In This Issue - American Association of Small Ruminant Practitioners

Transcription

NONPROFIT ORG.
U.S. POSTAGE
PAID
PERMIT NO. 137
BOWLING GREEN, KY
Wool & Wattles
The AASRP Newsletter
P.O. Box 611
Guthrie, KY 42234
In This Issue
Letter From the President................................................................................2
Student Educational Opportunities.................................................................2
New Members...................................................................................................3
ADDRESS SERVICE REQUESTED
Samuel B. Guss Memorial Fund......................................................................3
Minutes: Board Meeting (04/15/09).................................................................4
Minutes: Board Meeting (05/12/09)........................................................... 4 - 5
Books, Bulletins, & Websites...........................................................................6
Drugs and Biologics.........................................................................................6
Upcoming Meeting Announcements..............................................................6
Practice Tip – Worm Biosecurity......................................................................7
Practice Tip – Pasteurizing with a Weck Canner.............................................7
Practice Tip – Henderson Castrating Tool for Ruminants and Camelids......7
Student Externship Reports....................................................................... 7 - 8
AASRP-L Q&A – Controlling Endemic Mycoplasmosis in Goats............ 8 - 9
AASRP-L Q&A – Flotation Solutions for Worm Eggs....................................9
AASRP-L Q&A – Worms in Housed Sheep.....................................................9
Deermail Q&A – Fallow Deer Colors and Book..............................................9
Lama_Med Q&A - Risk of CLA from Goats to Alpacas................................10
International Sheep Veterinary Association......................................... 10 - 11
Monepantel, New Anthelmintic............................................................. 11 - 12
Factors Affecting Vitamin D in Alpacas........................................................12
Please make your check payable to AASRP
and mail OR FAX with this form to:
AASRP, p.o. box 611, Guthrie, KY 42234
Dues payment made by credit card may be faxed to 270-483-9833
Signature____________________________________________________ Date _______________
Credit Card Number_________________________________________ Exp. Date____________
q Visa
q Mastercard
q Check
Payment Method:
Veterinarians
Non-Veterinary Associates
Veterinary Students
Retired Members
U.S./Canada
Other
$75
$100
$75
$100
$15
$20
50% discount
Membership Dues
Dues listed are current as of January 2009. All dues must be paid in U.S. funds.
q Associate
Member Classification:
q Veterinarian q Vet. Student
q Other______________________________________
___Other Small Ruminants
___Deer/Elk
___Camelids
___Goats
___Sheep
% of total working time spent with:
q USAHA
q Canadian VMA
q AVMA
Member of
Year of Graduation
Vet. School
E-mail
Fax
Phone
City/State/Zip
Would you take senior veterinary students as externs? ______________
OFFICE
HOME
Address
Name
American Association of Small Ruminant Practitioners
membership application
AASRP-L Q&A - Microchipping Goats..........................................................10
Eprinomectin Pour-on in Goats.....................................................................12
Candida Yeast Dermatitis in a Llama............................................................12
Chlamydial Eye Infections in Sheep..............................................................13
Tulathromycin Treatment for Caseous Lymphadenitis................................13
Experimental Infection of Alpacas with C. pseudotuberculosis......... 13 - 14
Endogenous Retroviruses Track the Domestication of Sheep....................14
Anesthetic Management of Pain of Castration.................................... 14 - 15
Fungal Granuloma in the Frontal Sinus........................................................15
Parelaphostrongylus tenuis in Elk in Ontario....................................... 15 - 16
Imperforate Hymen in Camelids...................................................................16
Cerebral Injury from Intracartoid Injection in an Alpaca..................... 16 - 17
Sheep Associated Malignant Catarrhal Fever in Pigs..................................17
Copper Toxicosis in Three Adult Boer Goats...............................................17
AASRP Representation for AVMA Offices & Committees...........................18
AASRP Veterinary College Liaisons..............................................................19
April - June 2009
Volume 37, Issue 2
Letter from the President
Dear Friends,
This is Independence Day. As I look back
over my term as president of the American Association of Small Ruminant Practitioners and forward to the future of our
organization, there are many things that
come to mind. As the association continues to grow and evolve, we have much for
which to be thankful and many challenges
that provide opportunities for us to grow. I recently attended the
awards event at our own OSU College of Veterinary Medicine,
where that event has evolved from an all too short event with a
few hundred dollars in awards held at the Corvallis Elks Club
to an all afternoon affair at the Alumni Center giving hundreds
of thousands of dollars of awards to students faced with the ever
more enormous financial burden of a veterinary education.
It was a great honor to me to be able to present the Don and
Betty Bailey awards, given to students with an interest in small
ruminant work. Don and Betty were unable to attend the ceremony they have supported since its inception. I spoke to the
students about the debt we owe to Don and those of his generation who really invented modern small ruminant medicine in
the United States. I was blessed to have Don as guest teacher
and to spend an externship at the Bailey Veterinary Hospital
during my senior year in vet school. There I was inspired as
much by his enthusiasm and commitment to the work as by
his technical skills and knowledge. The work of the Baileys and
their generation gave us this AASRP, which succeeding leaders
have built into an association which is respected beyond the
strength of its numbers within the veterinary community.
In my brief foray into leadership in the AASRP, I have been delighted to find even more commitment and enthusiasm in this
present generation. We are well served by the officers, board
members, and representatives of the association. I am every year
even more grateful to Mary Smith for her work with Wool and
Wattles and the list serve. Paul Jones and Joan Bowen have given
the most dedicated and competent service… and held me up
when I faltered. LaRue Johnson has been a tireless and effective advocate for us, as well as a most entertaining individual. I
could go on with an ever increasing list of inspiring and dedicated AASRP leaders, but just want to let you know we’re in good
hands. A valuable lesson I learned on another board of directors
is that the association persists, although board members come
and go. This association will continue as more inspired members come and go through this chain of leadership.
To the future, we have a whole new generation to anticipate.
It is always a joy for me to associate with students and all the
bright, unjaded energy they project. I was very pleased to find
so many interested in small ruminant work. To those of you
recently graduated and entering this profession, I encourage you
to be willing to step into leadership roles. I was so relieved, at
my first board meeting, to find that the president and board
members were also mere mortals, just like me. This association continues to be a fun place to be active, although work
there is to be done. To all of us I ask that you reach out to
students and young graduates, inspire them and mold them to
continue in this stream of outstanding people that has made up
the AASRP.
I’ll leave you with the same charge I gave to the students as they
graduated. “Talk to each other.” We need to talk to each other
within the association, within the greater body of veterinary
medicine, and with all those in the wide world. As the world
becomes more crowded and urbanized, what we do becomes
more and more mysterious to most of its population. Within
this organization we risk divisions between those of us who
work on small ruminants as pets or assets and those who are
involved in serious production units from which families derive
their livelihoods. Wool, milk, cheese, a celebratory barbecue;
all these have been part of human civilization since its beginnings, as has our bond with the animals that produce them.
When Nathan the prophet needed a metaphor to chastise King
David for ill behavior, he chose that of the poor man who had
raised a lamb in his house and cherished it like a child. It’s all
part of a whole and we do wrong to compartmentalize into my
side or your side of the coin.
As I write, we are about to say farewell to a delightful student
who has been our guest for the past three weeks. She is bright,
engaged, and almost totally without background in all but small
animal medicine. It seems unlikely that she will ever do the
kind of farm work that I find so fulfilling. Still, from her experience here, she has gained an understanding of and love for what
we do. I believe it will last her lifetime, and touch those whom
she touches as well. In the small and large things we do, we
have the power to make the world a better place for our patients
and our clients. Go thou and do likewise.
With deep gratitude for the opportunity to have served and the
faith you put in me.
Yours supportively,
Joe
STUDENT EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES
We receive many requests from veterinary students for information
about externship opportunities. We are asking AASRP Veterinary
members if they are interested in hosting primarily 4th year students
for 2-4 weeks. Information that the students desire include:
- Small ruminant species seen in your practice,
- Busiest months of the year relevant to small ruminant work,
- Practice location,
- Availability of housing, and
- Preferred contact information for externship requests.
Based on student feedback, we see a need to update externship opportunity information from the membership. Thus we are asking for
those of you who wish to host Student externs to contact me directly
via email using the following Subject line: AASRP Externships.
Thanks and I look forward to hearing from you.
Cindy Wolf, DVM
[email protected]
2Wool&Wattles January — March 2009
AASRP Veterinary College Liaisons
Auburn University
Misty Edmonson, DVM
1500 Wire Road
Auburn, AL 36849
Ph: 334-844-4490
Fax: 334-844-4368
[email protected]
Cornell University
Mary C. Smith, DVM
Ambulatory/Prod Med
Box 29
NYS College of Vet Med
Ithaca, NY 14853
Ph: 607-253-3140
[email protected]
Colorado State University
David VanMetre, DVM
300 West Drake Road
Ft. Collins, CO 80523
Ph: 970-297-4470
Fax: 970-297-1275
[email protected]
Iowa State University
Julie Ann Jarvinen, DVM, PhD
Associate Professor
Dept of Veterinary Pathology
College of Veterinary Medicine
Ames, IA 50011
Ph: 515-294-5423
[email protected]
Kansas State University
Patricia A. Payne, DVM, PhD
Department of Diagnostic
Medicine/Pathobiology
College of Vet Medicine
1600 Denison Ave.
Manhattan KS 66506 - 5600
Ph: 785-532-4604
[email protected]
Louisiana State University
Marjorie S. Gill, DVM
Vet Teaching Hospital & Clinics
Skip Bertman Drive
Baton Rouge, LA 70803
Ph: 225-578-9574
[email protected]
Michigan State University
Michelle Kopcha, DVM, MS
Coordinator-Practice-based Ambulatory
Large Animal Clinical Sciences
East Lansing, MI 48824-1314
Ph: 517-355-8491
Fax: 517-432-1092
[email protected]
Mississippi State University
Dr. Sherrill Fleming, Associate Professor
Food Animal Medicine
Box 6100
Mississippi State, MS 39762
Ph: 662-325-2198
[email protected]
North Carolina State University
Kevin L. Anderson, DVM
Ruminant Health Management
Dept of Farm Animal Health and
Research Medicine
4700 Hillsborough St.
Raleigh, NC 27606
Ph: 919-513-6245
Fax: 919-513-6464
[email protected]
Ohio State University
Michael Rings, DVM
601 Vernon Tharp Drive
Columbus, OH 43210
Ph: 614-292-6661
[email protected]
Oklahoma State University
Lionel Dawson, DVM
Boren Vet Med Teaching Hosp
Farm Road
Stillwater, OK 74078
Ph: 405-744-8584
[email protected]
Oregon State University
Chris Cebra, DVM
Corvallis, OR 97331
Ph: 541-737-5568
Fax: 541-737-0502
[email protected]
Texas A & M University
Virginia Fajt, DVM, PhD, DACVCP
Clinical Assistant Professor
326-C VMA
Dept. of Vet. Physiology &
Pharmacology
Hwy. 60, VMA Bldg., MS 4466
College Station, TX 77843
Ph: 979-845-7299
Fax: 979-845-6544
[email protected]
Tufts University
Sandra L. Ayres, DVM
200 West Borough Rd.
North Grafton, Massachusetts 01536
Ph: 508-839-7956 x 84605
[email protected]
Tuskegee University
David McKenzie, DVM
Dept. of Clinical Sciences
School of Veterinary Medicine
Tuskegee, AL 36120
Ph: 334-724-4122
[email protected]
University of California
Joan Dean Rowe, DVM
Vet Medical Teaching Hospital
24580 Cache St.
Capay, CA 95607
Ph: 530-752-0292
[email protected]
Wool&Wattles January — March 2009
University of Florida
Alister Webb, DVM
P.O. Box 100144
Gainesville, FL 32610
Ph: 352-392-4700
Fax: 352-392-5145
[email protected]
University of Georgia
Lisa Williamson, DVM
UGA College of Vet Medicine
Large Animal Department
1810 Clotfelter Rd.
Athens, GA 30622
Ph: 706-542-9323
[email protected]
University of Illinois
Clifford Shipley, DVM
1008 W. Hazelwood Dr.
Urbana, IL 61802
Ph: 217-333-2479
Fax: 217-333-7126
[email protected]
University of Minnesota
Cindy Wolf, DVM
225 VTH 1365 Gortner Avenue
St. Paul, MN 55108
Ph: 612-625-1780
[email protected]
University of Tennessee
Jerry R. Roberson, DVM, PhD
Associate Professor, Diplomate
ABVP (dairy)
Food Animal Medicine and Surgery
College of Vet Med, LACS
2407 River Drive
Knoxville, TN 37996-45545
Ph: 865-755-8256
Fax: 865-974-5773
[email protected]
University of Wisconsin-Madison
Susan D. Semrad, DVM
2015 Linden Drive West
Madison, WI 53706
Ph: 608-265-6695
[email protected]
Virginia/Maryland Regional CVM
D. Phillip Sponenberg, DVM
Director of Student Affairs
Professor, Pathology & Genetics
Blacksburg, VA 24061
Ph: 540-231-4805
[email protected]
Washington State University
Steven M. Parish, DVM
Professor Large Animal Med/Surgery
Diplomat ACVIM
New Veterinary Teaching Hospital
Pullman, WA 999164
Ph: 509-335-0711
[email protected]
Western University of Health
Sciences
Ronald L. Terra, DVM, MS, MBA
309 E. 2nd Street
Pomona, CA 91766
Ph: 909-469-5668
Fax: 909-469-5635
[email protected]
FOREIGN COLLEGE LIAISONS
University of Guelph
Paula Menzies, MPVM
Associate Professor
Ruminant Health Management Group
Ontario Veterinary College
Guelph, Ontario CANADA
N1G 2W1
[email protected]
University of Prince Edward Island
Jeffrey Wichtel, BVSC PhD DipACT
Associate Professor
Chairman, Dept of Health Mgt
Atlantic Veterinary College
550 University Avenue
Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island
CANADA C1A 4P3
[email protected]
University of Montreal
VACANT
University of Saskatchewan
Lyall Petrie, BVMS, MRCVS
Dept of Lg Animal Clinical Sciences
Western College of Vet Medicine
52 Campus Drive
Saskatoon, SK, Canada
S7N 5B4
Ph: 306-966-7087
Fax: 306-966-7174
[email protected]
NOTE TO STUDENT:
If you cannot reach your liaison contact
[email protected]
VACANT LIAISON LOCATIONS:
Purdue University
VACANT
University of Missouri
VACANT
University of Pennsylvania
VACANT
19
Welcome New Members
April
May
June
Full Members
Full Members
Full Members
Dr. Linwood Shelton
Dr. Tracey Westeguard-Gunlog
Dr. Amy Gaw
Dr. Marion Harris
Dr. Kristine Chumley
Dr. James Klaassen
Dr. Michelle Kutzler
Dr. Rebecca Wiley
Dr. Jennifer McKee
Dr. David A. Schlapkohl
Dr. Michael A. Foss
Dr. Melissa Newcomb
Students
Jennifer Walker — UC Davis
Annette Bushong — Oklahoma State University
Dr. Brian Deitrich
Dr. Yoanna Y. Maitra
Dr. Jan Richards
Dr. Daniel P. Mora
Dr. Tamara Rose
Dr. David T. Cross
Dr. Tanja N. Ebel
Dr. David Gartrell Pugh
Dr. Leah Lee
Dr. Benjamin Newcomer
Dr. Diane Shert
Dr. Fern Fitzgerald
Dr. Stacy Jones
Students
We would like to recognize and thank those that
recently made a generous donation to the Samuel
B. Guss Memorial Fund during this second quarter
of 2009. This fund allows AASRP to assist senior
students with externship grants.
Other
Julian Casteneda
Wool&Wattles April — June 2009 Students
Janine Veronneau — Oklahoma State University
Janet Macdonna — Oklahoma State University
Laurel Tegland-Tree — Oklahoma State University
Jacqueline Hulce — Tufts University
Dr. Samuel B. Guss
(1916 - 1984)
Donor Level
Dr. Chris M. Gallagher
Dr. Robert C. Wilson
Dr. Lester C. Griel, Jr.
Dr. Catherine Alinovi
Dr. Cleon V. Kimberling
Dr. Michelle Kopcha
Dr. David Van Metre
Dr. Becky Childers
Dr. Racheal Damore
Dr. Katherine Dart
Dr. Susan Narby
Dr. John Tokarz
Dr. Margaret A. Masterson
Dr. John D. Hancock
Dr. Hollie Schramm
Dr. Nicole Ferguson
Elaine Sheikh
Craig Zimmerly — Ohio State University
Amy Keyt — Michigan State University
Rebecca Nanney — Ross University
Julian Castaneda — Cornell
Chelsey Yolz — University of Illinois
Marie Davis — Oregon State University
Jessica Uden — Iowa State University
In order to assist senior veterinary
students interested in small ruminant
medicine, AASRP provides grants
each year to help student members of
AASRP undertake extern opportunities.
It is not required that the experience be
with small ruminants exclusively, but it
should provide at least some chance to
observe a modern veterinary practice
working with one or more of the small
ruminant species.
Over one hundred AASRP-member
practitioners throughout the United
States – as well as Australia, Brazil,
Canada, Germany, Israel and Puerto
Rico – offer externships to students
seeking experience in small ruminant
medicine. To learn more about the
AASRP Student Externship Program,
call the AASRP Management Office at
270-483-2090, or log on at aasrp.org.
3
Minutes
Board Meeting via Teleconference
Wednesday, April 15, 2009
Call to Order
President Joe Snyder called the teleconference meeting of the AASRP Board
to order at 9:04am Central time.
Roll Call
The roll call showed the following board members present: Dr. Snyder, Dr.
Jim Fallen, Dr. Joan Bowen, Dr. Glen Zebarth, Dr. Seyedmehdi Mobini,
Dr. Barb Roberts, Dr. Peri Wolff and Dr. LaRue Johnson. Other participants were Dr. Paul Jones and Glenn Slack, Nikki Sparks, and Susan Fox of
Reburn-Julia Associates.
Approval of Board Minutes from 2.17.09 and 3.11.09
Dr. Fallen asked for any additions or corrections to the revised February
minutes. With none, Dr. Johnson moved to accept the minutes. Dr. Wolff
seconded the motion. Motion carried. Dr. Fallen noted that the date should
be changed from 2.18.09 to 2.17.09 in the 3rd paragraph of the March
minutes. With that change, a motion was made by Dr. Johnson to accept the
March minutes. Dr. Zebarth seconded the motion. Motion carried.
Discussion followed of having regions based on geographical areas rather
than time zones. There seemed to be a consensus that geographically-based
regions would be preferable. With a director over each region, the directors
could contact new members to offer information.
Dr. Mobini asked if the Board would be interested in being involved with the
September 2010 National Goat Conference that will be hosted by Florida
A&M University. It was agreed that AASRP could offer member representation and speakers.
Next Meeting
To accommodate Dr. Mobini’s schedule, the next teleconference meeting
was scheduled for Tuesday, May 12, 2009 at 10:00 a.m. Eastern, 9:00 a.m.
Central, 8:00 a.m. Mountain, and 7:00 a.m. Pacific.
There being no further business, the regular meeting was adjourned at
10:03am Central time and the board went into Executive Session.
Dr. Jim Fallen, Secretary
Minutes
Financial Report Period ending 3.31.09
Glenn Slack presented the financial statements for the period ending 3.31.09.
Dr. Wolff asked if Board members had received copies of the final budget
that was approved in February. Mr. Slack responded that copies will be sent
out. Dr. Fallen made a motion to accept the financials; Dr. Bowen seconded
the motion. Motion carried.
Tuesday, May 12, 2009
Management Report
Dr. Snyder stated he appreciated receiving the management report in advance. Discussion involved a drug company wanting to advertise in Wool &
Wattles. Since advertising in the newsletter is not acceptable, Mr. Slack will
see if the company is interested in sponsoring the membership directory. Not
all members have received e-copies of the constitution and by-laws. Copies
will be sent. It was noted that the policy manual, by its very nature, will
remain in a state of flux. Dr. Zebarth will submit a velveting of farmed-deer
policy statement to be considered before July’s meeting.
Roll Call
The roll call showed the following board members present: Dr. Snyder, Dr.
Jim Fallen (joined later), Dr. Joan Bowen, Dr. Glen Zebarth, Dr. Seyedmehdi Mobini, Dr. Barb Roberts, Dr. Peri Wolff and Dr. LaRue Johnson. Other
participants were Dr. Paul Jones and Glenn Slack, Nikki Sparks, and Susan
Fox of Reburn-Julia Associates.
Old Business
Dr. Jones reported from the AVMA Executive Board meeting held April 2
and 3 that AASRP’s nominees Dr. Christine Navarre for Food Safety Advisory Committee and Dr. Wolff for the Committee on Environmental Issues
were accepted. Dr. Mobini’s name has been submitted for Region 1 and Dr.
Joan Dean Rowe for Region 4. Discussion followed whether nomination of a
member by a non-member is appropriate. Dr. Jones will discuss this with the
persons involved. Mr. Slack wanted to know if the management office should
continue to hold Wool & Wattles waiting for nominations. It was decided
that publication of W&W should proceed, publishing the ballot based on
nominations received to date. At the annual meeting in July, nominations
will be taken from the floor.
New Business
There is a need for clarification of the differences between Affiliate Membership and Associate Membership. Associate members do not have access
to the ListServe. The four Affiliate members of AASRP need to be listed
correctly in the Membership Directory. The management office will send
out a letter to help resolve a current misunderstanding with an associate
member. The office will e-mail dues statement forms to Board members to
review for possible changes to help clarify differences in the different types
of membership.
The Cervid Livestock Foundation has asked Dr. Zebarth to ask the Board if
AASRP would be interested in helping their association with their CE. AASRP is willing to help and Drs. Zebarth and Fallen will follow-up on this.
4
Call to Order
Approval of Board Minutes from 4.15.09
Dr. Fallen presented the April minutes for approval. Three changes were
noted. A motion was then made by Dr. Johnson to accept the April minutes.
Dr. Zebarth seconded the motion. Motion carried.
Dr. Wolff presented the financial statements for the period ending 4.30.09.
There was discussion of Board expenses and conference call expenses being
over budget. Dr. Zebarth made a motion to accept the financials; Dr. Bowen
seconded the motion. Further discussion followed concerning the way the
Sam Guss funds are listed. The funds are accounted for appropriately and the
previous motion to approve the financials carried.
Management Report
Nikki Sparks reported that Wool & Wattles has been sent out. The management office is awaiting any further changes to the policies and procedures,
constitution, and bylaws from the Board. Out of 1259 members, 298 members still have not renewed. Last notices will be sent soon. New memberships continue to come in. Dr. Snyder made a request to question those not
renewing their memberships to give a reason for not renewing. Ms. Sparks
said the last notice letter will include a question and comment space for that
purpose. Glenn Slack will follow up with a member concerning information
that needs to be provided to the Board. Dr. Bowen requested that Ms. Sparks
check to make sure all liaison memberships have been renewed.
Old Business
Copies of dues statements (for Board review and any suggested revisions), the
policy manual, and the final budget need to be e-mailed to Board members.
(continued on next page)
Wool&Wattles April — June 2009
Minutes (continued)
New Business
Mr. Slack reported to the Board that AASRP has three Certificates of Deposit that need to be discussed. One recently rolled-over at the interest rate
of 1.95%. Dr. Wolff will research interest rates offered at on-line banks. Dr.
Bowen made a motion that when the other 2 CDs come due that they be
put into a savings account (rather that checking) until the Board makes a
further decision. Dr. Fallen seconded the motion which then was approved
by the Board.
Mr. Slack suggested that the Annual Membership meeting could be held
during lunch using the CE meeting room on Monday, July 13, 2009. A
postcard with details will be sent to the membership.
Dr. Snyder will look into finding a restaurant that the Board can dine at and
hold their meeting the evening of July 13. He’ll confer with Board members
via e-mail.
Ms. Sparks will contact Dr. Jennifer Allen for more details concerning possible equipment donation. AASRP could help expedite the donation to the
appropriate agency.
Dr. Snyder will draft a letter to Dr. Diane Sutton concerning venues for accreditation updates.
Dr. Fallen has talked to those from the Cervid Livestock Foundation requesting participation in a conference. An extra day of cervid CE is scheduled to
take place at the Southwest Veterinarian Symposium in 2010.
Dr. Zebarth has reworded the velveting protocol.
Dr. Bowen requests that the management office should compare dues renewals information with what is on-line so current information is available when
trying to reach a fellow member.
An invitation to join the International Sheep Veterinary Association has been
extended to AASRP. The group was started in Norway. Other nation members include Australia, Greece, New Zealand, South Africa, and the UK.
Dr. Snyder will contact Dr. Mary Smith for more information. He will also
contact Dr. Paula Menzies to encourage Canadian members of AASRP to
nominate a Canadian member to sit on the Board.
Next Meeting
The next meeting will be Wednesday, June 17, 2009 at 10:00 a.m. Eastern,
9:00 a.m. Central, 8:00 a.m. Mountain, and 7:00 a.m. Pacific.
There being no further business, the regular meeting was adjourned at
Minutes (DRAFT)
Approval of Board Minutes from 5.12.09
Dr. Fallen presented the May minutes for approval. Two corrections were
noted. A motion was then made by Dr. Johnson to accept the May minutes.
Dr. Wolff seconded the motion. Motion carried.
Dr. Wolff presented the financial statements for the period ending 5.31.09.
There was discussion of the postage amount being over budget and a request
for a break-down of 2008 Sam Guss fund expenses. Two $10,000 CDs have
been moved from Elkton City Bank to the National City Bank savings account. This will be reflected in the June financial statements. Dr. Fallen made
a motion to accept the financials; Dr. Bowen seconded the motion. The motion to accept the financials carried.
Management Report
Nikki Sparks reported that final notices have been sent out with a cover letter requesting a reason if the member is not renewing. One former member
stated that he is not working with small ruminants at this time. Postcards announcing the annual meeting have been sent out. Liaison memberships have
all been renewed with the exception of 5 professionals. An e-mail was sent to
Dr. Allen regarding the donation items with no response received. Addresses
are being double-checked and corrected as needed. Out of 1286 members,
302 have not renewed. New members total 25 for the 2nd quarter. Dr. Bowen questioned the percentage of the 302 that were students. Nikki Sparks
will follow up on that. Nineteen voting ballots have been received.
Old Business
Copies of the by-laws, constitution, and the policy manual have been sent
to board members. One update on the velveting of farmed deer has been
made to the policy manual. Drs. Jones and Johnson will work together to
make needed corrections to the aforementioned documents before the Seattle meeting. The board will also re-visit the issue of re-aligning the regions
by time zones while together in Seattle.
The issue of increasing dues was discussed. Dr. Bowen stated that dues increases were generally well received if an adequate explanation was provided.
Dr. Snyder moved that the increase in dues that was proposed in Las Vegas
be accepted. There was disagreement about the amount. Was the amount
$95 or $100? As a point of order, Dr. Bowen seconded Dr. Snyder’s motion
so further discussion could take place. Dr. Snyder called for another motion to table further discussion until the board went into executive session.
Dr. Wolff made the motion. Dr. Fallen seconded it. Further discussion was
tabled.
New Business
Mr. Slack reported that voting has ended. Dr. Mobini has been re-elected.
Dr. Joan Dean Rowe has been elected from District 4. Dr. Joan Bowen
won a write-in vote that will be ratified at the membership meeting. Mr.
Slack stated that this is the year to publish the membership directory but the
board might consider holding publication until after the Board of Directors
meeting. The current management office could have much of the work done
pending a new management office address.
Wednesday, June 17, 2009
Agenda items for the board meeting in Seattle were discussed. The Practitioner of the Year award was discussed. Glenn Slack will forward letters
concerning previous nominations to the board.
Call to Order
Next Meeting
The next meeting will be in Seattle.
Roll Call
Dr. Jim Fallen called the roll. The following board members were present:
Dr. Snyder, Dr. Fallen, Dr. Joan Bowen, Dr. Seyedmehdi Mobini, Dr. Barb
Roberts, Dr. Peri Wolff and Dr. LaRue Johnson. Other participants were Dr.
Paul Jones and Glenn Slack, Nikki Sparks, and Susan Fox of Reburn-Julia
Associates.
Wool&Wattles April — June 2009 There being no further business, the regular meeting was adjourned at
5
Books, Bulletins, & Websites
Anyone interested is encouraged to visit the Veterinarians without
Borders US website to learn about this new organization.: <http://
www.vetswithoutbordersus.org>. After many years this group has become a reality. We hope you will consider supporting the first project
which is Vets to Liberia. It has tremendous potential to provide opportunities for veterinarians to serve and most of all improve the health of
animals, people and our planet. Share this information with anyone
you think would be interested.
The abstracts of the 9th International Conference on Goats, are
available now for free download at <http://www.iga-goatworld.org/> :
click on Conferences. The conference took place in Queretaro, Mexico,
from August 31 to September 4, 2008. WARNING: This is a large
file... Also watch this site for information about the 10th International
Conference on Goats, which will be held in Brazil in 2010.
The Drost Project is an on-line compilation of images related to theriogenology. It has been created by Maarten Drost of the University
of Florida using the collections of many theriogenologists from around
the world. Anyone is free to use the images in personal / professional
unpublished presentations such as talks, seminars and lectures. The
Drost Project Visual Guides should be acknowledged as the source of
the images and, if possible, the URL (drostproject.vetmed.ufl.edu) for
the website should be displayed. If you wish to use any of the images
in official publications such as brochures, guides, books, or other web
sites, you must request approval from the producers of the Drost Project
Visual Guides, who are often able to supply higher resolution images for
print. The Caprine section has now joined the Ovine section on line
at <http://drostproject.vetmed.ufl.edu/drost_guides.html>. Camelid,
small animal, exotic, and avian guides are under development. The process of entering all these pictures takes time and money, so if you find the
project useful, consider making a donation as described at the website.
The site is averaging 11,000 hits per day.
DRUGS AND BIOLOGICS
The Maryland Small Ruminant page has a list of products labeled for
treatment of ectoparasites in livestock: <http://www.sheepandgoat.
com/articles/insecticides2005.html>. Remember that for EPA approved products, AMDUCA does not apply, and extralabel use is not
permitted. Because the list was last revised in 2006 (by Susan Schoenian) check the label again as sometimes things change. There are few
products labeled for goats.
Meeting Announcements
The 3rd Annual Camelid Health and Management Conference will be
held August 7, 2009. Featured speakers: Melanie Bouileau, David Anderson, Meredyth Jones, Maria Ferrer, Matt Miesner
Contact: Marci Ritter.
For more information, contact the: Veterinary Medical Continuing Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1 Trotter
Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506-5612 / Phone: 785-532-5696
Email: [email protected]
Web address: http://www.vet.ksu.edu/CE/index.htm
The Theriogenology Conference and Symposia will be held August 2529, 2009 in Albuquerque, NM. Watch the ACT website <http://www.
therio.org/> for information about the conference and topics that will be
covered. No small ruminant lectures are listed, but there are a number of
abstracts and posters concerning camelids and small ruminants.
___________________________________
The Southwest Veterinary Symposium will be held in San Antonio, TX,
from September 24-27, 2009. The early bird registration deadline is July
17, 2009. Dr. Ralph Zimmerman is scheduled to speak on dairy goats
on the morning of Friday, September 25. His topics are: Herd Health for
Large Dairy Herds; Adding Goats to Your Pharmacy; Breeding, Kidding
and Kids. Dr. Melanie Boileau will speak that evening on camelids: Management and Diseases of the Newborn and Juvenile Camelid; Camelid
Herd Health; Biosecurity in Llama and Alpaca Operations. On Saturday,
September 26, 2009, Brian P. Sorge will address Gender and Generational
Issues for Food Animal and Equine Practitioners. There is also a behind
the scenes tour of Sea World available September 25, for 3 hrs CE. For
more information, visit <www.swvs.org> or call 972-664-9800 to request
a printed program.
___________________________________
The 2nd Annual Small Ruminant Conference on Sheep and Goat Health
will be held December 11, 2009 at Kansas State. Watch the website at
<http://www.vet.ksu.edu/CE/index.htm> for further information.
___________________________________
The North American Veterinary Conference will be held in Orlando, FL,
January 16-20, 2010. You can register at <www.tnavc.org>. The small
ruminant program starts on Monday, Jan 18, 2010 and runs through
Wednesday at 12:00pm on Jan. 20. Dr. Pat Long speaks Monday morning and his topics are “Cria Care - How to deal with normal and abnormal”, “Common Camelid Field Problems - What you see in daily practice”,
“Camelid Herd Health and Husbandry - Basics and how to communicate
them” and “Camelid Skin Conditions - The wild and wooly”. He also has
two clinical briefs: “Uterine Torsion Correction in Alpacas - A field approach” and, “Chorioptes Mites in Alpacas - Easy way diagnosis, hard to
treat”. These briefs are scheduled for Monday p.m. Monday afternoon Dr.
S Mobini will speak on “Sustainable Control of GI Parasites in Sheep and
Goats”, “Smart Drenching Strategies and FAMACHA”, His clinical brief
is “Anthelmintic Doses you can use in your practice tomorrow” also Monday p.m. On Tuesday, AASRP and NAVC are presenting an international
speaker from New Zealand, Dr. Peter Wilson. His topics are “Cervid Tb:
A global issue with local solutions” and “My Deer Have Johne’s Disease:
What now? A vet’s nightmare!” “Leptospirosis in Deer: another disease
you didn’t know you had” and “Cervid Production Medicine, Veterinary
mindset evolution from client’s cost to profit sector.” He has a clinical brief
“An Algal Toxicity Conundrum - A glimpse at a Global Warmer Future”
on Tuesday p.m. Dr. LaRue Johnson will conduct a wet lab with Dr. Long
and Dr. Mobini on Wednesday morning 8 am to 12:00 noon: the topic
is “Small Ruminant Ultrasound.” Dr. Johnson will also be speaking on
Tuesday afternoon on “Camelid Routine Procedures and Small Ruminant
Ultrasound Pregnancy Diagnosis.” His 15 minute clinical briefs will be:
“Keeping Small Ruminant Field Anesthesia Simple” and “Camelid Committee Conception” (note: this is both entertaining and helpful for understanding llamas and alpacas).
___________________________________
6
PRACTICE TIP from AASRP-L:
Worm Biosecurity
PRACTICE TIP FROM AABP-L:
Henderson Castrating Tool
To avoid introducing resistant worms when purchasing animals:
We have been using the Henderson Castrating Tool for at least 5 years
at CSU. It is my preferred method of castration for any older ruminant.
For me, I have observed far fewer bleeding complications or infection
complications than with emasculators, ligation, or bands. I have not
observed the complication with it twisting up to the aorta. It also works
great in older small ruminants and again I have seen fewer complications than emasculators or ligation. One hint on small ruminants is
that if you do them lying down or sitting on their butt, clamp the
spermatic cord a bit further away from the testicle and then cut off the
testicle right at the base before you twist the spermatic cord. By removing the testicle before you twist the spermatic cord, you don’t have the
testicle flopping around. Lastly, I have also used this on camelids and it
works just as well there. As for the camelids, since they have a smaller
diameter spermatic cord, we fashioned a similar instrument from a medium size carmalt and welded a bit adapter to it to use in a $30 cordless
screw driver. Also, the company that makes the instrument (Stone
Manufacturing & Supply Company - see page 28 of their catalog at
<http://www.stonemfg.net/>) has a DVD that is good for demonstration and teaching.
Robert J. Callan, Colorado State University
1. Place new animals in a barn or dry lot until parasite free
2. Examine feces for worm eggs (counts are not necessary, just presence or absence)
3. Treat using products from two different anthelmintic families at
full therapeutic doses concurrently (I use all three families) even
if negative at the time of introduction as arrested larvae may be
present
4. Examine feces 1 to 2 weeks after treatment for worm eggs
5. If negative check again in a few days
6. If positive try another combination
7. Only allow goats to enter pasture if negative for at least two consecutive samples
These comments are to address “ buying replacement worms”, not for
the long term selective use of anthelmintics during the transmission
season. These are two different considerations. With one (selective deworming) you are trying to preserve a refugia of susceptible worms in
animals and on pasture by treating those animals that need it. The other
consideration is bringing in worms that have already been selected for
resistance (biosecurity); they do not form a refugia but a malignant
population of truly nasty critters in a few years time. Let’s practice a little biosecurity for worms as well as CAE, Brucellosis, CL, Johne’s etc.
Thomas M. Craig, Texas A&M University
PRACTICE TIP from AASRP-L:
Pasteurizing with a Weck
Canner
One suggestion that I would make is to get a Weck Canner for pasteurization of colostrum and milk. These canners have a thermostatically
controlled water bath. I have used my Weck canner for years and give
it a two thumbs up for durability and reliability. I have used mine for
everything from what they were designed for (canning fruit) to scalding home butchered chickens prior to plucking and washing wool for
handspinning. When I was considering purchasing another one, I did
a google search and found them being used to pasteurize milk for kid
feeding at goat dairies. Since you can set the thermostat to just the
right temperature, I suspect they would work great for pasteurizing
colostrum (i.e., putting the colostrum in a stainless pot inside the water
bath). I hope that this doesn’t sound like a commercial, but I just love
a really well designed tool. Were I needing to pasteurize milk for kids,
this is what I would use. I hope some day the kitchen appliance fairy
will grace me with a stainless one.
Here is the goat web site where they are being sold: <http://www.khimairafarm.com/weck.htm>. I have an older model which is enameled.
I lust after the stainless with faucet, but since my old one is still functioning perfectly, I can’t really justify it.
Janice Willard, Moscow, ID
STUDENT EXTERNSHIP REPORT
A 2 week Camelid Medicine and Surgery Course at Oregon State University (VMC 742) in Corvallis, Oregon
First of all, thank you. I am eternally grateful for the generous support
for this externship opportunity by the members of AASRP who donated to the Samuel B. Guss Memorial Fund. My experience at OSU
was invaluable.
The camelid course at OSU is an intense, action packed two weeks.
And some of the benefits included lots of hands on experiences and
labs, the class size was small and personal, the course instructors and
students were welcoming and down to earth, some of their latest research was discussed, the instructors are knowledgeable and open to
questions, there is no cost for the course, plus you get a certificate.
Here are some of the types of camelid specific “hands on” labs:
• necropsy and anatomy
• camelid physical exams, handling and behavior
• passed oral gastric tube, collected CSF fluid
• placed intravenous catheters
• performed castrations
• dental examinations: trimmed fighting teeth and incisors,
• preventative routine health care: toenail trims, vaccination, deworming
• visited local camelid operation, met and talked with owners
• performed reproductive ultrasounds and prebreeding exams
• fracture repair using casts and transfixation pins
• practiced radiograph positioning
• camelid parasitology
Wool&Wattles April — June 2009 7
Student Externships (continued)
And here are some of the interesting lectures/discussions:
• Pain management in camelids (Dr. Schlipf )
• Orthopedic anatomy, clinical outcomes following orthopedic surgeries
• Suspensory apparatus breakdown and fetlock hyperextension (by Dr.
Reed and Semevolus)
• Anesthetic techniques in camelids (Dr. Thomas Riebold) included doses
• Recumbent camelids (Dr. Firshman)
• Digestive disorders including colic and diarrhea in camelids (Dr. Cebra)
• Dental issues - tooth root abscesses
• Clinical pathology of camelids (Dr. Tornquist)
• Neoplasia in camelids
• Neonatal care including management of the critically ill cria (Dr. Cebra)
• Chromosomal abnormalities and reproduction (Dr. Kutzler)
• Herd health (Dr. Kutzler)
• Internal medicine (Dr. Cebra)
• Surgery (Dr. Huber)
• Dermatology (Dr. Cebra)
I highly recommend this course for veterinary students, as well as practitioners. It was an awesome experience and Corvallis is a beautiful
town.
Teresa L. Beiter (Tracie), DVM candidate class of 2009 - Colorado State University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences
Externship dates: 9-29-08 thru 10-10-08
[If you are interested in taking this course, which is usually offered yearly
in the fall, you can contact Patrick Kamins, the Student Service Coordinator or Dr. Christopher Cebra, the Course Coordinator]
STUDENT EXTERNSHIP REPORT
Caine Center, University of ID, Caldwell, ID, January 5-31, 2009.
The Caine Center has by far been the best experience of my 4th year.
Doctors and staff at the Center are focused on teaching students how to
become technically competent veterinarians and provide quality medicine to all animals. I have had few opportunities to work with sheep
and goats before the Caine Center, but the opportunities were endless
during my month at the Center.
While there I was able to manage small ruminant medicine cases as
well as practice general husbandry skills in the field. This is important
because in the eye of the client, I think it is just as important to be able
to perform basic husbandry as it is to know about medicine. The most
important thing I learned at the Caine Center, which will be beneficial
in any kind of work, is to not give up - there is usually a solution for
the problem. I learned this from working on some sick ewes with Dr.
Ayers.
In all I found work with small ruminants to be motivating and enjoyable and will pursue it in the future as a veterinarian. I appreciate
AASRP in providing me financial support.
Karyn Irwin, Western University
8
AASRP-L QUESTION & ANSWER
Endemic Mycoplasmosis in a Goat Herd
Question: I am interested in hearing if anyone has dealt with an endemic Mycoplasma infection on a goat dairy. This is my first time dealing with an established infection--as opposed to an outbreak situation.
We have set up a pretty thorough control program, but I wonder if we
will be able to eradicate the disease over time. We are not in a situation
to depopulate the herd and will not do that unless things become a lot
worse.
I guess my question is if we will ever stop finding positives. At this
point, we are on a 4 year program to clear it up. Any experience would
be appreciated. FYI - the typing is not complete, but I don’t think it is
Mycoides (MMLCT). I suspect it will be Capricolum...we’ll see. The
does are asymptomatic. The kids develop pneumonia and/or fatal joint
infections.
Answer: I have seen long term successes with M. mycoides mycoides LC
in commercial herds (although one should never say that it is “eradicated”), but I have also seen many situation where the farm does not
have the infrastructure or the understanding of disease transmission to
sustain a control program.
Some comments about endemic mycoplasmosis and goat herds with
“challenged” management schemes:
1. Mycoplasma mycoides mycoides LC is harder to manage than M.
putrefaciens, which tends to be more limited to mammary gland
with lower likelihood of kid disease. I have not seen M capricolum
in many years and that was in a back yard herd, so I can’t comment
on pattern in large herd (I’m still thinking your herd may have
long-standing endemic MMMLC).
2. M. mycoides mycoides LC can be managed in herds with aggressive
control measures as many contributors have discussed, but requires
strong commitment of owners and workers. (And patience with
setbacks in the program) - Are the owners really committed to the
milking hygiene measures (especially teat dipping) needed to control contagious mastitis organisms including mycoplasma?
3. Segregation of positives or rearing “clean” kids and maintaining
them as a “negative” herd also requires long term commitment.
Critical steps where failures commonly occur:
A. Failure to attend all deliveries and remove all replacement kids
before nursing (It is almost impossible to attend all deliveries
in a large herd - Possible solutions - 1. Induced parturitions,
which requires labor, excellent reproductive management with
ID & records; 2. Keep only doe kids from attended births; 3.
Record birth status of kid, ear-notch unattended-birth kids -or
record ID - and manage as high risk) Try to find some way to
assess their success in attending the births - otherwise, if they
fail, they will assume “the pasteurized rearing method” failed,
not the compliance with the method.
B. Failure to properly heat treat every batch of colostrum (it’s hard
work and requires immense attention to detail!) Solutions use multiple thermometers, stable water bath instead of direct
heat, color-code equipment & milk/colostrum for pre- and
post-treatment colostrum/milk.
Helpful suggestion for getting started in the high prevalence
herd:
Feed raw cow colostrum (depending on Johnes risk and likely
coliform count, and cow myco status e.g. M. californicum) instead of heat treating goat colostrum - Heat treating colostrum
is labor intensive and requires a skilled person to supervise,
easy to overheat or not mix/heat thoroughly enough, and myco
load in next year’s colostrum is likely to be high! Once the
myco prevalence is reduced in herd and other elements of the
pasteurized rearing rearing program (and producer experience)
are in place, then move to heat-treating goat colostrum. (yes, I
know there are risks, but it is an easier way to have a successful
start with large numbers of kids. Downside is that if coli count
is high, you will get colibacillosis; Johne’s is of course also a
concern). Even better if cows are vaccinated for C. perfringens.
C. Accidental mixing of myco string goats with other goats. They
are, after all, goats! - so the occurrence of gate switches, escapes
and honest mistakes have to be assumed - Solutions: Have secure visible ID for “clean” string goats (if there are fewer) or
myco string goats (if these, then have 2 forms of ID so that if 1
is lost her status does not appear as “clean” - leg bands, bright
collars, etc).
D. Inadequate system cleanup between end of milking (positives)
and “clean” string at start of next milking - external parlor/
equipment surfaces as well as pipeline (yes, sounds logical, but
sometimes the pipeline may simply get rinsed when the milkers are overworked); buckets with raw milk cross-contaminating equipment or ingested by does.
4. Preventing new infections in the fresh hospital pen (this is always
the most challenging group) - how to prevent infection of “clean”
does in your fresh hospital pen - even your “clean” replacements
will be suspects until proven otherwise, so planning a fresh doe
hospital milking routine that prevents exposure to treated does,
myco suspect does and even lower risk does of unknown status is
important. Even previously culture-negative (infected) goats may
shed only in colostrum and early lactation milk, so grouping of
goats should err on the side of assuming animals are infected if
there is a known risk.
5. Look for other concurrent disease/deficiency risk factors in the
herd - if there is concurrent Se or Cu deficiency, clinical expression
of infectious disease will be more severe - correct these first, and
fewer myco-infected young animals and adults may show clinical
signs of disease. Myco pneumonias in growing kids and adults
often present as an outbreak concurrent with Pasteurella.
Joan Dean Rowe, University of California, Davis, CA
Flotation Solutions
Question: I want to make some “ home made” fecal flotation solutions
here in Ethiopia for doing goat fecal exams on a goat project and I don’t
have a specific gravity meter that will measure the SG of the flotation
solutions. Would a battery hydrometer that measures SG of battery
acid work with enough accuracy? I want to try a sugar flotation solution but would really like an approximate SG on it to see if I am in the
ball park on this.
solution very easily and usually has a SG of >1.20 which is adequate for
GIN eggs. We have used a wine hydrometer which only goes to 1.17
and estimate off the scale. We do have a regular lab hydrometer that we
have checked with, but it is fairly easy for most people to access a wine
hydrometer. Our web site also has a tutorial on doing FEC <http://
www2.luresext.edu/goats/library/fec.html> which you may “borrow”
to use as a visual aid in your training.
Steve Hart, Langston, OK
Worms in Housed Sheep
Question :I was called out today to post a dead 3 year old Suffolk ewe.
On opening I noticed her blood was thin and her liver was pale as were
her conjunctivae. She was the third ewe to die in this pen in the last
week. I took a fecal sample just in case. To my surprise her eggs per
gram count was at least 16,500! These ewes have been off pasture since
last November. They lambed in late February and March. They were
taken off grain two weeks ago in anticipation of weaning the lambs
and taking the ewes to a remote pasture. To all those parasitology types
out there, how did these ewes develop such high worm burdens while
being off pasture for so long? Why did they wait till now to become
so severe?
Answer: This was probably due to hypobiotic L4 Haemonchus larvae
that were acquired during the fall when the ewes grazed and they were
nestled down in the abomasum to overwinter. The Haemonchus larvae
were awakened to continue to develop by lambing and since the ewe’s
immune system is suppressed by lactation it facilitated their establishment. This is why some producers favor a strategic periparturient deworming of the whole herd to get arrested worms even though they
may be on a FAMACHA program. Other producers prefer to wait until
FAMACHA identifies anemia from Haemonchus at the regular FAMACHA examinations for deworming. This is more workable when animals do not have as high a level of infection and we should be moving
toward this in our worm control program.
Steve Hart, Langston, OK
DEERMAIL QUESTION & ANSWER
Fallow Deer Colors
Question: I’ve been contacted by a H.S. teacher in Colorado who
wants to teach the color genetics of fallow deer to his class and is having a tough time finding any information. All I know is that in general
the color you want is the color you are least likely to get!
Answer: The best reference is the book “Fallow Deer” by Donald and
Norma Chapman (try Amazon.com). It covers color genetics and just
about everything else related to biology and behavior of the species.
Tony (no further signature)
Answer: For our parasite workshops here, we teach producers to use 1
and one quarter cup of sugar plus 1 cup of water and shake. Goes into
LAMA_MED QUESTION & ANSWER
Answer 2: A quick review of ADGA’s website brought up this:
Risk of Caseous Lymphadenitis from Goats to
Alpacas
“Notice: For an Electronic Identification Device (EID, often referred to
as a microchip) number to appear on the ADGA registration certificate
as a supplementary (secondary) form of identification, the location of
the EID (shoulder, tail, dewclaw, flank, base of ear) must be indicated
on the ADGA registration application.” It doesn’t seem that they have
a particular preference, but it is probably wise to consider all animals
potential food animals and avoid areas like the shoulder that could be
used for meat.
Andrine Belliveau, Tufts 2011
Question: My tech keeps her three pampered pet goats on my alpaca
farm. I just diagnosed one with Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis abscess of the prescapular lymph node. She is not in direct contact with
the alpacas, but close. If she and the other 2 goats are at all a risk to
the alpaca herd, they have to go. Questions: 1) Is she only contagious
when she has an abscess, or is there any chance of another means of
transmission? 2) I know serology is of questionable use. Can I find
out with reasonable assurance if the other two are carriers? 3) Is close
monitoring and isolation if a lump occurs effective protection for my
alpacas and for the other two goats? 4) Should I insist on moving the
affected goat? All the goats?
Answer: I have been following the discussions on Corynebacterium
pseudotuberculosis in alpacas and have accumulated a list of research that
has been done on this disease in camelids. I have copied the list below
[search alpaca and Corynebacterium in PubMed at <http://www.ncbi.
nlm.nih.gov/PubMed/> for abstracts]. I do know of several cases that
have been confirmed in alpacas in the US and in the one herd, there
were 6 males that were in contact with infected goats. All six of the
males developed the visceral form. There were other animals that did
not share the same pasture or have direct contact with the goats and infected alpacas. To my knowledge, they have not become infected at this
time. Please feel free to contact me with any additional questions.
Toni Cotton, Ridgway, CO
Anderson, D.E. et al.: Infection with Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis
in five alpacas. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 225:1743-1747, 2004.
Braga, W.U. et al.: Clinical, humoral, and pathologic findings in adult
alpacas with experimentally induced Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infection. Am J Vet Res. 67 (9):1570-1574, 2006.
Braga, W.U. et al.: Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infection in highland alpacas (Lama pacos) in Peru. Vet Rec. 159 (1):23-24, 2006.
Braga, W.U.: Protection in alpacas against Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis using different bacterial components. Vet Microbiol. 119: 297-303,
2007.
AASRP-L QUESTION AND ANSWER
Microchipping Goats
Answer 3: After reading the original inquiry for a “legal” location for
microchipping goats, I contacted Linda Campbell who is the liaison
between the American Dairy Goat Association and a variety of intergovernmental agencies. The most recent information she had from USDA/
APHIS/FSIS was from a year ago, and they had not approved a location
for microchipping goats. Currently, goats are required to have registration tattoos with matching registration papers or official scrapie program eartags as official identification. Because ADGA has a computer
searchable database approved by USDA, ADGA tattoos combined with
registration papers meet scrapie identification requirements. The animal
identification goat working group proposed the distal tail as the microchip location for goats because the tail would be removed with the
hide during slaughter and research has demonstrated low chip migration from this location. The website <http://usanimalid.com/idmethod.
htm> has photos of inserting the microchip under the skin on the ventral distal tail in a goat.
Joan Bowen, Colorado
INTERNATIONAL SHEEP
VETERINARY ASSOCIATION
At the recent 7th International Sheep Congress held in Stavanger, Norway, the International Sheep Veterinary Association was formed. The
ISVA was constituted for the following purposes:
1. To promote and defend the interests of all veterinarians with a special interest in the sheep farming industry.
Question: I’ve been asked by one of my clients if I can microchip 10
of her Nigerian Dwarf goats. What are current thoughts on microchipping food animals, where to place the microchip, what type/brand of
microchip to use, and how much each may cost?
2. To promote and improve the sheep farming industry internationally with special emphasis on its veterinary aspects.
Answer: I microchip most of my ADGA registered breeding stock
Nubians, Lamanchas and Nigerian dwarf goats. I place the chip in a
lateral tail fold. Some dairy folks put the chip in the dew claw area as
a way to help with chip readers from the back of the goats that are in
milking stanchions. Both locations being less likely to be consumed for
butchered animals. Be careful to check after implanting as I have on
occasion dropped the chip before inserting the needle and well...I use
the livestock division of AVID which is EZID. You can search them
online. They sell the chips at a discount when purchased in a 25- chip
container that one can add disinfectant of choice to. But for 10 goats
you may want to just purchase 10 individual loaded syringes. Costs
about twice as much each or more. I am sure others will have info about
the current ideas about using some of the other frequency chips.
Jeanne Koploy, Aptos, CA
4. To act as the international source of expertise in all aspects of veterinary importance in sheep.
10
3. To act as the official voice of the veterinary profession internationally on all matters involving sheep.
5. To promote international harmonisation of veterinary terminology
and standards used in sheep and the industry.
6. To arrange and facilitate meetings and other scientific exchanges
between members and individuals.
7. To facilitate recognition of individuals or organisations that make
a significant contribution to the veterinary aspects of sheep farming.
8. To form relations and collaborate with other organisations with
similar or related interests.
Membership is open to national veterinary associations of countries
recognised by the United Nations, provided that such associations are
private organisations funded mainly by the private subscriptions of its
members. Individual members are represented by their association. National members are encouraged to form special sheep interest groups
within the national association. Where no national association exists,
or in special circumstances as decided by the current Executive Committee of ISVA, individuals may join as private members but shall have
no voting rights. The United States was represented by the American
Association of Small Ruminant Practitioners, which had already joined
the ISVA (at no cost) and Mary Smith was the delegate representing
AASRP at the first meeting. Mary Smith also came away as a new
member of the Executive Board. The President is Dr. Gareth Bath
of South Africa and the Secretary/treasurer is Dr. Chris Lewis of the
U.K.
The first function of this group was to formalize the voting procedures
and then to select between two bids (from Spain and New Zealand)
for the location of the next quadrennial congress. The majority vote
was in favor of New Zealand, so the next Sheep Veterinary Congress,
in February of 2013, will be held on the South Island of New Zealand.
There will be fantastic preconference tours, so start saving your money
to travel to this great event in a country with lots of sheep.
Another proposed undertaking for ISVA is to help develop an electronic resource for sheep diseases, continuously updated, with numerous
photos and videos as appropriate. Minority opinions will be included
where controversy exists. Information can be updated in a more timely
fashion than is possible with textbooks, searched more easily, and illustrated at far less expense. Dr. Bath has already scanned 2000 of his
own photos to form a nucleus for this venture. Experts to serve as
authors and volunteers to do all the required behind the scenes work
will be needed.
Mary Smith
ABSTRACTS
DOSE DETERMINATION STUDIES FOR
MONEPANTEL, AN AMINO-ACETONITRILE
DERIVATIVE, AGAINST FOURTH STAGE
GASTRO-INTESTINAL NEMATODE LARVAE
INFECTING SHEEP
This new drug was effective at the 2.5 mg/kg or higher dosage, even
against some worms resistant to other dewormers.
The annual costs of anthelmintic resistance to Australian and New
Zealand sheep flocks are huge and increasing. On many farms, resistance has developed to all 3 classes of anthelmintics currently available. This paper reports the dose determination efficacy of a compound
(monepantel) from the recently discovered amino-acetonitrile derivative (AAD) class of anthelmintics against fourth stage (L4) gastro-intestinal nematodes. Two studies were conducted in Australia (A1 and
A2) and one in Switzerland. Worm-free lambs (as determined by fecal
egg counts, FEC) were housed indoors and experimentally dosed with
mixed cultures of infective nematode larvae of Haemonchus, Teladorsagia, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Cooperia, Chabertia, and Oesophagostomum species. Some of the strains used were confirmed to be resistant
to levamisole or benzimidazoles; no avermectin-resistant strains were
tested. The various species of worms were dosed at staggered times,
to allow them to all reach the L4 stage before treatment with the new
anthelmintic. Three doses of the drug were evaluated orally (1.25, 2.5,
or 5.0 mg monepental per kg liveweight). Two or three weeks later the
sheep were euthanized and their gastrointestinal tracts processed to recover and identify worms. In the Swiss study, the mean post-treatment
FEC of the untreated control group was 1503 epg including 103 epg
N. battus. All FECs in the three monepantel-treated groups were zero.
The untreated control group in study A1 had a mean FEC at day 9
of 1457 epg including a Nematodirus spp. contribution of 213 epg.
Residual mean strongylate FECs for the 1.25, 2.5 and 5.0 mg/kg treatment groups were 513 epg, 206 epg and 181 epg respectively. In study
A2, the mean post-treatment FEC for the untreated control group was
Abstracts (continued on next page)
413 epg. A single animal from the 1.25 mg/kg group had a small positive FEC contributing to a group mean of 6.3 epg. All animals in the
2.5 and 5.0 mg/kg groups had FECs of 0 epg. Cooperia curticei; with a
short prepatent period and greater resistance to monepantel, was likely
responsible for most of the shedding of eggs in the A1 study. Based on
actual worm counts, the 5.0 mg/kg dose had an efficacy of >95% for all
species tested. This level of efficacy was retained at 2.5 mg/kg, with the
exception of C. curticei (94.9%) and N. filicollis (93.9%); the efficacy
against the latter was >95% at 1.25 mg/kg. A similar efficacy profile
was obtained at 1.25 mg/kg except for the demonstration of resistance
by. C. curticei (84.8% efficacy), N. spathiger (51.0%) and O. venulosum
(52.2%) at this dose rate.
B.C. Hosking et al. Vet Parasitology 157:72-80, 2008
[This drug, developed by Novartis, is now available commercially in
New Zealand as an oral drench, under the brand name of Zolvix.]
FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH LOW VITAMIN D
STATUS OF AUSTRALIAN ALPACAS
Young alpacas with dark coats are most at risk of vitamin D deficiency
and hypophosphatemic rickets in late winter.
Endogenous synthesis of vitamin D3 occurs in the skin exposed to sunlight with wavelength of 290 to 315 nm. Vitamin D2 is formed in
plants after exposure of ergosterol to UV light. Both vitamin D2 and
vitamin D3 must undergo two successive hydroxylations (in liver and
kidney) to become metabolically active. The 1,25 -dihydroxycholecalciferol hormone acts in intestine, bone, and kidney to maintain plasma
calcium and phosphorus at normal levels needed for skeletal mineralization and neuromuscular function. This study from South Australia
(latitude 37.20 south) supports the work of Smith and Van Saun in the
United States, who suspected that coat color affected the plasma concentration of vitamin D3. On each of 2 different farms, blood samples
were collected from 20 to 30 alpacas on 5 occasions between November
and August the first year, and on 4 occasions during the same time period the second year. Animals were grouped by age (crias < 6 months,
weaners 6-12 months, tuis 12-24 months, and adults >24 months).
Fleece colors were collapsed into 6 categories and also categorized according to shade as dark or light. Breed was also considered, but most
of the suris on the farms had light fleeces. Plasma values of 25-OH
D3 declined markedly from summer until early spring (means of 264
nmol/L dropping to 35 nmol/L). Meanwhile, the mean plasma 25OH D3 values increased with age category: crias 66, weaners 79, tuis
86, and adults 109 nmol/L). Values were also higher in alpacas with
light fleeces than in those with dark fleeces, in all age categories. Low
plasma inorganic phosphorus concentrations were usually observed in
alpacas with 25-OH D3 values less than 25 nmol/L. Above the 25
nmol/L threshold, the inorganic phosphorus level was not affected by
D3 values, but was affected by age, with the inorganic phosphorus in
mmol/L being 2.86 for crias, 2.65 for weaners, 2.35 for tuis, and 2.07
for adults. Previous workers have observed clinical rickets in juvenile
camelids with plasma 25-OH D3 concentrations less than 15 nmol/L
and plasma inorganic phosphorus less than 1.5 mmol/L.
G.G. Judson et al.
Australian Vet J 86:486-490, 2008
12
EPRINOMECTIN ‘POUR-ON’ AND THE
SHEDDING OF HAEMONCHUS CONTORTUS
EGGS IN EXPERIMENTALLY INFECTED GOATS
Even at double the cattle dose, the duration of activity is decreased.
In this study from Spain, 10 Canarian kids aged 5 months were randomly allocated to be treated with 1.0 mg/kg BW of eprinomectin
(Eprinex) poured along the dorsal midline from withers to tail or left as
untreated controls. Beginning the next day, each animal was infected
daily with 300 Haemonchus contortus stage 3 larvae from day 1 to day
40, so that each kid received a total of 12,000 infective larvae. Fecal
egg counts were performed every 2 days from day 1 to 14, then every
day, using a modified McMasters technique. The goats were slaughtered 50 days after treatment and the abomasa removed for counting
of immature and mature worms. The prepatent period in the control
goats was 22 to 25 days, and in the eprinomectin treated goats eggs
were first seen on days 32 to 39. Thus the treatment delayed onset of
egg shedding for 10 to 17 days. The fecal egg counts remained lower in
the treated goats, but there were no differences between the groups in
the numbers of immature and mature worms at slaughter, suggesting
that the eprinomectin may have decreased the fecundity of the worms
that were present. Goats have a different metabolic profile and low
systemic availability for the avermectin anthelmintics when compared
with cattle. Cattle receiving half of the dose used in this study have
an activity against gastrointestinal nematodes that extends for 3 to 4
weeks. Goats treated at 1.0 mg/kg have been shown to produce milk
eprinomectin residues lower than the maximum acceptable level (in
Europe) of 30 ng/ml.
J.M. Molina et al.
PATHOLOGY IN PRACTICE (SKIN DISEASE IN A
LLAMA)
Biopsy and culture provided a diagnosis and successful treatment for a
very chronic dermatitis.
An 8-year-old gelded llama was evaluated for a waxing and waning skin
disease of several years duration. The owner had applied 20% zinc oxide ointment to affected areas twice a week for more than a year. The
animal was weak, with a body conditions score of 2 of 5. Large areas of
thick, coalescing crusts were present in the axillary, inguinal, and perineal
areas and around the muzzle (a photograph is included in the article).
The crusts were firm and moist; when removed the underlying skin was
red and had a foul odor. Scattered pustules were also present. Punch
biopsy specimens were submitted for histopathology and routine aerobic
culture on blood agar plates. Orthokeratotic to parakeratotic hyperkeratosis with thick serocellular crusts of degenerate neutrophils, a few red blood
cells, and numerous yeast organisms 5 to 7 microns in diameter, with
pseudohyphae, were observed. The underlying epidermis was hyperplastic
and the dermis showed a marked perivascular infiltrate of neutrophils,
macrophages, lymphocytes and plasma cells. A pure culture of Candida
albicans was obtained from the fresh skin sample. Malassezia is a common
cause of fungal dermatitis in domestic animals, but that organism does
not produce pseudohyphae. The llama and a more mildly affected female
in the same herd were treated with nystatin and chlorhexidine ointments
applied to the affected skin daily for 60 days and recovered fully, with
regrowth of hair.
C.G. Lamm et al.
JAVMA 234:1013-1015, 2009
MOLECULAR EVIDENCE FOR CHLAMYDIAL
INFECTIONS IN THE EYES OF SHEEP
Finding Chlamydophila abortus in the eye can be a useful indicator of
exposure to this organism but does not correlate with ocular disease.
Members of the family Chlamydiaceae are associated with ocular disease in both humans and animal species. In humans, ocular strains of
C. trachomatis are the leading cause of infectious blindness worldwide.
Two chlamydial species are associated with disease in sheep; Chlamydophila abortus (previously Chlamydia psittaci) is a very important
cause of abortion and has been reported previously in the eyes of sheep.
Chlamydophila pecorum has been associated with arthritis, conjunctivitis, and enteric infections. This study involved 128 sheep in three flocks
in Switzerland. Two of the flocks had clinical ocular disease, with conjunctivitis, keratitis, chemosis, and/or ocular discharge. Both of these
flocks also had histories of ovine enzootic abortion due to Cp. abortus.
Flock A had a prevalence of ocular disease of 91% at the time of testing
while the prevalence in flock B was 65%. Flock C, with only 8 animals,
was healthy and had no history of abortions. Conjunctival scrapings
were taken from one eye of each sheep, using a cytobrush. DNA was
extracted from the samples and screened for chlamydiae by PCR. A
further PCR analysis was done to identify the genus and species. No
known chlamydial species were detected by PCR in Flock C. Cp. abortus was detected in the eyes of 23 sheep, including 4 that had aborted
the previous year, but 13 of these animals were disease free, and thus
there was no correlation with ocular disease. All 4 animals positive for
Cp. pecorum had ocular disease while 5 of 7 ewes with C. suis (not previously identified in sheep) had ocular disease. A 16S RNA order specific
PCR was performed on samples from which a species identification was
not possible. Variable sequences similar to “uncultured chlamydia-like
organisms” from the Genbank database were detected in the eyes of
38 sheep, including some from flock C. Blood was also collected for a
cELISA for Cp. abortus, and 20 of the 23 sheep with Cp. abortus in the
eye were serologically positive. So were 28 other sheep including 17
with various other chlamydiae identified in the eye by PCR and 11 that
were PCR negative. The authors conclude that chlamydial infections
in the eyes of sheep are quite diverse but the relationship of species
other than Cp. abortus with ocular disease is uncertain.
A. Polkinghorne et al.
Vet Microbiology 135:142-146, 2009
COMPARISON OF THREE TREATMENT
REGIMENS FOR SHEEP AND GOATS WITH
CASEOUS LYMPHADENTITIS
Tulathromycin appears to be useful for treating CLA abscesses in
goats.
Caseous lymphadentitis (CLA), caused by infection with Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, characteristically causes single or multiple
abscesses in lymph nodes, skin, and/or viscera. The organism enters
the body through the skin or mucous membranes or by inhalation.
Proposed treatments have included culling, lancing and flushing abscesses with iodine solutions, treatment with antibiotics (efficacy not
determined, as the thick abscess wall hinders penetration by the antimicrobial), surgical resection without opening the abscess, injection of
abscesses with formalin (with concerns about contamination of meat
and milk), or isolation from other animals to prevent transmission of
the disease. This study from Texas was designed to evaluate tulathromycin (Draxxin®), a highly lipid-soluble macrolide that maintains lung
concentrations in cattle greater than 2.0 mcg/ml for at least 7 days, for
Wool&Wattles April — June 2009 treatment of CLA in small ruminants. Client owned animals from 18
farms (41 goats and 3 sheep) with 48 lesions were enrolled in the study.
The lesion had to be a single solitary mass consistent with an abscess.
The lesions had been detected by the owner 1 to 100 days prior to
initial examination. Three goats were re-enrolled when they developed
a new abscess more than a month after the first one was treated. Each
lesion was aseptically prepared for aspiration with a 16 gauge needle.
CLA was diagnosed by culture of the organism from 43 lesions; the
other 5 lesions yielded Arcanobacterium pyogenes, coagulase-negative
Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Pseudomonas and Enterococcus spp. The
lesions were randomized to one of three treatments. Treatment A consisted of lancing with removal of an ellipse of abscess wall and flushing
with dilute betadine solution followed by a single subcutaneous injection of procaine penicillin G at 20,000 U/kg. Treatment B used a 16 g
needle and closed system to lavage the abscess with saline followed by
injection of tulathromycin at 2.5 mg/kg (label dose for cattle) into the
abscess cavity. In treatment C the abscess was lavaged in the same way
as for B but the same dose of tulathromycin was given subcutaneously
in the neck rather than into the abscess cavity. Based on recommendations from the Food Animal Residue Avoidance Databank, withdrawals
set for the extralabel penicillin treatment were 5 days for milk and 10
days for meat while 45 days for milk and 36 days for meat were used for
both tulathromycin treatments. Lesions were evaluated 1 month later
for response to treatment. Blood was also drawn for a serum hemolysin
inhibition test prior to treatment. Of 43 culture-positive lesions, 35
were in seropositive animals, giving a sensitivity of the SHI test of 81%.
The specificity of the test was only 40%, as 3 of 5 culture-negative animals were seropositive. Only 7 animals had been previously vaccinated
for CLA, and 6 of these were seropositive while the other vaccinate was
culture-positive but seronegative. All the abscesses caused by organisms
other than C. pseudotuberculosis resolved within 1 month. The CLA
lesions had resolved in all except 1 of 14 in group A, 2 of 12 in group
B, and 3 of 17 in treatment group C. The authors do not believe that
the slight numerical advantage in cure rate to lancing an abscess makes
up for the increased risk of environmental contamination. Only 1 new
animal on the participating farms developed an abscess during the 1
year study period, suggesting good biosecurity or innocuous resolution
of the abscesses. No diagnostics were performed to detect animals with
internal abscesses, but none of the animals was emaciated. To date there
is no published information on the pharmacokinetics of tulathromycin
in sheep or goats or on the minimum inhibitory concentration for the
drug against C. pseudotuberculosis isolates. A separate study has shown
no adverse effects in goats treated with 10 times the cattle dose of this
drug.
K.E. Washburn et al.
JAVMA 234:1162-1166, 2009
CLINICAL, HUMORAL, AND PATHOLOGIC
FINDINGS IN ADULT ALPACAS
WITH EXPERIMENTALLY INDUCED
CORYNEBACTERIUM PSEUDOTUBERCULOSIS
INFECTION
Infection goes to renal lymph nodes rather than to regional lymph
nodes and the lungs.
Caseous lymphadenitis (CLA) is a common infection in sheep and
goats characterized by abscess formation in superficial lymph nodes
and in internal organs, including the lungs and liver. In recent years
Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, the cause of CLA, has been isolated
from abscesses in alpacas, and less frequently in llamas. Abscesses have
13
been found primarily in the renal lymph nodes of adult alpacas and in
superficial nodes of young alpacas. Abscesses caused by this organism
have not been reported in the lungs of camelids. This study attempted
to clarify the clinical and pathologic course of disease and the humoral
response after adult alpacas were infected by intradermal inoculation of
an isolate of C. pseudotuberculosis of camelid origin. Thirteen healthy
2-year-old male alpacas from a flock in which CLA had never been
detected and which were negative by ELISA test were used. Four were
inoculated ID in the left flank with 1.1 x 106 bacteria of an isolate of
llama origin and 5 were inoculated in the same location with an isolate
of alpaca origin, while 4 remained as untreated controls. The inoculum
was considered representative of the bacterial load of one drop of pus
in natural infections. All of the inoculated alpacas had a febrile response
that lasted up to day 16, when compared with the control animals. At
96 hours the skin in the flank was warm and swollen. By one week,
the skin in this area was necrotic and draining purulent exudate from
which the organism could be recovered. One animal from each group
was euthanized on days 16, 58, 93, and 128 after inoculation. The
infection was localized in the skin at the inoculation site on day 16 but
was recovered from internal abscesses in all but one of the remaining
inoculated alpacas. These abscesses were up to 5 cm in diameter, contained white to yellow purulent material, and were found in the renal
lymph node and liver. A significant antibody response against cell wall
antigen was detected on day 16 after inoculation, with peaks at 58 or
93 days. One alpaca did not have detectable lesions at necropsy at 128
days, and it had a lower antibody titer at this time.
W.U. Braga et al.
AJVR 67:1570-1574, 2006
REVEALING THE HISTORY OF SHEEP
DOMESTICATION USING RETROVIRUS
INTEGRATIONS
Endogenous retroviruses can be used as genetic markers.
A retrovirus genome (“provirus”) can be integrated into the germ-line
of the host and then is transmitted vertically from generation to generation in a Mendelian fashion. The sheep genome contains at least 27
copies of endogenous retroviruses related to exogenous and pathogenic
Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus, referred to as enJSRVs. While most enJSRVs loci are fixed in domestic sheep, a few vary in where they are inserted in the genome. Because insertion of the provirus occurs once and
is not reversible, populations that have the virus inserted at the same
locus are phylogenetically related. These researchers analyzed DNA
samples from 1362 animals belonging to 133 breeds of domestic sheep
and their closest wild relatives. Samples were tested for the presence or
absence of six independently inherited insertionally polymorphic enJSRVs. The Urial is one of the closest living relatives of the domestic
sheep, and domestic sheep are believed to have diverged from the Urial
800,000 years ago. Any provirus shared by these animals predates domestication. The Asiatic Mouflon is also believed to be a direct ancestor
of domestic sheep, but the Mediterranean Mouflon is thought to be
a remnant of a previously domesticated sheep population readapted
to feral life. The enJSRV-18 was found to be widespread in domestic sheep but absent from populations of Urial, Asiatic Mouflon, and
Mediterranean Mouflon. By contrast, enJSRV-7 is relatively rarer but
was found in the wild sheep as well as the domestic populations, indicating that this retrovirus became integrated into the sheep genome before domestication and before the integration of enJSRV-18. When the
variation in the enJSRVs loci was mapped geographically, the highest
frequency of enJSRV-7 was found in the Mediterranean Mouflon and
14
the Soay, on the island of St Kilda off northwest Scotland. Two other
proviruses, enJS5F16 and enJSRV-8 also showed a high frequency in
the British Isles and Scandinavia. The authors believe that two waves of
migration of sheep occurred. Relicts of the first migration are primitive populations (based on retrotypes) that lack the enJSRV-18 fixed in
most modern breeds. These are the Mediterranean Mouflon and the
Scandinavian breeds such as Soay, Orkney, Gute, and Icelandic, and
the Faeroe Island populations, in accordance with the movements of
Norse settlers. These breeds typically have darker, coarser fleece, shed
their coat, and frequently have horns in females. These more primitive
breeds survived on islands without predators or in regions less prone to
commercial exchange. Selection of sheep with improved characteristics
occurred in Southwest Asia and then spread into Europe and Africa.
These animals frequently have only the enJSRV-18 retrotype. A retrotype with both enJSRV-18 and enJSRV-7 together in the same population is common in the area corresponding to historical Phoenicia and
in southern Europe, suggesting that maritime trade had a major influence on sheep movement in the Mediterranean. The population of Jacob sheep analyzed from the British Isles was found to have enJRSV-18
only, indicating that it was more closely related to breeds in Southwest
Asia and Africa than to other British breeds. This supports the biblical
story of Jacob, who took “every speckled and spotted sheep” as a wage
from his father-in law Laban (Genesis 30:25-43), the first recorded genetic selection program.
B. Chessa et al.
Science 324: 532-536, 2009
EFFECTS OF A TOPICAL ANAESTHETIC
FORMULATION AND SYSTEMIC CARPROFEN
GIVEN SINGLY OR IN COMBINATION, ON THE
CORTISOL AND BEHAVIOURAL RESPONSES OF
MERINO LAMBS TO CASTRATION
Ring castration has less of an impact on the animal’s homeostasis than
knife castration, and carprofen given before castration blunts the acute
pain response.
Despite extensive research monitoring the cortisol and behavioral responses to castration and docking using different protocols, there has
been little uptake of anesthetic approaches to reduce pain and stress in
lambs when these management procedures are performed. Infiltration
of local anesthetic into the scrotum and tail is problematic when large
numbers of lambs need to be processed. Regulatory issues also limit the
use of analgesic drugs in sheep. These researchers have already demonstrated that a topical anesthetic and a relatively long-lasting nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (carprofen) decrease the stress and pain
caused by the mulesing procedure. In the present study they evaluated
this approach for ameliorating the pain caused by castration. Merino
ram lambs (n=78) with a mean age of 5 weeks were randomized to
treatments or sham (control) procedures. All lambs except the untreated controls were docked with a gas fired hot knife, shown previously
to be less painful than rubber ring or sharp knife docking. Castration
was done be either rubber ring or sharp knife, cutting off the end of the
scrotum and pulling out the testes. Half of the lambs received carprofen
at 4 mg/kg SC 90 minutes before docking and castration, while the
others received a saline injection. Half of the animals were treated with
an anesthetic combination containing lidocaine, bupivicaine, adrenalin
and cetrimide sprayed onto the open wound from knife castration and/
or the stump of the tail after docking. Blood was drawn for cortisol
determination 6 times beginning before and extending until 48 hours
after castration. The behavior of the lambs was captured on videotape
tion to the Washington State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital
the mass was 12 to 15 cm in diameter and had a draining tract above
and in front of the right eye that discharged yellow to tan mucopurulent material. The mass was firm and accompanied by exophthalmos
and ptosis of the right eye. Cranial nerve function was intact. Lateral
and dorsoventral radiographs taken under butorphanol tranquilization
(0.125 mg/kg IM) showed that the mass extended from the frontal and
maxillary bones, with osteolysis of the frontal bone. The frontal sinus
was opacified. After euthanasia a CT scan demonstrated the extent of
the mass, which had infiltrated the right calvarium and displaced the
olfactory bulb. Necropsy revealed a large necrotic focus in the frontal
sinus mass and numerous fungal elements typical of Aspergillus. Parasitic and bacterial granulomas as well as neoplasia were considered in
the differential.
S.R. Byers et al.
Canadian Vet J 48:939-941, 2007
for 12 hours after castration. Active pain avoidance behaviors such as
restlessness, foot stamping, rolling, jumping, and licking at the surgery
site were noted, as were abnormal lying, standing, or walking postures.
Cortisol levels were significantly elevated 30 min, 6 h and 24 h following knife castration and at 30 min following ring castration. The peak
cortisol level reached was significantly higher in knife-castrated than
in ring-castrated lambs, and significantly higher in ring-castrated than
in control lambs. Topical anaesthetic applied to the castration wound
reduced the peak cortisol concentration and the cortisol area under the
curve (AUC) for 0 to 6 h. Carprofen significantly reduced the cortisol
level in knife-castrated lambs at 6 hours, but there was a rebound to
levels higher than untreated lambs at 24 and 48 hours. Haptoglobin
concentrations, indicative of inflammation, were significantly higher
at 24 and 48 hours in knife-castrated but not in ring-castrated lambs.
Knife castration significantly reduced average daily gain (ADG) over
the 21 days following castration (94 ± 21.4 g/day) in comparison with
controls (223 ± 29.4 g/day, P= 0.013), while ADG in ring-castrated
lambs (160 ± 20.9 g/day) was intermediate and did not differ from the
other two groups. Anesthetic treatments had no effect on ADG. Restlessness, kicking and foot stamping and the total abnormal behaviour
were significantly increased in the first hour following ring castration,
whereas only rolling and licking were increased following knife castration. Carprofen tended to reduce restlessness (P = 0.09) and decreased
total pain-associated behaviors following ring castration. Carprofen
increased the time spent standing normally in the 12 hours after ring
castration. The use of a combined regimen of analgesics (topical anesthetic and carprofen) that has been demonstrated to be successful in a
mulesing model was of little benefit in surgical castration. It is likely
that the topical anesthetic did not penetrate far enough into the wound
to supply pain relief.
D.R. Paull et al.
A FUNGAL GRANULOMA OF THE FRONTAL
SINUS IN A LLAMA
A sinus infection extended into the central nervous system.
A 12-year-old castrated male llama had a 10 month history of a gradually enlarging mass involving the right calvarium. At time of presentaWool&Wattles April — June 2009 EVIDENCE OF PARELAPHOSTRONGYLUS
TENUIS INFECTIONS IN FREE-RANGING ELK
(CERVUS ELAPHUS) IN SOUTHERN ONTARIO
This parasite has probably limited the success of elk restoration projects in eastern North America.
During 2000 and 2001, 120 elk (also known as wapiti) were translocated from Elk Island National Park in Alberta to the Bancroft, Ontario area as part of a larger restoration project. All but one of the elk were
radio-collared and ear-tagged prior to release, for monitoring purposes.
Radiotelemetry allowed researchers to locate the elk for behavioral observations or to perform timely necropsies after death. In the fall of
2004 one sick yearling bull elk was observed to become solitary and to
begin to frequent a nearby barn, where it was eventually provided with
alfalfa. The animal demonstrated loss of fear of humans, ataxia, loss of
balance, and a drooping head. It was estimated to weigh 150 to 200 kg
and was immobilized with 500 mg of tiletamine HCl/zolazepam HCl
(Telazole) and 300 mg of xylazine via a syringe on a jab stick. A blood
sample was collected, the animal was fitted with a radio collar, and the
xylazine was reversed with 12 mg yohimbine given IM. Exposure to P.
tenuis was documented by demonstrating antibodies against P. tenuis
using an assay where excretory secretory (ES) products derived from infective 3rd stage larvae of the parasite were used as the coating antigen
in the ELISA plates. Larval shedding of this parasite by elk is variable
and inconsistent, and only Dictyocaulus larvae were recovered by Baerman examination of feces of the bull. Neurologic signs continued and
five months after the initial evaluation the bull’s condition had deteriorated to the point that it was euthanized. Findings on postmortem
examination included meningoencephalomyelitis with perivascular
cuffing of eosinophils, lymphocytes, plasma cells, and macrophages in
the brain and spinal cord. Four sections of degenerate larvae and 1 of
a normal-looking larva were present in the meninges of the brain. Hemosiderin granules were found within macrophages and extracellularly
in the brain and spinal cord. Dictyocaulus lungworms and associated
inflammation were found in the lungs. In September 2005 a yearling
cow elk demonstrated mobility problems (slow, stumbling, unstable
movements), had no fear of humans, and remained in a small area. A
few days later it was found dead. Histologic examination revealed an
adult nematode, compatible with P. tenuis, in a cerebral sulcus and larvating nematode eggs (also compatible with P. tenuis) in the meninges
(in tissue as well as blood vessels). The serum collected postmortem
was positive in the P. tenuis ELISA and the elk was negative for chronic
wasting disease. The newly developed commercial P. tenuis ELISA that
15
uses ES antigen may be useful for detecting and monitoring meningeal
worm infections. Preliminary estimates for this test give a high sensitivity (12 of 12 experimentally infected elk) and a specificity of 97% using
elk from a region free of the parasite. There was no cross reactivity with
Dictyocaulus. However, a presumptive diagnosis based on serological
methods could have limitations and the test needs to be validated in a
range of elk populations harboring closely related parasites. From 2000
to 2005, opportunistic necropsies were performed on 42 elk released
in Ontario or their progeny. Thirteen of these lived 5 months or less
after arrival and probably did not have time to develop clinical disease
due to P. tenuis, a parasite that is absent from Alberta. They showed no
histologic lesions of the parasite. Of the remaining 29 elk that survived
more than 6 months, 17 (59%) had lesions in the brain compatible
with P. tenuis infection. The severity and outcome of the P. tenuis infection in cervids such as elk is correlated with the infective dose of larvae.
Other research has shown that significant doses (more than 125, 3rd
stage larvae) can result in neurological signs and death. Elk receiving
moderate numbers (25–75 larvae) developed neurological signs, some
died, and some shed larvae. However, elk that were exposed to small
numbers (15 larvae) did not develop clinical signs or shed larvae. Thus,
the ingestion of low doses of larvae may partially explain the survival of
some eastern elk populations.
T. McIntosh et al.
Canadian Vet J 48:1146-1154, 2007
INFERTILITY ASSOCIATED WITH PERSISTENT
HYMEN IN AN ALPACA AND A LLAMA
Consider this problem if the male
has difficulty breeding the female
or if straining and rectal prolapse
develop.
Persistent hymen in camelids has
been described in textbooks but
few clinical details are available.
This case report involves an alpaca
and a llama that were evaluated at
a teaching hospital. The 3-year-old
alpaca had been bred unsuccessfully 8 months prior to its presentation with a rectal prolapse. The
referring veterinarian had detected a hymen by vaginoscopy at the time
of nonpregnancy diagnosis and had perforated and dilated the membrane using digital pressure. On presentation, a large firm mass was
palpated ventral to the rectum, extending forward and out of reach. Ultrasonography demonstrated that the mass was confluent with dilated
fluid-filled loops of uterus in the abdomen. The alpaca was sedated
with diazepam 0.2 mg/kg IV and butorphanol tartrate 0.1 mg/kg IV
for endoscopic examination of the reproductive and urinary tract. An
imperforate wall of mucosal tissue was found 4 cm cranial to the vaginal
opening. This membrane was perforated using gentle pressure with a
19 mm diameter sigmoidoscope, and 10 liters of viscous opaque white
fluid spontaneously drained from the vagina. Cytological examination
of the fluid revealed a high cellularity consisting of degenerate neutrophils with proteinaceous and granular debris. No bacteria were identified. The alpaca was treated with ceftiofur sodium 2.2 mg/kg SC, q 12h
and flunixin meglumine 1 mg/kg IM q 24h. Oxytocin 10 IU IM q 6h
was also administered to encourage evacuation of the uterus. The next
day the animal was again sedated and the opening in the hymen was
dilated by introducing well-lubricated sterile cylindrical instruments
16
of increasing diameters. These were a 35-mL syringe casing (27-mm
diameter), a cardboard mare speculum (33-mm diameter), and a glass
mare speculum (38-mm diameter). A further 2 liters of fluid drained
from the uterus, which was them flushed with 5 liters of a polyionic
solution, repeated the following day. Seven days after discharge the
alpaca represented with a nonperforate fibrinous membrane that had
reformed in the region of the hymen. The initial dilation was repeated
and the uterus was flushed on 5 consecutive days. A 14F inflated foley
catheter with 30 mL cuff volume was placed in the vestibule where
the remnant of the hymen was. Antibiotic therapy was changed to florfenicol 20 mg/kg SC q24h for 7 days and the flunixin was continued.
The opening in the hymen had fibrosed to a diameter of 10 mm at the
end of this time, and the alpaca was retired from breeding. The second
case was an 18-month-old llama that had been bred 3 times prior to
examination, but the male had difficulty positioning himself at each
mating and the female demonstrated discomfort. A fluid filled uterus
was identified by ultrasound and an imperforate hymen by endoscopy.
Rupture and manual dilation of the hymen were performed as before,
and one liter of fluid drained. The llama was treated with flunixin and
prophylactic ceftiofur. Breeding was delayed 4 months, after which
it conceived to a single mating and delivered a live cria uneventfully.
Heredity of the persistent hymen has not been established and is most
likely low. The lack of success in the alpaca might have been related to
its smaller size or a species difference. Other techniques that might be
tried for treating imperforate hymen include laser ablation and application of an estrogen cream to limit inflammation during the healing
process.
R.H.H. Tan and J.J. Dascanio
Canadian Vet J 49:1113–1117, 2008
CEREBRAL INJURY FROM INTRACAROTID
INJECTION IN AN ALPACA (VICUGNA PACOS)
Brain damage occurs on the same side as the injection. [When difficulty is experienced in administering a tranquilizer intravenously to
a camelid, consideration should be given to using the intramuscular
route instead.]
A 1-year-old, 45-kg, female alpaca required chemical restraint for tooth
trimming. Jugular vein venipuncture was attempted but approximately
0.3 ml of a mixture of ketamine, xylazine, and butorphanol was inadvertently injected into the right carotid artery. The animal went down
immediately and exhibited a brief period of seizure activity. The alpaca
stood up after approximately 30 minutes but over the next 24 hours
became subdued and developed visual deficits. It was treated intravenously with 5 mg of dexamethasone. At 48 hours after the intracarotid
injection it was found in lateral recumbency and seizuring. It had a
menace deficit in the left eye, horizontal nystagmus, lip fasciculations
and a tendency for the head to drift to the left. The animal stood after
further dexamethasone, diazepam and fluid therapy. It was ataxic and
circled to the right. It was euthanized for persistent neurologic signs
referable to the right cerebrum 72 hours after the initiating accident. At
necropsy, histologic lesions were confined to the right cerebrum, meninges, hippocampus, and thalamus. There was severe congestion and
acute perivascular hemorrhage within the meninges, with mild perivascular hemorrhage in cerebral and thalamic parenchyma. Scattered arterioles exhibited fibrinoid necrosis. Perivascular cuffs of neutrophils
were present in meninges and parenchyma. Immunostaining for glial
fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) demonstrated an astrocytic reaction in
areas of cerebrocortical damage. Possible causes of tissue damage after
unintentional intra-arterial injection include vasoconstriction, thromWool&Wattles April — June 2009
bosis, intravascular crystallization of injected compounds, endothelial
inflammation, and direct cytotoxicity.
B.A. Valentine et al.
Vet Diagn Invest 21:149–152, 2009
NATURALLY OCCURRING SHEEP-ASSOCIATED
MALIGNANT CATARRHAL FEVER IN NORTH
AMERICAN PIGS
Although this condition occurs rarely in pigs, separation of sheep from
pigs is advisable.
Malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) is a frequently fatal herpesvirus infection of cattle, bison, deer, and many wild ruminants. Typical clinical
signs in these species are a high fever, copious nasal discharge, corneal
opacity, generalized lymphadenopathy, lymphopenia, inflammation
and necrosis of mucosal surfaces, and severe vasculitis. The Alcelaphine
herpesvirus 1 (wildebeest-associated) and Ovine herpesvirus 2 (sheepassociated) are the 2 major forms of the disease and are clinically and
pathologically indistinguishable. Although OvHV-2 has not been
grown in cell culture, its DNA can be detected in peripheral blood
leukocytes and tissues of infected animals by polymerase chain reaction
(PCR) assays. MCF has previously been reported in swine in Europe,
but these are the first two reported cases in North America. A 2-yearold castrated male pig in New York was housed on a rescue farm with
nose-to-nose contact with 3 healthy sheep. It developed depression,
inappetence, and mild pyexia that progressed during hospitalization
to corneal edema, uveitis, crusting rhinitis with stertor, ataxia and seizures. Another pig in Kentucky was an adult pregnant sow housed in
the same building with three adult sheep at an agricultural high school
facility. It had a history of fever and pneumonia. MCF was suspected in
these animals on the basis of a severe lymphocytic and histiocytic vasculitis in many tissues. Kidney was more severely affected. The diagnosis
was confirmed by PCR demonstration of OvHV-2 DNA in tissues of
both affected pigs. The presenting pig, one of two unaffected cohort
pigs and the three normal sheep were seropositive in the New York case.
The Kentucky case was not tested, but one of two uneffected cohort
pigs and the three clinically normal sheep were seropositive.
A. Alcaraz et al.
J Vet Diagn Invest 21:250-253, 2009
COPPER TOXICOSIS WITH HEMOLYSIS AND
HEMOGLOBINURIC NEPHROSIS IN THREE
ADULT BOER GOATS
Both liver and kidney copper should be determined, as an animal may
die of copper poisoning with normal copper concentration in one of
these organs.
Primary copper toxicosis can be acute or chronic, which refers to the
duration of accumulation of copper, not the appearance of clinical
signs. Acute poisoning is less common, and may be associated with
ingestion or injection of excessive copper in anthelmintics, foot baths,
mineral supplements, or improper rations. There is a rapid onset of
severe gastroenteritis, dehydration, and shock, though hepatic necrosis,
hemolysis, and hemoglobinuria may develop if the animal survives a
few days. In chronic copper toxicosis, copper accumulates in the liver
over time due to excessive intake, imbalance between copper and other
trace minerals in the ration, or altered excretion by the liver and kidney. Eventually hepatocellular damage occurs during what is called the
prehemolytic stage of copper toxicosis. This usually subclinical stage is
Wool&Wattles April — June 2009 often followed by acute hepatic necrosis and hemolytic anemia associated with oxidative damage as massive amounts of copper are released
from the liver. Methemoglobin and Heinz bodies form. Damaged
erythrocytes succumb to intravascular hemolysis and the animal develops severe anemia and hemoglobinuric nephrosis. Affected animals
show depression, anorexia, thirst, rumen stasis, weakness, recumbency,
icterus, hemoglobinuria, and often death within 1 or 2 days. Sheep
have a narrow margin between adequate dietary copper (variously reported as 5–10 mg/kg, 7–11 mg/kg, or 10–20 mg/kg on a dry matter
basis) and toxic levels (>15, 20, or 30 mg/kg on a dry matter basis). By
contrast, the maximum tolerable dry matter concentrations of dietary
copper is approximately 50 mg/kg for cattle and horses, 250 mg/kg
for swine, and 300–500 mg/kg for poultry. Adult goats are considered
to be more resistant to chronic copper poisoning than sheep, though
susceptibility may vary with the breed. Recently, lactating dairy goats
have been reported to develop hepatic disease in the absence of hemolytic anemia or hemoglobinuria. The present report describes naturally
occurring copper poisoning with hemolysis and hemoglobinuric nephrosis in 3 adult Boer goats. Two of these animals were presented to the
Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital at the University of Missouri for
inappetence and lethargy. The first doe showed hypothermia, opisthotonos, dorsomedial strabismus, bradycardia, and shallow breathing; it
was euthanized. The second doe was moribund and extremely anemic
(PCV of 10). Liver tests showed elevated values (including a GGT of
241 U/l, normal 34-85 U/l), as did kidney function tests (BUN 325
mg/dl with the normal range 10-20 mg/dl, creatinine 24.5 mg/dl with
the normal 1.0-1.8 mg/dl). This goat died later the same day. The third
goat was a buck from another herd that had diarrhea and icterus before
death. All 3 goats presented for necropsy. There was no evidence of
gastroenteritis in any goat. Goats 1 and 2 had mildly yellow livers and
pale pink mucous membranes while goat 3 had a bright yellow-orange
liver and extremely icteric mucous membranes. All 3 goats had dark
brown to black (“gunmetal”) kidneys, and goats 2 and 3 had some
urine in the bladder that was dark red-brown while goat 1’s bladder was
empty. There was moderate histologic degeneration and necrosis of hepatocytes in the livers of goats 1 and 2, while these changes were more
severe in goat 3. Copper accumulation was demonstrated in the hepatocytes of all three by the rhodanine stain. Hemoglobinuric casts were
present in the kidneys of all three. The tentative diagnosis of copper
toxicosis was confirmed by demonstrating elevated copper concentrations in liver and kidney. Values on a wet weight basis consistent with
copper toxicosis in goats have been reported as greater than 230 mg/kg
in the liver, greater than 12 mg/kg in kidney, and greater than 1.2 mg/
kg in serum. Liver copper in these 3 goats was 436, 378, and 23 mg/
kg while kidney copper was 17.6, 17.1, and 22.2 mg/kg. Goat 2 also
had elevated serum copper while the other two were not tested. There
was no history of administration of copper containing hematinics or
copper oxide-containing boluses, or exposure to swine or poultry litter,
copper-containing footbaths, copper plumbing, or hepatoxic plants or
chemicals. No feedstuffs were analyzed for goat 3, but testing of the
pelleted ration and mineral mix fed to goats 1 and 2 revealed an average copper in the pellets of 31 mg/kg (a common level in goat feed)
and only 9 mg/kg in the mineral mix. However, the molybdenum in
these feed components was below detection limits, giving a copper to
molybdenum ratio of more than 30 to 1. In sheep, ratios greater than
10 to 1 have been associated with chronic copper poisoning. It is likely
that the low dietary molybdenum was involved with the development
of copper toxicosis in these goats, but the composition of the rest of the
diet was not determined.
C.C. Bozynski et al.
J Vet Diagn Invest 21:395–400, 2009
17
AASRP 2007-2009 Board of Directors
President
Dr. Joe Snyder
Myrtle Veterinary Hosp
1980 Roseburg Rd.
Myrtle Point, OR 97458
Ofc: 541/572-2636
Cell: 541/297-6246
Fax: 541/572-4116
[email protected]
Term: 7/07 – 7/09
Director, Region 1
Dr. Seyedmehdi Mobini
190 Rivoli Landing
Macon, GA 31210
Ofc: 478/825-6427
Cell: 478/390-0149
Fax: 478/825-6376
[email protected]
Term: 7/07 – 7/09
Director, Region 4
Dr. Peregrine L. Wolff
P.O. Box 1320
Corvallis, OR 97339
Ofc: 805/857-5809
Cell: 805/857-5809
Fax: NA
[email protected]
Term: 7/07 – 7/09
Vice President
Dr. Jim Fallen
Large Animal Clinic
9300 Guadalupe Trl NW
Albuquerque, NM 87114
Ofc: 505/897-3787
Fax: 505/898-8402
[email protected]
Term: 7/07 – 7/09
Director, Region 2
Dr. Glen Zebarth
Douglas Co. Animal Hospital
3901 Hwy 29 S
Alexandria, MN 56308
Ofc: 320/762-1575
Cell: 320/815-1049
Fax: 320/762-1869
[email protected]
Term: 7/08 – 7/10
AVMA Delegate
Dr. LaRue W. Johnson
7205 Poudre River Rd. #5
Greeley, CO 80634
Home: 970/351-0383
Cell: 970/371-7976
[email protected]
Past President
Dr. Joan Bowen
5036 E County Rd. 60
Wellington, CO 80549
Ofc & Hm: 970/568-3613
Cell: 970/217-0447
Fax: 970/491-8337 (husband’s)
[email protected]
Term: 7/07 – 7/09
Director, Region 3
Dr. Barbara Roberts
3617 Glade Road
Loveland, CO 80538
Ph: 970/663-6046
Cell: 970/214-9140
Fax: 866/252-8070
[email protected]
Term: 7/08 – 7/10
Management Headquarters
Reburn-Julia Associates, LLC
P.O. Box 611
10220 Dixie Beeline Highway
Guthrie, KY 42234
Phone: 270/483-2090
Fax: 270/483-9833
Email: [email protected]
Secretary
Dr. Jim Fallen
(See Vice President)
Treasurer
Dr. Peregrine L. Wolff
(See Director, Region 4)
AASRP Representation for AVMA Offices & Committees
Executive Board - District X
(Arizona, California, Hawaii, &
Nevada)
Dr. David McCrystle
(2003 – 2009)
AVMA Delegate
Dr. LaRue Johnson
(2001 – 2009)
Alternate
Dr. Paul Jones
(2003 – 2011)
Legislative Advisory
Committee
Dr. LaRue Johnson
(2003 – 2011)
Clinical Practitioners
Advisory Committee
Dr. David Wallace
(2007 – 2010)
Alternate
Dr. Jim Fallen
(2008 – 2011)
Committee on
Environmental Issues
Dr. Peregrine Wolff
(2006 - 2009)
Animal Agriculture
Liaison Committee
Dr. Jeanne M. Rankin
(2008 – 2011)
18
Alternate
Dr. Russell Hunter
(2008 – 2011)
Alternate
Dr. Amy Robinson
(2008 – 2011)
Animal Welfare Committee
Dr. Joe Snyder
(2007 – 2010)
Alternate
Dr. Julie Jarvinen
(2007 – 2010)
Food Safety Advisory
Committee
Dr. Christine Navarre
(2007 – 2010)
Alternate
Dr. Joan Bowen
(2007 – 2010)
Letter from the President
Dear Friends,
This is Independence Day. As I look back
over my term as president of the American Association of Small Ruminant Practitioners and forward to the future of our
organization, there are many things that
come to mind. As the association continues to grow and evolve, we have much for
which to be thankful and many challenges
that provide opportunities for us to grow. I recently attended the
awards event at our own OSU College of Veterinary Medicine,
where that event has evolved from an all too short event with a
few hundred dollars in awards held at the Corvallis Elks Club
to an all afternoon affair at the Alumni Center giving hundreds
of thousands of dollars of awards to students faced with the ever
more enormous financial burden of a veterinary education.
It was a great honor to me to be able to present the Don and
Betty Bailey awards, given to students with an interest in small
ruminant work. Don and Betty were unable to attend the ceremony they have supported since its inception. I spoke to the
students about the debt we owe to Don and those of his generation who really invented modern small ruminant medicine in
the United States. I was blessed to have Don as guest teacher
and to spend an externship at the Bailey Veterinary Hospital
during my senior year in vet school. There I was inspired as
much by his enthusiasm and commitment to the work as by
his technical skills and knowledge. The work of the Baileys and
their generation gave us this AASRP, which succeeding leaders
have built into an association which is respected beyond the
strength of its numbers within the veterinary community.
In my brief foray into leadership in the AASRP, I have been delighted to find even more commitment and enthusiasm in this
present generation. We are well served by the officers, board
members, and representatives of the association. I am every year
even more grateful to Mary Smith for her work with Wool and
Wattles and the list serve. Paul Jones and Joan Bowen have given
the most dedicated and competent service… and held me up
when I faltered. LaRue Johnson has been a tireless and effective advocate for us, as well as a most entertaining individual. I
could go on with an ever increasing list of inspiring and dedicated AASRP leaders, but just want to let you know we’re in good
hands. A valuable lesson I learned on another board of directors
is that the association persists, although board members come
and go. This association will continue as more inspired members come and go through this chain of leadership.
To the future, we have a whole new generation to anticipate.
It is always a joy for me to associate with students and all the
bright, unjaded energy they project. I was very pleased to find
so many interested in small ruminant work. To those of you
recently graduated and entering this profession, I encourage you
to be willing to step into leadership roles. I was so relieved, at
my first board meeting, to find that the president and board
members were also mere mortals, just like me. This association continues to be a fun place to be active, although work
there is to be done. To all of us I ask that you reach out to
students and young graduates, inspire them and mold them to
continue in this stream of outstanding people that has made up
the AASRP.
I’ll leave you with the same charge I gave to the students as they
graduated. “Talk to each other.” We need to talk to each other
within the association, within the greater body of veterinary
medicine, and with all those in the wide world. As the world
becomes more crowded and urbanized, what we do becomes
more and more mysterious to most of its population. Within
this organization we risk divisions between those of us who
work on small ruminants as pets or assets and those who are
involved in serious production units from which families derive
their livelihoods. Wool, milk, cheese, a celebratory barbecue;
all these have been part of human civilization since its beginnings, as has our bond with the animals that produce them.
When Nathan the prophet needed a metaphor to chastise King
David for ill behavior, he chose that of the poor man who had
raised a lamb in his house and cherished it like a child. It’s all
part of a whole and we do wrong to compartmentalize into my
side or your side of the coin.
As I write, we are about to say farewell to a delightful student
who has been our guest for the past three weeks. She is bright,
engaged, and almost totally without background in all but small
animal medicine. It seems unlikely that she will ever do the
kind of farm work that I find so fulfilling. Still, from her experience here, she has gained an understanding of and love for what
we do. I believe it will last her lifetime, and touch those whom
she touches as well. In the small and large things we do, we
have the power to make the world a better place for our patients
and our clients. Go thou and do likewise.
With deep gratitude for the opportunity to have served and the
faith you put in me.
Yours supportively,
Joe
STUDENT EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES
We receive many requests from veterinary students for information
about externship opportunities. We are asking AASRP Veterinary
members if they are interested in hosting primarily 4th year students
for 2-4 weeks. Information that the students desire include:
- Small ruminant species seen in your practice,
- Busiest months of the year relevant to small ruminant work,
- Practice location,
- Availability of housing, and
- Preferred contact information for externship requests.
Based on student feedback, we see a need to update externship opportunity information from the membership. Thus we are asking for
those of you who wish to host Student externs to contact me directly
via email using the following Subject line: AASRP Externships.
Thanks and I look forward to hearing from you.
Cindy Wolf, DVM
[email protected]
2Wool&Wattles January — March 2009
AASRP Veterinary College Liaisons
Auburn University
Misty Edmonson, DVM
1500 Wire Road
Auburn, AL 36849
Ph: 334-844-4490
Fax: 334-844-4368
[email protected]
Cornell University
Mary C. Smith, DVM
Ambulatory/Prod Med
Box 29
NYS College of Vet Med
Ithaca, NY 14853
Ph: 607-253-3140
[email protected]
Colorado State University
David VanMetre, DVM
300 West Drake Road
Ft. Collins, CO 80523
Ph: 970-297-4470
Fax: 970-297-1275
[email protected]
Iowa State University
Julie Ann Jarvinen, DVM, PhD
Associate Professor
Dept of Veterinary Pathology
Ames, IA 50011
Ph: 515-294-5423
[email protected]
Kansas State University
Patricia A. Payne, DVM, PhD
Department of Diagnostic
Medicine/Pathobiology
1600 Denison Ave.
Manhattan KS 66506 - 5600
Ph: 785-532-4604
[email protected]
Louisiana State University
Marjorie S. Gill, DVM
Vet Teaching Hospital & Clinics
Skip Bertman Drive
Baton Rouge, LA 70803
Ph: 225-578-9574
[email protected]
Michigan State University
Michelle Kopcha, DVM, MS
Coordinator-Practice-based Ambulatory
Large Animal Clinical Sciences
East Lansing, MI 48824-1314
Ph: 517-355-8491
Fax: 517-432-1092
[email protected]
Mississippi State University
Dr. Sherrill Fleming, Associate Professor
Food Animal Medicine
Box 6100
Mississippi State, MS 39762
Ph: 662-325-2198
[email protected]
North Carolina State University
Kevin L. Anderson, DVM
Ruminant Health Management
Dept of Farm Animal Health and
Research Medicine
4700 Hillsborough St.
Raleigh, NC 27606
Ph: 919-513-6245
Fax: 919-513-6464
[email protected]
Ohio State University
Michael Rings, DVM
601 Vernon Tharp Drive
Columbus, OH 43210
Ph: 614-292-6661
[email protected]
Lionel Dawson, DVM
Boren Vet Med Teaching Hosp
Farm Road
Stillwater, OK 74078
Ph: 405-744-8584
[email protected]
Oregon State University
Chris Cebra, DVM
Corvallis, OR 97331
Ph: 541-737-5568
Fax: 541-737-0502
[email protected]
Texas A & M University
Virginia Fajt, DVM, PhD, DACVCP
Clinical Assistant Professor
326-C VMA
Dept. of Vet. Physiology &
Pharmacology
Hwy. 60, VMA Bldg., MS 4466
College Station, TX 77843
Ph: 979-845-7299
Fax: 979-845-6544
[email protected]
Tufts University
Sandra L. Ayres, DVM
200 West Borough Rd.
North Grafton, Massachusetts 01536
Ph: 508-839-7956 x 84605
[email protected]
Tuskegee University
David McKenzie, DVM
Dept. of Clinical Sciences
Tuskegee, AL 36120
Ph: 334-724-4122
[email protected]
University of California
Joan Dean Rowe, DVM
Vet Medical Teaching Hospital
24580 Cache St.
Capay, CA 95607
Ph: 530-752-0292
[email protected]
Wool&Wattles January — March 2009
University of Florida
Alister Webb, DVM
P.O. Box 100144
Gainesville, FL 32610
Ph: 352-392-4700
Fax: 352-392-5145
[email protected]
University of Georgia
Lisa Williamson, DVM
UGA College of Vet Medicine
Large Animal Department
1810 Clotfelter Rd.
Athens, GA 30622
Ph: 706-542-9323
[email protected]
University of Illinois
Clifford Shipley, DVM
1008 W. Hazelwood Dr.
Urbana, IL 61802
Ph: 217-333-2479
Fax: 217-333-7126
[email protected]
University of Minnesota
Cindy Wolf, DVM
225 VTH 1365 Gortner Avenue
St. Paul, MN 55108
Ph: 612-625-1780
[email protected]
University of Tennessee
Jerry R. Roberson, DVM, PhD
Associate Professor, Diplomate
ABVP (dairy)
Food Animal Medicine and Surgery
College of Vet Med, LACS
2407 River Drive
Knoxville, TN 37996-45545
Ph: 865-755-8256
Fax: 865-974-5773
[email protected]
University of Wisconsin-Madison
Susan D. Semrad, DVM
2015 Linden Drive West
Madison, WI 53706
Ph: 608-265-6695
[email protected]
Virginia/Maryland Regional CVM
D. Phillip Sponenberg, DVM
Director of Student Affairs
Professor, Pathology & Genetics
Blacksburg, VA 24061
Ph: 540-231-4805
[email protected]
Washington State University
Steven M. Parish, DVM
Professor Large Animal Med/Surgery
Diplomat ACVIM
New Veterinary Teaching Hospital
Pullman, WA 999164
Ph: 509-335-0711
[email protected]
Western University of Health
Sciences
Ronald L. Terra, DVM, MS, MBA
309 E. 2nd Street
Pomona, CA 91766
Ph: 909-469-5668
Fax: 909-469-5635
[email protected]
FOREIGN COLLEGE LIAISONS
University of Guelph
Paula Menzies, MPVM
Associate Professor
Ruminant Health Management Group
Ontario Veterinary College
Guelph, Ontario CANADA
N1G 2W1
[email protected]
University of Prince Edward Island
Jeffrey Wichtel, BVSC PhD DipACT
Associate Professor
Chairman, Dept of Health Mgt
Atlantic Veterinary College
550 University Avenue
Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island
CANADA C1A 4P3
[email protected]
University of Montreal
VACANT
University of Saskatchewan
Lyall Petrie, BVMS, MRCVS
Dept of Lg Animal Clinical Sciences
Western College of Vet Medicine
52 Campus Drive
Saskatoon, SK, Canada
S7N 5B4
Ph: 306-966-7087
Fax: 306-966-7174
[email protected]
NOTE TO STUDENT:
If you cannot reach your liaison contact
[email protected]
VACANT LIAISON LOCATIONS:
Purdue University
VACANT
University of Missouri
VACANT
University of Pennsylvania
VACANT
19
NONPROFIT ORG.
U.S. POSTAGE
PAID
PERMIT NO. 137
BOWLING GREEN, KY
Wool & Wattles
P.O. Box 611
Guthrie, KY 42234
In This Issue
Letter From the President................................................................................2
Student Educational Opportunities.................................................................2
New Members...................................................................................................3
ADDRESS SERVICE REQUESTED
Samuel B. Guss Memorial Fund......................................................................3
Minutes: Board Meeting (05/12/09)........................................................... 4 - 5
Books, Bulletins, & Websites...........................................................................6
Drugs and Biologics.........................................................................................6
Upcoming Meeting Announcements..............................................................6
Practice Tip – Worm Biosecurity......................................................................7
Practice Tip – Pasteurizing with a Weck Canner.............................................7
Practice Tip – Henderson Castrating Tool for Ruminants and Camelids......7
Student Externship Reports....................................................................... 7 - 8
AASRP-L Q&A – Controlling Endemic Mycoplasmosis in Goats............ 8 - 9
AASRP-L Q&A – Flotation Solutions for Worm Eggs....................................9
AASRP-L Q&A – Worms in Housed Sheep.....................................................9
Deermail Q&A – Fallow Deer Colors and Book..............................................9
Lama_Med Q&A - Risk of CLA from Goats to Alpacas................................10
International Sheep Veterinary Association......................................... 10 - 11
Monepantel, New Anthelmintic............................................................. 11 - 12
Factors Affecting Vitamin D in Alpacas........................................................12
Please make your check payable to AASRP
and mail OR FAX with this form to:
AASRP, p.o. box 611, Guthrie, KY 42234
Dues payment made by credit card may be faxed to 270-483-9833
Signature____________________________________________________ Date _______________
Credit Card Number_________________________________________ Exp. Date____________
q Visa
q Mastercard
q Check
Payment Method:
Veterinarians
Non-Veterinary Associates
Veterinary Students
Retired Members
U.S./Canada
Other
$75
$100
$75
$100
$15
$20
50% discount
Membership Dues
Dues listed are current as of January 2009. All dues must be paid in U.S. funds.
q Associate
Member Classification:
q Veterinarian q Vet. Student
q Other______________________________________
___Other Small Ruminants
___Deer/Elk
___Camelids
___Goats
___Sheep
% of total working time spent with:
q USAHA
q Canadian VMA
q AVMA
Member of
Year of Graduation
Vet. School
E-mail
Fax
Phone
City/State/Zip
Would you take senior veterinary students as externs? ______________
OFFICE
HOME
Address
Name
American Association of Small Ruminant Practitioners
membership application
AASRP-L Q&A - Microchipping Goats..........................................................10
Eprinomectin Pour-on in Goats.....................................................................12
Candida Yeast Dermatitis in a Llama............................................................12
Chlamydial Eye Infections in Sheep..............................................................13
Tulathromycin Treatment for Caseous Lymphadenitis................................13
Experimental Infection of Alpacas with C. pseudotuberculosis......... 13 - 14
Endogenous Retroviruses Track the Domestication of Sheep....................14
Anesthetic Management of Pain of Castration.................................... 14 - 15
Fungal Granuloma in the Frontal Sinus........................................................15
Parelaphostrongylus tenuis in Elk in Ontario....................................... 15 - 16
Imperforate Hymen in Camelids...................................................................16
Cerebral Injury from Intracartoid Injection in an Alpaca..................... 16 - 17
Sheep Associated Malignant Catarrhal Fever in Pigs..................................17
Copper Toxicosis in Three Adult Boer Goats...............................................17
AASRP Representation for AVMA Offices & Committees...........................18
AASRP Veterinary College Liaisons..............................................................19
April - June 2009
Volume 37, Issue 2

In This Issue - American Association of Small Ruminant Practitioners

Transcription

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