WW Apr - Jun 2011 - American Association of Small Ruminant

Transcription

In this Issue
Letter from the President . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
AASRP Board Minutes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Amimal Welfare Committee Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
AVMA CPAC Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Wool&
Wattles
AVMA Delegate Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Legislative Advisory Committee Constituent Report . . . . . 5
Proposed Changes to Scrapie Flock Certification Program . 6
Parasite Control Webinar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
The AASRP Newsletter
April-June 2011
Volume 39, Issue 2
Upcoming Meeting Announcements . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Drugs and Biologics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Student Externship Reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Practice Tip – Pregnancy Diagnosis without Ultrasound . . . 9
AASRP-L Q&A – CIDR Protocols in Canada . . . . . . . . . 9
Mission Statement of AASRP
Lama_Med Q&A – Dosing Interval for Excede® . . . . . . . 9
“To improve the health and
Lama_Med Q&A – Treating Zinc Responsive Dermatitis . . . 9
AASRP-L Q&A – Footrot Vaccine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
AASRP-L Q&A – Selenium Levels in Free Choice Minerals . 10
welfare of sheep, goats,
camelids and cervids,
AASRP-L Q&A – Pregnancy Diagnosis in Camels . . . . .
10
to further the professional
Precautions for Prevention of Zoonotic Disease . . . . . .
11
development of the members,
Pharmacokinetics of Meloxicam in Goats . . . . . . . . .
11
provide resources to elevate
Fetlock Hyperextension in Llamas . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
the standards of small ruminant
Pharmacokinetics of Excede® in Goats . . . . . . . . . .
12
Enzootic Nasal Tumor Virus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12
Preventing Zoonotic Disease Transmission on Farm Visits . 13
Eliminating CAE and MV (OPP) from Herds in the UK . . .
13
Tannins in Sericea lespedeza for Worm Control . . . . . .
14
Efficacy of Copper Oxide Wire
Particles against Haemonchus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Clinical Findings in Camelids with Round Cell Tumors . . . 14
Nutritional Diseases of Camelids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Rayless Goldenrod (Isocoma) Poisoning of Goats . . . . . 16
Self Suckling in Dairy Goats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Mycoplasma haemolamae Infection of Crias . . . . . . . .
16
Temperature Sensitive Microchips . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Potential Eradication of Peste des Petis Ruminants . . . .
17
Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae Pneumonia in Goats . . . . .
17
practice and to be the voice
for small ruminant issues.”
Letter from the President
AASRP has 960 members, an impressive
Board of Directors, an effective nationally
known management company, with a
great executive director, 35 different
committees, delegates in the AVMA, and
we have you. AASRP has certainly grown
since our humble beginnings in 1960.
In 1960 the only AVMA specialty group
dealt with small animals, but there was
talk of an equine and swine group. In
the living room at Dr. George Crenshaw’s
home, Dr. Don Bailey, and other
veterinarians, decided there was a need
for a specialty group for sheep and goats.
The American Association of Sheep and
Goat Practitioners were organized and their first national meeting was held
at the Flamingo Hotel in Las Vegas. Dr. Bailey’s wife, Betty, managed the
organization from her kitchen for years and years. Today our organization
is known globally as a leader in small ruminant issues. We cannot thank
Dr. Bailey and his wife Betty, enough. They still raise sheep and cattle in
retirement in Oregon.
As AASRP moves into the future we are in very capable hands. Dr. Joan
Bowen, Colorado, and Dr. Joanie Dean Rowe, California, become President
and President- elect. When I took office two years ago my goal was to work
hard for you, do my best, and be an excellent representative of your interests,
whether you dealt with camelids, deer and elk, or sheep and goats.
Another goal of mine, when I accepted this privilege was to be able to say
“nothing bad happened while I was in charge.” To that end I wish all future
leaders of AASRP to be able to say those words. Thank you everyone for all
your talent, friendship, and great advice along the way. I will end these two
years with a great respect for AASRP and all its members. Thank you for
letting me serve as your President.
Respectfully,
Jim Fallen, DVM, President AASRP,
Albuquerque, New Mexico
[email protected] 1-505-897-3787
STUDENT EDUCATIONAL
OPPORTUNITIES
We receive many requests from veterinary students for information
about externship opportunities. We are asking AASRP Veterinary
members if they are interested in hosting primarily 4th year students
for 2-4 weeks. Information that the students desire includes: - Small
ruminant species seen in your practice, - Busiest months of the year
relevant to small ruminant work, - Practice location, - Availability of
housing, and - Preferred contact information for externship requests.
Based on student feedback, we see a need to update externship
opportunity information from the membership. Thus we are
asking for those of you who wish to host Student externs to contact
me directly via email using the following Subject line: AASRP
Externships. Thanks and I look forward to hearing from you. Cindy
Wolf, DVM [email protected]
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Management Report
Your Board of Directors works diligently to
provide valuable service to our members. We
are looking forward to working with the new
members of the Board and your new president
Dr. Bowen.
Thank you to Drs. Fallen, Mobini and Snyder
for welcoming Franz Management as a part of
the management team for AASRP. It has been
a pleasure to work with them. I greatly admire their expertise and
passion for small ruminant medicine.
We are excited to initiate, in the near future, an e-newsletter to
improve our communications with AASRP members. If you have
suggestions for topics and/or material for the e-newsletter, please let
us know.
Franz management was disappointed to terminate AASRP
membership for over 240 previous members. Please ask those that
are not members to consider membership in AASRP. If there are
services we can provide to make your membership more valuable, we
welcome any suggestions you may have.
Thank you for your support, as we strive to meet the mission of
AASRP.
Respectfully submitted,
Tom Johnson, DVM
Executive Director
2011 ELECTION RESULTS
Dr. William P. Shulaw re-elected as Director of Region 1 – Dr.
Shulaw is a Professor and Extension Veterinarian for cattle and sheep
in the Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine at the Ohio State
University. His research and Extension interests center around infectious
and parasitic diseases of food producing animals and their effect on herd
and flock health. Currently he has active projects focusing on diagnosis
of Johne’s disease and control of gastrointestinal parasites in sheep. He
currently serves on the board and is beginning a second term.
Dr. Patty Scharko elected as Director of Region 2 – Dr. Scharko is
the field/extension veterinarian in animal health programs for beef
cattle, small ruminants, foreign animal disease diagnostician (FADD),
designated scrapie epidemiologist for South Carolina and professor at
Clemson University. DVM from UGA 1983, MPH from UNC-Chapel
Hill 1989, and Diplomate of American College of Preventive Medicine
1994.
Dr. Annika Rogers elected as Director of Region 4 - Dr. Rogers is a
private practitioner and co-owner of Rogers Veterinary Service, a mobile
mixed animal practice that covers the mid-Willamette and coastal regions
of Oregon. As a 2008 graduate from Oregon State University, she is
pursuing her dream of becoming a small ruminant veterinarian. Such
a dream sprung from 10 years of raising her own crossbred sheep and
purebred Southdowns before entering veterinary school. Currently, she
is striving to develop a practice that caters to the unique needs of small
ruminants and her dedication to this community is evidenced by her
investment in student groups, grower associations, and teaching local
seminars.
Dr. Joan Dean Rowe elected as President Elect – Dr. Rowe is a Professor
in Population Health and Reproduction at the University of California,
School of Veterinary Medicine at Davis where she is a clinician in Food
Animal Reproduction & Herd Health. She has current research interests
in CAEV, infectious abortion, reproductive performance and small
ruminant drug approvals. Dr. Rowe was the 2007 recipient of the Dr.
Don E. Bailey Small Ruminant Practitioner of the Year. She also raises
Toggenburg dairy goats.
Wool&Wattles April-June 2011
WELCOME NEW MEMBERS
2nd Quarter
Full Members
Dr. Matthew Clement Dulka
Dr. Rachael Emerson
Dr. Paul David Erwin
Dr. Scott Essex
Dr. Jennifer L. Fife
Dr. Trina Hadden
Dr. Rebecca Hall-Cross
Dr. Sam Harbo
Dr. Jennifer Hochstedler
Dr. Teresa Hoxworth
Dr. Kammy Johnson
Dr. Cynthia Jeane Johnson-Larson
Dr. Angela Marie King
Dr. Sherry Lannoy
Dr. Grace Lidl
Dr. Jennifer Mayer
Dr. Elizabeth O. McEvoy
Claire Mikolayunas
Dr. Robert Mulligan
Dr. Jennifer Olmstead
Dr. Lisa K. Pearson
Dr. Laura Pylman
Dr. Lisa Rehm
Dr. Warren Lee Waybright
Dr. George Anthony Wiseley
Dr. Pam Zaabel
Student Members
Ginger Bailey – Auburn Univ.
Ashley Rae Cockrell – UC Davis
Crystal DeGroot – Michigan State
Jacob Helmick – Mississippi State
Kaitlyn Inhoff – Univ. of MN
John Robert Killey – Univ. of Georgia
Rachel Lawson – Auburn Univ.
Stephanie Nicole Lundquist – Ross
Univ.
Rachel Oman – Colorado State
Anna Ozio – Louisiana State
Amanda Paulhamus – Ohio State
Taryn Pearson – Univ. of Glasgow
Jennifer Towner – Univ. of Georgia
Samuel B. Guss Memorial Fund
The Front Range Dairy Goat Association
Dr. Becky Childers
Dr. Samuel B. Guss
(1916-1984)
In order to assist senior veterinary students interested in small ruminant medicine, AASRP provides grants each year to help student members of AASRP
undertake extern opportunities. It is not required that the experience be with small ruminants exclusively, but it should provide at least some chance to
observe a modern veterinary practice working with one or more of the small ruminant species.
Over one hundred AASRP-member practitioners throughout the United States – as well as Australia, Brazil, Canada, Germany, Israel and Puerto Rico – offer externships to students seeking experience in small ruminant medicine. To learn more about the AASRP Student Externship Program, call the AASRP
Management Office at 334-517-1233, or log on at aasrp.org
*Donations for the Sam Guss fund can now be made on line without having to go thru the membership renewal. Here is the link: http://aasrp.org/displayemailforms.cfm?emailformnbr=143762
2011 Student Grant Recipients
Due to the continued contributions to the Samuel B. Guss Memorial Fund, the following senior veterinary students have been selected and are
able to receive grants to help assist with the cost of the externships. Thank you to all of the donors. Your contribution truly makes a difference!
Student
Externship
Jennifer Towner – Univ. of Georgia
Rachel Lawson – Auburn Univ. Gretel Schlegel – Univ. of Minnesota
Averl Sauder – UW-Madison
Chris Winslow – St. Matthews
Dr. Paul Jones, Woodburn Veterinary Clinic
Mountain Large Animal Hospital
USDA Sheep Experiment Station
Buckeye Veterinary Service
Dr. Robin Skillman
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Board of Directors
Quarterly Summary
Summary of AASRP Board of Directors meetings for April
and May 2011
The Board of Directors of AASRP met on April 26 and May
24.
The nominating committee reported appointments to
AVMA committees as referenced in Dr. Jone’s report contained
in this issue of Wool and Wattles.
Dr. Joe Snyder was appointed chair of the AVMA Animal
Welfare Committee.
The Continuing education committee has suggested speakers
for AABP 2011, NAVC 2012, and AVMA Annual convention
2012.
The student education opportunity committee evaluated and
approved student grants noted in this issue of the newsletter.
The Board contacted members who have not renewed their
membership and on May 24 reluctantly voted to terminate the
membership of over 240 members.
The Board sent a letter of support for funding for FARAD to
Senators involved with funding FARAD.
The Board has asked management to begin an enewsletter.
Dr. Snyder will serve as the Board’s liaison to management for
the enewsletter.
Due to a lack of eligible nominations, The Board elected to
not award the Don E. Bailey Practitioner of the Year award for
2011.
The Board continues to monitor the financial situation of
AASRP and is exploring ways to reduce costs and increase
income while expanding member services.
The Board reconfirmed AASRP policy regarding membership
information.
AASRP does not provide/sell member’s
information to unrelated parties.
ANIMAL WELFARE COMMITTEE
REPORT 2011
As your representative to the AVMA Animal Welfare Committee I attend
two meetings a year in Schaumburg with a diverse and dedicated group
of veterinarians who represent every corner of contemporary veterinary
medicine. More recently, I was asked to be the “food animal” representative
to the Management Subcommittee which helps make critical decisions
between meetings and does the planning and agenda management for the
larger committee, requiring an extra day at each meeting plus an additional
face to face meeting and one or more conference call meetings during the
year. This spring I have accepted the position of Chair-Elect and will inherit
the chair next year if all goes well. AASRP, therefore, has a good position
on the committee.
AVMA has made animal welfare one of its high priority concerns on the
strategic plan. Our goal is to become the most respected voice for reasoned,
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science based information and advice on issues involving animal welfare.
While most of the work is done by the division director, Dr. Gail Golab and
her excellent staff, the committee is immensely valuable as a resource for the
kind of information and awareness only veterinarians working a specific field
can supply. Recently, we have revised the policy on tail-docking of lambs
to include language recommending practices that reduce pain through the
use of appropriate analgesia. This policy can be seen on the AVMA website,
along with the “backgrounder” which supplies the data used to make the
decision. No other small ruminant specific policies have been addressed
recently, but we continue to address assaults on our profession and attempt
to provide leadership in this field. We have considered addressing the issue
of sheep and goats used for training herding dogs, but there seemed neither
a sense of urgency coming from AASRP nor an adequate body of data on
the subject. We did manage to revise the Veterinarian’s Oath to include
mention of welfare and prevention of pain and suffering, an action of which
we are particularly proud. We continue to work on producing a list of
research topics that are needed to further our knowledge in the field of
welfare. Any suggestions in this area would be much appreciated. The
revised Euthanasia Guidelines will be out soon. This large undertaking
has been completed by a task force under Animal Welfare supervision, and
should improve the already excellent guidelines currently in print.
I feel that this is a very important committee for AASRP and veterinarians
in general and hope that we can continue to provide effective representation.
I am very grateful that you have given me the opportunity to do this work.
Yours respectfully,
Joe Snyder
AVMA CPAC (CLINICAL
PRACTITIONERS ADVISORY
COMMITTEE) REPORT 2011
Andrea Mongini, DVM MS, June 20, 2011
CPAC is the Clinical Practitioners Advisory Committee, which meets
twice per year at the AVMA headquarters in Illinois. I was asked to serve as
the AASRP representative last summer and attended the Fall 2010 meeting.
I was unable to attend the Spring 2011 meeting due to illness (Influenza)
which began two days before the meeting was scheduled. I was available via
teleconference for phone voting and to stay abreast of the topics discussed.
CPAC has worked on a number of issues this past year related to animal
agriculture and drug usage. The group speaks via email on a daily to weekly
basis depending on what topics and timelines are on the table. We have
discussed and put together responses to:
The FDA proposed changes to cephalosporin usage which would limit
their use ONLY to the approved route, dosage, and diseases specified.
(AVMA does not support the decision made with insufficient evidence
of resistance and inability to accurately monitor possible resistance in the
future)
The DEA requirement for a license and physical address in each state
where a veterinarian practices (AVMA asked DEA to clarify this requirement
for ambulatory veterinarians who do not have an actual clinic but work on
farms)
The FDA is revising how ‘unapproved animal drugs’ are classified. This
would have an impact on food animals and small ruminants since FDA may
not allow drugs like electrolytes, injectable vitamins, fluids, etc to be used
by veterinarians if they require a NADA number. CPAC, working with
COBTA, put together a list of guidelines they would like FDA to consider
in their decision. We are currently awaiting FDA’s response.
AVMA has revised and updated their hazardous drugs disposal information
to assist veterinarians in disposing of controlled and or hazardous drugs/
chemicals safely and legally. CPAC and COBTA worked on these revisions
and their content.
AVMA drafted a letter to the state of OK regarding taxation of veterinary
services. CPAC advised AVMA not to support any taxation of veterinary
services. There was extensive discussion about how to handle future taxation
issues that will likely be coming up around the country.
There have been numerous small animal related topics that have also
been discussed. I am not including them but would be happy to if there
is interest. These include but are not limited to revising the AVMA stance
on puppy socialization (at what age and how much), proposing a waiver
on Rabies vaccination in some dogs with health issues making vaccination
dangerous or life-threatening, and voting to oppose HR 1406- Fairness
to Pet Owners Act which would allow clients to purchase drugs through
human pharmacies.
AVMA HOUSE OF DELEGATES and
AASRP NOMINATING COMMITTEE
I serve as the Delegate for AASRP in the AVMA House of Delegates. The House of Delegates will meet July 14th and 15th in St Louis, Missouri. We will be considering amendments to the AVMA bylaws and resolutions
proposed by members of the House. Members of the House of Delegates
will also elect a President-Elect for AVMA, Members of the House Advisory
Committee, and representatives for several AVMA Councils. Dr Joan
Bowen, Alternate Delegate for AASRP, and I are assigned to reference
committees that will discuss a newly prepared strategic plan for AVMA,
including the vision of AVMA in 2020. A summary of actions taken by the
House of Delegates in St Louis will be submitted to the AASRP Board of
Directors and will be prepared for publication.
As Chairman of the AASRP nominating committee I submit
recommendations to fill AVMA Council and AVMA committee vacancies
to the AASRP Board. If these recommendations are approved by the
Board, the names are sent to the AVMA Executive Board for discussion and
appointment. The following is a list of AVMA Committees and AASRP
representatives that have been appointed by AVMA Executive Board.
Animal Agriculture Liaison Committee
Delegate:
Dr Jeanne Rankin, term expires July 2014
Alt. Delegate:
Dr Amy Robinson, term expires July 2014
Clinical Practitioners Advisory Committee
Delegate:
Dr Andrea Mongini, term expires July 2013*
Alt. Delegate:
Dr Jonathan Bergmann, term expires July 2014*
Legislative Advisory Committee
Dr Seyedmehdi Mobini, term expires July 2014*
Delegate:
Alt Delegate:
Dr Kelly Still Brooks, term expires July 2014*
Committee on Environmental Issues
Delegate:
Dr Peregrine Wolff, term expires July 2012
Committee on Disaster and Emergency Issues
Delegate:
Animal Welfare Committee
Delegate:
Dr Joseph Snyder, term expires 2013
Alt. Delegate:
Food Safety Advisory Committee
Dr Christine Navarre, term expires July 2012
Delegate:
Alt. Delegate:
Dr Joan Bowen, term expires 2013
I also nominate for AASRP Positions, which as of July 18, 2011 will be:
President:
Dr Joan Bowen, term expires July 2013
President-elect:
Dr Joan Dean Rowe, term expires July 2013
Immediate Past President: Dr Jim Fallen, term expires July 2013
Board Secretary: will be nominated by President Bowen, term expires
July 2013
Board Treasurer: will be nominated by President Bowen, term expires
July 2013
Director Region One:
Dr William Shulaw, term expires July 2012*
Director Region Two:
Dr. Patty Scharko, term expires July 2013*
Director Region Three: Dr Cliff Shipley, term expires July 2012*
Director Region Four:
Dr Annika Rogers, term expires July 2013*
AVMA Delegate:
Dr Paul Jones, 4 year renewable term*
Alt AVMA Delegate:
Dr Joan Bowen, 4 year renewable term*
Governance Committee Chair:
Nominating Committee Chair:
College Liaison Committee Chair: (Committee Chairs Nominated by
President Bowen)
SEO Committee Chair:
Sam Guss Fund Chair:
CE Committee Chair:
Dr Joan Dean Rowe, term expires July 2013
USAHA Board of Directors: Dr Paul Jones (no term limit-elected by
USAHA)*
* Indicates eligible for renewal
Submitted by,
Dr. Paul L. Jones
LEGISLATIVE ADVISORY
COMMITTEE CONSTITUENT
REPORT
LaRue W. Johnson DVM, PhD
The American Association of Small Ruminant Practitioners has approximately
1000 members being primarily mixed veterinary practitioners, researchers
or academicians united by their involvement with either/or sheep, goats,
camelids and cervids. I will have served 2 three-year terms as the AASRP
representative to the AVMA’s Legislative Advisory Committee and have
found it to be a very stimulating and rewarding experience. For that I give
my thanks to the AASRP membership. While usually composing my report
from my personal perspective, I sent an e-message to the membership for
their input. Following are the highlights of their responses:
Perpetuation and adequate funding of the Food Animal Residue Avoidance
Databank (FARAD) remains high on their priority list. One bit of
ammunition if you didn’t see it. FARAD had really good information about
clearance of radioactive iodine, cesium, and strontium out within days of
the Fukoshima catastrophe. Where else can you get that? FARAD needs
to be secured so we don’t have to fight for its funding/existence every few
years. The threat against FARAD is contrary to producing safe food and
animal welfare.
We need to counter continued pressure to limit antibiotic use, including
restriction on extra label use ... since almost all of our use is extra label,
and add a related concern about drugs--especially analgesics and eye
preparations. Seems that manufacturers don’t want to provide affordable
products for veterinary use. I think it is shameful that we essentially
have no FDA-approved drugs available for use to relieve pain in any food
animal species. I understand that this situation is driven by economics
and that it is not feasible for pharmaceutical companies to seek approval
for products when they cannot hope to recoup their R & D expenses for
doing so in product sales, but rather than just throw up our hands in disgust
and say there is nothing we can do about it I think we should continue to
push for alternate solutions, whether they might involve modification of
the procedure required for approval to reduce its cost, a petition process
whereby licensed prescribers could essentially force a manufacturer or allied
group of manufacturers to seek approval, or cultivating an alternate source
of funding for the approval process (contributions from funds established
by veterinary organizations, “check-off ” type programs for producers, etc—
let our imaginations run wild. We need secure funding to finish scrapie
eradication, i.e. 18 million per year through 2017. Because of (regional?)
regulations, we have a very hard time disposing of dead small ruminants. The only rendering service won’t pick them up, it’s illegal to bury them,
illegal to put them in the dump, and cremation takes a LOT of wood (and
burning in general requires a permit). The local crematorium will handle
small ruminants but the cost is as prohibitive to the one that may have kept
the animal alive in the first place. Quite a few folks end up taking them
out onto BLM land and dumping them for the coyotes, my biggest concern
there being that they often get lazy and don’t go far enough out of town.
Faster approval for the Minor Use Minor Species drugs…. ECG/PMSG
especially for all those CIDR users that need it!
My replacement presumably will be Dr. Seyedmehdi Mobini who is
currently serving as the Region 1 AASRP board member. His AASRP
appointment is subject to the AVMA Executive Board Approval that will
be forthcoming.
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USDA Veterinary Services
Considering Changes to the
Scrapie Flock Certification
Program (SFCP)
Individuals or organizations that wish to comment on any of the options
listed, suggest an additional option not listed, or receive updates on the
changes being discussed should email Dr. Alan Huddleston, Associate
National Scrapie Program Coordinator, at [email protected].
gov. Dr. Huddleston can also receive mail at 4700 River Road, Riverdale,
MD 20737.
USDA Veterinary Services’ National Scrapie Eradication Program (NSEP)
is considering a variety of possible changes to its Scrapie Flock Certification
Program (SFCP). In light of the current budget reality, Veterinary Services
is assessing how to get the most benefit from the money the American people
provide for scrapie eradication activities. Since 2002, the National Scrapie
Eradication Program (NSEP) has reduced the prevalence of scrapie in the
United States by 85%. We’re getting close, but to fully eradicate scrapie
from our country every remaining case must be found followed by a period
of continued high level surveillance to confirm disease freedom.
PARASITE CONTROL WEBINARS
AND FIELD DAY
Veterinary Services has identified the following activities as contributing
the most to scrapie eradication: surveillance testing; animal ID compliance
activities such as providing free eartags to sheep and goat producers and
compliance activities at concentration points; and disease investigation and
flock clean up. These activities are mandatory elements of the NSEP, and
they have been the main factor in reducing the prevalence of scrapie in the
United States.
Over the last several years several extension educators, researchers, and
farmers in Ohio and West Virginia have been involved in various projects to
develop or demonstrate strategies to assist in controlling internal parasites.
During the last two years we have been funded by a North Central Region
Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education grant to determine
whether forage chicory might have activity against internal parasites under
conditions typical of farms in our region. We have learned a lot about
chicory and made some very interesting observations about parasite survival
over winter and during summer grazing as well as the potential use of nontraditional grazing strategies. This summer we will offer a series of three
internet-based meetings followed by a field day at one of our project farms
to discuss and demonstrate parasite biology, managing management of drug
resistant worms, and various grazing strategies, including use of chicory and
other plants, to help control worms.
Veterinary Services is considering dedicating fewer resources to the SFCP as
the scrapie budget is decreased. Veterinary Services values the commitment
of the producers who participate in the program; however, changes to the
SFCP are under consideration for the reasons discussed below.
1.
2.
3.
4.
The SFCP is a voluntary component of the NSEP. Currently
there are 1,549 participating flocks; this makes up approximately 1% of the total number of sheep flocks and goat herds in the
United States.
Since 2007, participation in the SFCP has declined by approximately 25%.
The SFCP is not as efficient at detecting scrapie cases as the
activities listed above. The majority of scrapie cases identified
in the United States in the past 9 years have been found through
the Regulatory Scrapie Slaughter Surveillance (RSSS) program
and the resulting flock investigations and clean up. Furthermore, most scrapie cases that have been found in SFCP flocks
were detected through the RSSS program or through traces from
infected or source flocks; very few have been identified through
SFCP flock inspections or owner reported or submitted animals.
The annual inspections for the three categories of the SFCP -Selective, Complete and Export – are the primary cost for the
program.
To ensure sufficient funding for surveillance, animal ID compliance, and
flock investigations and clean up, Veterinary Services is considering possible
changes to the SFCP. The three options currently under consideration
include the following:
1.
2.
3.
Eliminate the Selective and Complete categories.
Maintain all three categories, but use accredited veterinarians to
perform inspections and sampling for all flocks in the SFCP, at
the producers’ expense.
Maintain all three categories with modifications to the inspection and sampling requirements for the selective and complete
categories, so that the selective and complete categories focus on
surveillance with a reduced emphasis on inspections and the export category continues to focus on surveillance and maintaining
inspections at the level needed to meet OIE recommendations in
order to facilitate exports.
An important point to emphasize is that in any of the options under
consideration Veterinary Services will maintain the Export category in a
form that meets OIE requirements so that sheep and goat producers who
wish to export their animals and germplasm have the opportunity to do so.
VS is soliciting input on these possible changes from stakeholders.
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Internal parasite control continues to be one of the most important and
difficult to manage health issues for sheep and goat farmers. Traditional
control strategies involving preventive or suppressive treatments with
dewormers have led to widespread resistance of parasites to the drugs we
currently have available.
The internet-based meetings will be held from 7-9 pm on Thursday
evenings, beginning on August 4. The second session will be held on August
18 and the third session is scheduled for August 25. On-site presentations
will be given sequentially in Morrow, Athens, and Wayne Counties, but
other physical sites where people can participate will also be available
throughout Ohio. People can also access these meetings from home if they
have a high-speed internet connection and a telephone connection. A field
day concluding the series is set for August 27th at the John Anderson farm
near Wooster, OH. At the field day attendees will have a chance to receive
hands-on FAMACHA training, learn about using non-traditional forages
in a grazing program for managing parasitism, and see examples of various
forages and fencing options. In addition, other presentations on selecting
sheep, sheep nutrition, and biosecurity and animal health will be given. The
sponsors for these events are OSU Extension, NCR SARE, the Ohio Sheep
Improvement Association, and the Ohio Heartland Sheep Improvement
Association.
The Ohio Veterinary Medical Licensing Board has approved continuing
education credit on an “hour for hour” basis (2 hours per Internet-Based
Meeting and 4 hours for the Field Day). Specific information about
locations for attending the evening sessions, connecting to the sessions
from other sites, and program and field day topics will be posted soon on
the OSU Extension Sheep Team website: http://sheep.osu.edu/ You can
also contact Dr. Bill Shulaw [email protected] , Mr. Jeff McCutcheon
[email protected] , or Mr. Rory Lewandowski lewandwoski.11@
osu.edu for more information.
ANNOUNCEMENTS
Small Ruminant Symposium, August 13, 2011, Milwaukee, Wisconsin,
Hilton Milwaukee City Center, 8:00 am - 5:00 pm. As part of the Society
for Theriogenology conference and symposia to be held in Milwaukee,
WI in August of 2011, Dr. Clifford Shipley has assembled an outstanding
program of speakers on small ruminant topics. Speakers and topics include:
Dr. Sherrie Clark - Deener (Reproductive anatomy and physiology of
whitetail deer and other select cervids, sheep and goats); Dr. Manoel Tamassia
(Synchronization of estrus of whitetail deer and other select cervids, sheep
and goats); Dr. Jordyn Boesch (Anesthesia of whitetail deer and others for
transcervical AI, laproscopic AI and semen collection); Dr. Clifford Shipley
(Equipment and techniques for transcervical AI and laproscopic AI in small
ruminants); Dr. Manoel Tamassia (Collecting and processing semen from
cervids, sheep and goats); Dr. Jacques Fuselier (Epididymal sperm harvest
and freezing); Kim Kensell, CVT (Semen handling for insemination in the
field. Splitting straws, loading the equipment and juggling 8 straws at one
time). Cost is $170.00 (includes lunch) if registered prior to July 1 and
$195.00 after July 1. This program is open to all veterinarians and more
information may be found at www.therio.org.
The American Embryo Transfer Association is offering a small ruminant
embryo tranfer wet-lab as part of its annual meeting in San Antonio,
August 25-27. The lab will be held on the morning of Thursday August 25th
from 8:00 a.m. - 12:00 p.m. It will be hosted by Dr. Sam Castleberry at his
facility, 30 minutes from the Mariott Rivercenter, in Castroville, Texas. Dr.
Castleberry is one of the leading experts in the practice of small ruminant
embryo transfer, having performed thousands of collections and transfers
and this is a chance to participate and ask questions in his own facility,
where you can see how it is done in a practical and clinic setting. This
will be a hands-on presentation including superovulation, anesthetizing,
surgical collection, and recovery of donor goats; surgical evaluation and
transfer of embryos to synchronized recipients. Dress should be for working
in clean surgical environment. Transportation will be provided from the
hotel and lunch will be provided on site. Attendees will be returned in time
to participate in the “Timely Topics” discussions. The attendance will be
limited to a maximum of 25 participants with a minimum of 12 registered
by July 1st to proceed with this wet lab. Registration for the small ruminant
wet lab will entitle the participant to attend the “Timely Topics” session
from 2:00 p.m to 5:00 p.m. which will have extensive basic embryology
stations as well as several other topics of interest to the beginning embryo
practitioner and allow registration to the AETA/CETA conference at the
member rate even if not a member of either organization. You may register
online at: www.aeta.org
The Alpaca Registry, Inc. and Alpaca Research Foundation announce
that the Second International Conference on Camelid Genetics
and Reproductive Biotechnologies will be held in Houston, Texas,
on September 16-18, 2011. The conference is open to veterinarians,
scientists and all those interested in genetic improvement and reproductive
biotechnologies. The conference includes invited plenary sessions as well as
research abstract presentations/posters. More information on the program
of the conference and details for research abstract submission may be found
under call for abstracts\download on the conference website <http://www.
camelidconference.com/>.
AASRP will present three educational small ruminant sessions during the
AABP Annual Meeting to be held September 22 through 24 in St. Louis,
Missouri. When you register for the meeting, please check that you are a
member of AASRP as we receive a portion of the profits from the AABP
meeting based on how many AASRP members identify themselves as such.
You can register as both a member of AASRP and AABP if you belong to
both organizations. On Thursday, September 22, Dr. Mike Huber from
Oregon State University will present three topics from 8 to 10 am including:
regional perfusion of antimicrobial treatment, simple techniques for
handling complicated fractures and practical analgesia for small ruminants.
From 8 am to noon on Friday September 23, Dr. Douglas Wagner, whose
veterinary practice works exclusively with white tail deer, will be talking
about chemical immobilization, farm management and economics and field
medicine and surgery of white tail deer. On Friday, September 23 from
1:45 to 3:45 pm, Dr. Pam Ruegg from the University of Wisconsin will
be talking about the mammary mysteries of mastitis in sheep and goats.
Further information about the complete program as well as registration and
housing are available at www.aabp.org.
The 16th Great Lakes Dairy Sheep Symposium will be held November
11-13, 2010 at the Eau Claire Ramada Inn and Convention Center in
Wisconsin. There will be talks for producers and sheep milk processors as
well as tours of a dairy sheep farm and farmstead cheesemaker. Of special
interest to veterinarians will be “Selecting lamb milk replacer and lamb
rearing” (Robin Rastani), “Mastitis in dairy sheep” (Pamela Ruegg) and
“Antibiotic testing in sheep milk” (Dan Scruton). Additional information
can be found at <http://www.dsana.org/symposia.html>.
The XI International Conference on Goats will be held at Gran Canaria,
Spain from September 24 to 27th of 2012. The organizers promise to do
their utmost to ensure that the XI International Conference on Goats will
leave you unforgettable memories not only in terms of Goat Science but
also a great experience overall. Keeping abreast of the latest developments
in Goat research could help those in the industry maintain or increase their
profit margin, so vital to the success of the industry. The conference has
a webpage at <http://iga2012.ulpgc.es/IGA_2012/IGA2012.html>. The
International Goat Association has moved to <http://www.iga-goatworld.
com/>
The International Sheep Veterinary Congress (ISVC) Organising
Committee has revised plans for the 2013 ISVC, originally to be held
in Christchurch, New Zealand February 18th-22nd. Unfortunately, the
Convention Centre and nearby hotels have been severely damaged by the
recent earthquake, and with only two years to go before the congress, the
organizing committee investigated other possible venues. It was determined
that Rotorua, on the North Island of New Zealand, would be the best
fit. The website <http://conference.intsheepvetassoc.org/> will be a good
source of updates in the coming months. Add this site to your “Favourites”
folder of website addresses for easy future reference. The website includes a
feature to sign up for email updates at <http://conference.intsheepvetassoc.
org/notifications/> and we strongly recommend that you do this so you can
be kept up to date with all the congress arrangements as they happen. In
addition to a superb scientific programme, the Congress will feature tours
incorporating visits of both farming and tourist/scenic interest through
both the North and South Islands of New Zealand. Preliminary outlines of
these tours (now ending at Rotorua) are already available on the website at
<http://conference.intsheepvetassoc.org/pre-congress-tours/>.
DRUGS AND BIOLOGICS
The AVMA biologic subcommittee recently put together an alert for
veterinarians concerning the need to follow vaccine mixing directions per
the label. That article has been published in JAVMA now: http://www.avma.
org/onlnews/javma/jun11/110615i.asp. Dr. Lynne White-Shim <Lwhite@
avma.org> has also done an AVMA@Work blog post about this: http://
atwork.avma.org/2011/05/31/veterinarians-urged-to-follow-vaccine-labeldirections/. Even though AASRP members are unlikely to use a rabies
vaccine as a diluent for another vaccine for sheep or goats, they need to
be aware that some veterinarians have been mixing MLV canine distemper
with rabies vaccine, thereby bringing into question the protection status of
the animals that received the unapproved and untested combination.
BOOKS, BULLETINS, AND
COMPUTER WEBSITES
For a day brightener, try saying it in llama at <http://llamafont.com/>
AVMA members can now access a comprehensive waste disposal website
titled: Waste Disposal by Veterinarians: What Goes Where? This website
was designed to provide a comprehensive collection of information and key
resources pertaining to waste disposal and related regulatory compliance
issues relevant to the veterinary community, including topics such as
hazardous waste, regulated medical waste, carcasses, and much more. The
site is broken down into the following categories; Definitions, Federal
Regulations, State Regulations, AVMA Resources and Clinical Resources.
These six categories cover virtually every topic related to solid waste
disposal. Wastes Generated by Animals and the Veterinary Profession, is
one of the three focus areas of the AVMA Committee on Environmental
Issues (CEI). The Committee worked with AVMA staff on the concept
of the website; to have a central location where veterinarians could easily
find current information pertaining to waste disposal issues. The site is user
friendly and is a great resource. Check it out at: <http://www.avma.org/
issues/environment/wastedisposal/default.asp>
A national workshop to review the management of Chronic Wasting
Disease in Canada was held in Edmonton, Alberta, on 9-10 February
2011. It addressed past practices, current conditions, current science and
future risks and options. The report from this workshop is now available
for download as a PDF file from the following site: http://www.ccwhc.ca/
7
article_cwd_report.php
Dr. Clifford Shipley’s Fawn Care Guidelines are posted on the Illinois Deer
Farmers website at http://www.ildfa.com/ . Look under Animal Health for
detailed instructions for bottle-rearing fawns, including antibiotics and
vitamin supplements that might be needed. The instructions are intended
for commercial deer farmers but might be of help to wildlife rehabilitators
and their veterinarians.
Part Two of the Goat 2009 NAHMS
Report:
Reference of Goat Health and Marketing Practices in the United States
2009 is now available. Copies can be obtained from Ms. Abby Fienhold,
970-494-7000, [email protected]. Chapter titles include: goat
diseases, goat health management & biosecurity, marketing & movement,
identification, needs assessment, sampling & estimation, data collection,
data analysis, and sample evaluation. There are also some very interesting
tables on populations by breed and use. The report summarizes survey
results of 2484 goat operations in 21 states. Data is analyzed according to
herd size (very small at fewer than 10, small at 10 to 19, medium at 20 to
99, or large at 100 or more goats) and primary production (meat, dairy,
fiber, or other). One of the most telling findings is that only 1 in 3 of the
operations had consulted with a veterinarian in the preceding 12 months,
and the only explanation suggested was a difficulty finding a veterinarian
experienced in working with goats. Producers were asked about their level
of familiarity (very familiar, somewhat familiar, not familiar) with various
diseases. Consultation with veterinarians would seem to be warranted, as
57% of producers were not familiar with CAE, 51% were not familiar with
CLA, 63% with Johne’s disease, 44% with soremouth, and 76% were not
familiar with Q fever. Only 41% of operations that had visitors enter the
goat production area in the last 12 months followed any type of biosecurity
measure, and that was most often just to have visitors park away from the
goats. Incoming adult goats or kids were never isolated from the primary
herd in 40% of operations. The FAMACHA card was unknown to 75%
of producers, with little difference across the country. The most common
individual reasons for culling bucks were breeding performance (16.6%),
poor genetics or conformation (11.1%), old age or teeth problems (10.7%).
For does, the reasons were most often old age/teeth problems (24.4%),
low productivity (14.3%), poor genetics or conformation (8.7%), poor
mothering (4.9%), thin or unthrifty (4.7%) and mastitis (2.8%). Even
though scrapie tags and applicators are provided free by the USDA, only
27% of operations and 51% of animals had some type of herd identification,
while 40% of operations and 63% of animals had individual animal ID.
Ear notches were used to identify 15% of animals and scrapie tags were used
for 26%. Some of the future reports from the 2009 NAHMS goat survey
will address Goat disease and death, Biosecurity and disease practices, and
Parasites and anthelmintic resistance.
STUDENT EXTERNSHIP REPORTS
Woodburn Veterinary Clinic
Externship
I spent two weeks in March, 2011, at Woodburn Veterinary Clinic in
Woodburn Oregon, with Dr. Paul Jones and the rest of the staff. Woodburn
is a mixed animal practice with a significant camelid and small ruminant
clientele.
Since it was spring, many of the appointments involved herd health
check-ups. Western Oregon has an impressive number of both llama and
alpaca farms. We also saw a sizable number of goats. We visited all sizes
of farms, from those with just a few animals, to breeding facilities with
hundreds of animals. The herd health check-ups allowed ample practice in
body condition scoring, subcutaneous injections, and oral deworming. In
addition, there were many opportunities for toenail and hoof trimming, as
well as teeth trimming and the occasional euthanasia.
8
Additionally, we spent two mornings at local dairies where my less-thanstellar palpation skills were put to the test. Fortunately for the farmers
and the cows, Drs. Jones and Block had the last word on whether or not a
particular cow was pregnant.
Being a mixed animal practice, I also had an opportunity to spend a couple
days in the small animal clinic, where I could observe and discuss cases and
surgeries with the doctors.
This externship experience is highly recommended for anyone with a small
ruminant interest and especially those with a camelid interest. The clinic
provides housing on-site (where you’ll have the company of “Stumpy”, the
friendly house cat), and you have use of a truck during the off hours if it’s
not being used by the on-call vet. Dr. Jones has been working with externs
for many years and gives you every opportunity to gain hands-on experience
during the farm calls. The entire staff is friendly and accommodating, and
the Oregon countryside is beautiful.
Greg Closter
University of Minnesota Class of 2011
Oregon State University Sheep
and Goat Medicine and Surgery
Rotation
Dr. Villarroel, a farms department clinician at Oregon State College of
Veterinary Medicine, is in charge of the sheep and goat rotation at the
university. The idea of the course is to intensively expose students to handson and student based teaching concerning small ruminant medicine and
surgery. Fourteen students enrolled in the course. The first day consisted of
a course introduction and expectations coupled with lectures about physical
exam, normal values and procedures, nutritional diseases, neurology and
diseases in dairy goats.
Students were asked to divide into 7 groups of two people, then asked to
pick a topic that concerns sheep and goat medicine such as: herd health and
husbandry, neonatal care, c-section, castration and teaser animal surgical
and chemical techniques, and lameness. The group was then responsible
for establishing an hour long lecture to teach classmates about the specific
topic. These presentations were delivered in the mornings throughout the
2 week long course. Other lecture topics included peri-parturient disease,
diseases of lambs, applied nutrition, diagnosis of abortion, male and female
reproduction and predators.
Aside from in class room teaching, the techniques taught in the classroom
were immediately shifted to clinical and field situations. This was an
invaluable portion of the course. Within the two week period the entire
class traveled to four different farms to gain hands-on practice along with
informative sessions with the producers. Three sheep farms were visited
where hoof trimming, ultrasounding for pregnancy, lamb processing,
blood collection and c-section were performed. Each farm had different
management techniques that worked for their production type. One goat
farm was visited as well for ultrasounding for pregnancy along with cases
of lameness, hair loss and breeding problems. Three labs were established
concerning dehorning and disbudding, ultrasounding for pregnancy,
castration and c-section. Students working in pairs and were supervised by
overseeing faculty. Clients were signed up for the labs in advance and offered
free service to allow students to gain the experience for the above procedures.
A necropsy lab was also arranged where the students necropsied adults sheep
(3), kids (5) and lambs (3). Students gained experience in practicing through
post-mortem exam and were given instruction on proper tissue collection.
Cadaver testicles were also used to practice epididymectomies.
The two week course was packed with great hands-on experience and
information concerning the care and veterinary practice on sheep and
goats. I would recommend this course to any student wishing to gain more
experience and information while working with knowledgeable and friendly
clinicians and staff.
Candice Turnlund, University of Illinois class of 2011
PRACTICE TIP from AABPL Pregnancy Diagnosis without
Ultrasound
When I find myself without an ultrasound in the far reaches of the practice
and am wondering about a possible pregnancy in a goat, I often grab a red
top tube full of blood and submit it for a BioPryn pregnancy diagnosis. It’s
often cheaper than returning for a second call, although it only works well
if the owners have kept reasonable records of when the doe may have been
exposed to the buck. The company recommends the test (for pregnancyspecific protein B) 30 days or more after breeding.
Jess McArt, Cornell University, Ithaca NY
AASRP-L QUESTION AND ANSWER CIDR Protocols in Canada
Question: Pfizer’s Easy Breed progesterone sheep inserts have just become
available in Canada. What hormone and quantity is used in conjunction
with it please?
Answer 1: Small Ruminant Veterinarians of Ontario (SRVO) had a great
talk from Chris Bushbeck a few weeks ago on using CIDRs in sheep with
Canadian protocols. Contact Joceyln Jansen for the proceedings. The label
directions are sadly very unhelpful - as a result of using US data and label
information. I will try to summarize the notes the best I can. If a CIDR is to
outlast all CLs present during the natural breeding season the CIDR needs
to be in for 14 days. If prostaglandin (PG) is given (0.75 cc Estrumate or
2 cc Lutalyse) the CIDR time can be reduced to as short as 10 days with
PG given 2 days before CIDR removal. Virtually all CIDR use in Canada
will be in conjunction with PMSG (400-500 IU). The New Zealand label
recommends CIDR removal at day 12 with PMSG at removal for sheep AI 48 ± 4 hrs. later. The New Zealand goat label recommends 200-400
IU PMSG at day 16 and CIDR removal at Day 18, breed 48 hours later.
Again this can be shortened with the use of PG. For out of season breeding
in the US I believe that PG600 is the drug of choice to stimulate follicle
production - it is really too bad you don’t have access to PMSG legally.
Rex G. Crawford, Orangeville, ON, Canada
Answer 2: In our experience I would decrease the dose of PMSG in highly
prolific breeds such as Romanov, Finn, and Rideau. Especially if the
synchronization is in season, I would go with 300 IU in these breeds.
Ileana Wenger, Bowden, Alberta
LAMA_MED QUESTION AND
ANSWER - Dosing Interval for
Excede®
Question: I’m in New Zealand. Recently we have started using Excede
LA (200 mg/ml ceftiofur crystalline free acid) for some chronic skin
infections that require extended periods of treatment. Can anyone tell
me the recommended dose intervals in camelids for this drug? In cattle we
use it once for a 6 day treatment and every 4 days in horses. I have read
that it is used every 3 days in goats. I understand that this drug has been
available for a while in the U.S and South America. Any suggestions would
be appreciated.
Answer: I performed a small study looking at Excede in alpacas (healthy,
young, research animals) and presented an abstract of the findings at the
International Camelid Health Conference in Oregon this year. The study
looked at the pharmacokinetics of 3 treatments at 5 day intervals using cattle
Excede (200 mg/ml) administered at 6.6 mg/kg SQ. Excede treatment
results in very modest serum ceftiofur levels, so you need to be targeting
fairly susceptible bacteria. I would modify the dose intervals depending on
the bacteria you are treating. Based on the MIC data obtained from camelid
cultures in our hospital and the Excede data from our study, a dose interval
of 5 days was appropriate for 79% of gram positive bacteria, but only 50%
of gram negative bacteria. A dose interval of 2.5 days was appropriate for
90% of gram positive bacteria and 80% of gram negative bacteria. The long
dosing intervals reported for other species are based on extremely susceptible
bacteria, such as streptococci. Personally, I have used 6.6 mg/kg SQ at
3-day and 5-day dosing intervals with minimal side-effects. Currently, I
only use Excede for known susceptible infections, mild infections, or very
selective circumstances.
Julie E. Dechant, UC Davis
LAMA_MED QESTION AND ANSWER
- Zinc Responsive Dermatitis
Treatment
Question: I have a small herd of alpacas with chronic skin problems and
among other things found are relatively low zinc values (yes we did do the
sampling properly)! These animals are on minimal extra feed at the moment
and do have galvanized feed and water troughs. What experience does anyone
have of licks, in feed minerals etc in raising zinc levels in alpacas? What is the
best way of ensuring all animals receive sufficient supplementation?
Answer: The easiest way is to slap zinc ointment in either the axillary/
inguinal areas, or between the buttocks. Areas where there is little fiber. That
way there is no problem with trying to get them to drink zinc supplemented
in the water troughs, or zinc sprinkled over hay, or added to their pellets and
get them to eat it. It is not very palatable (used in prevention of facial eczema
in New Zealand). The blob of zinc ointment slapped on is not very scientific,
and I haven’t actually measured zinc levels, but it solves the zinc responsive
skin problems almost overnight. Note that zinc responsive conditions do
not have to be due to zinc deficiency .... The response in alpacas is such that
I always give it a go, as it is such an easy and available method to deal with
a problem and it won’t do any harm.
Monique Koning, New Zealand
AASRP-L QUESTION AND ANSWER
- Footrot Vaccine
Question: Anyone know where I can get a sheep footrot vaccine this year? I’m
pretty sure we had some available last year but now none of the catalogs lists it.
Answer: The information provided by another member about making
your own footrot vaccine is not as simple as it sounds. Prof Egerton and
Richard Whittington achieved eradication in Nepal using a monovalent
boutique vaccine because they only had one strain present in the flocks.
The monovalent strain gave much longer protection against the disease than
the multivalent vaccines that were available commercially. The monovalent
vaccines is being trialled in some states in Australia, where there is no
organised control and eradication program. However there are very few
flocks where they could be expected to produce good results. The reason
for this is that in most flocks, there are several strains of D. nodosus present.
Similar findings have been reported in other countries. This is why the
commercial vaccines are multivalent, containing 8 to 10 strains. There was
no cross protection between strains and the greater the number of strains in
the vaccine, the shorter the length of protection.
Before one gets involved in a major exercise preparing a boutique monovalent
vaccine for use in a flock, one wants to be sure that there are not several
strains present. This is an interesting statistical exercise for the following
reasons:
- When sampling from the flock, swabs are taken from a small number of
infected feet from different sheep (we have used 5). We have to assume that
the feet contain all the strains present in the flock.
- When cultured, a small number of cultures are taken to grow up to
produce the material for serotyping. Again we have to assume that the
cultures selected cover all the strains present in the flock.
It comes back to numbers and costs.
9
Flocks on Kangaroo Island are involved in a field trial, but there were only
a small number of flocks where only one or two strains were present. In
these flocks, the vaccine produced good results in controlling the spread and
providing an extended period when eradication inspections could be carried
out. However, in other flocks where the monovalent vaccine did not cover
other strains of D. nodosus present in the flock, then the results were similar
to that seen with the older vaccines.
Finally, I would be very hesitant to rely on vaccination alone to eradicate the
disease. If farmers were prepared to vaccinate the flock every year, then they
would control the disease. However, the great benefit of vaccination in our
program was that it reduced the prevalence of the disease in infected flocks
to a level where the chances of eradication were greatly improved.
Footrot vaccines have not been used in New South Wales for a number of
years. There may have been limited use in other States, but I doubt that
there is a commercially viable market for them in Australia.
consent, to give Se by SC injection. Note also that the ewe/doe actively
moves Se into the fetus, so supplementing her will actually produce higher
Se levels in the offspring than the dam at the time of birth. BUT, there is
little or no Se in milk. Therefore, some have suggested that the really most
important time to be giving Se to lambs and kids in deficient areas is at
1-2 months of age, when maternal supplies are waning. We’ve noted that
the young don’t often start hitting the mineral until they’re a little older.
This, of course, assumes that the mamas are getting some kind of reasonable
supplement.
Joe Snyder, Myrtle Point OR
AABP-L QUESTION AND ANSWER Pregnancy Diagnosis in Camels
We eradicated the disease from our flocks using the information that had
been available for many years.
John Plant, New South Wales, Australia
AASRP-L QUESTION AND ANSWER
- Selenium Levels in Free Choice
Minerals
Question: One of my clients lost two lambs to ‘low selenium’ (ie white
muscle dz) although he did booster the ewes with Bo-Se prior to delivery
and has loose mineral salt with 32 ppm available at all time. He did not give
the lambs any Bo-Se at birth. How much selenium should be in the mineral
mix for small ruminants in a selenium deficient area?
Answer 1: The legal level in mineral mixes is 90 ppm selenium and in
selenium-deficient areas, I would recommend you go the full amount.
Giving BoSe to pregnant ewes is not recommended due to adverse reactions
i.e. sudden death. However, making sure they are eating their mineral mix
and giving BoSe at birth should certainly prevent white muscle disease. You
might consider collecting a few liver samples from lambs dying of other
problems and having them analyzed for selenium. A selenium problem
more common than white muscle disease is the immune depression that
is seen with low levels of selenium high enough to prevent white muscle
disease. So it might be a good idea to monitor levels even after you institute
your selenium supplement program.
Marie Bulgin, Caldwell, Idaho
Answer 2: We have consistently used 90 or higher. Sometimes have to get
custom mixes to do what we want. Note that it’s pretty hard to get Se
toxicity with traditional Se Selenite mixes. With some of the new chelated
or yeast based products, one would have to be a bit more careful. Note
also, if you’re not following this with your clients, that animals will put
down the mineral like candy for a while, then go off and leave it and hardly
consume any, then go back and eat some more. These cycles last from
weeks to months and can really confuse estimates of consumption. Also,
consumption can be driven by different factors. In many places, animals
are salt hungry enough to eat the mineral based on salt content. However,
in, for example, our coastal climate, the air and forage are salty enough that
a salt product will not necessarily generate sufficient interest, so some kind
of grain product or sweetener has to be added to drive consumption. It
may take some trial and error to get an appropriate mixture in a given area.
Also note that in any band/flock/herd there will be at least one animal that
is afraid of the mineral and won’t go near the feeder. You just have to live
with it. And finally, regarding selenium injections in late pregnancy (or any
other time in adult ewes and does). I was once taught that the bad reactions
occur with IM injection. There have been countless thousands of doses of
BoSe or MuSe given to pregnant ewes in this area subcutaneously without
any problems that have been brought to my attention. So certainly in a
situation where lambs/kids are dying, it would be an option, with informed
10
The photo above shows a pregnant camel being teased by a male.
Question: I have two camels to pregnancy check this morning - Can anyone
give some guidance as to how to do this since I have never worked on these
creatures before? Can you just rectal them like a cow or do you need to use
the ultrasound with the probe extender? How do you control them to get
the job done?
Answer: Restraint approach depends on tractability of animals. Trained
animals tolerate palpation. Some can be palpated standing in equine chute if
trained, most will tolerate if they can sit on command in a sternal position.
Sternal position is the safest for the operator if the animal is not trained.
Xylazine alone is sufficient if animal is not tractable, the dose is 0.1 to 0.2
mg/kg IV (0.3 -0.4 mg/kg IM), can be reversed with yohimbine if needed.
Palpation technique: care should be more like a mare (they bleed
easily and they can have colonic injuries although not as frequently as in the
mare). The uterus and pregnancy anatomy is between that of the cow and
that of the equine (the wonders of comparative Theriogenology). Diagnosis
difficulty depends on how far along the pregnancy is. You cannot use the
membrane slip technique as in cattle because the placentation is more like
the equine (microcotyledonary diffuse epitheliochorial), fluid may be felt
starting at 35 days (very similar feel as in cattle at the same stage because
the uterus is relaxed and thin-walled under progesterone as in cattle), the
pregnancy is established exclusively in the left uterine horn, asymmetry is
present with fluid predominantly in the left horn starting at 32 days. Do
not attempt to palpate the amniotic vesicle. The corpus luteum palpates just
like that of the bovine. Fetus is difficult to palpate until mid-pregnancy. If
it is late pregnant, you will not feel the fetus unless the animal is in sternal
position. Fetal movements are very limited in late pregnancy.
Ultrasound technique: This is the best approach; very similar to
the technique in cattle. If you do this regularly in cattle you should not
have any problem. Pregnancy diagnosis is very accurate starting at 16 days
post-mating. Fetal heart beat visualized at 25 days. More than 25 days very
obvious,
Transabdominal ultrasonography is very accurate from 4 months
but camels do not like to be touched under the belly.
Other techniques for pregnancy diagnosis:
Behavior: Pregnant camels assume a very peculiar stance with head held
high up and tail curled in presence of a male. They can display this behavior
even when approached by a person. This is 100% accurate sign for high
progesterone and 86% accurate for pregnancy.
Hormone assays: Progesteronemia is a good indicator unless there is a
persistent CL or luteinized hemorrhagic follicle. Estrone sulfate is very
good in the last half of pregnancy. There are no chorionic gonadotropins
known in this species: PSPB, eCG tests will not work
Ahmed Tibary, Pullman, WA
ABSTRACTS
COMPENDIUM OF VETERINARY
STANDARD PRECAUTIONS FOR
ZOONOTIC DISEASE PREVENTION
IN VETERINARY PERSONNEL
The purposes of the compendium are to raise awareness of zoonotic disease
risks in veterinary medicine and to outline routine best practices to minimize
the transmission of zoonotic pathogens from patients to veterinary personnel
in private practice.
Zoonotic diseases are an occupational hazard to veterinary personnel on
a daily basis, as 868 of the 1,415 known human pathogens are zoonotic.
Documented zoonotic infections transmitted in veterinary practice include
salmonellosis, cryptosporidiosis, plague, sporotrichois, methicillin-resistant
staphylococci, psittacosis, dermatophytosis, leptospirosis, and Q fever. In
the 2003 African monkeypox outbreak, 18 of 71 infected people were
veterinary personnel. Elimination of all risks associated with zoonotic
pathogens in veterinary practice is not possible, but the compendium
provides reasonable guidance for minimizing disease transmission.
Some of the highlights of this document follow. Practices should refuse
to provide care for species for which they are not equipped. Employers
should demonstrate and promote safe work habits and properly train their
employees. Consistent hand hygiene is the single most important measure
to reduce disease transmission. This includes hand washing with soap and
running water, using liquid or foam products rather than bars than might
be cross-contaminated. Refillable containers should be cleaned and dried
before refilling, to avoid creation of a bacterial reservoir. Alcohol-based hand
rubs are effective against bacteria and enveloped viruses, but less effective
against caliciviruses, feline panleukopenia virus, canine parvovirus, anthrax
and clostridial spores, and cryptosporidia. The rubs also lose efficacy when
organic material is present, so hand washing is preferred and should be done
between examinations of individual animals or animal groups and after
contact with exudates and body fluids. If running water is not available,
clean soiled hands with a moist wipe before applying the alcohol rub. Gloves
should be worn when handling exotic species or animals suspected to have
an infectious disease, also when there is contact with feces, exudates, open
wounds, or diagnostic specimens. Hands should be washed immediately
after glove removal, as they may be contaminated from unsuspected
microperforations. Facial protection should be used to protect the mucous
membranes of the eyes, nose and mouth when lancing abscesses or flushing
wounds or when performing dentistry, obstetrical procedures or necropsies.
A face shield or goggles worn with a surgical mask usually supplies adequate
protection. Respiratory tract protection such as the use of N-95 masks (with
annual fit testing of the user) is advised when working with ill psittacines,
abortion storms in small ruminants (Q fever), or animals with tuberculosis.
Laboratory coats, aprons, coveralls, and nonsterile protective gowns should be
changed when soiled and not worn outside the work environment. Footwear
should be impermeable to liquid and easy to clean, with care taken to clean
before leaving a farm or returning to the clinic or home. Visible organic
material should be removed before using a footbath or mat. Needlestick
injuries are best prevented by placing the needle and syringe directly into a
puncture- and leak-proof medical waste container after use, thereby avoiding
recapping. If the cap must be replaced, it is preferred to use forceps or the
1-handed scoop method. Gloves, sleeves, facial protection and impermeable
outerwear should be used during obstetrical procedures, to avoid common
pathogens such as C. burnetti, Listeria, and Brucella spp. Never attempt to
resuscitate a neonate by blowing directly into its nose or mouth. Similar
protection should be worn for necropsies, and nonessential persons should
not be present when necropsies are performed. Gloves and protective
outerwear should be used during wound management, and dressings and
bandage scissors should be considered infectious and handled accordingly.
Hospitals should create a written checklist for cleaning and disinfection of
equipment and surfaces, with attention to frequency of cleaning, products
used, disinfection procedures and staff responsible. Gloves and protective
outerwear should be worn when handling soiled laundry. Laundry should
not be considered clean until it is completely machine dried. Integrated
pest management techniques are advised, including sealing potential rodent
entry points with steel wool or metal lath, storing feed in tightly covered
containers, eliminating clutter that would afford nesting sites and removing
standing water sources to eliminate mosquito breeding areas. Records
should be kept for all employees of rabies preexposure vaccination and
serologic testing for titers (every 2 years). A single booster dose of vaccine
is given if the titer falls below 1:5, and 2 doses of vaccine are recommended
(days 0 and 3) following rabies exposure. Tetanus vaccine should be given
every 10 years, with a booster if a contaminated wound is incurred more
than 5 years after the last booster. Influenza vaccines are recommended,
especially if working with poultry or swine. Practices should have a written
infection control plan, which is reviewed and updated regularly and as
clinical practices change. New staff should be trained in the procedures and
behavior of all staff monitored to insure compliance with the protocols.
National Association of State Public Health Veterinarians
JAVMA 237:1403-1422, 2010
PHARMACOKINETICS OF
MELOXICAM IN ADULT GOATS
AND ITS ANALGESIC EFFECT IN
DISBUDDED KIDS
A daily dose of 0.5 mg/kg is suggested. Oral absorption is good but peak
levels are not reached for 15 hours.
This study from Sweden attempted to evaluate the suitability of meloxicam
for analgesia in goats, with special consideration for dosage by the oral
route so that caretakers could easily medicate the goats. In the first trial, 8
Swedish Landrace goats (1.5 to 3 years old, average weight 44 kg) were given
a single intravenous or oral dose of meloxicam, at 0.5 mg/kg. The same
goats received the drug by the alternate route after a 7 to 10 day washout
period. Intravenous catheters were placed to allow frequent samplings to
determine meloxicam concentration in plasma. The terminal half life was
12 hours after oral and 11 hours after IV administration. Oral absorption
averaged 79% and absorption was slow, with an average T max of 15 hours.
Four hornless kids, 25 days old, were given a single IM dose of meloxicam
at 0.5 mg/kg. The halflife for the drug was 14.4 hours. Finally, 11 kids
about 17 days old were disbudded under xylazine and ketamine anesthesia.
Before they recovered from the anesthesia they were given meloxicam at 0,5
mg/kg IM or isotonic saline as a placebo. The treatments were repeated
once daily at 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours. The trough value for meloxicam
was 1343 ng/ml 24 hours after the third dose and is an approximation of
steady state. Behavior could not be monitored on the day of surgery because
the kids were still recovering from the effects of the general anesthetic, but
thereafter they were observed for activity and for behaviors that might
indicate pain such as vocalization, head shaking, teeth grinding, scratching,
straw picking, and tail flicking. There were few differences in behavior the
day after disbudding between meloxicam and placebo kids but the kids
that received meloxicam showed less pain on a visual analogue scale. No
differences could be detected on following days. Cortisol and glucose were
not elevated 24 hours after disbudding in any of the goats. This suggests
that no long term stress response occurred after cautery disbudding under
general anesthesia. The 0.5 mg/kg dose provided plasma concentrations well
above those estimated to be therapeutic in other species, but further research
is needed to verify efficacy and safety of this dose of meloxicam in goats.
C. Ingvast-Larsson et al.
J Vet Pharm Therap 34:64-69, 2011
11
PHARMACOKINETICS OF
CEFTIOFUR CRYSTALLINE
FREE ACID AFTER SINGLE
SUBCUTANEOUS ADMINISTRATION
IN LACTATING AND NONLACTATING
DOMESTIC GOATS (Capra aegagrus
hircus)
MOLECULAR, HISTOLOGIC,
AND TRACE MINERAL
CHARACTERIZATION OF
METACARPOPHALANGEAL AND
METATARSOPHALANGEAL JOINT
HYPEREXTENSION IN JUVENILE
LLAMAS
The cause of this debilitating condition remains elusive, but elongation of
the sesamoid ligament may be involved.
Hyperextension of the fetlock joints is most often detected in adult llamas
but has been seen in juvenile animals. Unlike the congenital tendon laxity
seen in young foals, the condition in llamas does not improve with age
or strengthening of muscles, tendons, and ligaments. An initial study
detected increased serum zinc concentrations and decreased liver copper
concentrations in affected llamas. It was hypothesized that because copper
is essential for proper cross-linking of collagen via the enzyme lysyl oxidase,
excessive heavy minerals in soil or feed could produce a copper deficiency
and thereby damage the tendons. A subsequent study detected no evidence
of injury or degeneration to the suspensory ligament of adult animals with
fetlock hyperextension. The current study used 6 affected animals 3 years
of age or younger and 6 sex- and age-matched control llamas, to evaluate
a more acute form of the condition. All were males or geldings. Standing
computed radiographs were used to evaluate the P1-to-ground angle, which
was reduced in affected limbs. Affected forelimb angles averaged 35 degrees
(range 17 to 35), compared with a normal of 65 degrees (range 59 to 70).
Hindlimb pastern angles of affected limbs averaged 40 degrees (range 34 to
48), as compared with normal values of 67 degrees (range 57 to 74). Distal
displacement of the proximal sesamoid bones was seen in 5/6 affected but
0/6 control llamas. This results from elongation of the sesamoid ligament.
Degenerative arthritis was seen in 3/6 affected animals and in none of
the controls. Ultrasonography of the tendons was not tolerated without
sedation, so xylazine (0.22 to 0.33 mg/kg IV) and butorphanol (0.007 to
0.01 mg/kg IV) were used to encourage recumbency. Lesions were detected
in 2 of the affected animals and none of the controls but this difference was
not statistically significant. Gene expression of collagen type III (indicates
ongoing matrix repair) was increased in sesamoid ligament samples of affected
juvenile llamas. However, based on qualitative evaluation of stained samples,
collagen content and orientation of fibers in the superficial and deep flexor
tendons and the sesamoid ligament did not differ. Affected animals did have
a greater number of blood vessels and septa and increased amount of muscle
tissue in the sesamoid ligament which might have decreased tensile strength.
The affected animals had increased serum molybdenum and decreased liver
cobalt compared with normal controls, but the decreased copper did not
reach statistical significance.
S.A.. Semevolos and S.K. Reed
AJVR 72:550-555, 2011
12
Meat withdrawal data is not yet available, but the drug appears to achieve
adequate blood concentrations to treat goats for pneumonia caused by
susceptible bacteria.
This study was undertaken as a first step in gathering information with the
eventual goal of achieving FDA approval for the long-acting ceftiofur product
‘Excede’ for goats. The pharmacokinetics of the drug were investigated in
6 lactating dairy goats (4 to 5 months into lactation) and in 6 nulliparous
yearling dairy goats. The dose used, 6.6 mg/kg, was the same dose approved
for cattle but the injection site differed. Cattle are injected in the middle
third of the ear or in the loose skin at the base of the ear. There is minimal
subcutaneous space in the pinna of goats, and instead the injection was
placed subcutaneously behind the elbow. A swelling was still detectable at
the injection site 2 weeks later in 11 of the 12 goats. Multiple blood samples
were collected to determine the disposition of the drug and milk samples
were collected from the lactating goats twice daily. The mean parameters for
the nonlactating goats (maximum serum concentration 2.3 ug/ml, time to
maximum concentration 26.7 h, and terminal elimination half life 36.9 h)
did not differ statistically from the means for the lactating goats (maximum
1.5 ug/ml in 46 h with half life of 37.3 h). Ceftiofur and desfuroylceftiofurrelated metabolites were only detectable in one milk sample, taken at 36
hours after treatment. The residue detected in this sample was below the
cattle milk tolerance of 0.1 ppm. The related antibiotic ceftiofur sodium
(‘Naxcel’, Pfizer) is labeled for daily intramuscular injections to treat
respiratory disease in goats caused by Pasteurella multocida and Mannheimia
haemolytica. If approved, the long-acting formulation would save labor costs
and decrease stress on the treated goats. In this study, the concentration of
ceftiofur crystalline free acid remained above the targeted MIC for these
organisms of 0.2 ug/ml (in cattle) for 6.7 days in nonlactating goats and 7.5
days in lactating goats, which compares with an average of 9.1 days in beef
cattle and 8.5 days in dairy cows. By comparison with the ‘Excede’, ‘Naxcel’
(ceftiofur sodium) reaches a substantially higher maximum concentration
(4.57 ug/ml) much earlier, at 1.173 h, with a half life that is 15 times less.
[The editor wonders if it might be appropriate to initiate treatment with
both drugs simultaneously, but this approach was not discussed.]
E. Doré et al.
J Vet Pharm Therap 34:25-30, 2011
FULL-LENGTH GENOME SEQUENCE
ANALYSIS OF ENZOOTIC NASAL
TUMOR VIRUS REVEALS AN
UNUSUALLY HIGH DEGREE OF
GENETIC STABILITY
Future efforts will involve application of a PCR protocol for preclinical
diagnosis of ENTV-1 from nasal swabs and construction of an infectious
molecular clone of the virus for subsequent pathogenesis studies.
Enzootic nasal adenocarcinoma and ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma
(OPA, Jaagsiekte) are contagious neoplasms of sheep and goats. Jaagsiekte
sheep retrovirus (JSRV), an ovine betaretrovirus, is known to be the cause of
OPA and two distinct betaretroviruses (ENTV-1 in sheep and ENTV-2 in
goats) have been associated with enzootic nasal tumor. Diagnosis and control
of the tumors has been hampered by a lack of circulating antibodies to them
in affected animals. The ovine genome contains numerous endogenous
retroviral sequences that have a high degree of sequence homology
with JSRV and ENTV, and it has been proposed that expression of the
endogenous JRSV proteins in the fetal thymus results in immune tolerance
to the exogenous viruses. Only one full-length sequence of ENTV-1 has
been created (from a natural case of enzootic nasal tumor in Europe) and
there are currently no culture systems that permit growth of either ENTV
or JRSV. The present study reports the sequencing of virus obtained from
10 spontaneous enzootic nasal tumors in sheep in 5 geographically distinct
flocks in Ontario, Canada and one flock in Minnesota. The sheep were
females of the Dorset, Suffolk and Border Leicester breeds. They were 1.5
to 7 years of age and presented with signs of weight loss, chronic nasal
discharge and difficulty breathing. At necropsy a mass was typically found
in the ethmoidal area of the nasal cavity, usually bilateral, ranging from 2
to 10 cm in diameter. The masses did not penetrate the cribriform plate.
Cranial portions of the tumor gradated from hyperplastic to papillary to
glandular in appearance, while caudal portions were more anaplastic. The
North American isolates are genetically stable and closely related to (more
than 96% sequence identity with) the one European virus that has been
sequenced. Additionally, multiple tumor cell clones were established from
the neoplasms studied and one of them continued to express provirus after
multiple passages. Photographs of tumors and the phylogenetic tree for the
viruses are included in the paper.
S.R. Walsh et al.
Virus Research 151:74-87, 2010
PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF
ZOONOSES ON FARMS OPEN TO
THE PUBLIC
Presume that many of these agents are present on the farm, provide warning
signs, and provide plenty of hand washing facilities.
Farm enterprises frequently open their premises to the visiting public, for
educational purposes or as a source of income. Veterinarians need to help
their clients mitigate the risks of zoonotic disease in the visitors, many of
whom lack previous contact with livestock and also are unaware of the
dangers on the farm. The list of zoonotic diseases to consider includes (in
the UK): Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli and Campylobacter fetus;
Chlamydophila abortus (enzootic abortion); Coxiella burnetii (Q fever);
Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis (caseous lymphadenitis); Cryptosporidium
parvum; Leptospira species; Mycobacterium bovis; Orf (parapox) virus;
Dermatophytes (ringworm); Salmonella species; Toxoplasma gondii;
Verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli (VTEC) O157 and other strains; Yersinia
enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. Rabies must be included in
the United States. Outbreaks of verogenic E coli and cryptosporidiosis
are perhaps the most common and are reported worldwide, but the other
diseases can also cause serious health issues and engender public distrust
of farms. In April 2009, an outbreak of cryptosporidiosis affected about
50 per cent of 380 school children who visited a dairy farm in Cumbria
containing infected calves and goats. The ongoing outbreak of Q fever in the
Netherlands (2007 to 2011) is another example. This has been attributed to
the exposure of a high density nearby human population to infected aerosols
and contaminated dust particles from possibly the highest concentration
of dairy goat herds worldwide. There were 2357 reported cases in humans
in 2009, mainly among those living within 5 km of infected farms. The
most important aspect of prevention of many of these zoonotic diseases is
hand washing, using soap and water, preferably with foot or knee operated
pedals. Hand gels do NOT control cryptosporidia. Provision of protective
clothing is often impractical, but visitors should be encouraged to wear
waterproof boots. Incoming adult animals should be quarantined for a
month and observed or vaccinated for potential diseases. Young animals,
often introduced for the ever popular bottle feeding programs, should be
quarantined for as many days as possible and not put on display if diarrhea
or zoonotic skin diseases are present. They should be managed all in - all
out, with thorough cleaning and disinfection between groups. A wide
range of species have been shown to shed VTEC O157 in addition to
cattle, including sheep, pigs, goats, horses, donkeys, ponies, deer, alpacas
and llamas. Goats, cattle and sheep appear to be the most common sources
of human infection. Screening for verogenic E coli, Campylobacter, or
cryptosporidia is NOT recommended, as these organisms are intermittently
shed and no treatment is available if a positive result is obtained. Test and
cull is not recommended. Instead, the animals should be assumed to be
infectious and appropriate hygienic measures put in place, stressing hand
washing and separation of animals from eating areas. Ringworm spores and
orf viruses can persist in the environment for months, so again inspection of
animals, removal of contaminated bedding, and disinfection of facilities are
necessary. Chlamydophila abortus and Coxiella burnetii are serious threats to
visitors, especially pregnant women. Spores of the Q fever organism remain
in the bedding for months, and aerosols from areas used for ruminant
parturitions (not necessarily abortions) present a significant hazard to farm
workers and visitors. Available vaccines (leptospirosis, Q fever in Europe
and the UK) should be used to lessen these risks.
G. Pritchard
In Practice 33:242-251, 2011
ELIMINATION OF SMALL RUMINANT
LENTIVIRUS INFECTION FROM
SHEEP FLOCKS AND GOAT HERDS
AIDED BY HEALTH SCHEMES IN
GREAT BRITAIN
Using the ELISA test hastened eradication, compared with AGID, but the
process was more difficult in dairy herds.
There are a number of small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV) that can
infect both sheep and goats and be transmitted from one species to the
other. There is even evidence of recombination when the same animal is
concurrently infected with two different strains. The clinical signs seen
seem to depend more on the host than the origin of the virus. Thus any
eradication or control scheme needs to address all small ruminants on the
farm, not just sheep for OPP (ovine progressive pneumonia, also referred to
as MV, Maedi-Visna) or goats for CAE (caprine arthritis-encephalitis). In
Great Britain the diseases are rarely diagnosed but infection, as evidenced
by a serologic response, is widespread. Great Britain, like many northern
European countries, has voluntary control schemes, and approximately 3000
herds (mostly elite pedigreed herds) are enrolled. To become accredited, the
herd must adhere to strict herd security measures to prevent contact with
any non-accredited sheep or goats. They also must undergo two qualifying
serologic tests of all stock at a 6- to 12-month interval, followed by regular
periodic serologic testing. An accredited herd is allowed to trade animals
with other accredited herds. Any positive reaction in an accredited herd
causes the loss of the accredited status and the ability to trade. Any animals
that have already been sold are traced to limit the spread of the infection.
Infection is eliminated from participating herds by standard measures,
including: total slaughter and restocking with MV/CAE-accredited animals,
testing and culling all reactors and their offspring, establishing an elite flock
kept in isolation from all other sheep or goats, snatching lambs/kids at birth
and rearing them artificially or on MV/CAE-accredited foster dams, and
embryo transfer into MV/CAE-accredited recipients. The AGID test is the
prescribed test for regulatory purposes but has a sensitivity of only 50 to
76%; a more sensitive ELISA test is recommended at 3 month intervals
in known positive herds to detect infected animals sooner and hasten the
eradication process. The ELISA consistently detects infection at an earlier
stage than the AGID. The cut-off optical density (OD) for a positive ELISA
is determined by positive and negative controls, and a ratio of sample OD
to cut-off OD of 1.0 or greater is positive according to the manufacturer. It
was determined that specificity of the test could be improved to 99.86% in
sheep and 100% in goats by designating ratios of 3.5 or higher as reactors.
This greatly decreased the risk of false positives that would result in loss of
accreditation. In stage 1 of disease control, if 2% or more of the flock was
infected the ratio of 1.0 in the ELISA test was deemed positive. When the
proportion of reactors in the herd reached and stayed below 2%, ratios of
3.5 or greater were reported as positive while ratios from 1.0 to 3.5 were
deemed inconclusive reactors. They could be treated as reactors or they
could be kept in isolation until the next test. If positive at the next test,
the animal and its offspring were slaughtered. If the ELISA ratio was below
3.5 on the next qualifying test and the AGID was negative, the animal was
classified as negative. The herd regained accreditation status if it passed two
qualifying tests 6 and 12 months after the removal of all reactors and their
13
offspring. An additional whole herd ELISA test was done 1 year later, then
biennially. Between 1996 and 2007, 31 MV-accredited sheep flocks and two
CAE-accredited goat herds lost accredited status due to the introduction of
a SRLV. In all but one case, antibodies were detected on a routine periodic
blood test. If the prevalence of infection within a flock was low (<5 per cent
of animals seropositive by AGID test), testing and culling allowed flocks
to regain MV-accredited status within 18 months. Of the 20 breakdown
flocks that attempted to regain MV-accredited status using the test and
cull procedure, 18 flocks were successful. In addition, 10 sheep flocks and
two goat herds managed to eradicate infection, having joined the scheme
with infected animals. Eradication is more difficult in dairy herds due to
the continual close contact between animals and the potential for virus to
spread via contaminated milking machines. One dairy flock with an initial
seroprevalence rate of 65% went out of business after 3 years, largely because
of the costs of the eradication program and the disease. A very large dairy
goat herd with 3500 goats and an initial herd seroprevalence of 3% in the
AGID test managed to achieve CAE-accredited status, but could do so only
after 10 years of testing. Frequent whole herd tests could not be afforded.
Clinical signs (wasting and pneumonia) were only seen in 2 herds, both
dairy flocks with high initial seroprevalence rates of 65 and 75%. Two flocks
that successfully eradicated the disease had subsequent breakdowns, and in
both instances the source was probably a non-accredited flock on the same
premises.
B.A. Synge and C.M. Ritchie
Vet Record 167:739-743, 2010
TOOLS FOR MANAGING INTERNAL
PARASITES IN SMALL RUMINANTS:
SERICEA LESPEDEZA
Condensed tannins in this palatable legume decrease worm burdens and
pasture contamination.
This ATTRA publication begins with a review of the ruminant strongyle life
cycle, emphasizing that the larvae survive under warm, wet conditions and
are usually on blades of grass within 1 to 3 inches of the ground. Because of
the development of dewormer resistance, small ruminant producers need to
apply multiple management procedures to control internal parasites. These
include: maintaining forage height greater than 3 inches; providing browse;
maintaining a low stocking rate; grazing with cattle or in rotation with cattle
or horses; providing tannin-rich forages; harvesting hay; and avoiding wet
patches in the pasture, such as around the water trough. The FAMACHA
program should be used to select anemic animals for deworming (applies
to Haemonchus infections only). If possible, a resistant breed should be
selected and resistant individuals within the breed should be kept for
reproduction. Some animals are resilient rather than resistant, meaning that
they don’t show clinical signs or decreased production but do shed enough
eggs to endanger other herd members. Animals that contribute most to
pasture contamination should be culled. Available and tested alternative
treatments for worms include copper oxide wire particles orally and feeding
supplements containing condensed tannins. There are two main types of
tannins; hydrolyzable tannins (HT), some of which may have toxic effects
on animals, and condensed tannins (CT),which are found in forage legumes
and other plants. When CT are present at more than 5.5% of forage dry
matter they may cause reduced intake and reduced digestibility. However,
they also can increase by-pass protein, reduce bloating, increase production
and reduce the number of internal parasites and the output of eggs. The
condensed tannin content varies with the forages species: birdsfoot trefoil
(4.8%), big trefoil (7.7%), sanfoin (2.9%), sulla (5.1 to 8.4%), and Sericea
lespedeza (4.6-15.2%) are all high in tannins. Alfalfa (0.05%), perennial
ryegrass (0.18%) and crabgrass/tall fescue mix (0.32%) are all relatively low
in CT. Sericea lespedeza is a legume that grows in low fertility, acid soils. It
is listed as a noxious weed in Colorado and Kansas, and there goats can be
used to control infestations. In other states the forage can be successfully
grazed after a period of adaptation for animals not yet accustomed to it,
but hay made from this plant is readily consumed by all classes of livestock.
The tannins in Sericea may directly damage worms or they may indirectly
improve the protein nutrition or immune system function of the goat.
Goats eating the forage shed fewer eggs and the eggs that are shed have
reduced hatchability, but shedding resumes when the goats are moved off
14
the Sericea. The results of 7 controlled studies are reported. For instance, SL
fed as hay reduced naturally infected worm burdens by 67% and reduced
establishment of incoming larvae by 26% in one study. The forage is thus
beneficial but cannot be relied upon as the sole means of controlling internal
parasites.
L. Coffey et al.
ATTRA, available online at <http://www.scsrpc.org/SCSRPC/Files/sericea_
lespedeza.pdf>
EFFICACY OF COPPER OXIDE
WIRE PARTICLES AGAINST
GASTROINTESTINAL NEMATODES
IN SHEEP AND GOATS
Two grams of COWP controlled Haemonchus infestations in weaned lambs
and kids.
This study involved a side by side comparison of copper oxide wire particles
(COWP, 2g from a subdivided Copasure bolus for cattle delivered in a gel
capsule) in 12 weaned Katahdin or Dorper x Blackface lambs and 12 weaned
Kiko x Spanish kids. The animals were allowed to acquire natural infections
by grazing contaminated pasture in Georgia for 4 months until the fecal egg
count (FEC) was approximately 3000 eggs/g in the lambs and approximately
1500 eggs/g in the kids. The animals were then randomized to a treatment
(2 g COWP) or no treatment group and continued to graze on the same
pasture. The FEC and PCV were followed weekly and half of the animals
were slaughtered after 28 days for determination of worm burdens in the
abomasum and small intestine. Haemonchus contortus comprised more than
90% of the original worm burden. After 12 days, FEC of COWP-treated
sheep and goats were 94.3 and 74.9% lower, respectively, than untreated
animals, while these differences were 82.5 and 90.5% for sheep and goats
26 days after treatment. The animals treated with COWP had higher (P <
0.05) PCV values than controls from days 21 to 42 of the experiment. The
reduction in number of adult H. contortus due to COWP treatment was
67 and 86% for sheep and goats, respectively. Despite having lower FECs,
the goats were consistently more anemic than the lambs. The PCV in the
treated group of kids increased from 16% at 12 days to 22% at 42 days.
Other studies have shown lower or no efficacy in mature goats, especially
when a larger proportion of the worm burden consists of intestinal rather
than abomasal worms.
F. Soli et al.
Vet Parasitology 168: 93-96, 2010
CLINICAL, ULTRASONOGRAPHIC,
AND LABORATORY FINDINGS IN
12 LLAMAS AND 12 ALPACAS WITH
MALIGNANT ROUND CELL TUMORS
This is a companion article to one published in Veterinary Pathology
46:288-298, 2009 and abstracted in Wool & Wattles 38 no.1, 2010.
Clinical signs, duration of illness, clinicopathologic findings, and
ultrasonographic findings were evaluated in 12 llamas and 12 alpacas with
malignant round cell tumors. Common clinical findings were anorexia,
recumbency or weakness, and weight loss or poor growth. Peripheral
lymphadenopathy was detected in only 4 of the 24 animals. The duration
of clinical signs was variable but usually short: sudden death (2 animals),
1 d (3 animals), 2 wk (10 animals), and longer than 2 wk (9 animals).
Only 2 of 11 animals less than 2 years old had a clinical course that lasted
longer than 2 wk, whereas 7 of 13 animals that were over 2 y old had a
clinical course longer than 2 wk. The 5 animals with gastric MRCT were
often older animals (mean 7.2 y) and all died or were euthanized within 1
wk of onset of signs. The most common clinical chemistry findings were
hypoalbuminemia, acidosis, anemia, azotemia, increased serum gammaglutamyl transferase (GGT) activity, and hyperglycemia. Lymphocytosis
was detected in only 1 animal. Azotemia occurred in half of the animals
but only one had a renal neoplasm. Abdominal or thoracic ultrasound on
6 animals resulted in diagnostic findings in 4 animals, including 2 where
the cause of hepatomegaly was confirmed by ultrasound guided biopsy.
Abdominal or thoracic effusions should be evaluated cytologically if noted.
Various treatments (antibiotics, parasiticides, fluids, etc were attempted,
but the only survivor was an animal with a cervical mass, diagnosed as a
primitive round cell tumor. Chemotherapy was not attempted on any
animal but might be of value if tumors could be identified at an earlier stage.
Mandibular and inguinal lymph nodes in particular should be examined at
routine physical examinations.
J.M. Martin et al.
Can Vet J. 51(12): 1379-1382, 2010
NUTRITIONAL DISEASES OF
LLAMAS AND ALPACAS
This article did not make it into the volume 25 no 2 Veterinary Clinics issue
devoted to camelids.
Camelids are susceptible to both malnutrition and obesity. Prolonged energy
and/or protein deficiency leads to a decrease in body weight and body
condition score. Growing animals will cease to gain and pregnant or lactating
animals are susceptible to hepatic lipidosis. Extreme cold also increases
energy demands, and camelids raised in the northern United States will be
exposed to much colder conditions than faced in their native environment in
South America. Energy maintenance requirements for animals in full fleece
probably increase 1% for every degree C below the camelid lower critical
temperature of 0 to 10 C. If animals are wet and muddy or exposed to
wind chill, the requirements may increase as much as 75%. Hands-on body
condition scoring is necessary to detect problems early. Serum nonesterified
fatty acids (NEFA; >0.6 mEq/L) and b-hydroxybutyrate (BHB; >5 mg/dL)
concentrations may be elevated if the problem is severe or secondary hepatic
lipidosis is present. Underlying infectious, parasitic, and dental diseases
should be addressed in addition to improving the nutrition. The prognosis
is grave for recumbent animals, even with aggressive therapy. Chemical
forage quality analysis is important to be able to match feed quality with the
requirements of individuals. Body condition score should be assessed during
early to mid pregnancy, early to mid lactation, and periodically (4–6 times
per year) for other animals of the herd. By contrast, feeding too rich a forage
or excess grain leads to obesity, which in turn causes greater susceptibility to
heat stress, metabolic derangements, infertility, and associated locomotive
problems. Packing or hiking will help to avoid obesity but in general be sure
to house obese animals where they can not steal from others and only allow
them to graze on mature pastures. Copper deficiency in camelids has been
associated with anemia, altered hair coloration, impaired immune response,
and poor growth. Hind limb ataxia and posterior paresis, similar to the disease
‘‘swayback’’ observed in neonatal sheep, have also been reported in camelids
but causation by copper deficiency is not well documented. Although not as
susceptible as sheep, copper toxicity also occurs in camelids and is typified
by hepatic necrosis without hemolysis. Toxicity has been reported with
dietary copper above 30 mg/kg and dietary ratio of Cu-to-Mo greater than
16:1. Iron deficiency anemia might be expected in neonates consuming only
milk or in animals with chronic blood loss (such as from haemonchosis).
White muscle disease is believed to occur in camelids in selenium deficient
regions but is not well documented. Llamas and alpacas have a greater
amount of Se-dependent glutathione peroxidase activity in serum rather
than being concentrated primarily in red blood cells. Deficient whole blood
Se concentrations are defined as less than 120 ng/mL with adequate between
150 and 220 ng/mL for either llamas or alpacas. Selenium toxicity is usually
caused by an injectable product, and toxicity is expected if the dose given is
20 times or more the labeled dose. Signs of distressed breathing, salivation,
and cardiovascular collapse appear within hours after injection, and there
is no antidote. A number of veterinary diagnostic laboratories are finding
very high concentrations of Se (>12 ug/g dry weight) in llama and alpaca
liver samples, suggesting an excessive level of supplementation. The newer
organic selenomethionine sources are more apt to cause this than is dietary
sodium selenite. A zinc responsive crusting dermatitis, most pronounced
on the relatively hairless areas of dark fleeced animals, is frequently seen
in camelids. Treatment recommendations include daily supplementation
with either 1 g zinc sulfate or 2 to 4 g zinc methionine. Zinc methionine
is believed to be more available in the face of interfering dietary agents
such as high calcium intake. Growing llamas and alpacas between 3 and 6
months of age are susceptible to a seasonal vitamin D deficiency resulting
in a hypophosphatemic rickets syndrome. Affected crias are often fall born,
dark colored and full fleeced. They show a slower rate of growth, reluctance
to move, humped-back stance, and shifting leg lameness. Vitamin D can
be effectively supplemented by injection, oral dosing, or increasing dietary
levels. Injections of vitamin D3 between 1000 and 1500 IU/kg body weight
have been shown to maintain adequate serum vitamin D concentrations
for up to 3 months. Oral gels delivering vitamin D3 at 33,000 IU every 2
weeks or 100,000 IU once monthly have also been used successfully. Avoid
excessive doses, which can be toxic. A rapid change from high forage to
high concentrate, low-fiber diet leading to reduced ruminal pH and altered
microbial flora is often associated with polioencephalomalacia in young or
adult camelids. Clinical signs include depression, seizures, opisthotonos,
blindness, hyperesthesia, and sudden death. Diagnosis is made by presenting
signs and rapid response to thiamin therapy (10 to 20 mg/kg body
weight) or definitively by presence of histologic lesions at necropsy. Lactic
acidosis occurs in camelids, as it does in ruminants, and has been caused
by consumption of 500 g of concentrate, often compounded by unsecure
storage or social hierarchy issues. Concentrates high in corn, oats, barley, or
wheat and with low crude fiber content (<12%) have the highest potential
risk of inducing lactic acidosis. Male camelids are susceptible to urolithiasis,
although the etiology is unclear. Bladder rupture may occur. Incomplete
blockage results in stranguria, exaggerated and prolonged urination posture,
urine dribbling, and blood-tinged urine. Recommendations for prevention
often include adding salt to the diet to increase water consumption and
keeping the calcium-to-phosphorus ratio between 2.0-to-4:1. The article
also lists plant poisonings that have been reported in camelids, including
rhododendrons and other grayanotoxin-containing members of the
Ericaceae family, death camas, oleander (a frequent cause of acute death)
and red maple. An endophyte on perennial ryegrass induces tremors,
incoordination, head shaking, and staggers in afflicted animals. Signs resolve
with withdrawal from the affected pasture/forage. Accidental inclusion in
alpaca feed of the poultry ionophore selenomycin caused toxicity in many
animals in Ohio in 2003. Clinical signs were diarrhea, muscle tremors,
weakness, and acute death as a result of severe acute rhabdomyolysis. Losses
continued for up to 3 months after exposure.
R.J. Van Saun
Vet Clin N Amer Food Anim Pract 25(3):797-810, 2009
15
EXPERIMENTAL RAYLESS
GOLDENROD (ISOCOMA
PLURIFLORA) TOXICOSIS IN GOATS
A dose related skeletal myopathy developed in all exercised goats within one
week of commencing feeding this plant from the southwestern USA.
The rayless goldenrod or southern jimmyweed has been known to be toxic
to livestock in southwestern states for over 100 years. Poisoned animals
develop violent tremors, especially when forced to move, and the clinical
signs are similar to those caused by white snakeroot (Ageratina altissima,
previously Eupatorium rugosum) which causes ‘trembles’ in livestock and
‘milk sickness’ in humans. Both plants contain tremetol, a mixture of
benzofuran ketones, which can cause secondary poisoning in nursing
animals. Clinically, poisoning with rayless goldenrod is seen as depression,
anorexia, and inactivity followed by muscle tremors especially following
exercise or activity. Some poisoned animals may develop tachypnea
and tachycardia, with ascites and hydrothorax. In the current study, 15
yearling Spanish goats were trained to lead and run on a treadmill. They
were subsequently given dried ground rayless goldenrod by stomach tube
to obtain 10, 20, 40, and 60 mg benzofuran ketones/kg body weight/day.
The control group was given similar volumes of ground alfalfa. Blood was
collected and the goats were exercised daily, then euthanized and necropsied
after 7 days of treatment. The amount of plant fed was equivalent to 0.5 to
3% of their body weight per day. After 4 or 5 days, 5 of the 6 goats receiving
the most rayless goldenrod became reluctant to move. Large appendicular
muscles were swollen and firm. When standing, the goats would tremble and
would quickly tire and lie down. Affected goats developed increased resting
heart rate. Serum enzyme concentrations suggestive of muscle damage
(creatine kinase, AST, ALT, LDH) were increased and in some goats cardiac
troponin-1 was also elevated. (Normal cardiac troponin-I concentrations
are undetectable, less than 0.02 ng/ml). At necropsy, goats dosed with 40
and 60 mg/kg had swelling and pallor of nearly all skeletal muscles. The
myocardium of 2 of the 60-mg/kg–dosed goats and all 3 of the 40-mg/kg–
dosed goats also had multifocal myocyte swelling, degeneration, and, rarely,
necrosis. At the lowest doses, muscle lesions were subtle but most evident in
the quadriceps femoris and diaphragm. The goats fed the highest doses did
not develop the extensive hepatocellular necrosis or renal nephrosis reported
previously in goats fed white snakeroot, suggesting differences in the ketones
contained in the two plants.
B.L. Stegelmeier et al.
J Vet Diagn Invest 22:570–577, 2010
EFFECTS OF FEEDING
MANAGEMENT AND TIME OF DAY
ON THE OCCURRENCE OF SELFSUCKLING IN DAIRY GOATS
It is interesting to speculate if milking twice a day and feeding more long
stem fiber would avoid the development of the behavior in the first place.
Self-suckling and intersuckling both occur in dairy cows, with intersuckling
being more common and associated with damage to the teats of the other
cow. Self-suckling is observed in dairy goats as well but has not been studied
much before. It has been hypothesized that initially the animal is trying to
relieve discomfort from a turgid udder, but subsequently it continues to
self-suckle because the milk is highly palatable. The habit is hard to break
and less milk is available for sale. Udder bags, distasteful solutions painted
on the teats and Elizabethan collars have been used to prevent the behavior,
but culling may be required. In the present report, 21 dairy goats of the
Majorera breed in Spain were housed in a group away from herd members
that did not display the behavior, but how these animals were selected is not
indicated. They were fed a diet of corn, soy, dehydrated alfalfa, dehydrated
beetroots, alfalfa hay, and vitamins and minerals, balanced to meet their
nutritional requirements. The diet was 10.6% crude protein and 10.2%
crude fiber. The goats were milked once a day and fed concentrates in the
morning and then fed hay in the afternoon. For the study, the animals
were observed for self-suckling during three, 20 minute periods each day:
16
immediately after milking, after the hay feeding, and later in the afternoon.
Initial observations were made for 9 days, then wheat straw was offered
adlib in addition to the regular diet and the observations were repeated for 9
days, and finally the goats were returned to the original feeding program for
a final 9 day observation period. More goats self-suckled immediately after
milking than after the second feeding. The behavior was seen in 16 of the 21
goats, 14 of which suckled on both their right and left teats. Goats showed
a preference for the right teat, which might be explained by interference
from the rumen in reaching the left teat. Some goats had teat injuries in
the middle of the teat that could have been caused by the behavior. The
frequency of suckling was statistically reduced when the straw was fed, but
the behavior was not eliminated by this management change. Goats that
suckled more frequently had a lower milk yield but cause and effect could
not be determined. The straw would provide more oral activity and more
rumination time, and this might be beneficial immediately after milking
when the goats tended to suckle more.
J. Martínez-de la Puente et al.
Vet Record168:378, 2011 (on line)
INVESTIGATION OF MYCOPLASMA
HAEMOLAMAE INFECTION IN
CRIAS BORN TO INFECTED DAMS
Some but not all crias born to infected alpacas are already infected at time
of delivery.
The haemotropic organism Mycoplasma haemolamae adheres to the surface of
red blood cells of llamas and alpacas. It is sometimes associated with anemia
and other clinical signs such as depression, fever and weight loss. However,
many infected camelids do not develop clinical or laboratory abnormalities.
Camelids with immunosuppression, stress, or other concurrent diseases are
most apt to develop anemia. Many animals, once infected, remain chronic
carriers despite antibiotic treatment. Biting insects might be involved in
spreading the infection. This study involved 5 clinically healthy pregnant
alpacas previously shown to be infected on herd screening with the highly
sensitive and specific PCR test for the organism in blood. It is not yet
possible to grow the organism in the laboratory. Blood collected from the
jugular vein of the dam within 1 hour before or after parturition was positive
in all 5 animals. Blood from the crias was tested within 30 minutes and
before the crias nursed or had contact with another alpaca. Three of the crias
were negative before and again within a week after birth. One colostrum
sample was tested, and that was also negative by PCR. Two of these negative
crias were tested every 1 to 2 weeks until they were 15 weeks old and they
remained negative. The other two crias were positive immediately after birth
and again after suckling. One of them was followed until 6.5 months of
age, remaining positive at each sampling. It seems unlikely that these two
crias were infected during the birth process, as experimental transfusion
of large amounts of blood into negative animals does not yield a positive
PCR test until 4 days later. Thus transplacental infection is the most likely
explanation for infection in the neonate.
S.J. Tornquist et al.
Vet Record 168:380, 2011 (on line)
ASSESSMENT OF THE USE
OF TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE
MICROCHIPS TO DETERMINE CORE
BODY TEMPERATURE IN GOATS
Subcutaneous microchips do not give an accurate assessment of core body
temperature under environmental extremes or in the presence of an induced
fever.
The core body temperature is the temperature at the hypothalamus or at a
deep internal site such as the carotid artery or esophagus. For practicality, the
rectal temperature is usually substituted. Temperature-sensitive microchips
are now available for animals; one manufacturer suggests implanting them
between the shoulder blades and then adding 2 ºC to the reading to get a
proxy for the core body
temperature. In this
study, a temperature
datalogger
with
a
resolution of 0.04ºC
was placed within the
abdomen and tethered
to the linea alba of
each of 5 female Boer
goats with a mean body
weight of 27 kg. This
measured the core body
temperature. Then each
goat was implanted
with an additional 5
temperature microchips:
subcutaneously between
the shoulder blades,
subcutaneously in the
groin area at the junction
of abdomen and thigh,
subcutaneously in the middle of the right flank midway between dorsum and
ventrum, into the upper right seimembranosus muscle, and retroperitoneally
between the internal abdominal oblique muscle and the peritoneum just off
the linea alba. The goats were then subjected to six different environmental
situations for 7 hours, with data collection beginning after one hour of
acclimitisation. The treatments were thermoneutral (24ºC), cold (13ºC),
cold plus radiant heat from halogen bulbs, hot (40ºC), hot plus radiant
heat, and fever induced by an intravenous injection of lipopolysaccharide.
The rectal temperature was a mean of 0.4ºC higher than the core body
temperature, while the retroperitoneal microchip gave the closest agreement
with core temperature (0.2ºC lower) under all environmental conditions.
Muscle, flank, and shoulder blade readings were lower than core temperature
by 0.5º C, 1.0º C, and 0.5º C, whereas the groin reading averaged 0.2º C
higher but was quite variable. A cold environment increased the difference
between core temperature and subcutaneous or muscle microchips, whereas
a hot environment reduced the difference from the core temperature. At
times, the temperature measured in the flank was 4º C lower than the core
temperature, When the goat was subjected to radiant heat, the temperature
of the chip between the shoulder blades was as much as 2º C higher than
core. During the LPS induced fevers, the subcutaneous temperatures
were as much as 3º C lower than core temperature because of peripheral
vasoconstriction. To obtain an accurate temperature reading over many
situations, the retroperitoneal location is recommended.
N.A. Torrao et al.
PESTE DES PETITS RUMINANTS:
A SUITABLE CANDIDATE FOR
ERADICATION?
The plague is dead: long live the plague.
An announcement was recently made that rinderpest (cattle plague) has been
eradicated from the wild. This is a morbillivirus, a genus that also contains
measles, distemper, and peste des petits ruminants (PPR). PPR may be the
fastest growing and most economically important disease of small ruminants
in developing countries. The virus is endemic in Turkey and there have been
recent outbreaks in Morocco and Tunisia, thus presenting a threat to sheep
and goats in European Union countries. In developing countries in Africa
and Asia, where sheep and goats are integral to sustainable agriculture, the
disease causes tremendous losses. For instance, between 2006 and 2008 it
was estimated that more than five million animals were affected in Kenya,
with more than half of the infected animals dying of the disease. Because
rinderpest in cattle and PPR in small ruminants cause very similar diseases
and mortality, and because diagnostic tests that discriminated between the
two viruses only became available in the past 20 years, it is likely that, in
the past, many cases of PPR were ascribed to the rinderpest virus. PPR
was first described in the early 1940s as a disease of sheep and goats that
did not spread to cattle. As PPR spreads rapidly across Africa and Asia,
it is not clear if the virus is spreading or if the disease is only now being
recognized because rinderpest has been eliminated. The lineage pattern of
PPRV suggests that this virus was circulating and becoming homogeneous in
Asia for centuries, and has only recently been introduced into Africa, where
several African lineages have developed. lt is also possible that eradication of
rinderpest has facilitated the spread of PPR, since sheep and goats exposed
to RPV are immune to PPRV, hence circulating rinderpest in cattle may
have partially immunized in-contact sheep and goat flocks. However, this
is not the whole story, as China and Morocco have been free of rinderpest
for many years but now have PPR. Flock mortality from PPR varies from
10 to 90%. Typically there is nearly 100% mortality in young lambs and
kids and 10% mortality in adults. Interestingly, European breeds of sheep
and goats commonly show a mild subacute form of disease, with low fever
and congestion of the eyes and nose, but little discharge or diarrhea. In
susceptible African and Asian breeds, a fever develops 3 to 9 days after
infection and lasts for up to a week. Mucous membranes are congested
and there is copious discharge from the nose and mouth, accompanied by
marked leukopenia. Diarrhea often develops. Then necrotic lesions appear
in the mouth and vagina. Pregnant animals abort. Fatal cases succumb 5 to
12 days after the onset of signs, with prominent pneumonia. Convalescence
is slow, and the animals are susceptible to other infections and parasites
because of immunosuppression. Reference labs usually base diagnosis on
PCR. Recovered animals are tested for antibody using a cELISA as the virus
is only shed for a short time. The disease is spread through contact with
infected animals and secretions, but the virus is easily killed by heat, UV
light, dehydration, or pH extremes. Movement of animals from endemic
areas should be restricted. A homologous modified live virus vaccine is used
to control the disease in endemic areas. The antibody response to vaccination
is similar to that in a recovered animal, interfering with disease surveillance.
The factors that favored eradication of rinderpest were: a safe and reliable
vaccine covering all strains of the disease; the availability of simple and
effective diagnostic tests; a short infectious period with no persistence or
carrier state; transmission only by close contact; an economic incentive
for local and national participation and for compliance with the program.
Many of these factors also apply to PPR. It is disadvantageous that sheep
and goats are of less individual value than cattle and have a quicker turnover,
meaning that more doses of vaccine and personnel to administer it will be
required. A coordinated action will be needed to eradicate this virus.
M. D. Baron et al.
Vet Record 169:16-21, 2011 (on line)
MYCOPLASMA OVIPNEUMONIAE
ASSOCIATED WITH SEVERE
RESPIRATORY DISEASE IN GOATS
The organism may be a primary invader of the lungs; it can predispose to
bacterial and viral pneumonia.
Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae is believed to play an important role in
chronic nonprogressive pneumonia of lambs but there are few reports
of its involvement in respiratory disease of goats. In sheep the organism
predisposes to bacterial and viral infections by such mechanisms as alteration
in macrophage activity, adherence of the organism to ciliated epithelium by
its polysaccharide capsule, induction of the production of autoantibodies to
the ciliary antigen and suppressive activity on lymphocytes. An outbreak of
pneumonia occurred in a herd of approximately 200 goats of various breeds
and ages, from multiple sources but mostly through the black market, on a
farm in Kosovo. Over the winter, approximately 50% of the goats died, mostly
kids under 1 month of age. Unilateral pneumonia, pleuritis, and pericarditis
were found in the 5 animals that were necropsied, and M. ovipneumoniae
was isolated from all 5 while Mannheimia haemolytica was isolated from 3
lungs and Streptococcus from one. The mycoplasma produced typical fried
egg colonies and identification of species was confirmed by PCR. Ten of 30
nasal swabs from surviving kids were also positive for the organism. The
generally poor condition of the farm and infection with multiple strains
originating from several areas may have contributed to the extremely high
mortality in this outbreak.
M. Rifatbegovic et al.
17
AASRP Board of Directors
President
Dr. Joan Bowen
5036 E County Rd. 60
Wellington, CO 80549
Phone: 970.568.3613
Cell: 970.217.0447
[email protected]
Term: 7/11 – 7/13
President Elect
Dr. Joan Dean Rowe
24580 Cache Street
Capay, CA 95607
Phone: 530.752.0292
Fax: 530.752.4278
[email protected]
Term: 7/11 – 7/13
Immediate Past President
Dr. Jim Fallen
Large Animal Clinic
9300 Guadalupe Trail NW
Albuquerque, NM 87114
Phone: 505.897.3787
Fax: 505.898.8402
[email protected]
Term: 7/11 – 7/13
Director, Region 1
Dr. William P. Shulaw
Veterinary Extension
4030 Alton Darby Creek Rd.
Hilliard, OH 43026
Phone: 614-292-9453
Fax: 614-292-4142
[email protected]
Term: 7/11 – 7/13
Director, Region 2
Dr. Patty B. Scharko
PO Box 102406
Columbia, SC 29224-2406
Phone: 803-788-2269 x290
[email protected]
Term: 7/11 – 7/13
Director, Region 3
Dr. Clifford Shipley
University of Illinois, CVM
1008 West Hazelwood Dr.
Urbana, IL 61802
[email protected]
Term: 7/10 – 7/12
Director, Region 4
Dr. Annika M. Rogers
5520 S W Cherry Ave
Corvallis, OR 97333
Phone: 541-602-2062
[email protected]
Term: 7/11 – 7/13
Management Headquarters
Franz Management
P. O. Box 3514
Montgomery, AL 36109
Phone: 334/517-1233
Fax: 331/270-3399
Email: [email protected]
AVMA Delegate
Dr. Paul Jones
Woodburn Vet Clinic
225 South Pacific Highway
Woodburn, OR 80634
Home: 503.982.2421
Cell: 503.982.2425
[email protected]
2009-2017
Executive Director
Dr. Tom Johnson
Cell: 515-306-1129
AVMA Alternate Delegate
Dr. Joan Bowen
2009-2017
AASRP Representation for AVMA Offices & Committees
Executive Board-District IX
(Arizona, Colorado, Kansas,
NewMexico, Oklahoma &
Utah)
Dr. Theodore Cohn
(2010-2011)
AVMA Delegate
Dr. Paul Jones
(2009-2017)
Alternate
Dr. Joan S. Bowen
(2009 – 2017)
Legislative Advisory
Committee
Dr. Seyedmehdi Mobini
(2011 – 2014)
Alternate
Dr. Kelly Still Brooks
(2011 – 2014)
18
Committee on
Environmental Issues
Dr. Peregrine Wolff
(2006 - 2012)
Clinical Practitioners
Advisory Committee
Andrea Mongini
(2010-2013)
Alternate
Dr. Jonathan Bergmann
(2011 – 2014)
Animal Agriculture
Liaison Committee
Dr. Jeanne M. Rankin
(2005 – 2011)
Alternate
Dr. Amy Robinson
(2008-2011)
Animal Welfare Committee
Dr. Joe Snyder
(2007-2013)
Alternate
Dr. Peregrine Wolff
(2007-2013)
Committee on Disaster &
Emergency Issues
Dr. Peregrine Wolff
(2008-2011)
Food Safety Advisory
Committee
Dr. Christine Navarre
(2006-2012)
Alternate
Dr. Joan Bowen
(2007-2013)
Antimicrobial Use Task Force
Dr. Christine Navarre
2009-2010
AASRP VETERINARY COLLEGE LIAISONS
Auburn University
Misty Edmonson, DVM
1500 Wire Road
Auburn, AL 36849
Ph: 334-844-4490
Fax: 334-844-4368
[email protected]
Cornell University
Mary C. Smith, DVM
Ambulatory/Prod Med
Box 29
NYS College of Vet Med
Ithaca, NY 14853
Ph: 607-253-3140
[email protected]
Colorado State University
David Van Metre, DVM, DACVIM
Associate Professor
Animal Population Health Inst.
CVM and Biomedical Sciences
Ft. Collins, CO 80523-1678
Ph: 970-297-1299
Fax: 970-297-1275
[email protected]
Iowa State University
Paul J. Plummer, DVM PhD DACVIM
College of Veterinary Medicine
2426 Lloyd Veterinary Medical Center
Ames, IA 50011
Ph: 515-294-8522
[email protected]
Kansas State University
Patricia A. Payne, DVM, PhD
Department of Diagnostic Medicine/
Pathobiology
College of Vet Medicine
1600 Denison Ave.
Manhattan KS 66506 - 5600
Ph: 785-532-4604
[email protected]
Louisiana State University
Marjorie S. Gill, DVM
Vet Teaching Hospital & Clinics
Skip Bertman Drive
Baton Rouge, LA 70803
Ph: 225-578-9574
[email protected]
Michigan State University
Michelle Kopcha, DVM, MS
Coordinator-Practice-based Ambulatory
Large Animal Clinical Sciences
East Lansing, MI 48824-1314
Ph: 517-355-8491
Fax: 517-432-1092
[email protected]
Mississippi State University
Dr. Sherrill Fleming, Associate Professor
Food Animal Medicine
Box 6100
Mississippi State, MS 39762
Ph: 662-325-2198
[email protected]
North Carolina State University
Kevin L. Anderson, DVM, PhD
Dept of Food Animal Health and
Resource Management CVM
4700 Hillsborough St.
Raleigh, NC 27606
Ph: 919-513-6245
Fax: 919-513-6464
[email protected]
Ohio State University
Michael Rings, DVM
601 Vernon Tharp Drive
Columbus, OH 43210
Ph: 614-292-6661
[email protected]
Oklahoma State University
Lionel Dawson, DVM
Oklahoma State University
Boren Vet Med Teaching Hosp
Farm Road
Stillwater, OK 74078
Ph: 405-744-8584
[email protected]
Oregon State University
VACANT
Purdue University
A.N. (Nickie) Baird, DVM, MS
Diplomate ACVS
Associate Professor
Large Animal Surgery
Dept. of Vet. Clinical Science
625 Harrison St.
West Lafayette, IN 47907-2026
Ph: 765-494-8548
Fax: 765-496-2641
[email protected]
Texas A & M University
Virginia Fajt, DVM, PhD, DACVCP
Clinical Assistant Professor
326-C VMA
Dept. of Vet. Physiology & Pharmacology
Hwy. 60, VMA Bldg., MS 4466
College Station, TX 77843
Ph: 979-845-7299
Fax: 979-845-6544
[email protected]
Tufts University
Sandra L. Ayres, DVM
200 West Borough Rd.
North Grafton, MA 01536
Ph: 508-839-7956 x 84605
[email protected]
Tuskegee University
David McKenzie, DVM
Dept. of Clinical Sciences
School of Veterinary Medicine
Tuskegee, AL 36088
Ph: 334-727-8461
[email protected]
University of California
Joan Dean Rowe, DVM
Vet Medical Teaching Hospital
24580 Cache St.
Capay, CA 95607
Ph: 530-752-0292
[email protected]
University of Florida
VACANT
University of Georgia
Lisa Williamson, DVM
UGA College of Vet Medicine
Large Animal Department
1810 Clotfelter Rd.
Athens, GA 30622
Ph: 706-542-9323
[email protected]
University of Illinois
Clifford F. Shipley, DVM, DACT
Assistant Director, AACUP
1008 W. Hazelwood Dr.
Urbana, IL 61802
Ph: 217-333-2479
Fax: 217-333-7126
Cell: 217-493-2958
[email protected]
University of Minnesota
Cindy Wolf, DVM
225 VMC, 1365 Gortner Avenue
St. Paul, MN 55108
Cell: 507-450-5453
Ph: 612-625-1780
Fax: 612-625-6241
[email protected]
University of Missouri
Tessa Marshall, BVSc, MS
Diplomate ABVP-Dairy Practice
Assistant Teaching Professor
Production Medicine
900 E Campus Dr.
Columbia, MO 65211
Ph: 573-882-6857
[email protected]
University of Pennsylvania
Marie-Eve Fecteau, DVM
Diplomate ACVIM-LA
Asst. Professor for Food Animal
Medicine and Surgery
New Bolton Center
382 W. Street Rd.
Kennett Square, PA 19348
Ph: 610-925-6208
Fax: 610-925-8100
[email protected]
University of Tennessee
Jerry R. Roberson, DVM, PhD
Associate Professor
Food Animal Medicine/Surgery
College of Vet Med, LACS
2407 River Drive
Knoxville, TN 37996-45545
Ph: 865-755-8256
Fax: 865-974-5773
[email protected]
University of Wisconsin-Madison
Susan D. Semrad, DVM
School of Veterinary Medicine
2015 Linden Drive West
Madison, WI 53706
Ph: 608-263-6695
[email protected]
Virginia/Maryland Regional CVM
D. Phillip Sponenberg, DVM, Phd
Professor, Pathology & Genetics
Dept. of Biomedical Sciences
100 Duckpond Drive
Virginia Tech
Blacksburg, VA 24061
Ph: 540-231-4805
Fax: 540-231-6033
[email protected]
Washington State University
Steven M. Parish, DVM
Professor Large Animal Med/Surgery
Diplomat ACVIM
New Vet Teaching Hospital
Pullman, WA 99164
Ph: 509-335-0711
[email protected]
Western University of Health Sciences
Ronald L. Terra, DVM, MS, MBA
Professor, Food Animal Medicine
College of Vet Medicine
309 E. 2nd Street
Pomona, CA 91766-1854
Ph: 909-469-5693
Fax: 909-469-5635
[email protected]
FOREIGN COLLEGE LIAISONS
University of Guelph
Paula Menzies, MPVM
Associate Professor
Ruminant Health Management Group
Ontario Veterinary College
Guelph, Ontario CANADA
N1G 2W1
[email protected]
University of Montreal
Pascal, Dubreuil
Faculte de medicine veterinaire
3200 Sicotte St-Hyacinthe PQ
J2S 7C6
Ph: 450-773-8521 x8266
Fax: 450-778-8101
Email: [email protected]
University of Prince Edward Island
Jeffrey Wichtel, BVSC PhD DipACT
Associate Professor
Chairman, Dept of Health Mgt
Atlantic Veterinary College
550 University Avenue
Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island
CANADA C1A 4P3
[email protected]
University of Saskatchewan
Lyall Petrie, BVMS, MRCVS
Dept of Lg Animal Clinical Sciences
Western College of Vet Medicine
52 Campus Drive
Saskatoon, SK, Canada
S7N 5B4
Ph: 306-966-7087
Fax: 306-966-7174
[email protected]
NOTE TO STUDENT: If you cannot
reach your liaison contact please contact
[email protected]
19
$
TOTALTOTAL
ENCLOSED
ENCLOSED
Date: Date:
Signature:
Signature:
**A tax**A
deductible
contribution
to the Samuel
B. Guss
Fund helps
small grants
to student
tax deductible
contribution
to the Samuel
B.Memorial
Guss Memorial
Fundprovide
helps provide
small grants
to student
members
of AASRP
to undertake
extern extern
opportunities
in veterinary
practices,
working
with one
or one
more
members
of AASRP
to undertake
opportunities
in veterinary
practices,
working
with
orofmore of
the small
species.
theruminant
small ruminant
species.
PLEASE
MAKEMAKE
YOURYOUR
CHECK
PAYABLE
TO AASRP
PLEASE
CHECK
PAYABLE
TO AASRP
AND MAIL
WITHWITH
THIS THIS
FORMFORM
TO: TO:
AND MAIL
AASRP,
P.O. BOX
AL 36109
AASRP,
P.O.3614,
BOX MONTGOMERY,
3614, MONTGOMERY,
AL 36109
DUES DUES
PAYMENTS
MADE MADE
BY CREDIT
CARD CARD
MAY BE
FAXED
TO 334-270-3399
PAYMENTS
BY CREDIT
MAY
BE FAXED
TO 334-270-3399
YOU CAN
JOIN OR
RENEW
MEMBERSHIP
AT WWW.AASRP.ORG
YOUALSO
CAN ALSO
JOIN
OR RENEW
MEMBERSHIP
AT WWW.AASRP.ORG
Exp. Date:
Exp. Date:
$
$
$
Credit Credit
Card Number:
Card Number:
Payment
Method:
□ Check
□ Mastercard
□ Visa □ Visa
Payment
Method:
□ Check
□ Mastercard
$
$
US Funds
US Funds
$
$
$
$
$
$
U.S./Canada
ForeignForeign
U.S./Canada
Veterinarians
$105 $105
$130 $130
Veterinarians
Non-Veterinary
Associates
$130 $130
Non-Veterinary
Associates $105 $105
Veterinary
Students
$15 $15
$20 $20
Veterinary
Students
**Contribution
to Samuel
B. Guss
**Contribution
to Samuel
B. Guss
Memorial
Fund Fund
Memorial
RetiredRetired
Veterinary
Members
50% discount
off of regular
fee
Veterinary
Members
50% discount
off of regular
fee
MEMBERSHIP
DUESDUES
MEMBERSHIP
All dues
paidbeinpaid
U.S.infunds.
Allmust
duesbe
must
U.S. funds.
___Ultrasonography
for pregnancy
diagnosis
___Ultrasonography
for pregnancy
diagnosis
___Embryo
transfertransfer
___Semen
collection
& evaluation
___Laparoscopic
AI ___Transcervical
AI
___Embryo
___Semen
collection
& evaluation
___Laparoscopic
AI ___Transcervical
AI
If you marked
yes, doyes,
youdo
provide:
(you may
many
apply)
If you marked
you provide:
(youselect
may as
select
as as
many
as apply)
Do youDo
provide
reproductive
services
for sheep
and goats?
___Y ___Y
___N ___N
you provide
reproductive
services
for sheep
and goats?
Would Would
you accept
externships?
___Yes___Yes
____No
you accept
externships?
____No
Non-Veterinarian:
__Associate
__Student
Non-Veterinarian:
__Associate
__Student
PleasePlease
check the
category
that best
you: you:
check
the category
thatdescribes
best describes
Veterinarian:
__Owner/Partner
__Associate
__Academician/Researcher
__Industry
__Government
Veterinarian:
__Owner/Partner
__Associate
__Academician/Researcher
__Industry
__Government
Other__________________________________
Other__________________________________
VETERINARY
COLLEGE______________________________________YEAR
GRADUATED___________
VETERINARY
COLLEGE______________________________________YEAR
GRADUATED___________
E-MAIL________________________________________________________________________________
E-MAIL________________________________________________________________________________
PHONE_______________________________FAX_____________________________________________
PHONE_______________________________FAX_____________________________________________
CITY/STATE/ZIP________________________________________________________________________
CITY/STATE/ZIP________________________________________________________________________
ADDRESS___________________________________________________________
___ □ Home
___ □ Home
□ Office
□ Office
ADDRESS___________________________________________________________
CLINIC/BUSINESS______________________________________________________________________
CLINIC/BUSINESS______________________________________________________________________
NAME________________________________________________________________________________
NAME________________________________________________________________________________
Membership
Membership
Application
Application
AMERICAN
AMERICAN
ASSOCIATION
ASSOCIATION
OF SMALL
OF SMALL
RUMINANT
RUMINANT
PRACTITIONERS
PRACTITIONERS
Wool & Wattles
the AASRP Newsletter
P.O. Box 3614
Montgomery, AL 36109
NONPROFIT ORG.
U.S. POSTAGE
Montgomery, AL
PERMIT NO. 77
PAID
ADDRESS SERVICE REQUESTED

WW Apr - Jun 2011 - American Association of Small Ruminant

Transcription

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