WW Jan - Mar 2014 - American Association of Small Ruminant

Transcription

In this Issue
Letter from the President . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Management Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Minutes of Board Meetings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
AVMA House of Delegates Meeting Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
AVMA Committee Reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Announcements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Books, Bulletins, and Computer Websites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Wool&
Wattles
The AASRP Newsletter
January-March 2014
Volume 42, Issue 1
New FDA Rules for Antibiotics in Feed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Mission Statement of AASRP
Practice Tip – Heating Barrels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
“To improve the health and
Practice Tip – Strainer for Rumen Fluid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
welfare of sheep, goats,
Practice Tip – Preventing Reprolapse of the Uterus . . . . . . . . . . . 8
camelids and cervids,
AASRP-L Q&A – Splayed Toes in Goats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
to further the professional
AASRP-L Q&A – Source of Mouth Speculum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
development of the members,
AASRP-L Q&A – Collecting Semen from a Ram by Electroejaculation 9
provide resources to elevate
AASRP-L Q&A – Smorgasbord Minerals for Goats . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Dealing with Campylobacter Abortion in Sheep . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
OPP Transmission and Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Cache Valle Virus Update . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
ELISA Test for Brucella ovis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Leptospires in the Genital Tract of Sheep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Pharmacokinetics of Excede® CCFA in Sheep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Common Camelid Disease Presentations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Factors Potentially Leading to a Q Fever Epidemic . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Economics of Treating for Lice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
AASRP Board of Directors Voting Ballot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Nominations Requested for Bailey and McConnell Awards . . . . . . 16
AASRP Board of Directors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
AASRP Veterinary College Liaisons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
the standards of small ruminant
practice and to be the voice
for small ruminant issues.”
Letter from the President
Dear AASRP members,
This issue accompanies the welcome sight of
spring. By all accounts the sustained cold extremes
experienced by producers in many parts of the
country have resulted in increased mortality in
small ruminants, with reports of neonatal losses
and increased health challenges in animals of all
ages commonplace. Warmer conditions in the
southwest accompanied continued drought conditions, resulting in lack of
natural forage, needs for supplementation and in many cases reduction in
herd & flock sizes to meet available resources. As AASRP members work to
help our commercial producer clients meet the health challenges of these
conditions, another sector of small ruminant ownership is flourishing in
some areas – urban/companion goat ownership is now legal in several large
cities. Whether these animals are kept for pets or for home milk production,
AASRP will work to bring relevant animal health, public health and food
safety information to veterinarians serving this niche small ruminant clientele.
On a different note, thank you to our Canadian AASRP colleagues for your
contributions to small ruminant health and active participation on the list
serve. I had opportunity to attend the recent meeting of the Small Ruminant
Veterinarians of Ontario and to visit several goat dairies. I was impressed with
the number of veterinarians in attendance and their level of experience and
engagement with the goat and sheep dairy industries. It was a pleasure to
meet and visit with some of the veterinarians who regularly contribute their
expertise on AASRP-L and to have the opportunity to exchange ideas on goat
and sheep health.
This issue of Wool & Wattles includes nominations for District Director –
please take the time to review the nominations and cast your ballot. This
is also the time of year that AASRP will be accepting nominations for the
Dr. Donald E. Bailey Practitioner of the Year Award and for the George
McConnell Award for extraordinary service to the association and to small
ruminant practice. Take the time to nominate a worthy colleague for these
recognitions!
Please plan to attend the annual membership meeting at the American
Veterinary Association meeting July 25-29, 2014 in Denver, CO. The
meeting will be held on July 26 in the same room as the Small Ruminant
programming. In addition to the AVMA meeting, upcoming AASRP
veterinary continuing education programming offerings include small
ruminant programs at the American Association of Bovine Practitioners
meeting coming up in Albuquerque, NM in September and at the American
Dairy Goat Association meeting in Portland, ME in October. Note that the
AABP meeting will include a new session of small ruminant research abstracts.
As always, I invite all of you to become involved in your organization! Please
consider volunteering to serve on committees (see representation list elsewhere
in this issue). Please contact me directly at [email protected] or Executive
Director Brad Fields [email protected] if you are interested in serving in a
position in the organization, either as an AASRP committee member or as a
representative to AVMA committees. Please do not hesitate to contact me if
there is any way that we can better serve you, the membership.
Best regards,
Joan Dean Rowe
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Management Report
Greetings!
You’ll find nomination requests for the Donald
E. Bailey Practitioner of the Year and George
McConnell awards in this issue of Wool &
Wattles, so please consider nomination of
deserving colleagues for these prestigious awards!
If you haven’t renewed your 2014 membership already, be advised
that we will be removing non-renewals from list-serve, web access,
and publications on May 1st. We feel that AASRP is a fantastic
value that continues to add benefits and programs to enhance your
education and practice experience.
If you will be attending the AVMA convention this year in Denver,
be advised that we have a great small ruminant program ready for
you! Be sure to attend your AASRP annual membership meeting on
Saturday, July 26th!
If you participate in social media, be sure to please LIKE us on
Facebook and follow us on Twitter! Our postings are often and cover
a broad range of interesting topics.
We have had very successful small ruminant educational programs
this year at North American Veterinary Conference & the Western
Veterinary Conference! AASRP participates in program development
for continuing education all across the country, to include AABP,
NAVC, WVC, and AVMA just to name a few. If you have a small
ruminant education event that you would like posted to our website
or social media site, simply email [email protected] and we will take
care of it.
From your Board of Directors & the management team in
Montgomery, Alabama, we hope you are having a successful and
prosperous year thus far! We sincerely thank you for your continued
support and membership in AASRP!
Dr. Brad Fields & the Franz Management Team
STUDENT EDUCATIONAL
OPPORTUNITIES
We receive many requests from veterinary students for information about
externship opportunities. We are asking AASRP Veterinary members if
they are interested in hosting primarily 4th year students for 2-4 weeks.
Information that the students desire includes: - Small ruminant species seen
in your practice, - Busiest months of the year relevant to small ruminant
work, - Practice location, - Availability of housing, and - Preferred contact
information for externship requests. Based on student feedback, we see a
need to update externship opportunity information from the membership.
Thus we are asking for those of you who wish to host Student externs to
contact me directly via email using the following Subject line: AASRP
Externships. Thanks and I look forward to hearing from you. Cindy Wolf,
DVM [email protected]
Wool&Wattles January-March 2014
WELCOME NEW MEMBERS
1st Quarter
Active Members
Laura Alexander
Karen Barbu
Sandra Campbell
Suzannah Carolina Gottlieb
Justin Jornigan
David Lee-Parritz
Martha Forre Mallicote
Michael Maroney
Karl Neeser
Margaret Ann Nichols
Becky Rankin
Trent Reynolds
Stacey White
Wayne L. Wulf
Student Members
Amy Noel Achille
Sarah Addison
Arielle Shayne Breite
Genevieve Carmichael
James Coffey
Shalette M. Dingle
Carl Ducummon
Sarah Eichler
Kristina Foyo
Danielle Fusco
Carli Grimbleby
Kellie Haggett
Connor Hershkowitz
Kate Huebner
Daphne Johnson
Rachael Ramsey Kearns
Benjamin Kenney
Heather Kittrell
Janet Catherine Koester
Sara Marie Kubera
Amanda Nell Langdon
Emma Lantz
Casey Lawson
Christina Elizabeth McCullough
Ada Norris
Michelle Christine Plotzker
Lindsey Sanchez
Yana Scorkurs
Rebecca Simmons
Nicole Steers
Catherine Stollen
Anne Strong
Amanda Strout
Adam M. Townsend
Alyssa Lindsay Tuccillo
Emily R. Vellekoop
Kelly Wasylciw
Melinda Wilson
Siobhan Wright
Samuel B. Guss Memorial Fund
Contributions as of March 10, 2014
Alicia Agnew Bays
Diane R. Biederman-Brynda
Amy Bright
Jean F. Fledman
John D. Hancock
Susan Hirsch
Robert Alan Huddleston
Catherine Hussman
Judith L. Jaxtheimer
Dr. Samuel B. Guss
(1916-1984)
Beth Johnson
Karin Kaczorowski
Mary Jane Lis
Anna Ozio
Barb Roberts
Joan Dean Rowe
Kathryn N. Wolyn
Amelia R. Woolums
In order to assist senior veterinary students interested in small ruminant medicine, AASRP provides grants each year to help student members of
AASRP undertake extern opportunities. It is not required that the experience be with small ruminants exclusively, but it should provide at least some
chance to observe a modern veterinary practice working with one or more of the small ruminant species.
Over one hundred AASRP-member practitioners throughout the United States – as well as Australia, Brazil, Canada, Germany, Israel and Puerto Rico
– offer externships to students seeking experience in small ruminant medicine. To learn more about the AASRP Student Externship Program, call the
AASRP Management Office at 334-517-1233, or log on at aasrp.org
*Donations for the Sam Guss fund can now be made on line without having to go thru the membership renewal. Here is the link: http://aasrp.org/
displayemailforms.cfm?emailformnbr=143762
2014 Student Grant Recipient 1st Quarter
Due to the continued contributions to the Samuel B. Guss Memorial Fund, the following veterinary students have been
selected and are able to receive grants to help assist with the cost of the externship. Thank you to all of the donors. Your
contribution truly makes a difference!
Brooke Warner
Brooke Warner
Michelle Sanborn
UCDavis
UCDavis
UCDavis
Woodburn Vet Clinic
ORS, Camelid Medicine & surgery rotation
ORS, Camelid Medicine & surgery rotation
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Summary of the Meetings:
AASRP Board of Directors:
December 18, 2013, January 29,
2014, and February 26, 2014
December 18, 2013 Executive Board Meeting Conference Call
The Board:
-
Received reports from Regional Directors.
-
Received & approved financial reports from Dr. Scharko
-
Received Management Report from Dr. Fields
-
Received report from Nominations committee and discussed nominations for the Food Safety Advisory Committee – alternate member position, authorized Dr. Jones
to interview potential candidates for position
-
Received update report on social media sites for AASRP
on Facebook & Twitter.
-
Approved funding application for Kayla Kurtz to perform
a student externship at the US Sheep Experiment Station.
-
Approved motion to require student membership for
minimum 90 days before grant applications would be
accepted.
-
Received report that 58% of membership has renewed
their dues for 2014.
-
Received report that AABP made a $5,000 contribution
to AASRP for our work and collaboration at the AABP
Conference & wet labs held in Milwaukee, WI.
-
Discussed AVMA amendment proposals that change
membership definitions and revise the organization
mission statement. Member input will be solicited via
e-newsletter.
-
Discussed AASRP’s judicial use of antimicrobials policy,
and appointed Dr. Joan Bowen to lead subcommittee to
review and potentially update policy.
-
January 29, 2014 Executive Board Meeting Conference Call
The Board:
-
Received reports from Regional Directors.
-
-
Received Management Report from Dr. Fields.
-
Received report from Dr. Jones that Veterinary Leadership
Conference was a success and well attended.
-
Discussed nominees for Food Safety Advisory Committee,
and board members will vote via electronic ballot once
their applications have been reviewed.
-
Received report from Continuing Education Committee that NAVC was held in Orlando, featuring a small
ruminant lecture series, and 3 AASRP board members
presented during the conference.
-
their dues for 2014, and that Wool & Wattles has been
published & is currently available on the website.
-
Held discussion led by Dr. Rowe on our need for standard
policy development and guidelines for the use of AASRP
sponsorship or branding of public meetings, to include
the use of logos, outside of our normal CE events. A task
force was created to review & develop necessary policy, led
by Dr. Duerr.
-
Received report from Dr. Bowen that Drs. Christine Navarre and Virginia Bates have been placed on the judicious
use of antimicrobials policy subcommittee and communications are ongoing.
-
Received notification that nomination requests for Region
1 & 3 directors have been sent to membership.
4
February 26, 2014 Executive Board Meeting Conference Call
The Board:
-
Received reports from Regional Directors
-
Received Management Report from Dr. Fields
-
-
Discussed new & innovative ways to get additional members involved in key leadership positions within AASRP.
-
Approved two funding application for Brooke Warner to
perform a student externship at Woodburn Veterinary
Clinic and Oregon State University Camelid program.
-
Approved motion to require assigned AASRP Faculty
Advisor approval and signature before submission of grant
requests from students.
-
Received report from nomination committee that Dr.
Jason Johnson’s nomination for alternate member of the
AVMA Food Safety Advisory Committee was submitted
for approval by the AVMA executive board.
-
their dues for 2014.
-
Received report that nomination requests for Region 1 &
3 directors are still pending, no nominations received to
date for these positions.
-
Heard discussion led by Dr. Duerr about the need for
policy & guidelines for AASRP branding and sponsorship
of outside meetings. Task force will be generating draft
guidelines for board consideration.
-
Approved motion to sign onto a letter in support of funding for a competitive grants program authorized in the
2014 Farm Bill.
-
Approved motion to sign onto a letter in support of AVMA’s recommendation to continue at least level funding
of the Veterinary Student Loan Repayment Program.
AVMA HOUSE OF DELEGATES
MEETING REPORT, January 2014
The 2014 AVMA House of Delegates (HOD) Regular Winter Session
was held January 10-11, during the Veterinary Leadership Conference in
Chicago. Below is a brief summary. Contact your Delegate or Alternate
Delegate for additional information or to provide feedback. We welcome
the opportunity to connect with you!
Informational Meeting
• Treasurer’s Report from Dr. Barb Schmidt
Since 2008, the AVMA has grown its Fund Balances by nearly $12 million (a 45% increase)
Total Funds under investment management with Bernstein Global as of 12/31.13 was approximately $45 million,
including working capital
• Candidates for AVMA President-elect: Dr. Larry Dee from Florida
and Dr. Joe Kinnarney from North Carolina; this is a one year
term that progresses to President and Past-President,
elected in July by the HOD
• Candidates for AVMA Vice President: Dr. Mark Russak from Connecticut and Dr. Rebecca Stinson-Dixon from North
Carolina; primary duties of the Vice President are student
relations, this is a two year term, elected in July by the HOD
• Group Health and Life Insurance Trust (GHLIT) Report from
Ms. Libby Wallace
Started 2013 with 17,500 health policies and ended 2013
with over 13,000 policies
Open enrollment through the AVMA sponsored exchange
continues through March 31, 2014 to get coverage this year;
search by zip code to see what is available; visit
http://www.avmaghlit.org/content/members.aspx
All the other Premier products are still available through the
GHLIT: Disability income, Life insurance, Hospital indemnity
(income when outpatient surgery or hospitalization prohibits
them from working), Ancillary products (dental, vision, etc.)
for staff members too
Financial stability - $30 million in reserves by end of 2014
New York Life Insurance is the underwriter and #1
in the industry
• American Veterinary Medical Foundation (AVMF) Report from
Dr. Richard Streett
4-star charity; only national charity under the guidance of
veterinarians
Total income $8 million in 2013 with 85% programmatic
distribution in 2012
$2 million awarded in veterinary student scholarships
$7 million to be distributed for Partners for Healthy Pets
(money raised from corporate sponsors)
Join AVMF on July 25, 2014 at the Denver Museum of Science
and Nature event
• AVMA Veterinary Economics Division Report from Dr. Mike Dicks
U.S. economic downturn resulted in less disposable income
available for veterinary services (loss in demand for services);
combine this with the fact that the demand for veterinary
services has been saturated at the current prices
How to address it? Fix the demand for services, which will be
ascertained through a 12 metropolitan service consumer survey
(need the data)
Please participate in surveys when you get them so AVMA
can get accurate data
The Plenary Session was devoted to a facilitated discussion on the
proposed AVMA governance structure, and included participation from
representatives of all attendee categories (HOD, Emerging Leaders, state
and allied organizations). The HOD provided input on a variety of topics
including how HOD members would be selected/elected within their states,
term limits, and their authority/responsibilities. Other topics included
election/selection of the president-elect and treasurer. The Governance
Engagement Team (GET) will review the comments received and provide a
report with suggestions to the Executive Board by their next meeting. After
this meeting, it was evident that change will be slow to allow voices to be
heard. There is a plan for more discussion in July at the next HOD session.
Bylaws and Resolutions Considered by the HOD
• Proposed Bylaws Amendment 1-2014, which would remove some
requirements from the member application process in effort to eliminate
barriers for veterinarians who want to belong to the AVMA, was adopted
with a 93.3% vote in favor.
• Proposed Bylaws Amendment 2-2014, which would focus the AVMA’s
Mission and Objective statements on the membership, was referred to the
Executive Board for clarification of language with instruction to return with
a recommendation to the HOD at the 2014 Regular Annual Session in July.
Concerns were heard about the omission of the term “agriculture” from the
purpose and it was included in the suggested amendments.
• Resolution 1-2014, which would have recommended that the Executive
Board initiate steps to cease the accreditation of foreign veterinary schools
(those outside the US and Canada) by the AVMA Council on Education,
garnered a healthy discussion in the HOD. Several delegates spoke against
the resolution, including the SAVMA president and a delegate who is a
foreign graduate. A number of delegates expressed their appreciation for
the opportunity to discuss this issue in the HOD. The resolution was not
adopted, with 79.9% voting against it. The process of accreditation can be
confusing for members and additional information is available and would
be helpful for concerned members to familiarize themselves with the steps
and standards. Executive Board Response and FAQs
• Resolution 2-2014, which was submitted by member petition, requested
the AVMA to adopt a policy statement discouraging the feeding of jerky
pet food products commonly known as “jerky treats.” The resolution
was referred back to the AVMA Executive Board with the following
recommendation: “rather than developing a policy, the AVMA encourages
its members to provide input to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
on incidents and conditions, which could be associated with pet food and
treats; and continue to work with FDA to enhance efforts in safeguarding
a healthy pet population through quality control of pet food and treats.”
• Resolution 3-2013, which had been carried over from 2013, called for an
AVMA policy stating that “homeopathy has been identified as an ineffective
practice and its use is discouraged.” The topic generated a significant
amount of discussion at the 2013 Regular Winter Session, as well as public
debate about the proposed resolution. This resolution was not adopted, with
90.1% voting against it.
• Resolution 4-2013, which would have granted admission of the American
Academy of Veterinary Acupuncture (AAVC) into the AVMA House of
Delegates as a constituent allied veterinary organization, had also been
deferred from a previous 2013 meeting in order to gather more information.
Based on the information received, the HOD voted 96.6% in favor of
admitting the AAVC into the HOD. They can now send a Delegate and an
Alternate Delegate to the HOD sessions.
Respectfully submitted,
Dr. Paul Jones, Delegate and Dr. Joan Bowen, Alternate Delegate, AASRP
AVMA FOOD SAFETY ADVISORY
COMMITTEE (FSAC) REPORT February 11 & 12, 2014
For the past 18 months, members of the AVMA FSAC have been
revising and updating the AVMA policy on Judicious Use of Therapeutic
Antimicrobials. A final version was approved by the committee and will
be sent to the Executive Board for their consideration and approval. As
part of this process, members of the FSAC were asked to contact different
specie groups to see if they would review their JUTA policies. AABP, AAFP/
AAHA, and the Association of Aquaculture Veterinarians reviewed, revised
and submitted their policies to FSAC. All three policies were approved by
FSAC and forwarded to the AVMA Executive Board for their approval and
placement on the AVMA website.
A significant topic for discussion during this meeting was the creation,
development and peer review process for the “Backgrounders” located at
www.AVMA.org. Searching the AVMA website reveals a page entitled
“Backgrounders” which includes 34 hyperlinks on diverse subjects
including 27 papers written by the Animal Welfare Committee. AASRP
should have its deer experts review the backgrounder on harvest of velvet
antler for accuracy. I would encourage Board Members to take a look at
these hyperlinks to see if there are other areas that might need clarification.
The Food Safety Advisory Committee is responsible for reviewing and
revising several policies on antimicrobial resistance. We are working on
blending the policies on AVMA Strategy Regarding Antimicrobial-Resistant
Bacteria, the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System,
Veterinary Foresight and Expertise in Antimicrobial Discussions, Approval
and Availability of Antimicrobials for Use in Food-Producing Animals,
and Antimicrobials in Livestock Feed. The Committee thinks that there
is overlap and redundancy across these policies and AVMA might be better
served by their consolidation. At the same time, a new policy created by
staff entitled Extralabel Use of Veterinary Feed Directive Drugs for Minor
Species was appreciated since FDA has embarked on a three year plan to
remove OTC use of antimicrobials in feed through use of Veterinary Feed
Directives. The current VFD policy does not allow for ELDU in minor
species.
One of the legislative bills we were asked to discuss and review is S1502 or
the Safe Meat and Poultry Act of 2013. This bill would require the Secretary
of Agriculture to protect against foodborne illnesses and provide enhanced
notification of recalled meat, poultry, eggs and related food products. The
language of the bill would make a total of 18 different changes in 4 different
5
laws. There are currently no cosponsors and AVMA is recommending
Active Pursuit of Defeat.
with the use of humane handling and analgesia, while protecting the animal
against excessive blood loss, risk of infection, or fly strike.”
Dr. Hugh Mitchell from the Association of Aquaculture Veterinarians and
I provided AVMA staff with information on use of the Compliance Feed
Guide, Minor Use Minor Species Act and the extralabel privilege in treating
minor species.
The decision was made to work with a smaller subcommittee to adopt
much of the AASRP wording to replace the present AVMA policy. We
will correct the AASRP typo at the time, i.e. replace homeostasis with
the word hemostasis. So far I think we are on a good path because at
the last meeting, it was clear some committee members wanted to adopt
policy to stop velevting as they think there isn’t enough data to support
the medicinal purposes. And without that they articulated it wasn’t ethical
to velvet. Glen Zebarth, Cliff Shipley and Murray Woodbury have been
very helpful to date. AASRP should take leadership to work with industry
to hold velveting classes. On-farm audits would also be of value. Planned
collaboration will study the pharmacokinetics of oral meloxicam in veleveted
elk post-procedure. Respectfully submitted, Joan S. Bowen, DVM, AASRP representative
AVMA ANIMAL WELFARE
COMMITTEE REPORT, March 2014
I have attended the fall 2013 and spring 2014 AVMA Animal Welfare
Committee meetings. Refer to https://www.avma.org/KB/Resources/
Reference/AnimalWelfare/Pages/Animal-Welfare-Committee-description.
aspx for a description of this committee’s charge and composition. Once
you look at this link you will see that the committee is compromised of a
very diverse group of veterinarians and many of us don’t know a lot about
some of the specialty topic areas. Of large animal interest, a subgroup
has worked on changes to AVMA’s sow housing policy which will next be
reviewed by the AVMA executive board. We also had a presentation by
Dr. Murray Woodbury regarding velveting of farmed cervids. Information
was shared regarding various forms of analgesia and anesthesia. I presented
AASRP’s Policy Statement Concerning Velveting in Farmed Deer which
follows.
1. The harvest of velvet (growing antler) from farmed cervids is a
commercially viable and renewable resource which, when done properly,
does not harm the health or reproductive status of the animal.
2. Removal of velvet antler is a surgical procedure and requires
adherence to the following tenets:
a. Relief of pain (analgesia)
b. Antisepsis (cleanliness)
c. Homeostasis (control of blood flow) (Wolf ’s note-shouldn’t this be
hemostasis?)
3. Because the removal of velvet antler is an amputation, the harvest of
velvet antler must be conducted within the bounds of a valid veterinarianclient-patient relationship. Such a relationship is of duration long enough
for the veterinarian to have current knowledge of the husbandry practices
and health status of the herd and for the veterinarian to be confident in
the ability of the deer farmer to perform any needed treatments to the
standard defined in this policy statement.
4. Humane removal of velvet requires a combination of restraint and
analgesia. The following are examples of acceptable restraint/analgesia
combinations.
a. Mechanical restraint (chute or crush) and application of local
analgesia around the pedicle of the antler.
b. Chemical sedation with application of local analgesia around the
pedicle of the antler.
c. A combination of chemical immobilization and a dissociative
anesthesia.
d. Chemical immobilization and general anesthesia using a chemical
agent and a narcotic anesthetic.
5. The following are unacceptable methods of velvet antler removal.
a. Mechanical restraint without the appropriate use of local analgesic.
b. The use of paralytic agents without the appropriate use of local
analgesic.
c. General electro-immobilization.”
Revised May 2008
Cindy Wolf, AASRP Representative
ANNOUNCEMENTS
The AVMA Annual Convention will be held in Denver July 25-29,
2014. Full details concerning the program and registration are available at
<http://www.avmaconvention.org/avma14/public/mainhall.aspx>. There is
extensive small ruminant and camelid programming. Dr. Robert Callan will
discuss camelids on Saturday July 26th (Obstetrics & the Neonate; Metabolic
& Nutritional Diseases; GI Obstruction vs Enteritis; Urethral Obstruction).
Dr. David Anderson will speak in the morning of July 27th (Caesarean
Section in Small Ruminants; Regional Anesthesia for Small Ruminants; Pain
Management for Small Ruminants; Small Ruminant Fracture Management)
while Dr. Gary Mason will continue the small ruminant program Sunday
afternoon (Diagnostic Investigations I, II, III; Unusual Case Presentations).
July 28th will be shared by Dr. Anthony Knight (Plant Poisoning of Small
Ruminants I and II; Small Ruminant Transboundary Diseases; Toxicology
Relevant to Small Ruminants) and Dr. Mary Smith (Assessing & Preventing
Neonatal Mortality, Respiratory Diseases of Sheep & Goats; Ocular
Diseases in Sheep & Goats; Rabies in Small Ruminants & Camelids). The
program concludes on July 29th with reproductive topics presented by Dr.
Clifford Shipley (Reproductive Physiology of Sheep & Goats; Manipulating
the Sheep & Goat Reproductive Cycle; Advanced Reproductive Sheep &
Goat Techniques; Sheep & Goat Breeding Soundness Examination). Of
course, many additional lectures are available for small and large animal
practitioners.
AASRP and AABP will present several joint sessions at the 2014 AABP
conference in Albuquerque. On September 18th, topics include: Rules of
Engagement: The veterinarian’s role on a goat dairy and how to become
part of the dairy team; Watch for the Bottleneck: management and
diseases in small ruminant operations that limit productivity. The small
ruminant program continues on September 19th with Buck Management;
What Bovine Practitioners Need to Know About Traceability and Scrapie;
Teaching Goat Clients to Prevent Pregnancy Toxemia; Using Reproductive
Ultrasound for Goat Herd Management; Adding Camelids to Your Practice;
Herd Health Programs for Llamas and Alpacas. Watch the website <http://
www.aabp.org/meeting/conference.asp> for more information.
The Southern Maine Dairy Goat Association is sponsoring the ADGA
convention (American Dairy Goat Association) in Portland, Maine on
October 18-25, 2014. The AASRP Continuing Education portion of the
convention will be given on Sun 10/16/14 and Mon 10/17/14. Watch the
website <http://www.adgaconvention.com/> for more information.
AVMA’s current velvet policy is: “The AVMA recommends that if
amputation of the growing, living antler of a member of the family Cervidae
(e.g., deer, moose, elk, caribou) is to be performed, it must be conducted
humanely, and within the bounds of a valid veterinarian-client-patient
relationship. The procedure must minimize stress and pain to the animal
6
BOOKS, BULLETINS, AND
COMPUTER WEBSITES
Recently AASRP members have been discussing intraperitoneal glucose
injections in lambs - here is a UK video showing how to do this: https://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=mTi6k6C2dXA
A new textbook of camelid health care is now available from Elsevier. Llama
and Alpaca Care has 5 co-editors (Cebra, Anderson, Tibary, VanSaun and
Johnson) with 48 authors besides the editors. It is divided into 7 sections
amounting to 64 chapters. There are an incredible number of supporting
photos. The retail price has been established at $152 but it sells for less on
amazon.com.
We are working on editing a new textbook that will hopefully be printed and
available the end of this year or early next year. First let me say that I love
all of the standard references and use most of them on a regular basis. So
our goal was not to compete with these references but to provide a different
(and maybe novel) way to try and provide that information. With that
in mind: It is called “Applied Small Ruminant and Camelid Medicine”
edited by Paul Plummer, Jennifer Schleining and Johann Coetzee. It will
be published by Wiley, is expected to end up at about 850 pages (but glovebox sized - think the glove box sized Plumb’s and that is about the size it
will be) and many of the very knowledgeable folks on the AASRP list serve
have contributed chapters. I have copied below the brief summary that the
chapter authors were provided. The goal is a soft-covered “glove-box” size
textbook with both an applied and evidence based medicine emphasis. We
have spent the last year gathering feedback from vet students, practitioners
and the publisher to develop a textbook design that we hope will be unique
in its “user-friendly” approach. To facilitate ease of use the textbook will
be divided into several unique “tabbed” sections focused on “Systems and
their Diseases”, “Procedures”, “Herd/Flock Approaches”, “Laboratory
Testing”, “Anesthesia and Pain Management”, “Welfare and Behavior” and
“Management of the Neonate”. Each section will be structured to allow
for rapidly finding the needed information. For example, the “systems
and their diseases” section will include diagnostic algorithms for each
body system that cross-reference to a table of diseases with treatment notes
that then cross reference to a slightly expanded discussion of the disease
process, diagnosis and treatment found later in the chapter. Similarly the
“herd/flock approaches” section will provide quick access to population
level approaches to disease whereas the systems section will detail individual
animal treatment. Submitted by Paul J. Plummer, Iowa State University,
Ames, IA 50011
Webinar: FDA’s New Rules for Use of
Antibiotics in Food Animals
On Dec. 11, 2013, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
announced important steps to ensure the judicious use of antibiotics in
food animals as one approach to addressing antimicrobial resistance in
human medicine. In an effort to clarify what this ruling means to livestock
producers and other industry professionals, members of the Department
of Animal Sciences at the University of Illinois offered a webinar on
January 28, 2014 to address the new rules. The discussion covered what
the new steps mean to the livestock industry, what they don’t mean, and
how producers and others should respond. The webinar was presented by
professor emeritus James Pettigrew and professor Hans Stein. Pettigrew
explained that while the FDA’s approach to antibiotic use in food animals
had been published previously, the new documents issued this month
describe the implementation of that approach. “The documents address
only those antibiotics considered important in human medicine, which are
all of them except the widely-used ionophores and a few others,” Pettigrew
said. “The new rules apply only to antibiotics used in feed or drinking
water.” The core of the FDA’s approach includes:
No use of these antibiotics for production purposes (to improve growth
rate or feed efficiency).
All uses of these antibiotics must be under veterinary oversight.
Disease prevention is specifically recognized as an approved judicious use
of antibiotics.
The slides from the webinar are available as a PDF download. The archived
video of the webinar is also available at <http://nutrition.ansci.illinois.edu/
AntibioticsWebinar>
The FDA has an updated website containing information on the Veterinary
Feed Directive (VFD), including Q&As and lists of distributors. See
<http://www.fda.gov/AnimalVeterinary/DevelopmentApprovalProcess/
ucm071807.htm?source=govdelivery&utm_medium=email&utm_
source=govdelivery#listing (from AABP-L)
PRACTICE TIP from AASRP-L Heating Barrels
In my area of PA my goat clients that kid
this time of year often utilize heating barrels
for the kids. The sheep never seem to have
any major problems but some are utilizing
little lamb jackets made easily with an old
sweatshirt or piece of fleece. The jackets
appear to be enough but most of these
clients are lambing in a barn and keeping
lambs in for a few weeks after birth. The
warming barrels consist of a plastic barrel
with a heat lamb fixed in the top and a hole
cut in the side at the bottom. The kids find
the heat and snuggle up in the barrel. The
bottom is solid and has bedding in it. So
far this has kept kids from freezing. The
barrels can be found at local dairy farms
often for free since they tend to get scads
of them with the pipeline cleaner in them.
Pictures are attached of a barrel with a light
on and of an opening created for changing
the light bulb.
Michaela Fry, East Waterford, PA
PRACTICE TIP - Strainer for
Obtaining Rumen Fluid
A company called Precision Machine Co. Inc, 2933 N, 36th, Lincoln, NE
has been custom machining stainless steel rumen strainers for 30+ years.
They make 3 sizes, cattle, sheep and neonate. [It is not on the website at
http://www.pmcinc.biz/ , but they responded quickly to an email. The 1/2
inch diameter “goat” size is $32, the 3/4 inch diameter sheep size is $50,
plus shipping.] The strainers fasten to polyethylene tubing and Tygon
tubing is used to connect the polyethylene tubing to a 60 ml catheter tipped
syringe. Because of their weight, they usually sink through the floating
fibrous mat into the rumen fluid and this is the easiest way to get rumen
fluid that I know of. You may have to draw slowly, but it is generally easy
to get a syringe full of rumen fluid, but that is also affected by diet fed, and
time since feeding. We have used them for thousands of rumen samples,
some draws for 200 ml or more. If you need rumen fluid from a live animal
for a transfaunation, that is the best way to get it.
Steve Hart, Langston University, OK
7
PRACTICE TIP - Preventing
Reprolapse of the Uterus
In my hands, the little sheep sized Buhner needle allows one to put in a
good, solid vulvar closure. Available from Jorgensen, may have a different
name. A couple of tips to reduce incidence of reprolapse:
a) Oxytocin after replacement (+/- calcium)
b) Use xylazine in the epidural. Will block sensation and help prevent
straining for 8 hours or more, as opposed to 1-2 hours for lidocaine alone.
Bupivicaine?
c) “Splash” lidocaine and/or bupivicaine into the vaginal vault as you close
the vulva. Also helps numb tissue and prevent straining.
d) Flunixin or other NSAID
I figure every minute we can keep that ewe from feeling irritation that
prompts her to strain is a minute that inflammation and swelling and
irritation are being reduced.
Joe Snyder, Portland, OR
AASRP-L QUESTION AND ANSWER Splayed Toes in Goats
Question: I would like to revive the splayed toes discussion. This 7 year old
“very large” castrated male pet goat came to our teaching hospital yesterday,
while I was out on farm calls. I did not see it, and I don’t know how large
“very large” is. The photo is courtesy Dr. R. Hackett. I didn’t have anything
to suggest because the discussion over Christmas never seemed to get as far
as a cause, prevention or treatment for the problem. Anyone have more
ideas to add?
Answer 1: My impression of these cases is that they are ruptured interdigital
ligaments due to poor confirmation, overgrown toes for too long duration
and possibly poor nutrition. In a commercial setting, we cull them. In a pet
setting, I tear a piece of duct tape in half length wise (1” width) by about
8”. I wrap it around hoof walls only to encircle hoof and hold claws an
appropriate width apart. This relieves a lot of pressure and the goats can
walk normally. The tape will hold for up to a month (or a week depending
on activity) and owners can just reapply as needed. Make sure claws aren’t
tightly pinched- this is obviously painful, especially at the heel bulbs, and
will worsen the lameness. Another one of my duct tape or super glue tricks...
Andrea Mongini, Denair, CA
Answer 2: Regarding splayed toes in goats, it helps to look at the whole
herd as well as the affected animals. I think that there are several different
factors affecting the development of splayed toes and one needs to consider
housing, bedding type, level of activity, nutrition and conformation. Start
by looking at the young kids. Do they have normal conformation at
birth with tight toes or are they splayed from the beginning. Poor feet
conformation is heritable, and one cannot fix poor skeletal conformation
through improving nutrition, management or foot trimming. If the kids
are abnormal, then they need to use better genetics.
If only a few goats are affected, are they related? Is the problem age-related
with the young animals normal and unrelated adults affected? Then
management, nutrition and definitely hoof trimming need to be improved.
If the majority of the animals in the herd are affected, then one is looking
at the trifecta of bad genetics, poor management and inadequate nutrition.
How clean is the environment? Is the area large enough for the number of
animals to exercise? Goats are nomadic, athletic climbers who need room
to run and jump. If they don’t have adequate area horizontally, then maybe
the client can create vertical space with boards, panels, steps, rocks, spools
or anything that would create activity. If they have a tiny area that is bedded
heavily with old waste hay/manure/bedding, then they need to clean the
debris out to create better footing.
8
I live in an area where the soil is extremely low in phosphorous. I
recommend my clients have their hay tested each year and then we add
whatever minerals we need in the concentrate or by selecting the right trace
mineral salt for free choice feeding. The calcium content of our hay is high
enough that I add 44 lbs mono-ammonium phosphate to each ton of grain
mixed. That is a lot of phosphorous, but client animals (and mine) who
test feed and supplement appropriately do not have either soft hoof walls,
splayed toes or weak pasterns.
Sometimes I think we forget how many minerals are in milk and how much
copper, zinc, iodine and iron a heavy milking doe might need to consume
to sustain high milk production. The first time I had a doe that consistently
milked over 4000 lbs per lactation, she developed soft rounded lateral walls
on her claws and she occasionally developed sole abscesses. A little research
indicated that she probably didn’t have any where near enough zinc in the
ration and I added Zin-Pro to the diet. Chelated minerals became available
and I switched to chelated copper and zinc in the grain ration, and that
dramatically improved the quality of her hoof walls. Diet does matter and
the heavier the producer, the more impact diet will have.
When looking at splayed claws, many of these result from incorrect hoof
trimming and can be improved over time once the client learns how to trim
the feet. Some clients do not understand that the heels must be trimmed as
well as the outer hoof wall, and they are hesitant to trim the feet aggressively.
I use an ARS hoof trimmer to remove all of the outside overgrowth flat with
the sole, and then a sharp buck knife to level out the heels to match the sole.
Many clients are unaware that the feet should be parallelograms and the sole
should be flat. The anterior surface of the claw should be parallel to the rear
surface of the claw and the sole should be parallel to the coronary band.
Trimming the feet to re-create the parallelogram often decreases the amount
of splay in animals with this defect.
Joan Bowen, Colorado
AASRP-L QUESTION AND ANSWER Source of Mouth Speculum
Question: Does anyone know where I can buy this tool? (Some call it a harp
speculum.) I loved it at my former job for passing stomach tubes in choking
alpacas. Now I’m out on my own and I really miss this thing!
Answer: It is advertised as a swine speculum at <www.germedusa.com/c152-speculum.aspx>, price $45
Mike Bruss, Davis, CA
AASRP-L QUESTION AND ANSWER
- Collecting Semen from a Ram by
Electroejaculation
Question: Looking for advice on semen collection for rams and bucks. I
attempted to collect a friend’s ram and failed. I have a Bailey electroejaculator
that I had never used prior to this attempt. We laid the ram on its side. I
was unable to exteriorize the penis. How difficult should that be and do
you routinely do this or collect from the prepuce?? Using the low setting for
several cycles I tried twice and only obtained a small amount of fluid that
did not contain sperm. Any advice on what I should be doing differently
would be greatly appreciated.
don’t extend their penis, after you collect the sample, set him on his rump
and make sure that the penis is not adhered inside the prepuce.
Marie S. Bulgin, Caldwell, Idaho
Answer 2: I pretty much agree with what you’ve been told so far. Massage
really helps. I’ve watched Bailey himself use his tool and the degree of
“massage” he used was impressive. I did mine with a Nicholson or Lane
ejaculator and got much better results when I learned to do more massaging
with the probe. The Lane ram probe is quite a bit more humane, as the
electrodes are only on the bottom side, not all the way around and one gets
less non essential muscle contraction, but it’s also a bit more of an investment.
Also agree about holding on to that penis tightly with the sponge when you
catch it out. The retractor penis is strong! With appropriate massage, most
will extend the penis, in my experience: mostly Romney, Suffolk and crosses
thereof. We did them in a little chute about 16 inches off the ground.
Really made life easier. Calf table/chute will work, I even have done some
in a cattle chute set narrow. Standing much preferred. Ram semen is the
most concentrated I’ve ever worked with. Pretty impressive when you get a
good sample, you can see it swirl in the baggie if you hold it up to the light.
I always said there was enough sperm in that one little sample to breed every
ewe in Oregon (probably every ewe in the US). Have fun. It takes a little
practice, so don’t be discouraged. I had troubles with the first few I did, but
didn’t have this wonderful resource then.
Joe Snyder, Portland, OR
AASRP-L QUESTION AND ANSWER Smorgasbord Minerals for Goats
Answer 1: Well it just could possibly be that you are dealing with a bad
ram. Did you palpate and measure his testicles? If he has epididymitis, it
just could be he cannot get sperm from the testicle to the outside. I always
allow a ram to stand when electro-ejaculating him. With the Bailey’s, you
should not have to worry about having the electrodes in contact with the
seminal vesicles since the electrode is the metal ring around the tip. And
since you got fluid, the ejaculator is apparently working. I find that a lot of
people get too impatient. So after inserting the ejaculator into the rectum,
I tell them to push the on button and count slowly to 3, let off the button
and massage the bottom of the rectum gently with the ejaculator for another
slow count to 3; then on for 3, off for three, massage, etc. Try to establish
a rhythm. Usually by the 3rd on-off cycle, you will get your sample as you
are massaging. If you begin by massaging first, some rams will even give
you the sample on the first round. As a matter of fact, the first person I saw
demonstrate collecting rams was an animal scientist from Colorado who
could get most of his samples without ever turning the electroejaculator on.
If you don’t get a sample by the 6th or 7th cycle of on and offs, stop and
let him rest for a few minutes. If you don’t get it on the second go around,
chances are he can’t and you should flunk him. I always asked my clients to
bring them back after 3-4 weeks for another try as it takes 3 weeks for sperm
to mature from cells in the testicles to mature sperm. There are numerous
things that will adversely affect sperm productions non permanently. One
is stress of transporting, another is weather stress.
For smaller breeds of rams and ram lambs, be sure that you haven’t inserted
the ejaculator in too far. If it is inserted past the seminal vesicles which
lie in the pelvis, you won’t get a sample, either. For restraint, I just used a
rope halter, tie the ram in the corner of the corral and the person holding
the baggie to catch the sample keeps the ram pushed against the fence with
his hip and shoulder as he bends to hold the baggie in place. Your sample
will be small, 1-3 mls and you most likely will only get one, so your catcher
needs to have the baggie held over the prepuce before you turn on the
ejaculator. If he misses that first sample, you may not get a second. Some
rams will ejaculate in their prepuce, some will extend their penis. If they
Question: What are members’ thoughts on having baking soda and minerals
ad lib in small containers - a practice that is widely recommended on
websites about goats e.g. http://www.theprairiehomestead.com/2013/07/
baking-soda-for-goats.html
Answer 1: Although I haven’t researched the literature extensively on it for
several years, your lecturers have it right. There have been companies that
have sold, probably still sell, mineral mix batteries that can be presented
to animals (their main market is cattle) with the idea that the animals will
choose the correct balance. It’s snake oil, like magnets and copper bands
for lameness.
Having said the above, offering baking soda ad lib to milking does is
unlikely to do harm and might do some good if they are on a high grain
diet. Baking soda is used extensively as a ration ingredient in the dairy cow
industry, but almost always as part of a carefully calculated total mixed
ration. If baking soda is offered to does, sodium chloride with or without
trace minerals should be available too. Offering baking soda to bucks and
wethers would probably be inviting urolithiasis as it will alkalinize the urine.
Mike Bruss, Davis, CA
Answer 2: Let’s all keep in mind that requirements for trace mineral
nutrition are based on the nutrient composition of what feeds are available
locally. We all have different levels of both macro and trace minerals in
our various roughages and concentrates and the amount fed of those
different feeds will determine what trace minerals are needed to balance the
diet. I live in an area that is severely iodine deficient. Like other livestock
producers in this area, most goat producers feed free choice loose iodized
salt, a trace mineral based on the nutrient analysis of their hay & grain,
and loose sodium bicarbonate. The goats look great, produce very well,
and are healthy. I do not believe that a previous poster was indicating a
goat could choose specific minerals as from a salad bar, but that they would
consume adequate commercial trace mineral if the producer selected the
correct mineral mix.
9
During the 1980’s, several articles in the Journal of Dairy Science indicated
adding sodium bicarbonate to the ration of lactating dairy cows would
buffer the pH swings of a high grain diet as well as raise the butterfat content
of the milk. While there may be a few commercial goat dairies somewhere
feeding TMR’s, I don’t know of any meat or dairy goat producers who have
TMR feeding, and all my clients are slug feeding grain. Access to sodium
bicarbonate certainly helps buffer rumen pH to prevent acidosis and its
resulting laminitis.
Someone else questioned whether feeding sodium bicarbonate might
cause alkaline urine that would favor urinary calculi formation. I have not
observed that over the 30 years or so that we have been feeding sodium
bicarbonate to bucks and wethers. We definitely don’t see many cases of
acidosis in herds that offer NaHCO3. Where I do see cases of urinary
calculi on a routine basis are in meat goat herds feeding free choice pelleted
diets with no roughage to fat show goats, and those herds tend not to offer
sodium bicarbonate.
It takes 2 TBSP of NaCL to produce a gallon of milk, and if the animals
do not have access to adequate salt in the total diet then their production
will be reduced. We are a very long way from any natural salt water, our
local feeds do not have a high salt content and herds in this area that do not
supplement iodine exhibit goiter. If you want to prevent goiter, you offer
iodized salt.
My clients have made tremendous strides in feeding their animals for
high production while offering free choice loose iodized salt, free choice
loose appropriate trace mineral salt and loose sodium bicarbonate. While
this feeding program might not work in another area with different feeds
available, it is working well in Colorado.
Joan Bowen, Colorado
get itself straightened around properly. (Seems reasonable, anyway). I have
not had too much luck saving these weak lambs, even if it comes out in the
proper presentation. The stillbirths are probably due to an exposure right
around 10 to 14 days before its due date.
Most of the aborted lambs we have received in our laboratory have not been
badly autolyzed, suggesting that they aren’t retained very long after death
and we don’t see hardly any liver lesions. As was mentioned in a paper by
O. Sahin et al. (See W&W 36.1, page 10), tetracycline resistant C. jejuni is
by far the major cause of abortion in Idaho, at least in range flocks. We may
get a fetus-fetus once in a while, we see a little Listeria from silage feeding
and an occasional Chlamydia.
We have been supplying producers in Idaho with an autogenous bacterin
made from a mix of all of their own isolates. I am sure it is all the same
bug but we have to meet the rules for an autogenous bacterin. It does
work! It works so well we have to beg the producers to bring us what few
abortions they do have. They have been having so few, they don’t want
to take the time or expense to send the few they do have into the Lab. I
wasn’t aware that Hygieia had an approved commercial vaccine made with
a tetracycline resistant isolate on the market. That might be the way to go
for our producers.
Treatment is a problem when not able to use tetracycline. In my own
flock, I have used tylosin in the water. You can get it as a water soluble
powder used for treating turkeys (or maybe pigs--I haven’t had to use it for
so long I’ve forgotten, since I’m using the autogenous vaccine.) In spite of
the fact the isolates have all been sensitive to tilmicosin, florfenicol, and
tulathromycin, those drugs are expensive and are not handy to use i.e. have
to be injected. However 97% were sensitive to tylosin, it is about the same
price as tetracycline and you can easily treat a large group of animals for
the duration of the lambing season by putting it in the water. You will have
to treat them for the duration of the lambing season since the ewes are
susceptible just as soon as the antibiotic is out of their systems.
I have one producer who doesn’t vaccinate and is in a really isolated valley far
away from everything--as my partner says, at the end of the earth. He had
a serious abortion outbreak a few years ago. I can’t imagine where it came
from, I don’t think birds could fly that far. I thought maybe sheep herders
using the feed manger or maybe a new puppy except for the fact I have
seen or heard nothing about tetracycline resistant C. jejuni in humans or
puppies. At any rate, that isolate was resistant to tylosin and erythromycin
as well as tetracycline. He ended up riding out the disease. He had about
a 25% loss overall.
DEALING WITH CAMPYLOBACTER
ABORTIONS IN SHEEP
Some thoughts on Campylobacter abortions in sheep written for a producer
with a confirmed laboratory diagnosis in several fetuses.
I have never seen (which doesn’t mean it doesn’t happen) a sick ewe aborting
with Campylobacter unless she has a retained dead fetus. If she gets rid of it,
she’ll hardly skip a meal. Two: Whether one sees weak lambs or not depends
on the time the dam was exposed. Since the incubation time is around 10 to
14 days, if she gets exposed a couple of days before she lambs, she will have
a weak lamb which many times turns out to be a dystocia because the lamb
often is presented with a head back. My explanation is that it is too weak to
10
I preach vaccinate, pick up all fetuses immediately--don’t let the dogs get
them as the dog manure will probably spread it. If feeding on frozen ground,
don’t feed in the same place twice unless you have a snow fall to cover up
contaminated ground as the ewes usually pick the packed feed area as a place
to lamb and abort. Don’t confine or keep the ewes in a crowded environment
if you can help it. Remove and isolate all aborted ewes from the pregnant
flock as they will continue to shed the organisms in their discharge. Try to
disinfect the ground under the aborted fetus(es) and afterbirths by throwing
a 1/2 bale of straw on it with a little diesel and burn it. Wrap aborted fetuses
and placentas in a plastic bag and put in the freezer. When you get the third
abortion, send all 3 into a diagnostic lab. Ask for sensitivities if they isolate
Campylobacter. You probably won’t get Campy out of all three fetuses but
you have a good chance of getting it from one of the fetuses if you send them
3. In the case where it has been isolated from several fetuses, I don’t think
there is any question about the cause of the problem. I would start the flock
on tylosin. In fact I would start a flock on tylosin after the 3rd abortion.
It can usually be purchased at the livestock supply centers over the counter.
Figure on 350 mg/ewe/day. Most non-lactating ewes in the winter drink
about 3 gal of water/day. You will have to turn off the automatic waterers
and use a water tank (and tank heater probably). The directions on the
bottle tell you to how to make up a concentrated pre mix and how much
to mix to reach the concentration you need in your tank. (You will need to
know how much water the tank holds).
Most of our producers are in the habit of supplying tetracycline in the salt or
feed which takes care of Chlamydia, so Campy is generally the villain when
they have a problem.
Marie S. Bulgin, Caldwell, Idaho
OVINE PROGRESSIVE PNEUMONIA
(MAEDI VISNA) TRANSMISSION AND
RESISTANCE
The researchers at USDA MARC have produced evidence that the majority
of transmission of the OPPV occurs between infected adults and naive ewes
added to the adult flock - rather than via colostrum and milk from the
infected ewe to her lambs.
This information along with the genetic susceptibility testing (that can be
performed at GeneSeek in Lincoln, Nebraska) is being used in an OPPV
Eradication Trial in Minnesota. The USDA, MN Board of Animal Health,
MN Veterinary Diagnostic Lab and Minnesota Lamb and Wool Producers
are collaborating in support financially and physically, working with 12
volunteer sheep flocks that are at least 20% infected with OPPV. Only
Minnesota flocks were eligible.
We have almost completed testing all replacement 2013 ewe lambs and
a statistically significant number of adults from these flocks to determine
flock status and begin separation of negative ewe lambs from the adult
flock. Once the adult flock has been tested, we only are concerned with the
annual replacement ewe lambs being tested negative at 6-10 mos and kept
separated from the adult flock.
No more orphaning, no more testing the adults annually. The separation
is a minimum of 10 ft which can be a real problem in some facilities - we
have also suggested solid barriers, electric fences, etc. The theory is to keep
a negative ewe lamb flock that will eventually replace the infected flock
while maintaining cash flow and genetics. We have targeted 3 years for the
trial so far.
Another bonus is the use of a new ELISA the MNVDL has brought in for
us - ELITEST - that has been used for Canadian and European eradication
programs. It is reported to be much more specific than the c-elisa that is
licensed in the US and much more sensitive than the AGID which we have
been depending on. We have found through 3 flock experiences (3 different
breeds from 2 states) that chlamydia vaccine can trigger false positive or
inconclusive results in the OPPV AGID test.
The exciting part of this trial is the cooperation of all these agencies. The
USDA actually promoted this trial as the money and staff assigned to
Scrapie eradication has opened up for other diseases. And to actually have
money available! The MNVDL has offered the ELITEST at a discount,
the MNBAH and USDA provide the field staff that draws blood and
validates inventory - in MN this winter that has really been a challenge. The
MNLWP have approved funding for OPPV testing of ewes and rams and
genotyping of 1 ram per 25 ewes. This has brought the producer’s cost down
to $2 per test plus some miscellaneous local veterinary costs - a real carrot
for producers interested in eradicating this virus.
More information can be found at the MN BAH website http://mn.gov/
bah/ or feel free to contact me [email protected] or Judy Lewman who
coordinates the program [email protected]
You can find information on OPP susceptibility genotyping at <http://
www.ars.usda.gov/SP2UserFiles/Place/54380000/OPP%20Handout.pdf>.
The genetic information is exciting but this transmission research can be
used as a management tool in any flock to decrease the presence of the virus.
Also - I used to think OPPV was fairly rare in Suffolks and Hamps also
but lately through testing I have done and results from this trial the virus
appears to have no boundaries. And the clinically affected blackfaced sheep
look and produce just as poorly as the whitefaced ones.
Holly Neaton, Watertown, MN
CACHE VALLEY VIRUS UPDATE
Given the recent discussion on AASRP-L of Cache Valley virus in the
arthrogrypotic lambs seen at a diagnostic lab, I wanted to make a couple
comments.
1) Several of us here at Iowa State University have been working with
NAHMS to look at the seroprevalence to orthobunyaviruses in sheep in
the US. We are still doing data analysis but I think it is safe to say that
seroprevalence to orthobunyaviruses in general is much higher than I
would have imagined in many parts of the country. We are working on
a manuscript to describe these findings but from the data I have become
convinced that simply being seropositive may not have a high positive
predictive value for that being the cause of the abortion/disease.
2) Through working with the virologist on the project I have also learned
that often we over simplify serologic testing of the orthobunyaviruses.
There is a very high degree of cross-reactivity within different sero-groups
of orthobunyaviruses. There are a large number of viruses in the same serogroup as Cache valley and at least 4 of them have been demonstrated to
exist in the US in vectors (although none but Cache Valley has been tested
for pathogenicity in sheep). Thus, the only real way to confirm that Cache
Valley is the cause and not one of these other 4 viruses that cross react is to
do serologic testing on all 5 and then see if one of them has a 4 fold higher
titer than the other 4 (our definition of seropositive). Generally the PRNT,
plaque reduction neutralization test, is used. To my knowledge none of the
diagnostic laboratories (including NVSL) do this procedure. We are doing
it on our research project and I can tell you that we see significant titers to
the other viruses - so likely not all “Cache Valley” positives are truly Cache
valley. The five viruses we test for in the CVV serogroup are Cache Valley
virus, Main Drain virus, Potosi virus, Northway virus and Tensaw virus. We
have gotten serologic positives for all of them except Tensaw virus. If there is
not one with at least 4x higher titer then we call them “undetermined CVV
sero group”. There are actually a number of other viruses in the sero group,
but these have all been demonstrated to exist in the US. There is no data
to support the pathogenicity of these viruses in sheep beyond CVV. As a
consequence I think the most we can say is that they are seropositive for the
Cache Valley serogroup.
3) Given the higher than expected seroprevalence we are seeing I am starting
to think that if we do not have nucleic acid testing of fetus or placenta
we may not be able to make a diagnosis of orthobunyaviruses in aborted
or arthrogrypotic fetuses. I realize those are really hard to get - but the
interpretation of serology is getting really murky in my mind.
4) All of the viruses in the Cache Valley serogroup are mosquito and
Culiocoides gnat borne - so regardless of the virus if the cause of the
arthrogryposis is the virus the animal must have been bitten by an insect
vector (or at least been viremic) during pregnancy.
So the big concern is if all you have is a seropositive it is hard to tie that
to disease given the relatively high background of positivity. With that in
mind we still have a research project going on and can provide some free
diagnostics if your cases meet certain criteria. For more information go to
this link:
http://vetmed.iastate.edu/vdpam/topics-interest/orthobunyaviruses
Paul Plummer, Iowa State University
11
ELISA TEST IN RAMS FOR
DETECTION OF B. OVIS, Mar. 26th,
2014
regarding serologic results for ewes. However, the transmission of Brucella
ovis to the fetus (transplacental) or lamb (colostrum) is well documented.
Ewes can carry the organism in the vagina for at least 2 months; however,
contamination of pasture with contaminated vaginal fluids does not seem to
be an important method of transmission of this disease.
Brucella ovis ELISA methodology has been used to evaluate sera from
sheep for antibodies to Brucella ovis since the 1980s. In 2006 the National
Veterinary Services Laboratory (NVSL) along with participating laboratories,
including this one, developed and evaluated a modified ELISA procedure
named NVSL SeroPro 1054 which utilized a new internationally accepted
Brucella antigen (REO 198) and several different reagents and ELISA plates.
This lab has been using this procedure since June of 2006. In 2011, Dr.
John Andrews (former director of this laboratory) and I published a paper
in our local “Lab lines” newsletter outlining the results of a serological study
using some 20,000 serological samples. There were 1679 sera from the
eastern US, including the states of North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska,
Kansas, Oklahoma and all states further east excluding Texas; 9979 rams
from non-infected Western flocks and 11,381 serological samples from
infected Western flocks. We found 7 positive rams (0.42%) and 24
indeterminants (1.43%) from the eastern flocks; 25 positive Rams (0.25%)
and 111 indeterminants (1.11%) from the Western non-infected flocks and
1959 positive Rams (17.2%) along with 365 indeterminants (3.2%) in the
Western infected flocks. This gives you some idea of the numbers of sera
sample examined here and the percent positives and indeterminants.
You can call me at any time to discuss this more if you would like. I think the
scope of testing will be very different depending upon the reason for testing
in the 1st place i.e. “cleaning up flocks to increase lambing rates”, detection
of any level of B ovis in a given geographical area, or total eradication of the
disease from a given state.
If the samples from the eastern US were limited to those states further east
than the Mississippi River, the number would likely be zero. We received
sera from a Minnesota ram that was tested positive some years ago. However,
this ram was residing in Minnesota but was used as breeding stock in the
state of Idaho for a period of time. The B ovis and infection likely occurred
during the animal stay in Idaho in the Western United States. I know very
little about Quebec in this regard but I suspect the incidence B. ovis would
be nil.
To answer some more of the questions in the e-mail I will make the
following comments. We do not culture semen here from rams; however,
Dr. Cleon Kimberling from the CSU extension office has in the past used
semen culture as a marker or test for infected rams. Dr. Kimberling has also
used palpation of the testes and microscopic examination of semen for the
determination of epididymitis successfully as a complement to serological
examination. Certainly if the ram has clinically detectable epididymitis or
abnormal semen it should be culled from a flock.
We have been very successful in “cleaning up” infected flocks using the
ELISA serology test. All rams within a flock are tested and positives are
culled from the herd. We recommend that the animals with indeterminate
level test results be isolated and retested in 60-90 days and the positives
culled. In some flocks, where the owner wants to be more aggressive,
indeterminants are culled from the flock as well. This process is repeated
each year and in a very few years the flock can be totally seronegative. One
infected ram left in the flock can cause untold damage and spread of B ovis
throughout the flock over a breeding season. All new rams introduced into
the herd must be isolated and tested in the same manner before they are
used for breeding or put with virgin rams. Older rams can spread B ovis to
virgin rams via venereal or non-venereal contact. Ram to ram transmission
is poorly understood and may occur by a variety of ways. Rams which
become persistently infected with B ovis may intermittently shed B ovis for
several years or longer.
We generally don’t recommend testing of ewes for B ovis; however, we have
had experience with a large flock in Idaho in testing ewes from a heavily
infected flock. Many ewes were seropositive as well as the rams. The ewes in
many cases were clinically normal and did settle and become pregnant at the
next breeding. We have speculated that the organism may remain viable in the
animals and at the time of pregnancy will convert and become seropositive,
even passing the infection via transplacental or through the colostrum to the
lamb. This is only speculation and the literature has very little information
12
Dr. Don Kitchen, Veterinary Pathologist and Director, CSU WS Lab. 970243-0673
ISOLATION OF LEPTOSPIRES FROM
GENITAL TRACT OF SHEEP
Ewes may be a maintenance host for serovar Hardjo and infection might be
linked to infertility.
Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar Hardjo is host adapted to cattle and can
cause persistent infection of the genital tract of cows. Previous research has
shown a significant seroprevalence of serovar Hardjo in sheep, independent
of association with cattle, which suggests that sheep might also be a
maintenance host for this leptospire. However, there has been no previous
documentation of the presence of the organism in the reproductive tract of
sheep. Eighteen clinically healthy ewes from Ireland that were seropositive
for Hardjo were euthanized and the kidneys and genital tract were removed
after ligating the ureters to prevent urine seepage into other organs. Culture
for leptospires was performed on kidney, oviduct, and scrapings of the
uterus and cultures were maintained for up to 26 weeks. Leptospires were
isolated from the kidney of four and the uterus of two ewes. All isolates were
identical with L. borgpetersenii serovar Hardjo by restriction endonuclease
patterns. The authors suggest that venereal transmission might play an
important role in disease epidemiology and cite other work indicating that
there is a significant association between L Hardjo infection and infertility
in ewes.
Z. Arent et al.
Vet Record 173(23):582, 2013 PHARMACOKINETICS OF
CEFTIOFUR CRYSTALLINE-FREE
ACID FOLLOWING SUBCUTANEOUS
ADMINISTRATION OF A SINGLE
DOSE TO SHEEP
The pharmacokinetic profile of CCFA closely resembles that of goats and
alpacas.
According to a 2009 report, respiratory tract disease in sheep accounted
for 9.4% of all nonpredator-related deaths and an economic loss of $2.9
million for the US sheep industry. The most common bacteria isolated
are Mannheimia haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida. Sudden death
in lambs is a common presentation. Currently the FDA has approved 4
antimicrobials for treatment of respiratory disease in sheep: tilmicosin for M.
haemolytica, penicillin G procaine for P. multocida, oral oxytetracycline for
treatment and control of P. multocida, and ceftiofur (Naxcel®) for treatment
of both organisms. However, Naxcel® requires daily IM injections (stressful
for sheep) and is not labeled for disease control in sheep at high risk of
developing pneumonia. This study of a longer acting cefiofur product
(CCFA, Excede®) was done at UC Davis and was supported by the Minor
Use Animal Drug Program. Nine adult female Suffolk cross ewes under 2
years of age were given 6.6 mg CCFA/kg (the cattle dose) SC in the cervical
region (rather than at the base, of the ear, as is required for cattle). Blood
was collected by venipuncture at frequent intervals for the next 14 days.
None of the sheep developed adverse systemic reactions but all had localized
swellings at the injection site within 24 hours that were palpable and visually
evident by 8 days after CCFA injection. Four sheep still had a palpable
reaction at 30 days. Isolates of M. haemolytica and P. multocida previously
derived from the respiratory tract of sheep at the University of California
Davis Veterinary Clinical Microbiology laboratory were identified and
MICs of all isolates for ceftiofur were less than 0.5 ug/mL. A target of
1.0 ug/mL in the serum was chosen, and the mean time for which this
target was met after the SC CCFA was 3.4 days (range 2.6 to 4.9 days). The
maximum serum concentration achieved was 2.45 ug/mL, at 23 hours. The
entire volume of the CCFA was injected at 1 site, which might have been a
partial explanation for variable drug absorption rates. The terminal phase
pharmacokinetics of CCFA depend on a combination of absorption and
elimination kinetics. Because this use of CCFA is off label, residues must
be undetectable in milk or tissues entering the human food chain. Meat
and milk withdrawals still need to be determined. In three of the sheep,
serum residues were still detected at 14 days. Using an estimate based on 10
half lives to remove the drug from meat, a conservative withdrawal interval
would be 32 days. At the dose and route of administration used in this
study, repeat dosing at 48 to 72 hours is suggested when a longer treatment
is needed. Injection at the base of the ear, as is done in cattle, also should
be investigated.
S. Rivera-Garcia et al.
AJVR 75(3):2990-295, 2014
DISEASES IN CAMELIDS 1 COMMON
PRESENTATIONS
Highlights of the most
common conditions seen
in practice are presented.
Practitioners in the
UK are being asked to
see South American
camelids, and this article
was written to familiarize
the veterinarians with
some of the more
common diseases in these
animals. The discussion
of the evaluation of sick camelids stresses the importance of palpating the
animal thoroughly, as otherwise swellings or distension may be missed under
the fiber. A basic neurological exam, including cranial nerves, proprioception,
pain and withdrawal reflexes as well as muscular and anal tone should be
performed on all down camelids. Limbs must be evaluated for fractures or
luxations. In weak camelids the nuchal ligament overrides weak muscles,
pulling the neck into torticollis. This should not be used as a prognostic
indicator. Females, with an average gestation length of 343 days are usually
bred back 3 weeks after parturition. Thus they have the metabolic demands
of pregnancy or lactation or both for most of the year. The normal adult
heart rate is 60 to 80 (as low as 40 in unstressed animals), with crias typically
70 to 100 bpm. The normal temperature for adults and crias is given as 38
to 38.9 C (100.4-102, slightly higher than usually specified in the USA).
Lungs are usually very quiet, and there should be 3 to 5 C1 contractions a
minute. Carefully palpate the rami of the mandibles for evidence of tooth
root abscesses. Most sick camelids, regardless of cause, show depression,
anorexia, weakness and lethargy. Ultrasound is very helpful in evaluating
abdominal organs (not easily palpated either externally or rectally) and
presence of increased peritoneal fluid as well as pregnancy. Camelids are
often sicker than they appear clinically, and should be referred if the practice
lacks the ability to do ultrasounds and blood tests. Camelids are susceptible
to the same gastrointestinal parasites as sheep but have a lower innate
immunity to parasitism than sheep Guard animals kept with sheep should
rave regular fecal screenings. Because camelids resorb water efficiently from
their colon, pelleted feces are common even with heavy parasitism. Fecal
samples should not be pooled. Overwhelming Haemonchus infections can
cause severe anemia, but because the animals are adapted to high altitude
the PCV is often 6 before they are diagnosed as anemic. Response to a single
unit (450 ml) of fresh blood from a camelid with a PCV of 24 to 28 is rapid,
if the underlying problem can be addressed. Treatment for haemonchosis
should be given before lab work is finished, with suggested protocols of 20
mg/kg fenbendazole orally for 5 days, 8 mg/kg oral levamisole once, or 0.4
mg/kg ivermectin SC where susceptible (parasite resistance to ivermectin
is common in camelids in the eastern US - editor). A fresh blood smear
for Mycoplasma haemolamae should be taken before the transfusion is
given. Diagnosis of this cause of anemia can be made by a PCR offered by
Oregon State University Diagnostic Lab or by demonstrating the organisms
on the fresh smear - they will have fallen off before the blood reaches the
lab. Treatment is with SC oxytetracycline at 20 mg/kg every 3 days for 5
treatments but does not clear the organism completely. Camelids have their
own coccidial species, with Eimeria macusaniensis especially problematic
because of a long (33 to 34 d) prepatent period. This parasite can cause
weight loss and low total protein (because of low albumin) and even death
before the large brown tear drop shaped oocysts are passed. Camelids are
susceptible to mange due to Sarcoptes, Psoroptes, and Chorioptes mites, with
transmission often the result of co-mingling animals at shows or elsewhere.
A therapeutic trial is reasonable if the animal is itchy, with supplemental zinc
helpful for skin repair. Sarcoptic mange can be treated with SC ivermectin
at 0.5-0.6 mg/kg every 7 to 10 days for 3 or 4 treatments but this will
not be effective against the other mite species. A keratolytic shampoo to
remove crusts followed by topical fipronil is recommended for the other
mange species, and should be repeated 2 to 3 times a week for at least 2 to 3
weeks. A topical treatment for use in other species will be needed to control
chewing lice. Camelids developing dermatophilosis after exposure to wet
conditions should have their lesions scrubbed with chlorhexidine and be
given 22,000 IU/kg penicillin twice daily for 5 days. Colic is common in
camelids, but they are less demonstrative than horses. Distal small intestine
or spiral colon lesions are more common that forestomach conditions as
causes of colic. Colicky animals are typically inappetent and recumbent,
with flaring nostrils They may roll or sit with their legs out to the side.
An elevated respiratory rate is more frequent than an elevated heart rate.
Abdominal ultrasound is invaluable, and use of alcohol as a contact medium
will avoid the need to clip the animal for examination. A peritoneal tap can
be performed one hands breadth caudal to the last rib on the right flank,
one-third to one-half of the way from the midline. Incisions for exploratory
surgery can be made on the ventral midline under general anesthesia or the
right flank (for access to the spiral colon or C3) with sedation and local
anaesthesia. The left flank is used for access to the uterus. Camelids have
very little omentum and do not wall off peritonitis well. Flush the abdomen
thoroughly with sterile saline before closing, as camelids are similar to horses
in their propensity for adhesion formation. Ulceration of C3 will cause
vague signs of colic, while affected weanlings may regurgitate frequently
with excessive salivation. Fecal occult blood testing is not reliable in
camelids but thickening and edema of the wall of C3 on ultrasound suggest
C3 ulceration. Treatments include sucralfate and parenteral ranitidine;
omeprazole is not absorbed well orally but drugs of this class can be given
systemically. Lymphosarcoma, often multicentric, is the most common
neoplasm of camelids. Tooth root abscesses are common, especially when
permanent molars are erupting at 2 to 5 years of age. Commonly a hard
boney swelling with or without a draining tract can be felt on the mandible.
Four radiographic views should be taken under heavy sedation (20 to 30
my xylazine IV): lateral, dorsoventral, and two 45 degree obliques. Some
tooth root abscesses will resolve with 4 to 6 weeks of SC florfenicol at 20
mg/kg every other day. Subcutaneous ceftiofur at 2.2 mg/kg twice daily is
an alternative. Surgical removal of a single tooth is generally not problematic
as the defect gradually closes up slightly with time. If multiple teeth are
removed, the body condition should be monitored closely.
C. Whitehead
In Practice 35:317-324, 2013
13
EVALUATION OF FACTORS THAT
WOULD INITIATE OR PROPAGATE
EPIDEMIC COXIELLOSIS IN THE U.S.
DOMESTICATED GOAT POPULATION
This monograph reviews the Q fever outbreak in the Netherlands, how the US
goat industry differs from that in the Netherlands, and the lack of protocols for
handling the disease in the US.
Coxiellosis (Q fever) is a zoonosis cause by Coxiella burnetii, an intracellular
Gram-negative bacterium with global distribution. Ruminants, domestic and
wild carnivores, birds, arthropods (ticks), and humans are all susceptible to
infection. Goats and cows shed the organism in milk and vaginal secretions
for months to years, whereas sheep are more likely to shed in feces. Humans
can develop a self-limiting febrile flu-like syndrome, sometimes accompanied
by pneumonia or hepatitis, or a chronic, severe, sometimes fatal disease
characterized by endocarditis and chronic fatigue. Pregnant women may
abort or deliver prematurely. An outbreak of human coxiellosis in the
Netherlands in 2007-2009 was linked to abortions in dairy goat herds. In
April of 2011, C. burnetii was detected in the placenta of a goat that aborted
on a farm in Washington where 14 of 50 pregnant does had aborted. Human
health care providers within the county where the goats aborted were alerted
to ask patients about signs compatible with Q fever (fever, headache, chills,
myalgia) and the farm owner informed purchasers of goats from the farm
that the disease had been diagnosed in the herd. Goats sold after June
2010 were traced to 21 farms in 3 states. Seventeen farms participated in
the outbreak investigation and the organism was detected in 16 of the 17
farms. Bacterial shedding was confirmed by PCR in 24% of 667 goats tested.
Overall seroprevalence by ELISA was 21%. Nineteen percent (20 of 108) of
people linked to one of the study farms as owner, visitor, or neighbor were
serologically positive by a phase II IgG titer. Four of these 20 people were
hospitalized and 5 were asymptomatic. No deaths were reported. Initial
movement restrictions placed on the index premises were revised to a herd
management plan. Goat owners were advised to disinfect birthing areas,
avoid contact with birth products, limit visitor access to animal holding areas,
maintain an animal registry, and report abortions and positive Q fever test
results to State authorities. No further cases of Q fever have been seen since
July 2011. The goal of this monograph was to determine the likelihood for
an epidemic of coxiellosis in the US domesticated goat. There were 231,000
dairy goats more than 1 year old in the Netherlands in 2009. In the epidemic
region there were 315 farms with 200 or more dairy goats per farm in 2008,
mostly located near cities. The density in this region was 38 goats per square
kilometer. In 2007 there were approximately 335,000 dairy goats in all of
the United States. The average number of goats per herd in the US in 2007
was 22, and only 3.5% of herds had 100 or more goats. The regions in the
US with the highest goat density (6 to 40 goats/square km) were central Texas
(36% of all US goats), central Tennessee and east central Ohio. The small
herd size and preponderance of meat goats in our country make an epidemic
here similar to what occurred in the Netherlands unlikely. According to the
2009 NAHMS goat study, only 28 to 30% of goat operations were somewhat
to very familiar with Q fever. Only 11% of producers believed that Q fever
was infectious to humans. Only 35% of operations consulted a veterinarian
for any reason during the preceding 12 months, but 55% of dairy goat
producers had consulted a veterinarian during this time period, suggesting
that a diagnosis of Q fever might be achieved sooner in a dairy goat herd than
a meat goat herd. More than half of goat operations were visited by members
of the general public who were not customers and 22% were visited by
customers. Forty percent of operations received visitors who entered the goat
production area. No biosecurity measures at all (such as washing hands, clean
coveralls, clean boots, parking away from the goats) were required of visitors
to 58% of the farms. About 20% of operations added goats or kids in the 12
months preceding the 2009 NAHMS study, and 40% of these operations
never isolated new goats on arrival. Most goat operations do not use kidding
areas that are conducive to containment of an aerosol transmitted disease like
Q fever. These management factors, including infrequent consultation with
veterinarians, result in a medium risk that an epidemic will occur or propagate.
Diagnostic services for detection of the Q fever organism in goats were
14
available from 92% of the National Animal Health Laboratory Network labs
evaluated, making it unlikely that a lack of testing would result in propagation
of an epidemic. The disease is not reportable to an animal health agency in 16
states, including the 3 with the highest density of goats. In 4 states (Arkansas,
Delaware, New Hampshire, and Vermont) Q fever is not reportable to either
an animal health agency or public health agency. The number of human
cases of Q fever reported to the CDC has gradually increased from 5 in
1998 to 165 each in 2006 and 2007. Fewer than 15% of states reported
diagnosing coxiellosis in animals in 2007 to 2011. It is interesting that the
study ponders the discrepancy between the mission statement of AASRP
and producer perceptions as to the value of services potentially offered by
veterinarians. The study states that 51% of AASRP veterinarians reported that
their professional interest in goats is less than 10% and concludes that their
membership in the organization must be driven by interest in other small
ruminant species (apparently not understanding that ‘interest’ and ‘profession
time working with the species’ are not identical). States were surveyed as to
their likely response if a diagnosis of Q fever were made in goats. Vaccination
was eventually mandated in the Netherlands, but lack of a vaccine in the US
makes that response impossible. States did not mention mandating manure
management or proper disposal of placentas or controlling visitors or much
else except distributing fact sheets about the disease.
USDA;APHIS:VS (2012). 104 pp
http://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/emergingissues/downloads/
QFeverRiskAssessment_FINAL.pdf
GUIDELINES FOR TREATMENT OF LICE
IN SHEEP WITH LONG WOOL BASED ON
A MODEL OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF
WOOL DAMAGE
The cost of product and labor must be offset by increased wool value to justify
treatment before shearing.
In Australia, sheep were traditionally treated for lice after every shearing but
newer recommendations are to only treat if lice are found at shearing, to
decrease the development of insecticide resistance and residues in wool scour
effluent. However, this has resulted in more frequent detection of lice in
animals with more than 6 weeks of wool growth. The number of lice on the
sheep is not closely related to wool damage, but fleece derangement is a good
indicator of the presence of lice. Lice irritate the sheep and cause them to rub
and damage the fleece but do not affect the body weight gain or overall health of
the animals. Because lice cannot be eradicated from sheep in long wool, it may
be economically preferable to delay treatment until the next shearing. Some
producers may choose to save money by doing a partial flock treatment, of only
those animals that appear lousy. The LiceBoss computer model was used to
investigate the economics of various responses to the presence of lice in sheep
with more than 6 weeks wool regrowth. Treatments considered (available in
Australia) were insect growth regulators, synthetic pyrethroids, macrocyclic
lactones and spinosyn, each with its own cost and duration of efficacy. When
there are more than 6 months until the next shearing insect growth regulators
can be used, but if shearing will be in less than 6 months, only products with a
short duration can be used and they will break down sooner, allowing increases
in the louse population. The closer the next shearing the more advantageous it is
to delay treatment, but the higher a percentage of rubbing sheep in the flock the
more value is derived from treating at once. According to the model, if 10% of
the flock are rubbing, and it is 120 days or less until shearing, treatment should
be withheld. If 30% of the flock are rubbing, only treat if more than 110 days
until shearing, and if 50% are rubbing treatment is the best option if more than
90 days remain. Flock treatment is the best option if there is any indication of
rubbing 140 days or more before shearing. Up until 70 days before shearing,
the lowest cost option is to leave the animals untreated. Although partial flock
treatments are rarely the best option, this is often better than no treatment if
time and labor demands make entire flock treatment impossible. When wool
values are high, the option to treat is brought forward by about 25 days.
P.G. Lucas and B.J. Horton
Australian Vet J 92:8-14, 2014.
2014 AASRP BOARD OF DIRECTORS – VOTING BALLOT
Vote only for the director of the district in which you reside.
ska
Northwest Territories
Nunavut
Hudson Bay
After making your selection, check the box adjacent to the nominee
and sign on the signature line to validate. Ballots must be received
by May 31st. Please return your ballot to the management office
by faxing to 334/270-3399, by e-mail to [email protected] or by
mail to the address at the bottom of the page. (Affiliate, Associate
and Student Members are not eligible to cast a vote.)
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Yukon
Territory
Saskatchewan
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Quebec
British Columbia
Pacific Ocean
Canada
REGION 1
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New Brunswick
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REGION 4
REGION 3
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REGION 2
South Carolina
MississippiAlabama Georgia
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Ocean
Atlantic
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Pacific
Ocean
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AASRP REGIONS
Caribbean Sea
Director, Region 1
Dale Duerr, DVM – Dr. Duerr is currently serving as Region 1 Director after being appointed to fill the
remaining term of Dr. Shulaw after his retirement. Dr. Duerr is a private practitioner with Town & Country
Veterinary Clinic in New Philadelphia, Ohio.
Write-In: ________________________________________________________________________________
Director, Region 3
Ann Goplen, DVM serves as an Assistant Clinical Professor at the University of Minnesota, College of
Vet Medicine, in the Veterinary Population Medicine department. She is a small ruminant specialist
and agricultural animal compliance veterinarian for the university. Dr. Goplen has over 10 years of small
ruminant and food animal practice experience, and has been an active member of AASRP since 1993.
Write-In: ________________________________________________________________________________
Ballots will be counted on May 31, 2014, and announced at the 2014 AASRP Annual Membership Meeting in
Denver, CO during the AVMA Convention in July. It will also be posted in the next issue of Wool & Wattles.
Thank you for your participation in this very important process.
Signature: _____________________________________________________________ Region/State:____________
Please Print Your Name: _________________________________________________________________________
AASRP • P.O. Box 3614 • Montgomery, AL 36109
Phone: 334/517-1233 • Fax: 334/270-3399
Email: [email protected]
15
GEORGE McCONNELL AWARD
George McConnell was an enthusiastic supporter of the Intermountain Veterinary Meeting (now Western Veterinary
Conference) and of the American Association of Sheep and Goat Practitioners (now AASRP). He was vice-president
of the H.C. Burns Company (now Butler Veterinary Supply). By his support, a fledgling association took root and grew
to what we have today. This award embraces his foresight, work, support, and his fun-loving enthusiastic desire for
education of small ruminant veterinarians.
The purpose of this award is to recognize the American Association of Small Ruminant Practitioners member who
exemplifies the ideals and dedication of George McConnell and that has given extraordinary service to both the
association and small ruminant practice.
Nomination Procedure. Nominations are due May 31st, to the management office of AASRP. Nominations are
reviewed for appropriate criteria and forwarded to the Board of AASRP for selection of recipient. The president will
seek approval from the board of directors. By nature of this being a prestigious award it may not be awarded every
year.
The Award. The award is an individualized engraved myrtlewood plaque that is created in Salem, Oregon. The
presentation of this award will be given at the AASRP Annual Membership Meeting.
Listed below, is the criteria required for consideration:
1) List educational history
2) List description of and percent of veterinary work devoted to small ruminant species
3) List description of involvement in the AASRP organization
4) List description of involvement in other veterinary organizations
5) List offices that have been held in organized veterinary medicine
6) List contributions to veterinary medicine and other small ruminant industries
7) List description of involvement in community service
8) List any awards that indicate service to others
Nominee: _____________________________________________________________________________________
Submitted By: _____________________________________________________ Date:________________________
Nominations may be submitted by fax, email or by mail.
Please make sure all required documentation is attached or enclosed
with your nomination form.
American Association of Small Ruminant Practitioners
P.O. Box 3614
Montgomery, AL 36109
Phone: 334/517-1233 • Fax: 334/270-3399
16
Dr. Donald E. Bailey
Practitioner of the Year Award
Dr. Don Bailey set the standard for small ruminant practitioners. He loved being a veterinarian, servant of the
community, teacher of youth and of colleagues, giver of time, talents and laughter, and above all a wise parent and
loving spouse. Our association is better because Don put his stamp on it. We therefore give this award, named in his
honor, to recognize the AASRP Small Ruminant Practitioner of the Year.
Nomination Procedure. Nominations are due May 31st, to the management office of AASRP. Nominations are
reviewed for appropriate criteria and forwarded to the board of AASRP for selection of the recipient.
The Award. The award will be an etched glass bowl. The glass representing clearness of purpose and transparency
of greatness, the bowl representing a reservoir for values necessary for success. The presentation of this award will
be given at the AASRP Annual Membership Meeting.
Listed below, are the criteria required for consideration:
1) Must be a member in good standing of AASRP
2) Must be a member of his or her national veterinary association
3) Must be a member of AASRP for at least 10 years
4) List recipient’s work, must involve at least one species of small ruminants
5) List offices that have been held in organized veterinary medicine
6) Must have involvement in community service
7) List awards and recognitions received
8) List small ruminant involvement
9) List mentoring activities
10) List why you have nominated this individual
Nominee: _____________________________________________________________________________________
Submitted By: ____________________________________________________Date:_________________________
Nominations may be submitted by fax, email or by mail.
Please make sure all required documentation is attached or enclosed
with your nomination form.
P.O. Box 3614
Phone: 334/517-1233 • Fax: 334/270-3399
17
2014 AASRP Board of Directors:
President
Dr. Joan Dean Rowe
24580 Cache Street
Capay, CA 95607
Phone: 530-752-0292
[email protected]
Term: 7/13 – 7/15
President Elect
Dr. Patty B. Scharko
PO Box 102406
Columbia, SC 29224-2406
Phone: 803-788-2269 x290
[email protected]
Term: 7/13 – 7/15
Immediate Past President
Dr. Joan Bowen
5036 E County Rd. 60
Wellington, CO 80549
Phone: 970-568-3613
[email protected]
Term: 7/13 – 7/15
Director, Region 1
Dr. Dale L. Duerr
Town & Country Veterinary
Clinic, Inc.
1396 E. High Ave
New Philadelphia, OH 44663
Phone: 330-339-2363
[email protected]
Term: 7/13 – 7/14
Director, Region 2
Dr. Susan Myers
100 N. 68th Ave
Coopersville, MI 49404
Phone: 616-837-8151
[email protected]
Term 7/13 - 7/15
Director, Region 3
Dr. Clifford Shipley
University of Illinois, CVM
1008 West Hazelwood Dr.
Urbana, IL 61802
[email protected]
Term: 7/12 – 7/14
Director, Region 4
Dr. Elizabeth Hardy
17646 140th Ave NE
Woodinville, WA 98072
Phone: 425-481-1184
[email protected]
Term 7/13 – 7/15
AVMA Alternate Delegate
Dr. Joan Bowen
5036 E County Rd. 60
Wellington, CO 80549
Phone: 970-568-3613
Cell: 970-217-0447
[email protected]
(2009-2017)
Secretary
Dr. Susan Myers
(See Director, Region 2)
Management Headquarters
Franz Management
P. O. Box 3614
Phone: 334-517-1233
Fax: 334-270-3399
Treasurer
(See President Elect)
AVMA Delegate
Dr. Paul Jones
Woodburn Vet Clinic
225 South Pacific Highway
Woodburn, OR 80634
Home: 503-982-2421
Cell: 503-982-2425
[email protected]
(2009-2017)
Executive Director
Dr. Brad Fields
Cell: 334-521-2502
AASRP Representation for AVMA Offices & Committees:
Executive Board
Dr. Michael Whitehair
(2012-2013)
Alternate
Dr. Kelly Still Brooks
(2011 – 2014)
AVMA Delegate
Dr. Paul Jones
(2009-2017)
Alternate
Dr. Joan S. Bowen
(2009 – 2017)
Committee on
Environmental Issues
Dr. Grant Seaman
(2012 - 2015)
Legislative Advisory
Committee
Dr. Seyedmehdi Mobini
(2011 – 2014)
Clinical Practitioners
Advisory Committee
Andrea Mongini
(2010-2013)
Alternate
Dr. Jonathan Bergmann
(2011 – 2014)
Animal Agriculture Liaison
Committee Dr. Jeanne M. Rankin
(2005 – 2014)
Alternate
Dr. Amy Robinson
(2008-2014)
Food Safety Advisory
Committee
Dr. Joan Bowen
(2007-2015)
Alternate
VACANT (xxxx-xxxx)
Animal Welfare Committee
Dr. Cindy Wolf
(2013-2019)
Alternate
Dr. Sarah Lowry
(2013-2019)
AASRP Committees:
Nominations
Dr. Paul Jones
Woodburn Vet Clinic
Woodburn, OR 80634 pljvet@
gmail.com
Student Education
VACANT CHAIR
Sam Guss Fund
Dr. Cindy Wolf
University of Minnesota
[email protected]
18
Continuing Education
PO Box 102406
[email protected]
College Liaison
VACANT CHAIR
Governance
Dr. Paul Jones
Woodburn Vet Clinic
Woodburn, OR 80634
[email protected]
Membership
VACANT CHAIR
Public Relations
Dr. Michelle Anne Kutzler
Associate Professor of
Companion Animal Industries
Oregon State University
Michelle.Kutzler@oregonstate.
edu
Budget/Finance
PO Box 102406
[email protected]
Communications/
Publications
VACANT CHAIR
AASRP VETERINARY COLLEGE LIAISONS
Auburn University
Misty Edmonson, DVM
1500 Wire Road
Auburn, AL 36849
Ph: 334-844-4490
Fax: 334-844-4368
[email protected]
Colorado State University
David Van Metre, DVM, DACVIM
Associate Professor
Animal Population Health Inst.
CVM and Biomedical Sciences
Ft. Collins, CO 80523-1678
Ph: 970-297-1299
Fax: 970-297-1275
[email protected]
Cornell University
Mary C. Smith, DVM
Ambulatory/Prod Med
Box 29 - NYS College of Vet Med
Ithaca, NY 14853
Ph: 607-253-3140
[email protected]
Iowa State University
Paul J. Plummer, DVM PhD DACVIM
College of Veterinary Medicine
2426 Lloyd Veterinary Medical Center
Ames, IA 50011
Ph: 515-294-8522
[email protected]
Kansas State University
Patricia A. Payne, DVM, PhD
Department of Diagnostic Medicine/
Pathobiology
College of Vet Medicine
1600 Denison Ave.
Manhattan KS 66506 - 5600
Ph: 785-532-4604
[email protected]
Louisiana State University
Marjorie S. Gill, DVM
Vet Teaching Hospital & Clinics
Skip Bertman Drive
Baton Rouge, LA 70803
Ph: 225-578-9574
[email protected]
Michigan State University
Judy Marteniuk, DVM, MS
736 Wilson Road
East Lansing, MI 48824-1314
Ph: 517-353-9710 - Cell: 517-712-0506
[email protected]
Ohio State University
Michael Rings, DVM
601 Vernon Tharp Drive
Columbus, OH 43210
Ph: 614-292-6661
[email protected]
Oklahoma State University
Lionel Dawson, DVM
Oklahoma State University
Boren Vet Med Teaching Hosp
Farm Road
Stillwater, OK 74078
Ph: 405-744-8584
[email protected]
Oregon State University
Michelle Kutzler, DVM, PhD, DACT
Dept. of Animal Sciences
312 Withycombe Hall
Corvallis, OR 97331-6702
Ph: 541-737-1401
Fax: 541-737-4174
[email protected]
Purdue University
A.N. (Nickie) Baird, DVM, MS
Diplomate ACVS
Associate Professor
Large Animal Surgery
Dept. of Vet. Clinical Science
625 Harrison St.
West Lafayette, IN 47907-2026
Ph: 765-494-8548
Fax: 765-496-2641
[email protected]
University of Georgia
Lisa Williamson, DVM
UGA College of Vet Medicine
Large Animal Department
1810 Clotfelter Rd.
Athens, GA 30622
Ph: 706-542-9323
[email protected]
University of Illinois
Clifford F. Shipley, DVM, DACT
Assistant Director, AACUP
1008 W. Hazelwood Dr.
Urbana, IL 61802
Ph: 217-333-2479 - Cell: 217-493-2958
Fax: 217-333-7126
[email protected]
University of Minnesota
Cindy Wolf, DVM
225 VMC, 1365 Gortner Avenue
St. Paul, MN 55108
Ph: 612-625-1780 - Cell: 507-450-5453
Fax: 612-625-6241
[email protected]
University of Missouri
Dusty W. Nagy, DVM
Assistant Teaching Professor
Food Animal Medicine & Surgery
900 E. Campus Drive
Columbia, MO 65211
Ph: 573-882-6857
[email protected]
University of Pennsylvania
Marie-Eve Fecteau, DVM
Texas A & M University
Diplomate ACVIM-LA
Asst. Professor for Food Animal
Virginia Fajt, DVM, PhD, DACVCP
Medicine and Surgery
Clinical Assistant Professor
New Bolton Center
326-C VMA
Dept. of Vet. Physiology & Pharmacology 382 W. Street Rd.
Kennett Square, PA 19348
Hwy. 60, VMA Bldg., MS 4466
Ph: 610-925-6208
College Station, TX 77843
Fax: 610-925-8100
Ph: 979-845-7299
[email protected]
Fax: 979-845-6544
[email protected]
University of Tennessee
VACANT
Tufts University
Sandra L. Ayres, DVM
University of Wisconsin-Madison
200 West Borough Rd.
Sheila McGuirk, DVM, PhD, MS, DACVIM
North Grafton, MA 01536
School of Veterinary Medicine
Ph: 508-839-7956 x 84605
2015 Linden Drive West
[email protected]
Madison, WI 53706
Ph: 608-263-4437
Tuskegee University
[email protected]
VACANT
Mississippi State University
Sherrill Fleming, DVM
Associate Professor
Food Animal Medicine
Box 6100 - Mississippi State, MS 39762
Ph: 662-325-2198
[email protected]
University of California
Joan Dean Rowe, DVM
Vet Medical Teaching Hospital
24580 Cache St.
Capay, CA 95607
Ph: 530-752-0292
[email protected]
North Carolina State University
Kevin L. Anderson, DVM, PhD
Dept of Food Animal Health and
Resource Management CVM
4700 Hillsborough St.
Raleigh, NC 27606
Ph: 919-513-6245
Fax: 919-513-6464
[email protected]
[email protected]
University of Florida
Fiona Maunsell, PhD, MS, BVSc,
DACVIM
Large Animal Clinical Sciences-FARMS
University of Florida-CVM
2015 SW 16th Avenue
Gainesville, FL 32610
Ph: 352-294-4077
Fax: 352-392-7551
[email protected]
Virginia/Maryland Regional CVM
D. Phillip Sponenberg, DVM, PhD
Professor, Pathology & Genetics
Dept. of Biomedical Sciences
100 Duckpond Drive
Virginia Tech
Blacksburg, VA 24061
Ph: 540-231-4805
Fax: 540-231-6033
[email protected]
Western University
of Health Sciences
Spring K. Halland, DVM, CVA, DACVIM
Assistant Professor, Large Animal
Internal Medicine
Western Univ of Health Sciences
College of Vet Medicine
309 E. 2nd Street
Room 248 BVCC
Pomona, CA 91766-1854
Ph: 909-469-5626
[email protected]
FOREIGN COLLEGE LIAISONS
Ross University
Jerry Roberson, DVM
Ross University School of Veterinary
Medicine
P.O. Box 334
Basseterre, St Kitts
Ph: 732-898-0065
Ph: 869-4645-4161 ext 1436
[email protected]
University of Guelph
Paula Menzies, MPVM
Associate Professor
Ruminant Health Management Group
Ontario Veterinary College
Guelph, Ontario CANADA
N1G 2W1
[email protected]
University of Montreal
Pascal Dubreuil
Faculté de médecine vétérinaire
3200 Sicotte St-Hyacinthe PQ
J2S 7C6
Ph: 450-773-8521 x8266
Fax: 450-778-8101
University of Prince Edward Island
Jeffrey Wichtel, BVSC PhD DipACT
Associate Professor
Chairman, Dept of Health Mgt
Atlantic Veterinary College
550 University Avenue
Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island
CANADA C1A 4P3
[email protected]
University of Saskatchewan
Lyall Petrie, BVMS, MRCVS
Dept of Lg Animal Clinical Sciences
Western College of Vet Medicine
52 Campus Drive
Saskatoon, SK, Canada
S7N 5B4
Ph: 306-966-7087
Fax: 306-966-7174
[email protected]
NOTE TO STUDENT: If you cannot
reach your liaison contact please contact
[email protected]
Washington State University
Steven M. Parish, DVM
Professor Large Animal Med/Surgery
Diplomat ACVIM
New Vet Teaching Hospital
Pullman, WA 99164
Ph: 509-335-0711
[email protected]
19
Associate
Owner/Partner
Student
Associate
Y
N
N
Laparoscopic AI
Semen collection & evaluation
$
Exp Date:
$
$_______
$130
$20
$65
$
TOTAL ENCLOSED
No
Signature:
Security Code:
*Please mail this form with payment to AASRP, P. O. Box 3614, Montgomery, AL 36109-0614 or fax (334) 270-3399. Please contact the AASRP office
at 334-517-1233 with any questions.
* *A tax deductible contribution to the Samuel B. Guss Memorial Fund helps provide small grants to student members of AASRP to undertake extern
opportunities in veterinary practices, working with one or more of the small ruminant species
$______
$
_
Card #:
$
$130
$105
$52.50
$65
____Retired
____Contribution to Samuel B. Guss Memorial Fund
Yes
Government
PAYMENT METHOD:
Visa
MasterCard
Check
(payable to AASRP and drawn on US bank in US funds)
Transcervical AI
Foreign
US
Funds
Laparoscopic AI
Transcervical AI
U.S./Canada
Non-Veterinarian
$105
Associate
Veterinary
Student
$15
st
____1 Year Graduates $52.50
Veterinarian
DUES STRUCTURE:
Ultrasonography for pregnancy diagnosis
Embryo transfer
If you marked yes, do you provide: (you may select as many as apply)
Do you provide reproductive services for goats?
Y
Semen collection & evaluation
Ultrasonography for pregnancy diagnosis
Embryo transfer
Industry
__________
________
□ Home □ Office
Year Graduated:
Would you accept externships?
Academician/Researcher
Fax:
If you marked yes, do you provide: (you may select as many as apply)
Do you provide reproductive services for sheep?
Non-Veterinarian:
Veterinarian:
Other
Please check the category that best describes you:
Veterinary College:
E-mail:
Phone:
Country:
City/State/Zip Code:_
Address:
Clinic/Business:
Name:
Membership Application
Wool & Wattles
the AASRP Newsletter
P.O. Box 3614
NONPROFIT ORG.
U.S. POSTAGE
Montgomery, AL
PERMIT NO. 88
PAID
change service requested

WW Jan - Mar 2014 - American Association of Small Ruminant

Transcription

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