C b W t /W tt C b W t /W tt Cuba Water/Wastewater Infrastructure

C b W
Cuba
Water/Wastewater
t /W t
t
Infrastructure
Assessment Committee
Water and Wastewater Priorities and CostCostBenefit Considerations:
A “Work“Work-InIn-Progress”
To:
Association for the Study of the Cuban Economy (A.S.C.E.)
Miami, Florida
August
g
1,, 2009
By:
Armando I. Perez, Roberto Cardona, Luis Locay and
Helena Solo-Gabriele
Disclaimer
Š The opinions
p
expressed
p
in this
presentation are those of the authors
and do not necessarily represent the
views of their employers or of their
sponsoring engineering societies.
Š Authors’ knowledge of Cuba is
based on limited information
available mostly on the Internet and
personal communication with
Cubans now living in Florida.
Outline of Presentation
Š “Big Picture” water resources issues
Š Eight (8) Priority watersheds
Š Almendares/vento watershed issues
– Protection of water sources from
wastewater
– Treatment and distribution of potable water
Š Cotorro case study: cost-benefit
cost benefit
considerations
Š Conclusions
Source Water
Š Total water use (potential $1 to 4 billion/yr industry)
– 5.2
5 2 billion m3 (Cereijo
(Cereijo ed.
ed 1992)
– 1.6 billion m3/yr (11.5 M people at 100 gpd
gpd))
Š 64% groundwater ((Cereijo
Cereijo ed. 1992)
Š Groundwater predominates in western provinces, surface
water in eastern provinces
Š Susceptible
S
tibl to
t saltwater
lt t intrusion
i t i
Š Use approaching
“safe yyield” (sustainable
(
supply)
Eight (8) Watersheds of National Interest
• 15 % of Cuba’ Surface
• 40 % of Cuba’s
Cuba s Population
• 60% of Cuba’s Fundamental Economic Activity
• 11 Provinces (Some Straddling)
• 6 Have Watershed Councils (Handle Straddles)
Source: Jorge Mario Garcia Fernández (Director Watershed INRH), “Cuban Experiences in the Institutionalization
of Integrated Management of Watersheds, “Voluntad Hidráulica (INRH Journal), No. 98, pp 15-28
Ariguanabo (90K):
Contamination of
Rivers (connection to
groundwater supply).
g
pp y)
Deforestation. Poor
drainage.
Almendares-Vento (570K):
Contamination of Almendares River
(connection to groundwater supply).
Erosion
1420 /km2
480 /km2
Toa (12K): Ecological diversity.
Contamination (29 sources).
Deforestation. Erosion
Cuyaguateje (40K):
Poor drainage, salt
water intrusion.
Erosion
Hanabanilla (7K):
Erosion
Zaza (264K): Contamination (94
sources). Deforestation. Erosion
Cauto (1,170K): Contamination
(652 sources).
) P
Poor d
drainage.
i
Erosion
122 /km2
Guantanamo-Guaso (410K):
Drought. Salt accumulation
175 /km
/k 2
Hierarchical Approach to Water
M
Management
tC
Cycle
l
Treat Water
to Prevent
•acute
illness
•long-term
illness and
•improve
aesthetics
Treatment and
Distribution
Potable
Water
Distribution
Identify/
Id
tif /
Protect
Water
Source
Protect Water
Source
Wastewater
Collection
Effluent
Disposal
Wastewater
Treatment
Source Water: Almendares
Almendares--Vento
Š Vento Aquifer
q
serves 47% of
Havana Population
Located directly
b
beneath
th th
the Al
Almendares
d
Ri
River
ALMENDARES RIVER
RESERVOIR
VENTO AQUIFER
Major Contaminant Sources
Papelera Nacional Cubana
Near Puentes Grandes
Almendares River
Reservoir
Vento
Aquifer
Sanitary Sewer Networks
Alamar (96K)
No Treatment
Central (945K)
Primary
Puentes Grandes ?(200K)
No Treatment
1946, Sewer Construction
U.Miami Photo Archive
Lower
Almendares
(103K)
No Treatment
Maria del Carmen (23K)
Primary and Secondary
Planta Quibu,
Cubagua 2007
San Pedro
Pump
Station
Cotorro (20K -75K)
No Treatment
Wastewater Priorities
Rehabilitate & Expand
Sewer Lines
Central (945K)
Primary
San Pedro Pump, 2008
Investigate Puentes Grandes
and Lower Almendares
Networks
Investigate Industry
Pre-Treatment
San Pedro Pump Station, 2008
Repair and
E
Expand
d
Calle 100
Landfill
Cotorro WW(75K)
Domestic + Industrial
Repair and Expand
Maria del Carmen
(23KÆ 73K)
Primary and Secondary
Antillana de Acero
BMP Agriculture
Water Distribution
West
(447K)
3.3 m3/d
Central
(817K)
5,2 m3/d
Water Rations
(Perez Martinez 2003)
East (546K)
5,0 m3/d
South (370K)
2.0 m3/d
Water Distribution Map
for Havana, 1899
Water Priorities
• Repair leaks in
transmission and
distribution system.
Adding valves and
metering Improve
interconnectedness
of the networks.
• Back up electricity
and pumps (with
surge suppressors).
• Repair chlorination
equipment.
Repair Chlorine
Production Facility
y
at Sagua la Grande
Trucks/fuel to
transport
p
chlorine
Background: Cotorro
Cotorro,, Cuba
Approximate land area is
65 7 km2
65.7
The town's population comprises
pp
y 74,500
,
inhabitants
approximately
~ 50% of land used for
agriculture
Location Of Proposed Wastewater
Pl t For
Plant
F Cotorro
C t
San Pedro Pump Station
4 Phase Design for Cotorro WWTP
Phase 1
• Repair Pump
Station
$2.3 Million
Phase 2
•
•
•
•
Screening
Grit Removal
Sedimentation
Disinfection
$24 Million
Phase 3
Phase 4
• Biological
Treatment
• Sedimentation
$18 Million
• Tertiary
Treatment
$3 Million
Top View Schematic of Cotorro Plant
Phase
2
Phase
3
Phase
4
Cotorro Wastewater Costs and Benefits
Alternative
Description
Cost
(U S $)
(U.S.
Benefit to San
Francisco River
Benefit to Cojimar River
Comments
A
No action
(discharge without
treatment to San
Francisco River)
$0
(but cost of
alternative
supply high)
Status quo: threat
to drinking water
and ecology
N/A
Not acceptable
B
Diversion to
Cojimar River
without treatment
$ 2.3 M
($330K for
electric
controls)
Removal of
public health
threat
Impairment: threaten even
Class “C” uses (transit and
irrigation), against
“environmental justice”
(dumping)
Not acceptable
C
Diverison with
Primary
Treatment
$ 26 M
Removal of
public health
threat
Impairment: may not meet
Class “C” uses, against
environmental justice
Acceptability
questionable
D
Diversion with
Secondary
Treatment
$ 44 M
Removal of
public health
threat
Allow Class “B” uses:
transit, irrigation,
consumption of raw
products, recreation
Acceptable
E
e s o with
t
Diversion
Tertiary Treatment
$ 47 M
Removal
e o a o
of
public health
threat
Allow
o C
Class
ass “A” uses
uses:
Class “B” uses plus public
water supply, industrial
use for food processing
Acceptable
cceptab e
Methodologies for Incremental Benefits to
S Francisco
San
F
i
River/Vento
Ri
/V t Aquifer
A if Watershed
W t
h d
Benefit
Methodology
Data Needed
Removal of public health
threat (value of work
productivity loss avoided
in “nuisance” case).
Productivity loss avoided = average
income*average work days*percent
work days missed
missed*area
area
population*percent of population in
work force (a)
• Income
• Work days per year
• Percent work days missed (from survey of
experts)
• Area population served by Vento Aquifer
• Percent of population in work force (from
demographic studies)
Removal of public health
threat (cost avoided of
alternative supply in
“extreme” case).
Cost avoided of alternative water
supply/treatment (potentially
desalination)*probability of
occurrence
• Flow supplied by Vento Aquifer to service
population
• Cost of desalination facilities for that flow
• Probability of ruining aquifer (survey of experts)
(a)
Reference: “Cost-Benefit Analysis for Implementing the West Coast Sewerage Project Under a Public-Private
Partnership Arrangement,” Final Report to Barbados Water Authority, CDM, May 2008.
Methodologies for Incremental Benefits to
C ji
Cojimar
River
Ri
Watershed
W t
h d
Benefit
Methodology
Data Needed
Allow Transit
Assign economic value
to incremental transit
activities (if any) enabled
by diversion of flow
• List of current transit activities
• Estimate of additional transit activities from new flow
• Economic value of additional activities
Irrigation
g
Cost avoided of use of
potable water
• Irrigation
g
demand in Cojimar
j
watershed and q
quality
y required
q
• Comparison of demand vs. diversion supply and quality
• Cost of treating offset amount of potable water
Consumption of Raw
Products
Assign economic value
to products
• Number of days per year consumption would be prohibited
(survey of experts)
• Economic value of raw water products (fisheries studies)
Recreation
Economic value of beach
closings avoided
• Number of days per year beach would be closed otherwise
(survey of experts)
• Tourist visits and “willingness to pay”
• Resident visits and “willingness
willingness to pay”
pay
Public Water Supply
Cost avoided of use of
current potable water
less cost of polishing this
diversion flow
• Population and water demand in Cojimar watershed
• Comparison of demand with diversion flow
• Treatment costs for current supply and diversion flow
Industrial Use for
Food Processing
Cost avoided of use of
current potable water
less cost of polishing this
diversion flow
• Industrial demand and quality requirements in Cojimar watershed
• Comparison of demand with diversion flow
• Treatment costs for current supply and diversion flow
Conclusions and Recommendations
Š 8 priority watersheds (15% of country’s area)
Š Almendares-Vento watershed (Havana) is best
documented
g
wastewater p
priorities:
Š Highest
– Upper Almendares cleanup: Protect water source
– Mid-Almendares: Repair Maria del Carmen Wastewater Plant
– Northern Coast: Rehab outfall pipe
Š Highest water priorities:
–
–
–
–
–
Repair chlorine (disinfectant) facility at Sagua
Upgrade electrical service (backups): Avoid pressure losses
Repair chlorination equipment
Upgrade pumps and surge suppressors
Repair leaks (costly)
Š IImprove benefit-cost
b
fit
t analysis
l i with
ith llocall d
data:
t G
Guide
id tto
refine priorities
Questions?
Acknowledgments
Š Juan Belt of USAID
• Pete Robinson of Hazen and Sawyer
• U.Miami
U Mi i Student
St d t Groups,
G
Cristina
C i ti O
Ortega,
t
Karen Kajder
Kajder,, Reshma Ramoutar
Ramoutar,,
Omar De Leon, Jose Cueto,
Cueto, Tommy Kiger,
Kiger,
Bader Alessa
• CA
CA--ACE Board Members: Rod Rodriguez,
Victor Pujals, Rafael Robayna
Robayna,, and Maria
Porrata
Helena to Add Google
M Full
Map
F ll Scale
S l
R l off C
Role
Committee
i
B
Before
f
and
dD
During
i
a Political Transition
DATA INTEGRATION PHASE
ANALYSIS PHASE
ADVISORY PHASE
COMMITTEE’S WORK
…
BEFORE TRANSITION TRANSITION
ADV
VICE
U.S. AND CUBAN AGENCIES
ADV
VICE
U S AGENCIES ONLY
U.S. AGENCIES ONLY
Purpose of Presentation
Š Summary of island-wide priorities
Š Focus on Havana area issues
Š Sample of cost-benefit methodology as
guide for setting priorities
Š Conclusions on Havana area priorities