6L.6t9oij[· - Group for the Study of Irish Historic Settlement

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•
•
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I
I
BULLETIN
OF
THE
GROUP
FOR
THE
STUDY
OF
IRISH
HISTORIC
SETTLEMENT
6
No.
1983
CON
TEN
T S
1
G.S.I.H.S.
The Annual
Conference
Some Sources
for Local
: 1982
3
Studies,
Circa
5
1600-1850
W. Nolan
The Discovery
of Unrecorded
Sites
17
P. Healy
Maps
and the Irish Local
22
Historian
J.H. Andrews
Northern
Ireland
A. HamIin
Irish Museums
Sites
and Monuments
Record
.
32
.
35
and A. Given
and the Research
Student
D.R.fi!.Weatherup
The Use of Aerial
Brian
Photographs
in Local
55
Studies
Graham
Free to Members
Price
to Non-Members
- £2.00
1.
GROUP
FOR
THE
STUDY
OF
IRISH
(founded
HISTORIC
SETTLEMENT
1969)
Aims
1.
To produce
and circulate
useful
information
concerning
Irish historic
settlement.
2.
To promote
and co-ordinate
3.
To express
opinions
national
and local
studies
on matters
concern
of particular
of historic
and, where
aspects
settlement
necessary,
of settlement.
which
to press
are of
for action.
I
Jnformation
The formation
settlement
is inter-disciplinary
to act as a focus
historians,
school
for everyone
archaeologists,
teachers,
societies,
from the belief
and that there
in this
field,
students,
including
architects,
and all others
The programme
of an annual
Bulletin
on a particular
surveyors,
and social
planners,
members
of local
rural and urban,
the production
weekend
conference
of
for a group
The name of the Group
includes
and an annual
need
economic
who, as active
in the subject.
of the Group
that the study
is a great
wide so that all shades ·ofinterest,
included.
attention
stems
geographers,
have an interest
deliberately
ation
of the Group
is left
may be
and circulto focus
theme and area.
Membership
\
Membership
support
(annual
the aims
Secretary
subscription
of the Group.
who will
be pleased
is open to all who are prepared
Enquiries
to send
should
further
information.
forms are available
from the Hon.
Treasurer
would
prefer
subscriptions
by this method.
to pay their
of the Group.
by the late T.G. Delahey
that an omnibus
G.S.I.H.S.
edition
Officers
The annual
has not been published
will appear
and Committee!
B.J. Glasscock
Graham
Dr. R.E.
President
Mr. B.S.C.
Mr.
P. HealyWilson
:
in the near
1982-83
Bankers'
for those members
report
to
be sent to the Hon.
order
all publications
-
£3.00)
Members
on Excavations
recently
future.
who
recelve
edited
but it is hoped
~
2.
Hon. Secretaries
Dr. T.B. Barry
Dr.
M.
A.
Simms
Mrs
Enright
Ms.
Niamh
CrowleyF.S.A.
G.
Cunningham
Mr.
P.
T. McCurtain
Kerrigan
Fanning,
Mr.
A.
250 J.
Mr.
H. Horner
Murtagh
Hon.
Treasurer
Hon. Editor
Committee
Current
Membership
Communication
All communications
Department
of Medieval
of subscriptions
Kilcohan,
1977-78)
should
which
Waterford.
are available
(including
postage).
be addressed
History,
should
Limited
Trinity
to the Hon. Secretary,
College,
Dublin
be sent to Ms. N. Crowley,
backnumbers
of Bulletins
from the Hon. Treasurer
2 with
Dr. T.B. Barry
the exception
Prospect
Lodge,
1 - 5 (1970-2 and
at a cost of £1.00
per copy
3.
THE
'The
Medieval
Over
region
which
Settlement
fifty members
conference
Motor
day - Athenry
and Abbey
on Saturday
medieval
of Galway.
The lecture
Professor
Atlas
which
Ordnance
By his lecture,
on the Sunday
we were to visit
development
based
of U.C.G.
survey
greatly
and the quality
of U.C.G.
structure
on the surviving
researched
lecture
by his leading
Mr. Walsh
with both the quantity
on the
in
with him on the fol-
and the social
medieval
by Professor
by Mr. Paul Walsh,
of
M.A.,
of the archaeology
impressed
MacNiocaill.
Irish Historic
of the walking
of the surviving
Towns
of the
of the city
tour of Galway
the members
gave
of the
demonstration
to the forthcoming
was a well illustrated
morning,
lecture
Rynne
G. MacNiocaill
of the group an impressive
The second
and later
Etienne
October
and informative
The introductory
by Professor
contribution
on Galway.
Survey,
a most stimulating
has been comprehensively
MacNiocaill's
fasicle
sites
8th-10th
Region'
by Professor
This was mainly
gave the members
1982
Knockmoy.
into the economic
documentation,
:
Galway
enjoyed
evening
us an insight
port
the
on the major
The first lecture
CONFERENCE
Inn in Galway.
on the Friday
he ooncentrated
lowing
of
and friends
at Flannery's
was given
ANNUAL
city
of the conference
medieval
fabric
of the
city.
The final lecture
of Connacht
horizons
by Mr. Patrick
beyond
Archaeology
to carry
his paper
and chronology
The afternoon
the castle,
are grateful
walls
was
pleted
medieval
fully taken
foundation
Dinner
£40,000
and bailey
villages.
grant
castles
castles
of the region.
Athenry
cross.
and who also
nearby.
types
the dis-
tour~rouRg
friary and the market
Knockmoy
concentrated
ringwork
He also investigated
who led this excursion,
of Abbey
from the O.P.W.
of the major
castles,
stone
our
how the
Mr. Holland
up with a comprehensive
the Dominican
Rynne
and revealed
and morphology
of the early Anglo-Norman
to Professor
by our Annual
City,
their
settlement
This talk widened
in the area.
such as motte
and towers,
to see the Cistercian
were using
of the distribution
earthworks,
sites and deserted
tribution
of Galway
of field monuments
on a discussion
of the Norman
B.A. of U.C.G.
locality
of U.C.G.
out a survey
on the archaeology
Holland,
the immediate
Department
of Anglo-Norman
moated
was given
-
We
took us
The day was com-
in the hotel •
.,l
4.
The final morning
Galway
of the conference
city led by Mr. Walsh.
was taken
Many members
of the group
was the best city tour of all our conferences.
with a committee
decided
I"
_ .••••••
meeting
and the Annual
that the next conference
to thank Mr. Tom Fanning
ference from the local
up by a walking
The conference
General
Meeting,
will be in Louth.
of U.C.G.
remarked
for so successfully
it was
would
organising
end.
Dr. T .B. Barry,
Hon. Joint
that this
concluded
at which
The group
tour of
Secretary.
like
the con-
5,
SOME
SOURCES
FOR
LOCAL
STUDIES,
W.
This paper
available
peridd
is concerned
to the researcher
1600 to 1850.
material
with the more significant
working
at the local
geographical
1600-1850
NOLAN
The data assessed
with an assumed
CIRCA
sources
scale
reflects
which
in Ireland
are
on the
a bias in favour
of
content.
1600-1700:
A comparatively
material
is extant
on a major
administrations
litterati4
were prolific
in Irish5
requisite
consist
with
of the newly
The Civil
Survey,
Survey
the Cromwellian
who included
native
from information
Government
by
Down Survey
and Books
culminated
in
the activities
and resident
Material
but it is an essential
gentry.7
Regional
sources
Lordships6
and the
pre-
Here we are concerned
of Survey
was the first of the major
in Ireland.
acquired
detailed,
and Distribution.
the soldiers
and despoiled
the
special
called
courts
Courts
information
countryside.
'Civil' because
Courts
and ~itles
receive
families.
campaign
had been
it was made under
of Survey
of their
and concerned
Apart
the new
and
financed
in England.
These
that if the
in the form of
the Irish wars were
of compiling
The Survey
rivals,
more important
payment
who had fought
by
on the location
and elsewhere
undertaking
were to find out and write
and the tenures
of Anglo-Norman
by land in lieu of money.
led to the massive
and was termed
of their
The army in Ireland
they would
for their services
for a ravaged
the lands
undertaken
of the Confederacy
in the wars on the understanding
Furthermore
which
the close
There was another
from the City of London
were victorious
Irish land.
to be paid
lands.
enquiries
of the military
accurate
the surveys.
had invested
Cromwellians
confiscated
in the course
of the confiscated
individuals
After
Irish and descendants
had little
'adventurers'
These
landed
Cromwellians
for beginning
factors
record
of this century.
emerging
which
of society.
of the great Anglo-Norman
Government
the victorious
reason
neglected
state and regional
tourists3
of the state
source
Survet:
The Civil
contents
unphevals
'enlightened'
analysts
and published
Many
State papers2
has been largely
of the records
the Civil
wars,
scale.
and
century.
political
for any understanding
documents
•
•
•
I
I
in the great
of various
written
of both manuscript
for the seventeenth
surveysloriginated
land transfers
rich store
These were
the Civil
the
Survey
was by Inquisition
the jurisdiction
the Civil
down the possessions
of
Authorities.
of landowners
estates.
J
ice.
and a Records
ublic
•
b.
fne Civil
the exception
exception
of the Barony
counties
of Farney,
Survey
four copies
Co. Monaghan)
were included
in the survey.
c. 1636 was available
The copies
of Leitrim
(with
(with the
was surveyed.
The Strafford
Survey
have had a turbulent
office
destroyed
In 1817 a total
in the library
all of
of eighty-
of Viscount
Head-
The
Co.
This Meath.
wasnewfortunate
because
the were
destruction
by in
fire
of Public
the
setThese
was manuscripts
copied from
them
deposited
and placed
in the
the
Quit-
in 1922 led to the loss of the official
of the Civil
Survey
- Tipperary,
Leinster-
and Munster
Survey
custodyo
were discovered
Ulster
for the five remaining
of the Civil
that was in public
of the Survey
fort at Kells,
Munster
of Leinster,
In 1711 a fire in the Surveyor-Generars
the Civil
Office
the whole
only the county
in Connacht.
history.
~r
In Connacht
had been compiled
counties
part
was completed
of Clare).
Twenty-seven
which
Survey
Dublin
which
Limerick,
(except
Kildare
has survived
Waterford
the Baronies
(except
the Barony
set.
covers
the following
and part of one barony
of Newcastle
of Ophaley),
counties:
in Kerry;
and Uppercross),
Meath
and Wexford
(except
Forth);
Ulster
- Donegal,
The Civil
territorial
juries
were
Survey
division
composed
sworn
utilised
contents
seem on an actual
indicate
the great
scape.
The
called
heighway',
of their
Oldgrange',
were
The evaluation
constitutes
an important
seventeenth
century
land quality
index
'shrubbs',
economics.
pasture
interlaced
land-
such as
'a
called
'the
Moneffyone'.
settlement
features
but nevertheless
of significance
The jurors'
of their methodologyo
and a sixth part of the whole
settled
'a buish
of Slieveardagh
'ye one half to be arable,
it would
descriptions
by items
'bog called
of the elements
barony
based
Aghvellanapissoge',
and the important
agricultural
The Survey
in a sparsely
of land use was arbitary
for the upland
and very coarse
These
of Ballyamuck',
of these
of locality,
boundaries,
were demarcated
foord called
'brooke',
is a good example
they wri~e,
objects
Local
of the country'
testimony
knowledge
by the jurors.
'the lands
estimated
inhabitants
and proprietors.
of barony
of named
la little
'a gutter',
listed.
description
variety
intimate
was the basic
was by Inquisition.
of the written
countryside
'meares and bounds'
acreages
pasture,
consists
preambulation
skasnatritierny',
Tipperary
and the Survey
The barony
'most able and ancient
The Survey
with a detailed
Barony
in June 1654.
who had the countryman's
boundaries,
ditch
and Tyrone.
commenced
of the
in.8
landowners
begins
Derry
in mid-
estimate
in Southeast
'Wee conceive',
a third part of the whole
to be redd bogg,
with s6me timber
of
shrubby
woods'.
good
boggs
The
•
tI
7.
I
subdivision
of the barony
'Towneshippsor
attractions
villages'
localises
of the Civil Survey
orian working
Survey's
into parishes
on this more
format
propreitorial
geography
for the historical
scale.
to illustrate
settlement,
Denominaction
of lands
Proprietors
names in 1640
of the parishes
by
the data and this is one of the primary
intimate
will serve
and the division
geographer
The following
the extent
land quality
or the hist-
example
of the
of the evidence
and valuation
on
of land.
Number
of
Lands
Lands
plant.
res
ac-
pfitable
and the
unpfit- ye whole &
able
each of the
and the sd
lands
quanti ty
Value
of
quantity
500.0.0
000
800-0-0
A.R.P.
s.d. a colpe
Arable
A.R.P.
Edmund Kearney
of li.
30.00.00
Knockanglass
halfe
Pasture
280.0.0
Ashwood
20.0.0
We can see the enormous
i
exists
for the parts
detailed
amount
of the country
list of landowning
kind of tenure
valuation
whether
of their
were of interest
century.
of geographical
families,
Gaelic
lands,
surveyed.
the area under
and value
to surveyors
Not only does the survey
activity
but it also
describes
Amongst
the extent
or English
information
they held their
and all other
in the middle
comprehend
physical
items,
we have a
the
lands,
the
items which
of the seventeenth
things
features
therefore
of their possessions,
by which
timber
other
which
relating
to human
and the quality
of soil.
The Down Survey:
The Civil Survey
seventeenth
contracted
according
formed
century.
with the Government
to their natural,
pasture.'
Petty agreed
provided
The most
in the Civil
Survey,
military
travaile,
artifical
to perform
Survey
on paper.
and Trinity
ill-lodging
the survey
by trained
College
students.
and dyett
Sir William
bounds
Petty
lands
and to state
arable,
and the Tories
meadow,
whether
and
qUiet,.9
and Down Surveys
by jurors,
surveyors
surveyors
in the
'within one year and one
the Civil
areas were estimated
enquiries
all the forfeited
bog, mountain,
between
Petty's
1654,
and civil
was agreeable
difference
lands were measured
reproduced
to 'admeasure
into wood,
the weather
important
of subsequent
On the 11th of December
the land is distinguished
month,
the basis
whereas
in the Down
and plotted
were selected
down and
from the disbanded
They were expected
as also heat and colds,
is that
to
being
'endure
also men of
8.
activity,
that could
rude persons
with whom
The Down
items
with
leap ditch and hedge
Survey
is a mapped
of settlement
lands
which
not uniform
measured
were
they might
were confiscated
as lands
or subdivided.
'to protract
classified
to an inch' and
plott
and selected
the Surveyors
of large paper
'to set down the surrounds
by a scale
of eighty
perches
It is
lands were not
instructions
sheets
concerned
victory.
as Protestant
to their
and opposed'.
was basically
the Cromwellian
your work upon single
of forty perches
The Geography
after
with the several
crossed
of landownership
The Survey
According
rustle
to be often
record
and topography.
in detail
into the barony
expect
and could
by a scale
laid down
to an inch'.
of the Down Survey:
,
The divisions
townland.
used in the Down Survey
Forfeited
this information
to the Civil
general
land was identified
was portrayed
Survey
description
there
meadow
and pasture
and some wood
barony
were
of parishes
but very
was concerned
castles,
houses
assessed
and the number
a castle
recorded
and bawne
some thatch
At Donaghmore
the information
about
and cabins.
analysis
were
townlands
that
pasture
The survey
These
The surveyor
of Donaghmore,
The most important
in little
repaire
part of the survey
was presented
the
(modern Ballyragget)
a Corne mill and a Tucking
an Old Church
lands
the soil was
'there is at Ballymartin
at Bellaragget
houses,
was then
of the forfeited
described,
Mill
a thatch
followed
in tabular
I
included
stone
The barony
listed.
I
in the
with a list
thatched
In the parish
houses
landownership
items.
I
good
in each of them.
boundaries
of forfeited
the Survey
and some cabbins'.
,
Parish
We find
concluded
!
A
The rivers
mills,
and
In contrast
'is generally
land'.
tucking
and a detailed
maps.
and mountainous
of settlement
houses
and some thatch £abbins,
in repaire.
.
variety
to look at settlement.
Kilkenny,
oldbawne
unprofitable
corn mills,
followed.
then proceeded
heathy
and
for townlands
followed.IO
and the introduction
thatched
into parishes
in each parish
north
bawns,
with chimneys,
subdivided
shrubby
parish
on boundaries.
Co. Kilkenny
'Index of Observations'
with a great
churches,
much
detail
of the soil
barony,
little
then enumerated
and an
and barony
is very little
that the soil in Fassadinin
arable,
and located
on parish
of the quality
were the barony,
form •
house
and
I
•
•
I
I
I
I
I
•
9•
--
Numbers
Nicholastowne
Landes
65.0.00
Landes
Denominaci6n
No.
of by of Landes
Thomas
65.0.00
Profitable
Proprietors
acres
Unprofitable
The Numbers
maps.
in the Plott'
Profitable
waste
addition
referred
land recognised
of mountain.
to our knowledge
items and make
it easier
The Down Survey
to the location
lands were classified
The only unprofitable
natural
Admeasurement
arable
barony
as arable,
of this period.
to compare
Maps collate
the geography
map is a synopsis
and these are
further
into townlands.
parish
and churches
Rivers
maps are more
and land quality
What
detailed
is inscribed
survived
Substitute
are depicted
and roads
copies
complete
Barony
maps
of the Down Survey
fall into three
as
'Hibernia
". maps and 'representing
and superimposed
composite
Because
Cromwellian
researcher
basis.l1
to locate
Apart
'terriers'
between
are available
Survey
form;
parish
(iii) The
the Down
Ordnance
Survey
Survey,
Six
(part of), Wexford,
of Kilkenny.
proprietors
of land-owning
This
of change
items
maps referred
on parish
patterns
reference
to classify
various
in manuscript
now form the
c. 1654 and c. 1840.
of forfeiting
It is also possible
from the composite
sources
for the Liberties
record
in 1922.
from the Down
Roscommon
for the measurement
and distinguish
The
landownership
which
in dimunitive
These maps and accompanying
with a base
map.
(ii) A series of
of Ireland;
on the original
the estates
is an important
era.
are shown
of settlement
in the Barony
General,
From these
the landscape
it locates
returned
and hill land is
concerning
compiled
Carlow,
and Clare and also
the Down Survey
temporal
Tipperary,
map represents
sketch
times •
(i) copies of parish maps
Surveyor
as a whole
was reconstructed
Dublin
at different
Some items
the detail
Library
maps and tracings.
Louth,
of disparate
divisions
in 1711 was destroyed
Regnum'
the survey
for counties
a number
Parish
by a rough
categories:
Quit Rent Office
inch maps
was the
on them.
in the National
known
and wood.
are an important
of a place
and the information
made in 1787 by the Hon. R. Rochfort,
'Reeves collection
meadow
of some of the information
of Reference'.
subdivided
in the parish
in Fassadinin
The maps of the Down Survey
'Plotts and Bookes
also shown.
pasture,
by the surveyors
i~ the parish
such as castles
of the lands
tables
mapS,
in the preprovide
on a spatial
the
and
land use by area and
of settlement.
to above,
form mainly
parish
maps and
for the counties
of Cork
.-•....
......-.--j
C Rick
Bourk
ick
Bo~rk
d
Bourk
1/31/3
ler
MC
Rich
d
.U1ick Roe
100
Donegal,
Derry,
Down, Armagh,
Kilkenny,
Limerick,
Longford,
Eastmeath
(Meath).
Fifteen
of Ireland
Northern
Dublin,
Westmeath,
of these
and the remaining
Leitrim,
Offaly;
volumes
Queens
Tipperary,
County
Waterford
are in the National
two are in the Public
(Laois),
Records
and
Library
Office
of
Ireland.
The Books
of Survey
These books
the Acts
and Distribution:
recorded
of Settlement
are exactly
whether
similar
details
of the distribution
and Explanation.
to those
the townlands
confiscation
of the Down Survey
The sixth
the proprietors
column
name there
of forfeited
The first three
of the Down Survey.
and in some instances
land divisions.
After
Tyrone,
lists
evidence
which
as a result
of the creation
the proprietors
is a symbol
in the Boo~s
The fifth column
were subdivided
provides
columns
land under
shows
of
of new
of land c. 1670.
indicates
the legal
basis
of the new title.
The purpose
an official
of the Books
record
of landed
of Survey
proprietors
They were used
to impose
payable
on lands granted
yearly
and Explanation.
Office
but
fortunately
known
the official
complete
as the Taylor
is now in the Royal
Record
Office
Books
under
in Dublin.
and Clare
copies
duplicate
after
(1967).
of Survey
and Distribution
contained
in them:
and their
rent called
the terms
the Quit Rent,
Commission:
Roscommon
for Co. Galwayihdicates
290
General's
One of these
in their
sets,
compilation,
have been published
(1956),
from the published
Galway
Books
the type of information
Parish:
083.0.00
Anno.
1641
Number
of
Acres·
Denominations
Redmd
MCUlick
Roe
arrable
Burke
cont. unpro fittable .
rter
whereof
Proprietors
Names
Laughill
1 pt
Quapasture
being
Underwood
Stony 1/3
wast containAlphabett
No. of
was
and Distribution~
(1949), Mayo
example
Killcoonagh
which
sets are in the Public
of the Books
The following
Co. Galway:
of Survey
who helped
The remaining
Four volumes
and Auditor
have survived.
the official
estates.
of the Acts of Settlement
of the Books
copies
was to establish
respective
in the Surveyor
Irish Academy.
by the Irish Manuscripts
(1962),
the acreable
The fire of 1711
destroyed
and Distribution
Clare
Barony
11.
I
No. of
No. of
To whom soe disposed
with their Title whe- Book or
No. of profittabl
Acres dlsposed of
on ye Acts.
acres
profittablclI
ther by Decree, Cert- Roll &
ificate or Patent, Re- of ye
Page or
ferences to ye Record thereof.
Skin
I
I
037.0.00
121.0.00
ColI Wm Legg
218.0.00
134.0.00
Dominick
It is possible
from this to discover
were granted
Because
country,
of Survey
they have preserved
isions.
This Survey
was in land.
There
We also
Distribution.
Mss. list the lands
Charles
the names
of the
the number
the new lands.
was
enrolled
the student
great
seventeenth
of settlement
the origin,
settlement
items.
of Ireland
was assiduously
Documentary
Estate
graphic
located
papers
records
Apart
These give
in the barony,
and the rental
record
of
of lands
of land grants
to land.
are important
in this period.
records
for
They tell us much
of both rural
the undeniable
land'
of
and urban
fact that the
and this category
of land
and enumerated.
and particularly
on a more businesslike
to survey
contain
for the student
century,
basis
estates
cartographers
1700 - 1850:
those which
source
of the eighteenth
from national
of title
and function
patent
the grant
the official
surveys
'profitable
and
of the Rolls
and Explanation.
the date in which
they reflect
are a major
hire cartographers
letters
measure
Sources f~elating to Estates
From the middle
anised
was her
under
and statute
and society
Overall
of the Records
the townland
century
location
of Survey
the barony,
evidence
of the conquerors
XI, XII, and XIII of the Lodge
granted
of theRolls,
div-
settlement.
the Books
of Settlement
by plantation
interest
concerning
Transcripts
Volumes
of the Acts
and subsequently
books
to complement
Office13•
concerning
wealth
that the primary
They also record
in the kingdom
These
territorial
in these
lands
for 1641 and c. 1670.
of the smallest
source
in the Record
the confiscated
the placenames
new proprietor,
of acres
of landowners
and hereditaments
11 in virtue
if anyone,
for the whole
is nothing
Records
~
are available
These are the Lodge
in the Public
Skerrett
and Distribution
demonstrates
have another
ing undisposed
<-
to whom,
so that we have a record
the Books
No. of ye
pfittable
acres remain-
estate
and improving
and construct
such as Bernard
some carto-
of settlement.
management
landlords
estate
Scale,
was orgbegan
to
alla-sses.
many
local
--~
:.20
d~aughtsmen
were
lordism.14
employed
The more important
the cartographers
Charles
Bernard
Vallancey.
maps
Hibernian
Atlas
survived
Vallancey
of settlements
help to illuminate
century
are the Road Maps
was primarily
of Skinner
belonging
to the Domville
types
of material
dispersed
through
papers
consisted
century
accounts
2,000
of 40,000
not specifically
30,000
concerned
more
Castlecomer
were an invaluable
but also
to assess
papers
seventeenth
in dating
comer.
An analysis
instance
a misnomer
bridge
and economic
fabric
family
the various
Wicklow
and Offaly.
1,000
volumes
have information
of his estate
the state
The Wandesforde
and identifying
that the term,
Furthermore,
town,
striking
barony
in
of
to
and tenantry.
surveys
papers
and the
were
in Castle-
town, was in this
by leaseholders
fails to describe
or middle-
the diverse
such as Castlecomer.
localised
and tell
of the estate
town builders
landlord
of
on the
of the Wandesfordes
to the development
as
though
of town and countryside
perception
The
the documents
of the landscape.
papers
acres
seventeenth
such as this,
should
of
of some 115,000
Not only was it possible
of settlements
produced
of fortuitous
to the third Marquess
750 maps;
the gap between
landlord
with
classified
and that the town was built
social
in the maps
In my own work on Fassadinin
centuries.
revealed
The appellation,
of land-use
fabric
source.
town buildings
men.
zonation
leases;
of the landlord
and nineteenth
utilised
The development
from the early
to the shaping
the landlord's
and maps
dating
dealth
Documentation
the uncatalogued
the contribution
Estate
5,000
and society.
estimate
sig-
of maps which
variety
consisted
Antrim,
Dr. Maguire
than the material
Kilkenny19,
estate
with settlement,
they outline
economy
belonging
of Down,
letters.
of the landlord
North
papers
twentieth.
contribution
us much about
to have
in the eighteenth
documented
on a great
by W.A. Maguirel8
documents
title deeds;
and about
series
in 1778.16
is partly
depends
The Downshire
the counties
to the early
follows:
papers
in the estate
(1809-1845).
published
estates
in the strategic
and communications
century
publication
Downshire
many
Scale's
collections
Another
of
estate.17
of estate
A recent
interested
precincts.
of settlement
in the late eighteenth
The existence
Survey
He also compiled
regional
to
surveyor
in 1776 and his work on the Devonshire
of Dublin
factors.
in 1756.
of land-
belong
was his Exact
such as the Duke of Leinster.
and their
aspects
century
and the military
contribution
compiled
patrons
of the landscape
for the eighteenth
now forms one of the richest
intact.
nificance
greatest
was published
in Co. Waterford
maps15
of Dublin,
for wealthy
up inventories
Scale and John Rocque
Rocque's
the city and suburbs
estate
in drawing
patterns.
The
The central
13.
part served
market
commercial
house and business
were located
between
medical
tenants,
Southwards
iated educational
by the dominant
The Big House
guarded
cabins
the western
by a mixture
were inhabited
colliery
by speculators
approaches
of substantial
and the
Church
beyond
and transient
and assoc-.
here were charact-
or squatters.
and the northern
The houses
by the middle
proprietors
The town peripheries
of the
Church
Dinin.
was the site of the Catholic
built
position
and Protestant
by the River
sectors
land agents,
structures.
by transient
acterised
premises.
and commercial
prosperous
doctor.
barracks
symbolised
to the east, cut off physically
the landlord
elements,
erised
functions,
The military
suburbs
were char-
dwellings.
1800-1850
The Ordnance
Survey
The townland
maps
pleted
and the Primary
on the scale
for the whole
that the mapping
programme
recorded
population.
physical
and cultural
Territorial
were
and economic
picture
of an Ireland,
Famine,
John O'Donovan
Valuation
commissioner
of Tenements:
of Works
Land and buildings
the valuation
was carried
were arranged
from the General
indicates
Valuation
mining
bosis.
property
recorded
the corresp-
and present
a
and estate
and energetic
and canal
Department
referred
separately.
to streets.
of Rateable
the type of information
contain
of social
Valuation:
Relief
valued
out on a townland
according
or fun-
placenames
was not devoid
it is common~y
were
relict
two outstanding
Griffith's
in charge
Valuation'.
of the
O'Curry.
Griffith,
the Valuation
had its maximum
in the mass of state
included
and Eugene
of the Board
Survey
and the director
to detect
opportune
of thoroughness.
whether
letters
of the role of Richard
in directing
tenements
Survey
com-
of the field to the country
and the survey
The field surveyors
Irish scholars,
Because
difficult
scale
The Ordnance
the field researchers
mile were
inventory
degree
of settlement
The Ordnance
between
documentation.
Items
compromise
ondence
a detailed
with a uniform
for posterity.
interest.
to one statute
when the country
presents
from the intimate
recorded
of Tenements:
It was particularly
was undertaken
landscape
a linguistic
The Primar~
by 1846.20
and delineated.
were
represent
of six inches
The survey
divisions
defined
ctional
country
Valuation
engineer
during
and
the
to as 'Griffith's
In rutal areas
In towns individual
The following
for the barony
in the valuation
example
taken
of Fassadinin
books.
~
~.
~-;....~~
'
.•..
~t
••
~~~
•.·...·~,7~~-~;li:
14.
No. and letters
of Reference to
Parishes, Townlands
and Occupiers
Immediate
Lessors
Mary Gorman
Thomas
Kavanagh
ANNUAL
VALUE
Description
Tenement
of
Map
18
Content
of Land
NET
land
These
R
P
34
2
11
books were
civil parishes
prepared
in the first column
referred
the six inch to the mile
tenancies
cketed
was indicated
together.
on a barony
importance.
either
or change.
a house
between
or other
commercial
outlets
tenements
buildings
functions
for basic
were not identified.
'the rent
state
for which
be reasonably
insurance,
the tithe
were located.
rent being
per acre proportionate
during
to the number
neighbourhood
for grazing.
improvements
such as roads,
account.
according
The quality
drainage
and
of the
price
'herbage'
fences were
However,
Retail
for example,
as,
cost of repairs,
charges
land was valued
to the usual
religious,
in its actual
to year with
and sheep
of
on which
was defined
the same might
of cattle
patterns
served
drink,
of a tenement
paid by the tenement'.
practices
and those
listed.
taxes and all other public
were bra-
a distinction
identified.
were not al~ays
to let from year
into sub~
as a measure
which
such as tea and alcoholic
rates,
the year,
to reconstruct
of land only,
on
are of great
of tenement',
were also
value
tenement
of these
and lessors
Buildings
one year with another,
maintenance,
of grazing
functions
The net annual
expected
the extent
geographer
consisted
The numeral
of a tenement
and can also be utilised
of buildings
into townlands,
and holdings-in-common
us to estimate
which
commodities
30. O. o.
The division
In 'description
and administrative
the commercial
maps.
the historical
and occupation
d.
of the individual
of the occupiers
of land ownership
was drawn
'\
townland
s.
£.
d.
of the poor law unions.
to the location
The names
s.
were subdivided
by the use of letters
They allow
continuity
which
divisions
This enables
basis.
d. £.
28. O. o. 2. o. o.
for baronies
and electoral
Total
Buildings
s.
£.
A
Esq~ House, Offices
and Land.
except
at the price
it may be capable
per head in the
and
'permanent'
to be taken
into
15.
The Valuators
what were termed
operated
'peculiar
for example,
relative
shelter
favourable
were
increased.
land values
local
location,
The valuation
total valuation
of townlands
climate,
of buildings
and civil
parishes.
circumstances,
elevation
and
were unfavourable,
to an extent,
was ascertained
from 1851 onwards
of
were correspondingly
circumstances
was,
in respect
When these
land values
Land valuation
compiled
of allowances
communications,
hand when local
were reduced.
from land and censuses
scale
circumstances'.
to agriculture,
On the other
of soil fertility.
a sliding
contain
an indication
separately
a summary
of the
16.
References:
1.
R.C. Simington,
(Ed.), The Civil
2.
Calendar of State Papers, Ireland; Journals of the House of Commons of
of the Kingdom of Ireland, Dublin, 1796-1800, 19 vols.;
Statutes at
Large Passed in the Parliaments held in Ireland, Dublin, 1780-1801, 20
vols.;
Journals of the House of Lords of Ireland 1634-1800, Dublin,
1779-1800, 8 vols.
3.
F. Moryson, An Itinery Containing his Ten Years
.•... Ireland etc., Glasgow, 1907-08.
4.
E. Spenser, A View of the Present
1934 (Renwick edition).
5.
A de Blacam,
6.
E. Curtis
6 vols.
7.
Prior-Wandesforde
Mss. (uncatalogued),
N.L.I., C 1630-1969.
See also Analecta Hibernica, 15, 1944;
20, 1958;
25, 1967
survey of documents in private keeping.
Gaelic
Literature
(Ed.), Calendar
Survey,
Irish Mss. Commission,
State
of Ireland
Survezeg,
of Ormond
Travel
Dublin
Deeds
10 vols.
through
in 1596,
Germany
London,
1929.
1171-1603;
Dublin,
for a
8.
These examples are taken from R.C. Simington (Ed.), The Civil
A.D. 1654-56, CounJy of Tipperary,
Vol. 1, Dublin, 1931.
9.
T. Larcom, History of the Down
'The Maps of the Down Survey',
Survey, Dubli~ 1857;
11'. Hist. Stud., iii,
1932-43,
Survey
S. O'Domhnaill,
1942-3, pp. 381-92.
10.
Ms. 720 (N.L.I.), 'Parish Maps with Terriers Showing Forfeited Lands
in Queens Co. and Co. Kilkenny, Commonly
known as the 'Down Survey'
Executed under the direction of Petty £ 1654' (copied O'Brien, 1786).
11.
See for example, W. Nolan, Fassadinin;
Land, Settlement
in Southeast Ireland, £1_~00-1850,
Dublin 1979.
12.
Books
of Survey
13.
Lodge
Transcripts
14.
and Distribution,
Co. Galway,
of the Records
of the Rolls
A comprehensive
list of estate plans,
in R. Hayes (Ed.), Manuscript sources
J:ion, Boston, 1965 .~-~---------
Dublin
and Scociety
1962.
(P.R.O.I.).
reports and rentals are located
for the Study of Irish Civiliza-
15.
J.H. Andrews,
'Ireland in Maps:
A Bibliographical
Postscript',
Irish
Geography, 4, 1962.
Irish Map~~Dublin,
1978, Two Maps of 18th
century Dublin I and its surroundings
by John • Rocque, Lympne Castle, 1977.
"'
16.
A. Skinner
17.
Domville
18.
W.A. Maguire
(Ed.), !-ett~rs
19.
Nolan,
0E.. et.
20.
J.H. Andrews, History in the Ordnance
A Paper Landscape, Oxford, 1975.
and.G. Taylor,· ~Maps
Mss.
1979,
of the Roads
!~,!.Ui.--"'!-4.
J
.
of Ireland,
""or----
Dublin,
1778.
Belfast,
1974.
~'1~J_,
(N.L.I.).
gf
a Great
I_rish Landlord,
Mbp, Dublin,
1974;
17.
THE
DISCOVERY
OF
P.
One of the most rewarding
of maps and aerial
sites.
working
ity with large
photographs
be sought
with a view to the discovery
training
scale maps
which
combines
in the powers
is essential
is recommended.
which
in field archaeology
of archaeology
in the field with
SITES
HEALY
exercises
photographs
This is an aspect
UNRECORDED
and where
of unrecorded
the pleasure
of observation.
possible
There are many sources
may lead to such a discovery,
is the study
of
Familiar-
the use of aerial
from which
clues
can
and these may be summarized
as follows:
1.
The study
2.
Examination
3.
Knowledge
of placenames;
of details
of the type of terrain
are likely
The use of aerial
5.
The use of a probe
6.
Information
7.
Accidental
8.
Casual
Many
clear
maps;
in which
certain
classes
of monuments
photographs;
in soft ground;
from local
discovery
residents;
of ancient
objects;
perambulation.
of Place
Names
of the Irish words
indication
entitled
words as cairn
on a hilltop
which
of the present
For those who are unfamiliar
P.W. Joyce
Survey
to be found;
4.
The Studt
on Ordnance
commonly
or former
with
in place
existence
name should
such as the townland
Explained
always
a booklet
are a
site.
by
is recommended.
be investigated
of Carnhill
cairn is now to be seen but where
names
of an ancient
the Irish language
Irish Local Names
in a place
occur
particularly
near Skerries,
there was certainly
Such
where
one existing
no
when
the name was first applied.
The words
mound
sidh or tuaim would
or of a tumulus.
dun, cashel
The names
and ca her are among
indicate
applied
the existence
to ringforts,
the commonest
of a fairy
rath,
in the country
lios,
and examples
are to be found in all areas.
Clues which might
common,
although
Co. Antrim
would
lead to the discovery
the townland
appear
name is that of Carbad
of Ticloy
to refer
of megalithic
(Tig Cloc Stone House)
to the monument
More townland
tombs are less
in Co. Mayo,
there.
in
A more subtle
the location
of a fine
,.
180
dual court
court
tomb with a rectangular
at each end which
or waggon'.
almost
The townland
the summit
of which
enclosure
certainly
of Longstone
is that it was standing
information
would
Disert,
visible.
found profitable
In most
church
cases
which
burial
In the absence
to pay a visit
ground
Examination
sites
of details
or enclosure
or road.
on Ordnance
Survey
of the site of the ancient
straight
hill
to be a burial
not prominent
the centre
Small
trees
those
of ringforts.
Rathfarnham
area,
and a small
premises.
founded
enclosure.
Prein the
Maps
circular
for any circular
curve
in a fence,
of a number
Co. Dublin
of small
field
boundary
circular
led to the discovery
by St. Mochua
although
a semi-circular
half of which
enclosures
which
went out
it was well known
loop in an otherwise
circular
was quite
as a feature
were often made
but their
clear
enclosure
on a
on the ground
by th~ surveyors.
by hachures
to protect
banks are usually
On the Ordnance
on the ground,
of Ireland
but
In
sheets
steep
and it is always
even when they are not marked
a fine motte
tumulus
and bailey
of
much slighter
banks
worth
groves
than
or mounds
while
of
to examine
as antiquities.
was indicated
in the same area was simply
Inthe
as a natural
indicated
by
hachures.
Sites marked
as ring forts may sometimes
in the case of the partly
In Co. Wicklow.
be
cairn.
from cattle,
soil are indicated
ridge
church
it will often
by the presence
be examined
of Coolmine,
to be treated
was a small
circular
Tige and
place.
the other
young
these
Survey
map should
Co. Wicklow
enough
Local
and catholics.
fence was found to be half of a large
top site,
Teamhall,
records
be recognised
The site was not recorded
Hill,
Kill,
Church
to both protestants
in the townland
At Dowry
now, but the
on the site of a pre-reformation
A few years ago the inspection
ef use in 1486.
there
hill on
of the ring barrow.
in the early monastic
or for any unaccountable
plantations
locally
to the modern
can usually
of memorials
The 6" Ordnance
sites,
of historical
this will have been built
church
'Big chariot
is a small
is no stone
in the middle
to early monastic
in turn was built
reformation
the name
over the country and in most cases the actual site
are found all
is still
There
and a circular
this.
verify
The names applied
inspired
in Co. Tipperary
is a ring barrow.
probability
in the centre
destroyed
The townland
cairn
be something
on the summit
of Rathbeale
different,
of Golden
as
Hill
lies to the west of Swords.
190
The site of the rath is not known,
the townland
forms an unaccountable
made to avoid
Knowledge
likely
but the country
cutting
across
semi-circular
rdad WhlCh
loop which
crosses
was probably
this earthwork.
of the type of terr~C3inif} i'ihichcertain_ c1~~~f
__
~ents
.are
to be found
This can be the source
The knowledge
of much interest
that passage
or hill summits,
of additional
grave
type cairns
and that they occur
sites,
ln an area where
sites
with part of a kerb was dIscovered
by working
on a country
are usually
in groups,
by the inspectlon
some of these
and pleasure
ramble.
found on mountain
can lead to the d~scovery
of every
summit
are already
however
recorded.
inconspicuous
A fine cairn
on the suminlt of Lugnagroagh,
Co. WIcklow,
on thIS system.
It is a useful
exercise
there are no known passage
hill top sites
Cist burials
to inspect
graves,
all hill tops,
as pre-historic
and many are dlstinguished
are also
even In areas
where
man had a preference
by rlng barrows
and small
found on hill tops but are not always
for
caIrns.
obvious
on the
surface.
other
types
cooking
places
located
in marshy
of sites
usually
which
known
areas
as fulachta
and usually
had gone out of use the mounds
are usually
quite
have been located
easily
verified.
can often
prominent
fiadha,
in sandstone
of burned
features
the existence
be discovered
stones
which
are nearly
always
After
they
became
grown
and
and burnt
horse
always
districts.
grass
in rushy areas.
of charcoal
They are nearly
are ancient,
Once such mounds
stones
shoe-shaped
can be
wlth a hollow
in the centre.
The use of aerial
••
•
photographs:
These will often
ground,
roads.
show up features
such as levelled
The standard
ringforts,
scale
which
for the photographs
6" to the mile which
transferring
to a 6" 0.5. map.
glass
is essential
be located,
glass.
Forest,
if small
features
be a derelict
but when tracked
forestry
shelter
built
produced
by the Irish
The use of a strong
such as hut or house
A hut as small as this was noted
down on the ground
when
magnifying
sites are to
can be detected
in a clearing
on the
and disused
was very convenient
and huts as small as 3m. diameter
Co. Dublin
invisable
old field boundaries
Air Corps was formely
features
are quite
with a
in Ticknock
it was found
to
of sods •
.
A
20.
On the other
on the lower
of trees.
hand an aerial
slope
of Mount
photograph
Pelier
in ground
The trees are now grown
This feature
was beside
a large
revealed
newly
but no trace
standing
stone
a huge circular
ploughed
for the planting
of the enclosure
with which
enclosure
can be seen.
it probably
had some
association.
Other smaller
stereoscopic
clarity.
Joseph
scales
equipment
A series
aerial
steel
road or togher
photograph,
rod two metres
instrument
across
or parts
to a large
that the probe
a bog.
crosses
was covered
with
timber
when trying
The general
scale
it is necessary
Museum
the mountains
together
with an
up to three metres
or gravel
Information
No matter
from local
to supply
but they may also
additional
be able
like Fortfield
discoveries.
A statement
crannog
used to survey
such a
St. Kevin's
Gap, and which
and
in low areas
obvious
whether
for this reason
a probe
sites,
wooden
toghers,
or
of a bog.
used to locate
be overlooked.
information
or Chapelfield
about
on local
led to the discovery
the site under
regarding
which
a stone
unrecorded
could
other
probably
investigation,
sites,
or old
hole in it recorded
written
of an unrecorded
enquiry
lead to further
with a square
history
sites,
Not only will they
about
to give directions
in an essay
of ancient
but to survey
It is always
struck
the surface
is being
must never
field names
by a schoolchild
up on an aerial
residents
what method
residents
on the ground,
Wicklow
that is being
underneath
from local
line may be picked
of peat.
walls
the line of an ancient
to peg out the line and it is here
through
stone
boundary
to follow
This was the method
help when investigating
Sites
by Or, J.K. St.
long with the top bent into a hook or
can be a great
Discovery
taken
in the National
of it may be visible
is needed.
road which
Commission,
photographs
out with amazing
in soft ground
ring is an essential
be able
will stand
with the aid of
index.
A light
is stone,
feature
is also available
The use of a probe
feature
the smallest
of oblique
of Cambridge
excellent
are now in use, but when examined
for the Folklore
cross
base at Carrickmines.
objects
of archaeological
importance
by the discovery
of some ancient
object
investigation.
In 1957 the chance
at Balgriffin
will often
which
garden
Park,
identification
of the site of an early
of decorated
Co. Dublin,
church
to notice
may lead to further
find of a piece
slab in a back
be brought
cross
led to the
dedicated
to St. Sampson,
it
21.
all trace of which
exact location
Casual
had disappeared
of which
before
and the
was not recordedo
perambulation
To the archaeologist
every outing
likely
more than a century
can become
or student
a search
to be found on tillage
another
who enjoys
a walk
for unrecorded
sites,
land but in areas
have been left undisturbed
parts of large
plantations,
bowl barrow
estates,
is hidden
The lower
slopes
fields and too stoney
conditions
of mountain
ranges,
for reclamation,
where
a very
above
recorded,
cairns.
the level
or
may be
or
fine
are also promising
of enclosed
territory
that many well known megalithic
such areas
that the site at Piperstown
sites and eight
for one reason
Such areas
Castle
and furze have been burned
had been previously
are less
in the form of shrubberies
at Malahide
The best time to examine
when all heather
These
away and unrecorded,
it is on this type of ground
located.
for centuries,
and are often
such as the woods
which
in the country,
is after
away.
Co. Dublin,
was found to comprise
tombs
a mountain
It was under
where
and
are
fire
these
two low mounds
a group
of seven hut
22.
------------------MAPS
AND
THE IRISH
J.
Ireland's
following
another
representing
began
cartographic
a separate
at different
contents
stream
until
a distinctive
hazards
were
channels
each series remained
at least
category
of parallel
of maps.
liable
identifiable
cartographic
mean
that earlier
The cartographic
but other
kinds
efficiency
among
standardisation,
wider
in thematic
- as the expression
Whatever
of
of distinctive
their
often
more accurate,
comprehensive,
than later
even faster.
so that in any map category
of time
and in general
as it is followed
was often achieved
than the later,
and
This does not necessarily
to the historian
may deteriorate
more
context,
reader.
deteriorates
cartographers
character
tend with the passage
in their historical
maps are less useful
range
cases
put
larger
of record
- in most
classification
by the modern
record
But
the kind of thematic
in scale,
understood
absorption
features
more
readily
and the
are certain
to become
more
of events
At the same time there
category
dated and placed
each
from new sources.
and as the source
the maps of any given
easily
sequences
through
century
function,
more
or streams,
circumstances,
to change
paragraphs.
numerous,
These
not as one period
for a long span of years
purpose
that transcend
in the following
chains
or by replenishment
for the historian.
forward
is best conceived
the end of the nineteenth
of map history
HISTORIAN
ANDREWS
times and in different
of anyone
into neighbouring
H.
history
but as a number
LOCAL
ones.
backwards,
Moreover
improved
at the cost of increasing
the earlier
and therefore
specimens
richer
may be
in pleasant
surprises.
Since
where
charts
Irishmen
foreigners
have no native
began,
of post-medieval
that carry
the record
fourteenth
century,l
earliest
good
early general
preserved
maps,
on the coast.
whether
in somewhat
unsystematic
in date and in terrltorial
use they were most numerous
and comparatively
they must
Public
in areas
Office
in the manuscript
(London),
or regional,
and Italian
came later,
precursors
the
were produced
with many variations
but being mainly
of political
districts
rooms
the National
began
and British
with the Tudor conquest.
fashion,
coverage,
rare in peaceful
be sought
Record
national
our maps
as far back as the early
of the interior
associated
French
Spanish
of our ports and harbours
being
tradition,
The Dutch,
times had important
The mapping
exampJes
cartographic
intended
and military
like the English
of the British
Maritime
These
and
in scale,
for official
disturbance
pale.
Library,
Museum,
Today
the
and Trinity
J
230
College
DUblin,2
for few sixteenth
maps were printed
in their
and early
own time, and those
it was not until a fter the appearance
of Great Britain
respect
among
circle
for newly-constructed
decline,
and most
to introduce
ations
comparatively
researchers,
c. 1:350,000
after
it had become
ation
in the handier
between
the whole
could
Charles
and WaIter
sheet
as folding
or multi-sheet
similar
history,
as illustrations
themselves
counties
by E.M. Rodger7
chance
with
graphies
seldom
necessarily
printing
plate
appropriate
Thomas
plan
to be correoted
of more
medium
begins
plans
reaching
(including
Phillips
in 1685.10
military
tracts
of country
surveyor's
between
somewhat
must
merit.8
issues
manuscripts
of fortified
From the 1760s
military
Such bibliomap are not
uncommon
notion
for a
any
a number
remained
of coples.
the
Irish military
plans
and engineers'
towns),
the latter
done
this kind of large-scale
surveys
listed
take his
in the surveys
of c. 1:80,000
specialised
between
without
century.
battle
or
of towns and commun-
to compare
and comprehensiveness
at scales
maps
establishing
of the same printed
with narrative
by manuscript
common
have a
provincial
gradually
For the historian
plans
of
single-
The difference
varying
character,
manuscript
a peak of accuracy
writings
town Elans
cartography
late in the nineteenth
times
debut
have been comprehensively
s urban
or revised
even
of 1685 and its
in fact it was by no means
specialised
in Tudor
their
of
inform-
increasingly
in Speed1s
genre.
of widely
at a scale
however,
become
before
it may be advisable
untll
was supplemented
ensive
of Ireland
although
atlas
Prlnted
as insets
out that all copies
in particular,
For maps
counties
the former
to its title and date.9
ications,
fort
point
county
make
the
but separate
available
in the topographical
cartographic
bibliographies
identical,
alteration
surveying
the student
local
Petty's
field
and circumstantial
The latter
narratives6
is that while
published
From 1750 onwards,
beglnning
as an independent
Pratt
than 1:100,000.
to historical
and towns
alter-
to disregard
frame,
the most detailed
of individual
larger
a single
elaborate
maps,
plates
Harris,5
maps
many of them on scales
somewhat
to issue
some in William
others
within
be remarkably
in this
have tended
that of Henry
form of ~ounty
derivatives4,
Smith
country
like
customary
book covers,
a sharp
were content
interesting)
guidance
exhibi.ti&n catalogue,3
of Ireland,
in 1708,
the demand
model,
from an occasional
representations
to command
suffered
publishers
historically
with no bibliographical
kind of map that shows
began
Thereafter
century
(but still
In fact
and its regions
and eighteenth
general
s The.atre of the Empire
readers.
of the country
minor
to some ready-made
Local
apart
seventeenth
J
map of Ireland
of knowledgeable
outlines
century
not the best.
of John Speed
in 1611 that any published
a wide
seventeenth
depicting
or larger.ll
of relevance
more
by
site
ext-
The
inevitably
24.
sets a limit
to describe
to the historical
the results
The sequel
which
value
as under-used
of military
by W.H.
one in a long succession
showing
boundaries
Elizabethan
This is especially
estate
at scales
surveys
of the whole
a townland
or tenement.
Scale
with all the detail
- that shows
estates,
was only
that began
in
of 1700-3.
Many
may be seen
by the new proprietors.
map - a disappointingly
more than the outer
extreme
successors,
and precision
first
many of them
influence
commissioned
At the other
and their
Survey
but their
little
an activity
surveys
of c. 1:10,000,
true of the kind of estate
propprtion
it is safe
'Down' admeasurement
of forfeited
maps have been lost,
in some of the private
Bernard
famous
and ended with the Trustees'
of these plantation
Rocque,
of surveys
colonisation,
in the plantation
Petty's
and acreages
Munster
was civil
trace
Hardinge.12
but in Ireland
as well as under-documented.
conquest
left its own cartographic
described
of his work,
are the surveys
in which
of a coloured
high
limits
of
of John
the landscape
comes
air photograph.13
alive
Some
I
estate
maps are in the manuscript
private
hands.
Manuscript
With
The best starting
sources
the pamphlets
on maps issued
map,
survey.
(1801-32)
by the Public
After
system
Paroch{al
the union
of 1801 the government
in Irish cartography.
official
employment
their generally
projects
bogs in 1810-14
and of the crown
Ordnance
Survey
was imported
coverage
on a gradually
original
publication
1:1056
or 1:500
rural,
1:2500
(1864-1913),
(1855-62),
1:253,440
subsequent
revisions,
They left no more
in the manner
for privately
charts,
century,
estate
but there
maps,
in 1824,
areas,
maps,
writer
maps
remained
town plans
I
peat
I
the
national
I
with
as follows:
(1833-46),
county
and deeper
of the larger
The results,
and built-over
published
Surveys
comprehensive
by the present
I
were given
Then,
of these
or
scales.
surveyors
may be summarised
details
I
the
from motives
to take a wider
1:10,560
I
and
are by no means
small
to provide
country
Further
have been given
Survey
began
enclosed
the whole
(1839).
room
(1816-19)
rather
in
Ireland.14
emerged
Statistical
of scales.
in brackets,
(1840-95),
finally
in the 1820s.
range
1965)
of Northern
like the mapping
from Britain
of the eighteenth
of non-Ordnance
lands
widening
towns,
there
At first private
on specific
(Boston,
with some kind of social
survey
despite
remain
are R.J. Hayes's
Office
Society's
examples,
interest
others
or country gentlemen
The maps in the Dublin
dates
Record
or in association
and in W.S. Mason's
negligible
for a search
of the Irish estate
curiosity
libraries,
of Irish civilisation
often made by clergymen
of disinterested
economic
of major
points
for the history
the entrenchment
scholar'Q
rooms
urban
and
I
1:63,360
including
elsewhere.15
on medium
a steady
I
scales
flow
I
and small-scale
,
general
ment
maps,
some by commercial
departments,
which
continued
cartographers
until
and some by other
the end of the Victorian
governera and in
~'.
--
••
rill
i
-f'_
25.
some cases until
the present
Next to the coastline
day.
the most commonly
maps are the names and boundaries
baronies,
and native
'countries'
graphers,
often with
the names
their local
equivalents
of territorial
were depicted
of their
figure
of 1609,16
as well as in the fragmentary
surveys.
Parishes
county
maps of the eighteenth
surveys
boundaries
were sketched
features;
such work was usually
defeat
in cases
plantation
(as distinct
of uncertainty
and estate
purposes,
map.
or trignometrical
coincided
with a tenurial
boundary
markers
on Irish property
possible
maps
does not:
apart
were made
working
in conjunction
different
scales
orial hierarchy
Survey
on Ordnance
There are also
indexes:
one in a single
parishes
and 1:2500
sheet
lines.
areas are specified
the 1:2500
maps.
the various
district
electoral
new territorial
divisions,
century.
boundaries
of individual
the other
tenements
in the Valuation
scale.
it
many
department
also
baronies
issued
Ordnance
and 1:95,
showing
are shown
on the 1:10,560
fields are given
a number
of special
in the course
in colour
Dublin.
townland
of all the above-
perch
legal
at
Survey
such as poor law unions
to these public
are
at 1:10,560
from 1:190,080
statute
on
Thus counties
townlands
of individual
units,
Office,
of course,
of maps
and over;
acreages
that were introduced
In addition
coincides
down the territ-
at 1:63,360,
The exact
Survey
it is usually
boundary
further
and over;
to the nearest
The Ordnance
nineteenth
maps preserved
one step
sets of published
and the acreages
on the
they
and tenants,
that in a series
sheet at scales
and baronies;
maps and their indexes,
showing
two useful
by
officers.
maps of 1:633,600
at 1:63,360
measured
survey
Often,
landlords
than the map on the next smaller
and over.
mentioned
among
For
is less common
on an old estate
landscape.
with Petty
proceed
where
Nevertheless
by the government's
the Ordnance
and over, parishes
boundaries
agreed
admitted
of punctiform
or hill-tops
be expected.
in the modern
agreed
or physical
in figures
to be shown
top-
the
them determined
being written
rocks
or not a boundary
1:253,440
040, showing
raths,
each map should
named and delimited
county
before
inside
b~t the representation
from 1825 onwards
The Ordnance
surveys)
were individually
boundary,
with
on many
to conjecture.
or streams
from alterations
changes
than resorting
for roads
with any of the boundaries
Munster
In ordinary
settlements
or
surveys
maps and reappear
and estate
and the acreage
than might
to tell whether
plantation
centuries.
most boundaries
such as trees,
townlands
done with care, and some surveyors
computation
It was not unusual
while
carto-
of the earlier
the appropriate
rather
with chain and circumferentor,
graphic
survivals
from plantation
in between
Counties,
families,
on the Ulster
and nineteenth
on early
by many Elizabethan
on the Down Survey
ographical
features
divisions.
dominant
prominently
are shown
represented
on
maps
and
of the
boundaries,
the
on a set of 1:10560
11II
••
26.
Towns and villages
clusters
of buildings,
appear
though
the name to be recorded
only castles
Bartlett
attention
was arranging
those
that were
were
whether
of lesser
every
proportion
building
did not necessarily
area.
After
confidence
a corresponding
historians.
tation
number
estimate
in the town,
of absolute
urban
map-maker's
appearance;
of the Down
more accurately
buildings
latest
Survey.
symbolism
in the interpredistinguished
be dangerous
in
to the
to base an
that these
two
and grey,
the building
Survey,
carmine
licence,
seems
recurs
the
The change
of plan-
appearing
century.
style,
produced
are variously
frequently
Its significance
houses
In
single
the latter
to indicate
on duplicate
it came earliest
nineteenth
blocks
as can
the building,
will show it.
of the planiform
and this distinction
but in general
the larger
mansions,
and
architectural
for artist's
gradually:
or in bird's
character
of the same building
form as late as the middle
in 1685,
in profile
of large and elaborate
and tbuntry
Thomas
houses
to interpreting
versions
in the depiction
ding the time of the Ordnance
"\
fail to
proportional
of a building's
took place
Irish examples
Phillips
of drawing
On the whole,
of the earliest
explicit,
was
of his fellow
on the hypothesis
cartographer
such as churches
'scenographic'
carmine
will gain
he may
arises
was roughly
must be made
different
the early
cartographic
town plans,
history
of houses
but it would
indication
allowance
be seen by comparing
iform
of local
the number
but when it comes
considerable
copies
that
of every part of the survey
the more sceptical
population
habit
eye view may give a useful
detail
especially
identical.
The early
general
questionable
of measurement
early map - though
of Speed and his contemporaries
were
surveyors
on their maps,
of incompleteness
No doubt
of
examples
as to how much comprehensiveness
faith among
The same problem
of households
numbers
sight
the student
in any given
of early plans.
the plans
them within
some experience
and achieved,
estate
it thus becomes
but only
those
'knownl
to have used a technique
in his own judgement
intended,
lnsplre
bring
with
that the
to be shown
in the
not all housesj
With those
cartography
Richard
Even as late as 1654
of his results
suggests
is meant
as some of these men are known
cartographers
to include
of the total,
by plantation
small
Tudor
for
buildings,
and identified,
importance.17
surveys
it. was common
individual
marked
among
and a comparison
non-cartographic
inspired
unique
maps as diagrammatic
charts
Among
systematically
for the Down Survey
'known',
only a small
who were
were
to houses
Petty
contemporary
on the first m~rine
being almost
he paid
small-scale
but not the town.
and churches
in Ulster
on early
in
In some
by
coloured
In
up to and incluis seldom
made
of superior
•
••
27.
value while
grey or black is reserved
for cabins
or for non-residential
buildings.
The functional
by symbols
differentiation
or descriptive
general
comprehensiveness
vention
applied
resentation
mills
all occur
the following
dependent
map.
on the scale
Perhaps
and
the oldest
in 1564)
charcoal
con-
is the rep-
furnaces,
on plantation
After
was further
enlarged
to take in markets,
milestones,
turnpike
gates,
bleach
cartography
iron works,
on Irlsh maps at least as early
appearances
century.
in early
I seats by single and double crosses
for lime-kilns,
the 1590s and make sporadic
throughout
sites
(it was used by Mercator
and archbishops
but symbols
wind mills and water
is naturally
of the individual
to Ireland
of bishops'
respectively;
writing
of particular
and estate
1700 the map-maker's
barracks,
greens,
mines
schools,
as
surveys
vocabulary
fair grounds,
and even the occasional
'fire engine'.
Woods and to a lesser
as rebel refuges
extent
or as obstacles
In the seventeenth-century
as an economic
classed
as
bog edges
bogs
resource
'unprofitable
from townland
figure in Elizabethan
to the movement
plantation
surveys,
that was now belng
timber
rapldly
boundaries
being at least
plantation.
With
few exceptions,
arable
annotations
rather
than as drawing
or colouring;
seldom
placed
between
these
'arable'
ploughed.
Even when distinctive
in the later
reserve.
in its literal
eighteenth
In the large-scale
these symbols
carry
r~rely)
by these
symbol
with which
thinking
in some cases
plough.
estate
by the Frizell
any more
Rocque.
Even the Ordnance
baulks
was still
as 1903.
wholly
discussion
among
that
from the 1:10,560
senior
of mapping
Survey
by the
such as
'fields'
printed
in its treatment
1833 and 1835, and the propriety
under
the
though
to be taken
of the generation
omitted
of fence
followed
maps,
in Rocque's
vacillated
(all too
cultivation,
estate
not intended
Scale
It is wishful
of land surveyors~18
surveys
Survey
fences were almost
between
family
kinds
actually
eighteenth-century
with some
supplies
different
'rundale'
become
and Bernard
furrows.
than they are so intended
maps or in the military
published
for
surveyors
of being
and grass
they must be treated
and were perhaps
county
patterns:
for tillage
are
Irish
of what was capable
the grass and
bogs were
as written
dividing-lines
they do seem to show the direction
later
begin
maps of John Rocque
as evidence
while
as old as the Munster
for many early
and the several
prominence
line to distinguish
so do the field names
they separate
look much less plausible
literally,
century
cartographers
On many other
those produced
symbols
conviction;
to read the latter
sense
maps
army.
is given
consumed,
and pasture
two categories,
interpreted
popular
of the queen's
the use of a broken
land1,
regional
officers
followed
of field
maps
openfield
as late
28.
Until
the nineteenth
scape was largely
owner
a matter
or occupier,
not surprising
by the names
other
county
of their proprietors
maps,
while
the gentlemans
comparatively
of communication
the cartographic
produced
profusion
maps
Andrew
Skinner.
of new road,
1805.20
distinguished
works.
The independent
other
was rendered
unnecessary
showed
yields
later
coastal
diminish,
of cursing
and to consist
kind,
appearance;
without
appea~
including
in
the special
in 1778 by George
Taylor
of intended
in the years
following
not always
clearly
however,
is hardly
known
in nineteenth-,century
of the Irish
data,
many early
in Ireland;
Britain,
Ordnance
map-makers
topics
as geology,
and old places.
information
about
Kerry
bird life on Ben Bulben,
of several
on the islands
information
amateur
views
Armada
diamonds
Scotsmen's
ships,
of Inishmurray.
tends
generally
On
to
of local scenery.
was mapping
it
Survey.
antiquities
the wrecks
and
lines
and harbour
of marginal
an enthusiastic
their
Seller
unfortunately
(though
end of
of canals
cartographic
mainly
and
maps
and legend,
practised
John
1700 roads
in such unexpected
of Antrim,
1650
of Ireland
Morden,
come many surveys
in Wexford,
before
are scarce,
first make
every
survey,
this kind of adventitious
as late as the 18208
l
erosion
fires on the coast
maps,
of almost
interest
alone
period
Robert
After
topographical
The Tudor
and the method
to select.
Bartlett,
Even on the
maps
his own selection,
on contemporary
history
Tralee,
Browne,
by the excellence
8 passing
at least
of cartographic
roads
single-sheet
highways
riding
It is at the other
were also recorded
local
signal
i
major
flora and fauna,
near
of nowhere.
of map familiar
orthodox
have spent
and causeways,
railway
kinds
of
gives
them the maps of Richard
made by the Irish post office
for posterity)
like several
must
the woods)
gives
and future
As well as more
surveyor
with any frequency
From the same period
Present
and lakes
in a way that often
for the use of travellers
like those
that show
and the early
,to appear
on Irish maps
published
among
Christopher
roads
accompanied
than any
on maps
is one of the puzzles
on the small
cartographers
how he knew which
growing
rendered
in the middle
Petty,
- often
groves
of the Down Survey
that the country's
each of these
strip
maps
spect~um,
by William
and others,
the avenues,
of its
lay_out.19
of roads
large-scale
appear
land-
It is thus
fully represented
walls
how much time the early
to stop short
saying
.re
(through
parks
5uCh as the Down Survey
of their
lpasses'
the status
was surveyed.
and private
- are more
With a few exceptions,
are bridges,
the higher
a feature
onwards
ground
his neglect
the only lines
liable
from 1750s
of the Irish cultural
class:
Deerpark
fences,
pleasure
Considering
history.
land use.
impression
or walking,
of social
to find that demesnes
in ordinary
a realistic
the mapping
the more carefully
kind of rural
no interest
century
hotels,
But
grocers'
29.
I
I
I
I
I
1
shops and bathing
and adding
places
for good measure
on the mountains;
austerity
while
the Ordnance
their
there is room
from the large amount
local historian
of advice
who seeks
of the inquiry,
in advance.
national
maps necessarily
or that small-scale
scale maps.
In fixing
to work with early
from the date at which
and copies,
are necessarily
the transition
Survey could misread
own field data
version
copyists
for publication.
of any map,
contributed
ad
valuable
source
and
maps;
than large-
between
different
originals
inevitable
ln
even the Ordnance
when processing
its
to find the most original
derivative
versions,
own.
for many
In particular,
printed
script maps.
Of any map, ask how it was made and why it was made,
that map-makers
as necessarily
the
of a map, remember
that are almost
of their
for the
Whatever
may be quite
Try therefore
details
are human.
of
selected
do not despise
and remember
maps
position
'flax mill'
but do not neglect
place
in print
less informative
to the latter:
'flour mill'
hints
than local
Distinguish
for the errors
from the former
landing
that regional
interest
it communicates
it was drawn.
their usual
of cartographic
for example,
the chronological
and look out
forgot
maps,21
any class
have less local
be grown
Goldsmith.
that is now available
that the date of the information
could
for only a few brief
Do not assume,
maps
officers
of Oliver
Coo Londonderry,
grain
own maps with the
do not dismiss
material
at which
Survey
in 1798 and the birthplace
In concluslon,
of Magilligan,
the heights
when they annotated
the French
subject
in the parish
less authentic
than manu-
30.
.1,
'~
T.J. W6stropp,
notes
'Early Italian
on foreIgn
settlers
W.A. McComish,
'Early Maps of Ireland
R. Dunlop,
McCoy,
4.
Society',
'SIxteenth
Ulster
G.L.H.
Shannon,
Davies,
G. Story,
7.
8.
PublIshed
Dublin
'The Haking
The Large
9.
Eng. Hist.
discovered
maps,
Belfast,
reprinted
lists
During
12, 1979,
IV:
by J.H.
of the Most Material
the last Two Years,
Scale County
Physico-
pp. 92-8.
Occurrences
London,
Maps of the British
of early maps exist
for Belfast,
in
1691.
Isles,
1596-
well-known
see J.H. Andrews,
maps included),
'Ireland
Ferguson,
which
For an example,
4, 1962,
Carrickfergus,
in maps:
of an Irish town is that of Londonderry
unfortunately
see J.H, Andrews,
and its Surroundings,
J. H, Andrews,
Law, Three
the Dublin
bibliography
National
see G.A. Hayes-
with introduction
Irish Geogrc,
11.
20
1972.
postscript',
10.
Rev.,
1964.
A. Bonar
of Irish Geography,
(only a few especially
Dublin
of the
1972, 40-45.
For references
W.S.
Collection
c. 1600, Dublin,
Haps,
Irish Geogr.,
of IreJ~nd
Oxford,
IS
134, 1968 pp. 306-8.
Dub.lin 1961;
Delineatio,
A true and Impartial
E.H. Rodger,
1850,
in Haps,
30 C, 1913
1969.
Society',
the Kingdom
in the Andrews
Jour.
Irish Maps,
of Irish Printed
Hlberniae
R. Ir. Acad'9
to other work on this subject
For more recently
Hundred
W. Petty,
from 1300 to 1600, with
Maps of Ireland~,
Ireland
Historical
6.
Century
and Other
Years
guide
GeogE.
J.H. Andrews,
Andrews,
5.
Proc.
tradeV,
The most recent
1905, pp. 309-37.
3.
and
pp. 361-428,
Royal Geographical
2.
Maps of Ireland
Library
of Ireland,
'Charles
p. 239.
and Waterford.
a bibliographical
By far the best carto-
remains
by the late
unpublished.
Two Eighteenth-Century
Lympne,
1977.
Dublin,
HSS 2557,
Vallancey
Cork,
Maps of
3137.
and the Map of Ireland',
Geogr.
Jour.,
132, 1966, 48-61.
12.
W.H. Hardinge,
a Public
Proc.
Mapped
Townland
Surveys
in Ireland
Character,
from their
introduction
to 23rd October
R. Ir. Acad.,
8, 1861-4,
pp. 39-55.
'On Hanuscript
land Surveys
Civil
'On Manuscript
in Ireland
and Down
Antiquities,
Happed
Surveys,
24 (1873),
and Other
265-313.
of a Public
from 1640 to 1688',
3-109;
Townland
For a guide
Character,
Trans.
'A Concluding
Surveys
in Ireland,
to more recent
embracing
studies
Hemoir
1641',
Happed
J.H,
Andrews,
Geogr.,
'The French
5 1967,
school
of Dublin
Town-
the Gross,
R. Ir. Acad.,
on Manuscript
]688-1864',
Ibid.,
of the Down Survey
note 4 above,
13.
of
land surveyors',
275-92.
T
Irish
see
•
••
310
14.
Public
Record
nos. 11-18,
15.
16.
18.
2Q.
1968,
Much
of House
AlIen
1660-1845,
for Irish
of Ulster,
1609-10',
on Some Irish Maps of c. 1600',
essays
98, 1964,
of Glin,
London,
in J.H. Andrews,
Irish Geogr.,
a Guide
Counties
in honour
and R.J. Hunter,
Hermathe~a,
of this literature
Historian:
an Introduction
133-70.
in folk1ife:
and the Knight
Age',
1972.
of Iorweth
C.
pp. 91-103.
in F.H.A.
College',
Illustrated
Railway
21.
'Representations
Peate,
Gardening,
of the Escheated
74 C, 1974,
Studies
E. Malins
Maps:
Office,
, 1974.
in G. Jenkins,
Illustrated
How to Use the Record
Belfast,
in the Ordnance
'The maps
London,
Ireland,
Plans and Surveys,
R. Ir. Acad.,
Trinity
19.
Dublin
K. Danaher,
of Northern
History
J.H. Andrews,
Proc.
17.
Maps,
J.H. Andrews,
Readers,
Office
of
Irish Landscape
p. xv.
'Road Planning
5, 1964,
Plate
in Ireland
Sources,
Before
the
2.
in J.B. Hurley,
to the British
Maps
pp. 90-91,
Lost Demesnes:
1976,
is cited
~The Estate
Maps
London,
for the Local
1972.
32.
NORTHERN
IRELAND
A.
One of the results
Britain
was the growth
Faced
with
site,
workers
century
1950,
in Britain,
this detailed
because
Records
ation
towards
which
Against
uction
and circulation
held including
known
and numbered,
card
in alphabetical
order
and Monuments
basic,
archaeological
photos,
Record
seeks
sites.
a basic
source
for any local study,
topographical
is detailed
active,
Antrim
especially
began
quarried,
of Ancient
areas
Counties
in 1978.
parish
scrutiny
Information
in the Record
detailed.
Certain
began
Branch,
when its reprod-
is in three
on which
sites
parts:
all known
for each
a key to other
field notes.
where
Armagh
Monuments
information
Cards
are
individual
together,
store
and
the County
from the
Ireland
survey
and the survey
rich source
and
material
has recently
work proceeds,
projects
all
of OS Six Inch maps,
Field
survey
in the other
about
for the Northern
of Northern
and Fermanagh
research
information
with information
works.
a wonderfully
on sites
point
together
As this survey
by parish,
since
of all editions
and archaeological
for those
Record
and Buildings
detailed,
The starting
was careful
earlier
Ireland
scale
to bring
but not necessarily
Survey
from
by townlands.
Record
Preliminary
plans,
away
in sophistic-
a key list of numbered
for each site providing
the need
ranging
The Record
at six inch or 1 : 10,000
since
and Monuments
in 1978,
have been in hand,
of this
records.
Monuments
1 was completed
Ireland
1940
r" .-
(Historic
and
of Sites
counties,
to computerised
could
Ireland
filled
was diverted
and the compiling
of the
on Ancient
in Northern
work on the Northern
bibliography,
make available
money
for most English
and stage
map and a record
A sites
survey
Survey
in 1975,
stored
In the 19708
card systems
DOENI)
cover
record
the first decade
only partly
this background,
are marked
since
threatened
priorities
Commissions
county
ln the Archaeological
sites
the Royal
Survey
by county
every
background
ln
Records.
to have a basic
and the Archaeological
rapid
a full OS map cover
or excavating
which
had been recording
now exist
from simple
boom of the 197~
Sites and Monuments
against
Although
RECORD
GIVEN
'rescue archaeology'
sites,
of its slow pace.
excavation
MONUMENTS
A.
of preserving
and decided.
Monuments
and
that it was essential
of all known
Historical
AND
of archaeological
realised
be discussed
HAMLIN
of the
the impossibility
whereabouts
SITES
been
of South
the OS Memoirs
for County
counties
are
Antrim.
is much less
have been
fed into the
33.
Record
and some field notes and drawings
The total of sites now reached
figure,
as new sites are constantly
through
air photographs.
early
17th century,
landscape
features
of more
recent
ornamental
The Record
does not at this stage
is already
incoming
inspectors
a rescue
single
an Archaeological
enquiries
going
base,
whereabouts
seeking
Unlike
the Survey
of sites,
It will also gladly
of local
over sites
Survey's
most
supply
of the British
societies
in their areas
copies
basis
date and
antiquities,
industrial
mon-
Internally
for dealing
preliminary
Records
with
information
which
for
are kept at a
the maps and lists,
of government
which
who are willing
it
it is an aid to protection,
the key to the
land-using
may
of individual
and report
to the
with raths/ringforts.
directions.
Secondly
of any developments
and
material.
essential
to a wide range
resemble
buildings,
invaluable
has circulated
survey
of uncertain
can be confused
historic
a minimum
and buildings
sometimes
in three main
and it provides
early warning
members
cover
out into the field.
tool.
holy wells
finds of archaeological
has applications
monuments
which
in it.
emphatically
found by ground
sites,
which
deposited
9,000
includes
times
'tree-rings'
or individual
The Record
being
some penal
especially
uments
is about
The total
also
generously
involve
monuments.
maps and lists
to exercise
agencies,
to any
some surveillance
back news of finds,
new sites
or
threats.
The circulation
confidential
misused
basis.
as a guide
hunters.
Under
archaeological
to the whereabouts
the 1971 Historic
Northern
Ireland,
as a result
and also
WaS the realisation
known,
understood
Sites and Monuments
only
if
Record
without
of using
Record
its confidentiality
is to provide
metal
will
key to the whereabouts
research
worker
Survey's
HQ in Balmoral
a licence
a metal
through
of sites,
source.
Avenue,
detector
books,
articles
to those
successfully
issued
to
in
of the 1970s
better
and guides,
sites.
The
as a rescue
The third purpose
The maps and lists
the full Record
for
is illegal
to make sites
but for more detailed
may have to consult
therefore,
A sad feature
detector-users
function
be
for treasure
from DOENI,
Digging,
by archaeologists
is respected.
a research
grounds
never
and
(NI) Act any excavation
in the Republic.
and appreciated,
could serve also to point
of hunting
excavators.
that attempts
done on a restricted
that they should
Monuments
is illegal
and experienced
for objects
is being
We are most anxious
purposes
only to trained
search
of maps and lists
tool
of the
provide
information
a
the
at the Archaeological
Belfast.
,~~
34.
The work
of maps,
has underlined
sufficiently
hedges
speculation
as to the significance
unrecorded
Shankills
where
of monuments
buildings
which
the ground
leads
to pursue
traditions,
in relation
subject
are easily
all sources
collect
help
monuments
and concern
was something
point
local
Note:
The Record
Survey,
66 Balmoral
cannot
is in the charge
Avenue,
for locally
Belfast
on
record
In doing
interest
the Record
this they
and pride
Although
Ireland
people
some of the oral know-
pass.
local
based
up all
to tap local
Sites
in
for its compilers
and Monuments
is really
only a beginning,
and we hope it will provide
archaeological
show
traces
hope to follow
in their areas:
1 of the Northern
not an end in itself,
for many
Survey
or arouse
of a landmark,
boundaries
can also
yet may leave
The
for antiquities,
for their preservation.
of stage
and barony
map editions
lost as generations
to keep alive
fort and
to be pinpointed.
parish
sheets
field and place-names,
will also
certainly
remain
odd-
can suggest
with no known
and the need is clearly
of information
that is gradually
Record
mistaken
of the Archaeological
in the field,
the completion
from later
not
earthwork
topographical
Place-names
Early
study
'indoor archaeology',
of similar
to townland,
of study.
of
but recorded
like lis townlands
sites
the intensive
how the bend of a lane or
associations.
or graveyard
disappeared
which
The members
ledge
sites,
church
is an interesting
Seeing
of a long-vanished
with no known monumental
siting
particularly
importance
in the past.
some trace
otherwise
such
the Record,
the potential
exploited
preserves
invites
ities
of compiling
a starting
and topographical
studies.
of Mrs Anne Given
at Archaeological
BT9 6NY
(telephone
Belfast
661621).
35.
IRISH
MUSEUMS
AND
THE
D.R.M.
A museum
portion
is defined
of a building
ition of objects
industrial
Dictionary,
ortant
than this basic
such objects,
are preserved,
narrow,
that
'a museum
service
and used.
that promulgated
of study,
education
researches,
environment'.
Realizing
more liberal
interpretation,
history,
subjects'.
permanent
in museum
recognized
in Ireland
is too
Council
states
in the
and exhibits,
might
which
for purposes
from this
this'paper
would
which
of man and his
well benefit
on which
to cover many institutions
parlance,
statutes
institution
evidence
imp-
are buildings
and open to the public,
material
the survey
(The
VI, p. 781) but more
3 of the I.C.O.M.
that students
fine and
even at its broadest
communicates
and enjoyment,
and exhib-
by the International
and of its development,
conserves,
been extended
volume
of museums
is a non-profitmaking,
acquires,
natural
It has become
Article
or a
for the preservation
as they are called
that this concept
of society
lA building
is the fact that museums
or specimens
has been used.
as
of any of these
1970 edition,
so in this survey
of Museums
branch
definition
exhibited
years
Dictionary
of antiquities,
art or some particular
English
in recent
in the Oxford
illustrative
STUDENT
WEATHERUP
used as a iepository
Oxford
where
RESEARCH
is based
not hitherto
has
have
been considered.
The purpose
responsibility
of physical
by members
aspect
Dublin
is better
study
although
a library,
through
Civil
archives
Museum
Servants
pre-history,
for educational
that can be tqken
folklife,
is naturally
natural
controlled
tions of each museum,
but generally
members
of the museum
profession
amateur
as well as the academic
It has got to be realized
history
Service
is its collection
files are
It is now widely
purposes
and one
of them by those
and art.
is an increasing
to assist
of Ireland
(Museum
and encourage
interested
The extent
by the size and scope
there
of
of the collec-
willingness
amongst
the interested
student.
that
finance
and that the officers
of the museums
their
and consequently
to pursue
and photographic
utilized.
'the
the evidence
of the National
to be adequately
of this is the advantage
craft
history
of Professional
that they are used primarily
this usefulness
by the phrase
1973, p. 7) for the core of the museum
for the specimens
in history,
expressed
the nation's
used in their
of the Institute
of specimens,
accepted
of portraying
objects',
for Ireland,
essential
of museums,
is fairly,
in Ireland
or unfairly,
have many other
the amount
restricted
aspects
of
of time that they can give
36.
to enquirers,
limited.
even the most dedicated
The availability
the expertise
asised
of museum
of the staff
that the work
of searching,
and museum
enquirer.
Once the possible
etc.,
records
assistant
or curator
discuss,
those
advise
ing their
lines
sales
are all facets
tape-recording
and storing
the production
photo-
of such work and guide
into the best ways of follow-
of museum
programmes
as well as the more
of specimens
finds,
general
tasks
are all time consuming
use for display
of catalogues
and guides,
donors
The organizing
and attend
of temporary
and sets of colour
are becoming
trans-
more prominent
features
more time from the staff.
of administration,
and must be fitted
can expect
the preservation,
and their
see potential
work.
groups
of the changing
and transcribing,
and also demand
so that the student
the recording
of film strips
for use by school
edule
records,
upon to find time to
and publication
of museum
parencles
research,
be relied
up of the collections,
forth to investigate
exhibitions,
fall to the lot of the
None the less a keeper,
the progress
with the preparation
the going
from the
of enqulry.
cataloguing
together
and of
the work will have to be
or herself.
can usually
by photography,
cleaning,
and decided
is
and it must be emph-
and abstracting
will therefore
to such activities
The building
scene
himself
and criticise
unaccustomed
copying
enthusiasts,
and records
use of the specimens,
has been examined
done by the researcher
collections
is thus not unbounded
collections
graphs
and painstaking
only a share
These,
maintenance
and
into the work sch-
of the limited
time
available.
Meeting
people
and the image
professor
taining
With
is one of the most pleasant
of the potty
in some dark office
rows of sombre
the formation
the larger
cases
institutions,
enlarging
the collections
display
to an increase
officer,
research
of specimens
students
Great
Britain
and should
teams
laboratories
to concentrate
of research
on
of their
and less crowded
papers
The innovation
Museum
in
time has become
more informative
in the Science
to the material
more
con-
for ever.
display
and to the study
with enquiries.
as for example
across
officers
in the publication
in dealing
gone
work
minded
galleries
use of conservation
and their assistants
This has led to brighter,
understanding
spreading
of professional
of administrative
to the keepers
of museum
with the absent
is, it is to be hoped,
the growing
available
contents.
closeted
at the end of the dreary
and acceptance
and the introduction
ation
curator
aspects
and to more
of an inform-
in London,
lead to easier
but may well result
access
is now
for
in a reversion
to
•
••
III
37.
less contact
between
The steady
etc.,
(helped
on written
levels
growth
dissertations
and ages)
students
undertaken
and local
by study
groups
emphasis
at all
to use museums
from school,
more aware
societies,
with increasing
generation
on the way home
professionals
colleges
of education
the younger
public.
for more
and it has also
of the legitimate
needs
of
of all ages.
institution
available
and so vary
in an Irish museum
from place
and like institutions
position
to help students.
NATIONAL
GALLERY
Status:
National
Director:
OF IRELAND,
Director
Cataloguer
10 a.m.
Subject:
which
Square
on the size of the
The following
have intimated
Merrion
West,
is a list of
that they are in a
Dublin
2.
Potterton.
- Vacant;
Research
- John Hutchinson,
hours:
to place.
depend
Institution.
Mr. Homan
Assistant
Opening
from schools,
methods
or play-grounds
The facilities
museums
and the general
and projects
has brought
to make museum
staff
of visits
by the changing
than shelters
helped
curatorial
Monday
to 6 p.m.,
Librarian
to Wednesday
Thursday
Curator
- Michael
Wynne
- Anne Stewart.
and Friday
to Saturday
11 a.m. to 9 p.m. and Sunday
2 p.m.
to 5 p.m.
Fine arts.
Area served:
Reference
The Country.
library:
from 10 a.m.
Photographic
Facilities
There
is a reference
to 5.15 p.m. Monday
collections:
are offered
on fine arts available
to Friday.
Information
to research
library
available
students:
on application.
Details
on application
to the
Director.
NATIONAL
LIBRARY
Status:
National.
Director:
Opening
OF IRELAND,
Mr. Michael
hours:
Monday
Kildare
Street,
Dublin
2.
Hewson
to Friday
10 a.m. to 10 p.m. and Saturday
10 a.m.
1 p.m.
Subjects:
General,
Area served:
Photographic
Facilities
works,
,
specializing
National
and International
collections:
offered
of Irish studies.
readership.
Extensive.
to research
photographic
in all aspects
service,
students:
etc.
Catalogues,
backup
reference
to
38.
NATIONAL
MUSEUM
Status:
National.
Director:
Brendan
Division
John
OF IRELAND,
Opening
O'Riordain,
- Michael
Teahan,
Kildare Street,
and 7-9 Merrion
hours:
M.A., M.R.I.A.,
F. Ryan, M.A.,
M.A.,
Keeper,
Tuesday
Dublin 2 (also Merrion
Row, Dublin 2).
Keeper,
Natural
Irish Antiquities.
Art and Industrial
History
to Saturday
Keeper,
Square
Division
Division
-
- Dr. Colm O'Riordan.
10 a.m. to 5 p.m. and Sunday
2 p.m.
to 5 p.m.
Subjects:
Archaeology,
painting
Area
and sculpture),
served:
Reference
numismatics,
zoology
fine arts
(exclusive
of
and geology.
The Country.
library:
Photographic
Very limited
collection:
archaeology,
Facilities
folklife,
Large
folklife
offered
to collection
in case of post graduate
collection
of negatives
students.
in respect
of
,
and fine arts.
to research
under
access
strict
students:
curatorial
supervision.
assistance,
No access
access
to files
(abstracts
,.
only).
THE HERBARIUM;
Status:
Botanic
Gardens,
Glasnevin,
Dublin
.
9•
National .
.Director:
Other
National
Mr. Aidan
staff:
Brady.
Miss Maura
Scannell,
Mr. Donal
Synnott
and Dr. E.C. Nelson
(Taxonomist).
Opening
hours:
Subjects:
Area
Reference
9.15 a.m. to 5.30 p.m.
World-wide.
library:
Photographic
Facilities
For accredited
collection:
offered
access
to research
Botanic
students
Botanical
to collections
MUSEUM,
Status:
to Friday
Botany.
served:
ULSTER
Monday
only.
manuscripts.
students:
to accredited
Gardens,
by arrangement
Curatorial
assistance
and
students.
Belfast
BT9 5AB.
National.
Director:
Antiquities
Dr. W.A. McCutcheon,
Department:
Assistant
Keepers
Ph.D., B.A.
Keeper
M.A.,
- L.N.W.
- R.B. Warner,
(Prehistoric
F.S.A.,
Flanagan,
M.A.
antiquities),
F.R.G.S.
B.A.,
F.S.A.,
(later antiquities),
Research
Assistant
P.C. Woodman,
- Mrs W. Glover,
M.A.
Art Department:
Kennedy,
Keeper
B.A.,
M. Robinson,
A.R.D.
N.D.D.,
- E.V. Hickey,
B.A.,
(modern paintings),
(applied
Assistant
Miss
Keepers
E. McCrum,
art, glass and pottery),
- S.B.
M.A.
Research
(cDstume),
Assist-
39.
ants - M. Anglesea,
Esq., B.A.
•
Geology
B.A.,
(modern art),
Department:
(prints and watercolours),
Miss E. Black,
Keeper
and stratigraphy),
M. Litt.
B.A.
- P.S. Doughty,
Assistant
J. Watson,
(old masters).
M.Sc.,
F.M.A.
(palaeontology
Keeper
- R. Nawaz,
M.Sc.,
Ph.D.,
Keeper
- D.G.
A.M.A.
(botany),
F.G.S.
(mineraloqy) ..
I
11
11
Botany
and Zoology
- fJ.
Keepers
Hackney,
and R. Nash,
Local
History
B.Sc.
Turner,
B.A.
(history
Opening
and local
Assistant
B.Sc.,
(zoology)
11 a.m.
art
Assistant
Assistants
R.J. Heslip,
B.A.
Keeper
- J.N.H.
-
Nesbitt
(numismatics),
history).
Assistant
to 6 p.m.,
Keeper
Sundays
(fine and applied),
- A. Montgomery.
2.30 p.m.
botany,
to 5.30 p.m.
zoology,
geology,
history.
Regional.
library
available
for students.
collections:
(a) Extensive
and items
in the region.
collections
of collections
(e.g. Welch
Facilities
Research
(military
Department:
Weekdays
There is a reference
Photographic
B.Sc.,
M. McKee,
- Dr. W. Maguire,
history),
- T. Wylie,
and local
served:
Keeper
(local history),
Archaeology,
technology
Erwin,
(entomology).
Archaeology
hours:
Subject~:
Area
B.A.
Assistant
Industrial
B.Sc.,
Department:
B.S.
Museum
Department:
and items
(b) Extensive
in the region.
documentation
written
(c) Photographic
of
documentation
collections
collection).
offered
collections
photographic
to research
available
students:
on request.
(a) Access
(b) Occasional
to staff
and study
part-time
employment
of students.
•
I
I
I
I
I
ULSTER
FOLK AND TRANSPORT
Status:
Cultra Manor, Holywood, Co. Down.
at Whitham Street, Belfast) .
MUSEUM,
National.
Director:
G.B. Thompson,
Department
of Buildings:
Department
of Material
O.B.E"
M.Sc.,
Dr. R.A. Gailey
Culture:
F.M.A.
and Dr. P. Robinson.
Mr. J. Bell,
Mrs L. Jones,
Mrs J. Dixon
and Mrs J. Morris.
Department
Miss
(also
of Non-Material
F. SculliQn
Department
Culture:
Mr. A. Buckley,
Miss L.M. Smith,
and Mr. G.8. Adams.
of Transport:
Mr. R.B. 8eggs,
Mr. M.D. McCaughan
and Mr. R.
Galbraith.
Library/Archives
Anderson.
- Mr. A.McClellan,
Department
of Education
- Mr. A.
40.
Opening
hours:
Monday,
Thursday,
Wednesday
Tuesday
Monday,
Saturday
Subjects:
Museum,
10 a.m.
Ulster
served:
Facilities
dialect
offered
(Normally
facilities
Deputy
Monday,
2 p.m. to 7 p.m.
Tuesday,
Thursday,
and
10 a.m. to 9 p.m.
Irish transport
history.
(e.g. transport)
collection
archive
Friday
Ireland.
of photographs,
on material
dialect
archive,
and non-material
culture,
students:
and archives,
Curatorial
access
are available
assistance,
to stores
only between
in certain
access
OFFICE
Keeper
Opening
OF NORTHERN
of the Records
in public
hours:
Subjects:
search
IRELAND,
circumstances.
9 a.m. and 5 p.m.
66 Balmoral
Northern
No reference
library.
Photographic
collection:
Strabane
and Allison
Lawrence
Collection
Facilities
offered
research
- Mr. B. Trainor;
from
Avenue,
Belfast
BT9 6NY.
Research
Assistant
- Mr. G.J.
room.
9.30 a.m. to 4.45 p.m.
All aspects
served:
(documents
may be ordered
up to 4.15 p.m.)
of Irish history.
Ireland.
Two major
of Armagh
in National
to research
photographic
and prints
Library
students:
topic may be discussed
collections
for all Irish
- Cooper
towns
of
from the
can be obtained.
Access
to collection,
with the Research
Assistant
but a
in search
room.
PUBLIC
RECORD
Dublin
Status:
Keeper
to
National.
Slater
Area
Sunday
11 a.m. to 7 p.m.,
to Friday.)
RECORD
Status:
Green
to research
library
PUBLIC
and Saturday
and folk music.
reference
Monday
and
Friday
folklife,
general
Tuesday
2 p.m. to 5 p.m. 1st May to 30th
and in some respects
name archive,
to 30th April
Sunday
Street,
and Irish
1st October
11 a.m. to 5p.m.,
to 6 p.m., Wednesday
collections:
some taped
Cultra
11 a.m. to 9 p.m.,
Witham
Ulster
Photographic
Museum,
and Saturday
Thursday,
and Wednesday
Transport
family
Friday
11 a.m. to 5 p.m.,
September,
Area
Folk and Transport
OFFICE
OF IRELAND
7 and Dublin
Castle,
AND STATE
Dublin
PAPER
OFFICE,
Four Courts,
2.
National.
of State
Choille.
David
and Deputy
Archivists
Craig,
Hannigan
Papers
Frances
Keeper
- Dr. Philomena
McGee
and Caitriona
of Public
Connolly,
at the Public
Crowe at the State
Record
Paper
Records
- B. MacGiolla
Dr. Sean Connolly,
Office
Office.
and Kenneth
••
•
-41.
Opening
hours:
Subjects:
Monday
Records
of central
a small percentage
Area served:
,Reference
Photographic
III
--
10 a.m. to 5 p.m.
Government
of earlier
and private
records
from 1790 with
records.
The Country.
library:
Facilities
to Friday
Yes.
collection:
offered
other reading
to research
room
HERALDIC
MUSEUM,
Status:
National.
Archives
Genealogical
Donal Begley.
Opening
Monday
hours:
students:
facilities.
Chief Herald:
and small
Advice
Copying
Office,
to Friday
number
of photographs.
and access
on paper
Dublin
to records
and
or film of records.
Castle,
Dublin
2.
9.45 a.m. to 1 p.m. and 2.15 p.m. to 4.45
p.m.
Subjects:
Heraldry.
Reference
library:
Facilities
Yes.
offered
to research
students:
Curatorial
assistance,
access
to
collections.
ARCHBISHOP
MARSH'S
LIBRARY,
Status:
Public
Keeper:
Canon J.S. Brown,
hours;
Close,
Dublin
8.
library.
M.A., Assistant
Opening
St. Patrick's
Deputy
Monday
10.30 a.m. to 12.30
M.A.,
B.O.,
Keeper
Deputy
- Muriel
Keeper
- Rev. C.R.J.
Bradley,
McCarthy.
2 p.m. to 4 p.m., Wednesday,
p.m. and 2 p.m. to 4 p.m.,
Thursday
Saturday
and Friday
10.30
a. m. to
12.30 p.m.
Subjects:
travel,
Manuscripts
and printed
navigation,
music,
,
books
surveying
on theology,
and classical
science,
mathematics,
literature
relating
to the 16th and 18th centuries.
Facilities
offered
purposes
-.
to research
,
Status:
to collections
for research
GALLERY
OF MODERN
ART,
Charlemont
House,
Parnell
Square
1.
Municipal.
Curator:
Opening
Access
only.
HWGH LANE MUNICIPAL
Dublin
students:
Ethna Waldron;
hours~
2 p.m.,
Tuesday
closed
Secretary
to Saturday
Monday.
- Patricia
Flavin.
10 a.m. to 6 p.m.,
Sunday
11 a.m. to
42 •
Subjects:
Area
Modern
served:
Reference
art.
The Country •
library:
Facilities
A limited
offered
library
to research
available.
students:
Access
to collections
and files
on artists.
CHESTER
BEATTY
Dublin
LIBRARY
AND GALLERY
OF ORIENTAL
ART,
20 Shrewsbury
Road,
- Mr. D. James,
Far
4.
Status:
Public.
Librarian:
Dr. P. Henchy,
Eastern
Opening
Curator
hours:
2,30 p.m.
March
Subjects:
Islamic
Curator
- Miss J. Chapman.
April
to September
to 5.30 p.m.,
Monday
Saturday
LL.D.;
to Friday
2.30 p.m.
Saturday
to Friday
10 a.m. to 1 p.m. and
2.30 p.m. to 5.30 p.m. October
10 a.m. to 1 p.m.
to
and 2.30 p.m. to 5.00p.m.
to 5 p.m~
The Chester
with a collection
Monday
Beatty
library
of Oriental
is a highly
and Western
specialized
printed
books,
institution
manuscripts
and miniatures.
Area
served:
Facilities
Ireland
offered
importance
DUBLIN
Dublin
Science
Officer:
Opening
hours:
Facilities
GEOLOGICAL
Science
to study
Section,
Thomas
have a letter
of
any manuscript.
Prior
House,
Ballsbridge,
Monday
to Friday
to research
catalogue
9.30 a.m. to 11 a.m.
students:
available
Scientific
periodicals
- photocopy
on application.
Department
of Geology,
Museum
Building,
Trinity
College,
2.
University
Director:
Professor
usually
L-
being allowed
however,
of
Dr. R.C. Mollan
MUSEUM,
Dublin
,
,
who must,
institution
society.
offered
service,
visit
before
It is a research
4.
Private
Opening
students:
to help students
SOCIETY,
Status:
Status:
to research
willing
recommendation
ROYAL
and overseas.
museum.
C.H. Holland;
deal with inquiries
hours:
Visits
the museum
Curator
relating
by appointment
on Wednesday
- Miss V. Burns.
to their
only.
or Thursday
Lecturers
own particular
School
groups
afternoons
fields.
are invited
by appointment.
to
•••
43.
Subjects:
Geology
Area served:
Reference
•
•..
l.•
'
l~
and related
World wide,
library:
Facilities
subjects.
but mainly
Departmental
offered
to research
Ireland.
library.
students:
All available
facilities
by
arrangement.
WEINGREEN
MUSEUM
Colleget
Status:
Dublin
ANTIQ~ITIES,
Subject:
Reference
B.Litt.,
By appointment
Palestinian
Area served:
Trin~ty
museum.
Rev. J.R. Bartlett,
hours:
.5036 Arts. ~uilding,
2.
University
Curator:
Opening
OF BIBLICAL
F.T.C.D.
with Curator.
archaeology.
No particular
library:
M.A.,
geographic
A small
boundaries
departmental
apply.
library,
dealing
mainly
with Old
Testament.
Photographic
cbllection:
excavations
Facilities
need to study
Status:
to research
the pottery
and whatever
DEPARTMENT
University
O'Cathain,
Subjects:
Ireland
Extensive
collection
and manuscript
Status:
in the Museum
students
who
will be given
can give them.
Professor
O'Danchair
Library
Dublin,
Belfield,
Ba Almqvist.
and Mrs Patricia
Thursday
facilities
of photographs,
and Friday
Dublin
4.
Dr. Seamas
Lysaght •
2~30 p.m. to 5.JO ~~m.
and the Isle of Man).
not available
plans,
students:
index and the library
University
Scotland
vf the visible
to research
University
V.D. Connerty,
fide research
College
(and to some extent
to availability
MUSEUM,
University
Tuesday,
representations
offered
subject
to the
folklore.
library:.
Facilities
Bona
the Curator
of Irish Folklore:
Reference
pictori~l
relating
department.
Monday,
Irish
Area served:
CLASSICAL
assistance
Dr. Caoimhin
hours:'
students:
and artefacts
OF IRISH FOLKLORE,
Head of, Department
.Opening
of photographs
of Tell ed Duweir.
offered
access
A collection
to undergraduates.
sketches,
aspects
Access
during
diagrams
of tradition.
to manuscript
normal
opening
of staff.
College,
Belfield,
Dublin
4.
museum.
M.A. Curator
and C.V. Walthew,
M.A.,
and other
Ph.D.
collection
hours
44.
Opening
hours:
Subjects:
On request.
Classical
No reference
- I
to research
students:
Access
to collection
Dublin
8.
and
assistance.
GUINNESS
MUSEUM,
status:
Private.
.
and coinage.
collection.
offered
curatorial
£~rator:
pottery
library.
No photographic
Facilities
Greek and Roman
St.James's
Gate Brewery,
Peter ' Walsh .
Opening
hours:
Subjects:
10 a.m. to 4 p.m.
Brewing,
coopering,
transport,
industrial
archaeology
and
old Dublin.
Area
served:
Reference
Mainly
library:
Photographic
access
THE LINEN
Status:
offered
photographic
to brewing
students:
files,
achive.
in Ireland.
Curatorial
assistance
xerox and photographic
17 Donegall
Manuscripts~
Square
North,
and
facilities.
Belfast
BTI 5GD.
Society.
Mr. J.R.R.
Adams,
Deputy
Monday
to Friday
Publications
relating
Librarian
- Mr. T. Killen.
9.30 a.m. to 6 p.m.,
Saturday
9.30 a.m.
p.m.
Subjects:
Area
relating
to research
HALL LIBRARY,
hours:
4
Guinness
to collection,
Librarian:
to
and books
Private
Opening
Yes.
collection:
documents
Facilities
Dublin.
served:
Reference
The Country.
library:
Photographic
Extensive.
collection:
collection,
Facilities
to Ireland.
Small photographic
collection
and large
postcard
etc.
offered
to research
students;
Full aceess,
assistance
and
photocopying.
THE ROYAL
ULSTER
Rangers,
Status:
5 Waring
Regimental
Hon. Curator:
Opening
RIFLES
hours:
Friday
MUSEUM,
Street,
Regimental
Belfast
Headquarters,
The Royal
BTI 2EW.
(Army).
Lt. Colonel
W.R.H.
Charley,
J.P.
10 a.m. to 12.30 p.m. and 2 p.m. to 4 p.m. Monday
with prior
Irish
notice.
to
450
Subjects:
Army.
Ulster
83rd and 86th Regiments,
Royal
Irish Rifles
and Royal
Rifles.
Area served:
Reference
World
library:
Phot09raphi~
wide.
Yes.
collection:
Albums,
scrap
books,
war diaries
and regimental
muniments.
Facilities
offered
COMBINED
to research
IRISH CAVALRY
students:
MUSEUM,
Curatorial
Carrickfergus
assistance.
Castle,
Carrickfergus,
Co. Antrim.
Status:
Military
(Army).
Staff:
The Regimental
Secretaries.
Opening
hours:
to Friday
and Sunday
6 p.m.,
Monday
2 p.m. to 4 p.m.
Saturday
and Sunday
Subjects:
Military
uniforms,
Facilities
offered
to research
but assistance
North
Squ. RY, Dunmore
LISBURN
medals
Royal
to Friday
in Summer
and regimental
students:
through
Saturday
10 a.m. to
Regimental
Guards,
Irish Hussars,
Irish Horse
enquiries
Park, Antrim
Secretary
Market
or by writing
The Castle,
should
etc.
at Carrickfergus,
5 GT Scotland
Road, Belfast
Rooms,
property,
No assistance
Dragoon
The Assembly
MUSEUM,
10 a.m. to 4 p.m.,
2 p.m. to 6 p.m.
Enniskillen
2DN and the Queen's
SWI 2HJ:
Monday
can be given
to the 5th Royal
in Winter
Chester
Yard,
CHI
London
be sent to 'D' (NIH)
BTI5 3FP.
Square,
Lisburn,
BT28
IAG,
Co. Antrim.
Status:
Borough
Curator:
Opening
B.J. Mackey,
hours:
Subjects:
Reference
Facilities
North
Curator:
D.R.M.
hours:
Saturday
Subjects:
9 a.m. to 5 p.m.
(Office
only).
library
is being
built
up.
Not yet catalogued.
to research
in whatever
Branch
to Friday
A reference
COUNTY MUSEUM,
Status:
B.A.
West Down and South West Antrim.
collection:
offered
students
Muesum.
local history.
library:
Photographic
Opening
Monday
Mainly
Are8 served:
ARMAGH
Council
students:
The Curator
will help any
way he can.
The Mall East, Armagh
of the Ulster
Weatherup,
BT61 9BE, Co. Armagh.
M~seum.
F.M.A.
10 a.m. to 1 p.m. and 2 p.m. to 5 p.m. Monday
inclusive.
Closed
Prehistory,
history,
Sunday
and certain
folklife,
costume,
to
Bank holidays.
natural
history
and
46.
art.
Area served:
Reference
County
library:
Photographic
colour
Armagh
and surrounding
Available
collection:
for consultation
Collection
transparencies.
districts.
by students.
of black and white
Archives
- relevant
negatives
and
to the collection
including
,
letters
etc., by George
Russell
(AE) and material
concerning
other
I
I
Armachians.
Facilities
offered
to reserve
to research
collections
students:
and files.
Curatorial
assistance,
Work supervision
access
and students
room
available.
THE PLANETARIUM,
College
Hill, Armagh.
I
Status:
Independent,
Director:
Opening
Terence
hours:
Department
of Education
financed.
P. Murtagh.
Monday
to Friday
10 a.m.
to 5 p.m.,
Saturday
2 p.m.
to
I
I
5 p.m.
Subjects:
Astronomy,
Area served:
Reference
library:
Photographic
Planetaria
Northern
and related
subjects.
I
Ireland.
Yes.
collection:
Astro~omical
Facilities
offered
to research
REGIMENTAL
MUSEUM,
Royal
slides,
students:
Irish Fusiliers,
35 mm colour
Assistance
(approx.
given where
Sovereign's
House,
8,000),
I
possible,
The Mall,
Armagh.
Status:
Army.
Curator:
Opening
r
Major
hours:
G.A.N.
Boyne
10 a.m.
I
and also Mrs A. McKearney.
to 12.30
p.m. and 2 p.m. to 4.30 p.m. Monday
to
I
Friday.
Subjects:
History
of the Royal
Irish Fusiliers
and military
history
since
I
1793.
Reference
library:
Photographic
alities
HERBARIUM,
PLANT
of photographs
1865.
to research
Documents
students:
AND ENTONOLOGY
covering
relating
Curatorial
DEPARTMENT,
Co. Carlow.
of Semi-State
Dr. C.O'Rourke.
•.• .;i
Albums
since
PATHOLOGY
Carlow,
Part
Curator:
.
and events
offered
Status:
~
collection:
Facilities
Centre,
Yes.
Research
Institution.
regimental
to regimental
- on a personal
person-
,
I
affairs.
basis.
Oak Park Research
I
•••
•
•
47 •
Opening
hours:
Subjects:
9 a.m. to 5 p.m. Monday
Specimens
Area served:
of plant
diseases.
Irish and world
Photographic
collection:
to Friday.
wide material.
coloured
slides
(35 mm) of common
disease
specimens
and fungus card index.
Facilities
offered
by personal
11
CORK PUBLIC
--
Status:
attendance,
MUSEUM,
Curator:
or by posted
Park,
(but receives
hours:
to 5 p.m.,
0 Coighligh,
October
Saturday
Cork.
History
contributions
Education
to May, Monday
from the County
Committee).
Curator
- Aodh 0 Tuama.
to Friday
11 a.m. to 1 p.m. and 2.15 p.m.
to 1 p.m. June to September,
11 a.m. to 6 p.m. and on Wednesday
Subjects:
personnel
specimens.
Assistant
11.30 a.m.
Open to all qualified
financial
and from Cork Vocational
Seamus
Friday
students:
Fitzgerald
City Museum
Council
Opening
to research
of the development
Monday
to
8.30 p.m.
of Cork,
Irish history,
natural
history
and archaeology.
Area served:
Reference
Munster.
library:
Photographic
collections:
(particularly
literary,
Facilities
Small at the moment
Photographs
1916-1922),
architectural
offered
but in the process
of Irish historical
Old Cork prints,
and commercial
to research
of development.
old theatre
(Cork Butter
students:
Curatorial
interest,
bills
Market)
assistance
and progrQmmes,
documents.
and access
collections.
CRAWFORD
MUNICIPAL
Status:
Local Authority.
Curator:
Opening
Diarmuid
hours:
Subjects:
There
Monday
are offered
HERBARIUM,
University
Opening
hours:
to 5 p.m.
and applied
arts.
of Munster.
collection.
to research
College,
students.
Cork.
museum.
Dr. John P. Cullinane(Part-time
(Assistant
assistant.
Yes.
Facilities
University
10 a.m.
and Province
is a small photographic
Status:
Cork.
and one library
to Friday
sculpture
County
library:
Emmet Place,
O'Donobhain;
Paintings,
Area served:
Reference
ART GALLERY,
lecturer).
on request.
Curator),
and Mr. Paul Murphy,
M.Sc.,
to
~
48.
Subjects:
Botanical
Reference
library:
Facilities
to research
staff,
REGIONAL
Status:
Yes.
offered
no full-ttme
KINSALE
Herbarium.
students:
so curatorial
MUSEUM,
Kinsale,
Full university
assistance
facili~ies,
but
is at a low level.
Co. Cork.
Regional.
Hon. Curator:
Michael
Opening
10.30
hours:
Subjects:
Mulcahy;
Assistant
Curator
- Eugene
Gillen.
a.m. to 12.30 p.m. and 2.30 p.m. to 5 p.m. on weekdays.
All aspects
of life in the town, port and region
through
the
centuri~s.
Area
served:
The region
Photographic
other
of Kinsale.
collection:
local
Facilities
Small photographic
collection,
old Corporation
and
records.
offered
to research
students:
Research
students
are facilitated
as far as possible.
I
JAMES
JOYCE
Status:
Martello
Tower,
Sandycove,
Co. Dublin.
Semi-State.
Curator:
Opening
MUSEUM,
Robert
hours:
Nicholson.
May to September,
2 p.m. to 5~15 p.m.,
Sunday
Monday
to Saturday
10 a.m. to 1 p.m. and
2.30 p.m. to 6 p.m. October
to April
by
appointment.
Subjects:
Area
James
served:
Reference
offered
collections
Yes, in progress
to research
and files,
COUNTY
Status:
County.
Curator:
Helen
Opening
his life and work.
International.
library:
Facilities
FERMANAGH
Joyce,
hours:
MUSEUM,
students:
reading
Castle
of development.
Curatorial
room and saleable
Barracks,
Hickey,
Museum
Assistant
Tuesday
to Saturday
assistance,
access
to
material.
Enniskillen,
Co. Fermanagh.
- Vera Watters.
10 a.m. to 12.30 p.m. and 2 p.m, to
5 p.m.
Subjects:
Archaeology,
Are served:
Reference
Western
library:
Photographic
area.
Facilities
offered
Curatorial
..
:-:...
region
and folklife.
of Ulster.
Yes.
collection:
Colour
history
Old Lawrence,
transparencies
to research
assistance
etc.
Welch
of local
students:
and other
photographs
of the
interest.
Facilities
available
for students
-
49.
GALWAY
CITY MUSEUM,
The Spanish
Stat~s:
City Corporation.
Honorary
Curator:
Subject:
Material
Area served:
Facilities
Professor
Etienne
associated
with
Galway
offered
Arch,
Galway,
Co. Galway.
Rynne.
the history
of Galway
City.
City.
to research
students:
Personal
and written
enquiries
dealt with.
SHRULE
CASTLE
Status:
LOCAL
HISTORY
hours:
Subjects:
Reference
folklife
library:
Facilities
Shrule,
Galway,
Co. Galway.
offered
HOUSE
Status:
Society.
Manager:
FOLK MUSEUM,
Subjects:
Area served:
assistance
and
Assistant
of
Manager
- Mrs Geraldine
Healy.
10 a.m. to 7 p.m. daily;
1st
(except Monday).
Small photographic
students:
to Friday
Parliament
Librarian
1st April
Street,
Curatorial
Kilkenny,
assistance
to research
Co. Kilkenny.
of Kilkenny
Hon. Curator
Archaeological
- Mrs K. Lanigan;
Society.
Hon. Secretary
-
- Rev. Sean O'Doherty.
to 31st October
Rest of year, Sunday
Archaeology,
collection.
9 a.m. to 5.30 p.m.
and headquarters
Mr8 Mary'Kenealy;
hours:
- The Trustees
Kerry.
museum
Mrs W. Phelan;
company
Ltd.
11 a.m. to 5 p.m.
from Monday
Society
by a limited
B.A.;
to research
ROTHE HOUSE MUSEUM,
Subjects:
Curatorial
Yes.
offered
to 5 p~m.
(personal).
Co. Kerry.
to 31st October
collection:
President:
and anthropological.
principally.
County
library:
students
status:
Myers,
Easter
Folklife
Facilities
historical
students:
(Killarney)
to Easter
Photographic
Galway.
Killarney,
and Miss Margaret
November
history.
collection.
Administered
House,
hours:
Reference
Slide
to research
Mr. Edmond
Maguire
and local
facilities.
MUCKROSS
Muckross
B.Sc.
'.. , ,
Yes, largely
collection:
residential
Opening
Castle,
Open all year.
South Mayo and North
Photographic
III
III
Mr. L.B. Mayer-Jones,
Geology,
Area served:
Opening
Shrule
Private.
Director/Curatory:
Opening
MUSEUM,
10.30 a.m. to 12.30 p.m. and 3 p.m.
only 3 p.m. to 5 p.m.
local history
and folklife.
i
I
50.
Area served:
Kilkenny
Photographic
collection
Archives
Files
County
and surrounding
and archives:
Facilities
offered
by request.
IRISH VETERAN
Status:
Tombstone
newspaper
to research
Small
Ivyleigh,
- Crawford
records,
survey
Kilkenny
1946;
Journal
cuttings.
students:
room available
CAR MUSEUM,
Access
to collection
and library
for study.
Portlaois~,
Co. Laois.
Private.
Hon. Curator:
Opening
Oenis
hours:
Lucey.
By appointment
only.
Subjects:
Veteran
transport.
Facilities
offered
to research
students
with
of early
stamped
CRAGGAUNOWEN
Status:
addressed
Hon. Curator:
Opening
Subjects:
Reference
to written
enquiries
National
and Quin,
Institute
of Higher
Co. Clare.
Project.
F. Ooran.
9.30 a.m. to 5 p.m.
and Irish and European
art objects.
Irish Mid west.
library:
Facilities
Limerick
- Craggaunowen
Archaeology
served:
and will reply
will help
envelopes.
House,
Dr. Patrick
hours:
history
The Hon. Curator
(THE HUNT COLLECTION),
Plassey
Private
students:
transport
MUSEUM
Education,
Area
Photography
- McAdarns City and County
from 1767 and cronin
area.
Small
offered
but developing.
to research
students:
Assistance
given
and access
to
collections.
LIMERICK
MUSEU~,
Status:
Corporation
Curator:
Opening
1-2 John's
Subjects:
North,
Limerick,
Co. Limerick.
Museum.
Larry Walsh,
hours:
Square
Monday
M.A.
to Friday
Archaeology,
10 a.m. to 1 p.m. and 2.15 p.m. to 5 p.m.
folklife,
corporation
and city antiquities,
some
I
natural
Area
history
served:
and ethnography.
Mid-West
Region
i
(Counties
Limerick,
Clare
and North
Riding
of
I
Tipperary).
I
I
Reference
library:
At present
reference
library
in City Library,
Perry
Square.
Photographic
collection:
(uncatalogued
laneous
Facilities
500 photographs
as yet), photographed
archival
offered
to students
Approx.
in 19208
of field monuments,
and 308
some miscel-
and enqulrers.
I
I
material.
to research
I
students:
All resources
made available
51.
I-NNISKEEN FOLK MUSEUM,
Status:
Society.
Curator:
Thomas
Opening
Reference
South
offered
students
COUNTY
Status:
County.
Cur~tbr:
Aidan
Walsh,
collection.
students:
notice
Curator
will assist
research
is given.
Monaghan,
Co. Monaghan.
to Saturday
10 a.m. to 1 p.m. and 2 p.m.
to 5 p.m"
6 p.m. (June to August only).
County
library:
Photographic
Louth.
B.A.
Archaeology,
Area served:
County
Kavanagh.
The Courthouse,
Tuesday
2 p.m. to
Subjects:
trades.
and North
of Patrick
advance
MUSEUM,
hours:
Reference
Monaghan
to research
provided
MONAGHAN
Sunday
Works
Kavanagh,
There is a limited
Facilities
Opening
Patrick
County
library:
Photographs:
Co. Louth.
By arrangement.
Folklife,
Area served:
Dundalk,
J. Quinn.
hours:
Subjects:
Inniskeen,
folklife,
local
history
and art.
Monaghan.
Yes.
collection:
Classified
collection
of prints,
postcards
and
negatives.
Facilities
offered
to collections
SLIGO COUNTY
Status:
students:
and to classified
MUSEUM,
Stephen
Curatorial
assistance
and access
indices.
Street,
Sligo,
Co. Sligo.
County.
Curator:
Opening
to research
Miss Nora Niland,
hours:
10 a.m.
B.A.,
F.L.A.I.
to 1 p.m. and 2 p.m. to 5 p.m. Tuesday
to Saturday
inclusive.
Subjects:
Archaeology,
Area served:
Reference
County
library:
paintings
Photographic
possible
There
photographic
offered
of books,
family and their
material
The Yeats
of local
Room houses
manu6criptst
contemporaries.
interest
a substantial
generally
collection
material.
to research
assistance.
collection
the Yeats
Photographic
in the Museum.
the Yeats Memorial
research
is a substantial
etc. commemorating
of relevant
and history.
Sligo.
collection:
is housed
Facilities
folklife
students:
Yeatsian
collections.
in the field of local
Research
scholars
have access
Facilities
history
students
are given
to the material
are also provided
generally.
every
for
in
52.
CASHEL
DIOCESAN
LIBRARY,
Status:
Private.
Honorary
Custodian:
Opening
hours:
Jbhn Street,
Cashel,
Very Rev. D.G.A.
Clarke.
By arrangement
Subjects:
Theology,
Facilities
are available
Co. Tipperary.
only.
history,
law and belles
to research
letters.
students
by arrangement
with the
Dean.
COUNTY
LIBRARY
Status:
AND MUSEUM,
Castle
Avenue,
Thurles,
Co. Tipperary.
County.
County
Librarian:
and Martin
Opening
Maher;
hours:
Subjects:
'~
Dr. D.J. Kinnane;
Library
Monday
Folklife,
Assistant
Assistant
to Friday
Librarians
- Patricia
- Anne Connidan
Ryan.
9.30 a.m. to I p.m. and 2 p.m. to 5.30 p.m,
archaeology
and antiquities.
..
Area
served:
Reference
County
library:
Photographic
Yes.
collections:
Tipperary.
to County
Facilities
Chief
offered
of photographs
and printed
material
of
relating
John Gilmour,
hours:
students:
Access
to collections
and files,
given.
FOLKPARK,
Charitable
Subjects:
of manuscript
to research
Executive:
Opening
collection
Tipperary.
AMERICAN
Status:
The Lawrence
A wide range
and assistance
ULSTER
Tipperary.
Camphill,
Castletown,
Omagh,
Co. Tyrone.
Trust •
E. Montgomery,
Esq. D.S. MacNeice,
B.A. and John Haughey,
Summer
A museum
10 a.m. to 5 p.m.
of Ulster
Emigration
B.A.,
F.R,I.C.;
M.A.
Winter
10 a.m. to 3 p.m.
to America
dealing
with both
the old and the new world.
Reference
library:
Phogoraphic
Facilities
Yes.
collection
offer~d
of staff.
•
I
available.
to research
students:
Curatorial
assistance
by members
I
I
53.
OLD ATHLONE
SOCIETY
Status:
Society.
Honorary
Curator:
Opening
hours:
MUSEUM,
The Castle,
Athlone,
Co. Westmeath.
Mrs Mary MOQahan.
June
to September
inclusive
archaeology,
local
11 a.m. to 1 p.m. and 3 p.m,
6 p.m.
Subjects:
Folklife,
pertaining
to Athlone
Area served:
library.
Photographic
collection:
events
and people
Facilities
offered
industries
and anything
and district.
Approximately
No reference
crafts,
25 mile radius
Good collection
from Athlone.
of photographs
of local places,
etc.
to research
students:
Access
available
by appointment
with the Secretary.
•
I
4th FIELD ARTILLERY
Status:
Opening
Lt. Kieran
hours:
Subjects:
Viewing
Military
Area served:
Reference
Columb
Barracks,
County
Westmeath.
small
area.
Military
subjects
only.
of photographs.
offered
photocopies
10 a.m. to 8 p.m.
history.
library:
Facilities
M. Milner.
by appointment
No specific
Large collection
to research
students:
of documents
and copies
Castle
Enniscorthy,
Fullaccess
of photographs
to all material,
on request
for a
fee.
MUSEUM,
Status:
Private,
Curator:
Hill,
voluntary
Rev. A. Scallan,
Chairman
Opening
MUSEUM,
Private.
Hon. Curator:
COUNTY
REGIMENT
- Nicholas
hours:
Co. Wexford.
committee.
P.O.;
Hon. Secretary
- Fintan
Murphy,
Mernagh.
June to September
10 a.m. to 6 p.m.,
October
to May
2 p.m. to 5.30 p.m.
Subjects:
Area
Folklife,
served:
Photographic
Wexford
collection:
photographs
Facilities
County
archaeology
and maritime
and bordering
Limited
and maps relating
offered
to research
students:
history,
areas.
at present
generally
and military
to some old drawings,
to Enniscorthy.
Apply
to the Secretary.
to
54.
THE IRISH AGRICULTURAL
Status:
National
Curator:
Opening
Johnston
Castle,
Wexford.
Co-operative.
Dr. A.M. O'Sullivan.
hours:
Subjects:
Area
MUSEUM,
Monday
to Friday
,Agricultural
served:
Reference
life in general.
Yes.
collection:
covering
Facilities
and rural
The Irish Republic.
library:
Photographic
9 a.m. to 5 p.m.
Small archive
farm machinery,
offered
of manufacturers'
hand tools and domestic
to research
students:
General
catalogues
hardware.
assistance
only at
present.
ARKLOW
MARITIME
Arklow,
IStatus~
MUSEUM,
Hon. Secretary:
hours:
Subjects:
Area
Photographic
Mr. William
history
Arklow
Roberts,
apply
the country
with,
cities.
~~~IO~~~
~R22:I~E
MY~~UM,
Status:
Society
museum
and contains_the
Area
I should
above
Photographic
assistance
to a varying
a concentration
of
institutions
or, equally
for finding
importantly,
no special
were possible.
Haigh
Tce.,
Dun Laoghaire,
is operated.by
Co. Dublin.
the Maritime~Institute
of Ireland
Institute~s-headquarters_and_library._.
2.30.
to. 5.•.
30..p .•
,m.•..
dai ly .. (except Monday).
heritage.
The. Country .•.
collection:
for research
Hon. Research
museum.
or size of their museums
All aspects. of thelri~h,.maritime
Served:
in
like to thank all those already
and kindred
recorded
hours ~. "April to."September
Facilities
can obtain
not surprisingly,
to the nature
for students
on display
to the Hon. Secretary.
of the museums
that owing
10 a.m. to 5 p.m.
area.
thus seem that the student
officers
arrangements
Sea Road, Arklow.
Many photographs
in the larger
intimiating
Subjects:
Road,
of Arklow.
time to give me the information
Opening
St. Mary's
Committee.
inclusive
and immediate
should
throughout
hard-pressed
Museum
June to September
students
facilities
Maritime
collection:
It would
degree
Arklow
Maritime
served:
Research
School,
Co. Wicklow.
Private,
Opening
clo The Old Technical
Officer
Yes.
students
Dr.
and-assistance;
J. DeCourcy
Ireland.
Yes •.
L.,".
~,
,i
THE
USE
OF
AERIAL
PHOTOGRAPHS
BRIAN
Ulster
Although
information
photographs,
if rather
they provide
a complement
familiar
degree
of interpretation
compared
to that which
Verfical
air photograph
coverage
althougn
scales
The several
their use in the study
fro~ which
available
Types of Aerial
Aerial
the method
and easily
of a particular
of the landscape
area,
of a particular
for almost
types of readily
are discussed
scale
area
sources
alone.
all of Ireland
available
below.
are not included
aerial
At the least,
from cartographic
now exists
on any significant
used source
a substantially
of the local area and the sources
they are available,
STUDIES
are often as valuable.
could be obtained
such as infra red photographs
iately
available
to maps and at best permit
enhanced
vary.
LOCAL
Polytechnic
for the study
less
IN
GRAHAM
maps are the most commonly
of geographical
ia
photographs,
and organizations
More esoteric
because
variants
they are not immed-
to the public.
Photographs
photographs
in which
can be divided
the surface
into two simple
of the earth
classes,
is photographed
defined
by
from the air-
craft;
(a)· verticals;
in this instance,
vertically
downwards
the camera
and the resultant
is thereotically
photograph
pointing
resembles
a plan
of the ground;
(b)
obliques;
camera
in this type of photograph
on the aircraft
the photograph
of landscape
Both
is pointing
is consequently
obtained
types of photographs
unlike
at an angle
similar
the
to the ground
and
to the view of a section
from a high vantage
are available
the vertical,
point.
for areas
and landscape
features
in Ireland.
Vertical
•
••
photographs
in a long straight
graphs
run across
is cQntinuous
verticals,
are taken by a camera
the landscape
for the length
there is generally
contiguous
extensively
scale of vertical
1:20,000,
while
the Republic
between
In published
adjacent
photographs
in adjacent
coverage
has been surveyed
sets of
photographs
runs.
for Northern
at a scale
is flying
of the photo-
sixty per cent and of about
five per cent between
available
which
and the coverage
of this run.
an overlap
in the same strip of approximately
on a plane
twentyThe most
Ireland
of 1:30,000
is
':;05
(app~DX!niate y three
Study
of a single
inches
vertical
and two inches
conveys
features
However,
the purpose
of the overlap
property
of stereoscopy.
runs,
the area covered
by the photographs
should
be noted,
however,
scopic
vision
purposes
that heights,
are more commonly
interpret
taken
because
is apparent.
However,
or rectangular
oblique
the background
being
while
are particularly
feature,
useful
photographs,
field systems
coverage
useful
is available
their normal
concentration
the study
of historical
can often
be obtained
gained
almost
graphs.
invisible
map.
Thus a far more complex
site can be drawn
Again,
differences
level,
appear
archaeological
feature
photographs
alone.
level,
up than could
sites which
less
features
land-use
to the local
of a stereoscopic
oblique
Rather
of suoh
photographs
and complete
This allows
for
more information
features
shadows,
than could
interpreted
be
cast under a
as to be
from air photo-
plan of an archaeological
from a field survey
which
with
useful
often so insignificant
can be readily
be obtained
valuable
air photograph
are particularly
For example,
in soil and vegetation
on air photographs.
make them much
from the study
such as a bank or ditch,
at ground
landscape
It is, for example,
of the landscape.
from aerial
of
Therefore,
are particularly
of such
In Ireland,
upon a single
from field examination
low sun by a feature
appreciated
features
object
the scale
in an area if vertical
the relationship
from a two-dimensional
to
on a square
plan of a town, agricultural
networks
pair than
of the foreground
variation
of a landscape.
the street
is much more readily
obliques
purposes.
geography
topography
the edges,
of a selected
and oblique,
while
towards
that of the foreground.
both vertical
or communication
is correct
trapezoidal,
of Local Areas
to examine
can be used
scale
that the area shown
of scale
It
These are easier
and scale
in the study
stereoscope,
in stereo-
Verticals
area of landscape,
in the Study
of the human
process
twice
problems
dimensions.
are exaggerated
is, in reality,
for mapping
Photographs
in the study
a simple
photograph
approximately
than verticals
Aerial
the height
known as
in three
that while
the
in the same
mirror
feature.
it must be remembered
their complicated
Using Aerial
a selected
is to exploit
instrument
is some distortion
cover a general
or buildings.
scanning
correct.
be remembered
there
to depict
than verticals
obliques
relatively
but it should
usually
and slopes
relating
either
with a simple
can be observed
they remain
verticals
verticals,
or with a more complex
at the 'centre of the photograph,
Whereas
photographs
If the two adjacent
stereoscope
information
such as relief
in adjacent
are used in conjunction
although
little
of the landscape
a lens or pocket
for mapping
I
relatively
lo three-dimensional
or contiguous
to the mile respectively).
along.
are imperceptible
the identification
may have been ploughed
out despite
~
at ground
of
the absence
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••
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•
•.1
57.
of sur\lving
photographs
mark.
remaIns
on the ground.
of arable
areas;
Many archaeological
time by aerial
Features
can mountains,
hills
scale physical
features
also be recorded.
Sources
of aerial
been
Geological
(01-603420)
booklet
specific
variety
of scales
scale of 1:20,000
1:10,000.
Details
using
for inspection
9.
CB3 9DP.
which
at the Public
Committee
and economic
features
in the National
have
Museum
been published
Development
(Cambridge
towns,
1969).
are available
Finally,
information
Ireland
Park,
although
a wider
is covered
at a
photographs
at 1:9,000
for most urban areas.
66 Balmoral
Survey
Avenue,
photographs
interest
of these photographs
Street,
numbers
Dublin
St. Joseph,
of Aerial
of Ireland
and social
verticals
is located
2 and some
The Early
Photography
of obliques,
Ltd., 4, Albemarle
of
Cambridge
They can also supply
and J.K.S.
Belfast
is the University
thousand
Kildare
of
are available
11 West Road,
the Evidence
from Aerofilms
2
a very useful
are covered
of archaeological
limited
Dublin
on how to order
6 and photographs
Office,
A collection
of Irish Society;
Phoenix
from the Ordnance
has several
in E.R. Norman
Street,
also publish
areas
Photography,
of Ireland,
has
from both the
Office,
are available
Belfast
sites
of the Republic
all the north
of the landscape.
topics.
crops.
index map.
Almost
Record
for Aerial
settlements,
of some selected
includes
of oblique
This organization
include
Survey
can be obtained
source
areas
considerable
Lr. Baggot
for Northern
at 1:5,000
Ladas Drive,
The principal
Cambridge
84/86
Map Sales
the photo
coverage
survey
and most of the populated
Photographs
Ireland,
which
is available.
and photographs
Northern
House,
Survey,
photography
There is no complete
Arable
individual
are available
The Geological
photographs,
on the
chorophyll-rich
it requires
photograph
Bridge
and the Ordnance
on aerial
can
obvious
black
as does grassland.
and photographs
8 (01-213171),
and eskers
for Ireland
aerial
Baggot
almost
of light absorption,
to identify
but smalle~-
are especially
appears
in tone although
Not only
or examined
drumlins
lakes and resevoirs
photography
finished
Survey,
ter/aces,
as dark areas
vertical
of stereoscopy.
be mapped
light and therefore
much lighter
A complete
Dublin
Rivers,
of Air Photographs
recently
valleys
such as river
also appears
experience
for the first
of an area can also be examined
with their property
For the same reason
are generally
is known as a crop-
in fact, been recorded
landscape
and river
absorbs
photographs.
vegetation
sites have,
in aerial
photography.
on verticals
as the water
may also appear
in this case the feature
of the physical
particularly
Such traces
mostly
Street,
of
Londo~
WIX