Testing and characterization of ceramics

Transcription

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AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY
emerging ceramics & glass technology
January/ Febru ary 2013
Testing and characterization of ceramics
• X-ray characterization of piezoelectrics
• Edge chip testing of ceramics
• Joining SiC nuclear fuel claddings
• January meeting guides: ICACC and Expo, EMA
• Meet ACerS president Richard Brow
See us at ICACC’13 Expo Booth 200
contents
January–February 2013 • Vol. 92 No. 1
feature articles
Meet ACerS president, Richard Brow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Eileen De Guire
ACerS’ 2012-2013 president reflects on his career and what ACerS means to him.
In situ X-ray characterization of piezoelectric ceramic thin films . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Paul G. Evans and Rebecca J. Sichel-Tissot
Characterization of thin film ferroelectrics with advanced X-ray scattering technology
reveals fundamental mechanisms of piezoelectricity.
Edge chip testing of ceramics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
George D. Quinn
New test methods provide quantifiable measurement of edge chipping of ceramics.
Where are the Ceramic CAREER Awards, Class of 2012? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Lynnette Madsen
The five 2012 NSF Ceramics Program CAREER awards hail from five states. Overall, CAREER
awards represent 15 percent of the Ceramics Program portfolio.
cover story
Cai Zhonghou, beamline scientist
at the Advanced Photon Source at
Argonne National Lab, aligns a
sample in the nanodiffractometer.
(Credit: Agresta; ANL.)
Novel silicon carbide joining for new generation of accident-tolerant
nuclear fuels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
– page 18
Edward D. Herderick
Silicon carbide tubes may allow safer nuclear fuel rod systems, but sealing the tube with a SiC plug
is a materials challenge. Investigators at EWI are finding success with a new joining method.
Case study: Building an ultra-high-temperature mechanical testing system . . 36
Eric W. Neuman, Harlan J. Brown-Shaklee, Jeremy Watts, Greg E. Hilmas, and William G.
Fahrenholtz
Unable to find an off-the-shelf system to test ceramics at temperatures up to 2,600°C, this team
designed and built a system to do the job.
meetings
ICACC’13 meeting guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Meeting overview; Short course . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Engineering Ceramics Division award winners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Plenary speakers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Symposia schedule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hotel information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Exposition information and floor plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Expo preview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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44
45
Meet ACerS president,
Richard Brow
– page 3
Electronic Materials and Applications 2013 meeting guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Program overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Plenary speakers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Symposia schedule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Schedule and events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Hotel information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Correction: Incorrect contact information for Delkic & Associates was printed in the December 2012
ceramicSOURCE directory. The correct listing is:
Delkic & Associates
PO Box 1726
Ponte Verde, FL 32004
Phone: 904-285-0200
Fax: 904-273-1616
American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 1 | www.ceramics.org
research briefs
Multimaterials expanding options
for multifunctional fiber optics
(Credit: Tao et al.; IJAGS..)
– page 17
1
AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY
bulletin
contents
January–February 2013 • Vol. 92 No. 1
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Olivia Graeve, Chair, Alfred University
Allen Apblett, Oklahoma State University
Andrew Gyekenyesi, Ohio Aerospace Institute
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Officers
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Technical program; Schedule at a glance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
PACRIM 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
departments
• NIST issues report on MGI workshop addressing data and standards
• Business news
• Additive-manufactured ceramic heater unit playing role in Mars soil testing
• Indian bauxite, alumina conference showcases innovations and new Asian organization
ACerS Spotlight
.................................................... 9
• ACerS membership up for renewal? Renew now for multiple years!
• Society award nomination deadline: Jan. 15, 2013
• GOMD awards: Submit nominations
• St. Louis Section/RCD 49th Annual Symposium: March 26–28
• Refractories scholarship opportunity for students
• Names in the news
Ceramics in Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
• ARPA-E award helps Berkeley Lab groups shine smart windows tech
• Ultrathin rust films trap sunlight for splitting water
Advances in Nanomaterials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
• Perovskite oxides: Group shows technique for engineering ‘perfect’ heterointerfaces
• New ultrathin VO2 film device perfectly, reproducibly absorbs infrared light
Research Briefs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
• Fiber optics of the future: Multifunctionality through multimaterials
columns
Deciphering the discipline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Mary Gallerneault
On undergrad studies, simulations, and the perspective atoms inspire
resources
Calendar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
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Display Advertising Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Board of Directors
Keith Bowman, Director 2012–2015
Elizabeth Dickey, Director 2012–2015
William Fahrenholtz, Director 2009–2013
Vijay Jain, Director 2011–2014
William Lee, Director 2010–2013
Ivar Reimanis, Director 2011–2014
Lora Cooper Rothen, Director 2011–2014
Robert Schwartz, Director 2010–2013
Mrityunjay (Jay) Singh, Director 2012–2015
David Johnson Jr., Parliamentarian
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ACSBA7, Vol. 92, No. 1, pp 1–64. All feature articles are covered in Current Contents.
2
www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 1
Meet ACerS president,
Richard Brow
By Eileen De Guire
“I
had no idea what ceramic
engineering was when I
went to Alfred,” admits Richard Brow,
ACerS president for 2012–2013.
Having grown up in the Finger Lakes
region of upstate New York, Brow
knew of the New York State College
of Ceramics at Alfred, N.Y., through
a family connection, and he knew he
was headed toward engineering. But,
it was not until he took “mud lab”
from James Funk, an Alfred professor,
that he found an intellectual home
and a career. Brow says, “honestly, it
was so much fun, I kind of fell into it
then.”
Similar chance events steered
Brow into a career as a glass scientist.
Helmut Schaeffer at the University of
Erlangen (Germany) introduced him
to glass science during a junior year
study abroad. Thanks to an economic
downturn and a tight job market in
the early 1980s, Brow opted to go to
graduate school and studied under
William LaCourse at Alfred for his
master’s degree. For his PhD, Brow
headed south to Pennsylvania State
University, where he was the first
graduate student of Carlo Pantano.
He credits LaCourse and Schaeffer
for igniting a lifelong love of studying
glass, “[They] turned me into a glass
weenie, and I’ve been lucky enough
to stay a glass weenie for the past 30
years!”
A summertime stint at Sandia
National Labs (Albuquerque, N.M.)
turned into a full-time position after
graduation, and Brow spent 13 years
researching glass with other prominent scientists, including Ronald
Loehman and Jeffrey Brinker. Brow’s
lab also served as home base for
visiting scientists, one of whom was
Delbert Day. When Day was preparing to retire from the faculty at the
University of Missouri, Rolla (now
Missouri University of Science and
Technology), he suggested Brow think
about moving to academia, a move
Brow made in 1997, where he remains
on the MS&T faculty.
Brow’s entrée into The American
Ceramic Society was typical and
understated—he gave a presentation at a Glass & Optical Materials
Division meeting. From that auspicious beginning, he started organizing
sessions at GOMD meetings, thinking, “Wouldn’t it be great to get this
person and this person and this person
from around the world together so I
could learn from them?” Inevitably,
his ACerS colleagues tapped him for
the leadership stream of GOMD and
now, the Society.
Brow credits the Society with providing him an opportunity to grow
professionally. “By taking on responsibility, I had a chance to develop
collaborators and friends who, in the
long run, really were important to
my career,” he says. “I discovered it
accidentally, but I think every young
person that gets involved with the
Society discovers it ‘accidentally.’ For
me, it was finding people who were
interested in the same things I was
interested in, so I could learn from
them.”
So deep is Brow’s commitment to
finding people from whom he can
learn, that a primary goal of his presidential year is to establish a network
of “technical interest groups,” or
TIGs. He sees TIGs as a way to make
it easier than ever to get involved in
ACerS. “I would like to create within
the Society the means for members
to develop ideas, take advantage of
emerging opportunities, or be able to
cluster around a common interest.”
For example, according to Brow,
a TIG might develop on the subject
of biomaterials. Such a group would
be able to engage people within the
Society who might not otherwise
find the organization or know of its
resources. Brow says, “I can see these
groups becoming fundamental to the
way we do business and to the way
we project ourselves to the rest of the
world.”
His second goal for the year perhaps
harkens to his serendipitous discovery
of ceramic engineering—finding ways
for the Society to support ceramic
engineering education. Brow observes,
“There is good ceramic engineering
being done at places like 3M and
Boeing because the materials exist.
The materials don’t change—maybe
the way we educate engineers to deal
with the materials changes—but the
materials are still there.” He asks,
“How do we identify who is working
on ceramics out there, including in
places like Boise or Amherst. How do
we engage, nurture, and support these
faculty and students?” After all, he
notes, the industrial base necessarily
casts its net for engineering talent to
work on ceramic materials wider than
the pool of ceramic engineers that
graduate from Alfred and Rolla.
Although the presidential year is
very demanding, Brow probably had
an easier time convincing his family of the merits of the role. His wife,
Theresa McCarthy-Brow, is a Penn
State ceramic engineer, too, and managed a program for the Air Force in
New Mexico for making large pieces
of glass for satellite deployment. They
have two daughters, and the entire
family enjoys following Cardinals
baseball in their free time.
Brow invites members to contact
him at [email protected]
3
news & trends
NIST issues report on MGI workshop addressing data and standards
The stated goal of the Materials
Genome Initiative is “to double the
speed at which we discover, develop and
manufacture new materials.” The goals
are clear, but how to tackle them is challenging. MGI will draw on the concerted efforts of academia, manufacturers,
federal funding agencies, and national
labs. Meanwhile, each of those constituencies must remain true to their missions, and there are often dependencies
between them, for example, between
academia and federal funding agencies.
Also, as MGI’s White House point
man, Cyrus Wadia, explained in and
interview with the Bulletin in 2011,
the idea is for MGI to evolve in a grass
roots manner, not bureaucratically in a
top-down way. Since it was announced
in June 2011, the MGI has transitioned from a twinkle in the eye of the
White House’s Office of Science and
Technology Policy to a multi-agency
initiative taking its first toddling steps.
Indeed, with the first drops from the
funding tap flowing from diverse fund-
ing agencies, it looks like the concept is
working.
Even so, getting the materials science community’s collective arms
around MGI is not so easy. NIST, as
the nation’s data and standards experts,
are naturally positioned to take a leadership role in defining the issues and
guiding the development of a “materials
innovation infrastructure.”
NIST embraced that challenge/
opportunity and last May convened
a workshop—“Building the Materials
novel approach to modeling flow (www.
simio.com)… Federal agencies to hold
workshop on the design of the National
Network for Manufacturing Innovation
(www.manufacturing.gov)… Hindusthan
National Glass and Industries has commissioned a 650-ton-per-day glass bottle
plant at Naidupeta in Andhra Pradesh,
India (www.www.hngil.com)… Robust
vehicle sales are providing a boost to
Pittsburgh Glass Works, which is adding 50 to 60 employees at its plant in
Creighton, East Deer. (www.pgwglass.
com)… PPG Industries’ can now produce
heat-strengthened glass in thicknesses of
2, 2.5 and 2.7 millimeters with surfacecompression strength that exceeds that
of fully tempered glass (www.ppg.
com)… Abrasives maker Carborundum
Universal, a part of the Murugappa Group,
has deferred plans to set up its proposed greenfield project in Gujarat, India
(www.www.cumi-murugappa.com)…
3M completes acquisition of Ceradyne
(www.3m.com)… Channel Technologies
Group invigorates R&D and innovation
with new engineering department (www.
channeltechgroup.com)… Total capacity of worldwide ‘spinning reserves’ for
the grid to increase 40 percent by 2022
(www.pikeresearch.com)… Thermal
heat treatment systems: Drying or curing for the composite and advanced
ceramic sector (www.cds-group.
co.u)… Guardian’s Pablo Isasmendi to be
president of British Glass (www.britglass.
org.uk)… Groundbreaking ceremony
for the European Center for Dispersion
Technologies (www.netzsch-grinding.
com)… Saint-Gobain awarded major
contract to supply sapphire armor (www.
saint-gobain.com)… Morgan Thermal
Ceramics’ new FireMaster Marine Plus
Blanket fire insulation provides up to
30 percent weight savings (www.morganthermalceramics.com)… Mantec’s
control discs keep a ‘heat work’ check on
technical ceramics processes (www.mantectechnicalceramics.com)… Plibrico
announces international brand of refractory materials (www.plibrico.com)…
Rolls-Royce to build second plant in
Virginia (www.rolls-royce.com)… Ferro
announces CEO transition (www.ferro.
com)… Ancora Group reports strong sales
results in Brazil (www.ancoragroup.it) n
Business news
Owens-Illinois is investing C140 million
on strengthening its European operations
in 2013 (www.o-i.com)… SORG and
EME have been chosen as suppliers to
the Consol Nigel Greenfield factory project (www.sorg.de)… Magnezit Group
and Rath GmbH/AT, which specializes in
production of refractory products based
on alumina, silica and zirconia, concluded
a strategic agreement on cooperation
(www.magnezit.ru)… Aluminium Corp.
of China plans to build an alumina facility
with a capacity of 1 million tons a year
in Indonesia (www.chalco.com)… APC
publishes free piezo calculator iPhone,
iPad app (www.americanpiezo.com)…
Schott NA and Space Photonics Inc. sign
agreement for covert communications
technology (www.us.schott.com)…
Setaram offers new µSC microcalorimeter
(www.setaram.com)… Utah’s Ceramatec
awarded $3.8M in energy grants (www.
ceramatec.com)… Evans Analytical
Group acquires SEAL Labs (www.eaglabs.
com)… New market report: Innovations
in crystalline silicon PV 2013—Markets,
strategies and leaders in nine technology areas (www.greentechmedia.
com)… Simio releases version 5 with a
4
Innovation Infrastructure: Data and
Standards”—to help define the “crosscutting and domain-specific data challenges” that need to be overcome.
The workshop convened 125 stakeholders from academia, federal agencies, national labs, industry and professional societies. Most, although not all,
participants came from United States
organizations. In November, the agency
released its summary report (http://
nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/ir/2012/NIST.
IR.7898.pdf) summarizing the outcome
of the exercise to evaluate the status of
the Materials Innovation Infrastructure
(MII) and identify gaps and opportunities. It also outlines the process the
group used to attack the issue.
Lead author of the report and NIST
scientist Jim Warren explained in a
phone interview that the MII is “about
lowering the barrier to entry for manufacturers” to accelerate materials innovation.
He says some disciplines are way ahead
on developing a data infrastructure, for
example, with regard to data sharing and
quality, computer codes, metrics, etc.
“We want to harvest the best practices
and use them where it makes sense for
materials science,” he says.
Warren likens the coalescence of
the MII to the birth and growth of the
Internet “superhighway.” He says, “We
are all willing to pay a small cost for
access to the Internet, which makes our
life better. The MII imagines something
similar for materials data.”
Another way the MII compares to an
established infrastructure model is the
US roads and highways system. Some
roads are owned at the federal level,
some at the state or local level, and yet
other roads are private. Envision the
emerging MII as having a similar mix of
owners, access points, etc.
At the workshop, the participants
were charged with assessing data infrastructure in four areas: data representation and interoperability, data manage-
ment, data quality, and data usability.
To provide a framework for the discussion, participants considered the four
areas in the context of two broad topics: length scale challenges and technical applications.
Length scale challenges fall into two
categories: challenges relating to the
mathematics of the scale and crossing
scale regimes, and challenges relating
to the computing power needed to perform the calculations.
For example, phase field methods are
used to model microstructure development in the nanometer to micrometer
range. However, microstructure development arguably can be modeled also at
the crystal lattice scale with approaches
such as density functional theory.
Finding the mathematics that transitions between them is something like
finding a clutch that can shift between
first gear and fourth gear.
Also, it does not take long to peg
the computing power, according to
Warren. Say, for example, you want to
model one millimeter of a solidification
interface. By modeling conditions every
10 angstroms normal to and along the
interface, the computation very quickly
generates terabytes of data.
The workshop participants divided
length scales into several regimes:
macro, micro, nano and molecular
lengths, and atomic lengths. Within
each of these, challenges were pri-
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5
news & trends
involved in materials design, such as
community leadership, data sharing,
computational validation, etc.
According to Warren, MGI leaders
are optimistic that the initiative will
begin to yield benefits as early as 2013,
with the rollout of prototype solutions
and virtual communities. n
Computational
Tools
Digital
Data
(Credit: OSTP.)
Experimental
Tools
NIST released its report from May’s
MGI workshop, ”Building the Materials
Innovation Infrastructure: Data and
Standards.”
oritized and categorized as short-term
or long-term, based on whether their
impacts could make a difference in less
than five years or more than five years.
For example, in the area of data representation and interoperability, participants identified the “definition of data
or metadata for particular applications
with standards for software to facilitate
linkage,” as both a high priority and
something achievable in the short term.
The organizers of the workshop also
recognized that new materials developed in the MGI construct would be
developed with specific applications
in mind. Thus, they considered four
possible “technical application areas:”
electrochemical storage, high-temperature alloys, catalysis, and lightweight
structural materials. They selected these
TAAs because, broadly speaking, they
represent areas that are positioned well
to adapt an MGI approach. Warren
notes, however, that the four TAAs
are only representative examples, and
workshop organizers and participants
acknowledge that there are many other
applications that could have been considered instead.
In both contexts, the key metric
considered was the amount of time that
could be saved if the data challenges
were eliminated; cost issues were not
addressed directly.
Finally, the report calls out crosscutting challenges that impact anybody
6
Additive-manufactured ceramic
heater unit playing role in Mars
soil testing
The work of the Mars Curiosity
rover soil-sampling mission bubbled
up to national attention recently
when a NASA official touched off
speculation when he mentioned that
something “remarkable” and “for the
history books” had been found. While
it turned out that his phraseology might
have been hyperbolic (although some
proto-organic materials may have been
found), the long-distance investigative
work of the rover is a feat of remarkable
engineering, made possible with several
components either from the field of
ceramics or well-known in the ceramics
and glass community.
For example, there is a piece of
ceramic, formed by an additive manufacturing process—stereolithography—that
is playing a significant role in the soil
analysis. This piece is a custom alumina
ceramic heater housing produced by
Technology Assessment and Transfer
Inc., a small defense and government
contractor based in Annapolis, Md.
The ceramic heater housing is an
indispensable component of the rover’s
SAM (Sample Analysis at Mars)
instrument suite. SAM’s meat-andpotatoes work occurs when volatile
materials from the Mar soil samples
are fed into the suite’s six-column gas
chromatograph, a quadrupole mass
spectrometer, and a tunable laser spectrometer.
However, before the GC, QMS
and TLS can do their important work,
the soil must be prepared carefully to
release the volatile components—and
that involves the ceramic heater body.
It is a dimensionally small-but-central
part (only 0.75 inches long with an
external diameter of 0.5 inches″ and
an internal diameter of 0.38 inches)
of several ovens in SAM’s Sample
Manipulation System, where solid
phase materials are sampled by transporting finely sieved materials to one of
74 SMS quartz sample cups. The cups
are inserted into the special oven and
heated to release volatiles. The ovens
also help clean the cups for reuse.
While one might assume that fabricating the alumina housing was simple,
it was not. NASA engineers designed it
to support a network of channels with
52 heating elements allowing its oven
capacity to reach 1,000°C.
In an email to the Bulletin, Walter
Zimbeck, manager of TA&T’s Ceramic
Micro Devices Group, described some
of the details and considerations about
making the oven housings via the stereolithography route.
He said that NASA selected the
company after finding few rapid-prototyyping suppliers able to meet their
specifications. “There were not any others,” says Zimbeck. “Goddard did have
some prototypes made by plasma spraying alumina onto a mandrel and around
pre-placed heating element wires, but
apparently those prototypes failed
during the first heating cycle (room
temperature to ~1,000°C in several
minutes). The ceramic cracked, and the
wires broke. That’s a very challenging
thermal shock event for any ceramic,
so I was actually surprised that our fully
dense high-purity alumina housings
showed no signs of degradation after
the first, nor after many, test cycles.
The NASA pyrolysis oven team was
elated because they were on the hook
to provide the ovens and had no other
solutions.”
Zimbeck says the difficult part, and
the reason why no conventional processes were viable, is the high aspect
ratio of the holes that run the length
of the cylinders. “The inner ring of
holes have a 0.008 inch diameter and
are about 0.75 inches long—an aspect
(Credit: NASA.)
Goddard was not able to find
anyone who would bid the
design using conventional
ceramic machining, injection
molding, or extrusion plus
machining,” he says.
Once formed stereolithographically, the 30 units
TA&T were heated for
binder burnout and sintered,
analogous to an injectionmolded ceramic. “The material we used for the ovens is
Schematic of SAM (Sample Analysis at Mars) soil and
a fine-grained, high-purity
atmospheric analysis unit, part of Curiosity’s Mars
alumina that sinters very well
Science Laboratory.
to near theoretical density,”
ratio of almost 100! The outer ring is
Zimbeck says.
larger diameter, about 0.002 inches.
He says it has been fun for the comThe other challenging feature is the
pany staff to follow Curiosity’s landing
minimum wall thickness between holes
and work. “[NASA’s] lead technician
and between the holes and inner and
for the pyrolysis ovens has come by our
outer walls of the oven is 0.010 inches.
facility often, and we have felt like we
were part of the pyrolysis oven team.
So, when the Curiosity landed successfully, we were pretty excited—parts we
made are on freakin’ Mars! Our excitement is amped up further now that we
know the pyrolysis ovens are working
and they may be essential to producing
significant scientific findings,” Zimbeck
says.
Many of the analytical components
in the SAM system (and in Earthbased labs working to troubleshoot
and confirm Curiosity’s findings) were
contributed by companies familiar to
ceramists and other materials scientists
and engineers.
For example, equipment made by
Netzsch is helping with thermal and
gas analysis both on Mars and in labs
on Earth that working to understand,
duplicate, and verify the results from
Curiosity. n
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7
Indian bauxite, alumina conference showcases innovations
and new Asian organization
The inaugural conference of the
newly minted International Bauxite,
Alumina and Aluminium Society
(IBAAS) was held in Nagpur, India,
in early December, and several noteworthy developments came out of that
meeting.
The IBAAS was established only
earlier this year. The group’s website
indicates that it was launched with a
particular focus on supporting businesses and research in Asia. IBAAS
notes the competitive and regulatory
challenges to the field that underlined
the society’s formation:
“The bauxite, alumina, and aluminum industry is developing at a fairly
good pace in the world and spectacular growth is visible in China,
India, and Brazil. Several other countries like Vietnam, Saudi Arabia,
Indonesia, and Guinea are proposing
to invest huge amounts into development of the vast resources of bauxite.
“While the downstream industry
is facing the challenge of technology upgradation and high investment costs, the upstream industry is
constantly under the threat of everchanging regulatory laws with respect
to mining, social development, and
technology, besides the need for a
huge investment in infrastructure for
the mining, refining, and smelting
operations.
“It is strongly felt that an organization is specifically needed to focus on
these issues and work in the field of
bauxite geology, mining, beneficiation, alumina refining and aluminum
smelting technology particularly in
Asian region. A group of leading
scientists, engineers, managers and
experts in this line have set up a registered society IBAAS to promote this
industry in this part of the world.”
IBAAS says it is initially giving
special attention to India, China,
Vietnam, Saudi Arabia, and UAE,
8
and hopes eventually to expand to the
BRIC nations.
The group’s first meeting, held with
support from over 70 institutions and
businesses (including many known
well in the ceramics community, such
as Ace Calderys, Almatis, Aluchem,
Bharat Heavy Electrical Ltd., Central
Glass and Ceramic Research Institute,
IFGL Bioceramics Ltd., Jyoti Ceramics,
Panalytical, Rio Tinto, Saint Gobain,
SKG Refractories, and The Indian
Ceramic Society) was cosponsored
by the Jawaharlal Nehru Aluminium
Research Development and Design
Centre, and was held December 3-5.
Besides technical papers in scientific
sessions, the conference had special
sessions on “processing innovations
in aluminum ceramics” and “new and
emerging application of alumina ceramics.” The meeting seems to have gotten
quite a bit of publicity in India, and
the Times of India reported that the
symposium also served as a platform for
researchers and industry “to work out
plans for metallurgical bauxite and special alumina products.”
Several developments announced
at the meeting are worth noting. The
first comes from the Central Glass and
Ceramic Research Institute (CGCRI),
which says it has developed a process
to convert extremely inferior grade
bauxite into refractory grade bauxite.
CGCRI says its process removes impurities, such as calcium oxide, titanium
oxide, and iron oxide from bauxite.
The institute says it uses certain natural
materials that selectively absorb these
impurities and effectively increases the
melting point to 1,600°C.
In an interview with the Times,
CGCRI’s Anup Ghosh says, “We have
converted the low-melting-point phase
bauxite into high-temperature phase.
This can be used even in steel melting
process.” Institute leaders report that
they have received industrial support to
scale up the technology to at least oneton capacity.
Separately, CGCRI also announced
that it has succeeded in using “extreme-
(Credit: IBAAS.)
news & trends
ly inferior grade” bauxite to make
extremely hard ceramic tiles. “The
hardness has been brought by blending other industrial wastes like fly ash
and iron ore tailings to make the new
ceramic. It can be used as a lining in
hoppers and chutes used in steel plants
and coal washeries. It helps prevent
corrosion and abrasion,” Swapan Kumar
Das, chief scientist at refractories division in CGCRI, explains to the newspaper. The institute has a history of
working with alumina, and its uses in
membranes, tubing, and bioceramics.
Another meeting development drew
considerable interest: A Canadian
company, Orbite Aluminae Inc.,
announced that it has pioneered an
unconventional source of alumina.
Again according to a story in the
Times, OAI says that instead of using
bauxite, it can efficiently use aluminous
clay or clay rich in alumina and silica
to produce extremely pure alumina.
The company says its methods also are
environmentally friendly.
OAI says it succeeded for the first
time in achieving a one-ton-per-day
production rate of purified alumina in
early 2011. That was apparently on
a prototype-production basis, but the
company says that it will launch a oneton-per-day plant in January 2013 in
Quebec. OAI says this alumina initially
will be used in LED production, not
aluminum.
Besides bauxite, OAI says it can process red mud and fly ash, and says that
the method also generates rare earth
elements. The company says its vision
is to build high-purity alumina plants
across North America. It hopes to start
producing smelter-grade alumina by
2015 and eventually to have ten plants
in Quebec alone.
Visit: www.ibaas.info n
acers spotlight
Welcome to our newest
Corporate Member!
ACerS recognizes organizations that
have joined the Society as Corporate
Members. For more information on
becoming a Corporate Member, contact Tricia Freshour at tfreshour@
ceramics.org, or visit ACerS’ special
Corporate Member web page, www.
ceramics.org/corporate.
credit card renewal, you must contact ACerS’ customer service at the
numbers or email above. Note: These
options are not available through
online renewal.
Membership provides access to
resources and a network of people that
you will find invaluable. Please renew
today! n
Society award nomination
deadline: Jan. 15, 2013
An extremely important date affecting the Society’s honors and awards
system is approaching. Jan. 15, 2013,
is the deadline for nominations for
many ACerS awards, including the
Kingery, Jeppson, Coble, Corporate
Missouri Refractories Co., LLC
Pevely, Missouri, USA
www.refractories.net
ACerS membership up for
renewal? Renew now for
multiple years!
Odds are that your ACerS membership is up for renewal. In fact, the
majority of ACerS memberships expire
about this time of year.
If you are in this group, please take
a minute to extend your membership
now by going to ceramics.org, clicking
on the “Renew” button on the bottom
of the home page, and following the
prompts. You will need a credit card for
online renewal.
Alternatively, you can extend your
membership by calling ACerS’ customer service at 866-721-3322 (US), or
240-646-7054 (outside US), or email at
[email protected].
And, are you tired of getting renewal
notices every year? If so, then sign
up for a multi-year renewal and lock
in the current dues level, or use the
“Automatic Credit Card Renewal”
option. In order to arrange for either
the multi-year renewal or automatic
9
acers spotlight
Achievement, Distinguished Life
Member, Purdy, Spriggs, and many
more.
For more information, visit the
ACerS website and the individual
award pages at www.ceramics.org/
awards or email Marcia Stout at
[email protected]. n
GOMD awards: Submit
nominations now
The ACerS Glass and Optical
Materials Division invites nominations
for the Stookey Lecture of Discovery
Award, the George W. Morey Award,
and the Norbert J. Kreidl Award for
Young Scholars. The deadline for
nominations for all three awards is Feb.
15, 2013.
The Stookey Lecture of Discovery
Award recognizes an individual's lifetime of innovative exploratory work or
noteworthy contributions of outstanding research on new materials, phenomena, or processes involving glass, which
have commercial significance or the
potential for commercial impact.
The George W. Morey Award recognizes new and original work in the
field of glass science and technology.
The criterion for winning the award
is excellence in publication of work,
either experimental or theoretical, done
by an individual.
The Norbert J. Kreidl Award for
Young Scholars, recognizing research
excellence in glass science, is open to
all degree-seeking graduate students
(MS or PhD) or those who have graduated within a twelve-month period of
the GOMD annual meeting.
Nomination details can be found at
http://tinyurl.com/b7nzfxj.
Mark your calendars! St.
Louis Section/RCD 49th Annual
Symposium is March 26–28
The St. Louis Section and the
Refractory Ceramics Division of The
American Ceramic Society is sponsoring its 49th annual symposium on
the theme “Refractory Challenges in
10
Engineering Ceramics Division announces best paper, poster awards
Each year, ACerS Engineering Ceramics Division presents awards for the best
papers and posters presented at the previous year’s International Conference on
Advanced Ceramics and Composites. Along this line, ECD’s awards for the best
papers and posters presented at ICACC 2012 will be recognized at the plenary
session of ICACC 2013.
Congratulations to the authors of these award winning papers and posters:
Best papers from ICACC 2012
– First place: “Submicron Boron
Carbide Synthesis Through Rapid
Carbothermal Reduction,” by
Steve Miller, Fatih Toksoy,
William Rafaniello, and
Richard Haber.
– Second place: “Study Of The
Silicon Carbide Matrix Elaboration
By Film Boiling Process,” by
Aurélie Serre, Joëlle Blein,
Yannick Pierre, Patrick David,
Fabienne Audubert, Sylvie
Bonnamy, and Eric Bruneton.
– Third place: “An Integrated Virtual
Material Approach For Ceramic
Matrix Composites,” by Guillaume
Couégnat, William Ros, Thomas
Haurat, Christian Germain, Eric
Martin, and Gérard Vignoles.
Best posters from ICACC 2012
– First place: “Fabrication and
Characterization of a Novel
Nanostructured Solar Diode Sensor”
by Alaa Gad, Michael Hoffmann,
Hao Shen, and Sanjay Mathur.
– Second place: “Stress Wave
Management in Obliquely
Laminated Composite Systems,” by
Christian J. Espinoza Santos,
Waltraud Kriven, Daniel A.
Tortorelli, and Mariana Silva.
– Third place: “Low Temperature
Densification and Mechanical
Properties of Ultrahard Boron
Suboxide Ceramics,” by Robert
Pavlacka, and Gary Gilde.
the Chemical and Petro-Chemical
Industries.” The meeting is March
27–28, 2013, with a kickoff event on
the evening of March 26, 2013.
The meeting will be in St. Louis,
Mo., at the Hilton St. Louis Airport
Hotel. Program cochairs are Jens
Decker of Stellar Materials and Rick
Volk of Uni-Ref Inc.
To whet your appetite, here is a partial list of papers that will be presented
at the conference:
• “Hydrogen corrosion – general principles and experimental approach,”
Peter Quirmbach, DIFK Bonn,
Germany;
• “Raw material concepts for silica-free
high strength castables in the temperature range up to 1,200°C,” Dale
Zacherl, Almatis;
• “Deterioration of calcium aluminate
bonded insulated monolithics in field
conditions,” Ken Moody, Refractory
System Solutions;
• “Material selection for gunite veneer
repairs,” Jim Stendera, Vesuvius;
• “Recent findings on the relationship between superfines and rheology
of refractory castables,” Bjorn Myhre,
Elkem.
Other papers will be presented
by authors from Kerneos, Valero,
UOP, AluChem, Thermal Ceramics,
Unifrax, Exxon Mobil, Robert Jenkins,
Missouri S&T, Resco Products, Penn
State University, Artech, Oak Ridge
National Lab, and Linck Refractory
Services.
Interested in being a conference
vendor? The “Tabletop Expo” format
is the same one used during previous
conferences, with each vendor having
a six-foot table to display products and
literature. The charge is $300, which
covers the cost of the expo space and
provides a two-hour open bar during
the “meet and greet” prior to dinner on
Wednesday evening. If you are inter-
ested in participating in the Tabletop Expo, contact Patty
Smith at 573-341-6265 or [email protected].
Also, a meeting of the ASTM International C-8
Committee on Refractories will be held on March 26, prior
to the conference. Contact Kate McClung at 610-832-9717
for more information on this meeting.
Organizers have arranged for a block of rooms to be set
aside for the evenings of March 25–28, 2013, at the Hilton
(314-426-5500). The rate is $104.00 for a single or double.
To receive the $104 rate mention the Group Name: St.
Louis Section of The American Ceramic Society or Group
Code: “CER” when making your reservation. To make
online reservations, use this url: http://tinyurl.com/a8kyfy6.
All reservations must be received on or before Feb. 18,
2013.
For further information please contact Patty Smith, 573341-6265; fax, 573-341-2071; email, [email protected]. n
Material Advantage contest award winners 2012
The Material Advantage student program hosted four
contests for students at MS&T’12 in Pittsburgh, Pa.
They were the Graduate Student Poster Competition,
Undergraduate Student Poster Competition, Undergraduate
Student Speaking Contest, and Mug Drop Contest.
The Ceramic Education Council organized the two poster
competitions and the speaking contest. The CEC is dedicated to stimulating, promoting, and improving ceramics
education, and to provide a national forum for discussing
issues pertinent to ceramic education, curricula, and institutional affairs. Its goal is to enhance interaction among those
concerned with ceramic education.
Keramos organized the mug drop competition. Keramos is
the national professional ceramic engineering fraternity and
promotes the interaction between and camaraderie among
ceramic engineering professionals and students.
The contest descriptions and winners are below. The
Ceramic Education Council organized the events, except
where noted.
Material Advantage Graduate Student Poster
Competition
First place: “Effect of Local Alendronate Delivery on In
Vivo Osteogenesis From PCL Coated 3D Printed b-TCP
Scaffolds,” by Solaiman Tarafder, Washington State
University.
Second place: “The Effects of Gamma Radiation in
Glasses Intended for the Immobilisation of UK ILW
Nuclear Wastes,” by Owen James McGann, University of
Sheffield.
Third place: “Thermal Measurements of 3- and 4-Phase
Ceramic Composites using OOF2 Analyses,” by Jesse Angle,
University of California, Irvine.
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11
acers spotlight
Wang, Pennsylvania State University;
and Zhi Tang, University of Tennessee.
n
Material Advantage
Undergraduate Student Poster
Competition
First place: “New Factors in
Understanding Glass Dissolution: The
Effect of Geometry,” by Nathan Reeves,
Walla Walla University.
Second place: “The Effects of
Sputtering Energy Regarding Defect
Formation on the Ge(110) Surface as
Observed through Scanning Tunneling
Microscopy,” by Samantha MacIntyre,
Shippensburg University.
Third place: “Quantifying the Beta
Phase (Mg17Al12) In the Magnesium
Alloy AZ91,” by Aeriel Murphy,
University of Alabama.
TRI Scholarships
(Credit: AcerS.)
Material Advantage
Undergraduate Student Speaking
Contest
Refractories scholarship
opportunity for students
An Dang, left, and Rebecca Mullen were
the winners of the Most Aesthetic Mug
competition at MS&T’12.
(Credit: AcerS.)
Material Advantage Ceramic Mug
Drop Contest (Organized by Keramos)
Wells
Overall Winner: Spencer Wells,
University of Illinois at Urbana–
Champaign, “Mixed Equilibrium
Solid Solubility of Ga2O3 and SnO2 in
In2O3.”
First Runner-up: Ruilong Ma,
Northwestern University, “Moore’s
Law and the Diagnosis of Infectious
Diseases.”
Second Runner-up: (two): Jennifer
DeHaven, Missouri University of
Science & Technology, “Direct
Write of Micro-Circuitry via the
Development of Capillary Focusing
Cold Spray Technology;” and
Emily Fucinato, Pennsylvania State
University, “Single Walled Carbon
Nanotubes and Barium Titanate
Crystals as an Anti-reflective Coating
for Photovoltaic Cells.”
12
Winner: (each surviving 400 centimeter drops): Wen Yang, University
of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign; and
Rudi Bredemeier, University of Illinois
at Urbana–Champaign.
Most Aesthetic Mug: (tied): Rebecca
Mullen, Missouri University of Science
and Technology; and An Dang,
University of Washington. n
NETD student stipend award
winners
The Nuclear and Environmental
Technology Division of The American
Ceramic Society sponsored travel stipends in the amount of $250 to help
students attend MS&T 2012 and
the ACerS 114th Annual Meeting in
Pittsburgh, Pa.
These stipends go to deserving students with current or future interests in
the nuclear and/or environmental fields
of ceramic and materials engineering.
The 2012 winners were Antonio
Jauregui, California Polytechnic
Institute, Pomona; Kathlene Lindley,
Iowa State University; William Yi
The Refractories Institute is sponsoring up to three $5,000 scholarships
for the 2013–2014 academic year for
undergraduate or
graduate
students
studying
in North THE REFRACTORIES INSTITUTE
America
who have demonstrated an interest in
the refractories industry. Deadline for
scholarship applications is March 8,
2013.
For more information, visit www.
refractoriesinstitute.org, and click on the
red button at the bottom of the page.
Student scholarship opportunity—
UNITECR 2013
The North American Members of
the UNITECR International Executive
Board established a student-funding
program for attendance and participation in the Unified International
Technical Conference on Refractories
to be held Sept. 10-13, 2013, in
Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.
The NAM will award approximately
10–20 scholarships based on academic
merit and/or the applicant’s demonstrated experience or interest in the
field of refractories.
Any undergraduate or graduate student, studying at a North American
institution who will be enrolled fulltime in the 2013–14 academic year in
pursuit of a degree in ceramic engineering, materials engineering, metallurgical engineering, mechanical engineering, or similar discipline is eligible to
apply. Funding levels will be commensurate based on whether the student
is an attendee versus a presenter of an
accepted technical paper.
Complete applications must be
received by March 31, 2013. Learn
about how to apply by visiting the
UNITECR website at www.unitecr2013.org, and click on “Students.”
GEMS awards
The Society’s Basic Science Division
recently announced the winners of its
2012 Graduate Excellence in Materials
Science awards. The division sponsors
the GEMS awards as part of the annual
MS&T conference and ACerS Annual
Meeting events each year.
Congratulations to the 2012 GEMS
Award Finalists!
Diamond ranking:
Jiamian Hu, Tsinghua University/
Pennsylvania State University, “PhaseField Simulations of a Simple VoltageControlled Magnetic Random Access
Memory;”
William Yi Wang, Pennsylvania
State University, “Electronic Structure
of Stacking Faults in Mg: A FirstPrinciples Study;”
Babak Anasori, Drexel University,
“Thermally Stable Nano-grain Mg
Composites Reinforced with MAX
Phases.”
Sapphire ranking:
Solaiman Tarafder, Washington
State University, “Mechanical,
Histological and Immunohistochemical
Evaluation of Sr/Mg doped 3D Printed
Interconnected Porous b-Tricalcium
Phosphate Ceramic Scaffolds for Bone
Tissue Engineering;”
Stephanie Bojarski, Carnegie Mellon
University, “Changes in the Grain
Boundary Character and Mean Relative
Energy Resulting from a Complexion
Transition in Ca-doped Yttria;”
Bo Chen, Virginia Tech, “Voltage
Decreasing Rate Effect during TwoStep Anodization on Multilayer TiO2
Nanotubes;”
Henry Colorado, University of
California, Los Angeles, “New Concept
of Ultra Low Cost Chemically Bonded
Ceramic Materials Fabricated from
Traditional Fillers and Wastes;”
Hoorshad Fathi, Alfred University,
“Development of a Model of Reverse
Micelle Size with Electrolyte Additions;”
Ozgur Keles, Purdue University,
“Statistical Failure Analysis of
Crystallographically Isotropic Porous
Materials;”
James Kelly, Alfred University,
“Densification Behavior and Interfaces
of Tantalum Carbide Nanopowders
Consolidated by Spark Plasma
Sintering.” n
find
your
vendors
with
In Memoriam
Leslie J. Bowen
Irv Gowers
Matthew Kerper
Thomas Mroz
Alan Searcy
Some detailed obituaries also can be
found on the ACerS website, www.
ceramics.org/in-memoriam.
ceramicSOURCE
ceramicsource.org
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13
acers spotlight
Names in the news
Four earn ECS awards
Several ACerS members
were recently honored by The
Electrochemical Society.
ECS named
Georgia Institute of
Technology’s Meilin
Liu as a Fellow in
recognition of his
contribution and
leadership in the
area of electroLiu
chemistry and solidstate sciences, and his participation in
the affairs of the organization.
Liu is a Regents’ Professor of
Materials Science and Engineering and
codirector of the Center for Innovative
Fuel Cell and Battery Technologies at
the Georgia Institute of Technology.
He also serves as the associate director of the HeteroFoam Center at the
University of Southern California.
Sheikh A. Akbar,
professor of
Materials Science
and Engineering,
won the ECS
Sensor Division
Outstanding
Achievement
Akbar
Award. Akbar is
a founder of the National Science
Foundation Center for Industrial
Sensors and Measurements. His recent
work deals with synthesis-microstructure-property relations of ceramic bulk,
thin-film, and nanostructures.
Akbar’s sensors have received
three R&D 100 Awards and a NASA
Turning Goal Into Reality award.
He served on the International
Advisory Committee of CIMTEC
International Conferences on Modern
Materials and Technologies conferences, and the steering committees
of the International Conference on
Engineering Education, the DOE
Sensor and Controls Program and
the US–Japan Conference on Sensor
14
Systems for the 21st Century.
Eric D. Wachsman,
director of the
University of
Maryland Energy
Research Center,
won ECS’ High
Temperature
Materials Division
Wachsman
Outstanding
Achievement Award. Wachsman is
the William L. Crentz Centennial
Chair in Energy Research with
appointments in both the Department
of Materials Science and Engineering,
and the Department of Chemical
Engineering at the University of
Maryland. He also is editor-in-chief of
Ionics and editor of Energy Systems.
Wachsman is a frequent invited
panelist on fuel cell and hydrogen
energy research, ranging from DOE’s
“Fuel Cell Report to Congress” and
“Basic Research Needs Related to
High Temperature Electrochemical
Devices for Hydrogen Production,
Storage, and Use,” to NSF’s
“Workshop on Fundamental Research
Needs in Ceramics,” the NATO
“Mixed Ionic-Electronic Conducting
Perovskites for Advanced Energy
Systems,” and the National Academies
“Global Dialogues on Emerging
Science and Technologies.”
Finally, battery innovator YetMing Chiang won the ECS Battery
Division Technology Award. (For more
on Chiang, see story below on The
Economist award.)
The Economist laud’s Chiang with
Innovation Award
The UK-based magazine The
Economist named MIT’s Yet-Ming
Chiang as one of its eight Innovation
Awards 2012 winners. The awards recognize significant contributions across
eight fields ranging from business processes to environmental technology.
Chiang won the publication’s award
for Energy and the
Environment based
on his leadership
in breakthroughs
in battery technology. The Economist
notes that in the
late 1990s, “Chiang
Chiang
achieved a breakthrough in lithium-ion batteries upon
discovering nanoscale metal phosphate
cathodes. This innovation led to a new
generation of lithium-ion batteries
with unprecedented power, safety, and
life, in turn enabling energy applications far beyond the cellphone and
laptops markets served by previous
lithium-ion batteries.”
Ohji named AAAS, ASM
International Fellow
The American
Association for the
Advancement of
Science announced
that it selected
Tatsuki Ohji to
receive the title of
Fellow because of
Ohji
his contributions to
science and technology. The organization will recognize him and other members of the new AAAS Class of Fellows
at the group’s Annual Meeting in 2013.
Also, Ohji recently was made a
Fellow of ASM International for his
distinguished contributions to materials science and engineering. ASM
cited Ohji’s “in-depth investigation of
mechanical and functional properties
of advanced ceramics, ceramic composites, and porous materials and their
microstructures, and the development
of new and novel advanced ceramic
materials.”
Ohji’s research interests include
mechanical property characterization
of ceramics, ceramic composites, and
porous materials, microstructural design
of ceramic materials for better performance, and green manufacturing of
ceramic components. n
ceramics in energy
ARPA-E award helps Berkeley
Lab groups shine smart
windows tech
Oxide Nanocrystals,” which appeared
in 2011 in Nano Letters (doi:10.1021/
nl203030f). n
A research group led by Delia
Milliron at the Lawrence Berkeley
National Lab has been hammering
away for several years to forge smart
window technologies that can drive
down costs and address the practicalities involved with bringing such energy-saving materials in reach of consumers. In December, Milliron’s efforts were
rewarded with a $3 million ARPA-E
grant to further efforts to improve the
performance and lower production costs
for materials that will yield commercial
electrochromic windows.
But Milliron’s group, part of LBL’s
Molecular Foundry, along with the lab’s
Environmental Energy Technologies
Division, believes the current line of
commercial smart windows is not agile
enough and still too far from affordable
for most applications.
ARPA-E would like to see smart
windows that can separate the filtering of visible light from the filtering of
near-infrared radiation (NIR), along
with a technology that efficiently uses
current glassmaking techniques.
According to a press release, the
researchers believe they have candidate
nanocrystal thin films that can individually block the NIR and visible light
components, and additionally have an
inexpensive approach for applying the
film that is similar to spray-painting a
car. Ultimately, they want to deliver a
low-cost window that can be toggled
among various settings, such as fully
opaque, transparent for visible light but
not NIR, transparent for NIR but not
visible light, or fully transparent.
Berkeley Lab has already spun off a
company, Heliotrope Technologies, to
work on commercial development of
the electrochromic applications.
For more about Milliron’s research
into the above-mentioned materials,
see, for example, “Tunable Infrared
Absorption and Visible Transparency
of Colloidal Aluminum-Doped Zinc
Ultrathin rust films trap sunlight
for splitting water
Water molecules are a great place
to store hydrogen. Now that the
“hydrogen economy” is getting some
traction, the question is how to get the
hydrogen “out of storage.” One way
to unlock the hydrogen is photoelectrolysis—using the sunlight to split the
water. The photoelectrolysis process
involves capturing sunlight, converting it to current, using the current to
electrically split the water molecule,
and harvest out the hydrogen. Some
semiconducting materials are able to
convert sunlight into charge carriers,
i.e., current.
Because we expect to need a lot of
hydrogen, we are going to need a lot of
semiconducting material that is stable
in aqueous environments, nontoxic,
abundant, inexpensive, and able to
absorb visible light. Rust, in thinfilm form, meets those requirements.
However, α-Fe2O3 (hematite) has poor
transport properties, and the “photogenerated” charge carriers generally
recombine before they can be used to
do any work.
Researchers at the Technion-Israel
Institute of Technology may have
found a way around the recombination
problem in photoelectrolysis anodes,
or photoanodes, according to a new
paper published in Nature Materials. In
a press release, lead researcher Avner
Rothschild, associate professor in the
at Technion’s Department of Materials
Science and Engineering, says, “Our
light-trapping scheme overcomes this
trade off [between light absorption and
charge carrier recombination], enabling
efficient absorption in ultrathin films
wherein the photogenerated charge carriers are collected efficiently.”
The efficiency of the 20–30-nanometer-thick α-Fe2O3 films has two sources.
First, according to the paper’s abstract,
the films are designed as optical cavities
that trap light and efficiently collect
the charge carriers. The penetration
depth of visible light in iron oxide is
about a micrometer, but the photogenerated charge carriers are collected only
in a 2–20-nanometer range. So, the
key is to push, or trap, the light into a
20-nanometer range that is located near
the place where the charge is needed,
i.e., a surface.
Rothschild explains, “The light is
trapped in quarter-wave or even deeper
sub-wavelength films on mirror like
back reflector substrates. Interference
between forward- and backwardpropagating waves enhances the light
absorption close to the surface wherein
the photogenerated charge carriers are
collected before recombination takes
place. The escaped (back reflected)
photons are retrapped by a second
ultrathin-film photoanode in front of
the first photoanode, thereby leading
to efficient photon harvesting using
20–30-nanometer-thick α-Fe2O3 films.”
In this way, the light intensity is
amplified near the surface of the photoanode, where it oxidizes the water
before recombining.
The second aspect to maximizing
efficiency involves smart design of the
photoanode geometry. The abstract
reports that V-shaped cells, for example, are especially efficient at harvesting
light in these ultrathin films.
Rothschild says the new technology
could lead to cost-effective, integrated
solar cells that combine the ultrathin
iron oxide photoelectrodes with standard silicon-based solar cells and thereby produce electricity and hydrogen.
He also says the light-trapping research
could reduce the need for rare elements
in so-called second generation photovoltaic cells, such as tellurium in CdTe
cells or indium in Cu-In-Ga-Se cells.
The paper is “Resonant light trapping in ultrathin films for water splitting,” H. Dotan, O. Kfir, E. Sharlin,
O. Blank, M. Gross, I. Dumchin, G.
Ankonina, and A. Rothschild, Nature
Materials (doi: 10.1038/nmat3477). n
15
advances in nanomaterials
Perovskite oxides: Group shows
technique for engineering
‘perfect’ heterointerfaces
New ultrathin VO2 film device
perfectly, reproducibly absorbs
infrared light
A new paper by a research team at
the Harvard University School of Engineering and Applied Sciences reports
on a new device that is an exceptionally efficient, perfect absorber of infrared
light. The team expects it to be useful
for a range of applications, such as temperature measurement, spectroscopy,
tunable filters, thermal emitters, radiation detectors, energy harvesting, and
high-sensitivity thermal cameras.
In a press release, associate professor and coauthor Shriram Ramanathan
says that near the VO2 insulator-tometal polymorphic phase transition
the film has a “very complex and rich
microstructure in terms of its electronic
properties, and it has very unusual optical properties.” With the phase transi(Credit: Choi et al.; Adv. Mat. Wiley.)
Oak Ridge National Lab researcher
Ho Nyung Lee has studied complexoxide thin films for more than a decade,
and, during this time, he has been
interested in exploiting the potential
properties of functional complex-oxide
perovskites thin films. In particular,
Lee leads a research team that has been
striving to develop techniques to create
perfect or nearly perfect thin films and
superlattices by precisely controlling
surfaces and interfaces.
In a newly published paper, Lee and
his fellow researchers report they have
been able to engineer a chemically
stable and atomically sharp lanthanum
aluminate monolayer (i.e., a perfect
or nearly perfect interface) between
LaAlO3 and strontium titanate heterostructures.
The core of the group’s findings is
that a single unit-cell layer of LaAlO3
grown on a SrTiO3 substrate serves as
a buffer and is sufficient to dramatically improve the interface quality. In
an ORNL press release, Lee says, “This
means that we can now create new
properties by precisely conditioning the
boundary in the process of stacking different oxides on top of each other.”
The group’s general approach is to
use pulsed laser deposition (PLD) to
grow the LaAlO3 on the SrTiO3 substrates at relatively low oxygen pressures. The breakthrough came when
Lee and the others began to systematically examine how varying the oxygen
pressure would affect the thin-film
structure. After looking at a wide range
of pressures, their results showed an
unexpected phenomenon: Relatively
high oxygen pressure can initially produce a “shielding layer” of LaAlO3, and,
when this was followed by PLD growth
at a lower pressure, the end result was
a highly ordered, essentially defect-free
interface.
One apparent advantage of this
development, the group reports, is this
is not an isolated effect, and the atomic
layering technique appears to be applicable to perovskite oxides in general.
The group’s work is published
in Advanced Materials in a paper
titled “Atomic Layer Engineering of
Perovskite Oxides for Chemically
Sharp Heterointerfaces” (doi:10.1002/
adma.201202691). n
Schematic of the structure of a typical lanthanum aluminate-strontium titanate interface,
left, and the abrupt, sharp interface obtained through an atomic layer engineering method
developed at ORNL.
16
tion, the optical properties of the film
change from transparent to reflective.
The substrate, sapphire, it turns out, is
opaque to certain infrared wavelengths
and reflects the light back. Thus, the
VO2–sapphire interface is, itself, an
optical trap.
Ramanathan tells the Bulletin that
the optical effect in VO2 films is very
sensitive to the quality or purity of the
film, and, therefore, to the physical
vapor deposition processing parameters.
“There are many compounds that are
possible, and we want to make phasepure samples with as pure a composition as possible,” he says. “It is only
recently that we have been able to synthesize exceptionally high-quality films.
Stabilizing the phase is a very hard
problem.” The films can be epitaxial,
depending on the substrate. The group
has grown films on several substrates,
including sapphire and titania.
The tuning range for a device such
as this is approximately 80 percent to
0.25 percent reflectivity. Ramanathan
explains that the transition threshold
of the film can be controlled by electric
fields, doping with charge carriers, or
adjusting the lattice constant with dopants such as W, Cr and Nb, or lattice
strain during film deposition.
In addition, the phase transition is
“very reproducible through millions of
cycles, with the right composition,” says
Ramanathan. The dielectric constant
of VO2 also undergoes rapid change
with the VO2 phase transition, so his
group has been studying the material
for high-speed switches and other ultrahigh-speed electronic applications.
This new ability to control the optical
characteristics opens up new possibilities. “We are starting to think about
opto-electronic platforms. What type of
oxide electronic devices can we make?”
The paper is “Ultra-thin Perfect Absorber Employing a Tunable Phase Change Material,”
M.A. Kats, et al., Appl. Phys. Lett.,
(doi:10.1063/1.4767646). n
research briefs
Fiber optics of the future: Multifunctionality through multimaterials
But, imagining new fibers
and actually
producing them
is easier said
than done. The
method used for
manufacturing
ordinary optical
fibers—“pulling”
a continuous
fiber from a
single-material
macroscopic
preform—is not
robust enough to
do the trick. In
fact, traditional
drawing processes are not really
up to the task of
making a new
class of optical
fibers, photonic
bandgap (PBG) Three of the general methodologies for multimaterial fiber preform
fibers, despite
fabrication: (a) rod-in-tube, (b) extrusion, and (c) stack-and-draw
the fact that
methods.
making the
the general constraints on the construcPBGs does not involve adding new
tion of multimaterial preforms dictated
materials to silica.
by the various materials. They elaborate
In response, a fascinating range of
on four techniques used to create the
new multimaterial fiber fabrication
preforms: the rod-in-tube approach;
methods are emerging that are making
extrusion; stack-and-draw approach;
more exotic forms of fibers a reality.
and thin-film rolling.
Indeed, fabrication techniques must
The authors then review the emergoften be customized to the materials
ing palette of exotic photonic and optoin use and the functionalities desired.
electric multimaterial fibers, including
Along these lines, the International
hollow-core PBGs, radially emitting
Journal of Applied Glass Science recently
fiber lasers, fluoride and chalcogenide
published in its December issue a tour
glass fibers, semiconductor photodetectde force overview of these techniques
ing fibers, and piezoelectric fibers.
in a paper authored by Guangming
Tao, Abouraddy, and Stolyarov are
Tao, Ayman F. Abouraddy, and Alexobviously excited about this new field,
ander M. Stolyarov (Tao and Abouand they cover a lot of ground. They
raddy are from CREOL, the College
even admit that some intriguing work
of Optics and Photonics, University of
was omitted. Readers will find that
Central Florida, and Stolyarov is from
the authors’ excitement for where this
the Research Laboratory of Electronics
work is going is extremely contagious.
at MIT).
For more information, visit the IJAGS
The trio’s paper first discusses some
website and read “Multimaterial Fibers”
of the issues behind fiber drawing and
(doi:10.1111/ijag.12007) n
(Credit: Tao et al.; IJAGS..)
During the past 50 years, optical
fibers have moved from novelty to
ubiquity. Although the public pays
little attention to the composition of
these fibers, really, why should they?
After all, most of the optical fiber in
use today is of the “plain vanilla” variety composed primarily of silica glass.
These workhorse fibers now, of course,
are the backbone of global telecommunications that deliver high-speed
data and entertainment across continents and into homes and offices. Basic
optical fibers also have made possible
remarkable advances in surgery, structural-integrity systems, and manufacturing, including advances in fiber-based
lasers.
But, although, ordinary silica optical
fibers will continue to play a big role
in the foreseeable future, a number of
scientists and engineers believe that
totally new types of uses for optical
fibers could be in reach if the “right”
types of fibers were available.
What are some of the suggested new
uses? Some of the examples mentioned
among glass engineers include fibers
that react with an electrical signal
when exposed to external light, temperature changes, or ultrasonic signals;
fibers that monitor their own performance; and even fibers that may play
a role in various types of “cloaking,” à
la metamaterials. Some have suggested
that revolutionary types of fabrics that
incorporate electronic and optoelectronic fibers are easily foreseen.
Clearly, researchers have something in mind beyond ordinary optical
fibers, and one of the ideas emerging
in recent years is the concept of multimaterial fibers, i.e., using the introduction of new materials into the fiber
composition to yield new structures,
functionalities, and applications. (See,
for example, “High-alumina optical
fibers get around Brillouin scattering
limitations,” in the October–November 2012 Bulletin, Vol. 98 [1] pp
16–17.)
17
cover story
(Credit: Agresta; ANL.)
bulletin
X-ray nanodiffraction instruments, such as this one at the
Advanced Photon Source of Argonne National Laboratory,
allow researchers to study the structure and functional properties of thin-film materials, including ceramics and the integrated circuit shown here, with spatial resolutions of tens to
hundreds of nanometers.
In situ X-ray
characterization
of piezoelectric
ceramic thin films
By Paul G. Evans and Rebecca J. Sichel-Tissot
Advances in X-ray scattering characterization technology
now allow piezoelectric thin-film materials to be studied in
new and promising regimes of thinner layers, higher electric
fields, shorter times, and greater crystallographic complexity.
18
T
here has been rapid development in the
precision with which ferroelectric material can be grown epitaxially on single-crystal
substrates and in the range of physical phenomena exhibited by these materials. These
developments have been chronicled regularly
in the Bulletin.1,2 Ferroelectric thin-film materials belong to the broad category of electronic
ceramics, and they find applications in electronic and electromechanical devices ranging from tunable radio-frequency capacitors
to ultrasound transducers. The importance of
these materials has motivated a new generation of materials synthesis processes, leading
to the creation of thin films and superlattices
with impressive control over the composition, symmetry, and resulting functionality. In
turn, improved processing has led to smaller
devices, with sizes far less than 1 micrometer,
faster operating frequencies, and improved
performance and new capabilities for devices.
Important work continues to build on these
advances to create materials that are lead-free
and that incorporate other fundamental sources
of new functionality, including magnetic order.
X-ray diffraction
X-ray diffractometry techniques provide direct insight into the piezoelectricity of ceramics and epitaxial oxides.
Several experimental approaches do
this by taking advantage of timeresolved scattering techniques.6–9 For
example, X-ray scattering experiments
take advantage of the highly bril-
(Credit: Chen, et al.; American Institute of Physics. Reprinted with
permission.)
The polarization of ferroelectric
materials can be changed by changing the applied field. (See sidebar
“Piezoelectricity, crystal structure, and
symmetry.”) Polarization switching has
profound effects on the piezoelectric
distortion because the piezoelectric
coefficients are effectively reoriented
when the polarization is changed.
Piezoelectricity is thus an excellent
marker for the interplay of mechanical
and electronic phenomena responsible
for polarization switching.
The thinness, faster operating timescales, and novel structural degrees of
freedom available in epitaxial ferroelectric thin films pose difficult challenges
for characterization using conventional
experimental methods. Researchers
have developed a series of powerful—
now standard—characterization techniques based on measuring the displacement of the surface of the thin film
using piezoelectric force microscopy or
interferometry.3 Alternatively, the stress
imparted by the piezoelectric material
can be quantified using the curvature of
the substrate or a cantilever.4 Another
approach is to use focused ion-beam
milling or selective etching to create
a bridge structure or cantilever into
the film by removing a section of the
underlying substrate and to observe the
distortion of the shape of this structure.5 These approaches have proved
to be phenomenally successful, but face
important limits, particularly regarding
time resolution and the precision with
which the relationship between atomicscale effects and the overall electromechanical distortion of the sample can be
determined. Understanding the atomic
origins of piezoelectricity, particularly
at nanosecond time scales, has proved
challenging, but new techniques based
on X-ray scattering address this void.
liant beams of X-rays
with tunable photon
energy that are available at synchrotron
light sources (see
sidebar “Synchrotron
Radiation,” p. 23). The
high brilliance of the
beam allows for focusing it to small spot
Figure 1. Piezoelectric shift in the wavevector of the 002
sizes. The important
aspect of X-ray scatter- Bragg reflection of an [001]-oriented BiFeO3 thin film during
an electric-field pulse lasting 12 ns. The wavevector shift coring studies is that the
responds to a piezoelectric strain of ~0.5%.11
intensity and location
in reciprocal space of the reflections
reflections appear) provide the lattice
provide key information about the
constant, and the variations of these
functional properties of piezoelectrics.
positions as a function of the applied
The positions in reciprocal space
electric field determine the piezoelec(derived from the angles at which X-ray tric coefficients. The strain and diffrac-
Piezoelectricity, crystal structure, and symmetry—The piezoelectric
coefficients
Piezoelectricity results from the polarization of crystals lacking inversion symmetry. In these materials, an applied stress leads to a change in the electrical polarization, and, conversely, applied electric
fields lead to a change in the lattice constants, referred to as the piezoelectric strain. In the limit of
small strains, fields, and stresses, the piezoelectric strain is proportional to the applied electric field,
and the strain tensor and electric field are related by εjk = dijk∙Ei, where is the strain tensor, d is the
piezoelectric coefficient, and E is the applied electric field vector.20 Note that the piezoelectric tensor
can lead to strains and shears along directions that are orthogonal to the applied field. The units of d,
more properly referred to as the converse piezoelectric coefficient, are distance divided by potential
difference, often given in picometers per volt. The three-index notation for the piezoelectric coefficient
can be reduced to a two-index notation, dij, where the index i refers to the electric field direction
in the conventional manner where 1, 2, and 3 refer to the x, y, and z directions, respectively. The
second index j refers to elements of the strain tensor using Voigt notation.20 The tensor of converse
piezoelectric coefficients dij relates the piezoelectric strain εj to the electric field Ei:
[ ][
d11 d12 d13 d14 d15 d16
ε1 ε6 ε5
ε6 ε2 ε4 = d21 d22 d23 d24 d25 d26
d31 d32 d33 d34 d35 d36
ε5 ε4 ε3
][ ]
E1
E2
E3
The symmetry of thin films and ceramics is such a strong effect that a second, engineering notation,
is widely used in describing the piezoelectric coefficients. The notation and units are identical to the
ones described above, which can lead to some confusion about which definition is in use. In the
engineering notation, piezoelectric coefficients are defined so that the z direction, corresponding to
subscript 3, is always in the direction of the applied electric field. Thus, the expansion along the field
direction is determined by the piezoelectric coefficient d33 in the engineering notation. The symmetry
of the piezoelectric tensor also is different between the two definitions. In the crystallographic definition, the piezoelectric tensor has the symmetry of the crystallographic unit cell. In the engineering
definition, the tensor has the same symmetry as the overall shape of the piezoelectric thin film or
ceramic solid, which is quite different from the crystallographic symmetry.
The multiferroic complex oxide bismuth ferrite BiFeO3 is an excellent example of the difference
between the crystallographic and engineering definitions of piezoelectricity. Although BiFeO3 has
rhombohedral symmetry in bulk crystals, a pseudocubic notation for the BiFeO3 piezoelectric tensor
and X-ray reflections are often used to emphasize the epitaxial relationship between the BiFeO3 thin
film and its cubic substrate. The rhombohedral symmetry of BiFeO3 is not apparent from this notation,
which has the side effect of complicating the expression for the piezoelectric tensor. Projecting the
piezoelectric tensor onto the [100], [010], and [001] directions of a tetragonal material forces most of
the terms to be zero and makes many of the remaining coefficients identical.20 n
19
In situ X-ray characterization of piezoelectric ceramic thin films
Measuring lattice constants of
piezoelectric thin films
Epitaxial thin-film capacitors are an
excellent system for testing new ways to
20
variation of the lattice constant during
the pulse.
Systematic measurements of the
piezoelectric properties of thin-film
capacitors can be made by either applying voltage pulses of various magnitudes
or by sweeping the voltage and recording the diffraction pattern as a function
of time. The latter approach is shown
in Figures 2(a) and (b) and shows the
distortion resulting from positive and
negative pulses applied to the bottom electrode of a Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 (PZT)
thin-film capacitor.12 The measurements required a series of thousands of
electric-field pulses to allow acquisition
of the diffraction pattern over the full
range of relevant angles. In this case,
positive and negative pulses produce
piezoelectric expansion because the first
few pulses are enough to switch the sign
of the polarization of the PZT capacitor. Combining the strains measured
from the shift of the diffraction pattern
with the time dependence of the voltage leads to the plots of strain as a function of voltage shown in Figure 2(c).
The slopes of these lines give piezoelectric coefficients that are consistent with
previous measurements in the same
material.12
Alternating the sign of applied
voltage pulses switches the capacitor
between two polarization states in each
repetition of the pulse sequence. The
diffraction patterns and strain observed
in this case are shown in Figures 3(a)
and (b). As was the case in Figure 2,
large pulses of either sign lead to large
piezoelectric expansions. When the
voltages switch signs, however, the
Figure 3. (a) Piezoelectricity-induced angular shift of the 002 Bragg X-ray reflection of
a Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 thin film in a bipolar applied electric field. (b) Piezoelectric hysteresis loop
derived from (a). These measurements allow the local coercive electric field and piezeoelectric coefficients to be measured.12
(Credit: Do, et al., Taylor & Francis Ltd. Reprinted with permission.)
(Credit: Do, et al., Taylor & Francis Ltd. Reprinted with permission.)
probe piezoelectricity. For example,
Figure 1 shows the
structural changes
induced in an epitaxial thin film
of BiFeO3 by an
electric field pulse
lasting 12 nanoseconds.11 The piezoelectric expansion
during the electricfield pulse—a strain
of approximately
0.5 percent—shifts
the diffraction peak
to a smaller wavevector, qz. For this
measurement, the
electric fields were
Figure 2. Shift in the 002 Bragg reflection of a Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 thin
synchronized with
film in which the top electrode is grounded and (a) positive or
X-rays generated by
(b) negative polarity voltage pulses are applied to the bottom
electrode. The reflection shifts to smaller angles, corresponding individual bunches
of stored electrons
to larger lattice constants, in both cases because the measurements require many electric-field pulses and the remnant polar- at the Advanced
ization rapidly switches to the direction favored by the sign of
Photon Source
the applied field. (c) Field-dependent strain measured from (a) facility (Argonne
and (b), plotted as a function of the applied voltage. The strain
National Laboratory,
is proportional to the voltage in both cases, with piezoelectric
Argonne, Ill.). Thus,
coefficients of 53 pm/V and 54 pm/V for positive and negathe time resolu12
tive voltage pulses, respectively.
tion is limited only
by
the
duration
of
the
X-ray bunches
tion angle are related through the Bragg
and
by
the
electrical
bandwidth
of
equation λ = 2dsin θ. Reciprocal space
the
equipment
generating
the
voltage
is spanned by wavevectors so that the
pulses. The characteristic rise-and-fall
Bragg reflections occur at wavevectors
with magnitude q = 2π/d. The intensity times of the shift in the diffraction peak
shown in Figure 1 are 1.4 nanoseconds
of X-ray reflections depends on the
and correspond to the charging time
direction of the polarization, an effect
that can be combined with nanofocused constant of the capacitor. In addition, the shift of the diffraction peak
X-ray beams to produce maps of the
10
provides a quantitative measure of the
direction of the remnant polarization.
Because X-ray diffractometry allows
for precise measurement of lattice
parameters, the piezoelectric coefficients can be determined in situ,
that is, while the sample is subject
to either constant or varying electric
fields. Consequently, in situ X-ray diffractometry provides a means to begin
understanding the fundamental source
of piezoelectric phenomena.
In Figures 2 and 3, the direction
along which the X-ray experiments
probed the piezoelectric strain was
parallel to the direction of the applied
electric field. Thus, the piezoelectric
coefficients measured in this case correspond to the d33 component of the
piezoelectric tensor. In the thin-film
case, only E3 is nonzero, and the piezoelectric coefficients that determine the
tensile or compressive strain are d31, d32,
and d33. Shear strains are determined
by coefficients, d34, d35, and d36. Timeresolved microdiffractometry probes the
out-of-plane and the in-plane piezoelectric response, measuring the strains ε1,
ε2, and ε3 from changes to the in-plane
lattice constants and the out-of-plane
c-axis lattice constants, respectively.
The full piezoelectric tensor is particularly important for BiFeO3 because
the bulk rhombohedral unit cell is distorted during epitaxial growth, leading
to a complex thin-film microstructure.13
Instead of a single intense peak, the
{103} reflections of BiFeO3 are split
because the film has regions with the
four possible orientations of its rhombohedral distortion relative to the cubic
substrate, as well as varying degrees of
plastic relaxation and tilt. Applying a
voltage in this case results in a piezoelectric response that depends on the
local structure of the thin film. Figure
4 shows the piezoelectric response by
plotting positions in reciprocal space
of the BiFeO3 pseudocubic {103} reflections for several electric fields.14 The
arrows in Figure 4 indicate the change
in reflection positions as E increases
from 0 to 250 kilovolts per centimeter.
There is no distortion of the electrode
material, SrRuO3.
The distortion evident in Figure 4
(Credit: R. Sichel, U. Wisconsin-Madison.)
Piezoelectricity in thin films with
complex microstructures
comes from two
closely related
effects. The first
is the piezoelectric expansion of
the lattice. A second, more subtle
effect, is the rotation of the {103}
planes as the c
lattice constant
increases, which
rotates the peak
position around
the origin in
reciprocal space.
The values of d33 Figure 4. Field-dependent projections of the three-dimensional diffraction pattern of a BiFeO3 thin film onto the qx–qz plane. The BiFeO3
and d31 for each
distinct structural layer exhibits four {103} diffraction peaks, resulting from structural
variants with various crystallographic orientation within the X-ray
volume, shown
spot. Arrows indicate the directions of the shifts of these reflections
next to the reflec- in electric fields from 0 to 250 kV/cm. The SrRuO reflection is not
tions in Figure 4, displaced by the applied field because there is no3 piezoelectric strain
do not account
in the bottom electrode.14
for rotations of
be in the more relaxed regions than in
the atomic planes and represent only
regions with no in-plane piezoelectric
the apparent change in lattice conresponse. These effects are even more
stant. Nevertheless, it is clear that the
pronounced in ceramics, where in situ
piezoelectric response varies for each
diffractometry studies have shown that
domain. The apparent value of d31
the fraction of the overall piezoelectric
domains at this location on the sample
distortion that directly results from the
ranges from –37 picometers per volt to
+0.69 picometers per volt. The nonzero expansion of the lattice is small comvalues of d31 occur because the in-plane pared with the motion of domain walls
and other long-range elastic effects.7
lattice constant within the domains
is not completely clamped by the substrate, and each domain is in a different High fields, ultrafast dynamics,
and complex domains
stress states because of the incomplete
The precision and high resolution of
relaxation of the film. A domain near
the edge of a mosaic block or any other in situ diffractometry probes provide a
way to study electromechanical materitype of defect, for example, is under
als in new regimes, such as ultrashort
mechanical constraints very different
from one in a perfectly epitaxial region
of the film.
The in-plane piezoelectric response
of the partially relaxed BiFeO3 lies
between the polycrystalline and epitaxial regimes. A completely clamped
film would have an effective d31 of zero.
Wafer flexure studies have shown that
polycrystalline Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 thin films
grown by the sol–gel method have valFigure 5. Electric-field dependence of the
ues of d31 that increase with increasing
piezoelectric strain in BiFeO3 thin films
film thickness, probably because the
at very high electric fields. The low-field
substrate clamps the film less effecpiezoelectric coefficient of 55 pm/V does
tively as the film gets thicker.4 BiFeO3
not provide a good fit to strains observed
domains with nonzero d31 are likely to
at fields above ~150 MV/m.11
(Credit: Chen, et al.; American Institute of Physics.
Reprinted with permission.)
lattice first contracts, producing the
characteristic electromechanical hysteresis shown in Figure 3(b). The results
in Figure 3 correspond to a structural
observation of the hysteresis of ferroelectric capacitors, an effect that is
useful for decoupling the fundamental
origin of hysteresis from artifacts associated with electrical measurements.
21
In situ X-ray characterization of piezoelectric ceramic thin films
(Credit: Evans; U. Wisconsin-Madison.)
ing the intrinsic time
scales of the processes
responsible for the
electronic properties
of ferroelectrics. In
epitaxial ferroelectrics, polarization
switching occurs by
a process in which
domains of the polarization favored by the
field nucleate and
grow across the film.
This process can be
imaged stroboscopically by using the
large piezoelectric
expansion that occurs
when the polarization
switches as a marker
Figure 6. Disappearance of domain satellite reflections at
–1
for the transition.
Qy = 0.08 Å in a PbTiO3/SrTiO3 superlattice in an applied
The images reveal
electric field. The decrease in the intensity of these satellites
occurs because the applied field drives the system out of the
that domains in a
striped domain state and into a configuration with uniform
PZT thin film nuclepolarization in the SrTiO3 and PbTiO3 layers.
ate with characteristic
spacings
of
several
micrometers
pulses or very large electric fields. The
and
subsequently
propagate
into the
ability to apply short-duration electricunswitched
material
at
a
velocity
of 40
field pulses allows materials to be studmeters
per
second
under
electric
fields
ied in electric fields with magnitudes
of 230 kilovolts per centimeter.6
far larger than fields at which the film
Diffractometry probes are particuwould exhibit dielectric breakdown in
larly
useful when the thin film has a
steady state. These high fields can reach
complex
domain pattern. For example,
2 to 3 megavolts per centimeter and lead
epitaxial
superlattices consisting of
to strains of 2.0 percent in BiFeO3 and
11, 15
alternating
layers of dielectric and ferup to 2.7 percent in Pb(Zr,Ti)O3.
roelectric
materials
spontaneously form
These fields can be large enough that
a
nanometer-scale
striped
domain patthe approximations that the strain and
tern
that
results
because
of
the weak
electric field are small no longer apply.
interaction
between
adjacent
ferroelecFor BiFeO3, in particular, the effects
17
tric
layers.
An
applied
electric
field
that result from high fields are particu11
can
favor
stronger
coupling,
enough
to
larly large, as shown in Figure 5. In
drive
the
system
into
a
single-polarizathis case, the electric field is applied
tion state. In this situation, diffraction
along the pseudocubic [001] direction
of a BiFeO3 thin film, leading to a large information comes from the domains
themselves and from the piezoelectric
strain consistent with the rotation of
the polarization and the possibility that strain induced by applied electric fields,
as shown in Figure 6.19 Insight into the
the system is approaching a structural
mechanism of the electric-field-induced
rhombohedral-to-tetragonal phase
transformation from the striped-domain
transition. Such phase transitions have
state to the eventual uniform polarizabeen reported in thin films grown with
16
tion state can be obtained either at
varying degrees of epitaxial mismatch,
long timescales using laboratory X-ray
but diffractometry probes have not yet
diffractometry17 or at nanosecond
been able to capture the transitions or
elapsed times using synchrotron-based
their dynamics in situ.
techniques.18
A further use of the time resolution
of in situ techniques is in understand22
Outlook
In situ diffractometry studies offer
a quantitative way to characterize the
properties of piezoelectric materials and
to begin to understand the fundamental
origin of these properties. The precision
with which lattice parameters can be
measured in X-ray studies allows piezoelectric coefficients to be extracted
quantitatively for thin-film materials,
in the conventional case where the
films expands normal to the surface and
when adjacent areas cooperatively vary
their in-plane structures. In more complex systems, in situ probes allow the
properties of piezoelectrics to be studied
at high electric fields, very short pulse
times, and in systems with unusual
domain patterns. Further applications
of this approach will allow researchers
to better understand the relationship
between piezoelectric properties and
crystallographic symmetry, for example,
in testing theoretical predictions of the
role of distortions of oxygen octahedra
in superlattice materials.19 Advances
in X-ray technology will allow these
studies to extend to shorter picosecondscale times, and with improvements
in X-ray detectors, to probe less-wellordered systems including polymers and
other organic piezoelectrics.
Acknowledgments
The authors gratefully acknowledge
support from the Ceramics Program of
the NSF Division of Materials Research
through grants DMR-0705370 and
DMR-1106050. The authors also thank
Pice Chen, Alexei Grigoriev, Ji Young
Jo, and Dal-Hyun Do for collaborations
and insightful discussions.
About the authors
Paul Evans is a professor at the
University of Wisconsin–Madison.
Rebecca Sichel-Tissot earned her
PhD in 2011 from the University of
Wisconsin–Madison and is presently
a postdoctoral researcher at Drexel
University. Contact: [email protected].
edu, [email protected].
References
L.M. Shepard, “Advances in Processing of
Ferroelectric Thin Films,” Am. Ceram. Soc.
1
D.-H. Do, A. Grigoriev, D.M. Kim, C.-B.
Eom, P.G. Evans, and E.M. Dufresne, “In
Situ X-ray Probes for Piezoelectricity in
Epitaxial Ferroelectric Capacitors,” Integr.
Ferroelectr., 101, 174 (2009).
12
Synchrotron radiation
Third-generation X-ray sources from synchrotron light sources, such as the Advanced Photon Source
at Argonne National Laboratory (Argonne, Ill.), generate X-rays with very high intensity and small
angular divergence, termed "brilliance." This brilliance, in turn, allows X-rays to focus to very small
spot sizes, on the order of 100 nm or smaller. This spatial resolution is comparable to scanning
probe microscopy and makes the study of the functional properties of highly heterogeneous materials possible.
X-ray wavelengths are selected to match the needs of the experiment. Wavelengths of ~1 Å, which
are required for diffractometry experiments, easily penetrate the top electrodes of device structures,
such as capacitors, which allows in situ studies to be performed in applied electric fields. Even with
the angular convergence introduced by focusing, synchrotron X-ray diffractometry experiments have
sufficient precision to observe piezoelectric strains on the order of 10–5. In these studies of piezoelectricity, the thin-film capacitor is positioned at the focus of the X-ray beam and the diffractometry
experiment is conducted in an electric field provided by a probe tip contacting the top electrode.
R.J. Sichel, A. Grigoriev, D.-H. Do, S.-H.
Baek, H.-W. Jang, C.M. Folkman, C.-B.
Eom, Z. Cai, and P.G. Evans, “Anisotropic
Relaxation and Crystallographic Tilt in
BiFeO3 on Miscut SrTiO3 (001),” Appl.
Phys. Lett., 96, 051901 (2010).
13
R.J. Sichel-Tissot, “Structural and
Electromechanical Properties of Epitaxial
BiFeO3 Thin Films,” PhD Thesis, University
of Wisconsin–Madison, 2011.
14
A. Grigoriev, R. Sichel, H.-N. Lee, E.C.
Landahl, B. Adams, E.M. Dufresne, and
P.G. Evans, “Nonlinear Piezoelectricity in
Epitaxial Ferroelectrics at High Electric
Fields,” Phys. Rev. Lett., 100, 027604
(2008).
15
R.J. Zeches, M.D. Rossell, J.X. Zhang,
A.Hatt, Q. He, C.H. Yang, A. Kumar, C.H.
Wang, A. Melville, C. Adamo, G. Sheng,
Y.H. Chu, J.F. Ihlefeld, R. Erni, C. Ederer,
V. Gopalan, L.Q. Chen, D.G. Schlom,
N. A. Spaldin, L.W. Martin, R. Ramesh,
“A Strain-Driven Morphotropic Phase
Boundary in BiFeO3,” Science, 326, 977
(2009).
16
(Credits: (a) Alexei Grigoriev, Univeristy of Tulsa; (b) Chen et al.; IOP. Reprinted with permission.)
(a) Photograph and (b) schematic of in situ synchrotron X-ray diffractometry studies
of piezoelectric materials. The sample shown schematically in (b) is a heteroepitaxial
superlattice consisting of alternating layers of BaTiO3 and CaTiO3.20
Bull., 71, 85 (1992).
J. Zhang, “Ferroelectric Thin Films,” Am.
Ceram. Soc. Bull., 89, 33 (2010).
2
S.V. Kalinin, E. Karapetian, and M.
Kachanov, “Nanoelectromechanics of
Piezoresponse Force Microscopy,” Phys. Rev.
B, 70, 184101 (2004).
3
J.F. Shepard, P.H. Moses, and S. TrolierMcKinstry, “The Wafer Flexure Technique
for the Determination of the Transverse
Piezoelectric Coefficient d31 of PZT Thin
Films,” Sens. Actuators A, 71, 133 (1998).
4
I. Kanno, S. Fujii, T. Kamada, and R.
Takayama, “Piezoelectric Characteristics of
c-Axis Oriented Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 Thin Films,”
Appl. Phys. Lett., 70, 1378 (1997).
5
A. Grigoriev, D.-H. Do, D.M. Kim, C.-B.
Eom, B. Adams, E.M. Dufresne, and
P.G. Evans, “Nanosecond Domain Wall
Dynamics in Ferroelectric Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 Thin
Films,” Phys. Rev. Lett., 96, 187601 (2006).
6
J.L. Jones, M. Hoffman, J.E. Daniels, A.J.
Studer, “Direct Measurement of the Domain
Switching Contribution to the Dynamic
Piezoelectric Response in Ferroelectric
Ceramics,” Appl. Phys. Lett., 89, 092901
(2006).
7
J. Wooldridge, S. Ryding, S. Brown, T.L.
Burnett, M.G. Cain, R. Cernik, R. Hino, M.
Stewart, and P. Thompson, “Simultaneous
Measurement of X-ray Diffraction and
Ferroelectric Polarization Data as a Function
of Applied Electric Field and Frequency,” J.
Synchrotron Rad., 19, 710 (2012).
8
E. Zolotoyabko, J.P. Quintana, B.H.
Hoerman, and B.W. Wessels, “Fast TimeResolved X-ray Diffraction in BaTiO3 Films
Subjected to a Strong High-Frequency
Electric Field,” Appl. Phys. Lett., 80, 3159
(2002).
9
J.Y. Jo, P. Chen, R.J. Sichel, S.-H.
Baek, R.T. Smith, N. Balke, S.V.
Kalinin, M.V. Holt, J. Maser, K. EvansLutterodt, C.-B. Eom, and P.G. Evans,
“Structural Consequences of Ferroelectric
Nanolithography,” Nano Lett., 11, 3080
(2011).
10
17
P. Zubko, N. Stucki, C. Lichtensteiger, and
J.-M. Triscone, “X-ray Diffraction Studies
of 180° Ferroelectric Domains in PbTiO3/
SrTiO3 Superlattices under an Applied
Electric Field,” Phys. Rev. Lett., 104,
187601 (2010).
J.Y. Jo, P. Chen, R.J. Sichel, S.J. Callori,
J. Sinsheimer, E.M. Dufresne, M. Dawber,
and P.G. Evans, “Nanosecond Dynamics of
Ferroelectric/Dielectric Superlattices,” Phys.
Rev. Lett., 107, 055501 (2011).
18
P. Chen, J. Y. Jo, H. N. Lee, E. M.
Dufresne, S. M. Nakhmanson, and P.
G. Evans, “Domain- and SymmetryTransition Origins of Reduced Nanosecond
Piezoelectricity in Ferroelectric/Dielectric
Superlattices,” New J. Phys. 14, 013034
(2012).
19
J.F. Nye, Physical Properties of Crystals,
Oxford University Press, London, 1985. n
20
P. Chen, R.J. Sichel-Tissot, J.Y. Jo, R.T.
Smith, S.-H. Baek, W. Saenrang, C.-B.
Eom, O. Sakata, E.M. Dufresne, and P.G.
Evans, “Nonlinearity in the High-Electric
Field Piezoelectricity of Epitaxial BiFeO3
on SrTiO3,” Appl. Phys. Lett., 100, 062906
(2012).
11
23
(Credit: G.D. Quinn.)
Figure 1. Edge chipping. An indenter applies force P at a distance d away from the edge until a flake pops off. The photo
shows chips in glass.
E
Edge chip testing
of ceramics
By George D. Quinn
Prehistoric engineers chipped stone edges to make spear
tips, but modern engineers need to avoid edge chipping.
New test methods provide quantifiable measurement of
edge chipping of ceramics.
24
dge chipping is a common mode
of fracture for ceramics, glasses,
and lithic materials. Edge chipping is a useful technique for shaping lithic (“of the
nature of or relating to stone,” New Oxford
American Dictionary) materials into cutting
tools and, indeed, was a key manufacturing
innovation for prehistoric cultures making
spear tips. However, it is a nuisance and
often a problem for technical ceramics and
glasses. For instance, one report mentions
an incident wherein 49 silicon nitride cam
roller follower parts fell from a measurement
bench and 40—more than 80 percent—sustained chip damage.1
McCormick and Almond2–4 started quantitatively assessing
edge-chipping resistance of technical ceramics in 1986 at the
National Physical Laboratory outside London. They initially
evaluated carbide cutting-tool materials, but also looked at
polycrystalline alumina, sapphire, zirconia, ceramics, and
crown glass for comparison and to investigate the general
applicability of their method. Other groups adopted their
methodology and applied it to other materials.
The edge-chipping test involves applying an increasing
force near the edge of a specimen until a chip (or flake)
forms, as illustrated in Figure 1. Usually, specimens are rectangular blocks with 90° edges. However, the test provides a
means for designers to experiment with various edge geometries during the design process. For example, McCormick,3
for example, experimented with edges other than 90°. Testing
can be done with a dedicated edge-chipping machine that
Figure 3. Edge chip data trend.
Ceramic engine parts
A diesel engine manufacturer’s materials selection process identified zirconia as superior to traditional tool-steel
for fuel injector plungers, which might
seize in short times if there is water
in the fuel. The manufacturer had an
option to make fuel injector plungers
with zirconias stabilized with various additives (Figure 4(a)). Prototype
testing of zirconia parts showed that
Figure 4. Comparative results for two
zirconias for a diesel engine fuel injector
pin. The darker ceria-doped TZP zirconia has superior edge chip resistance.
quickly at low loads. Other indenters,
such as the Rockwell C indenter, are
more blunt, and much greater force is
needed to initiate starter cracks that
eventually will grow to form the chip.
There are about a dozen teams around
the world now working on this methodology for various applications, such
as quality control, material rankings,
materials development, and engineering
design evaluations. Some of these are
described below.
Force (N)
McCormick and Almond arrived at
three important conclusions.
• Flake geometries are remarkably
similar and appeared to be independent
of the distance, force, or material. The
larger the distance from the edge and
flaking load, the larger the chip, but the
shape is invariant.
• The force versus distance trends
are usually linear.
• The chipping resistance increases
with increased KIc or increased GIc,
which are fundamental material properties that characterize a material’s resistance to fracture.
Morrell and Gant7,8 continued the
NPL work. Subsequent work by various groups (e.g., Gogotsi et al.9–11) has
shown that sometimes the force–distance data follow a linear trend and
sometimes they do not. The best trend
to fit the data depends upon the material and the type of indenter. Some sharp
indenters cause starter cracks to form
(Pins courtesy of Cummins Engine Co.)
uses a microscope to precisely locate
an indentation site, such as is shown
in Figure 2. Alternatively, a conventional universal testing machine can
be used. However, precise alignment of
the indentation site and posttest measurement of the edge distance is more
difficult. McCormick and Almond
developed the test with rounded-tip
Rockwell C-type indenters (120° conical shape with a tip radius of 0.2 mm).
However, subsequent studies also use
Vickers, Knoop, and sharp conical 120°
indenters.
The greater the distance from the
edge, the more force it takes to make a
chip. Thus, data usually are plotted as
the load versus the distance, as shown
in Figure 3. Often the data follow a
linear trend, but, sometimes, a powerlaw trend is a better fit, depending on
the material and the type of indenter.
The slope of the line resulting from a
linear fit constitutes the “edge toughness parameter” and is designated Te or
M. Steep slopes, i.e., large values of Te,
indicate a material is resistant to edge
chipping—large loads are needed to
induce chip fracture even at small distances from the edge. Conversely, small
Te values indicate that the material
chips easily. Other important mechanical properties, such as fracture toughness, KIc, or the critical strain energy
release rate, GIc,2,4–6 can be related to
Te, also. The plot also identifies the
“edge strength” parameter, SE(0.5),
which is defined as the force it takes to
make a chip at a distance of 0.5 millimeters from the edge.
Distance from edge, d (mm)
Load, P (N)
Figure 2. Ceramic test piece in the edge-chipping machine
with a sharp conical 120° indenter.
Edge distance (mm)
25
Edge chip testing of ceramics
(c)
(b)
(Credit: (a) G.D. Quinn; (b, c) R. Danzer.)
(a)
300,000-year-old flake knife to those in
a modern cemented carbide.
The arrowheads shown in Figure
6 are obsidian, a volcanic glass, and
were formed by controlled chipping,
or “knapping.” Obviously, obsidian
occurs only in locales near volcanoes,
but the samples show clearly the flakedoff regions that shape the arrowheads.
More commonly, ancient arrows,
spears, and knives were knapped from
local lithic materials. The stone was
shaped by the removal of a single flake
at a time.
The archeological literature mentions that heat treatment below 500°C
improves the workability of lithic
materials, but, heretofore, this has not
been verified quantitatively. To address
the question, J. Quinn, Bradt, and
Hatch applied the edge-chipping test
to yellow Bald Eagle Jasper found in
Pennsylvania.14 This is a well-studied
amber-colored lithic used to make cutting tools in prehistoric times. The
authors cut rectangular specimens from
a large nodule. One specimen was
heat-treated at 350°C for 12 hours.
26
The stone changed color from amber
to dark red, similar to that in fragments
found at archeological sites. There were
significant microstructural and phase
changes, which are described in Ref. 14.
The edge toughness (slope of the lines)
of the as-quarried jasper was 52 percent
greater than the heat-treated jasper,
as shown in Figure 7. In other words,
the heat-treated jasper had improved
Figure 7. Top view of edge chips in
as-quarried and heat-treated Bald
Eagle Jasper. The color change from
the heat treatment is amazing.
Distance (mm)
Lithics
Archaeological discoveries reveal
that edge chipping was among the earliest of manufacturing processes. Edgechip testing is a way of applying scientific methodology to understanding the
activities of prehistoric “engineers” and
innovators. Almond and McCormick3
showed the similarities of flakes in a
Figure 6. Obsidian glass arrowheads.
Force (N)
edge chipping was a possible problem.
Controlled edge-chipping experiments
on cylindrical components compared
the performance of two candidate
zirconias. Figure 4(b) shows that only
a few experiments were necessary to
show that a ceria-stabilized tetragonal
zirconia polycrystal (TZP) had superior
edge-chip resistance to a magnesiastabilized transformation-toughened
zirconia (TTZ).
Valves are another engine component application for ceramic materials,
such as the silicon nitride valve shown
in Figure 5. Danzer et al.12 measured
chip resistance of the silicon nitride
candidate materials and experimented
with various edge bevel shapes. They
showed that judicious edge beveling
can increase dramatically the amount
of force necessary to cause a chip to
form. This work reinforced Almond
and McCormick’s work3 on the effect
of edge shape on the measured chipping
resistance.
J. Quinn and Mohan also found
that the direction of the load applied
by the indenter matters.13 They used
test coupons with 90° edges to show
that chips formed with smaller forces
when the load angles toward the edge.
Conversely, applied force directed
toward the bulk, required larger loads
before chipping occurred.
(Courtesy of A. Tsirk.)
Figure 5. (a) Ceramic engine valve. (b) Chipped value head, tested as shown in (c).
(Courtesy of S. Scherrer.)
Figure 8. Chipping of human teeth and teeth restorations is a common problem.
workability—it would take less force to
chip flakes off the heat-treated stone
to shape it. Fracture toughness experiments showed that untreated jasper had
an 82-percent higher KIc than the heattreated jasper, corroborating the edge
chip results.
G. Quinn and Bradt15 have observed
the opposite trend in their new work on
the mineral novaculite. Heat treating
improves the edge-chipping resistance.
They believe that prehistoric engineers
shaped the tools first, then heat-treated
them to improve the chipping resistance of the sharp edges.
Teeth
Role of edge chip testing expands
Edge chipping also is applicable
to coatings, electronic material sub-
Edge distance (mm)
Edge distance (mm)
Figure 9. Edge chip trends for six dental restorative
materials.
Force (N)
Force (N)
Janet Quinn, late research scientist
with the American Dental Association,
pioneered the use of edge chip testing of restoration materials for crowns
and bridges.16–20 Other groups21–23 now
employ edge chip testing, and it even is
used to test human dentin24 and enamel.25 (A short review of edge chip testing applied to dental materials was presented at ICACC’12 (Daytona Beach,
Fla.) and will be published in the conference proceedings.26) Although laboratory-scale tests use specific indenters
on test blocks with carefully prepared
edges, the chips physically resemble
some types of in-vivo failures,27,28 as
shown in Figure 8.
Figure 9 compares edge-chipping
results for six contemporary restorative
materials.29 Not surprisingly, the yttria
TZP has the greatest chip resistance.
Nevertheless, in clinical practice zirconia
crowns sometimes chip. However, the
problem is not with the zirconia core.
What actually chips is the thin porcelain veneer on the crown’s outer surface
that makes the restoration appear more
natural. (A monolithic white zirconia
crown would look like a piece of Chiclets
gum.) Figure 9 shows that a conventional
porcelain and an early-generation glass–
ceramic were much less chip resistant.
Modern filled composites and
glass–ceramics have improved chipping
resistances. Figure 10 shows detailed
outcomes for a contemporary glass-filled–
resin-matrix composite. The Vickers and
sharp conical 120° indenter trends are
similar, but the Vickers indenter required
28 percent more force to make a 0.5-millimeter chip. This is one example where
the data better fit the power law with
an exponent of 1.8 than they do a linear
trend. Chai and Lawn30 have proposed
an indentation mechanics model that
predicts power-law behavior, but only
for an exponent of 1.5. This is an area of
ongoing research.
Figure 10. Edge chip results for a glass-filled–resin-matrix composite.
The Vickers and sharp conical indenter trends are similar but nonlinear. The inset shows the variation of chip shape with indenter. A
sharp conical indenter made the left two chips (stained green), and a
Vickers indenter made the right two.
27
Edge chip testing of ceramics
Association Foundation,
Paffenbarger Research
Center, located on the
grounds of the National
Institute of Standards
and Technology.
Contact: george.quinn@
nist.gov
Figure 11. Edge chips in a layered alumina/aluminazirconia structure.
strates, and machined or cut edges of
components. For example, Figure 11
shows chips in an alumina/alumina–
zirconia-layered structure made by tape
casting.31 Layered ceramics are used in
the electronics industry as multilayer
substrates, capacitors, and fuel–air sensors. Laminated structures also are an
example of a functionally graded material that can mimic biological structures, such as bamboo plants, seashells,
or bones. Figure 11 shows that the layers have dramatically altered the chip
shapes compared with those in monolithic ceramics. The chipping resistance
dramatically improved,32 too.
Edge chip testing is proving its utility in R&D labs, quality-control labs,
failure-analysis investigations, and
more. As more groups use this simple
and versatile method, variations in
procedure are proliferating, which may
make comparing data difficult. The
NPL group prepared a CEN (European)
Technical Specification prestandard,33
which offers some guidance for testing
and reporting results. It features static
edge chipping as described above, but
also scratch edge hardness testing.
One shortcoming is that it assumes
that force–distance data are primarily linear. The reported outcome is an
average edge-chipping resistance, ReA
(Newtons per millimeter), that is the
average of the force–distance ratios for
many chips. In the dental field, there is
a growing consensus to use either Te (or
M) or SE(0.5).21,22,29
About the author
George Quinn is a research consultant at the American Dental
28
References
Y. Kalish, “Engine Testing of
Cam-Roller Followers,” Final
Report, Detroit Diesel Corp.,
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Report, ORNL/Sub/90SF985/1, 1990, page 5.
1
N.J. McCormick, “Edge Flaking as a Measure of
Material Performance,” Met. Mater., 8 [3] 154–56
(1992).
2
E.A. Almond and N.J. McCormick, “ConstantGeometry Edge-Flaking of Brittle Materials,”
Nature, 321 [6051] 53–55 (1986).
3
N.J. McCormick and E.A. Almond, “Edge Flaking
of Brittle Materials,” J. Hard Mater., 1 [1] 25–51
(1990).
4
B. Cotterell, J. Kamminga, and F.P. Dickson, “The
Essential Mechanics of Conchoidal Flaking,” Int. J.
Fract., 29, 205–21 (1985).
5
M.D. Thouless, A.G. Evans, M.F. Ashby, and J.W.
Hutchinson, “The Edge Cracking and Spalling of
Brittle Plates,” Acta Metall., 35 [6] 1333–41 (1987).
6
R. Morrell and A.J. Gant, “Edge Chipping of Hard
Materials,” Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater., 19,
293–301 (2001).
7
R. Morrell, “Edge Chipping—What Does it Tell
Us?”; pp. 23–41 in Ceramic Transactions, Vol. 122,
Fractography of Glasses and Ceramics IV. Edited by
J.R. Varner and G.D. Quinn. American Ceramic
Society, Westerville, Ohio, 2001.
8
G. Gogotsi, S. Mudrik, and V. Galenko,
“Evaluation of Fracture Resistance of Ceramics:
Edge Fracture Tests,” Ceram. Int., 33, 315–20
(2007).
9
G. Gogotsi, S. Mudrik, and A. Rendtel,
“Sensitivity of Silicon Carbide and Other Ceramics
to Edge Fracture: Method and Results,” Ceram.
Eng. Sci. Proc., 25 [4] 237–46 (2004).
10
G. Gogotsi and S. Mudrik, “Fracture Barrier
Estimation by the Edge Fracture Test Method,”
Ceram. Int., 35, 1871–75 (2009).
11
R. Danzer, M. Hangl, and R. Paar, “Edge
Chipping of Brittle Materials,” see Ref. 9, pp.
43–55.
12
J.B. Quinn and V.C. Ram Mohan, “Geometry of
Edge Chips Formed at Different Angles,” Ceram.
Eng. Sci. Proc., 26 [2] 85–92 (2005).
13
J.B. Quinn, J.W. Hatch, and R.C. Bradt, “The
Edge Chipping Test as an Assessment of the
Thermal Alteration of Lithic Materials, Bald Eagle
Jasper”; see Ref. 9, pp. 73–85.
14
G.D. Quinn and R.C. Bradt, “The Edge-Chipping
Test as an Assessment of the Thermal Alteration of
Lithic Materials, Novaculite,” in preparation.
15
16
J.B. Quinn, L. Su, L. Flanders, and I.K. Lloyd,
“Edge Toughness and Material Properties Related
to the Machining of Dental Ceramics,” Mach. Sci.
Technol., 4, 291–304 (2000).
17
J.B. Quinn and I.K. Lloyd, “Flake and Scratch
Size Ratios in Ceramics”; see Ref. 9, pp. 55–72.
18
J.B. Quinn, I.K. Lloyd, R.N. Katz, and G.D.
Quinn, “Machinability: What Does it Mean?”
Ceram. Eng. Sci. Proc., 24 [4] 511–16 (2003).
19
J.B. Quinn, V. Sundar, E.E. Parry, and G.D.
Quinn, “Comparison of Edge Chipping Resistance
of PFM and Veneered Zirconia Specimens,” Dent.
Mater., 26 [1] 13–20 (2010).
J.B. Quinn and G.D. Quinn, “Material Properties
and Fractography of an Indirect Dental Resin
Composite,” Dent. Mater., 26 [6] 589–99 (2010).
20
21
D.C. Watts, M. Issa, A. Ibrahim, J. Wakiga,
K.M. Al-Azraqi Samadani, and N. Silikas, “Edge
Strength of Resin-Composite Margins,” Dent.
Mater., 24 [1] 129–33 (2008).
K. Baroudi, N. Silikas, D.C. Watts, “EdgeStrength of Flowable Resin-Composites,” J Dent.,
36, 63–68 (2008).
22
23
Y. Zhang, H. Chai, J.J. W. Lee, and B.R. Lawn,
“Chipping Resistance of Graded Zirconia Ceramics
for Dental Crowns,” J. Dent. Res., 3, 311–15
(2012).
24
E.R. Whitbeck, G.D. Quinn, and J.B. Quinn,
“Effect of Calcium Hydroxide on Dentin Fracture
Resistance,” J. Res. NIST, 116 [4] 743–49 (2011).
25
H. Chai, J.W. Lee, and B.R. Lawn, “On the
Chipping and Splitting of Teeth,” J. Mech. Beh.
Biomed. Mater., 4, 315–21 (2011).
26
J.B. Quinn, G.D. Quinn, K.M. Hoffman, “Edge
Chip Fracture Resistance of Dental Materials,”
Ceram. Eng. Sci. Proc., 33 [2] (2012), in press.
27
S. Scherrer, G.D. Quinn, and J.B. Quinn,
“Fractographic Failure Analysis of a Procera
AllCeram Crown Using Stereo and Scanning
Electron Microscopy,” Dent. Mater., 24, 1107–13
(2008).
28
S.S. Scherrer, J.B. Quinn, G.D. Quinn, and
J.R. Kelly, “Failure Analysis of Ceramic Clinical
Cases Using Qualitative Fractography,” Int. J.
Prosthodont., 19 [2] 151–58 (2006).
29
G.D. Quinn, A.A. Giuseppetti, and K.H.
Hoffman, “Chipping Fracture Resistance of
Dental CAD/CAM Restorative Materials: Part I,
Procedures and Results,” Dent. Mater., 2012, in
review.
30
H. Chai and B.R. Lawn, “A Universal Relation
for Edge Chipping from Sharp Contacts in
Brittle Materials: A Simple Means of Toughness
Evaluation,” Acta Metall., 55, 2555–61 (2007).
31
G. de Portu, L. Micele, and G. Pezzotti,
“Laminated Ceramic Structures from Oxide
Systems,” Composites: Part B, 37, 556–67 (2006).
32
G. D. Quinn and G. de Portu, J. Am. Ceram.
Soc., to be submitted.
33
European Technical Specification, TS 8439, Advanced Technical Ceramics–Mechanical
Properties of Monolithic Ceramics at Room
Temperature, Part 9: Method of Test for Edge-Chip
Resistance, European Standard Committee TC
184, Brussels, 2010. n
12
th
International Conference on Ceramic
Processing Science (ICCPS-12)
cts
a
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February 6, 2013
e
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d
icc
ps
12
Ab
August 4-7, 2013 | Portland, Oregon
g/
r
o
.
cs
i
ram
e
c
.
www
ICCPS-12
will be comprised of plenary sessions in the morning and afternoon, as well as concurrent sessions with
both invited and contributed presentations. A poster session is also planned.
Submit your abstract in:
• Particle shape control and assembly
• Colloid dispersion and surface modification
• Rheology of concentrated suspensions
• Microfluidic techniques
• Patterning, templates and self assembly
• Wet and dry shaping methods, including additive
manufacturing
• Solution and precursor thin film processes
• Reaction-based processes
• Biomimetic and bioinspired techniques
• Computational tools applied to processing
• Novel characterization and imaging tools
• Densification (nanoscale, multimaterial, complex
shapes, novel approaches)
• Mesoscale, microscale and hierarchical manufacturing
and design of microstructure
• Processes and processing designed to advance
specific energy, electronic, optical and structural
applications
Where are the Ceramic CAREER Awards,
Class of 2012?
• Academic research grants with
one or more investigators;
• Grant Opportunities for Academic
Liaison with Industry (GOALI) awards
with academic–industry partnerships;
• Research grants at predominately
undergraduate institutions (RUI);
• Materials World Network (MWN)
awards that support research and foster
international collaboration; and
• Faculty Early Career Development
(CAREER) awards for assistant professors who exemplify the academician’s
role as teacher and scholar.2
The Ceramics Program supports
research across the United States, as
shown in Figure 1, in keeping with
the NSF mandate to encourage and
support scientific research nationally.
Pennsylvania and California have
more than 20 awards each, and New
York and Illinois have more than 10
each. States without grants through
the Ceramics Program (shaded white
in Figure 1) are all included in the
Experimental Program to Stimulate
Competitive Research (EPSCoR). The
program’s goals are “to provide strategic
programs and opportunities that stimulate sustainable improvements in their
research and development capacity and
competitiveness, and advance science
and engineering capabilities in these
jurisdictions for discovery, innovation,
and overall knowledge-based prosperity.” The Ceramics Program funds 26
awards in EPSCoR states: Alabama,
Idaho, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky,
30
Maine, Missouri,
Nebraska, New
Mexico, Oklahoma,
Rhode Island, South
Carolina, Tennessee,
and Utah. Of these
awards, five are
cofunded by NSF’s
Figure 1. Distribution of funding from the NSF Ceramics Program
EPSCoR office.
NSF Faculty
Early Career
Development
Grants
by state. Darker shading indicates more awards (Pennsylvania
and California, in dark green, have more than 20 awards each).
White states have no awards at this time. Red stars indicate the
location of the 2012 Class of CAREER awardees.
The prestigious
CAREER awards
support the development of tenure-track
assistant professors as outstanding
researchers and educators who effectively integrate teaching, learning, and
discovery. In the
Figure 2. Number of CAREER proposals and awards and the
Ceramics Program, associated funding or success rates from 2001 through 2012.
25 awards or about This time period reflects the grant recommendations made by the
author.
15 percent of the
program’s portfolio
Program usually has many awards in
are CAREER grants.1 The number of
Pennsylvania because of strong materiCAREER proposals received in the
als science/engineering research proCeramics Program and, subsequently,
the number of awards has varied widely grams at Drexel University, University
of Pennsylvania, Lehigh University,
from year to year (Figure 2). Moreover,
Pennsylvania State University,
in the 2001-2012 time period, the sucCarnegie Mellon University, Duquesne
cess rate of submitted proposals was 15
University, University of Pittsburgh,
percent or lower in five of the years,
and Temple University.
and in seven of those years it was 27
• Florida. There are seven active
percent or higher. Even though the
Ceramics Program awards in Florida.
NSF’s actual budget or budget outlook
Four of these are CAREER awards—
varies from year to year, decisions on
one at the University of Central Florida
CAREER proposals are based on merit,
and three at the University of Florida.
rather than budgetary fluctuations.
• Oregon. In addition to the 2012
There were three CAREER awardCAREER award, the Ceramics Program
ees3,4 in 2009 and 2010, and six awardcofunds (with two NSF programs in
ees in 2011.5 In 2012, the Ceramics
Program funded five new awards in five the Engineering Directorate) another
states:
award in Oregon, also at Oregon State
• Pennsylvania. The Ceramics
University.
(Credit: Madsen; NSF.)
A
pproximately
150 to 200
of the National Science
Foundation’s research
awards are supported by the
Ceramics Program.1 The
Ceramics Program portfolio
includes
(Credit: Madsen; NSF.)
By Lynnette D. Madsen
• New York. There are several awards at Rensselaer Polytechnic
Institute in addition to the latest CAREER award. The Ceramics
Program also supports projects at other
institutions in the state of New York,
including SUNY at Stony Brook,
SUNY at Albany, Alfred University,
Columbia University, CUNY College
of Staten Island, Rochester Institute of
Technology, and Union College, for a
total of 17 awards.
• Illinois. Most of the Ceramics
Program’s awards are divided between
University of Illinois at UrbanaChampaign and Northwestern
University. There is one award at the
University of Illinois at Chicago, which
also is a CAREER award.
Where was California in the 2012
CAREER competition in the Ceramics
Program? Nowhere! Institutions have to
play to win, and no proposals were submitted from California faculty in this
round. However, six of the 25 active
CAREER awards support junior faculty
at California institutions.
The Future
NSF staff will work with faculty and
university press offices to report on
the discoveries of present and future
awardees through news media, the NSF
website, and other channels, including
the Bulletin. The NSF’s online news
outlets, www.research.gov, and Science
Nation on the www.nsf.gov website
regularly feature research and education
highlights. Also, after the completion
of NSF-funded projects, short outcome
reports are available on www.research.
gov for the public.
Looking ahead to 2013, 14 CAREER
proposals are under review, with possible EPSCoR cofunding for new awards
in those jurisdictions, particularly
for researchers new to NSF funding.
However, the CAREER program is not
the only option for assistant professors, and they often apply to other NSF
solicitations and programs. In particular, assistant professors have capitalized
on their connections overseas and with
industry to secure funding through
the NSF’s MWN and GOALI grants.
The CAREER Class of 2013 will be
announced in the early spring. n
Career Class of 2012 Awardees
Steven J. May, Drexel University, PhD 2007
Project title: Octahedral Control of Electronic Properties in
Semiconducting Perovskite Heterostructures. Intellectual goal:
Control electronic properties, such as the bandgap and carrier
mobilities, in semiconducting perovskite films by enforcing nonequilibrium atomic
structures.
Education efforts: Outreach to high school students where a significant fraction are underrepresented in science. (NSF award number: 1151649)
Jennifer S. Andrew, University of Florida, PhD 2008
Project title: Structure–property Relationships Arising
from Interfacial Coupling in Biphasic Ceramic Nanocomposites. Intellectual goal:
Synthesize free-standing composite biphasic nanoparticles and fibers to study the
effects of interfacial properties, including area and nature (e.g., epitaxy) on composite properties.
Education efforts: Employ a team-based approach in a multi-institutional and multidisciplinary environment through collaborations and leverage existing outreach to improve high school graduation
rates in at-risk youth. (NSF award number: 1150665)
Brady Gibbons, Oregon State University, PhD 1998
Project title: Development of Environmentally Benign Piezoelectric
Materials for Sustainable Systems. Intellectual goal: Develop leadfree piezoelectric materials for small-scale sensing and actuation
applications.
Education efforts: Integrate with mentoring programs that bring high school, undergraduate, and graduate students, as well as the professor together, to build a pyramid of mentorship
in the laboratory and increase diversity. (NSF award number: 1151701)
Jie Lian, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, PhD 2003
Project title: Radiation Interaction with Nanostructured Ceramics—Integrating Materials Research Into Nuclear Education.
Intellectual goal: Elucidate atomistic mechanisms of radiation interaction and
defect behaviors to understand damage mechanisms and structural evolution of
nanostructured ceramics and how different length scales affect materials radiation
performance.
Education efforts: Engage underrepresented students at high schools through collaboration with
local teachers and communities and academic outreach programs (including Summer@Rensselaer)
to increase the public’s understanding of nuclear radiation challenges and materials solutions. (NSF
award number: 1151028)
Lane W. Martin, University of Illinois at UrbanaChampaign, PhD 2008
Project title: Enhanced Pyroelectric and Electrocaloric Effects in Complex Oxide
Thin-Film Heterostructures. Intellectual goal: Expand fundamental understanding
of magneto-electro-caloric and pyro-electric-magnetic effects, develop predictive
capabilities for responses in thin-film systems, and probe the properties and ultimate performance of these materials device applications.
Education efforts: Promote discovery and understanding at the K–12/undergraduate/graduate
education levels by introducing students to advanced functional materials and broaden participation of underrepresented student groups in science and engineering careers. (NSF award number:
11149062)
Acknowledgments
References
Ashley A. White, AAAS Science and
Technology Policy Fellow, is acknowledged for her thoughtful input. Thanks
are given to the Class of 2012 CAREER
awardees for supplying images. University
logos are used with permission.
1
NSF website for the Ceramic Program: http://www.nsf.
gov/funding/pgm_summ.jsp?pims_id=5352
CAREER solicitation: http://www.nsf.gov/publications/pub_summ.jsp?WT.z_pims_id=503214&ods_
key=nsf11690
2
L.D. Madsen, “NSF Recognizes Three Assistant
Professors with 2009 CAREER Awards in Ceramics,”
Am. Ceram. Soc. Bull., 88 [3] 30–33 (2009).
3
L.D. Madsen, “An Update on the National Science
Foundation Ceramic CAREER Awards: Class of 2010,”
Am. Ceram. Soc. Bull., 91 [6] 22–23 (2012).
4
About the author
Lynnette Madsen is director of the
Ceramics Program at the National
Science Foundation. Contact: [email protected].
L.D. Madsen, “Class of 2011 National Science
Foundation CAREER Awards in Ceramics,” Am. Ceram.
Soc. Bull., 91 [8] 27–29 (2012).
5
31
By Edward D. Herderick
T
he disaster at the
Fukushima, Japan,
Daiichi nuclear power plant
presented a key question to
the materials community:
“Are there materials innovations that can profoundly
improve the safety of existing light-water reactors?”
Fortunately, the answer is
“yes” on many fronts, but
although there are many
promising new materials and
technologies, there are still
many miles of development
and implementation testing to travel on the road to
regulatory approval of any
new reactor technologies.
One example is a study of silicon
carbide for a promising new approach
to fuel rod safety underway at EWI
(Columbus, Ohio; formerly known
as the Edison Welding Institute).
Although the research remains preliminary, at least on the scale of typical
regulator hurdles and industry acceptance, the facility’s work on SiC reactor
fuel rod applications has shown positive
results, including an evaluation after six
months of exposure of an experimental
assembly in a test reactor.
EWI is not alone in believing that
SiC ceramic-matrix composites are
a prime candidate for fuel cladding.
32
T.)
(Credit: MI
Novel silicon carbide joining
for new generation of accidenttolerant nuclear fuels
Figure 1. A joined assembly of
two α-phase SiC blocks. Image
was taken after irradiation at
MIT research reactor.
There is a broad sense that SiC could
provide additional margins of safety in
an extreme accident such as Fukushima
Daiichi, and there is significant activity in this area of research.1-4 However,
transitioning from the current stateof-the-art zirconium alloy nuclear fuel
cladding to a SiC composite cladding
is fundamentally a materials challenge,
and it would represent the biggest shift
in light water reactor materials technology since their original design and
introduction. Therefore, the ceramic
engineering community has a strong
part to play in supporting and leading
development of enhanced, accidenttolerant nuclear fuels.
Background on nuclear fuel cladding and Fukushima Daiichi
More than 90 percent of all the
nuclear power plants operating globally are of the light-water reactor
(LWR) design, which produces heat
by controlled nuclear fission and is
cooled by water. In the United States,
all 104 operating nuclear power plants
are LWR designs.5 The main element
of LWR fuel is an array of individual
fuel rods that are long (approximately
4 meters) and thin (approximately
10 millimeters) composed of a highperformance zirconium base alloy in
the shape of a tube. Inside the fuel rods
are individual pellets of UO2 fuel that
can undergo a nuclear fission chain
reaction, which, in turn, generates heat
that can be converted to electricity.
Fuel rods are assembled into bundles
with control rods, and operators place
these assemblies in the reactor core
where the reaction and energy generation takes place.
The control rods, in general, are
made of a material, such as B4C, that
readily absorbs neutrons. When the
control rods are inserted fully, they
absorb so many neutrons that the
chain reaction leading to heat generation cannot take place. However, even
after operators insert the control rods
and stop the chain reaction, a certain
amount of heat is generated by radioactive decay of atomic fragments generated during the chain reaction. That
amount of decay heat is relatively small
compared with the overall production
of the operating reactor. Nevertheless,
it is substantial enough that it must be
removed by circulating cooling water
for several hours after the reactor is
shut down.
The danger of this decay heat came
into focus when operators could not
modulate heat generation in the Japan
incident. A narrative contained in the
Special Report on Fukushima published
by the American Nuclear Society5 sets
the stage:
“The Tohoku earthquake, which
occurred at 2:46 p.m. (Japan time) on
Friday, March 11, 2011, on the east
coast of northern Japan, is believed
to be one of the largest earthquakes
in recorded history. Following the
earthquake on Friday afternoon, the
nuclear power plants at the Fukushima
Daiichi, Fukushima Daini, Higashidori,
Onagawa, and Tokai Daini nuclear
power stations (NPSs) were affected,
and emergency systems were activated.
The earthquake caused a tsunami, which
hit the east coast of Japan and caused a
loss of all on-site and off-site power at
the Fukushima Daiichi NPS, leaving it
without any emergency power.”
SiC in nuclear applications
The disaster at the Fukushima
Daiichi nuclear plant has fueled
interest in SiC-based materials as a
meltdown-resistant barrier. This is
driven by SiC’s excellent thermal and
environmental stability, resistance to
radiation, resistance to thermal shock
and high strength and toughness (especially when incorporated into a ceramic
matrix composite).
The preference for SiC mainly derives
from its stability at temperatures in excess
of 2,000°C. This implies that it will not
melt under what engineers call “loss-ofcoolant accident” (LOCA) conditions,
and, thus, its use could lead to a large
increase in existing reactor safety.
SiC has several other properties to
recommend it. It does not suffer from
fretting wear, nor does it react to form
hydrogen. And, in addition to the safety
improvements, SiC has a lower neutron
penalty than zirconium alloys, a property that could allow for improved economics if the same thickness of material
can be used in the new cladding.1 The
material also may allow for higher fuel
burnups (a measure of how much energy
is extracted from a primary nuclear fuel
source) and reduce the amount of accumulated used nuclear fuel.
(Credit: EWI.)
For these reasons, SiC
fuel cladding is an important strategic technology
for advanced nuclear fuels
programs.
However, a key SiCcladding-related problem—one that heretofore
has eluded a satisfactory
solution—is the final sealing of rods composed of the
material. Although hollow
Figure 2. SEM image of the bond line between the two
SiC rods can be formed with
SiC blocks. In this area, the joint is 100-percent silicon
a closed end, one end must
and uniformly less than 10 micrometers.
remain open for fuel pellet
insertion. The challenge is
to join a SiC end plug to the
SiC cladding tube.6
Background on joining of
SiC for accident-tolerant
nuclear fuel and EWI
work
Developing a way to seal
a SiC tube is an inherently
difficult problem to solve, at
least from a joining technology standpoint, and a solution
must be engineered with inservice requirements foremost Figure 3. High-magnification SEM image of aluminumin mind. These requirements rich phases interspersed in the silicon bond line. The
lighter-colored areas are the aluminum-rich phase, and
include that the joint must
the darker area is silicon.
be radiation tolerant, able to
withstand temperature tranrigorous approach to design a SiC
sients well in excess of 1,000°C durjoining solution.
ing LOCA scenarios, be stable under
Many approaches have been develflowing water with moderators, and be
oped for joining SiC in nuclear enviable to retain hermeticity. In addition,
ronments, including glass–ceramic
it must be tough enough to withstand
bonding,6 displacement-reaction bondvolumetric swelling of the SiC (on the
ing using Ti3SiC2,8 diffusion bonding
order of 2 volume percent) and vibrawith metallic foil inserts,9 and braztion from the flowing water system.
Finally, the joining technology must be ing using silicon-containing materials.10 Unfortunately, none of these
amenable to manufacturing considerapproaches has survived irradiation
ations, such as high throughput, while
and flowing-water tests mimicking inretaining its thin-gauge fuel-cladding
service reactor conditions. Furthermore,
geometry.
these approaches require the use of high
The first set of conditions, above,
pressures or extensive heating times
tends to steer the materials selection
to form a satisfactory joint—considersearch toward brittle, high-meltingations which would make them difficult
point materials. These materials, howto manufacture.
ever, may not withstand the mechaniEWI has taken a different tack on
cal requirements, and any candidate
the SiC joining problem. The goal in
technology must ultimately stand the
this work has been to develop a hightest of manufacturing requirements.
temperature-tolerant and irradiationTherefore, engineers must undertake a
33
(Credit: EWI.)
During the subsequent disaster,
reactor technicians could not remove
the decay heat from the reactor cores
quickly enough. Eventually, the heated
zirconium alloy fuel cladding reacted
with high-temperature steam to form
hydrogen. That hydrogen built up
inside the reactor containment building and led to explosions that damaged
multiple reactor buildings.
The fuel cladding used in the
Japanese reactors is a reliable veteran
technology and current zirconium
alloy cladding technology benefits
from nearly 50 years of development
and commercial operation. Its use has
proved to be economical, and it meets
all safety standards of utilities and regulators. However, as evidenced by the
Fukushima Daiichi disaster, it can fail
catastrophically under extremely rare
beyond-design-basis accident conditions.
Novel silicon carbide joining for new generation of accident-tolerant nuclear fuels
34
areas are aluminum (with some iron),
and the black areas are SiC.
Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy
mapping and cross sectional images
showed that fracture occurs within the
silicon bond layer and at the SiC–braze
interface in the aluminum-rich areas.
Also, knowing that aluminum rapidly
forms tenacious aluminum carbides on
contact with SiC, leads to the conclusion that a composite, three-dimensional
fracture occurred. It is apparent that
the silicon has fractured in the “gauge
center” of the braze, roughly equidistant
from the two SiC substrates. In the aluminum-rich areas, either the top or the
bottom face of the SiC has failed, and
the fracture is to the positive or negative
z direction relative to the silicon area.
The fracture of the braze in many different planes has positive implications for
damage tolerance. Indeed, investigators
observed this experimentally during a
three-point bend test, when an initial
crack formed: The sample relieved the
stress, and catastrophic failure did not
appear until they imposed a higher crosshead displacement.
Initial radiation testing of joined
assembly
see how the SiC–SiC assembly would
perform in an environment close to
that which would be encountered in a
nuclear reactor application. As a first
step, irradiation testing was completed
at the pressurized water research reactor
(PWR) at the Massachusetts Institute
of Technology. The test was conducted
with the typical PWR primary water
conditions of 300°C, 1,000 parts per
million of boron, and 7 parts per million of lithium at saturation pressure.
Researchers did a preliminary examination of the samples after they were in
the MIT reactor for a little more than
six months. Figure 5 shows an optical image of the samples loaded in the
MIT bonding sample test capsule before
irradiation. Figure 1 shows an image of
a sample after irradiation, and, as is evident, the sample did not fail.
During the time in the reactor, MIT
estimates that the samples experienced
about 11,200 megawatt-hours of energy.
Based on typical flux numbers for the
facility, that would correspond to a fluence rate of about 3.7 × 1020 neutrons/
(square centimeter per second) (E > 0.1
megaelectronvolts) or about 0.4 displacements per atom (dpa) based on a rule-ofthumb dose/dpa conversion. To put these
numbers into context, SiC has been
shown to volumetrically swell under
irradiation on the order of a few percent
when irradiated at 1–5 dpa level, corre-
In addition to three-point bend tests,
EWI conducted several temperaturecycling tests. Investigators cycled joined
assemblies 25 times in air to 350°C,
and then to 1,200°C for
one cycle. Subsequent
mechanical testing and
microstructural analysis
showed no postthermal cycling changes in
the braze joint. Also,
one sample assembly
was quenched in water
after heating to 700°C.
Although the braze did
crack, the crack-arresting
properties of the twophase structure of the
braze held the SiC–SiC
Figure 4. Back-scattered SEM image of the braze fracture
assembly joined macroface. The gray areas are pure silicon, the white
scopically (as opposed to
areas are aluminum (with some iron), and the black
complete debonding).
areas are SiC. By combining the information embodied
In addition to the
there with information from EDS mapping and cross secabove tests, the EWI
tional images, EWI investigators could deduce the fracgroup was anxious to
ture characteristics.
(Credit: EWI.)
stable brazing interlayer that does not
require extensive heating times or pressures that would make the manufacture
of fuel rod cladding assemblies—which
are only a few millimeters thick—difficult or impossible.
The EWI approach employs a multiphase braze alloy interlayer consisting of
silicon and aluminum with a two-phase
joined microstructure. The proprietary,
patent-pending technology has the
potential to meet all of the in-service
and manufacturing requirements.11,12
The novel aspect of this approach is
the use of a hypereutectic mixture of aluminum and silicon. The initial joining
interlayer, however, is not a mixed alloy
but rather a two-phase mixture of nearly
pure silicon with nearly pure aluminum
and a small amount of alloying elements.
By heating the braze mixture above the
melting point of aluminum, but below
the melting point of silicon, a distinctive
microstructure is formed consisting of
plates of silicon with areas of aluminumrich silicon-containing phases. This twophase joined microstructure provides
crack-arresting paths that enable high
toughness of the joined assembly.
To test this novel joining technique,
EWI researchers began by joining small
monolithic samples of SiC. Engineers
accomplished this by joining two 1-inch
× 0.5-inch × 0.5-inch blocks of α-phase
Hexoloy SiC manufactured by SaintGobain Ceramics with a thin, approximately 10-micrometer-thick, interlayer
of the silicon braze (Figure 1).
Some of the joined samples were
prepared for initial SEM analysis. SEM
images of the silicon-only regions of the
bond indicated that the braze wetted
the interface well and that the bond
was pore- and crack-free (Figure 2).
SEM images also showed that the interlayer contained aluminum-rich phases
interspersed through the bond layer
(Figure 3).
Next, researchers subjected the
samples to mechanical testing. They
fractured joined assemblies using a threepoint bend test, and the braze fracture
interface was characterized.
Figure 4 is a back-scattered SEM
image of the braze fracture face. The
gray areas are pure silicon, the white
(Credit: MIT.)
Figure 5. Optical image of brazed assemblies in the test module at MIT research
reactor.
worth emphasizing again that there are
many obstacles to changes in nuclear
reactor technology, and regulatory hurPreliminary rod assemblies
To show the feasibility of this brazing dles and the wariness of manufacturers
means that even the best innovations
approach on geometries relevant to the
take a long time to be adopted.
actual fabrication of nuclear fuel cladNevertheless, there is a general feeling
ding, EWI engineers brazed end caps
that
SiC-based materials have a future
onto closed sample tubes. The sample
in
nuclear
applications. In this context,
tubes are thin-walled Hexoloy SiC
efforts
that
have been going on for severunits manufactured by Saint-Gobain
al
years
to
perfect
methods to join comCeramics (Niagra Falls, N.Y.) Initially,
plex
monolithic
SiC
components—such
investigators prepared and tested sample
as
those
by
EWI
and
others (for example,
tube-and-plug brazed assemblies that
14
)—are
an
important step in
CoorsTek
joined smooth tube and plug surfaces.
facilitating
their
integration
into future
More recently, Saint-Gobain engineers
nuclear
reactor
designs.
prepared and EWI tested a threaded
These joining successes suggest that
version of the end plug, as shown in
SiC
fuel cladding is currently the most
Figure 6, to test whether the threading
promising technolwill provide addiogy for enhanced
tional stability to the
accident-tolerant
Given
that
the
exposure
joint under operational and accident
sustained by the SiC–SiC nuclear fuels. After
the Fukushima
conditions.
assembly
in
the
MIT
facility
Daiichi accident,
The top image
is a significant fraction of a this research has
of Figure 6 shows
taken on added
the threaded end
typical in-service dose, the importance and
plug with a ring of
performance of the assem- urgency. The input
the EWI developed
braze alloy on the
bly is an exciting result. of the ceramic
engineering comtop of the end plug.
munity will be vital
Braze alloy paste was
to
the
success
of
this
important effort.
added to the threads. The image on the
bottom shows the brazed end plug.
Technicians tested the threaded
brazed tube for hermeticity using a helium leak tester and measured a helium
leak rate of only 1 × 10–8cubic centimeters per second.
As promising as the EWI results are,
more testing—including longer in-reactor trials—is necessary. Moreover, it is
About the author:
Edward D. Herderick is an engineer with the EWI Materials Group.
Contact him at [email protected]
References
G.E. Hitachi, “Assessment of Advanced Material Options
for BWR Fuel,” NEDO-33670 Rev. 0, DRF 000-01371859, 2011.
1
(Credit: EWI.)
sponding to a fast flux of approximately
1 × 1021 neutrons/(square centimeter per
second).14 Given that the exposure sustained by the SiC–SiC assembly in the
MIT facility is a significant fraction of a
typical in-service dose, the performance
of the assembly is an exciting result.
In future work, EWI researchers will
conduct further evaluations of microstructure and mechanical strength of the
irradiated samples when they are safe to
handle. Once the microstructural effects
on the braze design are understood, further irradiation tests will be done that
represent new milestones in matching
in-reactor service exposure.
Figure 6. Optical images of threaded end
plug brazing.
K. Yueh, D. Carpenter, and H. Feinroth, “Clad in Clay,”
Nucl. Eng. Int., [Mar] 14–17 (2010).
2
DOE-NE Light Water Reactor Sustainability Program and
EPRI Long-Term Operations Program—Joint Research and
Development Plan, 2012.
3
US Department of Energy Accident-Resistant SiC Clad
Nuclear Fuel Development, George Griffith, INL, INL/
CON-11-23186, Oct., 2011
4
Fukushima Daiichi: ANS Committee Report, The American
Nuclear Society, Mar., 2012.
5
Y.Y. Katoh, Y. Hinoki, H.C. Jung, J.S. Park, S. Konishi,
and M. Ferraris, “Development and Evaluation of
Silicon Carbide Joints for Applications in Radiation
Environment,” Fusion Materials Semiannual Progress Report,
US DOE, Aug, 2008.
6
M. Ferraris, M. Salvo, C. Isola, M. Appendino Montorsi,
and A. Kohyama, “Glass-Ceramic Joining and Coating
of SiC/SiC for Fusion Applications,” J. Nucl. Mater.,
258–263, 1546–50 (1998).
7
C. Henager, Y. Shin, Y. Blum, L. Giannuzzi, B. Kempshall,
and S. Schwarz, “Coatings and Joining for SiC and SiCComposites for Nuclear Energy Systems,” J. Nucl. Mater.,
367–370[1] 1139–43, (2007).
8
B.V Cockeram, “Development and Evaluation of
Silicon Carbide Joints for Applications in Radiation
Environment,”J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 88 [7] 1892–99 (2005).
9
10
B. Riccardi, C.A. Nannetti, J. Woltersdorf, E. Pippel,
and T. Petrisor, “Joining of SiC Based Ceramics and
Composites with Si-16Ti and Si-18Cr Eutectic Alloys,”
Int. J. Mater. Product Technol., 20, 440–51 (2004).
11
E.D. Herderick, K. Cooper, and N. Ames, “Method for
Joining Ceramic Bodies to One Another,” US Provisional
Patent Filing No. 61/538,409 (2011).
12
E.D. Herderick, K. Cooper, and N. Ames, “New
Approach to Join SiC for Accident-Tolerant Nuclear Fuel
Cladding,” Adv. Mater. Processes, 170 [1] 24–27 (2012).
13
G. Newsome, L.L. Snead, T. Hinoki, Y. Katoh, and D.
Peters, “Evaluation of Neutron Irradiated Silicon Carbide
and Silicon Carbide Composites,” J. Nucl. Mater., 371,
76–89 (2007).
14
CoorsTek Inc. press release, “CoorsTek & Ceramatec
Develop Silicon Carbide Joints for Thermo-Mechanically
Stable Assemblies,” Oct. 25, 2012. n
35
Test frame
Test Frame Induction
Induction coil
Coil Environmental Environmental
chamber
Chamber U
(Credit: Missouri S&T.)
Figure 1. Ultra-high-temperature mechanicaltesting apparatus showing the environmental
chamber, induction coil, and test frame.
Case study:
Building an ultrahigh-temperature
mechanical
testing system
By Eric W. Neuman, Harlan J. BrownShaklee, Jeremy Watts, Greg E. Hilmas,
and William G. Fahrenholtz
Missouri University of Science and Technology students and
faculty designed an ultra-high-temperature test system for
atmosphere-controlled mechanical testing at temperatures
up to 2,600°C.
36
ltra-high-temperature ceramics (UHTCs), such as refractory metal borides and carbides, are candidate materials for use in the extreme
environments associated with hypersonic
flight, scramjet engines, rocket propulsion, and atmospheric re-entry.1 For
example, zirconium diboride- and hafnium diboride-based ceramics are candidates for the sharp wing leading edges
of future hypersonic aerospace vehicles
where temperatures in excess of 2,000°C
are predicted. The ability to test these
materials near their expected service
temperatures is an important step in
their continued development. However,
the upper test temperature for most
commercial testing systems is limited
to about 1,500°C. As a result, little is
known about the mechanical behavior of
UHTCs at temperatures relevant to the
proposed applications.
The high-temperature testing lab in the Department of
Materials Science and Engineering at Missouri University
of Science and Technology recently added atmospherecontrolled mechanical testing capability for temperatures
up to 2,600°C. Figure 1 shows the ultra-high-temperature
test system, comprising a screw-driven universal test frame,
custom-built environmental chamber, and an inductively
heated hot zone with a graphite susceptor; it can achieve
heating rates as high as 500°C per minute. The environwww.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 1
Design challenges
The system was designed to test at
temperatures up to 2,500°C. Choosing
induction heating overcame some of
the limitations of a commercial graphite- or refractory-element vacuum
furnace, such as chemical compatibility
with the fixturing and specimens at
high temperatures, heating rate limits,
and limited atmospheres. Induction
heating also allows for changing the
hot-zone material and test fixtures
depending on the sample material and
test atmosphere. Finally, because induction furnaces have higher heating and
cooling rates than graphite-element
resistance furnaces, the system accommodates multiple test runs per day.
The drawback to this approach was
that no commercially available systems
appeared to meet our design requirements.
Students and faculty constructed the
system in several stages over a period
of about six years. Several components
were purchased: the environmental
chamber, induction power supply,
pyrometer, temperature controller,
and load cell. The load frame (Model
33R4204, Instron, Norwood, Mass.)
came from another department on
campus. Graduate students at Missouri
S&T designed and fabricated most of
the load train assembly, induction coil,
hot zone, and gas-handling system.
Graduate students also designed the test
fixtures and rigid graphite components,
which were fabricated by Graphite
Products Inc., Madison
Validating the system
Heights, Mich.
The system was validated for flexure tests of zirconium diboride-based
The induction coil
ceramics up to 2,300°C using a graphite test fixture. The ZrB2–C
presented the most
eutectic that occurs around 2390°C limited the upper test temperature
significant design chal- to 2,300°C. The figure shows examples of load–deflection curves for
lenges. The original
two specimen types. The black curve is for a ZrB2 specimen tested at
induction coil did not
2,200°C in argon, and the red curve is for a ZrB2–30SiC particulate
have enough electrical composite tested at 1,800°C, also in argon. The average strength of
strength of the
insulation, and ambient the ZrB2 was about 300 MPa at 2,200°C. The average
ZrB2–SiC was about 220 megapascals at 1,800°C.2 These were the
graphite dust caused
first mechanical property measurements for ZrB2 ceramics at temit to electrically short
peratures above 1,600°C reported since work performed by Rhodes,
to the insulation pack
et al., at Manlabs Inc. in 1970.3
surrounding the susceptor, melting a portion
of the coil and burning a hole through the
insulation. Now, the
coil is wrapped with
mica tape, then fiberglass tape, and covered
with Nextel sleeving.
A sheet of alumina
paper further isolates
the graphite insulation
from the induction coil.
This design performed
successfully up to
2,600°C.
We have since made Examples of load–displacement curves for ZrB2 tested at
2,200°C and ZrB2–SiC tested at 1,800°C.
several modifications.
The original design
temperatures to several minutes.
required the ability
The original design did not incorpoto operate under vacuum, which constrained the size of the load frame, while rate direct strain measurement capability. Hence, estimating strain requires
giving maximum space for the furnace,
compliance-corrected axial displaceinsulation, and fixturing. However, the
ment measurements. This restraint
original design did not include feedlimits the precision of elastic moduli
throughs for water, gas, or instrumentacalculated from load–displacement
tion. Holes were added for additional
curves. Finally, the first test fixture was
access points, but this created concerns
constructed from graphite, which limits
regarding the mechanical stability of
the maximum test temperature for ZrB2
the chamber. A graduate student in the
to 2,300°C. We are fabricating a ZrC
Mechanical Engineering Department at
Missouri S&T performed finite-element test fixture to address this limitation.
This fixture should increase the upper
analysis of the chamber under vacuum
test temperature for ZrB2 specimens to
stresses to determine whether the holes
about 2,600°C.
would compromise the structural integrity of the chamber. Based on the analyWorking with the system
sis, operation has been limited to mild
To perform a test, a specimen is
vacuum levels (about 35 kilopascals).
secured to the fixture using a highMoreover, the chamber body is not
actively cooled. Although the induction strength adhesive, such as Super Glue,
and placed in the hot zone. The envicoil is capable of sustained operation at
ronmental chamber is closed, evacutemperatures up to 2,600°C, the lack of
cooling loops on the chamber limits the ated, and backfilled with argon several
times to remove as much air as possible.
time that specimens can be held at test
(Credit: Missouri S&T.)
mental chamber operates in inert or
reducing atmospheres, or under mild
vacuum (to about 35 kilopascals).
A proportional integral derivative
controller regulates the temperature.
A type-B thermocouple measures
temperatures below 1,600°C, and a
two-color pyrometer measures above
1,500°C. To date, four-point bend tests
according to ASTM C1211 (“Flexural
Strength for Advanced Ceramics at
Elevated Temperature,” ASTM Book
of Standards, ASTM International,
West Conshohocken, Pa.) have been
performed, but tensile and compression tests are possible with proper test
fixtures.
37
Case study: Building an ultra-high-temperature mechanical testing system
The chamber is purged with argon for
30 minutes, which is enough to change
the atmosphere in the chamber twice.
After purging, the induction coil is
energized. The typical heating rate is
100°C per minute until the temperature is about 100°C below the testing
temperature, and the testing temperature is approached at 50°C per minute.
A five-minute hold prior to applying
the load allows for thermal equilibration before testing.
Standard commercial software operates the test frame and controls the displacement rate, as well as capturing the
resulting displacement and load. Once
the specimen has failed, the induction
coil is de-energized, and the furnace
cools. Because of the low thermal mass
of the insulation, the furnace cools to
below 600°C in about one hour. Below
600°C, the environmental chamber can
be opened to allow the hot zone to cool
more rapidly. Using this methodology,
we can test as many as four specimens
at temperatures of 2,000°C or above in
a typical workday.
This system eliminates the barriers
that once prevented ultra-high-temperature mechanical testing and makes it
possible for us to study the mechanical
behavior of UHTCs at the extreme
temperatures likely to be encountered
during hypersonic flight.
Acknowledgments
References
W.G. Fahrenholtz, G.E. Hilmas, I.G.
Talmy, and J.A. Zaykoski, “Refractory
Diborides of Zirconium and Hafnium,” J.
Am. Ceram. Soc., 90 [5] 1347–64 (2007).
1
Research on ultra-high-temperature
mechanical testing is supported at
Missouri S&T by the Aerospace
Materials for Extreme Environments
program of the Air Force Office of
Scientific Research. The authors wish
to thank program manager Ali Sayir for
his guidance and support.
About the authors
in the same department at Missouri
S&T. Harlan Brown-Shaklee is a
former graduate student in the MSE
Department at Missouri S&T and is
currently a postdoctoral researcher at
Sandia National Laboratories. Contact:
G. Hilmas, [email protected].
Eric W. Neuman is a graduate student in the Department of Materials
Science and Engineering at Missouri
University of Science and Technology,
Rolla, Mo. Jeremy Watts, Greg Hilmas,
and William G. Fahrenholtz are faculty
E.W. Neuman, G.E. Hilmas, and W.G.
Fahrenholtz, “Strength of Zirconium
Diboride to 2300°C,” J. Am. Ceram. Soc.,
in press.
2
W.H. Rhodes, E.V. Clougherty, and D.
Kalish, “Research and Development of
Refractory Oxidation-Resistant Diborides
Part II, Volume IV: Mechanical Properties,”
Technical Report AFML-TR-68-190, Part
II, Volume IV, ManLabs Inc. and Avco
Corp., Wright Patterson Air Force Base,
Ohio, 1970. n
3
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38
www.ceramics.org/daytona2013
37th InternatIonal ConferenCe and exposItIon on
ADvAnCeD CerAMiCS AnD COMPOSiteS
Jan. 27–feb. 1, 2013 | hilton daytona Beach resort and ocean Center | daytona Beach, fla., Usa
organized by the american Ceramic society and the american Ceramic society’s engineering Ceramics division
Sujanto Widjaja
thAnkS tO SPOnSOrS
2013 iCACC Program Chair
Corning incorporated
Corning west technology Center
Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA
[email protected]
Meeting Overview
iCACC’13 showcases cutting-edge research and product developments
in advanced ceramics, armor ceramics, solid oxide fuel cells, ceramic
coatings, bioceramics, and more. iCACC’13 topical areas include advanced
structural and functional ceramics, composites, and other emerging
ceramic materials and technologies. the technical program consists of 13
symposia, four focused sessions, the 2nd global Young investigator Forum,
and the engineering Ceramics Summit of the Americas. these technical
sessions along with an industry exposition will provide an open forum for
scientists, researchers, engineers, and industries from around the world
to present and exchange findings on recent advances on various aspects
related to ceramic science and technology.
iCACC’13 is designed for materials scientists, engineers, researchers, and
manufacturers, delivering the opportunity to share knowledge and stateof-the-art advancements in materials technology. the American Ceramic
Society’s engineering Ceramics Division and ACerS have been organizing
this prestigious conference since 1977—with tremendous growth in
interest and participation from ceramic communities globally.
ShOrt COUrSe
Mechanical Properties of Ceramics and Glass
instructors: george D. Quinn, niSt, and richard C. Bradt, Univ. of
Alabama
Date: thursday and Friday, Jan. 31–Feb. 1, 2013
visit www.ceramics.org/daytona2013 for rates.
this two-day course covers:
• Mechanical properties of ceramics and glasses for elastic properties,
strength measurements, fracture parameters, and indentation
hardness;
• Fundamentals of properties for each topical area;
• Relation of properties to structure and crystal chemistry of the
materials;
• And more.
note: Separate registration is required.
39
Monday | Jan. 28 | 8:30 a.m. – Noon
Engineering Ceramics Division Award Winners
James I. Mueller Award
recipient: Anil V. Virkar
Distinguished Professor, Department Chair, College
of engineering, Department of Materials Science and
engineering, University of Utah
Failure of Ceramics under Externally Applied
Loads and Internally Generated Pressures:
Zirconia, a Unique Material
Stabilized zirconia exists in two crystallographic forms: cubic and tetragonal. Zirconia has been extensively investigated for various applications
that exploit its ionic transport properties, its refractory properties, and its
excellent mechanical properties. Solid oxide fuel cells, sensors, electrolyzers,
thermal barrier coatings, heating elements, ball bearings, medical implants,
etc., are some of the applications. tetragonal zirconia is known for its excellent mechanical properties attributed to the t → m martensitic transformation and ferroelasticity. excellent oxygen-ion conductivity of zirconia is the
reason for its use in fuel cells and electrolyzers. in many mechanical and
electrochemical applications, zirconia exhibits failure in service under some
conditions. the commonly experienced failure is under externally applied
loads. increases in fracture toughness and strength achieved through processing, microstructure control, etc., lead to greater reliability. this has been
extensively investigated. however, cracking of zirconia also occurs under
electrochemical conditions. Such failures occur under internally generated
pressures. Although cracking occurs in both types of failures, the origin and
mechanisms can be very different in the two cases. Conventional approaches
of increasing strength and toughness have little role in mitigating failures
that often occur in electrochemical systems. rather, ion and electron transport properties determine whether failures can be mitigated. Additionally,
even the mechanism of cracking is different from failures observed under
externally applied loads. the two different modes of fracture will be compared and contrasted. in external loading, one seeks solutions to fracture
mechanical problems by solving elasticity equations. in electrochemical
systems with internally generated pressures, a coupling exists between electrochemical transport (e.g., solution to transport equations) and mechanics.
this leads to different cracking patterns. Under external loading, failure is
almost always catastrophic (barring subcritical crack growth related issues).
however, under internal loading, failure is stable and not abrupt. the two
different modes of failure will be compared and contrasted.
Bridge Building Award
recipient: Tatsuki Ohji
Prime Senior research Scientist, national institute of
Advanced industrial Science and technology (AiSt)
and Designated Professor in the graduate School of
Science and engineering, Meijo University
Microstructural Evolution and Mechanical
Properties of Engineering Ceramics
Ceramic materials are composed of a variety of structural elements,
including defects, grains, particles, pores, fibers, layers, and interfaces at different scale levels. in terms of size, the structural elements can be classified
into four categories: (1) atomic and molecular scale (2) nanoscale (order of
10-6 mm); (3) microscale (order of 10-3 mm); and (4) macroscale. it is possible
to realize new or unique performance or markedly improve properties in
ceramics, by controlling systematically these structural elements. taking, as
an instance, silicon nitride, which is one of the most widely used engineering
ceramics, this paper intends to show that the mechanical properties including strength, toughness, and creep resistance can be tremendously improved
when the sizes, morphologies, orientation, distribution, etc., of grains and
pores as well as grain-boundary structure are carefully controlled. examples
are: (1) super strong silicon nitride with >2 gPa strength via refinement
and alignment control of grains; (2) porous silicon nitride with high strength
(>1 gPa), and high toughness (300–500 J/m2— far higher than that of the
dense) via morphology and alignment control of grains and pores; and (3)
super-heat-resistant silicon nitride with strength retention up to 1500°C and
toughness of approximately 800 J/m2 (double that of cast iron). the paper
also focuses on improved mechanical properties via microstructure control
for high thermal conductivity silicon nitride, which is expected to be applied
as substrate materials in future power devices.
2013 Plenary Speakers
Do-Suck Han
Director/CAe & Materials research, hyundai Motor
Company, r&D Division
Nanocomposite Materials for the NextGeneration Vehicles
there have been strong moves in recent years to
apply advanced materials based on the recent legislative
and environmental pressures on the automotive industry
to produce light-weight fuel-efficient vehicles with lower emissions. those
social pressures have led to a requirement for traditional components to be
replaced by advanced materials. nanocomposite materials are expected to
be attractive materials that combine the elements of significant weight saving, improved performance, and multifunctionality, such as low friction, high
heat resistance and anti-corrosion. the nanotechnology already has been
introduced to the automotive components from material scale to structural
scale. this has led to a complete reanalysis of the design and manufacturing
routes, with the emergence of advanced technologies as a viable process
for the production of high-volume, low-cost, high-integrity automotive components. in this lecture the development and application of nanocomposite
materials and key technologies will be described and discussed in terms of
vehicle performance and cost effectiveness. the research activities described
illustrate the benefits of tailoring of design, processing and materials suitable
for conventional vehicles as well as ev, hev and FCev.
40
Bruce Dunn
nippon Sheet glass Professor of Materials Science
and engineering, UCLA
Designing Ceramics for Electrochemical Energy
Storage Devices
the ability to design the chemistry and nanostructure of ceramics is having a profound effect on the
performance of electrode materials for electrochemical
energy storage. Some of the key advances in this field will be discussed in
this presentation. in the lithium-ion battery field, improvements in energy
and power densities are attributed to the development of nanoscale materials that exhibit shorter ion and electron diffusion lengths. the development
of carbon coatings and core–shell materials represents another significant
advance in the design of electrode materials. this approach enables new
families of poorly conducting oxides to be used as insertion electrodes.
Mesoporous transition-metal oxides also are emerging as an important
direction in the energy storage field. the mesoporous architecture provides
electrolyte access to redox-active walls and enables higher energy densities
to be attained. the energy storage field faces a number of future challenges
and these items also will be discussed.
Symposia Schedule (Schedule was accurate when the Bulletin went to press. Check onsite to confirm times and locations.)
Sessions
Date
Time
Location
S1: Mechanical Behavior and Performance of Ceramics & Composites
Mechanics and Characterizations
processing, Microstructure, and Mechanical properties Correlation I
processing, Microstructure, and Mechanical properties Correlation II
s1 poster session
fiber, Matrices, and Interfaces
Mechanical Behaviors of CMCs
tribological performance and Impact testing of Ceramics and Composites
environmental effects on Mechanical performance of CMCs
Jan. 28
Jan. 29
Jan. 29
Jan. 29
Jan. 30
Jan. 30
Jan. 31
Jan. 31
1:30 – 5:50 p.m.
8:00 – 11:40 a.m.
1:30 – 5:30 p.m.
5:30 – 8:00 p.m.
8:00 a.m. – noon
1:30 – 4:50 p.m.
8:00 – 10:40 a.m.
1:30 – 5:50 p.m.
Coquina salon d
Coquina salon d
Coquina salon d
ocean Center
Coquina salon d
Coquina salon d
Coquina salon d
Coquina salon d
1:30 – 5:50 p.m.
8:00 a.m. – noon
1:30 – 3:20 p.m.
3:20 – 5:30 p.m.
5:30 – 8:00 p.m.
8:00 a.m. – noon
ponce deleon
ponce deleon
ponce deleon
ponce deleon
ocean Center
ponce deleon
S2: Advanced Ceramic Coatings for Structural, Environmental, and Functional Applications
environmental Barrier Coatings
thermal Barrier Coatings I
thermal Barrier Coatings II
Coating for tribological applications
s2 poster session
Multifunctional Coatings
Jan. 28
Jan. 29
Jan. 29
Jan. 29
Jan. 29
Jan. 30
S3: 9th International Symposium on Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs): Materials, Science, and Technology
sofC applications
electrodes I
electrodes II
Interfacial reactions/degradation
sealing Glasses
s3 poster session
processing/performance
Interconnects/Coatings
Mechanical/thermal properties
electrolysis, etc.
Jan. 29
Jan. 29
Jan. 30
Jan. 30
Jan. 30
Jan. 30
Jan. 31
Jan. 31
feb. 1
feb. 1
8:00 a.m. – noon
1:30 – 5:20 p.m.
8:00 a.m. – noon
1:30 – 4:00 p.m.
4:00 – 5:00 p.m.
5:00 – 7:30 p.m.
8:00 a.m. – noon
1:30 – 6:00 p.m.
8:00 – 9:20 a.m.
9:20 – noon
Coquina salon h
Coquina salon h
Coquina salon h
Coquina salon h
Coquina salon h
ocean Center
Coquina salon h
Coquina salon h
Coquina salon h
Coquina salon h
Jan. 28
Jan. 29
Jan. 29
Jan. 29
Jan. 29
Jan. 30
Jan. 30
Jan. 30
Jan. 30
Jan. 31
Jan. 31
1:30 – 6:10 p.m.
8:00 – 10:10 a.m.
10:10 a.m. – noon
1:20 – 5:10 p.m.
5:30 – 8:00 p.m.
8:00 – 9:50 a.m.
9:50 a.m. – noon
1:20 – 4:20 p.m.
4:20 – 5:10 p.m.
1:20 – 3:50 p.m.
3:50 – 5:10 p.m.
Coquina salon e
Coquina salon e
Coquina salon e
Coquina salon e
ocean Center
Coquina salon e
Coquina salon e
Coquina salon e
Coquina salon e
Crystal Ballroom
Crystal Ballroom
Jan. 30
Jan. 30
Jan. 31
Jan. 31
feb. 1
1:30 – 4:40 p.m
5:00 – 7:30 p.m.
8:00 – 11:40 a.m.
1:30 – 5:40 p.m.
8:00 – 11:40 a.m.
Coquina salon C
ocean Center
Coquina salon C
Coquina salon C
Coquina salon C
S4: Armor Ceramics
transparent Ceramics & Glasses
Brittle Materials Modeling
Materials in extreme dynamic environments (Mede)
Boron-Icosahedral-Based Ceramics I
s4 poster session
Boron-Icosahedral-Based Ceramics II
Quasi-static and dynamic Behavior I
Quasi-static and dynamic Behavior II
synthesis and processing I
synthesis and processing II
nondestructive evaluation
S5: Next-Generation Bioceramics and Biocomposites
porous Bioceramics (joint with symposium 9)
s5 poster session
Medical Ceramics
advanced Bioceramics
Ceramics for Medical and dental applications
41
Hotel
Hilton Daytona Beach Resort
100 North Atlantic Ave., Daytona Beach, FL • 386-254- 8200
Contact hotel for availability.
Sessions
Date
Time
Location
S6: Advanced Materials and Technologies for Energy Generation and Rechargeable Energy Storage
lithuim-Ion Battery technology—advanced electrodes
lithuim-Ion Battery technology—design and Interface
Materials for energy storage—supercapacitors
Materials for Clean energy technologies
energy storage technology
s6 poster session
advanced Materials for energy harvesting and storage
Jan. 28
Jan. 29
Jan. 29
Jan. 29
Jan. 29
Jan. 29
Jan. 30
1:30 – 5:40 p.m.
8:00 – 10:00 a.m.
10:00 a.m. – noon
1:30 – 3:20 p.m.
3:20 – 5:20 p.m.
5:30 – 8:00 p.m.
8:00 – 11:00 a.m.
Coquina salon G
Coquina salon G
Coquina salon G
Coquina salon G
Coquina salon G
ocean Center
Coquina salon G
Jan. 28
Jan. 28
Jan. 29
Jan. 29
Jan. 29
Jan. 29
Jan. 30
Jan. 30
Jan. 30
Jan. 30
Jan. 31
Jan. 31
Jan. 31
Jan. 31
1:30 – 3:20 p.m.
3:20 – 6:00 p.m.
8:00 – 10:00 a.m.
10:00 a.m. – 12:10 p.m.
1:30 – 3:30 p.m.
3:30 – 5:40 p.m.
8:00 – 9:50 a.m.
9:50 a.m. – noon
1:30 – 5:30 p.m.
5:00 – 7:30 p.m.
8:00 – 10:00 a.m.
10:00 a.m. – noon
1:30 – 3:30 p.m.
3:30 – 6:10 p.m.
Coquina salon B
Coquina salon B
Coquina salon B
Coquina salon B
Coquina salon B
Coquina salon B
Coquina salon B
Coquina salon B
Coquina salon B
ocean Center
Coquina salon B
Coquina salon B
Coquina salon B
Coquina salon B
S7: 7th International Symposium on Nanostructured Materials and Nanocomposites
synthesis and applications of functional nanostructures I
synthesis and applications of functional nanostructures II
nanomaterials for energy applications I
nanomaterials for energy applications II
Chemical processing of nanomaterials I
functional nanocomposites
Chemical processing of nanomaterials II
nanotubes, nanorods, nanowires, and other one-dimensional structures
Bioactive nanomaterials and nanostructured Materials for Biomedical applications
s7 poster session
Innovative processing of functional Materials
surfaces and Controlled Interface properties
patterning and tomography I
patterning and tomography II
S8: 7th International Symposium on Advanced Processing and Manufacturing Technologies for Structural and Multifunctional Materials
and Systems (APMT7)
novel processing for functional Materials
advanced Composite Manufacturing
Integration and Joining
design-oriented Manufacturing
s8 poster session
sps and shs
novel sintering technologies
prototyping, patterning, and shaping
Jan. 28
Jan. 29
Jan. 29
Jan. 29
Jan. 29
Jan. 30
Jan. 30
Jan. 30
1:30 – 6:00 p.m.
8:00 a.m. – noon
1:30 – 3:20 p.m.
3:20 – 5:10 p.m.
5:30 – 8:00 p.m.
8:00 – 10:00 a.m.
10:00 a.m. – noon
3:20 – 5:20 p.m.
Coquina salon a
Coquina salon a
Coquina salon a
Coquina salon a
ocean Center
Coquina salon a
Coquina salon a
Coquina salon a
Jan. 28
Jan. 28
Jan. 29
Jan. 29
Jan. 29
Jan. 29
Jan. 29
Jan. 30
Jan. 30
Jan. 30
1:30 – 3:20 p.m.
3:20 – 6:00 p.m.
8:00 – 10:10 a.m.
10:10 a.m. – noon
1:30 – 3:20 p.m.
3:20 – 6:00 p.m.
5:30 – 8:00 p.m.
8:00 – 9:50 a.m.
9:50 – 11:30 a.m.
1:30 – 3:20 p.m.
Coquina salon C
Coquina salon C
Coquina salon C
Coquina salon C
Coquina salon C
Coquina salon C
ocean Center
Coquina salon C
Coquina salon C
Coquina salon a
Jan. 29
Jan. 29
Jan. 30
Jan. 30
8:00 a.m. – noon
1:30 – 5:20 p.m.
8:00 a.m. – noon
1:30 – 5:00 p.m.
oceanview
oceanview
oceanview
oceanview
S9: Porous Ceramics: Novel Developments and Applications
processing Methods for porous Ceramics I
processing Methods for porous Ceramics II
Membranes and high-ssa Ceramics
processing Methods for porous Ceramics III
processing Methods for porous Ceramics IV
Mechanical properties of porous Ceramics
s9 poster session
applications of porous Ceramics I
applications of porous Ceramics II
Joint s8 & s9: rapid prototyping of porous Ceramics
S10: Virtual Materials (Computational) Design and Ceramic Genome
prediction and Modeling of properties of Ceramics and Composites
Innovative Modeling and simulation Methods
Modeling of defects and diffusion in Ceramics
Virtual Materials design and Modeling
42
Sessions
Date
Time
Location
S11: Next-Generation Technologies for Innovative Surface Coatings
s11 poster session
low-friction Coating for automobile applications
advanced Coating for energy process
next-Generation Coating
Innovative surface Coating
Jan. 30
Jan. 31
Jan. 31
feb. 1
feb. 1
5:00 – 7:30 p.m.
1:30 – 3:40 p.m.
3:40 – 6:30 p.m.
8:00 – 10:20 a.m.
10:20 a.m. – 12:10 p.m.
ocean Center
Coquina salon e
Coquina salon e
Coquina salon e
Coquina salon e
S12: Materials for Extreme Environments: Ultra-High-Temperature Ceramics and Nano-laminated Ternary Carbides and Nitrides
Materials design: Max phases and UhtCs
Materials design II
structure–property relationships I
structure–property relationships II
structure–property relationships III
structural stability Under extreme environments I
structural stability Under extreme environments II
s12 poster session
novel Characterization Methods and lifetime assessment I
novel Characterization Methods and lifetime assessment II
novel Methods for Joining and Machining of Components
novel processing Methods
Methods for Improving damage tolerance, oxidation, and thermal shock resistance I
Methods for Improving damage tolerance, oxidation, and thermal shock resistance II
Jan. 29
Jan. 29
Jan. 29
Jan. 30
Jan. 30
Jan. 30
Jan. 30
Jan. 30
Jan. 31
Jan. 31
Jan. 31
Jan. 31
feb. 1
feb. 1
1:30 – 3:20 p.m
3:20 – 4:40 p.m.
4:40 – 5:40 p.m.
8:00 – 9:50 a.m.
9:50 a.m. – noon
1:30 – 3:20 p.m.
3:20 – 5:10 p.m.
5:00 – 7:30 p.m.
8:00 – 10:00 a.m.
10:00 – 11:50 a.m.
1:30 – 3:20 p.m.
3:20 – 6:00 p.m.
8:00 – 9:50 a.m.
9:50 – 11:30 a.m.
Coquina salon f
Coquina salon f
Coquina salon f
Coquina salon f
Coquina salon f
Coquina salon f
Coquina salon f
ocean Center
Coquina salon f
Coquina salon f
Coquina salon f
Coquina salon f
Coquina salon f
Coquina salon f
Jan. 30
Jan. 30
Jan. 31
Jan. 31
feb. 1
1:30 – 5:00 p.m.
5:00 – 7:30 p.m.
8:00 a.m. – 12:10 p.m.
1:30 – 6:10 p.m.
8:00 a.m. – noon
ponce deleon
ocean Center
ponce deleon
ponce deleon
ponce deleon
Jan. 30
Jan. 31
Jan. 31
Jan. 31
Jan. 31
feb. 1
feb. 1
5:00 – 7:30 p.m.
8:00 – 11 a.m.
11:00 – noon
1:30 – 3:20 p.m.
3:20 – 5:40 p.m.
8:00 – 10:30 a.m.
10:30 a.m. – noon
ocean Center
Coquina salon a
Coquina salon a
Coquina salon a
Coquina salon a
Coquina salon a
Coquina salon a
Jan. 28
Jan. 29
1:30 – 2:50 p.m.
5:30 – 8:00 p.m.
Coquina salon h
ocean Center
S13: Advanced Ceramics and Composites for Sustainable Nuclear Energy and Fusion Energy
radiation defects in Ceramics—Codes and standards
s13 poster session
Ceramic technology for light-Water reactor fuels
Joining-Irradiation and environmental effects I—fabrication and processing of Ceramic functional Materials
Irradiation and environmental effects II & III
Focused Session 1: Geopolymers and Chemically Bonded Ceramics
fs1 poster session
Microstructure, synthesis, and processing
porosity I
porosity II
Mechanical properties
novel applications
Construction Materials
Focused Session 2: Thermal Management Materials and Technologies
thermal Management Materials and technologies
fs2 poster session
Focused Session 3: Nanomaterials for Sensing Applications: Fundamental Material Designs to Device Integration
nanomaterials for sensing applications
fs3 poster session
Jan. 28
Jan. 29
3:20 – 5:20 p.m.
5:30 – 8:00 p.m.
Coquina salon h
ocean Center
Jan. 30
Jan. 31
Jan. 31
Jan. 31
feb. 1
5:00 – 7:30 p.m.
8:00 – 11:20 a.m.
1:30 – 4:30 p.m.
4:30 – 5:30 p.m.
8:00 – 11:30 a.m.
ocean Center
oceanview
oceanview
oceanview
oceanview
Jan. 28
Jan. 28
Jan. 29
Jan. 29
1:30 – 3:30 p.m.
3:30 – 5:30 p.m.
8:00 – 9:40 a.m.
9:40 a.m. – noon
Coquina salon f
Coquina salon f
Coquina salon f
Coquina salon f
Jan. 30
Jan. 30
Jan. 31
Jan. 31
feb. 1
1:30 – 4:50 p.m.
5:00 – 7:30 p.m.
8:00 a.m. – noon
1:30 – 5:50 p.m.
8:00 a.m. – noon
Coquina salon G
ocean Center
Coquina salon G
Coquina salon G
Coquina salon G
Focused Session 4: Advanced Ceramic Materials and Processing for Photonics and Energy
fs4 poster session
advanced and nanostructured Materials for photonics
advanced and nanostructured Materials for photovoltaics, Including solar hydrogen
advanced and nanostructured Materials for sensing and electronics
Multifunctional Materials
2ND Global Young Investigator Forum
applications: Ceramic sensors and actuators, energy Generation and storage, photocatalysis I
applications: Ceramic sensors and actuators, energy Generation and storage, photocatalysis II
Ceramic hybrid Materials and Composites: Ceramic-Matrix Composites, Biological and Medical applications
Ceramic processing and application: novel processing and synthesis routes
Engineering Ceramics Summit of the Americas
Ceramics for human health
eCsa poster session
Ceramic education, training, and Collaboration
Ceramics for energy and environmental systems
Ceramics for energy and aerospace systems
43
Exhibits Open:
tuesday, Jan. 29, 2013, 5:00 – 8:00 p.m.
wednesday, Jan. 30, 2013, 5:00 – 7:30 p.m.
Exposition Location:
Ocean Center Arena, 101 north Atlantic Ave., Daytona Beach, FL
visit www.ceramics.org/daytona2013 for more details or contact
Patricia Janeway at [email protected] or at 614-794-5826.
exPOSitiOn
inFOrMAtiOn
this event offers an
exceptional opportunity
to present your company’s
latest products, services,
and technology to a
sophisticated audience
sharply focused on this
market.
Exhibitor
AACCM
ACt-rx technology Corp.
Alfred University
American Ceramic Society
AnF technology Ltd.
AnOr Precision Ceramic industrial Co.
AvS inc.
Baikowski international Corp.
Buhler inc.
Carbolite inc.
Centorr vacuum industries
CM Furnaces inc.
Daiichi Jitsugyo (America) inc.
Deltech inc.
Dorst America
Dunhua Zhengxing Abrasives Co.
Dynamic Dispersions LLC
eirich Machines inc.
enrg inc.
eSL electroScience
evans Analytical group
Fuelcellmaterials.com
gasbarre Products (Ptx-Pentronix)
ge Aviation
h.C. Starck inc.
haiku tech inc.
harper international
harrop industries inc.
44
Booth No.
304
223
212
105
327
223
210
402
301
206
416
311
227
406
220
205
203
222
321
202
313
115
307
103
305
320
326
200
Exhibitor
heraeus thick Film Division
hockmeyer equipment Corp.
innovnano - Advanced Materials S.A.
keith Co.
Linseis inc.
Maney Publishing
MeL Chemicals
Microtrac
Mti Corp.
nabertherm
netzsch instruments n.A. LLC
new Lenox Machine Co.
niSt
Oxy-gon industries inc.
Powder Processing & technology LLC
Prematech Advanced Ceramics
Quantachrome instruments
Sonoscan inc.
Swindell Dressler international
tA instruments
team by Sacmi—Laeis gmbh
tevtech
thermal wave imaging
thermaltek inc.
UCM Advanced Ceramics gmbh
Union Process
vision research
Zircar Ceramics inc.
Booth No.
225
324
117
322
323
101
315
400
214
303
201
306
111,113
300
204
207
224
221
302
107
325
317
216
414
226
410
404
412
ICACC’13
EXPO PREVIEW
Association of American Ceramic
Component Manufacturers
Booth No. 304
AACCM’s member companies manufacture
ceramic components from ceramic powders at
US operating facilities. AACCM’s purpose is to
expand the market for US-manufactured components by enhancing processes and quality, and to
increase the awareness of ceramic applications.
[email protected] | http://aaccm.org
Ph: 614-794-5821 | Fax: 614-794-5881
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ACT-RX Technology Corp.
Booth No. 223
Over the years we continue to adhere to a customer-oriented approach and built our expertise
in the field of thermal management. We also are
the proud inventor and sole maker of the most
reliable fan, CeraDyna. ARX is the premier expert
in production and distribution of a wide range of
cooling fans.
[email protected] |
www.actrx.com.tw/en/
Ph: +886-2-8242-1111 |
Fax: +886-2-8245-2200
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Alfred University
Booth No. 212
Kazuo Inamori School of Engineering/New York
State College of Ceramics at Alfred University: BS
and MS degrees in ceramic engineering, glass,
biomaterials, materials science and engineering, electrical, and mechanical engineering. PhD
degrees in ceramics, glass, and materials science.
Short courses for ceramics and glass professionals. Research in glass, ceramics, and biomaterials.
Analytical services.
[email protected] |
www.engineering.alfred.edu
Ph: 607-871-2425 | Fax: 607-871-2392
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American Ceramic Society (The)
Booth No. 105
More than 9,500 scientists, engineers, researchers, manufacturers, plant personnel, educators,
students, marketing, and sales professionals from
more than 70 countries make up the members of
The American Ceramic Society.
[email protected] |
www.ceramics.org
Ph: 866-721-3322 | Fax: 240-396-5637
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ANF Technology Ltd.
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Booth No. 327
ANF Technology is part of the ANF Group of
companies. The group is focused on the development, manufacture, and sale of superior
quality aluminum oxide nanofibers and powders
(trademarked as Nafen). By way of our patented
production method, we are capable of providing these uniquely superior products in industrial
quantities while maintaining our strict quality
guidelines. ANF Group works in tandem with
industry and academic institutions to further
develop innovative solutions for existing and
future materials in ceramics, coatings and paints,
abrasives and polishes, aerospace, thermo insulation, catalysis, and many more industry areas.
[email protected] | www.nafen.eu
Ph: 0037253456955 | Fax: 003726631100
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ANOR Precision Ceramic
Industrial Co.
Booth No. 223
ANOR specializes in ceramic injection molding
(CIM) process integration to bring forward innovative products. Focus materials: ZrO2 zirconia,
Al2O3 alumina. Products: CeraDyna bearings,
ceramic knives, LED ceramic substrate, customized products
[email protected] |
www.anor.com.tw/en/
Ph: +886-2-7731-2100 |
Fax: +886-2-7731-2131
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AVS Inc.
Booth No. 210
AVS specializes in design, engineering, fabrication,
and complete integration of custom furnaces. We
specialize in applications involving combinations of
high temperatures to 2,400°C, vacuum to 10-6 torr,
and gas pressures up to 3000 psig (200 bar). We
also manufacture furnaces that include hydraulic
hot pressing from 5 tons to more than 1,000 tons
of force, complex gas controls such as MIM and
CVD, as well as combination debinding/sintering
furnaces. Some AVS furnace applications involve
induction heating, but most utilize either graphite
or metal resistance heating. AVS leads the industry
with its ACE Data Acquisition and Control System,
a fully integrated control system that provides
graphical user interface screens with point-and-click
selection and control of furnace components, runtime parameter displays, recipe screens, user-configurable recipes, status screens, statistics screen,
and trend screens, including a split-screen feature,
allowing direct trend screen comparisons.
[email protected] | www.avsinc.com
Ph: 978-772-0710 | Fax: 978-772-6462
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Baikowski International Corp.
Booth No. 402
Baikowski is a leading industrial company dedicated to the production of high-purity alumina powders
and as well as specialty powders of zirconia, spinel,
YAG, nanophosphors, and others. Such high-quality
materials are designed for a wide range of markets
including lighting, sapphire, watches and jewelry,
health and medicine, plasma TV, technical ceramics, semiconductor polish, and microelectronics, to
name a few.
[email protected] | www.baikowski.com
Ph: 704-587-7100 | Fax: 704-587-7106
Buhler Inc.
Booth No. 301
Buhler is the global specialist and technology
partner in the supply of plants and services for
processing grain and food as well as for manufacturing advanced materials. Buhler’s core technologies consist of mechanical, thermal, and biological
process engineering technologies. The Grinding
& Dispersion business unit offers products for wet
grinding and dispersion applications— individual
production machines and comprehensive solutions for manufacturing printing inks and paints,
electronic materials, fine chemicals, and products
for other industries..
[email protected] |
www.buhlergroup.com
Ph: 763-847-990
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Carbolite Inc.
Booth No. 206
Established in 1938, Carbolite is a world-leading
manufacturer and supplier of elite laboratory heating equipment. Carbolite offers an extensive line of
laboratory heat processing furnaces and oven products for use in the research, testing, and pilot plant
environments. Furnaces are provided for operation
up to 1,800°C, ovens products to 600°C, and incubators to 80°C. Our product range includes multiple
chamber sizes of box/chamber, tube, and bottom
and top loading furnaces, ovens, incubators, and
sterilizers. Carbolite also provides modified or special furnace and oven products. Custom-engineered
furnaces can be designed to meet specific customer requirements.
[email protected] | www.carbolite.us
Ph: 920-262-0240 | Fax: 920-262-0255
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Centorr Vacuum Industries
Booth No. 416
Centorr Vacuum Industries is a manufacturer of
vacuum /controlled-atmosphere furnaces for sintering, debinding, and heat treatment of advanced
ceramics (SiC, Si3N4, AlN, BN, and B4C), refractory
metals, and hardmetals. Available in laboratory/production sizes to 3,000°C with graphite or refractory
metal hot zones and optional Sweepgas binderremoval system.
[email protected] | www.centorr.com
Ph: 603-595-7233 | Fax: 603-595-9220
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CM Furnaces Inc.
Booth No. 311
CM Furnaces offers units of standard design and
construction as well as specialized custom units.
We manufacture a complete line of laboratory
furnaces in all configurations, including box and
tube furnaces, ranging from 1,000°C to 2,000°C.
These are available in air, inert- and reducing
atmospheres. CM also offers production furnaces
and our 1,700°C batch, hydrogen and box furnaces.
[email protected] |
www.cmfurnaces.com
Ph: 973-338-6500 | Fax: 973-338-1625
45
ICACC’13
Dynamic Dispersions LLC
Daiichi Jitsugyo (America) Inc.
Booth No. 227
Together with our global partners, Daiichi Jitugyo
is uniquely prepared to offer various material
processing technologies. We provide standard
conventional methods. However, we specialize
more in innovative and technically “forward” solutions. Daiichi Jitugyo has been supporting the
market for more than 50 years. Please visit us
at the ICACC, Booth No. 227, to learn about our
offerings as well as meet our partners in thermal
technologies, Noritake.
[email protected] |
www.daiichi-ees.com/
Ph: 630-987-9623 | Fax: 630-875-0422
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Deltech Inc.
Booth No. 406
Our motto is, “We build the furnace to fit your
need.” Since 1968, family owned and operated Deltech has designed and built standard
and custom electric benchtop and production
furnaces for materials science researchers and
manufacturers worldwide. Operating temperatures
up to 2,000°C in air, inert atmospheres, and under
positive pressures. Special designs for glass melt
applications. Rotary kilns are our newest offering.
[email protected] |
www.deltechfurnaces.com
Ph: 303-433-5939 | Fax: 303-433-2809
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Dorst America
Booth No. 220
Dorst Technologies provides state-of-the-art solutions for your ceramic forming needs whether you
need to dry presss (mechanical, hydraulic, and
electric presses), isostatic press, pressure cast, or
extrude. Technology-leading spray drying solutions also are available. Dorst also provides world
class support for customers in training and all
areas of equipment support.
[email protected] | www.dorst.de
Ph: 610-317-2000 | Fax: 610-317-6416
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Dunhua Zhengxing Abrasives Co.
Booth No. 205
Zhengxing Abrasive Co. has been manufacturing
boron carbide powder since 1987. The company
is ISO 9001 and ISO 14001 certified. Major products include boron carbide powder, boron carbide
sand nozzles and plates, as well as boron carbide
neutron-absorbing material.
[email protected] | www.boroncarbide.cn
Ph: 86-433-6340878 | Fax: 86-433-6340868
46
Booth No. 203
Submicron and nano-range ceramic particles, sili
silicon carbide, boron carbide, alumina, etc. Custom
toll manufacturing for submicron particles, wet
grinding. Small batch manufacturing (kilograms)
to large scale (tons)
[email protected] |
www.dynamicdispersions.com
Ph: 502-445-5954
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Eirich Machines Inc.
Booth No. 222
Eirich Machines designs, manufactures, and supplies batch and continuous mixers and systems
for the processing of raw materials, compounds,
waste, and residues in a wide range of industries.
Our complete line of products for mixing, agglomerating, pelletizing, grinding, granulating, and
plasticizing range from 1 to 10,000 liters also can
be equipped with vacuum. A full line of test equipment allows for presale testing in our lab or the
customer's own plant.
[email protected] |
www.eirichusa.com
Ph: 847-406-1313
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Enrg Inc.
Booth No. 321
Enrg produces critical ceramic components for
clean tech. ThinESC and Thin E-Strate are produced with a 40-micron-thick flexible and robust
zirconia membrane for fuel cells, sensors, oxygen
generation, and other harsh environment applications. ThinESC fuel cells for SOFC technology
yields thin profile fuel cells with robust structure
and incredible tolerance to thermal shock. The
company produces porous supports yielding
enhanced flux rates for ion-transport applications
either in planar or tubular format.
[email protected] | www.enrg-inc.com
Ph: 716-390-6740 | Fax: 716-873-3196
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ESL ElectroScience
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Booth No. 202
ESL ElectroScience manufactures thick-film
conductors, dielectrics, resistors, ceramic tapes
(LTCC and HTCC), and fired parts, including porous alumina and zirconia cover plates.
Applications include hybrid microcircuits, multilayer microelectronics, components, including
inductors, capacitors and transformers, heaters
on steel or other substrates, photovoltaic solar
cells, fuel cells, batteries, temperature/pressure/
gas sensors, sealing glasses, and other interconnect or metallizations. ESL meets customers’
challenges with off-the-shelf products or custom
formulations, including scale up from laboratory
and pilot-scale to high-volume production.
[email protected] |
www.electroscience.com
Ph: 610-272-8000 | Fax: 610-272-8000
Evans Analytical Group
Booth No. 313
Evans Analytical Group (EAG) is the global leader
in materials characterization for ceramics and
other advanced materials. We specialize in measurement of material composition, purity, contaminant levels, and crystal structure, etc., using
advanced analytical techniques, such as GDMS,
ICPMS, SEM, TEM, XRD, XRF, XPS, SIMS, Auger,
and FTIR. EAG provides fast turn-around time,
superior data quality, and excellent results, with
ISO 9001 and 17025 certification. EAG has more
than 15 locations in the US, Asia, and Europe.
[email protected] | www.eaglabs.com
Ph: 408-530-3500 | Fax: 408-530-3501
Fuelcellmaterials.com
Booth No. 115
Fuelcellmaterials.com is the premier resource
for solid oxide fuel cell powders, materials,
components, test fixtures, and fabrication aids.
Fuelcellmaterials.com focuses its efforts on delivering high-quality products with a high level of
customer service and support.
[email protected] |
www.fuelcellmaterials.com
Ph: 614-635-2025 | Fax: 614-842-6607
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Gasbarre Products/PTX-Pentronix
Booth No. 307
Manufacturers of powder compaction presses,
tooling, and industrial furnaces. Product lines
include Gasbarre mechanical presses, Best
hydraulic presses, PTX Pentronix presses and
loaders, Simac dry bag CIP, Sinterite furnaces, CI
Hayes furnaces, and JL Becker furnaces. Each
equipment design is specially tailored to the
specific application for the optimuim performance
and value.
[email protected] |
www.gasbarre.com
Ph: 814-371-3015 | Fax: 814-371-6387
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GE Aviation
Booth No. 103
GE Aviation is the world's leading producer of
large and small jet engines for commercial and
military aircraft. We also supply aircraft-derived
engines for marine applications and provide aviation services. GE Aviation's technological excellence, supported by continuing substantial investments in research and development, has been
the foundation of growth and helps to ensure
quality products for customers.
[email protected] |
www.geaviation.com/
Ph: 513-243-0788
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H.C. Starck Inc.
Booth No. 305
www.hcstarck.com
EXPO PREVIEW
Haiku Tech Inc.
Booth No. 320
Haiku Tech specializes in materials, equipment,
and solutions for the manufacturing of electronic
passive components, including dielectric powders, binders, tape formulations services, tape
casters, sheet blankers, mechanical punches,
screen printers, stackers, isostatic laminators,
chip dicers, termination equipment, tape and reel,
optical dilatometers, and visual inspection equipment.
[email protected] | www.haikutech.com
Ph: 305-463-9304 | Fax: 305-463-8751
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Harper International
Booth No. 326
Harper International is a global leader in the
design of complete thermal processing solutions and technical services for the production of
advanced materials, including custom-designed
rotary, pusher, and belt conveyor furnaces. Our
experience spans a range of engineering ceramics, including designing for the production of
silicon nitride, tungsten carbide, boron nitride,
and aluminas. Harper kilns are widely used to
calcine powders and sinter components, such as
thermistors, varistors, and monolithic and multilayer capacitors.
[email protected] | www.harperintl.com
Ph: 716-684-7400 | Fax: 716-684-7405
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Booth No. 200
Harrop designs and manufactures a complete
line of continuous and periodic tape casters, dryers, burn-off ovens, and kilns to produce ceramic
products for laboratory, pilot plant, and industrial
applications. Heat sources can be electric or
gas-fired. Microwave-assisted heating is available. Provides thermal analysis lab services and
toll firing.
[email protected] |
www.harropusa.com
Ph: 614-231-3621 |Fax: 614-235-3699
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Heraeus Thick Film Division
Booth No. 225
Heraeus Precious Metals, Thick Film Division, is
a worldwide supplier of thick film pastes, LTCC
materials and precious metal powders to the
hybrid microelectronics industry. Heraeus Thick
Film Division has developed a series of pastes for
the manufacture of solid oxide fuel cells. Heraeus
also offers paste optimization and toll manufacturing services for those companies that prefer proprietary control of their inorganic formulations.
[email protected] | www.thickfilm.net
Ph: 610-825-6050 | Fax: 610-825-7061
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Innovnano - Advanced Materials S.A.
Booth No. 117
From its state-of-the-art Manufacturing
Technology Centre, in Coimbra, Portugal,
Innovnano produces industrial quantities of highperformance nanostructured ceramic powders
and products. Applications include thermal
barrier coatings, high-surface-area catalysts,
structural engineering components, orthopaedic
and dental applications, selective gas sensors,
solid oxide fuel cells, scratch-resistent transparent coatings, and sputter targets. Innovnano
has an extensive network of technology partners
in Europe and the USA, and are open to collaborative partnerships with other organizations.
Our ceramic powders offer lower-cost processing routes for manufacturers to achieve higher
performing ceramic products, coatings, and
intermediates.
[email protected] |
www.innovnano.pt
+351 21 00 58 600
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Harrop Industries Inc.
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handle most solid particles suspended in a liquid or paste and produce particles down to the
submicron or nanoparticle range in the tightest
particle size distributions.
[email protected] |
www.hockmeyer.com
Ph: 252-562-3110 | Fax: 252-338-6540
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Keith Co.
Booth No. 322
Lab- and production-scale furnace systems for
processing advanced ceramics and specialty
metals. Batch, continuous, electric, or gas-heated
furnaces for the most exacting heat-processing
applications. Experienced in processing
nanoscale, glass, and rechargeable battery
materials, for solar, SOFC, piezoelectric actuator,
capacitor, thermistor, and oxide ceramic applications. For 54 years, Keith has served the aerospace, automotive, ceramics, electronics, energy,
and medical industries with precision heating
furnaces often integrated with automation and
digital process control.
[email protected] |
www.keithcompany.com
Ph: 800-545-4567 | Fax: 562-949-3696
Booth No. 323
Linseis manufactures thermal analysis instruments including DTA, TGA, STA, DSC, dilatometry, xenon flash and laser flash thermal conductivity systems, and Seebeck coefficient/electrical
resistivity instruments.
[email protected] | www.linseis.com
Ph: 609-223-2070 | Fax: 609-223-2074
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Maney Publishing
Booth No. 101
Maney delivers a personalized service to authors,
societies, readers, and libraries for the publishing
and international dissemination of high-quality,
peer-reviewed scholarly research. Specializing in
print and electronic journal publishing, Maney is
committed to technical and editorial innovation
combined with traditional values of quality and
collaboration. Maney publishes an impressive
collection of highly regarded, peer-reviewed journals covering niche and general topics in materials science and engineering. Coverage ranges
from fundamental research to engineering application and from the extraction and refining of
minerals to the characterization, processing, and
fabrication of materials and their performance in
service.
[email protected] |
www.maneypublishing.com
Ph: +44 (0)113 243 2800 |
Fax: +44 (0)113 386 8178
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MEL Chemicals
Booth No. 315
MEL Chemicals is a global manufacturer
and supplier of high-quality zirconium-based
chemicals. Product range includes doped and
undoped zirconias, including ready-to-press yttria
and magnesia doped, for advanced ceramic
applications in structural, dental, medical, sensors, SOFC, and catalysis. MEL also offers a
range of tin oxides for ceramic and advanced
applications.
[email protected] |
www.zrchem.com
Ph: 908-782-5800 | Fax: 908-782-8378
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Microtrac
Booth No. 400
The S3500 line of particle size analyzers, providing the broadest size range with compact design
from 0.02 to 3,000 microns. Features rapid wet
to dry conversion, advanced Flex software, small
footprint, Turbotrac dry feeder. The Nanotrac and
Zetatrac Dynamic Light Scatter units for nanometer sizing and zeta potential, the Ultra for low concentration <20 nm applications. New Blue Laser
Technology (“Bluewave”) next generation is here.
Imaging and surface area NMR technology.
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Hockmeyer Equipment Corp.
Booth No. 324
Hockmeyer Equipment Corp., is the leading
supplier of grinding and dispersion equipment
with viscosity ranges up to 2 million cps. The
Hockmeyer Immersion Milling Technology can
Linseis Inc.
47
ICACC’13
NIST
MTI Corp
Booth No. 214
Since1995 MTI has been providing a total solution for materials research labs, such as crystal
substrates, cutter, polisher, high-temperature
box/tube furnaces, pressing machine, CIP, film
coaters, glove boxes, high-vacuum system, RTP,
CVD, PVD furnaces, multichannel gas-mixing
system as well as compact XRD and equipment
for battery research.
[email protected] | www.mtixtl.com
Ph: 510-525-3070 | Fax: 510-525-4705
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Nabertherm
Booth No. 303
Nabertherm supplies furnaces globally with
all manufacturing completed at our facilities in
Lilienthal, Germany. The extensive product range
supports many diverse markets and integrates
excellent build quality, professional logistics, and
reasonable pricing throughout the world. In addition, Nabertherm designs and manufactures furnaces for further efficient process scale up from
research projects to full-scale production.
[email protected] |
www.nabertherm.com
Ph: 302-322-3665 | Fax: 302-322-3215
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Netzsch Instruments N.A. LLC
Booth No. 201
Thermal analysis, thermal properties, calorimetry,
and contract testing services; DSC, DTA, TGA, STA
(simultaneous DSC/DTA-TGA) from cryogenic to
+2,400°C, evolved-gas analysis by coupled FTIR
and MS and GC-MS, specific heat measurement,
Dilatometers for thermal expansion, thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity by laser flash method
from cryo to +2,800°C, DMA, TMA, DEA for in-situ
thermoset cure monitoring, and adiabatic reaction
calorimeters to measure thermal and pressure
properties of chemical reactions.
[email protected] |
www.netzsch-thermal-analysis.com
Ph: 781-272-5353
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New Lenox Machine Co.
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Booth No. 306
New Lenox Ordnance manufactures specialty
projectiles for the Army and testing laboratories.
We develop and manufacture the NLMC Powder
Breech System, ranging from 5.56 mm to 40 mm
and manufacture a 30 mm system capable of
launching 20 mm FSP’s at more than 5,000 FPS.
[email protected] |
www.newlenoxordnance.com
Ph: 815-584-4866 | Fax: 815-584-4877
Booth No. 111, 113
NIST Standard Reference Materials supports
accurate/compatible measurements by certifying
and providing more than 1,300 SRMs with wellcharacterized composition or properties, or both.
SRMs are used to perform instrument calibrations
as part of quality assurance, accuracy of specific
measurements, and support new measurement
methods. Standard Reference Data provides
well-documented numeric data to scientists and
engineers for use in technical problem-solving,
research, and development. The calibration
services are designed to help in achieving high
levels of measurements.
[email protected] | www.nist.gov/srm
Ph: 301-975-3774 | Fax: 301-926-0416
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Oxy-Gon Industries Inc.
Booth No. 300
Oxy-Gon is a manufacturer of standard and custom design vacuum/controlled atmosphere furnaces for demanding research and manufacturing requirements. We offer a full array of furnace
configurations with emphasis on high-temperature
and high-vacuum capability. Applications include
ceramic studies, sintering, tensile testing, hot
press, brazing, gas purification, and many more.
[email protected] | www.oxy-gon.com
Ph: 603-736-8422 | Fax: 603-736-8734
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Powder Processing & Technology LLC
Booth No. 204
PPT performs custom contract manufacturing on
a wide range of ceramic materials. We have an
extensive line of ready-to-press ferrite powders for
inductive and EMI shielding applications. Typical
processing services we provide include batching,
blending, calcining, wet and dry milling, spray drying, sintering, and screen classification. The company has a fully equipped pilot plant and multiple
production areas.
[email protected] |
www.pptechnology.com
Ph: 219-462-4141 X224 | Fax: 219 462 0376
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PremaTech Advanced Ceramics
Booth No. 207
PremaTech Advanced Ceramics designs, engineers, machines, grinds, laps, and polishes basic
and complex components made of advanced
ceramics and other ultrahard materials. For more
than 30 years, PremaTech has been an industry
leader in ceramic machining and polishing, with
special expertise in silicon carbide. We are ISO
9001 certified. Let us develop a solution for your
most challenging application.
[email protected] |
www.prematechac.com
Ph: 508-791-9549 | Fax: 508-793-9814
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Quantachrome Instruments
Booth No. 224
State-of-the-art lab equipment for characterizing porous materials and powders. Surface
area (B.E.T), pore-size distributions (950 micron
down to sub nanometer), density, water vapor
48
sorption (DVS), zeta potential, through-pore size
(porometry). Since 1968. Expert analysis lab, too—
“LabQMC.”
[email protected] |
www.quantachrome.com
Ph: 561-731-4999 | Fax: 301-926-0416
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Sonoscan Inc.
Booth No. 221
Sonoscan manufactures and develops acoustic
microscope (AM) systems to nondestructively
inspect and analyze materials, subassemblies, and
products. Our leading edge C-SAM systems provide unmatched accuracy and robustness for the
inspection of products for hidden internal defects,
such as poor bonding, delaminations, cracks, and
voids. In addition, Sonoscan offers analytical services through regional testing laboratories in the USA,
Asia, and Europe, plus educational workshops for
all levels of users of AM technology.
[email protected] | www.sonoscan.com
Ph: 847-437-6400 | Fax: 847-437-1550
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Swindell Dressler International
Booth No. 302
Established in 1912, Swindell Dressler engineers,
designs, and constructs shuttle, bell, electric,
roller hearth, and tunnel kilns for the ceramics and
carbon industries. The company also offers carmoving equipment, such as transfer cars, haulages and pusher systems.
[email protected] |
swindelldressler.com
Ph: 412-788-7100 | Fax: 412-788-7110
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TA Instruments
Booth No. 107
Visit TA Instruments for innovative technology for
thermal analysis, rheology, microcalorimetry, and
thermophysical property measurements of polymers, ceramics, metals, and more. We now offer a
complete line of tools for measurements of thermal
diffusivity by the flash method, thermal conductivity and dilatometry for materials from -150°C to
2,800°C.
[email protected] |
www.tainstruments.com
Ph: 302-427-4000 | Fax: 302-427-4001
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Team by Sacmi—Laeis GmbH
Booth No. 325
Team by Sacmi, an alliance of the Sacmi group
companies Laeis (Luxembourg), Riedhammer,
Sama and Alpha Ceramics (all Germany), offers
cutting edge technology for all steps of advanced
ceramics production. The scope of supply covers R&D, process development and optimization,
material preparation technologies, various shaping technologies, and thermal treatment for all
types of advanced ceramics.
[email protected] | www.sacmi-team.com
Ph: +352 27612 210
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TevTech LLC
Booth No. 317
TevTech provides custom-designed high-
EXPO PREVIEW
temperature vacuum furnace systems. TevTech
furnace solutions provide our customers with new
"materials" that open new markets or provide for
improved process control leading to higher-quality
materials. TevTech's engineers can fulfill your
process requirements by internally designing your
high-temperature vacuum furnace system. TevTech
engineers can provide support for your hightemperature vacuum furnace system with detailed
training on field maintenance, process enhancements, or system control upgrades.
[email protected] | http://tevtechllc.com
Ph: 978-667-4557 | Fax: 978-667-4554
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Thermal Wave Imaging
Booth No. 216
Thermal Wave Imaging (TWI) is the leading
innovator and provider of state-of-the-art thermographic NDT (nondestructive testing) solutions
ranging from low-cost portable systems for field
applications to highly sophisticated automated
inspection equipment for manufacturing/QA. Our
COTS (commercially off the shelf) equipment,
custom turnkey solutions, and testing and evaluation services are designed to meet critical needs
of aerospace, power generation and automotive
OEMs and suppliers
[email protected] |
www.thermalwave.com
Ph: 248-414-3730 | Fax: 248-414-3764
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Thermaltek Inc.
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Booth No. 414
Thermaltek designs and manufactures hightemperature electric and gas heating equipment
for ceramic applications up to 1,800°C. Designs
include box, elevator, top hat, tube, and crucible
furnaces. Thermaltek also manufactures metallic
resistance heating elements and provides other
types of elements for industrial heating applications. Typical applications are technical ceramics,
electronics, fuel cells, optical fibers, calcining,
glass, and crystal growing.
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UCM Advanced Ceramics GmbH
Booth No. 226
UCM Advanced Ceramics GmbH, part of the
muti-national Imerys Group, is one of the major
manufacturers of submicron zirconia powders for
engineering ceramics. The purpose-built manufacturing facility is in Laufenburg, Germany. The
company offers a wide range of stabilized and
unstabilized zirconia powders for structural and
functional applications.
[email protected]
Ph: +44(0)7836 50 59 58
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Union Process Inc.
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Booth No. 410
Original inventor of the attritor grinding/dispersing
mill and the DMQX-series horizontal bead milling
system. Union Process manufactures a broad line
of particle-size reduction equipment, such as wet
and dry grinding attritors and small media mills, in
laboratory and production sizes. We also offer a
wide assortment of grinding media and provide
toll milling and refurbishing services in addition to
particle characterization and lab testing services.
[email protected] |
www.unionprocess.com
Ph: 330-929-3333 | Fax: 330-929-3034
Vision Research
Booth No. 404
Vision Research designs and manufactures highspeed digital imaging systems used in applications
including defense, automotive, engineering, science, medical research, industrial manufacturing
and packaging, sports and entertainment, and
digital cinematography for television and movie
production. Vision Research digital high-speed
cameras add a new dimension to the sense of
sight, allowing the user to see details of an event
when it’s too fast to see, and too important not to.
[email protected] |
www.visionresearch.com
Ph: 973-696-4500 | Fax: 973-696-0560
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Zircar Ceramics Inc.
Booth No. 412
Zircar Ceramics Inc. manufactures high-temperature fibrous ceramic materials and related refractory, heating and insulating products. Our broad
product range includes alumina, alumina–silica
and other refractory oxide fiber materials, heating
elements, plus furnace insulation custom assemblies and accessories. We offer only the highestquality products in a wide variety of forms,
shapes, and sizes. Besides our standard product
line, we custom manufacture many one-of-a-kind
products to satisfy customers’ unique needs,
including furnace insulation, heating components,
and high-temperature systems.
[email protected] |
www.zircarceramics.com
Ph: 845-651-6600 | Fax: 845-651-0441
Cements Division Annual Meeting
SAVE THE DATE
July 8-10, 2013
University of Illinois at
Urbana-Champaign
Urbana-Champaign, Illinois
USA
www.ceramics.org/cements2013
49
DoubleTree by Hilton Orlando at Sea World | Orlando, Fla., USA | Jan. 23 – 25, 2013
electronic materials and
applications 2013
www.ceramics.org/ema2013
Organizing COmmittee
Quanxi Jia, Electronics Division
Los Alamos National Laboratory
[email protected]
Jia
Bryan Huey, Basic Science Division
University of Connecticut
[email protected]
Show Highlights
– Plenary Speakers
– Schedule of events
– Symposia Schedule
– networking Opportunities
– Hotel information
PrOgram Overview
Huey
Timothy Haugan, Electronics Division
Air Force Research Laboratory
[email protected]
Haugan
2013 DiviSiOn OffiCerS
Basic Science Division Officers
Chair: Jian Luo
Chair-Elect: Wayne Kaplan
Vice Chair: Eduardo Saiz
Secretary: Bryan Huey
Programming Chairs: Bryan Huey and Adam Scotch
Electronics Division Officers
Trustee: Dwight Viehland
Chair: Quanxi Jia
Chair-Elect: Steven Tidrow
Vice Chair: Timothy Haugan
Secretary: Haiyan Wang
Secretary-Elect: Geoffrey Brennecka
Programming Chairs: Quanxi Jia and Tim Haugan
50
Featuring an expanded technical program with a record number
of presentations, Electronic Materials and Applications 2013 is
jointly programmed by the Electronics and the Basic Science
Divisions of The American Ceramic Society. The fourth in this series of annual international meetings, the 2013 meeting encompasses energy generation and storage, photovoltaics and LEDs,
MEMS/NEMS, superconductors, thermoelectrics, data storage,
sensors, actuators, and other functional and nanostructured
materials. The meeting will provide leaders and experts in the
field of electronic ceramics the opportunity to discuss fundamental and technological challenges in these areas.
The technical program will include invited lectures, contributed
papers, poster presentations, and roundtables on emerging topics. Naturally, participants include an international mix of industrial, university, and federal laboratory organizers and researchers. For students, there also is the opportunity to participate in a
special student-run symposium.
We are pleased to provide this opportunity to focus on electronic materials and applications in 2013, building on the previous
success of this conference series as well as the ever-expanding
network of scientists in this field. With a continuing goal of
fostering interconnections and collaborations, we expect this
meeting will facilitate the presentation and development of new
ideas crucial for future electronic materials, with ultimate applications ranging from consumer devices to solutions to grand
challenges. Please join us in Orlando in January for this unique
experience.
PlenAry SPeAkerS
January 23 | 8:30 – 9:30 a.m.
Ramamoorthy Ramesh,, Purnendu Chatterjee
Chair Professor, Materials Science/Physics, University of California, Berkeley
Title: Pulsed Laser Deposition: God’s Gift to
Complex Oxides Creating New States of Matter with
Oxide Heteroepitaxy
Biography: Ramesh graduated from the University of California,
Berkeley with a PhD in 1987. Previously, he was Distinguished
University Professor at the University of Maryland College Park.
From 1989 to1995, at Bellcore, he initiated research in several
key areas of oxide electronics, including ferroelectric nonvolatile
memories. His landmark contributions in ferroelectrics came
through the recognition that conducting oxide electrodes are
the solution to the problem of polarization fatigue, which, for
30 years, were an enigma and unsolved problem. His current
research interests include thermoelectric and photovoltaic energy
conversion in complex oxide heterostructures. He has published
extensively on the synthesis and materials physics of complex
oxide materials. He received the Humboldt Senior Scientist
Prize and Fellowship to the American Physical Society (2001).
In 2005, he was elected a Fellow of American Association for
the Advancement of Science and was awarded the David Adler
Lectureship of the American Physical Society. In 2007, he was
awarded the Materials Research Society David Turnbull Lectureship Award.In 2009, he was elected Fellow of MRS and received
the 2010 APS McGroddy New Materials Prize. From December
2010 to August 2012 he served as the founding director of the
SunShot Initiative at the Department of Energy, overseeing and
coordinating the R&D activities of the US Solar Program. In 2011,
he was elected to the National Academy of Engineering.
January 24 | 8:30 – 9:30 a.m.
Rainer Waser, Program Manager, Air Force Office
of Scientific Research, and Director, Institute of
Solid State Research (IFF) at the HGF Research
Center, Jülich, Germany
Switches
Title: Complexity at Work—Nanoionic Memristive
Biography: Waser received his PhD in physical chemistry at the
University of Darmstadt in 1984, and he worked at the Philips
Research Laboratory, Aachen, until he was appointed professor on the faculty for Electrical Engineering and Information
Technology of the RWTH Aachen University in 1992. Waser
became director of the Institute for Electronic Materials at the
Forschungszentrum Jülich in 1997. Waser is a member of the
Emerging Research Devices working group of the ITRS, and he
has been collaborating with major semiconductor industries in
Europe, the US, and the Far East. Since 2002, he has been the
coordinator of the research program on nanoelectronic systems
within the German national research centers in the Helmholtz
Association. In 2007, he cofounded the Jülich-Aachen Research
Alliance, section Fundamentals of Future Information Technology
(JARA-FIT). Together with Professor Wuttig, he heads a collaborative research center on resistively switching chalcogenides
for future electronics (SFB 917), which comprises 14 institutes
within JARA-FIT and has been funded by the German Research
Foundation (DFG) since 2011.
January 25 | 8:30 – 9:30 a.m.
Kitt Reinhardt, Program Manager, Air Force Office
of Scientific Research
Title: Material Science and Device Physics
Challenges for Near-Real-Time Adaptive Monolithic
Multimodal Sensing
Biography: Reinhardt holds a BS and MS in electrical engineering from the State University of New York at Buffalo (1986, 1988).
He earned a doctorate degree in Engineering Physics from
the Air Force Institute of Technology in 1994 for experimental
research in high-energy space radiation interactions with surface
and bulk electronic defects and junction current transport phenomena in GaInP p/n junctions. Reinhardt joined the Air Force
Research Laboratory in 1988 to research sub-micrometer GaAs
X-band microwave device and circuit design. Physics-based
modeling, simulation, and characterization of GaAs, GaAs/Ge,
and GaInP/GaA/Ge p/n solar cells soon followed, before turning
to electrical defect studies in diamond and SiC materials important for high-temperature power device applications. Returning
to solar cells in the late 1990s, Reinhardt fostered a series of innovative multijunction solar cell research programs with industry
and academia that ultimately resulted in today’s world-record
30-percent efficient triple-junction GaInP/GaAs/Ge solar cells.
This solar cell design is used currently on all Air Force and most
commercial satellites launched today. For this contribution, Reinhardt and his AFRL research group was inducted into the Space
Technology Hall of Fame in 2004. He received a Rotary National
Stellar Award for Space Achievement in 2000 and led a definitive National Research Council study on NASA’s Solar Power
Program in 2001. Reinhardt was detailed to NASA GSFC in 2002
to coordinate collaborative research in remote sensing, power
generation, and radiation-hardened electronics. He returned in
2003 to lead AFRL’s electronics space-radiation effects group
employing in-house γ- and X-ray sources, 3D-poisson solver
predictive tools, and ab-initio and density-functional modeling
methods. In 2005, Reinhardt rotated to the Air Force Office of
Scientific Research to establish a new basic research portfolio
to address key solid-state materials science and device physics
challenges preventing developments in adaptive monolithically
integrated mixed-mode optical and infrared sensing.
51
electronic materials and
applications 2013
DoubleTree by Hilton Orlando at Sea World
Orlando, Fla., USA | Jan. 23–25, 2013
SymPOSia SCHeDule
Date
S1: Functional and Multifunctional Electroceramics
Material Applications, Including Energy Storage, Conversion, and Harvesting
Piezoelectric and Pb-Free Piezoelectric Materials, Devices, and Applications I
Piezoelectric and Pb-Free Piezoelectric Materials, Devices, and Applications II
Integrated Homoepitaxial, Hetroepitaxial Single, and Multilayer Films and
Device Structures
Piezoelectrics and Characterization of Materials and Interfaces as well as Electrical,
Mechanical, Electromechanical, and Other Material Properties
Time
Jan. 23
Jan. 24
Jan. 24
Jan. 25
2:00 – 5:30 p.m.
10:00 a.m. – 12:30 p.m.
2:00 – 5:30 p.m.
10:00 a.m. – 12:30 p.m.
Jan. 25
2:00 – 5:00 p.m.
S2: Multiferroic Materials and Multilayer Ferroic Heterostructures: Properties and Applications
Interfaces, Domain Phenomena, and Transport
Jan. 23
Theory and Modeling
Jan. 24
Advanced Materials Synthesis and Characterization I
Jan. 24
Advanced Materials Synthesis and Characterization II
Jan. 25
Properties and Device Applications
Jan. 25
2:00 – 5:00 p.m.
10:00 a.m. – 12:15 p.m.
2:00 – 5:15 p.m.
10:00 a.m. – 12:30 p.m.
2:00 – 4:00 p.m.
S3: Structure of Emerging Perovskite Oxides: Bridging Length Scales and Unifying Experiment and Theory
Session 1
Jan. 23
10:00 a.m. – 12:30 p.m.
Session 2
Jan. 23
2:00 – 5:30 p.m.
Session 3
Jan. 24
10:00 – 10:30 a.m.
S4: LEDs and Photovoltaics—Beyond the Light: Common Challenges and Opportunitites
LEDs and Photovoltaics
Jan. 24
10:00 a.m. – 1:10 p.m.
S5: Structure and Properties of Interfaces in Electronic Materials
Grain-Boundary Structure-Dependent Properties
Transport, Structure, and Composition of Interfaces
Jan. 23
Jan. 23
10:00 a.m. – 12:30 p.m.
2:00 – 4:00 p.m.
S6: Thermoelectrics: Defect Chemistry, Doping, and Nanoscale Effects
Applications and Non-Oxide Thermoelectrics
Oxide Thermoelectrics I
Oxide Thermoelectrics II
Jan. 24
Jan. 24
Jan. 25
10:30 a.m. – 12:30 p.m.
2:00 – 5:00 p.m.
10:00 a.m. – Noon
S7: Production-Quality Ferroelectric Thin Films and Devices
Production-Quality Ferroelectric Thin Films and Devices
Jan. 25
4:00 – 5:30 p.m.
S8: Advances in Memory Devices
Fundamentals and Reliability
Jan. 23
10:00 a.m. – 12:30 p.m.
S9: Thin-Film Integration and Processing Science
Controlling Phase Assemblage and Stoichiometry I
In-Situ Characterization and Novel Processing
Epitaxial Growth and Strain Engineering
Novel Substrates
Controlling Phase Assemblage and Stoichiometry II
Jan. 24
Jan. 24
Jan. 25
Jan. 25
Jan. 25
2:00 – 4:00 p.m.
4:00 – 5:30 p.m.
10:00 a.m. – 12:15 p.m.
2:00 – 4:00 p.m.
4:00 – 5:30 p.m.
S10: Ceramic Composites for Defense Applications
Nanocomposites
Piezocomposites/Extreme Environments
Jan. 25
Jan. 25
2:00 – 4:00 p.m.
4:00 – 5:30 p.m.
52
SymPOSia SCHeDule
Date
Time
S11: Sustainable, Low Critical Material Use and Green Materials Processing Technologies
Materials for Sustainability: Optmized Material Choice and Performance for Low
Jan. 23
Critical Materials Use
4:30 – 5:30 p.m.
S12: Recent Developments in High-Temperature Superconductivity
YBCO Coated Conductors I-Processing
YBCO Coated Conductors II-Pinning
Superconductor Applications I: High-Field Magnet Development and Technologies
New Superconductors and MgB2 I—Processing and Pinning
New Superconductors and MgB2 II—Wires and Devices
Superconductor Applications II—Large-Scale and Hybrid Energy Storage and
Machine Technologies
Jan. 23
Jan. 23
Jan. 24
Jan. 24
Jan. 25
Jan. 25
10:00 a.m. – 12:30 p.m.
2:00 – 5:15 p.m
10:00 a.m. – 12:15 p.m.
2:00 – 6:00 p.m.
10:00 a.m. – 12:30 p.m.
2:00 – 4:30 p.m.
S13: Body Energy Harvesting for Intelligent Systems
Body Energy Harvesting
Jan. 25
4:30 – 5:30 p.m.
S14: Nanoscale Electronic Materials and Devices
Nanoscale Electronic Materials and Devices
Jan. 23
10:00 – 11:30 a.m.
S15: Failure: The Greatest Teacher
Failure: The Greatest Teacher
Jan. 23
8:00 – 9:00 p.m.
S16: Highlights of Student Research in Basic Science and Electronic Ceramics
Highlights of Student Research
Jan. 23
12:15 – 1:00 p.m.
ScHeDUle
MUST-ATTenD eVenTS
Wednesday, Jan. 23, 2013
Renew acquaintances and get to know new faces within the EMA
community during the welcome reception and poster session
Wednesday from 5:30 p.m. to 7:30 p.m. All conference attendees
are invited and encouraged to attend the conference dinner that
will be held on Thursday from 7 p.m. to 9 p.m. If you are a student,
please plan to attend the Highlights of Student Research in Basic
Science and Electronic Ceramics symposium Monday. This symposium will showcase primarily undergraduate as well as graduate
research to encourage innovation and involvement of students
throughout the ceramics community.
Registration
Welcome and Opening Remarks
Plenary Session I
Concurrent Technical Sessions
Poster Session & Welcome Reception
7:30 a.m. – 6:00 p.m.
8:30 – 8:45 a.m.
8:45 – 9:30 a.m.
10:00 a.m. – 12:30 p.m.
2:00 – 5:30 p.m.
5:30 – 7:30 p.m.
Thursday, Jan. 24, 2013
Registration
Plenary Session II
Conference Dinner
7:30 a.m. – 5:30 p.m.
8:30 – 9:30 a.m.
10:00 – 12:30 p.m.
2:00 – 5:30 p.m.
7:00 – 9:00 p.m.
enJOy OrlAnDO
ACerS has partnered with Orlando Convention Aid to help you
make the most of your time in Orlando. Visit www.ceramics.org/
ema2013, for discounts and coupons to restaurants, golf courses,
attractions, nightlife spots, shopping areas, and more.
Friday, Jan. 25, 2013
os
ies
an
di
a
S
10100 International Drive, Orlando, FL 32821
Ph: 407-352-1100 | 800-327-0363 | Fax: 407-352-2632
log
DoubleTree by Hilton Orlando at Sea World
grated Nanote
nte
ch
rI
no
HOtel infOrmatiOn
THAnkS TO SPOnSOrS
a
Al
Los
m
7:30 a.m. – 5:00 p.m.
8:30 – 9:30 a.m.
10:00 a.m. – 5:30 p.m.
Cen
ter
fo
Registration
Plenary Session III
Rate: Contact the hotel for availability
53
RegisteR Now! save $150 through August 5th
13th Biennial Worldwide Congress on Refractories
Unitecr 2013
Hosted by:
The Unified International Technical Conference on Refractories
September 10–13, 2013 | The Fairmont Empress and Victoria Conference Centre | Victoria, BC, Canada
www.unitecr2013.org
About UNITECR
The Unified International Technical Conference on
Refractories is a biennial international conference
that contributes to the progress and exchange of
industrial knowledge and technologies concerning refractories. UNITECR’13 is designed for
manufacturers, scientists, engineers, and industry
professionals interested in the science, production, and application of refractory materials.
Attendees are involved in materials development,
formulation, production, and engineering of refractories for ferrous/non-ferrous metal industries
as well as the minerals processing, glass, cement,
and petrochemical industries.
UNITECR 2013 President
Keynote Speaker
Louis J. Trostel Jr.
Gilles Michel
Ceramic Concepts
Princeton, Ma. USA
Chairman and
Chief Executive Officer
Imerys
Plenary Speakers
North American UNITECR Committee
Tom Vert
Jeff Smith, Missouri University of Science and
Technology
Nancy Bunt, Kerneos Inc.
Dana Goski, Allied Mineral Products Inc.
Michael L. Alexander, Riverside Refractories Inc.
General Manager
Primary Manufacturing
ArcelorMittal Dofasco
Hotel/Travel
The Fairmont Empress
721 Government Street, Victoria, BC Canada
Phone: +1 250-384-8111
Rates
Single/Double: $259 CAD, plus tax
Deluxe Single/Double: $279 CAD, plus tax
Cut Off Date August 19, 2013
Charles E. Semler
President/Consultant
Semler Materials Services
2013 Officers
Louis J. Trostel Jr., President
Dana Goski, Technical Program Chair
Rob Crolius, Treasurer
Nancy Bunt, Social Program Chair
Sponsors
RefractoryCeramicsDivision
The American
Ceramic Society
THE REFRACTORIES INSTITUTE
RefractoryCeramicsDivision
The American
Ceramic Society
54
www.unitecr2013.org
The technical program covers:
· Advanced Testing of Refractories
Co-Chairs: Len Krietz, Plibrico Co., USA, and Nigel
Longshaw, Ceram Research Ltd., UK
· Global Education in Refractories
Co-Chairs: George Oprea, University of British Columbia, Canada,
and Yawei Li, Wuhan Univeristy of Science and Technology, China
· Advanced Installation Techniques & Equipment
Co-Chairs: Jim Stendera, Vesuvius, USA, and Hirohide Okuno, Taiko
Refractories Co. Ltd., Japan
· Refractories for Non-ferrous Metallurgy
Co-Chairs: Rick Volk, United Refractories Co., USA, and Angela
Rodrigues-Schroer, Minteq, USA
· Monolithic Refractories
Co-Chairs: Dale Zacherl, Almatis, USA, and Goutam Bhattacharya,
Kerneos, India
· Safety, Environmental Issues, & Recycling Solutions for
Refractories
Co-Chairs: Jason Canon, The Christy Refractories Co., USA, and
Leonardo Curimbaba Ferreira, US Electrofused Minerals/Electro
Abrasives, USA/Brazil
· Iron & Steel Making Refractories
Co-Chairs: Mike Alexander, Riverside Refractories, USA, and Patrick
Tassot, Calderys, Germany
· Raw Materials Developments & Global Raw Material Issues
Co-Chairs: Shane Bower, Christy Minerals LLC, USA, and Phil
Edwards, Imerys, France
· Refractories for Glass
Co-Chairs: M.D. Patil, Corning Inc., USA, and Adam Wisley, Kopp
Glass, USA
· Cement & Lime Refractories
Co-Chairs: Fielding Cloer, Spar Inc., USA, and Swapan Das, Central
Glass & Ceramic Research Institute, India
· Modeling and Simulation of Refractories
Co-Chairs: Bill Headrick, Morco, USA, and Harald Harmuth,
Montanuniversität Leoben, Austria
· Petrochemical
Co-Chairs: Don McIntyre, ANH Refractories Co., USA, and Ken
Moody, Refractory System Solutions, USA
· Refractories for Waste to Energy Processing & Power
Co-Chairs: Ben Markel, Resco Products, USA, and Andy Wynn,
Morgan Ceramics, China
· Energy Savings through Refractory Design
Co-Chairs: James Hemrick, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, USA,
and Valeriy Martynenko, Ukrainian Research Institute of
Refractories
· Non-oxide Refractory Systems
Co-Chairs: Dave Derwin, Superior Graphite, USA, and Marcus
Vinicius Moraes Magliano, Saint-Gobain, Brazil
· Refractories for Chemical Processes
Co-Chairs: James Bennett, National Energy Technology Laboratory,
USA, and Matthias Rath, Rath, Austria
· Developments in Basic Refractories
Co-Chairs: Dominick Colavito, Minteq International Inc., USA, and
Andrie Garbers-Craig, Univeristy of Pretoria, South Africa
Schedule at a Glance
Monday – September 9, 2013
ISO General & Sections Meetings
TBA
Tuesday, September 10, 2013
ASTM Meeting
FIRE Corrosion Short Course
FIRE Castable Short Course
Conference Registration
UNITECR International Executive Board Meeting
Welcome Reception
8:00 a.m. – 3:00 p.m.
8:00 a.m. – 5:00 p.m.
8:00 a.m. – 5:00 p.m.
Noon – 6:30 p.m.
3:00 p.m. – 5:00 p.m.
7:00 p.m. – 10:00 p.m.
Wednesday, September 11, 2013
Registration
Wednesday Speakers’ Breakfast
Opening Session/Keynote
Exhibits
Lunch
ACerS’s Refractory Ceramics Division
Young Professionals Event (invitation only)
7:00 a.m. – 5:00 p.m.
7:00 a.m. – 8:00 a.m.
8:40 a.m. – 10:00 a.m.
9:30 a.m. – 6:00 p.m.
10:40 a.m. – Noon
Noon – 1:40 p.m.
1:40 p.m. – 6:00 p.m.
5:30 p.m. – 6:30 p.m.
Thursday, September 12, 2013
Registration
Thursday Speakers’ Breakfast
Exhibitor’s Breakfast
Plenary Speaker
Exhibits
Lunch
Conference Dinner
7:00 a.m. – 5:00 p.m.
7:00 a.m. – 8:00 a.m.
7:00 a.m. – 8:00 a.m.
8:10 a.m. – 9:00 a.m.
9:10 a.m. – Noon
9:30 a.m. – 3:00 p.m.
Noon – 1:40 p.m.
1:40 p.m. – 6:10 p.m.
7:00 p.m. – 10:00 p.m.
Friday, September 13, 2013
Registration
Friday Speakers’ Breakfast
Plenary Speaker
Lunch & Closing Ceremony
7:30 a.m. – Noon
7:00 a.m. – 8:00 a.m.
8:00 a.m. – 9:00 a.m.
9:20 a.m. – Noon
Noon – 1:40 p.m.
55
d of Scie
o rl
nc
W
e
A
RegisteR by ApRil 24th to sAve!
The 10th Pacific Rim Conference on
Ceramic and Glass Technology
Including GOMD 2013 – Glass and Optical Materials Division Annual Meeting
June 2–7, 2013 | Hotel Del Coronado | San Diego, Calif., USA
PACRIM
an
d Te c h n ol og
y
www.ceramics.org/pacrim10
Discover cutting-edge ceramic and glass technology from around
the world at PACRIM 10. The conference is designed for materials scientists, engineers, researchers, and manufacturers, delivering the opportunity to share knowledge and state-of-the-art
advancements in materials technology. Over the years, PACRIM
conferences have established a strong reputation for state-of-theart presentations, information exchange on the latest emerging
technologies, and facilitation of global dialogue and discussion
with leading world experts. This year’s plenary speakers include:
• Jeffrey Wadsworth, President and CEO of Battelle Memorial
Institute;
• Hong-Kyu Park, Fellow of LG Chem Battery R&D, Korea;
• Tomoyoshi Motohiro, Toyota Central R&D, Japan; and
• M.K. Badrinarayan, VP & Research Director, Inorganic and
Broad-Based Technologies, Corning Incorporated.
ORGAnIzATIOn
PACRIM 10 Program Chair
H.T. Lin, Chairman
Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tenn., USA
SPOnSORS
SCHeDUle
Saturday – June 1, 2013
*Sintering of Ceramics Short Course
8:30 a.m. – 5:30 p.m.
Sunday – June 2, 2013
*Sintering of Ceramics Short Course
Registration
Welcome Reception
8:30 a.m. – 4:30 p.m.
3:00 p.m. – 7:00 p.m.
5:00 p.m. – 7:00 p.m.
Monday – June 3, 2013
Registration
PACRIM Opening Remarks & Plenary
Lunch on Own
GOMD Varshneya Lecture
7:30 a.m. – 6 p.m.
9:00 a.m. – Noon
Noon – 1:20 p.m.
1:20 p.m. – 2:20 pm
1:20 p.m. – 6:00 p.m.
Tuesday – June 4, 2013
Registration
Lunch on Own
Poster Session Set Up
Poster Session
7:30 a.m. – 6:00 p.m.
8:30 a.m. – Noon
Noon – 1:20 p.m.
1:00p.m. – 4:00 p.m.
1:20 p.m. – 6:00 p.m.
5:00 p.m. – 8:00 p.m.
Wednesday – June 5, 2013
Registration
Free Afternoon
*Fundamentals of Glass Science Short Course
7:30 a.m. – 12:30 p.m.
8:30 a.m. – Noon
Noon
1:00 p.m. – 5:30 p.m.
Thursday – June 6, 2013
Registration
*Fundamentals of Glass Science Short Course
Lunch on Own
Conference Dinner
8:00 a.m. – 6:00 p.m.
8:30 a.m. – Noon
8:30 a.m. – 4:30 p.m.
Noon – 1:20 p.m.
1:20 p.m. – 6:00 p.m.
7:00 p.m. – 9:30 p.m.
Friday – June 7, 2013
Registration
8:00 a.m. – Noon
8:30 a.m. – Noon
*Additional registration fee applies
56
Are You Graduating Soon and Wondering What To Do?
Sign up for a FREE year of membership in The American Ceramic Society!
ACerS can help you succeed by offering you a FREE Associate Membership for the first year following graduation.
By becoming an ACerS Associate Member, you’ll have access to valuable resources that will benefit you now and
throughout your career.
With your complimentary membership, you will receive:
• Young Professionals Network: includes resources for
early career professionals, plus the chance to rub elbows
with some of the most accomplished people in the field
• Employment Services
• Online Membership Directory
• Bulletin, the monthly membership publication
• ceramicSOURCE, Company Directory and Buyers’ Guide
• Discounted registration at all ACerS meetings and
discounts on all publications
• Networking Opportunities
• Ceramic Tech Today: ACerS ceramic materials, applications
and business blog
• Free Online Access to the Journal of the American Ceramic
Society (searchable back to 1918), the International Journal
of Applied Ceramic Technology and the International Journal
of Applied Glass Science
• Ceramic Knowledge Center: includes a growing video
gallery covering ceramic materials, applications, emerging
technologies and people
Become an ACerS Associate Member After Graduation!
To join, contact Tricia Freshour, ACerS Membership Services Staff, at [email protected].
For more information, visit www.ceramics.org/associate.
resources
Calendar of events
January 2013
6–11 Int’l Conference on Functional
Airport Hotel, St. Louis, Mo.; www.
ceramics.org/sections/st-louis-section
Glasses: Properties and Applications for
Energy & Information – Siracusa, Sicily,
Italy; www.lehigh.edu/imi
April 2013
15–19 ICF11: 11th Int’l Conference on
14–19 BAU 2013– Messe Muenchen
Int’l, Munich, Germany;
www.bau-muenchen.com
23–25 CICMT 2013: 9th Int’l
23–25 Electronic Materials and
Applications 2013 – DoubleTree by
Hilton Orlando at Sea World, Orlando,
Fla.; www.ceramics.org/ema2013
Jan. 27–Feb. 1 ICACC’13: 37th Int’l
Conference and Exposition on Advanced
Ceramics and Composites – Hilton
Daytona Beach Resort and Ocean
Center, Daytona Beach, Fla.;
www.ceramics.org/icacc13
Jan. 30–Feb. 1 Neo Ceramics:
Advanced Ceramics & Glass Technology
Exhibition and Conference – Big Sight
Center, Tokyo, Japan; www.neoceramics.jp
Ferrites – Okinawa Convention Center,
Okinawa Pref., Japan; www.idf11.jp
Conference and Exhibition on
Ceramic Interconnect and Ceramic
Microsystems Technologies (coorganized with IMAPS) – Buena Vista
Palace Hotel & Spa, Orlando, Fla.;
www.imaps.org/ceramics
26–28 IACE 2013: China Int’l
Advanced Ceramics Exhibition &
Conference – Everbright Convention &
Exhibition Center, Shanghai, China
May 2013
7–8 Glassman Europe 2013 Glassman
Europe 2013 – Expo XXI, Warsaw,
Poland; www.glassmanevents.com/
europe
February 2013
5–8 CEVESAMA – Valencia, Spain;
23 Glass Focus Conference – Radisson
Blu Hotel, Manchester Airport,
Manchester, UK; www.britglass.org.uk/
Glass-Focus-2013
11–14 IMAC-XXXI Conference and
24-27 China Glass 2013 – China Int’l
http://cevisama.feriavalencia.com
Exposition on Structural Dynamics –
Hyatt Regency Orange County, Garden
Grove, Calif.; www.sem.org
Exhibition Center, Beijing, China; www.
chinaexhibition.com/trade_events/2331China_Glass_Expo_2013_-_The_24th_
China_Glass_Expo.html
March 2013
7–9 Aluminas-2013: 3rd Int’l
June 2013
2–7 PACRIM 10: The 10th Pacific Rim
Conference on High-Tech Aluminas
and Unfolding Their Business
Prospects – CSIR-Central Glass &
Ceramic Research Institute, Kolkata,
India; www.incers.org
18–20 Deutsche Keramische
Gesellschaft (German Ceramic Society)
Annual Meeting – Bauhaus University,
Weimar, Germany; www.dkg-jahrestagung2013.de
20–22 GLASSPEX India 2013 –
Bombay Convention and Exhibition
Center, Mumbai, India; www.mdna.
com/shows/glasspex.html
27–28 St. Louis Section/RCD 49
Annual Symposium: “Refractory
Challenges in the Chemical and PetroChemical Industries” – Hilton St. Louis
th
58
Conference on Ceramic and Glass
Technology – Hotel Del Coronado, San
Diego, Calif.; www.ceramics.org/pacrim10
17-20 Mir Stekla/World of Glass Int’l
8–11
MC11: 11th Int’l Conference
on Materials Chemistry – University of
Warwick, Warwick, UK; www.rsc.org/
mc11
28–Aug. 1 MCARE 2013: Materials
Challenges in Alternative and Renewable
Energy 2013 – The Silk Road Dunhuang
Hotel, Dunhauang, Gansu, China;
http://mcare2013-dunhuang.dconference.cn
August 2013
4–7 ICCPS-13: Int’l Conference on
Ceramic Processing Science – Hilton
Portland & Executive Tower Portland,
Portland, Ore.; www.ceramics.org/
dates-deadlines/endorsed-meetingiccps-13-international-conference-onceramic-processing-science
September 2013
10–13 UNITECR 2013 – The Fairmont
Empress and Victoria Conference Centre,
Victoria, British Columbia, Canada; www.
ceramics.org/meetings
23–26
HTCMC-8: 8th Int’l
Conference on High-Temperature
Ceramic-Matrix Composites – Qujiang
Int’l Exhibition Center, Xi’an, China;
www.htcmc8.org
29–Oct. 2
Fractography of
Advanced Ceramics – Smolenice
Castle, Smolenice, Slovakia; www.imr.
saske.sk
October 2013
7–11 IC-RMM1: 1st Int’l Conference
on Rheology and Modeling of Materials
– Hunguest Hotel Palota, Lillafüred,
Hungary; www .ic-rmm1.eu
Exhibition – Expocentre Fairgrounds,
Moscow; www.mirstekla-expo.ru
July 2013
1–5 Int’l Commission on Glass XXIII Int’l
Congress – Prague, Czech Republic;
www.icglass.org
8–10 ACerS Cements Division Annual
Meeting – University of Illinois at
Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Ill.;
www.ceramics.org/dates-deadlines/
cements-division-annual-meeting
Dates in RED denote new entry in
this issue.
Entries in BLUE denote ACerS
events.
denotes meetings that ACerS
cosponsors, endorses or otherwise cooperates in organizing.
Debbie Plummer—Advertising Assistant
Phone (614) 794-5866 • Fax (614) 891-8960
classified
advertising
The Clemson University School of Materials Science and Engineering, in conjunction with the Center for TENURE-TRACK
FACULTY POSITION
Optical Materials Science and Engineering Technologies (COMSET), is soliciting applications and Department nominations of Materials
and
Engineering
for the J. Science
E. Sirrine Textile Foundation Endowed Chair of Optical Fibers. Clemson University, Clemson, S. C. 29634
Supported by an endowment in excess of $7.3M, the Sirrine Chair will be a pre-‐eminent scholar with an The Department of Materials Science
and Engineering
Clemson
University
is m
seeking
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The endowment resulted from funding by the J. E. Sirrine extile Foundation and the that the candidates will be capable
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The Sirrine Chair will be a dynamic, innovative leader with a distinguished record of accomplishment UALITY
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as evidenced by patents and licensed/commercialized technologies. Ideally, the candidate being All applications should be submitted
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3)sustained a
program, and demonstration of professional service. description of teaching philosophy
including
undergraduate
and graduate
course competencies and
how they would fit into the present
academic
programs
and
4) names
and vcontact
Applicants should submit a c(1-2
over lpages);
etter, their resume, curriculum itae, and ainfor list of five references. mation for three references. The application
package
should Ebe
combined
intomaaterials singleto PDF
fileBallato, and Search and Screen Electronic submission is required. -‐mail all application Dr. John emailed to: [email protected].
Questions
be sent via email
to Dr.
JohncBallato,
Committee Chair at can
[email protected]. Informal inquiries an be sent Chair
to this eof
-‐mail address. the MSE Search and Screening Committee
([email protected];
phone
callsfull please).
Review
Application materials received by March 1, no
2012 will receive consideration; however, the search will remain 1,open until with
the position is filled. of applications will commence March
2013,
full consideration
being assured to applications
received by this date. Screening will continue until the position is filled. Women and minorities are
Clemson University is an Affirmative Action/Equal Opportunity employer and does not
especially encouraged to apply. discriminate against any individual or group of individuals on the basis of age, color,
YOUR
ADVERTISE
SERVICES HERE
Contact Pat Janeway
614-794-5826
[email protected]
disability,
gender, national
origin, race,
religion, sexual
orientation,
veteran status or genetic
Clemson University is an Affirmative
Action/Equal
Opportunity
employer
and does
not discrimiinformation.
nate against any individual or group
of individuals on the basis of age, color, disability, gender,
national origin, race, religion, sexual orientation, veteran status or genetic information.
andand a Eproven
innovation
record
The Clemson University Department of Materials
Science
The Clemson University outreach
School of Mactivities,
aterials Science ngineering, in conjunction with tas
he eviCenter for denced
by patents
and licensed/commercialized
technologies.
and Engineering, in conjunction with the Center
Optical
Optical for
Materials Science and Engineering Technologies (COMSET), is soliciting applications and the candidate
be entrepreneurially
minded having
Materials Science and Engineering Technologies
(COMSET),
nominations for the J. E. Ideally,
Sirrine Textile Foundation will
Endowed Chair of Optical Fibers. is soliciting applications and nominations of Full or Associate either created or consulted with new firms or have quantifiably
Supported by an endowment in excess of $7.3M, the Sirrine Chair will be a pre-‐eminent scholar with an contributed to business development or technology entrepreProfessors for the Sirrine Endowed Chair in Optical
Fibers.
international reputation for research relating to optical fiber materials, advanced structures and neurship. As a faculty member within the School of Materials
Supported by an endowment in excess of $7.3M,
the Sirrine
applications. The endowment resulted from funding by the J. E. Sirrine Textile Foundation and the Science and Engineering with additional affiliations within the
Chair will be a pre-eminent scholar with an international
South Carolina repuResearch Centers of Economic Excellence Act, both of which stipulated that the chaired University where warranted, the candidate will assume respontation for research relating to optical fiber materials,
professor advanced
encourage knowledge-‐based economic development and academic excellence. sibilities associated with his/her academic appointment, instructures and applications. The endowment resulted from
cluding development and teaching of undergraduate and grad- of The S
irrine C
hair w
ill b
e funding by the J. E. Sirrine Textile Foundation and the South a dynamic, innovative leader with a distinguished record of accomplishment Approved By: __
uate
courses,
establishment
a strong
andor sustained
research
scholarship. T
he C
hair w
ill have an earned doctorate in mof
aterials science related discipline and have Carolina Research Centers of Economic Excellence Act, both
program,
and
demonstration
of
service
to
the
University.
10-‐plus years of relevant industrial and/or academic experience. The candidate will have strong ties to of which stipulated that the chaired professor encourage
knowlprofessional societies and be active on national and international committees relating to research, Applicants should submit a cover letter, their resume, curricu- Corrections N
edge-based economic development and academic
excellence.
education, or professional development in optics and materials. In addition to being a proven leader lum vitae, and a list of five references. Electronic submission Approved as
The Sirrine Chair will be a dynamic, innovative
leaderthe with
and mentor, Sirrine Chair will have extensive industrial and governmental contacts, a solid history of required and should be sent to Dr. John Ballato, Search and
a distinguished record of accomplishment of international, scholarship.interdisciplinary The
support and outreach activities, and a proven innovation record Screenresearch, Committee
Chair, at: [email protected] . InformalPlease FAX back
Chair will have an earned doctorate in materials
science bor
as evidenced y preatents and licensed/commercialized technologies. Ideally, the candidate being inquiries may also be directed to this e-mail address. Applica-Fax # 614-891-8
lated discipline and have 10-plus years of relevant
industrial
entrepreneurially minded, will have either created or consulted with new firms or have quantifiably tion materials should be received by March 1, 2013 to receive
and/or academic experience. The candidate contributed will have tstrong
o business development or technology entrepreneurship. As a faculty member within the full consideration; however the search will remain open until
ties to professional societies and be active School on national
andScience and Engineering, the candidate will be responsible for development and of Materials the position is filled.
international committees relating to research,
education,
or
teaching of undergraduate and graduate courses, establishment of a strong and sustained research program, nd demonstration of professional service. Clemson
University
is an AA/EEO employer and does not disprofessional development in optics and materials.
In aaddition
to being a proven leader and mentor, the Sirrine Chair will criminate against any person or group on the basis of age, color,
submit a cover letter, their resume, curriculum vitae, and a list of five references. disability, gender, national origin, race, religion, sexual orientahave extensive industrial and governmental Applicants contacts,should a solid
Electronic submission is required. E-‐mail all application materials to Dr. John Ballato, Search and Screen history of international, interdisciplinary research, support and tion or veteran status.
Committee Chair at [email protected]. Informal inquiries can be sent to this e-‐mail address. Application materials received by March 1, 2012 will receive full consideration; however, the search will remain open until the position is filled. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 1 | www.ceramics.org
59
Clemson University is an Affirmative Action/Equal Opportunity employer and does not
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63
deciphering the discipline
On undergrad
studies,
simulations, and
the perspective
atoms inspire
My undergraduate experience in
materials science and engineering
might be best described as one of
survival. The course load in any engineering degree is always demanding,
and each year students such as myself
do battle with the tides the seasons
bring: September’s new courses, seemingly unlike any others taken before;
the eruption of flu in early October;
the onslaught of midterms through
November; and, finally, December’s
final examinations. Repeat this schedule for second term and fill in any
extracurricular activities per your
desire. It is easy to get swept up in the
passing of seasons, to simply focus on
“getting by.”
There is an immense volume of
knowledge supplied to us, and we are
consistently surrounded by giants in
the field—people who have found
their niche in research and actively
pursue their passion. It’s hard not to
feel dwarfed and, in some respects,
lost. Despite enjoying what I am learning and despite many professors giving
real-world applications for the materials
we study, I often wonder, “Why am I
learning this?” As the old adage goes,
sometimes you “can’t see the forest for
the trees,” or, perhaps more aptly, the
micrograph for the grains.
64
One season of the academic year—
summer—usually means a break from
materials engineering. Two summers
ago I worked at a biological sciences
company in a fun and interesting job,
but I came to realize it was not teaching
me what I wanted to know. I needed to
find a job that would complement what
I had invested three years of my time
learning. I needed some perspective; it
was time for a materials-oriented summer job.
I was fortunate enough to spend last
summer as an undergraduate research
assistant at McMaster University working under Jeff Hoyt, department chair
and associate professor of materials
science and engineering. My work
involved investigating the diffusion of
copper in a lead lattice—an interesting problem because copper diffuses
an order of magnitude faster through
lead than through other metals, and,
although this phenomenon has been
recorded since the 1960s, the mechanism responsible for this behavior is
still uncertain.
I undertook the investigation by
employing a type of computer simulation called molecular dynamics.
Molecular dynamics is a numerical
method for analyzing a system, where
the behavior of atoms is predicted
according to the solutions of Newton’s
equations for motion. I generated several permutations for the system I was
interested in, performed multiple runs
for various temperatures, and calculate
the diffusion rate of copper through
lead. I eventually was able to visualize
the system, which was my favorite part
of the summer—I could actually “see”
the crystallographic planes in 3D and
on a much larger scale than anything
Mary Gallerneault
Guest columnist
I’d seen previously. It was the computer
simulations that easily made the visual
scale feasible.
I had no prior experience with computational materials science before this
research, so the learning curve was
certainly steep, but equally rewarding.
The summer also granted me a perspective on materials engineering different
from what I previously know (having
spent the majority of my undergraduate
labs looking through a microscope or in
front of a polisher). Indeed, I had been,
for the most part, ignorant of the power
of computational materials science, but
have since gained some perspective on
the breadth of its applicability: from
modeling grain boundaries, to diffusion rates, to dendrite formation. It is
a unique and rapidly developing field,
and now I look forward to seeing its
future applications!
Mary Gallerneault is a materials
science and engineering undergraduate student at McMaster University,
in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. She
will be graduating in 2014 and wishes
to pursue graduate studies. She can be
reached at [email protected] n
october 27-31, 2013 |
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|
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Materials Science & Technology
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www.matscitech.org

Testing and characterization of ceramics

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