WW Apr - Jun 2014 - American Association of Small Ruminant

Transcription

In this Issue
Letter from the President . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Management Report and Minutes of Board Meetings . . . . . . . . . . 2
Announcements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Books, Bulletins, and Computer Websites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Drugs and Biologics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Obituary – Murray Fowler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Editorial – Raising Kids Away from Adults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Case Report – Dangers from Nipples Neonates Can Swallow . . . . . 6
Treponeme-Associated Hoof Disease in Elk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
AASRP-L Q&A – Intubating Goats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
AASRP-L Q&A – Cysts on Back of Alpaca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
AASRP-L Q&A – Milking Machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
AASRP-L Q&A – Ketamine Stun for Camelids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Wool&
Wattles
The AASRP Newsletter
April - June 2014
Volume 42, Issue 2
Mission Statement of AASRP
“To improve the health and
welfare of sheep, goats,
AASRP-L Q&A – Parasite Control in the Face of Resistance . . . . . . 9
camelids and cervids,
AASRP-L Q&A – Chronic Diarrhea in a Camel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
to further the professional
ELKMED Q&A – Use of LONGRANGE® in Deer . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
development of the members,
AASRP Q&A – Evaluating Ram for Fertility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
provide resources to elevate
Somatic Cell Count in Small Ruminants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
the standards of small ruminant
Blister Beetle Poisoning in Alpacas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
practice and to be the voice
Feeding Dried Distillers Grain with Solubles to Rams . . . . . . . . . . 12
for small ruminant issues.”
Camelid Intermale Aggression Decreased by GnRH Vaccine . . . . . 12
Diseases of Camelids Birth to Weaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Lidocaine and Bupivacaine Compared for Local Analgesia . . . . . . 14
Losses from Maedi-Visna in Dairy Sheep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Comparison of Oxytetracycline and Gamithromycin for Footrot . . . . 14
Eradication of Footrot Using Gamithromycin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Portosystemic Shunts in Goat Kids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Q Fever Tests Compared . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Changes in Fecal Flora in Floppy Kid Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Control of Sheep Measles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Rattlesnake Bites in Camelids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Time to Seroconversion and Semen Shedding of Brucella ovis . . . . 17
Johne’s PCR and Prevalence in Alpacas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
AASRP Board of Directors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
AASRP Veterinary College Liaisons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Letter from the President
Dear AASRP members,
You will be receiving this issue of Wool & Wattles
near the time of our annual AASRP membership
meeting during the AVMA meeting in Denver,
Colorado. I hope that many of you will be able
to attend the excellent small ruminant continuing education seminars, join us at the AASRP
membership meeting at noon on Saturday July
26 and take the opportunity to get to know your
AASRP board members and visit with colleagues. Drs. Paul Jones and Joan
Bowen will be reporting back on the AVMA House of Delegates. All of your
board members and executive director Dr. Brad Fields will be hard at work
conducting the business of the association.
Joining the board this year from Region 3 is Dr. Ann Goplen, a clinical professor at University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine. Dr. Dale
Duerr, private practitioner and sheep breeder from Ohio will continue on
in Region 1. We will miss Dr. Cliff Shipley, who is retiring from the AASRP
board this year after completing 2 terms. Dr. Shipley’s vast experience with
cervids, sheep and goats, his contribution to the profession in veterinary
education, and his service to livestock/cervid industries and to the veterinary profession in clinical theriogenology and herd/flock health have made
him a valued contributor on the board. Many thanks to Dr. Shipley for his
willingness to share his knowledge and experience, and for his service to the
organization.
This continues to be a time of many proposed or recently adopted changes
in AVMA governance, regulatory policies in antimicrobial drug use, extralabel drug use, drug availability for minor species, scrapie eradication/livestock traceability, animal welfare issues and other concerns of importance
to small ruminant practitioners, rural veterinary practice and animal agriculture. AASRP has representation at all levels of the AVMA through Committees, Councils, Task Forces and House of Delegates, as well as members
involved in allied industry organizations. Our representatives in these areas
will be bringing you updates on these issues as they become available.
Samuel B. Guss Memorial Fund contributions have continued to increase,
allowing funding of an increasing number of student awards. Thanks to
those of you who have contributed! The Guss fund supports externship opportunities for veterinary students and is a great opportunity to promote
interest in small ruminant practice. Externship experiences are a valuable
part of a student’s clinical education. Watch for the students’ reports from
their externships in Wool & Wattles. Many thanks also to the veterinary
practitioners (and to their clients and patients!) who host these students in
their practice.
If you are not able to attend the small ruminant continuing education program at the AVMA meeting, the American Association of Bovine Practitioners meeting in Albuquerque, NM on September 18-20 includes AASRP/
AABP joint programming. A session of small ruminant research summaries
have been added for the first time this year. The American Dairy Goat Association annual meeting in Portland, ME includes 2 days of AASRP veterinary CE on October 19-20. Watch the AASRP-L, AASRP’s Facebook page
and the AASRP web site for announcements on these events.
As always, I invite all of you to become involved in your organization! Please
consider volunteering to serve on committees (see representation list elsewhere in this issue). Please contact me directly at [email protected] or
Executive Director Brad Fields at [email protected] if you are interested
in serving in a position in the organization, either as an AASRP committee
member or as a representative to AVMA committees. Please do not hesitate
to contact me if there is any way that we can better serve you, the membership.
Best regards,
Joan Dean Rowe
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Management Report
Greetings!
By the time you read this issue, our annual
membership meeting and board meeting in
conjunction with the AVMA conference in
Denver will be completed! I look forward to detailing the exciting
programs and projects that are in the works, particularly with our
newest venture in partnership with AABP and the Texas A&M
Library System, which will allow our members to gain access to
articles and publications in a way never before possible.
Not to beat a dead horse (or goat in our case), we’ve been
promising a new website for the past few months. It is about to
happen! We are beta testing the design currently, and uploading
content. I’m confident that you will find it much easier to
navigate, and will enjoy the new features and layout it brings. It
will be published and live by the end of August.
If you participate in social media, be sure to please LIKE us on
Facebook and follow us on Twitter! Our postings are often and
cover a broad topic range of interesting topics. If you would like
to see different content, or suggest a topic, simply send your
suggestion our way!
From your Board of Directors & the management team in
Montgomery, Alabama, we hope you are having a successful
and prosperous year! We sincerely thank you for your continued
support and membership in AASRP, and hope that we bring a
solid value and benefit from your membership.
Dr. Brad Fields & the Franz Management Team
STUDENT EDUCATIONAL
OPPORTUNITIES
We receive many requests from veterinary students for information
about externship opportunities. We are asking AASRP Veterinary
members if they are interested in hosting primarily 4th year students
for 2-4 weeks. Information that the students desire includes: - Small
ruminant species seen in your practice, - Busiest months of the year
relevant to small ruminant work, - Practice location, - Availability of
housing, and - Preferred contact information for externship requests.
Based on student feedback, we see a need to update externship
opportunity information from the membership. Thus we are asking for
those of you who wish to host Student externs to contact me directly
via email using the following Subject line: AASRP Externships. Thanks
and I look forward to hearing from you. Cindy Wolf, DVM wolfx006@
umn.edu
Wool&Wattles April-June 2014
WELCOME NEW MEMBERS
2nd Quarter
Active Members
Malora Jean Cahall
Lynne Cooper
Jean Terese Grade
Peggy Anne Hawkins
Anne Martin
Emily Oelker
Charles Wallace Robison
Angela Rowson
Joell Sheahan
Sherri Swarmer
Christopher John Torre
Emily Waggoner
Diana Wittkopf
Maggie Zink
Student Members
Abby Elizabeth Arena
Thyra Bierman
Kenneth R. Brown
Charlene Carrera
Kristen Conniff
Bradley David DeWolf
Ginnilee Marie Feldtman
Elizabeth Golden
Patrick Adam Jones
Jennifer Lockwood
Stacy Ailson Rourke
Joy Sizemore
Nan Thibault
Katherine Joanne Very
Taika Von Konigslow
Brooke Marie Walker
Jennie Clark Yarbrough
Jessica Zimmerman
Samuel B. Guss Memorial Fund
Contributions as of June 10, 2014
Grant Joseph Hinder
Henry Lange
Anne Lichtenwalner
Dawn E. Morin
Elizabeth C. Pannill
Dr. Samuel B. Guss
(1916-1984)
Christine A. Rossiter-Burhans
Linda Joyce Taylor
Jessica Johnson-Wallis
Anne Wells
In order to assist senior veterinary students interested in small ruminant medicine, AASRP provides grants each year to help student
members of AASRP undertake extern opportunities. It is not required that the experience be with small ruminants exclusively, but it
should provide at least some chance to observe a modern veterinary practice working with one or more of the small ruminant species.
Over one hundred AASRP-member practitioners throughout the United States – as well as Australia, Brazil, Canada, Germany, Israel
and Puerto Rico – offer externships to students seeking experience in small ruminant medicine. To learn more about the AASRP
Student Externship Program, call the AASRP Management Office at 334-517-1233, or log on at aasrp.org
*Donations for the Sam Guss fund can now be made on line without having to go thru the membership renewal. Here is the link:
http://aasrp.org/displayemailforms.cfm?emailformnbr=143762
2014 Student Grant Recipient 2nd Quarter
Due to the continued contributions to the Samuel B. Guss Memorial Fund, the following veterinary students have been
selected and are able to receive grants to help assist with the cost of the externship. Thank you to all of the donors. Your
contribution truly makes a difference!
Kellyn McNulty Michelle Sanborn
Cynthia Wise
Heather Kittrell
Rachael Kearns
Benjamin Kenney
Tufts
UC Davis
UW-Madison
LSU
NCSU
Atlantic Vet
North American Camelid Studies
Oregon State
Oregon State
Woodburn Vet clinic
NCSU small rum edu unit
USSES
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Summary of the Meetings:
AASRP Board of Directors: April 2,
2014, April 23, 2014, May 21, 2014,
and June 25, 2014
April 2, 2014 Executive Board Meeting Conference Call
The Board:
-
Received reports from Regional Directors.
-
Received & approved financial reports from Dr. Scharko
-
Received Management Report from Dr. Fields
-
Received update report on social media sites for AASRP
on Facebook & Twitter.
-
Approved Dr. Sarah Lowry to serve as Alternate Representative on the Clinical Practitioner Advisory Committee
(CPAC).
-
Nominated Dr. Dale Duerr for Region 1 Director, and
Dr. Ann Goplen for Region 3 Director. Ballots will be
generated and sent to membership.
-
Approved funding application for Michelle Sanborn to
perform a student externship at the Oregon State Camelid
rotation.
-
Approved request from Wisconsin AASRP student chapter
to fund $100.00 in support of travel for Dr. Cliff Shipley
to provide an educational seminar.
-
Received report that 74% of membership has renewed
their dues for 2014.
-
Discussed renewal options for two Certificates of Deposit
that are maturing. Board approved rolling them into a
three month CD until additional research can be done.
April 23, 2014 Executive Board Meeting Conference Call
The Board:
-
Received reports from Regional Directors.
-
-
Received Management Report from Dr. Fields.
-
Approved funding applications for Cynthia Wise and Kellyn McNulty to perform student externships.
-
Held discussions about upcoming actions within the
Legislative Advisory Committee and will provide input &
feedback to Dr. Mobini.
-
their dues for 2014, and that an individual email has been
sent out to each non-renewing member.
May 21, 2014 Executive Board Meeting Conference Call
The Board:
-
Received reports from Regional Directors
-
-
Received report that all nominations for AVMA committees had been approved by AVMA as submitted. Elections are ongoing for Regions 1 & 3 Directors; votes are
being collected at the AASRP office.
-
-
Received report that AASRP’s finances were improving, indicated by a net increase in our accounts of over
$30,000 on our 990 tax forms for 2013.
-
Approved funding for applications received from Heather
Kittrell, and Rachael Kerns to attend small ruminant focused externships.
-
-
Reviewed and discussed upcoming House of Delegate action items, which included new resolutions to be debated.
-
Discussed AASRP’s extra-label drug use policy, specifically
relating to list-serve members speaking with authority
and recommending treatment protocols that are not in
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alignment with policy. Dr. Rowe appointed Drs. Bowen,
Scharko, Jones, and Fields to a committee to review current list-serve policies and report back with recommendations to the board.
June 25, 2014 Executive Board Meeting Conference Call
The Board:
-
Received reports from Regional Directors
-
-
-
Approved funding for application received from Benjamin
Kenney to attend small ruminant focused externships.
-
-
Received report that efforts are nearly complete to allow
AASRP members access to the Texas A&M research library system, expecting it to be in effect by July 2014.
-
Received report that elections are complete for Regions
1 & 3 Directors. Dr. Dale Duerr was elected as Region
1 Director, and Dr. Ann Goplen was elected as Region 3
Director.
-
Discussed the AVMA proposed governance structure
changes, specifically the future structure of HOD and
delegates. The board agreed to vote against the proposed
structural changes.
ANNOUNCEMENTS
The 2014 Therio Conference will be held in Portland OR August 6-9,
2014. A camelid track on Wednesday August 6th features Ahmed Tibary
(Reproductive disorders in the female camelid; Reproductive emergencies
in camelids), Lisa Pearson (Reproductive disorders in the female and male
camelid), and Chris Cebra (Infectious diseases Parts 1 and 2). Several small
ruminant topics will be presented on Saturday August 9th by Johannes
Kauffold (Chlamydia and chlamydophilia in small ruminant and other food
animal species; Schmallenberg virus update) and Larry Holler (Infectious
infertility in small ruminants). You can register on line at <www.therio.org>.
AASRP and AABP will present several joint sessions at the 2014 AABP
conference in Albuquerque. On September 18th, topics include: Rules of
Engagement: The veterinarian’s role on a goat dairy and how to become
part of the dairy team; Watch for the Bottleneck: management and
diseases in small ruminant operations that limit productivity. The small
ruminant program continues on September 19th with Buck Management;
What Bovine Practitioners Need to Know About Traceability and Scrapie;
Teaching Goat Clients to Prevent Pregnancy Toxemia; Using Reproductive
Ultrasound for Goat Herd Management; Adding Camelids to Your Practice;
Herd Health Programs for Llamas and Alpacas. Watch the website <http://
www.aabp.org/meeting/conference.asp> for more information.
The Southern Maine Dairy Goat Association is sponsoring the ADGA
convention (American Dairy Goat Association) this year in Portland, Maine
on October 18-25, 2014. The AASRP Continuing Education portion of
the convention will be given on Sunday October 19th and Monday October
20th. Watch the website <http://www.adgaconvention.com/> for more
information.
AVMA is holding an Animal Welfare Symposium 2014: Humane Endings
- In Search of Best Practices for Euthanasia, Humane Slaughter and the
Depopulation of Animals. This event will take place on November 2-5, 2014,
at The Westin O’Hare in Rosemont, Illinois. Further details are available at:
https://www.avma.org/Events/Symposiums/Pages/2014-Humane-EndingsSymposium.aspx?utm_source=mktg&utm_medium=PrettyURL&utm_
term=humaneendings;&utm_campaign=mktg
BOOKS, BULLETINS, AND
COMPUTER WEBSITES
In case you have not seen the video of the Nigerian Dwarf doe confirmed
at necropsy to have scrapie, you might look at the following two You Tube
videos. If the links don’t work, just go to You Tube and search for “goat
with scrapie”. Thanks to this very forward thinking goat producer who
kept pursuing a diagnosis until she found one, and thanks also to her for
posting the videos for others to see. Yes, some goats with scrapie do exhibit
seizures. Watch both videos to the end and they are relatively short. Best
wishes, Joan Bowen, Colorado
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T_PAP7t9beM
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CAg_yi9z-KM
A Johne’s disease Q&A for goat owners and a Johne’s disease Q&A for
sheep owners are both available to download from the Johne’s Information
Central site at <http://www.johnesdisease.org/Educational%20Material.
html>. Brochures for dairy (cattle) and beef producers are also available,
as well as an online Johne’s Disease veterinary certificate program and
links to other useful material for understanding and controlling this disease.
DRUGS AND BIOLOGICS
An updated deworming chart for Goats had been prepared at the American
Consortium for Small Ruminant Parasite Control website accessible at
http://www.wormx.info/Resources/PDF/2013goatdewormerchart.pdf.
At the bottom of page one, there are instructions for dilution of Prohibit
Soluble Drench Powder (levamisole, Sheep) for a 12mg/kg oral goat
dose with meat withdrawal of 4 days and milk withdrawal of 3 days. A
concentrated solution is prepared by dissolving a 52 gram packet in 1 quart
(943ml) of water. This yields a solution with 49.6mg/ml. If dosing kids, it
is safer to dilute further (1 packet in 2 quarts of water), and then administer
twice the amount listed on the chart. The larger volume administered will
then provide a wider margin for safety if there are small errors in dosing.
Note that the directions on the Prohibit package when dosing sheep involve
diluting the 52 gram packet in a gallon of water, which provides even
greater safety. The chart also supplies goat dosing directions and milk and
meat withdrawals for albendazole at 20 mg/kg, fenbendazole at 10 mg/kg,
ivermectin and moxidectin each at 0.4 mg/kg, and morantel at 10 mg/kg.
MY PERSONAL OBITUARY FOR
MURRAY FOWLER
- LaRue W. Johnson
On May 18th, 2014, the veterinary profession lost an icon colleague that I
had the pleasure to call my special friend for over 30 years. He was always
there to provide professional as well as personal input for situations that
we all tend to encounter. From my perspective, there was never a medical
or surgical situation that he was not inclined to attempt to resolve and in
most instances resolved favorably. Murray was my sponsor for a sabbatical
leave at the University of California at Davis in 1990. Oddly enough, he
was also taking an at home sabbatical during this time to “wrap up” before
retirement from UCD. During that time I had a chance to observe the
depth of his talents while not only dealing with camelid issues but also the
zoological medicine teaching and service he provided. Whenever there was
a camelid conference that we both attended, Murray always went out of his
way to visit any local zoo to renew acquaintances with in many cases former
UCD students that were now on the professional staff of the zoo.
Murray was born on July 17th, 1928 in Glendale Washington but the
family moved to Utah in 1930. His upbringing in a hard working Mormon
family provided a work ethic that no doubt influenced his entire life. He
graduated from Jordan High School of Sandy Utah in 1946 and promptly
enlisted for a 2 year tour in the US Navy to become a Hospital Corpsman
2nd class. Upon discharge, he enrolled at Utah State Agriculture College.
Murray married Audrey Cooley on June 5th, 1950 in Logan, Utah being
his bride and self acknowledged proofreader for essentially 64 years. An
interest to become a veterinarian was stimulated by the veterinary science
department at USAC. Applications were sent to several colleges and Iowa
State University emerged to begin his professional training starting in 1951.
After graduation with a DVM degree in 1955, Murray began practice in
Southern California as an associate in a 2 man equine practice specializing
in broodmares. The practice proximity to the movie industry managed to
get Murray to reluctantly see some odd critters and as usual his ability to
adapt prevailed such that he became in regular demand over and above his
equine responsibilities. In 1958, he received an offer to be an instructor of
large animal surgery at The University of California at Davis with initially
a primary assignment of livestock. It didn’t take long before he pursued
knowledge and expertise in plant poisoning and venomous bites or stings.
He also began accumulating the nearly 60,000 Kodachrome slides he
masterfully numbered and indexed for future lectures. This was to become
another benefit of my sabbatical time with Murray in 1990.
Being a UCD faculty member provided the deserved sabbatical leaves every
7 years. So the Fowler family of Murray, Audrey and their 5 kids (Alan,
Gene, Janet, Linda and Patricia) headed to England for a year, as Murray
wanted to extensively study Fiddle neck toxicity.
Most of us would not be aware of Murray’s very accomplished horsemanship
as well as trick roping abilities. Both made for ease of conversation with
equine clients as also did his involvement with endurance trail riding and
horse show venues all over California.
Murray did not pursue an advanced graduate degree after a DVM, but
not surprisingly made an effort to continue his education by auditing one
course at UCD every quarter. These educational experiences along with his
open mind to deal with any critter presented for attention allowed him
to gradually drift deeper into a zoological medicine program that Davis
became famous for under his leadership. Eventually the teaching and
service program included regular visits to the Sacramento Zoo but referrals
to Davis were also common. Among the referrals were llamas that were
becoming popular in the area. Since many veterinarians had no desire to
become involved with this species especially if anesthesia and surgery were
involved, they referred them to Davis. Somehow, in 1973, Murray was able
to get away from Davis responsibilities to further develop and demonstrate
his talents by taking a one-year sabbatical at the San Diego Zoo. When he
took me to the Zoo and Wild Animal Park in 1990, be assured that we
received “red carpet” treatment as he obviously had left with a very favorable
reputation. He also had a sabbatical year in 1980 visiting zoos of Europe,
collecting reference material for a bibliography on zoological medicine
Administrative duties were also thrust upon him that by his own admission
were not where he wanted his career to follow but he was deemed by his
peers as dedicated to the job while continuing clinical responsibilities.
Along the way, because of his prominence, he was involved with establishing
national professional organizations associated with zoo as well as wildlife
animals and that reputation also went international prompting lecture
invitations for similar organizations as well as universities. He preceded me
in being invited to speak at llama venues in that by the time our paths
crossed it was 1983 in Boulder, Colorado both speaking at the International
Llama Association. It was there that we agreed to put together an annual
camelid veterinary conference that has subsequently met for the past 31
years initially at Davis alternately at Fort Collins, Colorado. It is currently
referred to as The International Camelid Conference for Veterinarians still
meeting annually but alternately at The Ohio State University and Oregon
State University.
Involvement other than as a practicing veterinarian includes a long period
of being a Boy Scout leader and of course dedicated involvement with his
Mormon Church. The awards and recognitions he has received are numerous
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both professional as well as for his public service. As you read this, I can
assure you that further pursuit and appreciation of the accomplishments
of this special human being are best covered by acquiring a copy of his
autobiography: MURRAY: Hummingbirds to Elephants and other Tales,
ISBN0-9-646618-8-8
In closing, I can assure you that during my now nearly 79 years on this
earth, 54 as a veterinarian that there are few individuals that I have been
associated with that have left a greater impression on me. I am confident
that Murray was totally prepared for this last adventure in that his modus
was to always be prepared for what’s coming up next.
EDITORIAL - Raising Kids
Away from Adults
Relative to the recent discussion of coccidiosis in kids, if the owner is leaving
the kids on the does, then the coccidia shed in the feces of the adults are
being picked up by the kids no matter how clean the maternity pen is at the
beginning of kidding. The wooden walls are not the problem, it is the feces
from the does that harbor the coccidia. Also, if I really want to know the
coccidia count, then I send my samples into the DLab because I don’t have
a swinging bucket centrifuge.
If the owner would remove the kids at birth, put them in a separate area
and feed them heat-treated colostrum and either pasteurized milk or milk
replacer, then the kids would not pick up coccidia orally until they were in
an environment that had feces from adults in it. Also, by leaving the kids
on the does after kidding, the owner is setting the does up for mastitis, and
you comment that the family is drinking the milk. The owner will be able
to produce cleaner milk with less incidence of mastitis if he or she were to
take the kids away at birth so that the kids won’t be nursing the teats and
getting saliva up into the teats.
If the kids are in the maternity pen for 5 days and are picking up things
with their mouths like little kids will do, then they are probably ingesting
coccidia oocysts before they are started on the coccidiostat. This is why one
takes them away at birth. The first people I saw using cardboard boxes to
house newborns were in California and it is a great idea for people who have
lots of kids being born at one time. You put a litter in a large cardboard box;
record birthdate, parentage, colostrum feeding and any other information
on the side of the box with Sharpie for instant records available to everyone
working with the kids. When those kids are transitioned to a pen, the
information gets put into the record keeping system and the cardboard is
recycled but not re-used for other kids. Appliance stores are happy to give
you all the big cardboard boxes you want and the contamination from one
litter to another is minimized. Boxing kids like this really cuts down on
environmental contamination and disease transmission between groups if
one kid become ill.
There are a lot of different ways to raise goat kids and each has their
challenges, but there are also a lot of good management practices to help
overcome those problems. Best wishes, Joan Bowen, Colorado
CASE REPORTS - Nipples Present
Danger from Swallowing
There is a new nipple/bottle combination being marketed to alpaca owners,
and possibly to small ruminant owners by Useful Llama Items inc <http://
store.useful-items.com/merchant2/>. The collapsible bottle and nipple are
designed for premature or very small animals so are extremely flexible and
soft compared to the small ruminant and Pritchard nipples. Veterinarians
and owners need to be aware that the nipple can easily be pulled off the
bottle by stronger or larger neonates. Recently I saw a cria that swallowed
the nipple. The owner was using the nipple/collapsible bottle combination
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on a 2 week old alpaca cria. He
pulled the nipple off the bottle
and took off running with it
and she thought he swallowed
it. She brought him and a
second nipple to the Colorado
State University Veterinary
Teaching Hospital. I hadn’t
seen this type of nipple before
so was skeptical he would
swallow it but sure enough
on abdominal radiographs it
was seen in compartment 1.
It is slightly radiopaque. We
anesthetized the cria and were
able to remove it from C1
using a small animal endoscope
and alligator forceps on the
endoscope. It had been there for about 4 hours. An older neonate may be
able to pass the nipple but I would be concerned about a small intestinal or
spiral colon impaction if it got wadded up in a smaller cria, lamb, or kid.
The picture is from the company’s website (http://www.useful-items.com/
merchant2/) and is an example of the nipple and bottle combination
advertised there. The owner of the above mentioned alpaca purchased the
set at an alpaca show. The nipples can be a lighter yellow color than that
seen here. It has also been advertised for Pygmy kids.
If anyone has questions about this, please let me know.
Stacey Byers ([email protected])
To complement what Dr. Byers is saying, I have seen one 2-3 week old
lamb and one 3-4 week old Nigerian Dwarf dairy goat separate the bright
red latex part from a Pritchard Teat and swallow it. In both instances, the
owners observed the nipples being swallowed and made a mad dash to try
and recover them. Both animals were referred for endoscopy, but neither
nipple was recovered as the latex is not radio-opaque and could not be
located. Both animals died within 36 hours post swallowing the nipples, but
they could have died from other causes and the owners declined necropsy. I
think Pritchard teats are best reserved for weak neonates and once neonates
have become active nursers, they should be switched to sturdier nipples that
tightly adhere to whatever feeding device is being used.
Joan Bowen, Wellington, CO
SEVERE TREPONEME - ASSOCIATED
BACTERIAL HOOF DISEASE IN
SOUTHWEST WASHINGTON ELK
Sporadic reports of free-ranging elk (Cervus elaphus) with lameness and
severely deformed or missing hooves have been received from southwest
Washington since the mid-1990’s. Reports increased dramatically during
the late winter and early spring of 2008. The geographic distribution of
reports of the disease has continued to expand since then, and at this time
is estimated to encompass a core area of approximately 10,500 km2 (4,000
mi2).
A diagnostic investigation to determine the cause was initiated in 2009.
Radiography, routine bacteriology, virology, serology, and trace mineral
analyses did not identify any significant underlying musculoskeletal or
systemic disease. Subsequent histopathology and silver staining of lesions
from affected hooves demonstrated the presence of deeply invasive
spirochetes accompanied by significant inflammation. Polymerase chain
reaction and DNA sequencing performed by the Washington Animal
Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, the USDA National Animal Disease
Center (NADC), and the University of Liverpool; immunohistochemistry
performed by the California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory;
and culture and isolation performed at the USDA NADC and the
University of Liverpool all identified these spirochetes as Treponema spp.
known to be highly associated with two infectious hoof diseases in domestic
animals: bovine digital dermatitis of cattle and contagious ovine digital
dermatitis (CODD) of sheep.
Digital dermatitis emerged as a significant disease of cattle in the mid1990s. According to a 2007 National Animal Health Monitoring System
survey, digital dermatitis was found to be the primary cause of lameness in
dairy cattle, accounting for 49-62% of all lameness cases within study herds.
CODD is not commonly reported in the US, but has recently emerged as a
major cause of lameness in sheep in the United Kingdom. While Treponema
spp. are consistently associated with digital dermatitis lesions, especially in
later stages, digital dermatitis is considered to be a polybacterial disease. It
is believed that as yet unidentified bacteria or microbial consortia, as well
as favorable environmental conditions, are required to initiate the onset of
disease.
Clinically, the disease in elk closely resembles CODD in sheep, beginning
with proliferative or ulcerative lesions at the coronary band; followed by
under-running of the hoof horn; and ultimately sloughing of the hoof
capsule. Elk appear to become infected at an early age, with potential lesions
detected in calves as young as 3 months of age, obvious lesions at 8 months
of age, and irreversible and chronic changes by 10 months of age (Fig. 1).
Despite the apparently high prevalence of this disease in elk, veterinary
practitioners in the local area have not reported in increase in infectious
hoof disease in domestic livestock in these same regions.
The Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife (WDFW) will initiate
a prevalence and distribution survey this summer with the help of trained
“citizen scientists”. This coming winter, elk will be radio-collared in order
to better understand elk movements and habitat use in the endemic area, as
well as the impacts of bacterial hoof disease on the survival and reproduction
of affected animals. Finally, WDFW is currently consulting with veterinary
researchers at Colorado State University and the USDA NADC about
conducting live animal studies to gain insight into the progression of the
disease in individual elk and between animals; how the disease is transmitted;
and whether immunity develops.
microbiota changes associated with the development of bovine digital
dermatitis. Infection and Immunity 2014 May 27. pii: IAI.02077-14.
[Epub ahead of print].
Sayers G et al.. 2009. Identification of spirochetes associated with contagious
ovine digital dermatitis. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 47:1199-1201.
USDA. 2009. Dairy 2007, Part IV: Reference of Dairy Cattle Health and
Management Practices in the United States. USDA:APHIS:VS, CEAH,
Fort Collins, CO.
Wassink GJ et al.. 2003. Exploratory findings on the prevalence of
contagious ovine digital dermatitis in sheep in England and Wales during
1999 to 2000. Veterinary Record 152(16):504-506.
For more information, visit the WDFW Elk Hoof Disease page: http://
wdfw.wa.gov/conservation/health/hoof_disease/
Kristin Mansfield, State Wildlife Veterinarian, Spokane Valley, WA
Sushan Han, Colorado State University
AASRP-L QUESTION AND
ANSWER - Intubating Goats
Question: Any good tips on intubating goats? I do a lot of dogs, cats, and
horses with no problem (even unassisted), just haven’t found the magic trick
with goats yet.
Answer 1: My tricks, be that they are, but they work for me and when I
have students involved. A lot of times we do our own anesthesia rather than
use the anesthesia service here to keep costs down.
If an elective surgery, hold off feed for 24+ hours and 12+ hours for water.
Keep sternal to reduce regurgitation before you get them intubated.
Obviously for emergencies you just have to try to minimize this. I like
having an IV catheter in and use injectable induction drugs but you can
get there with just masking them down. It just takes a lot longer. Heavy
sedation is needed so no chewing. A protocol that uses ketamine helps or
mask down until deep. Use a longer laryngoscope blade than you would for
small animals.
Stylet - wire or two pieces of polypropylene catheter taped end to end.
Either use gauze on the upper and lower jaws or (if you have one) a Bailey
mouth speculum that you put in the mouth and apply pressure to open up
This speculum has a rubber pad on the top and bottom but is no longer
advertised by the Western Instrument Company. Lidocaine splash or spray
on the back of the throat.
Good restrainers to help position the head best for you to visualize the
structures. I always tell the students, if you “think” you are in you aren’t.
Some folks will use anticholinergics to decrease salivation but I haven’t had
a problem with the salivation. If the animal isn’t sedated enough, it can
be incredibly frustrating. But I have had to postpone surgery before when
we couldn’t get the animal intubated and then tried a heavier or different
induction protocol the next day.
Stacey Byers, Fort Collins, CO
References:
Evans NJ et al. 2009. Association of unique, isolated treponemes with
bovine digital dermatitis lesions. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 47:689696.
Han S and KG Mansfield. 2014. Severe hoof disease in free-ranging
Roosevelt elk (Cervus elaphus roosevelti) in southwestern Washington, USA.
Journal of Wildlife Diseases 50:259-270.
Krull AC et al. 2014. Deep sequencing analysis reveals the temporal
Answer 2: I’ve also found that the tube size is smaller than you would think
it should be. Choose at least a size smaller than you would for a dog of
approximately the same size. I would always bet students that the tube they
chose for intubation of a goat was too big and they always lost because they
just couldn’t believe that an animal that big would take a smaller tube size
than a dog.
Marie Bulgin, Caldwell Idaho
Answer 3. Use a Miller laryngoscope blade 12”
http://www.shopmedvet.com/product/miller-laryngoscope-blade-12inch/
7
jorgensen-products-anesthesia-products to pull epiglottis down. Appropriate
depth of pre-anesthetic is important. Swallowing reflex should not be there.
S. Mobini, Fort Valley, GA
Answer 4: We always intubate the goats blind. Dorsal recumbency with the
neck very straight and flat. It even helps sometimes to have an assistant put
a hand under the neck to raise it up a little bit. Grasp the larynx on the
ventral neck with one hand and control the tube (with stylet) with the other
hand. That said, our tech is far better at it than I am. We have them sedated
with Ketamine/xylazine first.
Ileana Wenger, Bowden, Alberta, Canada
ANSWER - Cysts on Back of Alpaca
Question: I recently saw an alpaca and have a dermatology question for
the list. This mature female has several (dozens, probably) firm skin masses
scattered on her dorsum; most were 1-3cm in diameter. I don’t think they
were painful. From speaking with the owner (who knows a lot more about
camelids than I), in reading the archives, and a little other research, it
sounds like these are just sebaceous cysts. The owner was just surprised by
the number on this particular female, as he’d never seen that many on one
animal before. We didn’t aspirate or lance any of them; I did offer, but the
client decided that if we thought diagnostics were warranted, he’d rather wait
until after shearing. It sounds as if he’s better off leaving them alone as long
as they’re not causing issues, and just be cautious while shearing. Basically
I just want reassurance from the list that this isn’t some weird presentation
of CLA (or something else I’ve missed) and what you recommend be done
with these individuals.
Answer: I have seen these on several alpacas. They are almost always on the
dorsum. If you lance them they are filled with a VERY dry, crumbly grey
to black material. If you do not lance them they will open on their own,
usually. I did see one female where the owner did nothing and they got very
large 3- 4 cm in diameter and then opened and got maggots. While most
folks assume that they are sebaceous cysts I have biopsied a couple and the
lab says that they are not ( however, the lab wasn’t sure what they were). All
I can tell you is if they get big I think they are painful. If you lance them
there is more “stuff” in them than you expect. Once lanced and expressed
that one doesn’t come back but the alpaca will usually continue to develop
new ones. In speaking at meetings they are not uncommon but I don’t know
what causes them. I too have wondered about insect bites, mainly because
of their location.
Margaret A. Masterson, Marysville OH
ANSWER - Milking Machines
Question: Someone emailed me about the best set-up for milking her pet
dairy goats as she has developed tendonitis. So I have been doing a literature
review about dairy goat milking machines - it seems there is no difference
between high line and low line milking set-ups and teat cups falling off and
mastitis incidence. Replacing milking cup liners regularly is a critical step
however. In ewes it was found that “pulsation was fixed at 180 cycles per
min and a pulsation ratio of 50:50.” What do you consider the best milking
machine set-up especially re pulse rates?
Answer: If you want to see examples of small milking machines for goats
look at the websites for Caprine Supply (www.caprinesupply.com) and Parts
Department (www.partsdeptonline.com) [and yes, that’s the name of the
8
company, not a division]. I make our milking machines because I don’t
like the design of the commercially available machines. However, I know a
number of people who use machines from these companies, and they have
few complaints.
I use Gast oil-less vacuum pumps and claw (cluster) assemblies and receiving
buckets from Parts Department. It’s the portion between the pump and the
receiving bucket that I make using a variety of parts. I’m able to achieve
better vacuum control, and the vacuum “storage” chamber and all hoses are
transparent. The transparency allows instant inspection of the system for
dirt or liquids (milk or cleaning liquid). In addition to being transparent,
the vacuum chamber has a tall vertical orientation which minimizes the
chance of any “inhaled” liquids getting to the pump. I also recommend
clear plastic claw shells rather than stainless steel for inspection purposes,
and timing pulsations is easier and more accurate if done by looking at the
claw than by listening to the pulsator.
Receiving buckets can be stainless or clear plastic. Stainless is tougher, but
with clear plastic, one is less likely to overfill it. Clear plastic buckets have
graduation marks, so if more than one goat is milked before emptying it, an
estimation of each goat’s production can be obtained. Because our vacuum
chambers are clear, we would see any overflow in time to stop the pump, so
we use stainless receiving buckets. Milkers are pretty good at judging when
the bucket is approaching fullness even if it’s opaque, and overflow hasn’t
been a problem.
We use 80-90 pulses per minute, a 60:40 pulsator ratio, and 12 inches of Hg
vacuum (40.5 kPa). These values are recommended by Parts Department
and this article: Sinapis et al. Livestock Production Science 64:172-181,
2000. In addition, Parts Department recommends a pump capacity of 6
cubic feet per minute (170 liters per minute) per goat.
Mike Bruss, Davis, CA
ANSWER - Ketamine Stun
for Camelids
Question: Can anyone tell me if Dr. David Anderson’s Ketamine Stun
cocktail works well for alpacas and, if so, what the formula is?
Answer 1: For alpacas, I use (intramuscular or subcutaneous)
Butorphanol 0.1 mg/kg
Xylazine 0.2 mg/kg
Ketamine 0.4 mg/kg
This induces a cooperative (dissociation state) sedation. In highly agitated
alpacas, I will hold the butorphanol steady but double the dose of X and K..
This is NOT general anesthesia. This often does not cause recumbency, and
never causes general anesthesia so risks are negligible and they will “walk
away” immediately after you are done with the procedure.
David Anderson, CVM Tennessee
Answer 2: On pages 588-589 of the new Camelid Book you will find
details of the Ketamine Stun. IV, the xylazine dose is 0.22-0.33 mg./kg, the
ketamine dose is also 0.22-0.33 mg/kg and the butorphanol dose is 0.080.11 mg/kg. I would go with the upper dose levels for alpacas.
LaRue Johnson, Howard, CO
ANSWER - Parasite Control
in the Face of Resistance
Question: I am looking for input related to parasite control in goats. A
small Boer flock (15 does, 2 bucks, and youngstock) has a profound
Haemonchus contortus problem. Two adults have died in the past month
from Haemonchus, and a pooled fecal sample submitted for the larval
development assay at the University of Georgia revealed resistance to every
class of dewormer. Yep, every class. Current management:
- Adults graze one large pasture during warm months, and they are housed
inside in a greenhouse on a bedded pack of straw during cold months.
- Youngstock graze a different pasture during warm weather, and they are
housed in a barn during cold weather.
- Monthly whole herd FAMACHA and fecal egg counts.
Proposed management changes:
1) Cull the top shedders with consistently high FAMACHA scores.
2) Rotationally graze adults with movement every 4 to 7 days through
former horse pastures.
3) Kid earlier in the year (Feb rather than March and April) to allow for
weaning before the summer FEC rise.
4) House youngstock in a drylot during warm months.
5) Administer copper boluses (low liver copper confirmed at MSU in 2
adults and 1 kid).
6) Continue monthly FAMACHA and FECs.
What other changes would you recommend?
Answer 1: With resistance this bad and clinical animals you don’t have a lot
of easy choices.
1. Animals that remain high shedders should be culled (and possibly tested
for Johne’s - some neat work in the UK showing correlation in sheep).
2. Your pasture is contaminated and needs to be rested. Find new pasture,
or make this a confinement herd.
3. If you go to pasture stay in a paddock for 2-3 weeks and do not return
until next year. Cut other paddocks for hay or graze with a non-haemonchus
loving species. Returning in 4-6 weeks just lets the eggs larvate really well
before the goats come back to ingest them! The reasoning on rotation is
that Haemonchus takes 16-21 days from ingestion to egg production. In
perfect conditions eggs to L3 is as short as 5 days, but typically in the 2-3
week range. L3s remain infective for a while, making that 4-6 week return
to paddocks on a move every couple of days plan (I think of it as New
Zealand rotational) gets us nearly maximum L3s for ingestion on return to
pasture. Moving every 4-7 days decreases the chance of ingestion in ideal
larval development conditions, but requires a lot of paddocks if we are not
returning.
4. Fix the copper deficiency, but copper boluses aren’t that much help in
your situation.
5. Consider getting some new goats with killable haemonchus just to dilute
the bad ones!
Rex G. Crawford, Orangeville, ON, Canada
Answer 2: My personal favorite parasite control method is a horse or a
bovine. I have often referred to my horses (a Belgian cross, now deceased,
and now 2 mini horses) as self-propelled fur-covered stomachs. My personal
animals live in a 1-1/2 acre enclosure and the grass is always golf-course
short. I had some serious parasite problems, especially with my llama, until
we got a horse. Now everyone is fat and healthy and I can’t remember the
last time I dewormed anyone.
Darcy Clark Crook, New Ross, IN
Answer 3: The major problem I can see with the greenhouse is coccidia
which will not change with your recommendations one way or another.
Resistance to all extant anthelmintics is the rule here in Texas, not the
exception. We find in some flocks the use of combinations of full therapeutic
doses (goat dose not cow dose) from different families of anthelmintics, at
the same time, knocks back the number of worms but does not get rid
of them. We use a “three way” on the super resistant Haemonchus plus
Trichostrongylus on our research farm. However, after a few years of not
using them, you may have clinical response to levamisole or morantel for a
year or so. Benzimidazole resistance at least by Haemonchus is permanent
(at least 25 years) and we don’t have any data for macrocyclic lactones but I
suspect longer not shorter intervals.
One thing I do suggest is to use the copper wires in does after the early
kidding as the periparturient rise occurs with kidding, not necessarily spring,
and they don’t need extra worms at that time to carry out to the pasture.
Copper wires won’t get them all but sure may knock back Haemonchus to
levels below that where we see clinical disease (death). Rotational grazing
with horses or even adult cattle will dilute the worms. How often to move
pasture? It takes at least a week for the eggs to hatch and larvae develop
to the infective stage in the warm wet summer and then the larvae have
to get up on the vegetation. So remaining in a pasture for 3 or 4 weeks
is usually safe but don’t come back for at least a month after they left the
pasture in the summer unless they have copper aboard. Worms survive
in the pasture during cold or dry conditions in the soil, and moisture will
get them up to the vegetation after months of cold or dry and they will
survive a month on the surface waiting for an eager mouth. After the kids
are 4 months old being exposed to a pasture with a few worms will tell the
immune system there are foreign objects it needs to address. Your selection
of the repeat FAMACHA positive adult animals for “dinner” is a must with
Boers (others have addressed this worm growing breed). I suspect the flock
may have been phenotypically the best looking goats but the genotype for
susceptibility to worms is a likelihood. People buy more than they pay for.
Tom Craig, Texas A&M University
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AASRP QUESTION AND
ANSWER - Chronic Diarrhea
in a Camel
Question: A 13 month old male Bactrian camel has had diarrhea for almost
2 weeks. He came from South Dakota and has lived in upstate New York
since last October, with other llamas, alpacas, and poultry. He continues
to drink a lot and eat hay and grain well. The owner has cut back on the
grain and gone to feeding it 3 times a day. A fecal taken 8 days after signs
began showed small coccidia, a few Nematodirus and other strongyles, but
no whipworms (he was treated for whipworms last fall). The diarrhea is
foul smelling. There is no fever, and wbc are high normal (some stress in
getting him to cush for his bleeding). Eosinophils were high, albumin a
little low but low normal according to some sources. Liver and kidney
values fine. Salmonella culture negative. Last Tuesday he had some edema
of the prepuce and in patches along the side of the neck, but I saw no free
fluid in the abdomen. The weather had not been hot enough for a heat
stress. The heart sounded OK. He was treated with 5 days of amprolium
and makes soft piles instead of splatters now. He was given fenbendazole for
the Nematodirus. I’m contemplating putting him on sulfadimethoxine next.
Answer: Just some thoughts. In my experience with dromedaries, they are
easy keepers and a diet based too heavily on grain would not be good. We
used an alfalfa based calf grain (called “total calf replacer” 16% protein and
similar fiber) to feed a bottle raised dromedary...followed calf directions. We
used a zoo herbivore diet in the adults at less than 1/2% of body weight with
free choice hay and they were actually too fat. South American camelids
are susceptible to Clostridium perfringens which can cause chronic diarrhea,
so I would think it possible in on old world camelid. I don’t know where
the eosinophilia fits in here but I have seen it in SAC due to intestinal
parasitism. Johne’s should be considered as well as BVD. In SAC with
chronic diarrhea problems I have had good response to plasma transfusions
from vaccinated animals. For dromedary problems I often contact Dr
Ahmed Tibary at Washington State or Dr. Alan Cannady at NCSU since
they both have old world camelid experience.
I have had some chronic diarrhea cases that we never diagnosed and they
appeared to be chronic gut damage cases.
B.J. Campbell, Montpelier VA
Follow-up: I think your analysis fits the current camel perfectly. Special
cultures for Campylobacter and Yersinia, as well as a repeat Salmonella
culture, were negative. Johne’s AGID and fecal PCR were negative. The
camel responded to 5 days of sulfadimethoxine and is back to normal.
Grain will be much more limited in the future!
ELKMED QUESTION AND
ANSWER - LONGRANGE®
(Eprinomectin) Use in Deer
Question: Does anyone have any experience with the LONGRANGE®
product in deer? I had a deer farmer/cattle farmer who called and wanted
to know if he could use the LONGRANGE® dewormer in his deer. I
recommended against the use of this product off label in deer, mainly
because I have very little experience with the product outside of stocker
cattle, but I am curious to know if anyone has used this product in deer.
Answer: The LONGRANGE® cattle wormer is simply eprinomectin. In my
experience, eprinomectin was no better than ivermectin in deer species, and
ivermectin was the least effective of any of the endectocides in deer. When
I was at Invermay in NZ, we definitively showed that you had to double the
dose (based on the cattle dosage) of ivermectin in red deer (and triple it in
elk) to get adequate GI nematode/lungworm control. I have not done the
10
exact same experiment in white-tails, but field experience has shown me
similar results. Doramectin and moxidectin gave better results in red deer
and elk at the same cattle dosage.
Amongst parasitologists, there are those who do not like extended activity
products and those who do. I admit that I rather liked them (as long as they
worked in the first place). Especially for young stock, we showed 49 days
extended activity with moxidectin against lungworm in NZ, which meant
that you only needed to treat weaners once every 7-8 weeks, whereas you
had to treat every 21 days with fenbendazole. I understand the argument
about inducing parasite resistance, and I do not argue all the points. No
anthelmintic should be used continuously for years and years in the same
herd.
The only field experience that I have with LONGRANGE® is with
pronghorns. In Texas, we have had severe Haemonchus problems in
pronghorns. In the last translocation that we accomplished (back in
February), we treated half with LONGRANGE® and half were untreated
(approximately 50 in each group). There was no difference in the survival
of either group in a 2 month period post-movement. While I cannot
definitively state that LONGRANGE® works or not, I would be careful
about recommending it for use in deer, not because of the extended activity,
but because I have little confidence that it is efficacious in deer in the first
place, using a cattle-based dosage.
Ken Waldrup, Texas
ANSWER - Evaluating Ram
for Fertility
Question: A client has about 200 ewes and normally has two lambing
groups in the spring. This season she wanted to try a new cross with a ram
that she raised from a lamb. This was his first chance at breeding any ewes.
He was placed in a group of 25 ewes last November. He marked all 25 over
a three week period. Then another ram was brought in after him to catch
any he didn’t. This spring is was found the new ram only settled 1 of the
25, the other ram had got the other 24. She really likes the lambs he did put
on the ground and wants to use him again, but is unsure of his capabilities.
What could have been the possibilities as to why he only settled one ewe?
Any thoughts as to how to manage this ram going forward?
Answer 1: Complete Breeding Soundness Exam -first. Are there any physical
defects? Do a complete semen analysis including possible micro culture.
Check drug and vaccine history prior to flock introduction. Include relevant
serology. What was his age at first service etc etc. What is the history relevant
to last fall’s breeding? “Marked”..ie crayon marked ?? Was the ram lamb
ever implanted with anything? Was he raised on dried distillers solubles or
corn extraction products from alcohol production? What was his birth date?
Calendar date when ram was put in/removed? Lambing dates? How was
parentage verified? By timing of lambing or DNA SNps? I would not trust
him with very many ewes until I watched him breed a bunch of them, then
followed up with ultrasound or pregnancy specific protein B.
R. Greg Stewart, Farmington GA
Answer 2: Besides all the previous comments, this is a great “teachable”
moment....do a BSE BEFORE turning the ram/bull/buck/boar/etc..out to
breed!
Cliff Shipley, University of Illinois
stage of lactation and parity must be taken into account. Sensitivity and
specificity for detecting mastitis from SCC are generally low, but Staph
aureus infection is associated with the highest cell counts. Staphylococci
cause cyclic shedding and infection may be accompanied by a negative
culture. In ewes, a bulk tank SCC of 650,000 cells/ml corresponds to a
prevalence of intramammary infection of about 15%. In a ewe flock with
bulk tank SCC of 800,000 cells/ml (25% of halves infected) there is a 4.1%
milk yield loss and 5.2% milk curd loss. For goats at this infection rate, the
losses are lower: 0.8% of milk and 3.3% of curd. The California mastitis test
is easy and inexpensive, but most studies suggest a threshold value of 1 for
predicting mastitis in ewes and a score of 2 in goats. Because SCCs are quite
variable in goats, a difference in the CMT result between the two halves may
be a better indication of inflammation. Others have suggested the use of
NAGase as an indicator of udder inflammation in small ruminants. Much
research concerning the effect of coagulase negative staphylococci on SCC
is reviewed; goats appear to have a proportionately greater response to these
organisms than do cows. Studies on the effects of various noninfectious
factors such as parity, lactation stage, season, and milking frequency are also
listed.
F.N. Souza et al.
Small Ruminant Research 107(2-3):65-75, 2012
CANTHARIDIN TOXICOSIS
IN 2 ALPACAS
Consider blister beetles as a cause of colic for any ruminant or camelid
eating alfalfa hay.
SOMATIC CELL COUNT IN
SMALL RUMINANTS: FRIEND
OR FOE?
The goat’s propensity for high milk somatic cell counts may protect it from
mastitis.
Somatic cell counts (SCC) in small ruminants measure both leukocytes
and epithelial cells. Because milk production in small ruminants is largely
apocrine, cytoplasmic particles, similar in size to milk somatic cells, are
normal constituents of the milk. These particles contain RNA but not
DNA, and DNA specific counting methods should be used (automated
Fossomatic or special stains such as pyronin Y-methyl green). This article
reviews recent research regarding SCC issues in small ruminants. The SCC
of healthy ewes is similar to that of cows, with macrophages predominating
and polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNLs) comprising 2-40% of the
milk cells. The PMNLs are increased in ewe colostrum: 41-84% of the cells.
By comparison, PMNLs are the major leukocyte type (40-87%) in goat
milk. This may make goats more resistant to mastitis. Goats have 10 times
as many cytoplasmic particles in their milk as ewes. Neutrophils infiltrate
the udder at dry off, but have a short life span, while the macrophages are
heavily laden with fat globules and cellular debris. This makes the ewe’s
udder more susceptible to mastitis during early involution. Goat udders,
with higher SCC, may be more resistant to infection. There is less inhibition
of phagocytosis of PMNLs in goat milk than in cow milk, possibly because
the fat globules they ingest are smaller and more fragile. An increase in the
percentage of PMNLs in goat milk relative to lymphocytes and macrophages
(differential cell count) may be a better indication of mastitis than the total
SCC. A proposed threshold value for SCC in ewes to differentiate infected
from uninfected glands is 500,000 cells/ml. Many different thresholds
have been proposed for goats, often 500,000 to 1,000,000 cells/ml, but
Cantharidin, produced by many species of blister beetles including Epicauta
occidentalis, causes severe irritation to the digestive and urinary tracts. In this
case report from Oklahoma, two adult nulliparous alpacas were examined
after an 8 hour history of recumbency and reluctance to rise (typical of
colic). The animals were from a breeding farm with 200 alpacas that fed
alfalfa hay and rolled oats. Signs of colic were more evident on arrival at
the clinic and included vocalization, rocking side-to-side while cushed,
and intermittently rolling into lateral recumbency. The first animal was
hypothermic, hemoconcentrated, and azotemic with elevated muscle
enzymes. Motility of C1 was absent and intestinal borborygmi were not
heard. Abdominal and thoracic ultrasonography findings were within
normal limits, but the animal became obtunded with dilated pupils and was
euthanized 2 hours after arrival. The kidney cortices contained numerous
infarcts with histological degeneration and necrosis of renal tubules and
collecting ducts, there was mild ulceration of the distal esophagus, and
there was congestion and hemorrhage of the mucosa of C1 and the small
intestine. Cantharidin was detected in the gastric content, at 0.48 ppm.
The second alpaca was bright and alert and ambulatory on arrival, though
it attempted to cush frequently. It was mildly hypothermic, had C1 atony,
and was azotemic, hyperglycemic, and hypocalcemic with elevated muscle
enzymes. Corrective fluid therapy and transfaunation were attempted,
but microscopic hematuria was detected and the urine was positive for
cantharidin. Cystoscopy revealed hyperemic erosions in the bladder
mucosa while esophagoscopy demonstrated fibrin tags and erosions on
the distal esophageal mucosa. Intensive hospital therapy was continued to
address hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia and hyperglycemia, and included
commercial llama plasma, whole blood transfusion, and partial parenteral
nutrition, but the animal was euthanized on day 5 after becoming obtunded
and severely tachycardic. At necropsy, extensive erosion and ulceration were
noted in the distal esophagus and might have been the result of regurgitation
of C1 contents. Myocardial necrosis was present and cantharidin was found
in gastric contents. The owner was advised to stop feeding alfalfa hay, and
though blister beetles were not identified in the remaining hay, all of that
cutting was discarded. Although most reports of blister beetle toxicosis have
been in horses with a lethal dose of approximately 1 mg/kg body weight,
as little as 0.5 mg/kg cantharidin can be lethal to cattle. Urine and gastric
contents remain the diagnostic specimens of choice for this toxicity, and
11
cantharidin was not detected in the aqueous humor of the second alpaca.
There is no specific antidote, but the authors discuss the possibility that
activated charcoal or even gastric lavage might have helped to remove the
toxin from the second animal.
K. M. Simpson, et al.
Canadian Vet J 54(5):456–462, 2013
INFLUENCE OF LEVEL OF
DRIED DISTILLERS GRAINS
WITH SOLUBLES ON
FEEDLOT PERFORMANCE,
CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS,
SERUM TESTOSTERONE
CONCENTRATIONS, AND
SPERMATOZOA MOTILITY AND
CONCENTRATION OF GROWING
RAMS
Feedlot performance was not affected, but 15% or more DDGS in the diet
may have an adverse effect on semen production, and thus potentially on
fertility.
Increasing ethanol production in the United States has made a byproduct,
dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS), available as an economic
livestock feed. Previous studies in cattle and sheep have shown no detrimental
effects on finishing performance when DDGS was substituted for corn, up
to 30 or 60% of the diet. Other studies have suggested that testosterone
levels are increased when rams are fed diets higher in energy and protein.
This study used 120 ram lambs (4 pens per treatment, 10 lambs per pen)
to evaluate the effects of substituting DDGS for corn at 0, 15 or 30% of a
postweaning diet that was initially 85% ground corn and 15% commercial
lamb pellets. Diets were isocaloric and met the CP and TDN requirements
of lambs gaining 300 g per day but increasing the DDGS increased the CP
and crude fat in the diet. The trial began as approximately 90 days of age and
40 kg body weight. Weight was determined periodically on all lambs and for
a subset of 48 (16 rams per treatment), serum testosterone concentration,
scrotal circumference, and semen characteristics were monitored during the
study. Rams were fed to market weight and transported to a commercial
abattoir at the end of the study to determine carcass characteristics. Final
body weight and days on feed were not affected by the dietary treatment
but increasing the percentage of DDGS in the diet increased the dry matter
intake and average daily gain, possibly because of effects on palatability. No
differences in carcass characteristics were detected. There were no differences
in scrotal circumference (SC), measured at 84, 96, and 116 days of the trial.
The first SC was 32.5 ± 2.7 cm and the final SC was 34.1 ± 2.6 cm, all above
minimum industry standards for lambs of this age. Testosterone increased
as the trial progressed but there was no effect of diet on testosterone
concentrations. However, spermatozoa concentration in semen collected
by electroejaculation on days 84, 96, and 112 (during the natural breeding
period) decreased linearly as DDGS increased in the diet. There was no
statistical difference in semen motility. A potential problem with feeding
DDGS is its high sulfur content; sulfur content in the 3 diets was 0.23,
0.37, and 0.50%. No cases of polioencephalomalacia were observed during
the trial despite the high sulfur content of the diets with DDSG, but the
high sulfur can also alter selenium and copper utilization and absorption.
This might be the basis for the decreased spermatozoa concentration in
semen. Further research is needed to determine if the actual fertility of the
rams is adversely affected by feeding DDGS.
M.L. Van Emon et al.
J Animal Science 91(12):5821-2828, 2013
12
EFFECTS OF A COMMERCIAL
CANINE GONADOTROPIN
RELEASING HORMONE
VACCINATION ON INTACT MALE
LLAMAS AND ALPACAS
Aggression and testosterone concentration were decreased but
spermatogenesis was not affected.
Camelids are social animals and are frequently housed in groups. Intact
males may show aggressive behaviors including charging other males,
screeching, spitting, mounting, and biting. If these behaviors are frequent,
the owners may try to alleviate the aggression. Castration is commonly
recommended for reducing intermale aggression but can be expensive
and is irreversible. This study evaluated the possibility of using a canine
GnRH vaccine to produce antibodies that would block GnRH binding
in the anterior pituitary and prevent LH release, thereby preventing
synthesis of gonadal steroid hormones. In multiple males species, such a
vaccine has been shown to decrease testosterone production and disrupt
normal spermatogenesis. The canine vaccine is marketed for treatment of
benign prostatic hypertrophy in mature intact male dogs. To determine if
this vaccine would cause immunocastration in camelids, a 3 ml dose was
administered, 1.5 ml into each semimembranosus muscle, and repeated
twice more at 3 week intervals. After an initial small safety trial, vaccination
or a control injection of diluent was administered to privately owned mature
intact camelids (28 llamas, 20 alpacas). One alpaca was dropped from the
study after becoming febrile, lethargic and lame after the first vaccination.
Mild injection site reactions were observed in 6 of 18 vaccinated llamas and
0 of 13 other vaccinated alpacas. Blood was drawn for testosterone and antiGnRH titers and testicular volume was measured with callipers before each
vaccination and at 9 and 12 weeks after the initial treatment. Additionally, 2
llamas were castrated at the time of each sampling for histological evaluation
of the testes. Compared with controls, serum testosterone concentrations
were significantly decreased at weeks 6, 9, and 12. Additionally, one owner
supplied behavior scores, and aggressive behavior was significantly decreased
after the third vaccination. Of 8 males identified as aggressive before the
study, 5 showed a marked decrease, 1 showed a minimal decrease, and 2
showed no change in aggression. Testicular volumes were significantly
decreased relative to controls at 6 weeks, but surprisingly there was no
significant decrease in seminiferous tubule score, Leydig cell density, or
Leydig cell morphology in the castrated animals. Thus vaccination cannot
be recommended for immunosterilization of camelids
Donovan CE et al.
Journal of Vaccines 2013 Article ID 181834, 7 pages (open access)
DISEASES IN CAMELIDS 2
FROM BIRTH TO WEANING
Catch problems early, or refer to a hospital for intensive care. [See W&W
42.1 for part 1]
Neonates are not as resilient as adults, and it is important to weigh crias
daily in order to have an early warning of problems, if there is weight loss
or failure to gain. [Weight loss is expected the first day, but crias should be
back to birth weight by 2 days and gaining by 3 days - editor]. They are
quite vulnerable to exposure to pathogens and may present nonresponsive,
with severe biochemical or hematological defects. However, if there is no
underlying congenital defect, these crias typically respond very well to
intensive care and often will make a complete recovery. After a careful exam
for defects that would make recovery impossible, the minimum database
consists of packed cell volume, total protein, electrolytes, glucose, and
evaluation of a blood smear. The most frequently encountered problems
are: hypo- or hyperthermia; failure to nurse resulting in dehydration,
hypoglycemia, failure of passive transfer (FPT), and subsequent sepsis;
congenital conditions; and prematurity. Hypothermia often leads to
hypoglycemia, as the hypothermic neonate will not stand to nurse. The cria
can be warmed with heat lamps, blankets, hot water bottles and so forth.
Excessive heating or warm water bathing may cause peripheral vasodilation
and cardiovascular collapse. Warmed oral or IV fluid may be helpful, but
before IV therapy can be initiated administering 20 ml of warm 50%
dextrose into the rectum is beneficial. Adequate colostrum intake is 10 to
20% of body weight in 24 hours. If the dam has insufficient milk and frozen
camelid colostrum is not available, fresh or frozen goat or cow colostrum
can be substituted, but do not source from a farm with Johne’s disease or
bovine virus diarrhea. [If a powdered product must be used, be sure it is a
replacer, not a supplement.] IgG concentrations peak between 24 and 48
hours, then decline, such that by 7 days the testing result will be difficult to
interpret. A radial immunodiffusion test should show at least 800 mg/dl, but
healthy crias are often much higher. In an emergency setting, a minimum of
55 g/l total protein and 20 g/l globulin can be used. If a cria is dehydrated,
the total protein is apt to be falsely elevated. Crias presenting with failure to
gain or weight loss over the preceding 24 hours frequently appear relative
normal on clinical exam yet will have significant leukocytosis or leukopenia
with a left shift in support of a diagnosis of sepsis. Early treatment will often
avert a severe deterioraiton12 to 24 hours later that would require referral
for intensive nursing. If FPT is identified, a plasma transfusion should be
given intravenously using an 18 g two-inch catheter, at a dose of 20 to
25 ml/kg over half an hour, starting slowly and watching for anaphylaxis.
The author does not recommend intraperitoneal plasma. Septic crias require
broad spectrum antibiotics, such as 22,000 IU penicillin per kg IV every 6
hours and gentamicin 5 mg/kg IV every 24 hours. In the field, ceftiofur
IV at 4.4 mg/kg every 12 hours may be safer. After the plasma transfusion,
continuing intravenous fluid therapy will be important for recovery. The
ideal fluid is 0.45% NaCl with 2.5% glucose; hypertonic sodium solutions
are not recommended. Glucose and electrolyte concentrations need to be
monitored closely. The blood glucose reference range is 5.5 to 7.25 mmol/l
(99 to 130 mg/dl). If the blood glucose is greater than 11 mmol/l (~200
mg/dl) then 0.2 IU/kg insulin should be given SC. The cria should be
monitored for hypopyon and if this develops, atropine drops should be given
to minimize the risk of synechia formation and subsequent glaucoma. If the
dam has adequate milk, assist the cria to nurse or milk out the dam to bottle
feed. Otherwise, use warmed goat of cow milk. A very important congenital
defect is choanal atresia; the affected cria will often puff out its cheeks or
develop a gas-filled stomach from aerophagia. There will be obstruction at
the level of the medial canthus to a soft ended tube passed up through the
ventral meatus. Secondary aspiration pneumonia is likely, and the author
recommends euthanasia for crias with this hereditary defect. Likewise, crias
with cleft palate are best euthanized, but sometimes surgery is possible for
correction of atresia ani. Another reason for persistent straining in a cria with
abdominal distension is atresia coli, and ultrasound will identify distended
loops of intestine. Surgery is difficult and not advised. An imperforate vulva
will cause straining to urinate and a pouching out below the anus. A vertical
incision is easily made to create a normal sized vulvar opening and a topical
antibiotic ointment with steroid is applied twice daily for 5 to 7 days;
suturing is not required. The most common heart defect is a ventricular
septal defect. Murmurs of grade IV or higher and those that persist after
correction of systemic problems or in clinically healthy crias older than 4
months should be evaluated by echocardiography. Ligament laxity with
prematurity is usually mild and will resolve over several days. If carpal valgus
or hyperextension is occurring, well padded splints, checked frequently, may
be needed. Gutter or canine spoon splints may be helpful for crias that are
walking on the dorsal aspect of the fetlock. Selenium deficiency may result
in weak neonates that are unable to stand, and it is common to administer
selenium to any weak cria, but avoid overdosing. Rickets, usually from a
deficiency of vitamin D, will cause stunted growth and lameness. Joints are
swollen and painful and radiographs will reveal failure of mineralization of
growth plates and will help to distinguish angular limb deformities caused
by rickets from those due to conformation or trauma. Vitamin D injections
at 1000-2000 IU/kg will correct a mild deformity. During winter months
(with reduced sun exposure) injections of 1000 IU/kg vitamin D are advised
every two months. Overdosing, either by injection or oral products, will
cause hypercalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, and renal dysfunction. Lame
crias preweaning may have a sequestrum in a long bone, but this will
often not be visible on radiographs until 2 weeks later. When a radiolucent
zone develops, the sequestrum should be removed surgically. Diarrhea in
neonates 3 to 7 days old may be due to E. coli infection associated with
FPT. In slightly older crias (at least 7 to 10 days), cryptosporidium can
cause profuse and watery diarrhea. Rotavirus and coronavirus can also affect
this age group. Treatment is symptomatic. If Giardia is identified, oral
fenbendazole at 50 mg/kg daily for 5 days is advised.
C. Whitehead
In Practice 35:399-404, 2013
13
COMPARING LIDOCAINE,
BUPIVICAINE AND A
LIDOCAINE-BUPIVICAINE
MIXTURE AS A METACARPAL
BLOCK IN SHEEP
Bupivacaine induced a more intense and longer lasting local analgesia than
lidocaine. There were no benefits to a combination of the two drugs.
A combination of lidocaine and bupivacaine is commonly used in hospital
settings to induce a rapid and long lasting blockade of sensory nerves. This
study compared the onset, duration, and degree of sensory nerve block
when 2 ml of 2% lidocaine, 2 ml of 0.5% bupivacaine, or 2 ml of a 50:50
mixture was injected perineurally, at 0.5 ml SC per nerve, on the dorsal
common and ulnar nerves on the dorsal aspect of the forelimb and the
median and ulnar nerves on the palmar aspect. The contralateral metacarpus
was injected in the same way but with 2 ml of saline. Four rams were used
repeatedly with at least a week between trials in a double control, cross-over,
Latin-square, randomized, operator-blinded design. A nociceptive threshold
was determined by pressing blunt pins into the skin at increasing pressure
until the limb was withdrawn. The onset of anesthesia was similar and less
than 5 minutes for all treatments except the control saline. The bupivacaine
block lasted longer (110 ± 47 min) than the lidocaine block (40 ± 13 min)
while the combination injection was intermediate. Thus the bupivacainelidocaine combination had no apparent advantages over bupivacaine alone.
Lizarraga I et al.
Veterinary Journal 197(2):515-518, 2013
IMPACT OF MAEDI-VISNA IN
INTENSIVELY MANAGED DAIRY
SHEEP
Viral infection caused the loss of many relatively young sheep.
Maedi-Visna (MV) virus (the European equivalent of ovine progressive
pneumonia virus) can cause clinical disease involving the lungs, nervous
system, mammary gland, or joints. Previous research on the economic
effects have focused on wool, milk, or lamb production in infected versus
uninfected sheep. This study from 2 representative dairy herds in Northwest
Spain looked instead at MV as a cause of death or culling. Both flocks were
of the Assaf breed and were managed indoors on an accelerated lambing
schedule of 3 lambings in two years. The flocks occasionally exchanged rams
for breeding. Flock A housed 300 animals in a poorly ventilated building
while flock B had 360 sheep in a modern purpose-built structure with good
ventilation. During a 2 year period (2004-2006), sheep older than 3 months
that died or were culled for disease or production reasons were necropsied.
(flock A, n=62; flock B, n=30). Samples were taken for histology from
brain, spinal cord, lungs, and mammary gland. A further 8 animals were not
examined because of advanced autolysis while 17 clinically healthy animals
were sent directly to slaughter because of low production at advanced age. A
serological assessment for MV was performed in all animals at the beginning
and end of the study and in any animals euthanized because of disease. The
initial flock seroprevalence was 75% in A and 96% in B, and at the end of the
study these values were 66 and 92%. All but one of the euthanized animals
were seropositive. In flock A, most culled animal exhibited chronic weight
loss (typical of the pneumonic form), while in flock B neurologic signs were
more common. In flock A, 22/62 (40%) of the culled sheep showed chronic
weight loss despite a normal appetite and absence of diarrhea. A further 5
animals (8%) showed progressive hind limb ataxia typical of MV. Nine
sheep died suddenly with no premonitory signs while 23 sheep died or were
culled for reasons unrelated to MV. MV was the purported reason for death
or culling in all 30 animals from flock B, with the neurologic form of the
14
disease accounting for 70% of the losses. Seven further animals were culled
with weight loss but no neurologic signs while 2 animals died suddenly. In
flock A, the most common gross finding was diffusely enlarged and heavy,
rubbery lungs that did not collapse when the thorax was opened. MV was
judged to be the cause of death or culling in 32 sheep, of which 24 had
pulmonary lesions, 6 had histologic changes of MV in the CNS and 15 had
involvement of the mammary gland. Of 11 animals with acute bacterial
pneumonia, 3 also had moderate to severe MV lung lesions. Likewise, 3
of 7 with caseous lymphadenitis had MV in the lungs. None of 10 with
pregnancy toxemia had concomitant MV. By contrast, in flock B, 24 of 30
animals that died or were culled had moderate to severe MV histologically.
The neurologic form was diagnosed in 20 animals (66%), the pulmonary
form in 11, and udder involvement in 14. Three of 4 animals with ovine
pulmonary adenocarcinoma also had MV. The reason for the increased
importance of the neurologic form in flock B is not clear, and one possibility
is the presence of a different viral strain, even caprine arthritis encephalitis
virus. Because the flocks shared rams, circulating viruses and genetics were
probably similar. On the other hand, the poor ventilation in flock A could
have contributed to the preponderance of respiratory disease in that flock.
Benavides J et al.
Veterinary Journal 197(3):607-612, 2013
TARGETED ANTIBIOTIC
TREATMENT OF LAME SHEEP
WITH FOOTROT USING EITHER
OXYTETRACYCLINE OR
GAMITHROMYCIN
Both antibiotics gave a good response to a single injection, but the cure rate
was higher with gamithromycin.
Dichelobacter nodosus is the main causal agent of footrot in sheep, although
Fusobacterium necrophorum is also frequently present and causes interdigital
dermatitis, foot scald. Gamithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic licensed
in Europe and North America (as Zactran ®) for respiratory disease in
cattle, with very prolonged persistence in the lungs. Recent research has
shown that parenteral antibiotic treatment is superior to foot trimming for
treatment of footrot. This study from Germany compared a single injection
of gamithromycin at 6 mg/kg SC with a single injection of oxytetracycline at
20 mg/kg IM as a positive control. Footparing was restricted to the removal
of overgrown horn, and only done if necessary to confirm the diagnosis
of footrot. Ten flocks of Merinos with a history of endemic footrot were
recruited. The flocks had 100 to 870 head and a 10 to 30% prevalence of
lameness. Oxytetracycline in topical and parenteral forms had been used
on all farms during the preceding 3 years. Initially 20 sheep per flock with
lameness and clinical lesions of footrot were entered into the study. Sheep
were blocked in pairs, with one sheep in each pair getting oxytetracycline,
the other getting gamithromycin. The owners reported no adverse systemic
reactions. Sheep were reevaluated at 21 days and at 42 days. On day 21, 30
of 145 affected feet of sheep treated with oxytetracycline were still affected,
giving an efficacy of 79%. Results for gamithromycin were better, with only
10 of 159 feet still affected, giving an efficacy of 94%. Across all farms, 33
sheep had a lesion score of 1 or more on day 21. The 9 of these sheep with
a lesion score of 1 (inflammation of the interdigital skin) were not treated
and all were normal on day 42. The remaining 24 sheep with clinical scores
greater than 1 (necrotizing interdigital dermatitis, characteristic smell,
underruning of the sole, etc) were treated with gamithromycin. Ten of these
sheep were cultured and D. nodosus was identified in 8 of them. On day 42,
22 of these 24 animals were cured. Reinfection was observed in only 3 cases.
Results from a preliminary, unpublished study showed that gamithromycin
accumulated in skin with skin:plasma ratios of 20 to 130 over a 10 day
observational period.
Strobel H et al.
Vet Record 174(2):46, 2014
FIELD STUDIES ON THE
ELIMINATION OF FOOTROT
IN SHEEP THROUGH WHOLE
FLOCK TREATMENTS WITH
GAMITHROMYCIN
Eradication was successful in most flocks with a single whole herd treatment.
Because Dichelobacter nodosus is an obligate parasite of sheep with only short
term survival in the environment, it is theoretically possible to eradicate the
infection by a combination of vaccination and/or antibacterial treatment
and culling of infected animals together with strict biosecurity. This paper
describes the attempt to eradicate footrot from 1 German and 48 Danish
sheep farms using injectable gamithromycin, a macrolide antibiotic labeled
for treatment of pneumonia in cattle. The German flock of Merinos had
a historical footrot prevalence of 20 to 80% during the previous 5 years.
Footrot confirmed by PCR had been detected in the Danish flocks in 2009
and the farmers had lacked the facilities to adequately monitor and control
the disease. Using a standard footrot scale of 0 to 5, 117 of 184 sheep in the
German flock had a score of 1 or higher and 98 had lesion scores of 3 to 5.
All sheep in the flock were given gamithromycin at the cattle dosage of 6
mg/kg SC, using 2 ml for ewe lambs, 4 ml to ewes and 5 ml to rams. On
day 23, 8 sheep were lame with score greater than 1 (all positive by PCR)
while 11 sheep had warm feet indicative of mild inflammation (all negative
for Dichelobacter by PCR). All 19 animals were retreated. The entire flock
was free of lesions on day 45 and has remained footrot free for 18 months.
The 48 Danish flocks comprised approximately 9000 sheep and the adults
in the flocks were all treated at the same 6 mg/kg dose after the lambs had
been removed. The flocks were reexamined and 8 sheep in each flock were
tested by PCR 1 and 6 months later. Of the 48 flocks, 44 remained footrot
and Dichelobacter free 1 year later. In the other 4 flocks it seemed that the
initial treatment was successful, but the disease reappeared for unknown
reasons which might have included cryptic carriers, contamination from the
pasture or fomites, or introduction of infected sheep. If no Dichelobacter
survive treatment, there should be no selection for resistance of the organism
to the antibiotic. As gamithromycin is not labeled for sheep, guidance on
meat withdrawal must be sought from proper authorities
Forbes AB et al.
Vet Record 174(6):146, 2014
CONGENITAL PORTOSYSTEMIC
SHUNTS AND HEPATIC
ENCEPHALOPATHY IN GOAT
KIDS IN CALIFORNIA
Stunted kids with intermittent neurologic signs may have a portosystemic
shunt.
Portosystemic shunts are congenital or acquired vascular anomalies that
allow portal blood to bypass the liver to reach the general circulation. In
large animal species, a spongy degeneration of the central nervous system
(termed hepatic encephalopathy, HE) had been reported in calves, piglets,
foals, alpacas, and goats with portosystemic shunts (PSS). The HE is believed
to occur because ammonia absorbed from digesting food in the intestine is
not converted to urea by the liver but instead increases the permeability of
the blood brain barrier and leads to vasogenic edema. Between 1999 and
2012, 11 goat kids with PSS and HE were diagnosed at necropsy at the
University of California Davis. Various breeds were represented (5 Boer, 1
Toggenburg, 1 Saanen, 1 Nigerian dwarf, and 3 mixed). When compared
with the reference population of goats submitted for necropsy during the
time period, there was no breed predilection and there was also no sex
predilection. The mean age was 3.8 months, with a range of 1.5 to 11
months. Clinical signs seen in these 11 animals included ataxia (4), head
pressing (4), blindness (3), general weakness (3), head bobbing (3), ill-thrift
(3), inappetence (2), seizures (2), stargazing (2), tremors (2), circling (2),
drooling (2), opisthotonos (1) and paddling (1). Bile acids were measured
in 2 animals and were elevated in both (134 and 209 umol/l, reference range
0-50); bile acids produced by the liver get reabsorbed but reach the general
circulation when a shunt is present. The liver was subjectively small in 4
kids. The body condition ranged from poor to fair. In 3 of the 11 kids there
was mild to moderate bile duct hyperplasia and mild to moderate periportal
fibrosis. In all kids there was mild to severe macrovesicular vacuolar change
interpreted as fatty change in the liver. In the brain and cervical spinal cord of
all 11 there were widespread bilaterally symmetrical multifocal to coalescing
vacuoles. Alzheimer type II astrocytosis was seen in the cerebral cortex of
4 goats. In 5 animals there was vacuolation in the cerebellum and caudal
brain stem. Liver copper and selenium concentrations were determined in
7 of the 11 animals. Copper was low in 3 goats and selenium was marginal
in 2. Because of the nonspecific clinical signs, it is likely that congenital
portosystemic shunts are underdiagnosed and frequently overlooked. The
differential diagnosis list for HE is also extensive, including infectious and
parasitic diseases, polioencephalomalacia, toxicities from heavy metal, salt,
urea, organophosphates or plants, and lysosomal storage diseases.
Kinde H et al.
J Vet Diagn Invest 26(1):173-177, 2014
COXIELLA BURNETII
SEROLOGY ASSAYS IN GOAT
ABORTION STORM
ELISA tests give excellent results.
Coxiella burnetii, the agent that causes Q fever, is an intracellular bacterium
that is shed in urine, feces, milk, and birth products of infected mammals.
It is resistant to environmental degradation and has remained viable in
wool for 12 to 16 months and in dust for 120 days. Humans are most
often infected by aerosolized spores. The National Veterinary Services
Laboratories (NVSL) at Ames Iowa received 91 sera from a goat herd 4
months after an abortion storm where 14 of 50 pregnant goats aborted. The
sera were all tested using two different ELISAs, one from Germany using
antigens from a traditional Nine Mile tick strain originally from Montana
and the other from France using an ovine aborted placenta antigen. Both
kits contained phase 1 (chronic exposure) and phase 2 (acute exposure)
antigens. The same 91 blood samples were also tested using a complement
fixation test (CFT). The results of the 3 tests were compared using latent
class analysis, which allowed determination of sensitivity and specificity
without actually knowing the true disease status. There was no advantage in
using one ELISA kit over the other; both had a sensitivity from 97 to 100%
and a specificity of 95 to 100%. The CFT had an estimated sensitivity of
89% and a specificity of 82%. Any of the 3 tests would have successfully
detected the etiology of the abortion storm. Additionally, 13 sera that were
positive in all 3 tests and 7 that were negative in all three were tested for
presence of the organism by PCR. Ten sera were positive in all 4 tests, and 5
were negative in all 4 tests. Possible explanations for serologically negative
but PCR positive animals include early infection that had not yet produced
seroconversion or the presence of a persistently infected state similar to
BVD. The animals that were seropositive but PCR negative could have been
making primarily antibodies to phase 1 antigens (not detected by the PCR)
or could have been infected before the abortion storm.
Emery MP et al.
J Vet Diagn Invest 26(1):141-145, 2014
15
QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF
FECAL FLORA IN GOAT KIDS
WITH AND WITHOUT FLOPPY
KID SYNDROME
Floppy kid syndrome seems to be accompanied by a dysbacteriosis and a
shift to lactate-producing intestinal bacteria.
Floppy kid syndrome (FKS), first described in 1991, is a syndrome of
metabolic acidosis in young kids 3 to 30 days of age that do not have diarrhea
or septicemia. Typical signs are a wobbly gait, knuckling of the forelimbs
and listlessness, progressing to recumbency and coma. Mortality rates may
increase during the kidding season and be as high as 60%. The acidosis is
the result of elevated D-lactate, and the most likely source of this is bacterial
fermentation of carbohydrates in the gastrointestinal tract, as mammals
make very little D-lactate. This study from Switzerland compared 19 kids
3 to 16 days old presented to the clinic with failure to nurse, listlessness
or recumbency (clinical floppy kid disease) with 15 healthy control kids
on 5 farms. The controls were 5 to 18 days old. Blood and fecal samples
were taken from all kids. Fecal counts for various bacterial groups were
determined using smears on selective media and diluted fecal samples to
allow comparison of the fecal flora. Twelve of the FKS patients had an
unsteady gait and knuckling in the front feet while 5 were in sternal or lateral
recumbency. All had a venous blood pH at or below 7.2 (average 7.14) and
a blood D-lactate concentration above 7 mM, averaging 10.9 mM. The
controls had an average blood pH of 7.3 and a D-lactate concentration of
0.3 mM. The FKS kids had significantly higher colony forming unit counts
per ml of fecal suspension for enterococci, streptococci, staphylococci, and
lactobacilli than did the control kids. The CFUs did not differ between the
two groups for coliforms or clostridia. Diarrheic calves with villous atrophy
and malabsorption of carbohydrate from the small intestine undergo
D-lactate production in the colon. Humans with short bowel syndrome
have a similar condition where large amounts of fermentable carbohydrate
reach the large intestine and are converted to D-lactate. The reason for the
dysbacteriosis in the FKS kids remains to be determined.
Bleul U et al.
J Vet Internal Med 27:1283-1286, 2013
TAENIA OVIS INFECTION AND
ITS CONTROL: A CANADIAN
PERSPECTIVE
Producer education is needed to prevent expensive carcass condemnations.
Taenia ovis is a tapeworm with a definitive host of the family Canidae and a
small ruminant intermediate host. The intermediate stages produce lesions,
referred to as ‘sheep measles’, in the musculature of the sheep or goat that
result in expensive carcass trim or condemnation. Beginning in 2007,
Canadian slaughterhouses have seen a marked increase in condemnations
due to this parasite. This paper reviews programs developed to control T.
ovis transmission elsewhere in the world. The adult tapeworm in the dog’s
intestine can be 1.5 meters long and release up to 250,000 eggs per day
in proglottids. The eggs can probably remain infective for up to a year on
pasture. The definitive host is only infected by consumption of infected
muscle from sheep or goats, and the prepatent period for dogs is 6 to 9
weeks, though sometimes shorter. In the sheep or goat that ingests eggs of
the tapeworm, larvae burrow through the intestinal wall and travel via the
blood to muscle. Predilection sites are heart, diaphragm and masseter, but
other muscles can also be involved. The cysticerci appear as clear or white
structures within the muscle. At least 46 days are required for the cysticerci
to become infective to the definitive host, and they die after a further 1 to
2 months. Maternal immunity can protect a lamb until 6 to 9 weeks of
age. A similar tapeworm, T. krabbei, has coyotes and wolves as its definitive
host and deer and moose as the intermediate host. The sheep measles are
not infective for people but are esthetically displeasing. According to FAO
guidelines, the carcass is condemned if cysticerci are found on slaughter
16
inspection in 2 or more routine sites plus in 2 sites during incision of the
shoulder and rounds. If the carcass is only lightly or moderately infected,
the cysticerci are trimmed and the carcass is held for 10 days at -10C to kill
any remaining parasites before it is passed. The use of licensed cestocides
is effective for removing the tapeworm from the definitive host, but there
is no treatment that removes the cysticerci from tissues; even if a drug
killed them, the carcass would still be condemned. Various recombinant
vaccines have been developed against proteins in the oncospheres, but these
vaccines have never been available commercially anywhere in the world.
The infection of sheep occurs sporadically around the world but is probably
underdetected and greatly underreported in all countries where it is found.
New Zealand during the first half of the 20th century had a problem with a
different tapeworm, Echinococcus, that is zoonotic. To control this parasite
producers were forbidden from feeding sheep offal to dogs and required to
treat the farm dogs with arecoline, a purgative cestocide. The producers
substituted meat from cull ewes for the now forbidden offal, and this
resulted in a marked increase in sheep measles and a requirement that all
sheep meat had to be cooked or frozen before feeding to dogs. Mandatory
treatment of the dogs every 6 weeks was also required, and the numbers
of measles condemnations declined. In 1990, government support for the
T. ovis control program was removed and infected carcasses tripled to 4%,
jeopardizing the export trade. An industry-based non-regulatory program
based on education, including the need to treat farm dogs every four weeks,
has been successful in New Zealand. In Canada, T. ovis is neither reportable
nor notifiable and there is little published information on infection. In
1981, infection in lambs from 5 farms in Nova Scotia were eventually traced
to one farm that sold herding dogs that were fed mutton. T. ovis was not of
concern to the Canadian sheep industry until 2007 when federally inspected
abattoirs in Ontario condemned 796 lambs in total, 44% of them for T.
ovis. The number of condemned lambs at federal inspection has continued
to rise. In 2012, 332 lamb carcasses (.09% of slaughtered lambs) were
condemned because of the parasite. As the result of transport of animals,
45.5% of all lambs slaughtered in Canada are slaughtered in Ontario, even
though only 30.8% of the lambs are produced there. The importance
for the transmission of T. ovis to coyotes that have scavenged improperly
disposed sheep carcasses is unknown, as is the frequency with which they
defecate on sheep pastures. Based on successful New Zealand programs,
suggestions are made for control of the parasite in Canada, including the
establishment of a national producer-based program. It is recommended
that data be collected on trimmed as well as condemned carcasses, to allow
a better estimate of the prevalence of the parasite. Complete traceability of
the lambs (RFID tags) would help with identifying infections that occur
after the animals have been tagged at the farm of origin but spend more
than 2 weeks at another location before slaughter. Once producers could
be informed of condemnations, they would be more likely to take notice of
educational efforts. Proper and rapid disposal of fallen animals to prevent
scavenging by farm dogs, free-roaming dogs, and coyotes should be stressed,
and all dogs that might have access to carcasses should be treated with a
cestocide every 5 weeks.
DeWolf BD et al.
New Zealand Vet J 62:1-7, 2014
PRAIRIE RATTLESNAKE
ENVENOMATION IN 27 NEW
WORLD CAMELIDS
A bite on the nose causes swelling that interferes with breathing and may
require a tracheostomy.
Most snakebites in the United States are caused by rattlesnakes, copperheads,
and cottonmouths, all crotalid species. Morbidity and case fatality are
regionally specific, because of the variability in the toxicity of the species of
snake. Previously Western diamondback rattlesnakes were reported to cause
high mortality in New World camelids (NWC). The prairie rattlesnake
(Crotalis viridis viridis) is the only venomous snake in northeastern
Colorado. This paper describes the clinical signs, treatment and outcome
of New World camelids bitten by this species of snake. A retrospective
search was made of the records of the Colorado State University veterinary
teaching hospital from 1992 to 2012. During this time period, 25 llamas
and 2 alpacas were evaluated for rattlesnake envenomation. Llamas were
over-represented, as the hospital population during this time consisted
of 3092 llamas and 2014 alpacas. Llamas are more likely to live in the
foothills and be exposed to the snakes. The patient age ranged from 0.5
to 19 years, with a median of 4. There were 10 intact males, 9 castrated
males, and 8 females. All cases presented between May and October. The
snakes hibernate for the rest of the year. One animal was dead on arrival,
5 were euthanized, 3 died, and 18 (69%) survived to discharge. Where
recorded, the face was the most common site of envenomation (23/24),
with one animal bitten on a hindlimb. Swelling of the site was noted in
all camelids. Presenting clinical signs included respiratory distress (nostril
flare and audible inspiratory stridor, 11/23), fever (temperature > 101.5,
13/23), tachycardia (>90 bpm, 5/23), and tachypnea (>30 bpm, 13/23).
Based on the degree of respiratory distress, 2 had a tracheostomy before
referral and 7 upon presentation at the hospital. Of these 9, 3 died, 2
were euthanized, and 4 were discharged from the hospital. Complete
blood counts were performed on 20 NWC; 5 showed leukocytosis,
3 leukopenia, and the rest were in the normal range. Of these same 20
animals, thrombocytopenia was identified in 11 and hypoproteinemia in
12. Hemolysis was a consistent finding. A variety of biochemical changes
were present in some of the animals, including hyperglycemia, azotemia,
hypoalbuminemia, hyponatremia, hypochloremia, and hypokalemia.
Most were treated with intravenous fluids, antibiotics (often penicillin
or ceftiofur or both), and flunixin meglumine. Other possible treatments
included supplemental oxygen, dexamethasone, antivenin (n=12), plasma,
or whole blood transfusions. Thrombocytopenia on arrival and treatment
with corticosteroids on nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs did not have
a statistical association with survival but there were not enough cases to
show an effect.. Neither did antivenin, though there was a 17% mortality
with antivenin and a 36% mortality without. If used, antivenin should be
administered within 4 hours of envenomation.
Sonis JM et al.
SEROCONVERSION AND
SEMEN SHEDDING IN RAMS
EXPERIMENTALLY INFECTED
WITH BRUCELLA OVIS
A four week interval between serologic tests is appropriate for a test and cull
eradication program.
Brucella ovis localizes in the epididymides and accessory sex glands of rams
and is shed in the semen. Transmission from ram to ram occurs through
rectal copulation or sniffing or licking semen. Rams can also be infected by
mating with a ewe immediately after she was mated by an infected ram. The
gold standard test for the disease is bacteriologic culture of the organism
from semen, but serology is commonly used. This study compares the
results of three B. ovis tests available in New Zealand after experimentally
infecting rams. The tests were an ELISA, a complement fixation test (CFT),
and a gel diffusion test (GDT). Six CFT positive rams from commercial
infected flocks were purchased and documented to be infected by semen
culture. On days 0 and 1, one and two ejaculates per ram were collected by
electroejaculation, pooled, and used to inoculate 15 rams from a certified
free flock with 0,5 ml of semen into the nose on day 0 and 0.8 ml into the
rectum on day 1. Semen was collected approximately weekly from these
rams and blood for serology even more frequently. The rams were all housed
together, and the study was terminated at 56 days to avoid subsequent
transmission of the organism from ram to ram. B. ovis was isolated from
the semen of a single ram at day 28, and from a total of 5, 8, and 10 rams
on days 36, 43, and 49. Once the organism was isolated from a ram, all
subsequent semen samples were positive. One ram had a lesion in the
epididymis detectable by palpation on day 36 and by day 56 eight of them
had detectable lesions. Three rams, although uninfected, were suspicious
in the ELISA test on day 0. By day 36, all rams that eventually shed in
their semen were suspicious or positive in the ELISA test. All 10 of these
rams were positive in the CFT by day 56. The GDT was negative in all
rams on day 36 and in general did not become positive until 7 to 28 days
after semen shedding was detected. Thus the GDT is not as good a choice
for an eradication program as the other two tests but is said to have a high
specificity. The ELISA detects infection slightly sooner than the CFT but
suspicious reactions in uninfected animals make interpretation difficult. It
seems prudent to isolate any animal with a suspicious result and retest with
ELISA or CFT 2 to 4 weeks later, possibly including a semen culture.
Ridler AL et al.
New Zealand Vet J 62:47-50, 2014
PREVALENCE OF
MYCOBACTERIUM AVIUM
SUBSP. PARATUBERCULOSIS
FECAL SHEDDING IN ALPACAS
PRESENTED TO VETERINARY
HOSPITALS IN THE UNITED
STATES
PCR results are available in days rather than months and indicate a 6%
prevalence of shedding but much less clinical disease.
Johne’s disease (paratuberculosis), caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp.
paratuberculosis (MAP) can infect camelids as well as cattle, sheep, goats,
and wild ruminants, but nothing is known about the prevalence of this
disease in alpacas. In 1994, pack llamas were banned from national parks
in the southwestern United States for fear they would transmit MAP to the
native bighorn sheep, with no data to support this policy. Camelids do not
or only terminally develop the intractable diarrhea that accompanies weight
loss from the disease in cattle, and even the weight loss will be difficult to
detect from a distance in an alpaca because it is obscured by fleece. The
sensitivity of serologic tests adapted to detect MAP in camelids is estimated
to be 50 to 70%, and bacteriologic culture of feces can require 8 to 16
weeks. Because MAP is difficult to detect and probably under reported in
camelids, this study was designed to validate a fecal PCR for alpacas and to
determine the presence of fecal shedding at 4 veterinary teaching hospitals.
Ten dilutions of a wild MAP strain previously isolated from an alpaca with
weight loss and diarrhea were added to negative alpaca feces and subjected
to a commercial RT-PCR as well culture on Herrold’s Egg Yolk medium
and in liquid broth. The lowest MAP dilution detectable by PCR was 243
MAP colony forming units/g of feces, and at this concentration the MAP
was detected in 3 of 4 HEYM tubes with 1 MAP CFU per tube. The lowest
dilution to be detected in the commercial Bactec culture system was 1,216
CFU/g. Next, a total of 180 fecal samples were obtained from alpacas of all
ages seen at 4 university teaching hospitals (Cornell, UPenn, Oregon, Tufts)
and frozen until subjected to PCR and culture in duplicate by the HEYM
method. None of the samples was positive on HEYM culture. Ten alpacas,
ranging from 1 to 10 years of age, were PCR positive, giving a 6% (3-9%
95% confidence interval) prevalence, but the prevalence at the participating
hospitals was 0, 3, 3, and 14%. Three of the 7 PCR positive alpacas from
Tufts were from the same farm that also had cattle. The 10 PCR positive
animals had body condition scores of 2/10 to 9/10 (median 5/10). Two of
the PCR positive animals were hospitalized as healthy companions, and the
other 8 presented with weight loss/diarrhea (2), colic (2), or one instance
each of mandibular swelling, corneal ulcer, dystocia, or recumbency. None
of the final diagnoses for these animals included Johne’s disease, The absence
of clinical Johne’s disease in the population tested might be because some
animals with clinical Johne’s disease are misdiagnosed, a minority of infected
animals go on to develop clinical disease, some are only transiently infected
and self cure, or some of them are only passive, pass-through shedders. The
failure to culture the organism from these 10 animals might be the result of
freezing the samples or an inherent difficulty associated with cultures from
naturally shedding animals rather than a mixture of a laboratory strain with
feces, as was done in the validation study.
Fecteau M-E et al.
17
2014 AASRP Board of Directors:
Director, Region 1
President
Dr. Dale L. Duerr
Dr. Joan Dean Rowe
Town & Country Veterinary
24580 Cache Street
Clinic, Inc.
Capay, CA 95607
1396 E. High Ave
Phone: 530.752.0292
New Philadelphia, OH 44663
[email protected]
Phone: 330-339-2363
Term: 7/13 – 7/15
[email protected]
Term: 7/14 – 7/16
President Elect
Dr. Patty B. Scharko
Director, Region 2
PO Box 102406
Dr. Susan Myers
Columbia, SC 29224-2406
100 N. 68th Ave
Office: 803-726-7803
Coopersville, MI 49404
Cell: 803-422-6998
Phone: 616-837-8151
[email protected]
[email protected]
Term: 7/13 – 7/15
Term 7/13 - 7/15
Immediate Past President
Director, Region 3
Dr. Joan Bowen
Dr. Ann Goplen
5036 E County Rd. 60
University of Minnesota
Wellington, CO 80549
College of Vet Medicine
Phone: 970.568.3613
Veterinary Population Medicine
[email protected]
[email protected]
Term: 7/13 – 7/15
Term: 7/14 – 7/16
AVMA Alternate Delegate
Dr. Joan Bowen
5036 E County Rd. 60
Wellington, CO 80549
Phone: 970.568.3613
Cell: 970.217.0447
[email protected]
Term 2009-2017
Director, Region 4
Dr. Elizabeth Hardy
17646 140th Ave NE
Woodinville, WA 98072
Phone: 425-481-1184
[email protected]
Term July 2013-2015
Secretary
Dr. Susan Myers
(See Director, Region 2)
Management Headquarters
Franz Management
P. O. Box 3614
Montgomery, AL 36109
Phone: 334/517-1233
Fax: 334/270-3399
Email: [email protected]
Treasurer
(See President Elect)
AVMA Delegate
Dr. Paul Jones
Woodburn Vet Clinic
225 South Pacific Highway
Woodburn, OR 80634
Home: 503.982.2421
Fax: 503.982.2425
Cell: 503-710-0006
[email protected]
Term 2009-2017
Executive Director
Dr. Brad Fields
Cell: 334/521-2502
AASRP Representation for AVMA Offices & Committees:
Executive Board
Dr. Michael Whitehair
(2014-2015)
AVMA Delegate
Dr. Paul Jones
(2009-2017)
Alternate
Dr. Joan S. Bowen
(2009 – 2017)
Legislative Advisory
Committee
Dr. Seyedmehdi Mobini
(2014 – 2017)
Alternate
Dr. Kelly Still Brooks
(2014 – 2017)
Committee on
Environmental Issues
Dr. Grant Seaman
(2012 - 2015)
Clinical Practitioners
Advisory Committee
Dr. Andrea Mongini
(2014-2017)
Alternate
Dr. Sarah Lowry
(2014 – 2017)
Food Safety Advisory
Committee
Dr. Joan Bowen
(2007-2015)
Alternate
Dr. Jason Johnson
(2014-2017)
Animal Agriculture
Liaison Committee
Dr. Amy Robinson
(2014 – 2017)
Alternate
Vacant
(2008-2014)
Animal Welfare Committee
Dr. Cindy Wolf
(2013-2019)
Alternate
Dr. Sarah Lowry
(2013-2019)
AASRP Committees:
Nominations
Dr. Paul Jones
Woodburn Vet Clinic
Woodburn, OR 80634
[email protected]
Committee Members:
No Additional
Student Education
VACANT CHAIR
Sam Guss Fund
Dr. Cindy Wolf
[email protected]
Committee Members:
No Additional
18
Continuing Education
PO Box 102406
Phone: 803-788-2269 x290
[email protected]
Committee Members:
No Additional
College Liaison
VACANT CHAIR
Governance
Dr. Paul Jones
Woodburn Vet Clinic
Woodburn, OR 80634
[email protected]
Committee Members:
No Additional
Membership
VACANT CHAIR
Communications/Publications
VACANT CHAIR
Public Relations
Dr. Michelle Anne Kutzler
Associate Professor of Companion
Animal Industries
Oregon State University
[email protected]
Committee Members:
Dr. Kraig Stemme
Dr. Holly Neaton
Dr. Sylvia Miller
Budget/Finance
PO Box 102406
[email protected]
Committee Members:
Dr. Chris Camann
Dr. Liz Hardy
AASRP VETERINARY COLLEGE LIAISONS
Auburn University
Misty Edmonson, DVM
1500 Wire Road
Auburn, AL 36849
Ph: 334-844-4490
Fax: 334-844-4368
[email protected]
Colorado State University
David Van Metre, DVM, DACVIM
Associate Professor
Animal Population Health Inst.
CVM and Biomedical Sciences
Ft. Collins, CO 80523-1678
Ph: 970-297-1299
Fax: 970-297-1275
[email protected]
Cornell University
Mary C. Smith, DVM
Ambulatory/Prod Med
Box 29 - NYS College of Vet Med
Ithaca, NY 14853
Ph: 607-253-3140
[email protected]
Iowa State University
Paul J. Plummer, DVM PhD DACVIM
College of Veterinary Medicine
2426 Lloyd Veterinary Medical Center
Ames, IA 50011
Ph: 515-294-8522
[email protected]
Kansas State University
Patricia A. Payne, DVM, PhD
Department of Diagnostic Medicine/
Pathobiology
1600 Denison Ave.
Manhattan KS 66506 - 5600
Ph: 785-532-4604
[email protected]
Louisiana State University
Marjorie S. Gill, DVM
Vet Teaching Hospital & Clinics
Skip Bertman Drive
Baton Rouge, LA 70803
Ph: 225-578-9574
[email protected]
Michigan State University
Judy Marteniuk, DVM, MS
736 Wilson Road
East Lansing, MI 48824-1314
Ph: 517-353-9710 - Cell: 517-712-0506
[email protected]
Ohio State University
Michael Rings, DVM
601 Vernon Tharp Drive
Columbus, OH 43210
Ph: 614-292-6661
[email protected]
Oklahoma State University
Lionel Dawson, DVM
Oklahoma State University
Boren Vet Med Teaching Hosp
Farm Road
Stillwater, OK 74078
Ph: 405-744-8584
[email protected]
Oregon State University
Michelle Kutzler, DVM, PhD, DACT
Dept. of Animal Sciences
312 Withycombe Hall
Corvallis, OR 97331-6702
Ph: 541-737-1401
Fax: 541-737-4174
[email protected]
Purdue University
A.N. (Nickie) Baird, DVM, MS
Diplomate ACVS
Associate Professor
Large Animal Surgery
Dept. of Vet. Clinical Science
625 Harrison St.
West Lafayette, IN 47907-2026
Ph: 765-494-8548
Fax: 765-496-2641
[email protected]
University of Georgia
Lisa Williamson, DVM
UGA College of Vet Medicine
Large Animal Department
1810 Clotfelter Rd.
Athens, GA 30622
Ph: 706-542-9323
[email protected]
University of Illinois
Clifford F. Shipley, DVM, DACT
Assistant Director, AACUP
1008 W. Hazelwood Dr.
Urbana, IL 61802
Ph: 217-333-2479 - Cell: 217-493-2958
Fax: 217-333-7126
[email protected]
Cindy Wolf, DVM
225 VMC, 1365 Gortner Avenue
St. Paul, MN 55108
Ph: 612-625-1780 - Cell: 507-450-5453
Fax: 612-625-6241
[email protected]
University of Missouri
Dusty W. Nagy, DVM
Assistant Teaching Professor
Food Animal Medicine & Surgery
900 E. Campus Drive
Columbia, MO 65211
Ph: 573-882-6857
[email protected]
University of Pennsylvania
Marie-Eve Fecteau, DVM
Texas A & M University
Diplomate ACVIM-LA
Asst. Professor for Food Animal
Virginia Fajt, DVM, PhD, DACVCP
Medicine and Surgery
Clinical Assistant Professor
New Bolton Center
326-C VMA
Dept. of Vet. Physiology & Pharmacology 382 W. Street Rd.
Kennett Square, PA 19348
Hwy. 60, VMA Bldg., MS 4466
Ph: 610-925-6208
College Station, TX 77843
Fax: 610-925-8100
Ph: 979-845-7299
[email protected]
Fax: 979-845-6544
[email protected]
University of Tennessee
VACANT
Tufts University
Sandra L. Ayres, DVM
University of Wisconsin-Madison
200 West Borough Rd.
Sheila McGuirk, DVM, PhD, MS, DACVIM
North Grafton, MA 01536
School of Veterinary Medicine
Ph: 508-839-7956 x 84605
2015 Linden Drive West
[email protected]
Madison, WI 53706
Ph: 608-263-4437
Tuskegee University
[email protected]
VACANT
Mississippi State University
Sherrill Fleming, DVM
Associate Professor
Food Animal Medicine
Box 6100 - Mississippi State, MS 39762
Ph: 662-325-2198
[email protected]
University of California
Joan Dean Rowe, DVM
Vet Medical Teaching Hospital
24580 Cache St.
Capay, CA 95607
Ph: 530-752-0292
[email protected]
North Carolina State University
Kevin L. Anderson, DVM, PhD
Dept of Food Animal Health and
Resource Management CVM
4700 Hillsborough St.
Raleigh, NC 27606
Ph: 919-513-6245
Fax: 919-513-6464
[email protected]
[email protected]
University of Florida
Fiona Maunsell, PhD, MS, BVSc,
DACVIM
Large Animal Clinical Sciences-FARMS
University of Florida-CVM
2015 SW 16th Avenue
Gainesville, FL 32610
Ph: 352-294-4077
Fax: 352-392-7551
[email protected]
Virginia/Maryland Regional CVM
D. Phillip Sponenberg, DVM, PhD
Professor, Pathology & Genetics
Dept. of Biomedical Sciences
100 Duckpond Drive
Virginia Tech
Blacksburg, VA 24061
Ph: 540-231-4805
Fax: 540-231-6033
[email protected]
Western University
of Health Sciences
Spring K. Halland, DVM, CVA, DACVIM
Assistant Professor, Large Animal
Internal Medicine
Western Univ of Health Sciences
309 E. 2nd Street
Room 248 BVCC
Pomona, CA 91766-1854
Ph: 909-469-5626
[email protected]
FOREIGN COLLEGE LIAISONS
Ross University
Jerry Roberson, DVM
Ross University School of Veterinary
Medicine
P.O. Box 334
Basseterre, St Kitts
Ph: 732-898-0065
Ph: 869-4645-4161 ext 1436
[email protected]
University of Guelph
Paula Menzies, MPVM
Associate Professor
Ruminant Health Management Group
Ontario Veterinary College
Guelph, Ontario CANADA
N1G 2W1
[email protected]
University of Montreal
Pascal Dubreuil
Faculté de médecine vétérinaire
3200 Sicotte St-Hyacinthe PQ
J2S 7C6
Ph: 450-773-8521 x8266
Fax: 450-778-8101
University of Prince Edward Island
Jeffrey Wichtel, BVSC PhD DipACT
Associate Professor
Chairman, Dept of Health Mgt
Atlantic Veterinary College
550 University Avenue
Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island
CANADA C1A 4P3
[email protected]
University of Saskatchewan
Lyall Petrie, BVMS, MRCVS
Dept of Lg Animal Clinical Sciences
Western College of Vet Medicine
52 Campus Drive
Saskatoon, SK, Canada
S7N 5B4
Ph: 306-966-7087
Fax: 306-966-7174
[email protected]
NOTE TO STUDENT: If you cannot
reach your liaison contact please contact
[email protected]
Washington State University
Steven M. Parish, DVM
Professor Large Animal Med/Surgery
Diplomat ACVIM
New Vet Teaching Hospital
Pullman, WA 99164
Ph: 509-335-0711
[email protected]
19
Associate
Owner/Partner
Student
Associate
Y
N
N
Laparoscopic AI
Semen collection & evaluation
$
Exp Date:
$
$_______
$130
$20
$65
$
TOTAL ENCLOSED
No
Signature:
Security Code:
*Please mail this form with payment to AASRP, P. O. Box 3614, Montgomery, AL 36109-0614 or fax (334) 270-3399. Please contact the AASRP office
at 334-517-1233 with any questions.
* *A tax deductible contribution to the Samuel B. Guss Memorial Fund helps provide small grants to student members of AASRP to undertake extern
opportunities in veterinary practices, working with one or more of the small ruminant species
$______
$
_
Card #:
$
$130
$105
$52.50
$65
____Retired
____Contribution to Samuel B. Guss Memorial Fund
Yes
Government
PAYMENT METHOD:
Visa
MasterCard
Check
(payable to AASRP and drawn on US bank in US funds)
Transcervical AI
Foreign
US
Funds
Laparoscopic AI
Transcervical AI
U.S./Canada
Non-Veterinarian
$105
Associate
Veterinary
Student
$15
st
____1 Year Graduates $52.50
Veterinarian
DUES STRUCTURE:
Ultrasonography for pregnancy diagnosis
Embryo transfer
If you marked yes, do you provide: (you may select as many as apply)
Do you provide reproductive services for goats?
Y
Semen collection & evaluation
Ultrasonography for pregnancy diagnosis
Embryo transfer
Industry
______________
____________
□ Home □ Office
Year Graduated:
Would you accept externships?
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Do you provide reproductive services for sheep?
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Please check the category that best describes you:
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E-mail:
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American Association of Small Ruminant Practitioners
Wool & Wattles
the AASRP Newsletter
P.O. Box 3614
Montgomery, AL 36109
NONPROFIT ORG.
U.S. POSTAGE
MONTGOMERY, AL
PERMIT NO. 88
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WW Apr - Jun 2014 - American Association of Small Ruminant

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