele based community organizations (10%).
Table 6.35. Opinion of respondents on where the woreda should spend its money to be effective
Rural
Count
Urban
Total
Percent Count Percent Count Percent
Well prepared kebele development plans
1477
23.77
628
26.29
2105
24.47
Don‘t know
1409
22.67
498
20.85
1907
22.17
919
14.79
346
14.48
1265
14.70
Kebele based community organizations
748
12.04
146
6.11
894
10.39
Kebele administrators
442
7.11
246
10.30
688
8.00
433
6.97
171
7.16
604
7.02
449
7.23
134
5.61
583
6.78
336
5.41
205
8.58
541
6.29
1
.02
15
.63
16
.19
Public information showing how much
money is spent in each kebele
The opinions of Woreda administration staff
and officials
Elected Woreda councils
Having Woreda officials with family ties to
your kebele
Others (specify)
One of the critical issues that needed to be assessed was whether the survey respondents knew where
the woredas/cities secured finances and how they were spending them. In this regard, the survey
results show that on average about 29 percent of the respondents knew about these issues while the
Page .48.
majority were uninformed about the matter. The regional differences are also very wide with only 7.3
percent in Somali and as high as 64 percent in Benshangul-Gumuz region. The four larger regions are
not that much better than the average except the SNNP with 53 percent of the respondents having
information in this regard. The table below shows the details.
Table 6.36. Respondents who said to have obtained information about source of woreda finance
and its expenditure
Region
Percent
Tigray
25.6
Amhara
26.8
Oromia
24.6
SNNPR
53.0
Benshangul Gumuz
64.0
Dire Dawa
13.5
Afar
10.8
Somali
7.3
Gambella
27.9
Harari
12.2
Addis Ababa
25.1
Total
28.7
These few percentage of respondents mentioned as their sources of information that budget allocation
was known to them as a result of attending a meeting organized by the local government (22%),
followed by information exchange with friends and neighbors (17%). Information received via the
mass media such as newspaper (3.7%), watching television (4%) and listening radio (5.6%) was less
important. Other sources of information such as mini media and training were mentioned in very few
cases. The way budget information was known in the regions also shows a similar pattern. Almost the
same result was obtained when worked out by regions:- 22% By attending a meeting organized by
the local government, 18% From talking with friends/neighbors and 15% Information was posted on a
community bulletin board. Mass media played no significant role:- 3% from the newspapers, 4% from
watching Television & 4% listening to Radio (see Table 6.35).
Table 6.37. How one receives budget information.
Sources Information
Percent
By attending a meeting organized by the local government
22.18
From talking with friends/neighbors
17.08
Information was posted on a community bulletin board
15.43
From a member of an organization in my community
12.95
Page .49.
Sources Information
Percent
From information posted by the Woreda using
11.44
Through a leaflet distributed by the government
7.14
Listening to Radio
5.59
Watching Television
4.37
From the newspaper
3.67
Others
0.15
Total
100.00
Asked about how well they know about their respective woreda/city budget, close to 50% of the
Citizens however did not have any budget knowledge and only 4% responded knowing the budget
very well which is not a good indicator. The people who do have little knowledge were 28.7% and
this followed the same trend whether it is in Woredas or City Governments.
Table 6.38. How well respondents knew about their Woreda/City budget.
I know it
very well
I know
something
about it
I know a
little
I don't
know it
at all
Tigray
8.3
22.9
34.4
34.4
Amhara
Oromia
SNNPR
2.3
15.0
24.2
58.6
Benshangul Gumuz
1.6
8.7
0.6
19.0
27.0
40.6
26.1
36.5
40.0
53.3
27.9
18.9
Dire Dawa
2.2
51.7
21.3
24.7
Afar
2.6
9.3
25.0
63.1
Somali
Gambella
1.7
7.0
6.7
38.8
36.3
54.2
55.3
Harari
2.2
10.0
42.2
45.6
Addis Ababa
Average
9.7
20.0
20.6
49.7
4.1
19.2
28.7
47.9
Regions
The importance of budget knowledge by citizens is an undeniable fact as expressed by over 85% of
the respondents in both Woredas and City governments. Only 2.5% indicated that it is not important
as shown in the following table.
Page .50.
Table 6.39. Percentage of responses about how important is to know the woreda or city budget
Tigray
Very
important
36.2
Important
31.5
Somewhat
important
13.9
Not
important
.7
Amhara
56.4
19.8
15.2
1.4
7.2
Oromia
30.4
26.1
24.5
2.0
17.1
SNNPR
33.3
32.8
23.3
3.4
7.2
44.0
42.9
5.7
.6
6.9
47.2
32.6
15.7
Afar
16.8
15.7
25.4
4.9
37.3
Somali
11.0
41.5
16.7
6.2
24.6
Gambella
17.3
22.9
52.5
2.8
4.5
Harari
24.4
36.7
21.1
3.3
14.4
Addis Ababa
41.1
36.1
11.7
2.2
9.0
35.3
28.8
20.1
2.5
13.3
Regions
Benshangul
Gumuz
Dire Dawa
Average
Don't
Know
17.8
4.5
The response of citizens when asked as to whether kebele administration also has their own budget
that shows how they obtain and use the funds the response for over 74 was no idea. This reflected the
same type of trend as shown in Table 6.40. Over 23.6% did not give any response and 29% said the
budget is not enough. Close to 42% said the budget was somewhat sufficient. It was surprising to note
tat over 5.5% to have said that the budget was more than sufficient, the reason behind it was very
unclear. The respondents valid reasons as to what caused the funds to be somewhat or not sufficient
was very interesting to note that:Citizens do not pay enough taxes or fees, 26.68%
The Wereda does not use the money efficiently, 55.91%
The Woreda administration uses the funds to benefit themselves, 17.41%
Table 6.40 Whether funds available to the Woreda administration are sufficient to pay for all
the services it should provide
Total
Response
Woredas
City Government
Count
More than sufficient
Percent
Count
Percent
Count
Percent
293
4.72
183
7.66
476
5.53
Sufficient
1322
21.27
482
20.18
1804
20.97
Somewhat sufficient
1220
19.63
604
25.28
1824
21.20
Not enough
1807
29.08
660
27.63
2467
28.68
No answer
1572
25.30
460
19.25
2032
23.62
6214
100.00
2389
100.00
8603
100.00
Total
Page .51.
Compared to the results of the 2009 FTAPS baseline, the portion of respondents that think the
revenues are somewhat sufficient or not sufficient did not differ much by location, education, and or
sex Significantly more people with formal education offered an opinion than those without education,
and the conclusion is that most respondents think funds are not sufficient to provide the required
services for the end users. During the survey, the citizens suggested that the best way to ensure the
money needed for the community in order of importance as follows: No Answer, 37.12%
 The Woreda administration should find less expensive ways to delivery services we have, 26.41%
 The Woreda administration should contract with a private company to delivery the services,
11.29%
 The Woreda administration should increase the fees paid for services, 10.75%
 The Woreda administration should reduce the number of services we receive, 8.78%
 The citizens should provide more labor to assist in providing services, 5.65%
Over 87% of the respondents strongly suggested that opinions and priorities of the citizens in the
decisions of the Woreda administration on how to spend funds was very important and critical as
shown in Table 6.41.
Table 6.41 Importance or usefulness of citizens' opinions and priorities are in the
decisions of the Woreda administration on to spend city funds.
Responses
Woredas
Count
No very useful
Total
City Government
Percent
Count
Percent
Count
Percent
223
3.59
97
4.06
320
3.72
Useful
1538
24.75
801
33.53
2339
27.19
Very important
2795
44.98
1037
43.41
3832
44.54
Essential
689
11.09
297
12.43
986
11.46
No answer
969
15.59
157
6.57
1126
13.09
6214
100.00
2389
100.00
8603
100.00
Total
Except for about 11% who did not give a response, over 89% of the citizens further suggested that
what the woreda administration should consider when it makes decisions on how much money to
spend and on which services are to critically consider Citizens priorities (35.60%), actual costs of
existing services (13.51%), priorities of the national government (9.93%) and priorities of the regional
government (7.08%).
Page .52.
Regarding the responses as to what are the most important considerations the Woredas should have
when making decisions, respondents mentioned as the topmost consideration the priority of citizens‘
(35.6%) followed by actual costs of existing services (13.51%) as shown in Table 6.42.
Table 6.42. What the woreda administration should consider when it makes decisions on
how much money to spend and on which services (Q64 – Multiple Answer)
Woredas
Response
Count
Actual costs of existing services
Citizens priorities
Priorities of the national
government
Priorities of the regional
government
All of these
None of these
No answer
Total
Total
City Government
Percent
Count
Percent
Count
Percent
985
13.09
423
14.61
1408
13.51
2677
35.57
1033
35.68
3710
35.60
765
10.17
270
9.33
1035
9.93
504
6.70
234
8.08
738
7.08
1589
79
926
7525
21.12
1.05
12.31
100.00
731
6
198
2895
25.25
.21
6.84
100.00
2320
85
1124
10420
22.26
.82
10.79
100.00
As per the results of the survey, it was the opinion of the respondents that the Woreda or City
administration used most of the funds for health (around 20%) followed by education (14.89%) and
roads (14.41%). Close to 21% of the respondents did not know for what major services the Woredas
and city administration use the funds as shown in Table 6.433.
Table 6.43. Service that the Woreda administration uses most of its funds.
Services
Woredas
Total
City Government
Count
Percent
Count
Percent
Count
Percent
Don't know
1508
24.27
251
10.51
1759
20.45
Health
1128
18.15
554
23.19
1682
19.55
Education
953
15.34
328
13.73
1281
14.89
Roads
521
8.38
719
30.10
1240
14.41
Staff salary
847
13.63
227
9.50
1074
12.48
Agricultural extension
759
12.21
77
3.22
836
9.72
Water
387
6.23
155
6.49
542
6.30
Providing Land plots
46
.74
23
.96
69
.80
Page .53.
Drainage
37
.60
26
1.09
63
.73
Garbage Collection
11
.18
25
1.05
36
.42
Other (specify)
17
.27
4
.17
21
.24
6214
100.00
2389
100.00
8603
100.00
Total
Regarding the question addressing how Woredas Council members are chosen over 61% of the
respondents said that they are elected by people. Those who said they are appointed by the regional
authorities and Woredas administrators were 6.43% and 12.22 %, respectively. Table 6.44. shows the
details.
Table 6.44. How Woreda Council members are chosen.
Responses
They are appointed by the regional
authorities
They are appointed by the Woreda
administrator
They are elected by people like me
Other (please specify)
Don't know
Total
Woredas
Count Percent
City Government
Count
Percent
Total
Count
Percent
396
6.37
157
6.57
553
6.43
684
11.01
367
15.36
1051
12.22
3628
58.38
1583
66.26
5211
60.57
24.24
100.00
2
280
2389
.08
11.72
100.00
2
1786
8603
.02
20.76
100.00
1506
6214
The same trend followed when asked as to how kebele (or tabia) Council members are chosen. Over
68% of the respondents said that they are elected by people. Those who said they are appointed by the
Kebele administrators and the Woredas administrators were around 7% and 8%, respectively. The
number of respondents that did not know how they are chosen was close to 18% as shown in Table
6.45.
Table 6.45. How kebele (or tabia) council members are chosen.
Response
They are appointed by the woreda
administration
They are appointed by the kebele
administrator
Woredas
Count Percent
City Government
Count
Percent
Total
Count
Percent
404
6.50
181
7.58
585
6.80
403
6.49
259
10.84
662
7.69
Page .54.
Woredas
Count Percent
Response
They are elected by people like me
Don't know
Total
City Government
Count
Percent
Total
Count
Percent
4175
67.19
1643
68.77
5818
67.63
1232
6214
19.83
100.00
306
2389
12.81
100.00
1538
8603
17.88
100.00
Regarding the issue of how the woreda council and Kebele council can be influencing decisions about
issues in line with fees, collection of fees/taxes, how government is spending money and
level/quality/coverage of services, over 50% of the respondents said they are somewhat influential
and the majority said to be very influential as shown in Tables 6.46 and 6.47.
Table 6.46. How Woreda Council can be in influencing decisions.
Response
Woredas
Parameters
Total
City
Government
Count Percent Count Percent Count Percent
Issues regarding fees
Very influential
1678
27.00
808
33.82
2486
28.90
Somewhat influential
2866
46.12
1128
47.22
3994
46.43
Not influential at all
648
10.43
191
7.99
839
9.75
1022
16.45
262
10.97
1284
14.93
Issues regarding collection of Very influential
1535
24.70
799
33.44
2334
27.13
Fees/Taxes
2926
47.09
1150
48.14
4076
47.38
722
11.62
180
7.53
902
10.48
Don't know
1031
16.59
260
10.88
1291
15.01
Issues regarding how
Very influential
1147
18.46
634
26.54
1781
20.70
government is spending
2757
44.37
1076
45.04
3833
44.55
money
1089
17.52
368
15.40
1457
16.94
Don't know
1221
19.65
311
13.02
1532
17.81
Very influential
1179
18.97
701
29.34
1880
21.85
2950
47.47
1089
45.58
4039
46.95
871
14.02
298
12.47
1169
13.59
1214
19.54
301
12.60
1515
17.61
Don't know
Issues regarding
Quality/Coverage of Services Somewhat influential
(i.e schools, healthcare,
water, garbage)
Don't know
Page .55.
Table 6.47. How kebele council can be in influencing decision making.
Response
Woredas
Parameters
Total
City
Government
Count Percent Count Percent Count Percent
Issues regarding fees
Very influential
1240
19.95
676
28.30
1916
22.27
2838
45.67
1138
47.63
3976
46.22
1022
16.45
293
12.26
1315
15.29
Don't know
1114
17.93
282
11.80
1396
16.23
Issues regarding collection of
Very influential
1107
17.81
670
28.05
1777
20.66
Fees/Taxes
Somewhat
2939
47.30
1156
48.39
4095
47.60
1053
16.95
286
11.97
1339
15.56
1115
17.94
277
11.59
1392
16.18
736
11.84
472
19.76
1208
14.04
2751
44.27
1135
47.51
3886
45.17
1452
23.37
446
18.67
1898
22.06
1275
20.52
336
14.06
1611
18.73
866
13.94
531
22.23
1397
16.24
2936
47.25
1190
49.81
4126
47.96
1147
18.46
353
14.78
1500
17.44
1265
20.36
315
13.19
1580
18.37
Somewhat
influential
Not influential
at all
influential
Not influential
at all
Don't know
Issues regarding how government
Very influential
is spending money
Somewhat
influential
Not influential
at all
Don't know
Issues regarding Quality/Coverage
Very influential
of Services (i.e schools, healthcare,
Somewhat
water, garbage)
influential
Not influential
at all
Don't know
When asked if a member of the Woredas council had met the respondents in the last 12 months the
response was negative in 78% of the cases. In spite of this, it was the opinion of 47% of the
respondents that elected council members in their area will seriously consider their comments and
make adjustments to the woreda or city budget. Close 20% said they will not listen to the comments
as shown in Table 6.48.
Page .56.
Table 6.48. Perception of citizens about how their comments are listened by council members.
Response
Woredas
Count
My council member will
seriously consider my
comments and make
adjustments to the budget
My council member listened
but will not attempt to make
changes to the budget
My council member did not
really listen my comment.
Total
Total
City Government
Percent
Count
Percent
Count
Percent
2502
43.89
1255
54.85
3757
47.03
1969
34.54
699
30.55
2668
33.40
1230
21.58
334
14.60
1564
19.58
5701
100.00
2288
100.00
7989
100.00
With regard to the role the woreda council plays, of the 70% respondents who were able to say the
roles, 29% understood that the Woreda or City Council reviews the final budget but the Woreda
administrator approves, 16% of respondents said that the woredas council approves the budget and
close to 15% of the respondents understood the woredas council to only provide inputs for the budget
as shown in Table 6.49.
Table 6.49. Statements that best describes the role the Woreda council makes with
regard to the budget.
Response
Woredas
Count
The Woreda Council approves
the final budget
The Woreda Council reviews
the final budget but the Woreda
administrator approves
The Woreda Council provides
input the budget
The Woreda Council has no role
in the budget process
Do not know
Total
Total
City Government
Percent
Count
Percent
Count
Percent
1032
16.61
352
14.73
1384
16.09
1706
27.45
795
33.28
2501
29.07
815
13.12
461
19.30
1276
14.83
335
5.39
97
4.06
432
5.02
2326
6214
37.43
100.00
684
2389
28.63
100.00
3010
8603
34.99
100.00
Page .57.
6.1.6. Citizen's Engagement and Consultation
Citizens‘ engagement and consultation is very vital for any intervention planned by Government and
or development partners mainly targeting service provision. In the 2009 FTAPS survey only 6.3% of
the respondent confirmed the engagement between local government and its citizens. As shown in
Table 6.48, in 2013 the participation increased to around 26% showing an improvement in the
engagement of the citizens. Regional responses varied greatly and the highest engagement was in
Benshangul-Gumz (52% ) as shown in the table below.
Table 6.50. Percentage of Citizens asked to give their opinion about the services the
Woreda/City provides.
Regional state
Yes
Tigray
17.30
Amhara
38.11
Oromia
20.48
SNNPR
42.22
Benshangul Gumuz
52.00
Dire Dawa
2.25
Afar
3.36
Somali
4.15
Gambella
22.91
Harari
6.67
Addis Ababa
20.59
Total
25.64
From the respondents confirming that they were asked about the services being provided by woredas
and cities, about 73 percent of all respondents participated to express their opinions about local
government services by participating in a group meeting/discussion at kebele offices and over 20 were
somehow asked to participate in as survey respondents. The details are shown in Table 6.51.
Page .58.
Table 6.51. How citizens were asked to give opinion about services offered.
I completed a
questionnaire
when I paid
my taxes
I answered
questions
on a survey
I participated in a group
meeting/ discussion at my
kebele office
7.79
1.92
2.49
15.50
12.99
21.95
11.39
28.83
79.22
76.13
85.41
55.67
Benshangul Gumuz
4.40
95.60
Dire Dawa
50.00
50.00
Regional state
Tigray
Amhara
Oromia
SNNPR
Afar
Other ways
0.71
100.00
Somali
Gambella
Harari
7.32
7.69
2.44
88.46
90.24
100.00
Addis Ababa
6.88
29.36
63.76
Total
6.44
20.17
73.16
3.85
0.23
Regarding the modes of communication used by citizens to express opinion about Woredas Services
to Woredas officials, respondents revealed that the opinion of citizens about Woredas services was
communicated to woredas official through a community meeting for over 70% of the cases. On the
other hand, 30% of the citizens have confirmed to have attended a meeting during the last 12 months
where representatives of the Woreda presented information about the actions of the Woredas
administration which has increased immensely from the 9.1% in 2009..
Table 6.52. Modalities used by citizens to express their opinion about services to
Woredas officials.
Regional state
Tigray
Amhara
Oromia
SNNPR
Benshangul Gumuz
I wrote a
letter to
the
Woreda
Council
2.60
0.70
5.52
10.00
8.79
I wrote a
letter to a
newspaper
I spoke at a
community
meeting
I made a
presentation at my
mosque/church
Have
done
nothing
10.39
1.74
1.25
24.33
42.86
79.62
85.94
52.33
9.09
1.05
0.71
9.67
35.06
16.90
6.58
3.67
91.21
Regional state
I wrote a
letter to
the
Woreda
Council
I wrote a
letter to a
newspaper
Page .59.
I spoke at a
community
meeting
Dire Dawa
100.00
Afar
100.00
Somali
Gambella
100.00
90.24
4.88
I made a
presentation at my
mosque/church
Have
done
nothing
2.44
2.44
Harari
16.67
Addis Ababa
12.84
27.98
51.38
3.67
4.13
6.07
10.61
70.76
3.81
8.75
Total
83.33
The improvement in participation indicates that significant portion of the citizens will have a chance
to express their views about their local government budget. The larger majority / of this group
believes it is very important for their opinions to be heard. and their opportunities to express
themselves.
Table 6.53. Percentage of respondents who attended a meeting with woreda officials
(last 12 months)
Tigray
Amhara
Oromia
SNNPR
Benshangul
Gumuz
Dire Dawa
Afar
Somali
Gambella
Harari
Addis
Ababa
Total
16.4%
41.5%
28.2%
46.5%
65.7%
2.3%
2.6%
4.9%
24.6%
11.1%
22.7%
30.0%
As shown in Table 6.52, the majority of the respondents indicated that the major topic of discussion to
be woreda budget (25%), woreda strategic plan (25%), citizens contribution in delivery of services
(23%), money required to deliver services (15%).and the woredas council agenda (13%).
Table 6.54. Issues discussed at meetings
Regional state
Woreda
Woreda
Citizen
The
Money
budget
strategic
contribution in
Woreda
required to
plan/
delivery of
council
deliver services
development
services
agenda
Tigray
47
63
27
14
18
Amhara
346
509
452
155
187
Oromia
607
659
634
379
446
SNNPR
463
292
339
196
262
Page .60.
Woreda
Woreda
Citizen
The
Money
budget
strategic
contribution in
Woreda
required to
plan/
delivery of
council
deliver services
development
services
agenda
115
106
93
76
42
Dire Dawa
2
2
1
Afar
4
4
3
3
3
Somali
17
23
24
18
20
Gambella
37
18
22
5
7
Harari
10
8
8
8
4
Addis Ababa
201
119
107
85
81
Regional state
Benshangul Gumuz
Total
1849
1803
1710
939
1070
Percent
25.08
24.46
23.20
12.74
14.52
According to the survey results, level of discussion between attendants in order of importance is
shown as follows:10-25 attendees spoke and had some discussion - 53.56%
At least half of the attendees other than Woreda Administration handle a lot of discussion
27.85%
Only a few people spoke and there is little discussion – 16.54%
Only Woreda administrators spoke and no discussion - 2.05%
Regarding the level of participation from the citizens‘ side over 69 percent participated and some
what asked questions and close to 22% simply participated and did not have the opportunity. A little
bit over 9% did not at all want to participate.
Regarding the influence the citizens comments have on Woredas administration revealed the
following in order of importance: 32.09%, Somewhat influential (citizens comments will have a very small
influence on actions/idea)
 21.74%, Influential (citizens comments might change some action/ideas
 15.85%, Not influential at all (citizen comments were ignored and will not
change anything)
 14.63%, Very influential (citizens comments will change their action/ideas
Page .61.
Table 6.55. The influence of citizens comments on Woredas administration.
Response
Regional state
Influential
Somewhat
Very influential
(citizens
influential (citizens
all (citizen
(citizens
comments
comments will
comments were
comments will
might change
have a very small
ignored and will
change their
some
influence on
not change
action/ideas)
action/ideas)
actions/idea)
anything)
Count
%
Count
%
Count
Not influential at
%
Count
Do not know
%
Count
%
Tigray
54
12.13
90
20.22
186
41.80
39
8.76
76
17.08
Amhara
176
11.69
413
27.42
547
36.32
267
17.73
103
6.84
Oromia
440
16.03
589
21.47
799
29.12
385
14.03
531
19.35
SNNPR
227
15.97
319
22.45
627
44.12
168
11.82
80
5.63
36
20.57
95
54.29
40
22.86
1
.57
3
1.71
Dire Dawa
42
47.19
27
30.34
9
10.11
6
6.74
5
5.62
Afar
50
18.66
20
7.46
6
2.24
97
36.19
95
35.45
3
.48
18
2.87
58
9.25
217
34.61
331
52.79
23
12.85
20
11.17
95
53.07
26
14.53
15
8.38
10
11.11
13
14.44
26
28.89
41
45.56
Benshangul
Gumuz
Somali
Gambella
Harari
Addis Ababa
Total
208
19.64
269
25.40
381
35.98
132
12.46
69
6.52
1259
14.63
1870
21.74
2761
32.09
1364
15.85
1349
15.68
Over 76 percent of the respondent did not have the chance to meet together with neighbors to have a
discussion and select one of them to attend or participate in a meeting where the Woredas budget was
discussed. Details are shown in Table 6.56.
Table 6.56. Response to Whether a citizen has ever got together with neighbors to select one of
them to participate in a meeting where woredas budget is to be discussed.
Response
Yes
Regional state
Count
No
%
Count
%
Tigray
67
15.06
378
84.94
Amhara
272
18.06
1234
81.94
Oromia
553
20.15
2191
79.85
SNNPR
700
49.26
721
50.74
54
30.86
121
69.14
Benshangul Gumuz
Page .62.
Response
Yes
Regional state
No
Count
%
Count
%
Dire Dawa
22
24.72
67
75.28
Afar
46
17.16
222
82.84
Somali
35
5.58
592
94.42
Gambella
78
43.58
101
56.42
9
10.00
81
90.00
168
15.86
891
84.14
2004
23.29
6599
76.71
Harari
Addis Ababa
Total
Other than meetings with neighbors, other ways the citizen has to express his views about the budget
as per the respondents‘ result indicated that over 32 of the respondents expressed their views that they
did not have the chance for other options. The other means indicated are : Spoke at a meeting of an organization in my own neighborhood (19.94%)
 Spoke with Woreda representative that came to my neighborhood (15.19%)
 Met with Woreda administrators to express my opinion (12.23%)
 I completed a questionnaire or survey, (11.64 %)
 Joined others in presenting a petition to the Woreda administration (5.02%)
 Written a letter to the newspaper (3.60%)
 Other (0.03)
Table 6.58. Other opportunities to express views of Citizens.
Regional
I completed a
state
questionnaire Woreda
or survey
Spoke with
Spoke at a
Joined others
meeting of an
Written a
Met with
The
in presenting a letter to
Woreda
chance
representative organization
petition to the
the
administrators was
that came to
in my own
Woreda
newspaper to express my
my
neighborhood administration
Other
not
opinion.
given
neighborhood
Tigray
16
68
105
21
28
61
152
Amhara
133
94
115
20
5
68
653
1
Oromia
192
622
992
131
31
535
675
1
SNNPR
311
397
392
148
185
333
688
1
Regional
I completed a
state
questionnaire Woreda
or survey
Spoke with
Page .63.
Spoke at a
Joined others
meeting of an
Written a
Met with
The
in presenting a letter to
Woreda
chance
representative organization
petition to the
the
administrators was
that came to
in my own
Woreda
newspaper to express my
my
neighborhood administration
opinion.
Other
not
given
neighborhood
Benshangul
6
117
157
3
3
35
4
Dire Dawa
19
20
31
12
6
11
21
Afar
2
9
10
3
1
17
178
174
42
36
20
6
40
435
31
58
5
13
51
48
36
11
9
5
3
9
64
329
179
182
157
96
120
468
1218
1590
2087
525
377
1280
3386
Gumuz
Somali
Gambella
Harari
Addis
Ababa
Total
Regarding questions to know in the past one year if Woredas officials sought citizens views on
budgetary issues, the result from respondents reveled 37.29 % Yes. Regarding the question did the
Woredas Counselors sought the views of the people in the respective Kebele about 43% of the
respondents said Yes. Concerning the question if Woredas councils sought the views of the people in
the citizens kebele concerning the quality of any public services, close to 42% respondents said Yes.
The opportunity of the citizens to express views about the budget of the woredas is shown in Table 655. The result revealed the following figures: never (24%) , rarely (31%) and sometimes (37%).
Whenever we want and often accounted for 1% and 7%, respectively. The next table shows the details
by region.
Table 6.59. Level of opportunity to express and or communicate citizens views about the budget
of the woredas (in percent).
Never
Rarely
Sometimes
Often
Whenever we
want
Tigray
Amhara
Oromia
SNNPR
Benshangul Gumuz
13.96
34.07
14.00
12.72
37.84
33.33
27.35
40.35
43.02
27.36
48.81
38.16
4.50
4.96
9.07
7.56
0.68
0.27
0.77
1.20
0.57
26.86
68.00
1.14
3.43
Dire Dawa
11.24
41.57
32.58
14.61
Regional state
3
Regional state
Afar
Somali
Gambella
Harari
Addis Ababa
Total
Page .64.
Whenever we
want
Never
Rarely
Sometimes
Often
44.19
75.24
15.08
70.00
25.78
29.84
9.12
34.08
14.44
35.88
21.32
9.61
42.46
13.33
30.41
2.33
0.98
7.82
6.89
2.33
5.05
0.56
2.22
1.04
24.37
31.06
36.80
6.59
1.19
The importance for citizens to have an opportunity to express views about the budget of the woredas
was assessed. As summarized in Table 6-56, close to 88% of the citizens expressed how important
their roles are as opposed to only few respondents (1.49%) having said not important at all.
Table 6.60. Perceptions about how important is for citizens to have an opportunity to express
views about the budget of the Woreda
Regional state
Somewhat
Not important
Very important
Important
important
at all
Tigray
46.85
47.75
4.95
.45
Amhara
77.79
16.76
5.05
.40
Oromia
48.39
37.33
13.22
1.06
SNNPR
39.83
46.92
11.98
1.28
Benshangul Gumuz
86.86
10.86
2.29
Dire Dawa
33.71
57.30
8.99
Afar
42.69
43.85
11.92
1.54
Somali
28.57
36.12
24.69
10.61
Gambella
23.46
41.34
34.08
1.12
Harari
47.78
22.22
21.11
8.89
Addis Ababa
66.10
30.12
3.40
.38
53.07
34.66
10.78
1.49
Total
Page .65.
6.2 Key Informants Interview (KII) Results
Key informants interview were held in all the survey woredas targeting the Chairman or Vice
Chairman of the following CSOs:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
Producers or Service cooperatives,
Water users associations,
Women‘s associations,
Youth associations,
Idir (With large number of members),
NGO (preferably local) and
Teachers‘ associations
For the purpose of KII a semi structured questionnaire was used with questions intended to serve as
triangulation for the other FTA survey tools, namely, the household questionnaire, the supply side
questionnaire and the FGD Guide. The KII questionnaire along with the specific methodology is
attached as an Annex to this report. The major results of the KII will be presented in the following
part.
6.2.1. Profile of KII Respondents
For the KII survey, a total of 596 CSOs were contacted in the 97 survey jurisdictions all over the
country. About 70 percent of these are found in rural areas while the rest 30 percent are from urban
areas. Logically, KII respondents from Addis Abeba, Harari and Dire Dawa are all from Urban area.
Table 6.61: KII Respondents by Region and Residence
Regional States
Tigray
Amhara
Oromia
SNNP
Benshangul Gumuz
Dire Dawa
Afar
Somali
Gambella
Harari
Addis Ababa
Total
Key Informants in:
Rural Areas
Urban Areas
13
50%
13
50%
97
88%
13
12%
178 86%
28
14%
96
87%
14
13%
7
50%
7
50%
0
0%
6
100%
12
100%
0
0%
4
40%
6
60%
13
93%
1
7%
0
0%
5
100%
0
0%
83
100%
420 70%
176 30%
26
110
206
110
14
6
12
10
14
5
83
596
Total
4.4%
18.5%
34.6%
18.5%
2.3%
1.0%
2.0%
1.7%
2.3%
.8%
13.9%
100.0%
On the other hand, the percentage of respondents by sex varies from region with the highest female
participation noted for Somali Region followed by Dire Dawa and SNNP. The overall Percentage of
respondents by Sex is 76 percent Male and 24 percent Female. The reason for the limited participation
Page .66.
of females in the survey is that by Nature of the Surveyed CSOs, Male executives are the dominant
ones. The following figure shows, the regional profile of respondents by sex.
Fig 3. Percent of KII Respondents by Sex and Regional States.
Percent of KII Respondents
90%
86%
83%
81%
76%
80%
80%
79%
75%
72%
76%
67%
70%
66%
60%
60%
50%
40%
40%
30%
20%
19%
28%
24%
17%
34%
33%
25%
21%
14%
20%
24%
Male
Female
10%
0%
Regional States
6.2.2. Perceptions about institutional Setup for FTA
The KII respondents were asked if there were designated teams, committees, officers or employees in
their jurisdiction who are specifically assigned to ensure their participation in the budget formulation
and expenditure tracking process. Their overall response was positive in 53.2 percent of the cases
while 37.8 percent of the CSO representatives said No. A minor number of respondents (9.1 percent)
were also unaware whether such arrangements existed or no. In Benshangul Gumuz region, all the
respondents confirmed the existence of a designated body dealing with their suggestion regarding
budget formulation whereas the lowest percent of positive responses was registered in afar with 33.3
percent. The following table shows the responses by region.
Table 6.62: Knowledge of KII Respondents about existence of FTA teams
In percent
Regions
Yes
Tigray
Amhara
Oromia
SNNP
84.6
28.2
56.8
61.8
No
Do not know
61.8
34.0
30.0
15.4
10.0
9.2
8.2
Regions
Benshangul Gumuz
Dire Dawa
Afar
Somali
Gambella
Harari
Addis Ababa
Total
Page .67.
Yes
No
Do not know
100.0
83.3
33.3
60.0
50.0
40.0
49.4
53.2
0.0
16.7
58.3
30.0
21.4
60.0
44.6
37.8
0.0
0.0
8.3
10.0
28.6
0.0
6.0
9.1
The respondents‘ assessment of whether the administrative arrangement (setup) for dealing with
budget related suggestions, concerns and grievances are satisfactory or effective is that in the majority
of the cases (73.5%) it was satisfactory while the assessment of about 12.3 percent of respondents was
negative. Most of the negative assessments are registered in Afar, Gambella, Somali regional states
whereas in Harari about half of the respondents had no firm opinion if the arrangement was
satisfactory or not.
Table 6.63: Assessment of appropriateness of administrative arrangements
In percent
Regions
Tigray
Amhara
Oromia
SNNP
Benshangul Gumuz
Dire Dawa
Afar
Somali
Gambella
Harari
Addis Ababa
Total
Yes
No firm
opinion
13.6
9.7
12.0
13.2
No
86.4
83.9
73.5
77.9
100.0
100.0
50.0
66.7
14.3
50.0
53.7
73.5
6.5
14.5
8.8
50.0
33.3
42.9
42.9
50.0
29.3
14.2
17.1
12.3
With regard to the current level of staffing and the capacity of staff at the local administration office
to ensure transparency and accountability in providing adequate services, the assessment of the KII
respondents is presented in the following table. The level of staffing is judged as adequate or highly
adequate by about 57 percent of the respondents against 34 percent of the respondents who see the
staffing level as inadequate.
Table 6.64. Perception of KII respondents about staffing level and capacity of staff
Level
Perception about
highly adequate
adequate
Capacity
Count
Percent
Count
Percent
96
244
16.11
40.94
82
201
13.76
33.72
Page .68.
Level
Capacity
Perception about
Count
Percent
Count
Percent
not adequate
do not know
202
48
33.89
8.05
137
39
22.99
6.54
No Answer
Total
6
596
1.01
137
100.00% 596
22.99
100.00%
Those KII respondents who assessed the staffing level and capacity of staff have shared their opinion
on the possible reasons for this and most of them believed the limited capacity of staff (48 percent) is
a key for inadequate delivery of services in their jurisdiction. The following table shows the tabulation
of their responses by Region.
Table 6.65: Reasons for poor delivery of services due to manpower
Addis Ababa
Total
0
0
40
0
0
15
20
0
40
55
44
0
0
0
0
60
100
59
48
33
36
23
39
0
0
100
60
40
0
19
31
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
7
1
Harari
0
Gambella
15
Somali
22
Afar
SNNP
24
Dire Dawa
Oromia
67
Benshangul
Gumuz
Amhara
Services to the community are
poorly provided on account of
shortages of staff
Services to the community are
inadequate due to the limited
capacity of staff
Complaints of shortages of staff
are frequently voiced by the
leadership and/or employees of the
local administration
Others
Tigray
In Percent
Page .69.
6.2.3. Participation & Consensus Building
With regard to the various methods or forums used by the local administrations to bring about
citizens‘ participation and consensus building, the majority of respondents cited ―Woreda/Kebele
level workshops, conferences or meetings‖ as the major vehicle. This is followed by Kebele meetings
and regional conferences or workshops. The details by region are presented in the table below:
Table 6.67: Major means of communication used by local administrations for public
participation and consensus building.
Addis Ababa
Harari
Gambella
Somali
Afar
Dire Dawa
Benshangul
Gumuz
SNNP
Oromia
Tigray
Amhara
In Percent
Total
4
11
10
19
21
22
40
11
13
0
19
14
74
50
54
56
38
33
60
67
50
20
46
52
Kebele meetings
22
39
34
24
35
44
0
22
38
80
33
33
Others
0
0
1
0
6
0
0
0
0
0
2
1
Regional conferences or
workshops
Woreda/kebele
level
conferences or workshops
or meetings
In the opinion of KII respondents, the major drawback of the forums used by local administrations is
that they tend to be exclusionary apart being untimely or irregular. The responses are summarized in
the following table.
Table 6.68: Limitations of Public Participation forums
Too many people at one 17
place, and hence, only a
few can voice their views
Held far away from home
of citizens, and hence, 13
difficult to ensure mass
participation
Total
Addis Ababa
Harari
Gambella
Somali
Afar
Dire Dawa
Benshangul
Gumuz
SNNP
Oromia
Amhara
Tigray
In Percent
15
16
17
14
27
7
20
6
20
30
18
11
18
20
14
18
14
20
12
60
13
16
Exclusionary or noninclusive of all segments of
society such as women, the 50
disabled, elders, minorities,
etc
Too few or irregular or
21
untimely
Others
0
41
33
33
24
36
29
40
65
0
31
35
32
28
25
48
18
43
10
18
20
23
27
1
5
5
0
0
7
10
0
0
5
4
The local administrations use several methods with a view to ensuring participation and consensus
building. The KII respondents were asked about the preferred method of participation used by their
local administration and the responses show the following results.
Table 6.69: mechanisms employed by local administrations to ensure public participation
SNNP
Dire Dawa
Afar
Somali
Gambella
Harari
Addis
Ababa
11
33
21
5
1
0
1
4
0
16
244 27.8
Exchange
of
views
among a few government- 1
selected individuals
23
43
13
5
1
0
2
1
2
9
238 27.1
24
37
15
6
1
2
1
1
0
10
212 24.1
8
46
13
7
2
2
1
4
0
17
180 20.5
20
20
20
0
0
0
0
0
0
20
5
Total
(Count
Percent)
Oromia
Free and uninhibited
discussions by all (or a 8
good number) of citizens
Tigray
Amhara
Benshangul
Gumuz
&
In Percent of each response category
Lecture by government
officials followed by a
3
few question and answer
sessions
Regular meetings among
stakeholders'
1
representatives
and
government officials
Others
0
Total
Addis Ababa
Harari
Somali
Afar
Dire Dawa
Gambella
Page .70.
Benshangul
Gumuz
SNNP
Oromia
Tigray
Amhara
0.6
The assessment of KII respondents about the existence of a number of practices that are thought to be
effective for public participation has reveled that the leading method used by many of the surveyed
jurisdiction is ―awareness campaigns‖ followed by posting of budget information.
Table 6.69: Methods use to create public awareness by region
Page .71.
SNNP
Benshangul
Gumuz
Dire Dawa
Afar
Somali
Gambella
Harari
Addis Ababa
Total
Others
Oromia
Participation of CSOs
like us in woreda or city
council meetings
Amhara
Awareness
campaigns
that engender knowledge
by
citizens
of
government
policies,
rules and regulations
Existence in the hands of
citizens (or their CSOs)
of easily understandable
planning, budgeting, and
projects
development,
implementation
&
monitoring manuals
Posting of Budget and
Expenditure information
as well as Service
delivery standards using
easily
understandable
templates
Tigray
In Percent of each response category
27.7
55.1
24.1
31.2
28.0
38.5
21.4
55.6
33.3
9.1
40.2
32.4
23.1
6.5
24.1
22.1
28.0
23.1
14.3
11.1
20.0
18.2
25.2
21.1
29.2
24.6
28.1
29.9
20.0
15.4
35.7
0.0
0.0
54.5
23.4
26.5
20.0
13.8
23.0
16.9
24.0
15.4
28.6
33.3
40.0
18.2
8.4
19.2
0.0
0.0
0.8
0.0
0.0
7.7
0.0
0.0
6.7
0.0
2.8
0.8
The relative importance of the purpose, nature and/or outcomes of citizens‘ participation has been
ranked by providing them about nine potential objectives of public mobilization and participation.
Invariably, the highest rank was given to ―Informing citizens of government plans, programmes,
projects, rules, regulations, desires, intentions etc.‖ as the major aim of public participation which is
followed by ―informing citizens of current situations and developments in the country, region or
woreda‖
Table 6.70: Ranking of the purpose, nature and/or outcomes of citizens’ participation
First
Ranking Percentages
Second Third
Fourth
Fifth
Inform citizens of government plans, programmes,
projects, rules, regulations, desires, intentions etc.
23.2
14.1
11.9
8.7
3.2
Inform citizens of current situations and developments
in the country, region or woreda
16.8
16.1
8.6
7.9
4.4
Inform citizens of government expectations in the
areas of public contributions, timely settlement of what
is owed to the government, etc.
9.2
11.1
14.9
9.2
5.9
Page .72.
First
Ranking Percentages
Second Third
Fourth
Fifth
Obtain by government organs the prevailing citizens‘
views and opinions
7.9
6.7
10.6
12.9
10.2
Make to the government non-binding and purely
advisory recommendations of citizens
3.0
6.9
8.1
12.1
14.6
Jointly decide with government officials on priorities,
plan, and programmes
4.0
5.5
5.9
8.7
10.7
Jointly decide with government officials on resource
allocations or the make-up of the various budgets
5.5
6.9
6.7
6.4
12.8
Resolve inter-group conflicts
5.0
5.2
3.9
4.7
8.9
76.0
74.0
73.0
72.0
71.8
Total Percent of Respondents from the sample
On the other hand, the KII respondents were asked whether any representatives of their CSO (or the
general public) ever participated in the formulation of the woreda or city annual budget and about 90
percent have answered either positively or negatively to this question. Of these, some 44.2 percent
said that they have participated in the approval of their Woreda/City budget while some 42 percent of
the respondents said ―No‖. The rest 13.8 percent indicated that they were not aware if such
participation existed or not. The following figure shows the details by Region.
Fig, 4 Participation of CSO in Budget formulation of their City or Woreda
100.0%
90.0%
Percent of Responses
80.0%
70.0%
60.0%
50.0%
40.0%
30.0%
20.0%
10.0%
.0%
Tigray
Amhara
Oromia
SNNP
Yes
75.0%
37.6%
43.9%
39.8%
No
25.0%
51.4%
37.9%
11.0%
18.2%
Do not know
BenshGumuz
100.0%
Dire
Dawa
33.3%
Afar
Somali
20.0%
Gambell
a
15.4%
Harari
27.3%
20.0%
Addis
Ababa
58.9%
44.2%
46.2%
50.0%
72.7%
50.0%
69.2%
80.0%
28.6%
42.0%
14.0%
16.7%
30.0%
15.4%
12.5%
13.8%
Yes
No
Total
Do not know
A follow up question for those who confirmed their exclusion from the approval of their woreda or
city budget revealed that about two third of these respondents thought historically citizens and CSOs
have never been part of the budget formulation and approval process while 20 percent of them said
there no such thing like a woreda or city budget.
Page .73.
6.2.4. Responsiveness
The aim of public mobilization and participation for the local administrations should be primarily to
get feedback from citizens in order to correct malpractices and deficiencies in service delivery.
Otherwise, it will all become a futile and time wasting exercise. To assess the responsiveness of local
administrations a number of relevant questions were forwarded to the KII respondents.
In the opinion of KII respondents, in about half of the surveyed local administrations citizens‘ and
their CSOs concerns and suggestions are listened either all the time (14%) or most of the time (35%).
However, in the rest half of the cases, the chance of being listened by the local officials is either
sporadic or nil. Logically, there are regional differences in this and the worst cases of not being
listened by the local officials are observed in Harari, Somali, Afar and Oromia Regions. The picture
that emerges is that local officials tend to listen to citizens and CSOs suggestions whenever they deem
it convenient and in the most irregular manner (40%).
Table 6.71: Citizens’ and CSOs chance of being listened by local officials
In Percent
Tigray
Yes,
all the time
15
Yes,
most of the time
23
Yes,
now and then
62
Amhara
9
28
55
8
Oromia
8
41
39
12
SNNP
15
31
47
6
Benshangul Gumuz
21
79
0
0
Dire Dawa
0
100
0
0
Afar
9
27
45
18
Somali
10
10
10
70
Gambella
0
29
50
21
Harari
0
0
20
80
Addis Ababa
39
30
22
10
14
35
40
11
Regions
Total
Never
0
Sometimes local officials may listen to the concerns and suggestions of the people but acting on the
issues may not be as easy as being all ears. The reasons may be numerous including lack of budget,
not within their mandate, shortage of staff, etc. Due to many reasons, the concerns and suggestions
that were never listened have grown from 11 percent of the cases to not been acted in 19 percent of
the cases.
Fig. 5: Chance of Citizens’ and CSOs suggestions to be acted upon
Page .74.
Yes, all the
time, 10%
Never, 19%
Yes, most of the
time, 29%
Yes, now and then
, 42%
On the other hand, even though the concerns and suggestion had been translated in to some sort of
action how quickly they are acted upon by the local officials shows another dimension of their
responsiveness. Regarding, how timely the local officials act the KII Respondents indicated that in
nearly two third of the jurisdiction the local officials do not act in a timely manner.
Table 6.72: Timeliness of actions by local officals to suggestions from Citizens and CSOs
Tigray
Yes, all the
time
8
Yes, most of the
time
23
Yes, now and
then
62
Amhara
5
23
45
27
Oromia
8
28
41
23
SNNP
7
22
58
13
Benshangul Gumuz
43
50
7
0
Dire Dawa
33
50
0
17
Afar
30
10
30
30
Somali
10
10
20
60
Gambella
0
7
50
43
Harari
0
0
20
80
18
37
35
10
10
26
43
21
Regions
Addis Ababa
Total
Never
8
6.2.5. Transparency
For centuries, Ethiopian Governments and Employees have been known to the general public about
being secret on budgets and government tasks in general. In the last few years this trend is being
reversed especially since the commencement of the civil service reform in the country. Revealing
activity plans, budgets and even audit findings to the public is becoming more and more the practice
of the day. In line with this, KII respondents were asked about their exposure to various local
governments‘ documents and information including strategic plans, budget, activity reports, etc. The
survey results show that the transparency level of local governments is alarmingly low since about 85
Page .75.
percent of the respondents have no exposure to critical documents such as proceedings of public
consultation, council decisions, audit reports, reports on performance and assessment of service
providers, etc. The following table shows the details by region.
Annual plan
Budget
Annual activity report of
the local administration
Annual performance
report by service
providers
Annual assessment
report of service
providers by the local
government
Audit reports
Woreada or City council
session proceedings or
the council’s decisions
Proceedings of public
consultations
22.2
0.0
Total
Harari
9.1
Addis Ababa
Gambella
Afar
Dire Dawa
Benshangul Gumuz
SNNP
Oromia
31.7 16.5 13.5 10.1 10.7 10.0 11.5
Somali
Strategic plan
⁭
Amhara
Tigray
Table 6.73 Exposure of CSOs to various local governments’ documents and information
13.5 13.9
34.9 24.9 16.5 11.6 11.6 25.0 3.8 0.0 18.5 0.0 14.9 16.9
20.6 15.3 16.1 16.3 11.6 10.0 11.5 27.3 25.9 40.0 14.5 15.7
3.2
16.5 12.9 11.6 11.6 20.0
7.7
9.1
14.8 20.0 16.6 13.4
1.6
12.3
9.3
10.9 11.6 15.0 15.4
0.0
0.0
0.0
9.5
9.8
1.6
5.0
8.3
9.7
3.8
0.0
0.0
0.0
9.5
7.9
6.3
3.4
7.7
10.1 10.7
5.0
11.5
0.0
7.4
0.0
8.8
7.7
0.0
3.8
9.6
13.2 10.7
0.0
15.4 36.4 11.1 20.0
7.4
8.8
0.0
2.3
6.1
6.6
0.0
19.2 18.2
5.4
5.7
10.7 15.0
10.7
0.0
20.0
KII respondents were also asked about the easy availability of copies of certain enabling/empowering
and personal documents from the relevant local government sources by citizens and/or their CSOs
when the they needed them and the results show a similar trend as shown in the following figure.
Page .76.
Fig. 6 Availability of copies of certain enabling/empowering and personal documents
Personal
documents such
as property, tax
files, etc., 27.5%
Operations policy
and procedures
manual
, 34.7%
Documents that
indicate sources
of pertinent data
and information
, 38.4%
Service delivery
policy, standard
and/or
procedures
manual
, 39.4%
Asked whether citizens and their CSOs receive sufficient awareness-enhancing training with respect
to their rights, privileges and obligations regarding service standards and budget of the woreda/city,
more than half of the respondents indicated that they had no such training or that they did not know
even about the existence of such efforts by their local administration. See details by region in the table
below:
Table 6.74. Existence of training to create awareness about citizens rights and privileges
Tigray
Amhara
Oromia
SNNP
Benshangul
Gumuz
Dire Dawa
Afar
Somali
Gambella
Harari
Addis Ababa
Total
In percent
Yes
38
17
41
83
93
33
33
30
21
20
52
46
No
54
67
42
16
7
50
50
70
36
80
33
41
Do not
know
8
16
18
1
0
17
17
0
43
0
16
13
6.2.6. Accountability
Generally, accountability refers to the obligation public officials to undertake a task or to fulfill an
obligation and to bear responsibility and face the consequences in case of failure. To ensure
accountability of public officials there are a number of approaches used albeit some of them being
more effective under a given situation than others. In order to assess what accountability mechanisms
are being used at the local level, a list of potential accountability approaches to choose from were
given to the KII respondents. The results revealed that in general there are at least one or two
accountability mechanisms that are being practiced in all surveyed jurisdictions also penalizing wrong
doers is the less practiced one. The details by region are presented in the following table.
Page .77.
Table 6.75: Accountability mechanisms practiced in the surveyed jurisdictions
Amhara
Oromia
SNNP
Benshangul Gumuz
Dire Dawa
Afar
Somali
Gambella
Harari
Addis Ababa
Total
Effective
supervision
by
supervisors
Increased incentives to officials
and employees of the local
administration
Regular
and
institutionalized
public scrutiny and assessment of
government
officials
and
employees
Increased awareness creation
training
for
officials
and
employees
on
laws
and
regulations, in general, and
accountability
principles
and
practices, in particular
Strict enforcement of the country's
laws and regulations
Commensurate penalty for wrong
doers
Others
Tigray
In percent
22
19
18
19
17
25
19
10
18
10
22
19
6
15
15
6
17
5
10
0
6
10
7
12
16
13
17
21
15
30
19
20
6
20
17
17
23
36
21
28
18
15
19
30
29
20
34
25
18
14
16
17
18
10
19
40
12
30
14
16
14
1
4
0
12
1
9
0
15
0
15
0
5
10
0
0
6
24
10
0
5
1
10
1
The ranking of accountability mechanisms by the survey respondents show that strict supervision by
superiors is the best mechanism to ensure accountability of employees followed by training on laws
and accountability principles.
Table 6.76: Ranking of accountability mechanisms by KII respondents
Suggested Accountability Mechanisms
Effective supervision by supervisors
⁭
Increased incentives to officials and employees of the local
administration ⁭
First
31.0
Rank
Second
17.3
Third Total
17.1
65.4
11.6
16.8
9.7
38.1
Regular and institutionalized public scrutiny and assessment of
government officials and employees ⁭
13.9
21.0
18.0
52.9
Increased awareness creation training for officials and employees
on laws and regulations, in general, and accountability principles
and practices, in particular
⁭
24.3
22.3
17.8
64.4
11.4
3.0
13.1
5.5
19.1
9.1
43.6
17.6
Strict enforcement of the country‘s laws and regulations
Commensurate penalty for wrong doers,
⁭
Page .78.
With regard to the existence of adequate systems and information flow that would enable citizens
and/or their CSOs to hold officials, employees and committees within the woreda/city accountable,
the KII survey results show that about a quarter of the respondents believe there is no system in place
to make anyone in the local administration accountable. A further 7 percent of them have the belief
that information is not available to make people in public offices accountable. A tabulation of the
responses is shown in the next table.
Table 6.77: Feeling of respondents about existence of accountability systems and availability of
information to make public servants accountable
Response
Yes, there are systems to make Officials Accountable
Yes, there are systems to make Employees Accountable
Yes, there are systems to make Committees Accountable
Yes, there is availability of information to make Officials Accountable
Yes, there is availability of information to make Employees Accountable
Yes, there is availability of information to make Committees Accountable
No, there is no system in place
No, there is no available information to make them accountable
Do not know
Percent
41.6%
39.1%
33.2%
35.4%
34.2%
31.2%
26.2%
7.0%
7.6%
For respondents who felt that there was some sort of either system or information to make local
officials and employees accountable (about 57%), further questions related to accountability were
raised. Asked whether they are aware of their rights to make officials accountable, most of these
respondents confirmed about their awareness while about one fifth of them were negative about such
knowledge on the part of citizens and their CSOs. The details by region is shown in the table below.
Table 6.78: Awareness of citizens and CSOs about their right to hold officials
accountable by region
Tigray
Amhara
Oromia
SNNP
Benshangul
Gumuz
Dire Dawa
Afar
Somali
Gambella
Harari
Addis Ababa
Total
In percent
Yes
No
94
6
81
19
84
9
52
32
100
0
100
0
60
40
100
0
67
0
100
0
74
15
76
16
Do not know
0
0
8
15
0
0
0
0
33
0
11
8
The likelihood of getting satisfactory outcome when individual citizens and/or CSOs resort to
recourse and redress mechanisms was also assessed during the survey and the results revealed that
more than two third of the respondents believed that it is either highly likely or likely to get a positive
result if they engage in some sort compliant against public officials and employees.
Page .79.
Table 6.79: Likelihood of getting satisfactory outcome when individual citizens and/or
CSOs resort to recourse and redress mechanisms
Highly likely
Likely
Unlikely
Tigray
25
56
13
Do not
know
6
Amhara
8
71
21
0
Oromia
16
66
15
4
SNNP
13
38
42
6
Benshangul Gumuz
23
69
8
0
Dire Dawa
0
80
20
0
Afar
0
80
0
20
Somali
0
50
25
25
Gambella
0
33
33
33
Harari
0
100
0
0
Addis Ababa
19
55
19
6
Total
14
58
22
5
Regional States
These same respondents (the 56% believing in the existence of accountability systems and
information) were further asked whether the assessment of the performances of service providers
takes into account systematically collected views of the public and their responses were positive in
about 66 percent of the cases while about 17 percent of them said No. The results by region are
presented here below:
Tigray
Amhara
Oromia
SNNP
Benshangul
Gumuz
Dire Dawa
Afar
Somali
Gambella
Harari
Addis Ababa
Total
Table 6.80 Does the performances of service providers takes into account systematically
collected views of the public?
Yes
63
65
60
92
100
50
60
25
33
100
60
69
No
6
25
19
6
0
33
40
75
0
0
23
17
Do not
know
31
10
21
1
0
17
0
0
67
0
17
14
Page .80.
6.2.7. Service Delivery
One of the aims of FTA is to disseminate budget and service delivery information using various
suitable tools such as templates, radio and TV programmes, etc.. During the survey, KII respondents
were shown typical budget and expenditure as well as services delivery templates used in most of the
woredas these days. The majority of them have confirmed havening seen some of these templates
posted somewhere in their jurisdiction. Very few respondents have not seen (14%) or they do not
know (5%) about these templates. Here below, the results are tabulated and presented region by
region.
Table 6.81: Percentage of respondents who confirmed to have seen FTA templates
In percent
Regional States
Yes
No
Do not know
Tigray
Amhara
Oromia
SNNP
Benshangul Gumuz
Dire Dawa
82
72
83
91
100
100
18
22
12
7
0
0
0
6
5
2
0
0
Afar
Somali
Gambella
Harari
20
25
67
100
60
75
33
0
20
0
0
0
Addis Ababa
75
13
12
Total
⁭
81
14
5
Those who confirmed about the posting of FTA templates were further asked whether these related to
Education, Health, Agriculture or Water. The responses revealed that the most posted templates were
about Health followed by Education. The following table highlights the results by region.
Table 6.82: Posting of FTA templates by Service delivery type
Tigray
Amhara
Oromia
SNNP
Benshangul
Gumuz
Dire Dawa
Afar
Somali
Gambella
Harari
Addis
Ababa
Total
In percent
Health
31
33
30
32
25
38
27
24
35
33
44
32
Education
29
29
29
33
25
31
64
24
30
33
38
31
Agriculture
21
20
22
21
25
6
0
24
13
17
7
20
Water Supply
19
18
19
14
25
25
9
28
22
17
11
17
Page .81.
The KII respondents were also asked if they have ever received any training or orientation on how to
interpret the information posted on the templates and the response of 59 percent of the respondents
was positive. Furthermore, some 56 percent of the respondents have confirmed that they know
someone in their neighborhood who have received training on interpretation of the templates. The
results are shown in the following figure.
Fig. 6: Percent of trained and non-trained KII respondents on FTA Templates by region.
100%
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
84%
83%
83% 80%
68%
58% 55%
50%
50%
45%
42%
59%
55%
50%
50%
45%
41%
32%
Yes
17% 20%
17%
16%
No
0%
In the opinion of most of the KII respondents, training is really useful to understand the information
that is displayed using the various templates used by the FTA initiative. Although there are regional
variations in the responses on average about 79 percent of the KII respondents support this view. The
following table highlights the results by regional states.
Table 6.83: Percentage distribution of respondents about usefulness of training about
FTA Templates.
Amhara
Oromia
SNNP
Benshangul
Gumuz
Dire Dawa
Afar
Somali
Gambella
Harari
Addis Ababa
Total
Yes
No
Tigray
In percent
79
21
85
15
76
24
90
10
50
50
100
0
70
30
50
50
67
33
100
0
72
28
79
21
One expectation about the effects of posting FTA templates is citizen‘s engagement with the local
administration. In line with these, the KII assessment results reveal that there is a certain degree of
citizens‘ engagement with the various actors in their jurisdiction as revealed by the tabulation of the
results in the next table.
Page .82.
Table 6.84: YES, there was some sort of discussion based on the information posted by region
In Percent
Regions
Tigray
Amhara
Oromia
SNNP
Benshangul Gumuz
Dire Dawa
Afar
Somali
Gambella
Harari
Addis Ababa
Total
Citizens
3.0
18.8
25.6
32.3
2.3
2.3
.8
3.0
12.0
100.0
Citizens and
Woreda
Officials
6.9
3.8
50.0
15.6
6.3
.6
1.9
1.9
1.3
.6
11.3
100.0
Citizens and
CSO‘s
7.3
9.1
38.2
27.3
1.8
3.6
1.8
1.8
9.1
100.0
No
4.0
28.6
22.2
12.7
4.8
1.6
26.2
100.0
Page .83.
6.3 Summary of Focus Group Discussions
With the objective of Triangulating the Household Survey, apart from Key Informants Interviews
(KII), Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) were held in all the surveyed jurisdictions. In each target
Woreda a focus group comprising Men, Women and Elders were formed with at least 8 participants in
each Group. This means, a total of 288 Focus Groups in which about 2,304 men and women
participated. The FGDs has been documented in more than 300 pages which for practical reasons are
only analyzed for patterns in the response of them and presented here as a summary. Though it is
obvious that there are regional differences on the issues and differences in the leadership style of the
woreda/city administrations, the views that are reported here are reflected at least by half of the Focus
Group Discussions.
1. In all most all surveyed woredas/cities there are public participation forums of some kind.
However, in most cases the public is called for a workshop or meeting to discuss the agenda
brought about by woreda and kebele officials. The FGDs in most cases have reveled that there
is a positive attitude to public participation by the woreda or city officials. The public also
understands that participation is key for local development. However, in the majority of the
FGDs it was reflected that local officials call the public after they have finished their planning
and not before or during the planning stage.
2. Discussions related with the accountability of local officials revealed that in most cases the
issue is not discussed openly in any meeting although the public knows they are accountable
to the government. The idea that local officials are accountable for their constituency has not
yet taken roots.
3. As highlighted by many FGDs, when there are public meetings the way they are conducted is
not that much participatory because the few and selected are the dominant speakers.
4. In almost all woredas and cities, there are one or more mechanisms for addressing the
suggestions and complaints of the public. These include compliant hearing committees,
suggestion boxes, ethics officers, etc. However, in almost all jurisdictions, as reflected in the
FGDs, complaints from the public are either not addressed at all or they are solved in an
untimely manner.
5. In all jurisdictions, FTA templates are being posted by the woredas or cities. However, the
issue brought in the majority of the FGDs is that the public is still not aware how to make use
Page .84.
of the information contained in the templates. In many FGDs, it was suggested that
information posting alone is not a solution; it has to be a starting point for public debate that
enhances the accountability of those responsible for service delivery. Besides, the poor quality
of the print out of the templates is mentioned in many cases.
6. As revealed in the many FGDs, the place where the FTA templates are posted are criticized as
inadequate. The reasons for criticism are among others: (a) They are placed inside
Government Offices and not Publicly accessible points such as markets; (b) they are damaged
after few days due to rain or sunshine; (c) they are placed in notice boards cluttered with other
information; etc.
7. In Most FGDs there was a consensus that some people in their neighborhood had received
training about FTA templates. However, in many FGDs it was indicated that those who have
been trained were not seen practicing their knowledge in the form of better participation when
issues related to budgets are discussed in public meetings. In some FGDs it was indicated that
the attitude of the Government about eradicating corruption has also encouraged the public to
know about the budget more and more.
8. In more than two third of the FGDs, it was indicated that the public had access to information
related to Strategic plan, Annual plan, Annual activity report of the local administration.
However, information related to annual performance report by service providers, annual
assessment report of service providers by the local government, budgets, audit reports,
proceedings of public consultations and woreda or city council session proceedings or the
council‘s decisions are not accessible or hard to find.
9. Most of the above FGD findings complement the major issues addressed in the household
survey and the Key Informants Interview results.
Page .85.
6.4 Supply Side (WoFED/CoFEDs) survey Results
In order to get the other side of the story, a questionnaire was prepared to gather information from the
Woreda and City Finance and Economic Development offices and the summary results are the
following.
During the survey, it was confirmed that 100% of the woredas and City Administrations had a PFM
Team in place.
The opinion of PFM team members about the appropriateness of the current administrative
arrangement for FTA was assessed and the results show that about 91 percent of them agree on the
suitability of the arrangement.
Table 6.85: Percentage of responses about suitability of Administrative arrangements for FTA
Tigray
Amhara
Oromia
SNNP
Benshangul Gumuz
Dire Dawa
Afar
Somali
Gambella
Harari
Addis Ababa
Total
Yes
100.0
88.2
96.8
94.1
100.0
100.0
50.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
75.0
91.5
No
In Percent
No firm
opinion
11.8
3.2
5.9
50.0
16.7
6.4
8.3
2.1
Those who said they had no firm opinion were further asked about the reasons and have cited among
other things the following:





No one is serious about collecting and posting the information (11%)
There is no serious follow up by the Administration (32%)
Lack of budget and materials for posting the information (32%)
The trained employees have left the administration (11%)
No one is trained on how to collect and post the Budget and Service Delivery information (11%)
In the surveyed jurisdictions, the average number of employees that have been specifically assigned to
carry out the task of collecting and posting Budget and Service Delivery information is 4 with about
25% of these being female employees. The following table shows the average number of employees
assigned for FTA related activities by region.
Page .86.
Table 6.86: Average number of employees assigned for FTA by region.
Male
Female
Total
2
3
3
3
5
0
4
4
4
4
3
3
2
0
2
1
1
4
2
1
1
0
1
1
4
3
5
4
6
4
6
5
4
4
3
4
Region
Addis Ababa
Afar
Amhara
Benshangul Gumuz
Dire Dawa
Gambella
Harari
Oromia
SNNP
Somali
Tigray
Average Total
About 98 percent of the survey jurisdictions have confirmed that they conduct awareness creation
public meetings on how to interpret the Information Posted for community members. The following
table depicts the average number of public meetings held by the surveyed jurisdictions.
Table 6.87: Average number of Public Meetings on FTA by region.
Region
In 2012/13
Sept. to December
2013
Overall Average
11
1
7
109
1
2
3
23
48
37
2
23
8
1
10
1
1
1
1
25
17
5
4
74
Addis Ababa
Afar
Amhara
Benshangul Gumuz
Dire Dawa
Gambella
Harari
Oromia
SNNP
Somali
Tigray
The surveyed woredas and city administrations government offices are using several
approaches with a view to ensure a more effective participation by citizens. These include:
Awareness campaigns that engender knowledge by citizens of government policies, rules and
regulations in 37% of the cases, Existence in the hands of citizens (or their CSOs) of easily
Page .87.
understandable planning, budgeting, and projects development, implementation & monitoring
manuals in 18% of the cases, Posting of Budget and Expenditure information as well as
Service delivery standards using easily understandable templates in 42% of the cases and
Participation of CSOs in woreda or city council meetings in only 3% of the cases. It is also to
be noted that in about 96% of the cases at least one of these approaches is used in the survey
areas. ⁭
Table 6.88 Approaches used by FTA teams with a view to ensure a more effective
participation by citizens
Benshangul
Gumuz
Addis
Ababa
Total
30
35
100
100
0
25
0
100
58
37
Existence in the hands of
citizens (or their CSOs)
of easily understandable
planning, budgeting, and
projects
development,
implementation
&
monitoring manuals
60
6
20
18
0
0
0
25
100
0
17
18
Posting of Budget and
Expenditure information
as well as Service
delivery standards using
easily understandable
templates
20
47
47
47
0
0
100
50
0
0
25
42
Participation of CSOs in
woreda or city council
meetings ?
20
6
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
Harari
Gambella
SNNP
41
Somali
Oromia
0
Afar
Amhara
Awareness
campaigns
that engender knowledge
by
citizens
of
government
policies,
rules and regulations ⁭
Dire Dawa
Tigray
In percent
Apart from the conventional FTA templates, in some woredas and cities, budget and service
delivery information is disclosed using several media such as TV, Radio, Newspaper,
Brouchers, etc. The government offices in the surveyed areas were asked whether they had a
similar experience and the responses show that apart from the FTA templates public
workshops and brochures are the mostly used communication tools to disseminate budget and
Page .88.
service delivery information. The results also show that other methods such as public
announcement in markets, Idirs, T-shirts, Banners
Table 6.89 Use of media apart from FTA templates by FTA teams
Amhara
Oromia
SNNP
Benshangul
Gumuz
Dire Dawa
Afar
Somali
Gambella
Harari
Addis
Ababa
Total
Tv
Radio
Newspaper
Broucher
Public Workshop or
Community Meeting
Drama, Theatre, or
other artistic forms
Other
Tigray
In percent
0
14
14
29
0
6
3
36
3
7
3
39
3
11
3
38
0
0
0
50
20
0
0
20
0
0
0
25
7
14
7
14
0
0
0
50
0
25
25
25
0
0
0
52
3
8
4
37
29
30
42
43
50
20
50
29
50
25
35
37
0
14
3
21
2
3
3
0
0
0
20
20
0
25
21
7
0
0
0
0
4
9
4
8
The survey results on the posting of FTA templates by sector show that almost all woredas
and cities are posting Health and Education templates while templates on agriculture service
delivery is posted by all woreda administrations and few of the city administrations. Use of
FTA templates on Water has been also observed in 82% of the cases.
On the issues of whether training helps more a person to understand the information posted
by the city or woreda administration, the opinion of more than 95% of the respondents is
positive. Asked about the effect of FTA template positing, the response of some 96% of the
survey woreda and city administration employees indicates that some sort of discussion has
indeed resulted after the posting of templates. The details of this are shown in the table
below.
Page .89.
Table 6.90 Perceived Effect of FTA template Posting by FTA teams
Discussion followed among
Tigray
Amhara
Oromia
SNNP
Benshangul
Gumuz
Dire Dawa
Afar
Somali
Harari
Addis Ababa
Total
In percent
Citizens
Citizens and Woreda Officials
Citizens and CSO's
No
20
40
40
0
31
38
6
25
22
72
3
3
12
65
0
24
0
100
0
0
100
0
0
0
0
100
0
0
40
40
20
0
0
100
0
0
17
67
0
17
22
61
5
12
The survey results also show that the majority of the woreda and city administrations (78%)
prefer to post budget and service delivery information using the pictorial forms such as
graphs, drawings, etc followed by brochures or newspapers (54.2%). Tabular formats are
preferred by about 53% of them while Voice and images are favored by only 12.5% of the
surveyed jurisdictions. The following table shows the details.
Table 6.91 FTA Information Dissemination Media used by FTA teams
Amhara
Oromia
SNNP
Benshangul
Gumuz
Dire Dawa
Afar
Somali
Gambella
Harari
Tabular form
17
27
30
28
33
0
25
30
0
0
13 53.1
Pictorial such as graphs,
drawings, clip art, etc
25
38
41
35
67
100
75
30
0
0
35 78.1
Voice and Images (TV,
Radio, Drama, etc)
25
5
2
9
0
0
0
20
0
0
0 12.5
Brouchers or Newspapers
Other
33
0
27
3
23
5
26
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
10
10
0
0
100
0
43 54.2
9
4
Total
Tigray
Addis Ababa
In percent
Asked about what the reasons were for choosing the methods of posting that are in use
currently, the response show that the FTA posting approach was:




Easy to prepare and post (64.6%)
Less COST in preparing and posting the information (53.1%)
More understandable by the community (80.2%)
Because our staff is trained only in this method (14.6)
Page .90.
Finally, the Government employees in charge of preparing and posting FTA templates were
asked about the problems faced while carrying out their task and have indicated among other
things the following major ones:
1. Sector offices not sending on timely manner the data required for preparing the
templates resulting in incomplete information
2. Distance of rural kebeles
3. The community is careless to know about the budget
4. Assigned employees are not serious about it
5. Lack of Budget
6. Lack of Logistics such as motorbike or vehicles
7. Lack of Notice boards
8. Poor quality of the templates resulting in damages as soon as they are posted (by rain,
sunshine, wind)
Page .91.
7. Conclusions and recommendations
The study on the Financial Transparency and Accountability (FTA) has revealed important data on
the status, trend, strength, limitation and opportunities to improve Governance and make local
administrations responsive to the need of their constituency. The influence of the FTA initiative of the
Government in the generation, development and dissemination of budget and service delivery
information is exemplar especially when considering the fact that it had only been started three years
back. On the other hand, a great deal of effort will also be needed to increase the awareness of the
community on how to make effective use of the budget and service delivery information to make local
administrations more transparent and accountable. The major conclusions that can be drawn from this
study are the following.
Empirical Evidence on the Extent of FTA Tools Utilization
 All Woredas and City administrations across the country are now posting information on their
local budget and service delivery targets and accomplishments. According to the Household
survey results, 42.5% of the respondents have seen the FTA templates posted in the
jurisdictions while the KII and FGD discussions also point in the same direction. The results
also show that there is a high variability among the regional states where the highest
percentage of about 86% is recorded in Benshangul-Gumuz and the lowest is recorded for
Somali region with 3%.
 Those respondents who had ever seen budget information posted in their area, were asked
further if discussions had followed after having seen the budget and service delivery figures
and pictures in the templates. The results show that indeed there was some discussion among
Citizens and their respective woreda/City officials (37%) and among citizens themselves
(26%).
 According to the survey respondents, FTA templates are not even the most popular ones. In
fact, public meetings are the most applied means of communication with about 29% followed
by the use of FTA templates with about 13%. These are followed by use of brochures
containing budget and service delivery information while the use of TV and Radio
broadcasting stand very low at about 6 and 9 percent.
The use of Newspapers and
Drama/Theatre or other artistic forms is not significant with about 3 and 1 percent of the
cases. It is also to be noted that close to 30% of the respondents did not know what type of
media is being used to disseminate budget and service delivery information.
Page .92.
Delivery of Budget Literacy Training
 The survey results revealed that about 19% of the HH and about 59% of KII respondents had
a chance to receive Budget Literacy Training while in most FGDs there was also a consensus
that some people in their neighborhood had received training about FTA templates.
According to the HH survey results, BLT trainings were mostly organized by WoFEDs
(68.63%) followed by their respective regional BoFEDs (9.38%). There was a remarkable
difference when the data is disaggregated by sex, i.e., trained male respondents were close
69% while females were only 31%.
 The Content of BLT training, as judged by the HH survey responses, has also been structured
in the intended way. In line with this, it is appreciated that the larger portion of the content
that was covered during the training sessions was Budget information or templates according
to 39.45 percent of the respondents followed by Accountability issues. Budget formulation
and approval was also covered as revealed by 26% of the responses.
 The contribution of the training on FTA to understanding of Financial Transparency and
accountability issues is rated extremely high by more than 75 percent of the HH respondents
who received the budget literacy training.
Relevance and Appropriateness of FTA Methodologies
 The HH survey results show that on average about 29 percent of the respondents knew where
the woredas/cities secured finances and how they were spending them while the majority was
uninformed about the matter. Compared to the 2009 FTAPS results, there is an increase in the
percentage of those respondents who knew about woreda finances from 9% to 29% which can
be attributed to the FTA initiative. Notwithstanding this, the regional differences in the
percentages are very wide with only 7.3 percent in Somali and as high as 64 percent in
Benshangul-Gumuz region. The four larger regions are not that much better than the average
except the SNNP with 53 percent of the respondents knowing where the woredas/cities
secured finances and how they were spending them.
 According to the HH survey respondents, receiving the FTA training has helped them to be
encouraged to become active participant in the budget formulation process or making
woreda/kebele officials accountable, about 87% of the respondents had confirmed this albeit
regional variations in the response.
 On the other hand, as revealed in the many FGDs, the place where the FTA templates are
posted are criticized as inadequate. The reasons for criticism are among others: (a) They are
Page .93.
placed inside Government Offices and not publicly accessible points such as markets; (b) they
are damaged after few days due to rain or sunshine; (c) they are placed in notice boards
cluttered with other information; etc.
 During the survey, HH respondents were asked to suggest more innovative approaches and
ideas so that the Government can improve the FTA initiative and the Templates/Media used
to convey Budget and service delivery information. Most respondents have suggested the
following as appropriate means of information dissemination in their area:





Use FM Radio More
Use places such as Mosques, Churches, Idirs and Market Places to
communicate through loudspeaker because many illiterate people can
understand
Deploy and use more and bigger posting billboards with covers
Use all public meetings to convey
Use the Elders to teach the community about FTA
Perception of Citizens about Public Service Delivery
 The perception of quality of life has increased across all regions. The baseline in 2009 was
that 62% perceived their quality of life as bad while the 2013 survey results show that this has
dwindled to 25% which means 75% of respondents appreciate their quality of life as average,
high or very high. This is happening regardless of the percentage of respondents who reported
dissatisfaction with local services showing a growth from 45% in 2009 to 67% in 2013. The
service areas that have more complaints from respondents are Health and Water particularly
their quality.
Knowledge of Citizens about the Budget
 When HH respondents were asked about how well they know about their respective
woreda/city budget, close to 50% of the Citizens however did not have any budget knowledge
and only 4% responded knowing the budget very well. Those knowing the budget very well
have increased from 1% in 2009 to the current level. The people who do have little
knowledge were 28.7% and this followed the same trend whether it is in Woredas or City
Governments. The importance of budget knowledge by citizens is an undeniable fact as
expressed by over 85% of the respondents in both Woredas and City governments. Only
2.5% indicated that it is not important.
Page .94.
Citizens Engagement and Consultation
 In the 2009 FTAPS survey only 6.3% of the respondent confirmed the engagement between
local government and its citizens while in 2013 the participation rate has increased to around
26% showing an improvement.
 Regarding the modes of communication used by citizens to express opinion about Woredas
Services to Woredas officials, respondents revealed that the opinion of citizens about
Woredas services was communicated to woredas official through a community meeting for
over 70% of the cases. On the other hand, 30% of the citizens have confirmed to have
attended a meeting during the last 12 months where representatives of the Woreda presented
information about the actions of the Woredas administration which has increased immensely
from the 9.1% in 2009. However, it needs to be mentioned that in many FGDs the participants
were mentioning that after many of the discussions the complaints were not followed by
corrective actions by the local officials.
 As per the results of the survey, Woreda and city officials had sought in the last 12 months
citizens views on budgetary issues as confirmed by about 37% of the respondents. Besides,
the officials had also
sought the views of the people in the concerning the quality of any
public services as revealed by 43% of the respondents. This trend should be strengthened if
the FTA initiative is to achieve its purpose.
Coordination, implementation and M&E arrangement
 As part of the assessment, the woreda and city finance and economic development offices
were asked about the current arrangements for implementing the FTA initiative. In line with
this, the opinion of PFM team members about the appropriateness of the current
administrative arrangement for FTA was assessed and the results show that about 91 percent
of them agree on the suitability of the arrangement.
 The case studies conducted in Tigray, Amhara, Oromia and SNNP show that to
carryout M&E on overall regional activities there are FTA teams formed by BOFED.
It is mandatory that these teams conduct supervisions quarterly but also may conduct
additional supervision as needs arise.
Page .95.
 On the other hand, the Government employees in charge of preparing and posting FTA
templates were asked about the problems faced while carrying out their task and have
indicated among other things the following major ones:
 Sector offices not sending on timely manner the data required for preparing
the templates resulting in incomplete information
 Distance of rural kebeles
 The community is careless to know about the budget
 Assigned employees are not serious about it
 Lack of Budget
 Lack of Logistics such as motorbike or vehicles
 Lack of Notice boards
 Poor quality of the templates resulting in damages as soon as they are posted
(by rain, sunshine, wind)
Achievement of FTA Vs. the Agreed Results Framework
 The PBS III Project Appraisal Document (Pp. 39-40) has outlined four specific indicators for
measuring the achievements of the FTA Component. The results of the assessment indicate
the following:
 The expected achievement level for the transparency indicator ―Citizens
who are informed about Woreda budget‖ was 21%. The HH survey results
show that on average about 29% of the respondents knew where the
woredas/cities secured finances and how they were spending them.
 The expected achievement level for the indicator ―Citizens who report that
Woreda officials have actively sought the views of people‖ was 50%. The
HH survey results showed that the achievement level for this accountability
indicator is 42%.
 The expected achievement level for the indicator ―Woredas that post the
refined and simplified budget and expenditure template to the Public‖ was
80%. The Supply Side Survey results showed that 100% of the woredas and
cities are posting the templates.
 The expected achievement level for the indicator ―Basic service units that
post the standardized service delivery template‖ was 30%. The HH Survey
results showed that the target has been achieved.
Page .96.
Based on the assessment findings the team summarized the following recommendations to be
considered in the future FTA programming and program implementation:
A) General
 Because commitment by political leadership on FTA initiative is very crucial for achieving
positive results, it is very indispensable to accord high level leadership commitment for
effective realization of FTA initiative.
 The woredas need to consider FTA initiative as their regular job instead of an informal and
additional task. There has to be a gradual move from considering FTA as a committee task to
a regular task. To enforce this there is a need to draw strong guideline from MoFED and
BoFEDs to the local Administrations.
 There has to be continued refresher trainings to the woreda and city administration staff. This
becomes necessary mainly due to the prevalence of high staff turnover. For example, in
Tigray region it is estimated that currently at the woreda level only about 50% of the staff are
available among those total FTA team that existed in 2003 EC. Thus, refresher trainings are
very necessary.
 The annual budget available for trainings per woreda and city administration is limited to
provide training to 50 people. This number is small compared to the gap prevailing on budget
literacy at least during the initial periods. Therefore, in the absence of increased budgets for
training, woredas and city administrations should find their own innovative ways of
increasing trainees numbers or use one of the approaches as used in Raya Azebo woreda or
Finote Selam town (see case studies on annex).
 Shortage of poster boards was found one of the major problems and reducing the
effectiveness of dissemination of the budget information. In rural kebeles, due to shortage of
boards posters are posted on walls of kebele administrations, FTCs, etc. that shortens their
service time due their exposure to rainfall, winds, children play, etc. Therefore, there is a need
increased budget allocation per woreda to procure poster boards. There is also a need to
involve the kebele administrations to a greater extent to protect posters from damage by
humans.
 It was also found that another issue related to posters was regarding their design. In some
places, the assessment team observed that the design of boards exposes the posters to
Page .97.
destruction by humans because they are not sealed or protected. The boards are also closed
only by wires and not by glasses that exposes the posters to fall from wind blows. Therefore,
it is necessary to consider revision on design of boards where necessary to protect posters
from human interference and wind blow.
 People get more attracted when they see pictures of objects and humans from their own
locality that they know. Therefore, it would be very beneficial to make a progressive
customization of pictures to reflect local circumstances at the grassroots level.
 There is need to document best practices periodically such as every 6 months or annually and
disseminate them to relevant stakeholders.
B) Linking The FTA and SA Components of PBS III
The Project Appraisal Document of PBS III states (P.15) that ―the Government and PBS Development
Partners seek to expand, deepen and link ...on-going efforts to promote citizen's engagement. It will
also seek to institutionalize them, so that efforts for citizen's engagement can be sustained outside of
the PBS program. The Citizen's Engagement Component (BI) links three thematically related work
programs to strengthen the system and capacity for services to be delivered to local users in an
increasingly transparent, responsive and accountable manner. These are (Bla) Financial Transparency
and Accountability, (Blb) Social Accountability, and (B1c) Grievance Redress Mechanisms.‖
This being the focus of Government and Donor Partners, the modality of linkage between FTA and
SA in the pilot 170 woredas should be explored and practical recommendations shall be forwarded by
the consultant.
FTA is managed by MoFED/BoFEDs/WoFEDs. The Social Accountability (SA) component is being
implemented through a three tier organizations starting from the Federal level steering committee
which supervises the Managing Agent that selects and arranges the necessary conditions for the
engagement of CSOs. The last tier is the actual implementer of the SA initiative and operates at
woreda and Kebele level. FTA seeks to create proximity with and engagement of Citizens to reduce
the ―distance‖ between citizens and government by identifying citizen needs and preferences. The SA
component is more about scrutiny aiming to enhance assessment, analysis, and review of government
actions and similar to the worldwide practice it is led by CSOs. FTA has its tools such as Budget and
service delivery templates while SA uses other tools such as Community Score Cards, Citizen Report
Page .98.
Cards, Public expenditure tracking surveys (PETS). Notwithstanding, the difference in objectives
(proximity Vs scrutiny) and the tools being used by the two PBS components, the major goal of both
is enhanced engagement of citizen‘s in making government bodies transparent and accountable.
Based on the appreciation of this major goal and the international experience, there are areas where a
fruitful cooperation between these two PBS components can be started in the following focus areas:
 Since the tools used are different, the Woreda PFM teams and the CSOs implementing the
SA component can exchange information through a well defined training programme.
Hence, MoFED can prepare a manual that can facilitate this training that makes the
engagement of all actors involved in the implementation of both components at the
woreda level to be effective in brining more transparency and accountability. The manual
shall include a shorter version of BLT, the FTA templates and the abovementioned SA
tools and methodology.
 MoFED, BoFEDs, Woreda PFM team members and the ESAP2 Management agent along
with other stakeholder (WB, Steering committee members, etc) can undertake a joint field
monitoring and quarterly review meetings to learn best practices of linkage between FTA
and SA implementers and assess the practical impact of linking both components on
Financial Transparency and Accountability. However, it is to be noted that the success of
this exercise is highly dependent on the existence of a strict time and monitoring schedule
that is announced beforehand to all participating members of the joint review team.
 At the woreda level, PFM team members shall always participate when sensitization of
SA is undertaken by CSOs and Woreda interface meetings that are usually organized by
SA implementing partners.
 Include in the Job description of PFM teams specific activities that are related to ESAP2
and also make mandatory the reporting of SA activities in their given woreda.
Page .99.
Annexes
1. Case study Best/Worst FTA Woredas and Cities of Tigray and
Amhara Regions
2. Case study Best/Worst FTA Woredas and Cities of Oromia and
SNNP Regions
3. Multiple Correlation Analysis of Key Variables
4. Woreda Questionnaire
5. City Questionnaire
6. FGD methodology and questions
7. KII methodology and questions
8. Supply Side (WoFED) questionnaire

FTA Implementation Assessment - revised final report

Transcription

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