ECHOS DE LA VlE ASSOCIATIVE NEWS ON ASSOCIATIVE AFFAIRS

Transcription

37th year
37e année
Revue bimestrielle 1985
This publication, produced by the UAl, appears with
six issues per year.
Cette publication, éditée par I'UAI, se présente à ses
lecteurs sous la forme d'une revue de période bimestrielle.
The purpose of the studies, surveys and information
included in this periodical concerning the international and transnational networks of nongovernmental organizations is to promote understanding
of the associative phenomenon in a human society
which continues to grow and evolve heedless of the
implications.
Son objet associatif d'études, d'enquêtes, d'informations, au service des réseaux internationaux et
transnationaux d'organisations non gouvernementales, s'attache aux idées et aux faits d'un phénomène de société humaine en expansion continue et
en évolution hâtée.
The programme of the review, in accordance with
the principles of the UAl, is intended to clarify general awareness concerning the associative phenomenon within the framework of international relations
and, in particular, to inform associations about
aspects of the problems which they tend to share or
which are of common interest to them.
Son programme, conforme aux principes et aux méthodes de l'UAI, vise, en général, à éclairer les
connaissances du grand public sur la vie associative dans la perspective des relations internationales et, en particulier, à informer les associations
des divers aspects de leurs problèmes propres et
d'intérêt commun.
The columns of this review are open both to officers
of associations, researchers and specialists of
associative questions. The articles do not of course
necessarily reflect the point of view of the publisher.
Les colonnes de la revue sont ouvertes à la fois aux
responsables d'associations, chercheurs, spécialistes des matières associatives, dont les articles
n'expriment pas nécessairement le point de vue de
l'éditeur.
UNION OF INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS
EXECUTIVE COUNCIL COMITE DE DIRECTION
Président :
President :
F.A. CASADIO, Directeur, Societa italiana per la
Organizzazione Internazionale (Italie)
Vice-Prèsident :
Vice Presidents :
S.A. SAXENA (India)
Former Director of the International Cooperative
Alliance.
Auguste VANISTENDAEL (Belgique)
Secretaire general de Cooperation et Solidarité.
Tresorier général :
Treasurer General
Paul E. HIERNAUX (Belgique)
President honoraire de la Conférence permanente
des Chambres de commerce et d' industrie de la
Communauté économique européenne.
Secrétaire général :
Secretary-General :
Robert FENAUX (Belgique) Ambassadeur honoraire.
Membres:
Members:
F . W . G . BAKER (UK)
Executive Secretary. International Council of
Scientific Unions
Christian DE LAET (Canada)
Secretary. Canadian Plains Research Centre.
University of Regina.
Johan GALTUNG (Norway)
Vice-recteur
de l'Université transnationale. Paris.
Vladimir HERCIK (Tchécoslovaquie)
Nikola A. KOVALSKY (URSS)
UNION DES ASSOCIATIONS
INTERNATIONALES
Directeur adjoint de l'Institut du mouvement ouvrier
REPRESENTATIONS PERMANENTES DE L'UAI
international de l'Academie des sciences de l'URSS.
Marcel MERLE (France) Proffeseur a l'Universite de
Paris 1.
Andrew E. RICE (U.S.A.)
Former Executive Secretary of the Society for
International Development.
UAI REPRESENTATIVES
Organisation des Nations-Unies : New York : Andrew
RICE
New York : Andrew RICE
Cyril RITCHIE (Ireland)
Institutions established in Geneva.
Albert TEVOEDJRE (Bénin)
Secretaire general de l'Association mondiale de
prospective sociale.
Genève : Cyril RITCHIE
UNESCO : Vladimir HERClK
Paris : Maryvonne STEPHAN
TRANSNATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS. 5/1985
249
1985
-
N°
5
SOMMAIRE
Redaction/Editorial
Robert FENAUX
Georges Patrick SPEECKAERT
Geneviève DEVILLE
Anthony J.N JUDGE
Ghislaine de CONINCK
Paul GHILS
Published by/ Publie par :
Union of International Associations - UAI
(founded 1 9 1 0 )
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Copyright 1984 by Union of International
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Associations
CONTENTS
Editorial, par Robert Fenaux
L'expérience des ONG et leur contribution
252
dans les pays en développement (rapport ONG / Unesco, 2e partie)
Trends in the Meetings Market,
254
by Gian Carlo Fighiera
259
Europeans and Aid to Development, ECAD Survey
275
NGO Attitudes towards Government Funding : ICVA Guidelines
NGOs and the World Food Council
282
285
Liste officielle des associations
la loi belge a accordé la
internationales auxquelles
personnalité civile
Bibliography, by Paul Ghils
298
Echos de la vie associative-News on Associative Affairs
Congressalia
287
300
306
TRANSNATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS, 5/1985
251
A propos du 26ème Congrès international
des sciences historiques (Stuttgart 1985)
Editorial
L'HISTOIRE DES PEUPLES
A L'HEURE DES ASSOCIATIONS
« Les peuples ont besoin d'avoir des rapports spirituels d'après leurs sympathies. C'est pourquoi nous voyons se multiplier les associations qui ont
pour objet le développement des relations amicales de peuple à peuple ».
Paul OTLET
« Monde »
Essai d'universalisme (1935)
Nous avons tenté l'autre mois, à l'occasion du 40ème anniversaire de l'Organisation des Nations-Unies, de situer le
phénomène associatif moderne dans sa
portée universelle et désormais spatiale
par rapport aux évidences nouvelles de
notre temps en mutation rapide et profondeUne révolution de l'esprit
En ce sens, les signes révélateurs d'une
véritable
révolution
intellectuelle
et
morale, annonciatrice d'une autre pondération de la société de demain, apparaissent actuellement dans l'essor des études et des débats de sciences humaines
partout où la pensée est assez libre ou
assez brave pour tout oser dire ou dédire,
sans interdit de dogmes ni peur de châtiments.
Au plan international ou transnational qui
nous soucie, les réseaux associatifs
offrent un site de réflexion et un cadre
d'accueil à ces manifestations culturelles
et scientifiques de disciplines diverses qui
bouillonnent de problèmes ou de projets à
l'échelle mondiale.
Le tout dernier Annuaire de l'UAI (vol. I
1985-1986)
porte
témoignage
de
l'expansion des réseaux associatifs
voués aux sciences humaines de plus en
plus globalement comprises dans leurs
affinités avec la philosophie, la philologie,
l'histoire, le droit et les multiples antennes
de la sociologie des relations internationales et transnationales.
252
La « transnationale »
des historiens
Le Comité international des sciences historiques (CISH) occupe une place èminente dans cet édifice d'associations
avec ses 47 comités nationaux, ses 24
organisations affiliées venues des quatre
vents et ses dix commissions internes.
Ce Comité, fondé à Genève en 1926, vient
de tenir son XVIème Congrès quinquennal
à Stuttgart. L'événement a réuni plus de
2.000 participants venus de cinquanteneuf pays de cinq continents, qui ont
réparti leurs travaux dans trente commissions saisies de centaines de rapports
touchant à tous les domaines de l'Histoire
universelle : un bel exemple d'association
de type transnational du fait de la contribution savante de ses membres à titre personnel.
L'image de l'autre
Un thème du Congrès avait pour titre
signifiant: « L'image de l'autre: étrangers, minoritaires, marginaux ».
Une excellente relation des débats formule fort à propos la démarche » concernant la quête d'identité de ceux qui furent
privés d'histoire, soit qu'ils en aient été
exclus, soit qu'ils n'y soient pas encore
entrés : un monde de silence, monde universel et ancien comme l'humanité ellemême, où l'altèritê se trouve source tantôt
de sacralisation, tantôt de diabolisation » ( 1) .
ASSOCIATIONS TRANSNATIONALES. 5/1985
D'autres thèmes exprimèrent les interrogations du temps présent: l'attitude des
citoyens face à l'administration, la relation
entre culture des élites et culture des
masses; aussi les formes anciennes et
nouvelles de la diplomatie à l'heure des
organisations internationales publiques
et transnationales privées.
En marge de ce Congrès quinquennal, le
Calendrier international des Conférences
de l'UAI, dans sa 25ème édition 1985
(vol. 2), mentionne la réunion concomitante à Stuttgart, durant plusieurs semaines d'affiliée, d'une suite de colloques
spécialises relevant de sociétés universelles et régionales d'historiens de tous
ordres.
La recherche collective
Cette vitalité de la coopération mondiale
des sciences historiques, qui associe
d'ailleurs des concours publics et privés,
nous a incité à nous reporter au bel
ouvrage de synthèse sur « L 'histoire et ses
méthodes » publié il y a quelques années
déjà dans l'Encyclopédie de la Pléiade.
Un chapitre y est consacré à l'organisation
collective de la recherche historique dans
sa réalité fort diverse où concordent des
valeurs et des principes communs à la
vocation de l'historien et à l'idéal associatif.
(1) François Bedarida, Actualités de l'histoire, Le Monde
aujourd'hui 21-23 septembre.
Tels un individualisme intégré à la collectivité, une adhésion librement consentie,
une indépendance soucieuse d'autrui. un
certain désintéressement antonyme de
lucre, aussi un objectif de progrés humain
assorti de justice sociale. L'ensemble
empreint d'une conscience intellectuelle
et morale d'appartenance et tie solidarité
universelles.
« Solidaires par nécessité »
«L'historien le plus jaloux de son indépendance se sait et se sent tributaire de tous
ceux qui ont œuvré avant lui, et tout autant
de ses contemporains, qu'ils traitent ou non
des mêmes problèmes, qu 'ils parlent ou non
la même langue que lui. Solidaires par
nécessite, les historiens ne se sont en fait
jamais ignorés les uns des autres, mais
cette mise en commun des efforts et des
moyens n'a peut-être jamais été ressentie
aussi nécessaire et indispensable que de
nos jours ».
Puisse se sentiment avoir vertu d'exemple et être aussi largement partage que le
bon sens de la méthode cartésienne.
L'auteur du chapitre. Michel François,
jetant un regard en arrière, découvre les
premières formes de l'organisation collective de la recherche en histoire lors des
controverses suscitées dans la chrétienté
par le développement de la Réforme.
La leçon de tolérance
Or l'actualité fait précisément que le tricentenaire de la Révocation de l'Edit de
Nantes soit cette année l'occasion de
débats éclairés et courtois qui ont montré
quel chemin parcouru par la tolérance
dans l'espace spirituel de la Chrétienté
qui fut hier encore, à si peu de siècles de
nous, entaché d'un fanatisme qu'on
retrouve aujourd'hui ailleurs, hélas.
Cette leçon d'histoire, à l'honneur du progrés humain, devrait être retenue a toutes
les étapes du développement d'une civilisation de l'universel. Elle interpelle toutes
les formes d'intolérance, religieuse,
raciste, xénophobe, linguistique, les idéologies dogmatiques et exclusives, les terrorismes aveugles, sans oublier les intérêts prédateurs.
Enfin, elle illustre la démarche associative
des droits de l'homme et des peuples qui
est amplement assumée par les forces
d'option publique structurées de nos jours
en réseaux d'OING.
A la recherche
des associations
La recherche historique est maintenant
sollicitée par le phénomène associatif
encore mal perçu dans sa spécificité propre et sa dimension transnationale.
Les études sociologiques avec aperçus
historiques ne manquent certes pas. Des
fragments d'Histoire ont été publiés,
comme l'Histoire de l'internationalisme
( 1 9 1 9) du jurisconsulte norvégien Christian Lange, le premier directeur de l'Institut Nobel. Les archives et les dossiers de
l'Union des Associations Internationales
sont riches de matières ad hoc. Les
œuvres d'Henri Lafontaine et de Paul
Otlet, premiers secrétaires généraux de
notre Institut et fondateurs de la documentation moderne, ont autorité historique, avec un point culminant : » Monde »,
essai d'universalisme publié par Otlet au
soir de sa vie (1935) et qui est un véritable
testament intellectuel.
La coopération internationale
Dernièrement, notre prédécesseur et ami
Georges-Patrick Speeckaert. qui a voué
le meilleur de sa foi et de sa carrière à
l'étude et à l'action associatives avec un
enthousiasme égal à son dévouement, a
ouvert une nouvelle collection de l'UAI
avec un volume consacré au « Premier siecle de la coopération internationale 18151 9 1 4 » ( 1 ) . C'est, à propos de l'apport
belge considérable, associations et personnalités confondues, la saisissante
évocation d'initiatives humaines dans une
fouie de matières aux titres brûlants
d'actualité: la paix et le droit; l'action
sociale, éducative et syndicale: la vie économique; l'administration publique: les
sciences et les techniques; la documentation, bibliographies et science de l'internationalisme. Ce beau livre, inspiré d'un
patriotisme ouvert à autrui, est une invitation à compléter la collection par le témoignage et l'illustration du mouvement
associatif partout ailleurs et depuis lors
jusqu'à nos jours.
Ajoutons à ces éléments de recherche
historique les Annuaires de l'UAI et son
encyclopédie des « World Problems and
Human Potential», qui sont un trésor de
références et de renseignements.
S'agissant des relations extérieures entre
Etats, tout jusqu'alors se rangeait sous le
titre d'Histoire diplomatique. L' » Histoire
de la diplomatie », publiée à Moscou sous
la direction de V. Potiemkine. date de
1945 en édition française (3).
L'histoire des peuples
En une introduction générale à son
« grand manuel » , le professeur Renouvin
distingue » la conception traditionnelle qui
plaçait au premier plan les relations entre les
gouvernements,... des nouvelles tendances
de la recherche historique (qui s'attachent)
aux rapports entre les peuples ».
D'une part, une préoccupation primordiale
de sécurité, de puissance ou de prestige.
D'autre part, la considération des « forces
profondes » de la société, de la vie économique, sociale, culturelle et pour tout dire des
» intérêts collectifs ».
On remarquera que le fait associatif de type
moderne et d'expansion universelle n'est
pas encore ici considéré ni analysé spécifiquement en soi comme un acteur du sytème
international. Par exemple dans les campagnes pour la paix, le désarmement, les droits
de l'homme et des peuples, les égalités légitimes, la justice sociale, le développement.
On doit le sous-entendre par allusions aux
tendances de la psychologie collective, aux
manifestations de l'opinion publique, au
mouvement des idées, ou par mention des
groupes professionnels, sociaux, économiques, aux organisations de producteurs et
de consommateurs etc.
Pour demain
La prolifération des réseaux associatifs,
leur ventilation et leur considération par
ordre d'objets, leur extension géographique, leur revendication d'indépendance et
de reconnaissance juridique, leur rôle de
pression et de service, leur participation à
part entière à l'organisation internationale
et a l'ordre mondial. Voilà autant de sujets
et d'autres encore désormais proposés à
la recherche des historiens en compagnie
de leurs collègues sociologues. Pour le
destin et la grande histoire des peuples
de demain.
Robert FENAUX
Et pourtant...
Et pourtant, malgré ce déploiement de vie
associative, d'énergie personnelle et de
solidarité humaine, il a fallu attendre la fin
de la deuxième guerre mondiale et l'ère
des nations-Unies pour que sortit la première » Histoire des relations internationales », sous la direction èminente de Pierre
Renouvin. Un premier « essai de synthèse »
de l'histoire de la politique internationale
en huit volumes depuis le Haut Moyen
Age. avec un horizon mondial (2).
( 1 ) Edition de l'UAI. Publication no 244. No 1 de la collection : les racines nationales de la coopération
internationale.
(2) Huit volumes édites de 1953 a 1966. Librairie
Hachette. Paris.
(3) Trois volumes, de l'Antiquité A la seconde guerre
mondiale. traduits du russe en français et publiés
aux Editions politiques. économiques et sociales
Librairie Médicis. Paris.
253
L'EXPERIENCE DES ONG ET LEUR CONTRIBUTION
DANS LES PAYS EN DEVELOPPEMENT
Nos lecteurs se souviendront que le Comité permanent des ONG auprès de l'UNESCO a organisé, en novembre dernier à Paris, un colloque ayant pour thème » l'expérience des ONG et leur
contribution dans les pays en développement ».
Nous avons publié dans notre Revue un résumé des travaux de ce Colloque, sous ta plume de
notre représentant permanent auprès de l'UNESCO Vladimir Hercik. en sa qualité de rapporteur
de l'événement.
On trouvera ci-après le texte intégral de la deuxième partie du rapport général, auquel notre collaborateur a apporté le concours d'un savoir et d'une expérience éprouvés dans la préparation
de notre propre colloque africain d'octobre 1984.
La première partie a paru dans notre précédent numéro.
- 2e partie -
Les solutions
47) A la lumière de l'expérience acquise, quelques mesures pratiques susceptibles de contribuer à une plus large extension géographique des ONG peuvent être envisagées.
48) Tout d'abord, les ONG pourraient être encouragées à accorder, dans leurs programmes, une place accrue à des activités susceptibles de susciter l'intérêt et la collaboration active des spécialistes des pays où elles ne sont pas encore implantées. A ce
niveau, les commissions nationales pourraient jouer un rôle décisif
en engageant un travail de réflexion et de prospection afin de
conseiller les secrétariats internationaux des ONG pour choisir
des personnes qualifiées susceptibles de prendre des responsabilités dans ce sens.
49) Sur le plan national, l'expérience prouve que l'action des
ONG peut être grandement facilitée par l'aide éclairée des autorités des pays dans lesquels ces organisations souhaitent s'implanter. Les Etats pourraient donc examiner quelles mesures législatives ou administratives peuvent favoriser l'établissement de groupements nationaux de spécialistes sur leur territoire et faciliter le
rattachement de ces associations à l'organisation internationale
correspondant à leur domaine d'action. L'adoption d'une législation libérale et démocratique régissant les associations à but non
lucratif, et à vocation éducative scientifique et culturelle, des facilités d'octroi de passeports, de visas et de devises aux personnes
assurant les contacts internationaux de ces associations, et enfin
une aide en ce qui concerne les charges de locaux et d'administration, consituent des encouragements sérieux de la part des
gouvernements. A ce niveau également, les Commissions nationales pourraient apporter une contribution décisive en établissant un
répertoire de toutes les associations qui groupent, dans leur pays,
les spécialistes des différents domaines (éducation, science,
culture et communication). Elles pourraient également prendre des
initiatives dans la création d'associations groupant des spécialistes de diverses disciplines et effectuer des démarches en vue du
rattachement de ces organismes à des ONG internationales existantes.
254 ASSOCIATIONS TRANSNATIONALES, 5/1985
50) Par ailleurs, la création de centre régionaux peut constituer
un stimulant décisif dans la constitution de branches nationales
dans ces pays proches les uns des autres. La coopération de ces
structures régionales avec les organes régionaux de l'Unesco peut
également contribuer à l'établissement de bonnes communications entre diverses organisations volontaires, certaines Commissions nationales et les Etais membres d'une même région. Ces
centres régionaux pourraient, notamment, servir de relais vers le
niveau international pour des ONG régionales ou nationales qui se
trouvent aujourd'hui à l'écart. En outre, les Commissions nationales pourraient apporter leur aide dans l'organisation des rencontres régionales dans leur pays, notamment dans te cadre du programme de participation.
Le rôle des Commissions nationales
51 ) A sa Vingtième session, la Conférence générale de l'Unesco
a adopté la Résolution 7/41 invitant les Etats membres à assurer
au sein des Commissions nationales une représentation des ONG.
Le Directeur général a toujours tenu d'ailleurs à ce que cette coopération soit étudiée à l'occasion des réunions régionales et interrégionales et qu'elle reste coordonnée, dans chaque pays, avec
l'apport des milieux intellectuels et scientifiques au Programme de
l'Unesco.
52) C'est sur te plan national et donc grâce à l'action de leurs
branches nationales que les ONG font ressentir leur influence véritable et exercent pleinement leur rôle. L'institution et le développement d'une coopération efficace entre Commissions nationales
et ONG représentent donc un élément indispensable à cet égard.
et cet objectif a constitué, depuis de nombreuses années, l'une
des principales préoccupations tant d'un très grand nombre
d'ONG individuelles que du Comité permanent des ONG.
53) L'une des principales difficultés réside dans le fait que les
influences gouvernementales s'exercent de façon plus ou moins
marquee selon les Etats, tant sur les Commissions nationales que
sur les ONG. en fonction des statuts qui les régissent. Il en résulte
une grande disparité dans les rapports entre les Commissions
nationales et les ONG, ainsi qu'entre ces dernières et l'Unesco
dans son ensemble. Si dans certains Etats membres de l'Unesco
la coopération est importante, dans d'autres elle est à ce point
inexistante que Commissions nationales et branches nationales
des ONG peuvent s'ignorer mutuellement. Afin de préserver leur
nécessaire indépendance, certaines ONG hésitent parfois à
s'associer à des Commissions nationales à caractère gouvernemental, et réciproquement.
54) Aucune règle générale ne pouvant être instituée, en raison
de la diversité des types de relations existant entre Commissions
nationales et ONG, c'est au niveau national que ces relations
devront se définir. C'est ainsi, par exemple, qu'une collaboration
efficace sera assurée si des membres qualifiés d'ONG siègent au
sein des Commissions nationales, ce qui n'exclut évidemment pas
le concours éventuel d'ONG non représentée dans ces Commissions.
55) En effet, les services mutuels que peuvent se rendre Commissions nationales et ONG dans la réalisation de leurs programmes respectifs ou communs rendent indispensable leur étroite
association. Les Commissions nationales sont parfois en mesure
d'apporter aux ONG l'appui matériel et technique qui leur est
nécessaire pour l'exécution de certains projets de l'Unesco mis en
œuvre dans leur pays. Les ONG, pour leur part, sont le plus souvent
un bon instrument de diffusion auprès du public d'informations touchant la coopération internationale et la mise en œuvre des idéaux
de l'Unesco.
56) Un certain nombre de mesures pourraient sans doute être
prises en vue de permettre aux ONG et Commissions nationales de
maintenir le contact étroit qui se révèle indispensable, tout en
conservant des responsabilités respectives bien déterminées, et
de développer ainsi une coopération réelle. Pour n'en citer que
quelques unes, les ONG Ont été encouragées à plusieurs reprises
à prendre elles-mêmes les contacts nécessaires avec les Commissions nationales lorsqu'elles ne sont encore représentées au
sein de ces derniers organismes. Elles ont également été encouragées à accroître le nombre de leurs branches nationales dans
les pays où elles sont encore insuffisamment représentées.
57) Réciproquement, les ONG souhaiteraient que les Commissions nationales intensifient leurs efforts pour établir avec les
branches nationales des ONG les contacts nécessaires et échanger avec elles des informations mutuelles dans tous les domaines
d'intérêt commun. Sur le plan pratique, il serait sans doute nécessaire que. dans toute la mesure du possible, les Commissions
nationales puissent disposer des listes des branches nationales
des ONG dans leurs pays respectifs. Les ONG souhaiteraient également que leurs branches nationales soient davantage associées
à l'étude et a l'élaboration des programmes opérationnels qu'envisagent les Commissions nationales, ainsi qu'à l'exécution, par le
truchement de contrats par exemple, de certains projets entrant
dans le cadre du programme de l'Unesco. Elles souhaiteraient
enfin qu'un système d'information concerté puisse être institué les bulletins et publications des Commissions nationales étant par
exemple utilisés pour diffuser toutes informations sur les activités
des branches nationales des ONG et réciproquement.
Le rôle des structures régionales
58) Au cours des dix dernières années, la création d'ONG de
caractère régional a connu un essort sans précèdent dans l'histoire des relations internationales. Sans être en mesure de chiffrer
ce phénomène, il est à noter que pendant cette période l'Unesco
seule a établi dans les domaines de sa compétence, des relations
officielles avec plus de quarante ONG créées en Afrique, en Amérique latine et en Asie. Il s'agit d'organisations qui répondent à
l'exigence d'une efficacité accrue, sur le plan régional, en raison de
la proximité géographique, de la communauté de civilisation ou
d'idéologie, de l'identité des structures économiques et sociales
de pays voisins. L'existence d'ONG à vocation mondiale dans un
même domaine n'est nullement un obstacle à une collaboration
fructueuse avec elles, moyennant des efforts de compréhension
réciproque.
59) Parallèlement, les grandes ONG pratiquent le régionalisme
et sont dotées d'une structure régionale. Il est apparu que. bien
souvent, le niveau international pouvait aider à débloquer des
situations régionales conflictuelles. Inversement, dans d'autres
cas. l'échelon régional a permis de faire avancer des problématiques nationales. La région est en effet un créneau où peuvent se
comparer des actions nationales. Les contextes étant souvent
similaires ou comparables, il est possible de réunir des gens qui
sont confrontés à des problèmes identiques, même s'ils sont séparés par une frontière qui est le plus souvent purement géo-politique. Parce qu'elle permet un travail en prise directe avec la base,
les structures régionales sont plus proches des réalités, donc plus
aptes à trouver des solutions adaptées et plus promptes à se
mobiliser que les organisations à vocation universelle. Toutefois
pour les ONG qui se sont dotées de structures régionales, la
manière dont elles ont articulé les sections affiliées avec leur organisation centrale pose des questions diverses.
60) Le problème revient en fait a harmoniser les actions qui sont
entreprises au niveau horizontal avec la structure verticale. Il semble que les Bureaux régionaux de l'Unesco et sous-régionaux,
dont l'action a été renforcée, devraient pouvoir jouer, dans de telles situations, un rôle de médiateurs, puisqu'ils sont les interlocuteurs privilégies des ONG de caractère régional aussi bien que des
sections affiliées ou régionales. Dans le contexte de la décentralisation de l'Unesco, il paraît en effet important de poser la question
du rapprochement entre les ONG de caractère régional, aussi bien
que les instances régionales des ONG internationales et les
bureaux régionaux et sous-régionaux de l'Unesco, s'agissant
notamment d'échange d'information mutuelle, d'invitation à des
réunions, de consultations individuelles et éventuellement collectives sur le programme dans la région et de la coopération à la mise
en œuvre de celui-ci.
61 ) Quoi qu'il en soit, la tendance à privilégier le niveau régional
ne doit pas se faire au détriment de la réalisation d'une extension
géographique satisfaisante et ne doit pas être considérée comme
la panacée. En fait, il faut souligner que les ONG ne sont ni des
courroies de transmission, ni des satellites de l'Unesco. Elles sont
des traits d'union, le lieu d'un échange. L'Unesco donne aux ONG
les moyens d'avoir plus d'impact mais, en retour, elles mettent à la
disposition de l'Organisation une certaine capacité opérationnelle
grâce à leur implantation sur le terrain. Dans cet échange, les ONG
ne veulent pas perdre leur identité car ii est important qu'elles
conservent leur existence propre par rapport à l'Unesco. ne seraitce que parce qu'elles existaient, pour un grand nombre d'entre
elles, bien avant que ne soit créée l'Organisation.
62) Dans le contexte, les quelques questions suivantes peuvent
être soulevés : Comment tes ONG peuvent-elles élargir leur action
afin de soutenir leurs membres dans les pays en développement ?
Comment ces mêmes ONG peuvent-elles participer à l'activité des
ONG au niveau mondial pour qu'elles soient réellement universelles et enfin comment cette action s'articule-t-elle avec les objectifs
de l'Unesco ? Certes, l'échelon régional d'une ONG mondiale est
un relais indispensable mais un relais parmi d'autres. La création
d'ONG de caractère régional peut permettre une meilleure convergence des actions dans la région même. Mais, il faut se garder des
particularismes régionaux qui risqueraient de créer des tensions
et de nuire à la solidarité entre régions.
La
coopération
entre
l'Unesco et les ONG :
résumé du bilan septennal
63) C'est en 1945. lors d'une conférence qui s'est tenue à Londres, que les travaux des représentants de 44 gouvernements ont
permis la création de l'Unesco.
255
64) S'inspirant de la Charte des Nations Unies (Article 71 ). l'Acte
constitutif de l'Organisation (Article XI. paragraphe 4) définit les
bases de la coopération entre le secrétariat et le secteur non gouvernemental des relations internationales :
65)
» L'Organisation des Nations Unies pour l'éducation, la
science et la culture peut prendre toutes dispostions utiles pour
faciliter les consultations et assurer la coopération avec les organisations internationales privées s'occupant de question qui
entrent dans son domaine. Elle peut les inviter à prendre certaines
tâches déterminées rentrant dans leur compétence. Cette coopération peut également prendre la forme d'une participation appropriée de représentants des dites organisations aux travaux de
comités consultatifs créés par la Conférence générale ».
66) Un an après, la première session de la Conférence générale
réunie à Paris adoptait des Directives provisoires concernant les
relations de l'Unesco avec les ONG. Dans un premier temps ces
relations ont donc été régies par des arrangements consultatifs.
Mais, par la suite, la nécessité s'est fait jour de préciser, notamment, les conditions, d'admissions des organisations ainsi que les
modalités selon lesquelles celles-ci peuvent être associées tant à
l'élaboration qu'à la mise en œuvre des programmes de I Organisation. C'est pourquoi, en 1960, lors de sa onzième session, la
Conférence a adopté les "Directives concernant les relations de
l'Unesco avec les organisations internationales non gouvernementales ».
67) Complétées par un amendement en 1966, elles sont actuellement en vigueur.
68) Ces Directives définissent les conditions auxquelles doivent
satisfaire les organisations internationales non gouvernementales
avec lesquels l'Uneso maintient des relations officielles, c'est-àdire le cadre dans lequel peut se développer la coopération. En
particulier, différentes catégories d'ONG sont distinguées. Les
ONG de la Catégorie A entretiennent avec l'Unesco des relations
de consultation et d'association, celles de la Catégorie B des relations d'information et de consultation, enfin, celles appartenant à la
Catégorie C des relations d'information mutuelle. A chacun de ces
catégories de relations sont définis des avantages et obligations
spécifiques.
69) D'une période sexennale à l'autre, le nombre d'organisations
des catégories A et B a augmenté d'une façon pratiquement constante : 135 en 1963, 175 en 1969, 220 en 19765 et 261 en 1982.
Cependant, entre 1976 et 1982, trois organisations seulement ont
été admises en Catégorie A. En 1982, les organisations des catégories A et B se rèpartissaient comme suit par secteur ou service
du programme de l'Unesco :
Secteur
Cat
A
Cat
B
Total
Education
16
104
120
Sciences exactes et naturelles
Sciences socialles et
leurs applications
Culture
Communication
Soutien du programme
Programme général d'information
5
18
23
4
10
1
_
4
49
19
17
11
3
53
29
18
11
7
Total
40
221
261
70) L'Unesco collabore déjà avec plus d'un millier d'organisations spécialisées dans divers aspects de ses domaines de compétence. Mais cette coopération n'a pris une forme institutionnelle
que dans la moitié des cas environ. A l'heure actuelle, l'Unesco
entretient des relations officielles avec 527 ONG, dont 41 sont
classées dans la Catégorie A. 233 dans la Catégorie B et 253 dans
la Catégorie C, II est intéressant de noter à cet égard que sur les
527 organisations non gouvernementales qui entretiennent des
relations officielles avec l'Unesco, 97 sont de caractère régional ou
256
ASSOCIATIONS TRANSNATIONALES, 5/1985
interrégional (1 en Catégorie A, 31 en Catégorie B et 65 en Catégorie C). Toutefois, il convient de souligner que de nombreuses
organisations internationales non gouvernementales comprennent des instances régionales qui. bien que leur étant formellement affiliées, disposent cependant d'une certaine autonomie
d'action dans leur région d'implantation.
71 ) Examinons encore la répartition par thématique spécialisée
des 261 ONG dans les catégories A et B bénéficiant actuellement
d'une subvention de l'Unesco. L'analyse revêle la nette prépondérance des thèmes rattachés au domaine de l'éducation où se
concentre d'ailleurs l'effort prioritaire des objectifs a long-terme.
En 1982. 120 - soit 4 % du total mentionné - relevaient de l'éducation, suivies par les sciences sociales avec 53. soit 20,3 %; puis
la culture avec 29, soit 11,1 %; les sciences exactes et naturelles
avec 23, soit 8,8 %; et !es communicationsd avec 18. soit 6.9 %;
tandis que le soutien de Programme et le programme général
d'information en totalisaient 18. soit 6,8 %.
Les modalités de la coopération entre
les ONG et l'Unesco
La consultation
72) Les Directives concernant les relations de l'Unesco avec les
ONG prévoient que les organisations de la Catégorie A « seront
associées aussi ètroitement et régulièrement que possible aux
divers stades de la planification et de l'exécution des activités de
l'Unesco relevant de leur compétence » (Article IV.4 (c) (i) ) et que
celles qui appartiennent à la Catégorie B » seront consultées par
le Directeur général sur les projets de programme de l'Unesco »
(Article IV.4 (b) (ii).
73) Sur la base de ces dispositions, le Directeur général a régulièrement consulté les ONG de la Catégorie A au stade de la préparation du Projet de programme et de budget, en m ême temps
que les Etats membres et les organisations de la Catégorie B au
moment de la parution de ce projet. Tout en se conformant aux
Directives, le Directeur général a décidé d'élargir la procédure de
consultation aux organisations de la Catégorie B pour la préparation du Projert de programme et de budget de l'Unesco depuis celui
de 1 9 81 - 19 8 3 .
74) Les statistiques établies pour la période 1976-1982 montrent que la proportion des ONG qui ont participé aux consultations
écrites a augmenté en nombre absolu et en pourcentage d'un
biennium à un autre au cours de cette période septennale. Cependant une plus grands participation des ONG de statut consultatif
à l'élaboration des grandes orientations et du programme de
l'Unesco serait souhaitable. C'est pourquoi la Conférence générale à sa Dix-neuvième session a invité » les organisations internationales non gouvernementales qui sont consultées par le
Directeur général au sujet de l'élaboration du Projet de programme
et de budget, à répondre plus promptement et en plus grand nombre à ces constations». (Résolution 19 C/7.33).
75) Les Directives prévoient que « les organisations internationales non gouvernementales admises dans les Catégories A et B
pourront, avec l'accord du Directeur général, se réunir tous les
deux ans en conférence au Siège de l'Unesco, en vue d'examiner
les problèmes que pose leur coopération avec l'Unesco et de faciliter la coopération entre les organisations ayant des intérêts communs ». (Article V.1).
76) Jusqu'à présent la Conférence des ONG de statut consultatif
a tenu dix-neuf sessions dont la dernière en juin 1984. Au cours de
la Conférence, le Directeur général procède à une consultation
collective des organisations des Catégories A et B pour recueillir
leur avis et suggestions sur le programme de l'Organisation. La
conférence élit son Président et le Comité permanent de quinze
représentants d'ONG qui assure la mise en œuvre des décisions
adoptées et entretient la liaison avec la Secrétariat de l'Unesco
77) Entre 1970 et 1976, 53 % des ONG out participé aux travaux
de la Conférence. En 1981, le taux de participation était de 43 %.
Les obstacles au développement de cette participation semblent
être d'ordre matériel : difficultés financières, moindre disponibilité
des représentants, éloignement du siège de certaines organisations. Il faut noter qu'entre 1976 et 1984. le statut consultatif a été
accordé par l'Unesco à un nombre significatif d'organisations qui
ont leur sisége hors de Paris. Cela explique en partie la baisse du
taux de participation, tout en mettant en évidence l'influence des
aspects matériels.
78) Avec l'aide du Comité permanent, des groupes de travail se
sont constitués afin d'organiser des colloques, séminaires et rencontres et préparer des documents de travail. De nombreuses réunions ont été organisées dans ce cadre pour poursuivre la
réflexion sur des sujets extrêmement divers. Par ailleurs, le Comité
permament répond le plus souvent que possible aux invitations du
Secrétariat de l'Unesco de participer aux réunions qu'il organise
afin de présenter le point de vue de l'ensemble des ONG sur les
sujets en discussion.
79) Les consultations collectives sectorielles et intersectorielles
ont pour but de recueillir les avis et les propositions d'un certain
nombre d'ONG. dont la compétence porte sur certains aspects du
programme de l'Unesco. Ce type de consultation peut prendre des
formes diverses : organisation de réunions périodiques par les différents secteurs de programme associant les organisations professionnelles pour recueillir leurs points de vue Sur la pr éparation
du programme de l'Organisation et sa mise en œuvre; consultations spécialisées en vue de la préparation d'activités ponctuelles
(par exemple, une dizaine d'ONG spécialisées dans les domaines
culturel et artistique ont contribué à l'élaboration de l'ordre du jour,
des études et des documents de travail de la Conférence mondiale
sur les politiques culturelles); consultations collectives intersectorielles qui rassemblent un groupe d'ONG et des représentants de
plusieurs secteurs de programme pour discuter les sujets pluri- ou
interdisciplinaires d'intérêt commun (par exemple, reunions
annuelles des principales organisations syndicales organisées
par le Secteur de la coopération pour le développement et les relations extérieures et réunion, également annuelle, d'une trentaine
d'ONG de jeunesse organisée par le Secteur des sciences sociales pour la première fois et, tout récemment des organisations
œuvrant dans le domaine de l'alphabétisation). Par ailleurs, un
groupe de travail mixte Unesco-ONG sur le thème des droits de
l'homme fonctionne depuis deux ans et son mandat a été reconduit
par la 19e Conférence des ONG. D'autres groupes de travail fonctionnent en étroite collaboration avec les services spécifiques du
Secrétariat. Cette collaboration entre l'Unesco et les groupements
d'ONG prend également d'autres formes. Par exemple, des
consultations entre le secteur de l'Education et les quatre organisations internationales des enseignants (qui préparent un document de travail commun pour chaque session biennale de la
Conférence internationale de l'éducation; des consultations régulières entre le Secrétariat et certaines ONG de Catégorie A qui
constituent un groupement d'ONG (Conseil international des
sciences sociales. Conseil international des unions scientifiques.
Conseil international du cinéma et de la television).
80) La participation réciproque aux réunions est également une
des formes habituelles de collaboration entre l'Unesco et les ONG.
A cet égard, les Directives prévoient que les organisations admises au statut consultatif, Catégories A et B, » doivent inviter
l'Unesco à se faire représenter à leurs réunions dont l'ordre du jour
présente un intérêt du point de vue du programme de l'Unesco ».
(Article III.1 (b) (iii) ). Celles qui sont admises au statut d'information mutuelle. Catégorie C, » pourront être invitées à envoyer des
observateurs a certaines réunions convoquées si. de l'avis du
Directeur général, elles sont en mesure d'apporter une contribution importante aux travaux de ces réunions ». (Article IV.4 (a) (ii) ).
Enfin, les organisations de statut consultatif, Catégories A et B,
» pourront être invitées par le Directeur général à envoyer des
observateurs à des réunions organisées par l'Unesco et portant
sur des sujets de leur compétence ». (Article IV.4 (B) (iii) ).
81 ) Bien que les ONG ne disposent que de faibles moyens financiers, elles reçoivent de plus en plus de la part de l'Unesco des
invitations pour les réunions, l'attitude constante du Directeur
général est d'appuyer les demandes des ONG tendant à se faire
représenter à toutes les réunions de l'Unesco y compris a la
Conférence générale, y compris les ONG de la Catégorie C. En
effet, toutes les ONG qui ont satisfait à leurs obligations contractuelles vis-à-vis de l'Organisation, doivent pouvoir exprimer leurs
opinions au sein de l'Unesco, quel que soit leur point de vue sur
certaines activités.
82) Par ailleurs, le Directeur général reçoit chaque année de
nombreuses invitations pour participer aux réunions organisées
par les ONG des différentes catégories. Dans la mesure du possible, le Directeur général parvient à assurer la représentation du
Secrétariat aux réunions des ONG auxquelles il adresse également des documents de travail.
La coopération
83) Les Directives prévoient les conditions d'octroi de subventions aux ONG ainsi que les modalités selon lesquelles des
contrats peuvent être conclus avec elles.
84) Ainsi l'Article VI.1 précise que l'Unesco peut accorder une
aide financière sous forme de subventions, à un nombre limité
d'organisations internationales non gouvernementales des Catégories A et B qui, par leurs propres activités, apportent une contribution particulièrement efficace à la réalisation des objectifs de
l'Unesco tels qu'ils sont définis dans son Acte constitutif, et à la
mise en œuvre d'une partie importante de son programme.
85) L'Article VII spécifie que « Toutes les fois que le Directeur
général le jugera nécessaire pour la bonne exécution du programme de l'Unesco, il pourra conclure, avec toute organisation
internationale non gouvernementale particulièrement qualifiée, un
contrat en vue de la mise en œuvre d'activités figurant au programme adopté par la Conférence générale ».
a) Les subventions
86) Les données chiffrées concernant la répartition par Secteurs
de programmes des subventions accorées par l'Unesco entre
1976 et 1982 font apparaître que ces subventions ont régulièrement augmenté : d e 2 1 % en 1979-1980 par rapport à 1977-1978,
et de 24 % en 1 9 8 1- 1 9 8 2 par rapport à l'exercice biennal précédent, sans compter que la hausse du dollar des Etats-Unis a considérablement accru le pouvoir d'achat des subventions payables
dans cette monnaie.
87} Par rapport au montant total et au nombre d'organisations
qui en ont bénéficié, la part des subventions attribuées dans chaque Secteur de programmes se prêsenait de la façon suivante en
1982 : 7,7 % à l'éducation pour 1 2 ONG : 22 % aux sciences exates et naturelles pour 2 ONG; 21 % aux sciences sociales pour 3
ONG; 44 % à la culture et communication pour 14 ONG et 5.3 % au
programme général d'information et l'office des statistiques pour 4
ONG.
b) Les contrats
88) Les contrats sont d'une nature juridique distincte de celles
des subventions et obéissent à des critères différents. Ils consistent dans le versement d'une certaine somme d'argent par
l'Unesco à une ONG en contrepartie de l'exécution d'une tâche
spécifique, définie dans le programme et budget, que cette organisation s'engage à exécuter. Grâce aux contrats, les organisations non gouvernementales apportent ainsi à l'Unesco. pour ce
qui concerne leur domaine de compétences, une contribution très
importante aussi bien dans l'exécution du programme approuvé
par la Conférence générale que dans la préparation du programme
futur.
89) Entre 1976 ert 1982, 1807 contrats d'un montant total de
10.136.566 dollars des Etats-Unis (U.S. $) ont été conclus avec
257
158 ONG des Catégories A et B, ou avec des organisations qui leur
sont affiliées. Les chiffres appellent plusieurs remarques. En premier lieu, il apparaît que pour cette période le volume des subventions n'est Que de 4 % supérieur à celui des contrats. En second
lieu, si l'on additionne le volume des contrats et celui des subventions (20.669.979 dollars U.S.). le secteur Culture vient en tête
(34.3%) du montant total des sommes distribuées), suivi des
Sciences exactes et naturelles (25.8 %), des Sciences sociales
(18,5 %). de l'Education (13,6 %) et du Programme général d'information et l'office des statistiques avec 7,8 %. En troisième lieu, si
l'on considère le nombre de contrats pris isolément, ii apparaît que
le secteur des sciences exactes et naturelles a utilisé le plus grand
volume de fonds (avec 29.7 % du montant total pour 291 contrats),
suivi de la Culture et Communication (24.20 % pour 291 contrats),
l'Education ( 1 9 . 7 % pour 428 contrats), les Sciences sociales
(15,9 % pour 237 contrats). le Programme général d'information et
office des statistiques (10,5 % pour 1 7 9 contrats).
90) Que ce soit sous forme de subventions ou de contrats, les
activités des ONG dans les domaines de compétence de l'Unesco
(qui contribuent à la mise en œuvre du programme de l'Organisation) bénéficient donc d'une aide financière importante. Mais les
activités entreprises par les ONG à titre entièrement bénévole
sont, de loin, les plus nombreuses comme l'a souligné la Conférence générale en adoptant, à l'unanimité, une résolution dans
laquelle elle a remercié, entre autres, toutes les ONG qui « bien
que n'ayant bénéficié d'aucune aide financière de l'Unesco, ont
néanmoins contribue, par leurs propres moyens, à faire connaître
les idéaux et à favoriser la réalisation des objectifs de l'Organisation ».
L'implantation géographique des ONG
91 ) La plupart des ONG internationales sont constituées d'organisations nationales préalablement existantes. Néanmoins, on
constate une diversité considérable entre les ONG internationales
du point de vue de leur création et de leur développement au cours
des années. Pour des raisons historiques, les pays de l'Europe
occidentale et de l'Amérique du Nord étaient les mieux représentés dans la plupart des ONG. C'était en effet dans ces pays qu'un
grand nombre d'entre elles y ont pris naissance et ont contribu é à
former les organisations internationales. Elles y possèdent un
reseau de relations très étendu et y ont entrepris de très nombreuses activités. Des relations plus étendues se sont établies, dans le
cas de certaines organisations, depuis le début du siècle. Mais,
dans l'ensemble, ce n'est qu'après la deuxième guerre mondiale,
avec l'essor de la solidarité internationale, que les associations
non gouvernementales ont pris pleinement conscience de leur
vocation universelle.
92) Pour l'Unesco, organisation mondiale, il est important que les
organisations qu'elle associe dans la mise en œuvre de ses programmes soient implantées dans des pays assez variés et nombreux pour représenter valablement différentes régions culturelles
du monde. C'est pourquoi, la Conférence générale a constamment
invité les ONG à poursuivre et à intensifier leurs efforts pour favoriser une plus large extension géographique, tant en ce qui
concerne leur composition que leurs activités. Cette invitation
rejoint les propres préoccupations des ONG comme le prouvent les
nombreuses résolutions de leurs assemblées mondiales. Mais
malgré les efforts déployés et les résultats partiellement satisfaisants, obtenus au cours des deux dernières décennies, la présence des ONG demeure inégale dans les différentes régions du
monde.
93) Si l'on considère la localisation des sièges des ONG. comme
l'a fait l'Annuaire de l'Union des associations internationales en
prenant 1976 comme date de référence, on constate que, sur 2676
258
ONG répertoriées. 1 1 7 seulement avaient leur siège en Afrique,
14 8 en Amérique latine et aux Caraïbes, 138 en Asie et Océanien
ontre 1990 en Europe et 238 en Amérique du Nord. Il faut également remarquer que, dans la très grande majorité des cas, les sièges en dehors de l'Europe et de l'Amérique du Nord sont ceux des
ONG régionales. Remarquons également qu'une analyse de la
répartition des sièges d'une centaine d'organisations intergouvernementales existantes, indique une répartition plus inégale
encore, ce qui n'implique pas que l'Unesco. par exemple, dont le
siège est à Paris, ne soit pas une organisation représentative des
pays du monde. Un indice plus révélateur serait celui de la répartition des organisations nationales affiliées des ONG internationales et régionales. Ces données devraient être disponibles l'année
prochaine quand seront connus les résultats de l'enquête mise en
œuvre par le secteur des relations extérieures de l'Unesco.
94) Cependant, un progrès sensible se dégage des statistiques
disponibles. Les données de l'Annuaire de l'Union des associations internationales permettent de tracer une courbe sur une
durée de douze ans, depuis 1966 à 1977. Au cours de cette
période, l'Afrique passa de 1 1 . 6 % à 14.5 %; l'Amérique latine de
17,3% à 2 1 . 4 %; l'Asie de 16,8% à 19,1 %. tandis que le taux correspondant à l'Europe et à l'Amérique du Nord montre une nette
régression, en se réduisant de 53 % à 45 %. Si l'on ramène cette
situation globale aux 261 ONG de Cat égories A et B, la répartition
fait preuve d'un équilibre encore plus soutenu. Considérant la
période 1975-1982, les taux de croissance régionaux se chiffrent
comme suit :
la présence en Afrique des ONG nationales affiliées aux ONG
internationales passe de 305 à 383, ce qui donne une croissance
de 25,5 %; celle en Amérique latine passe de 360 à 397, soit
10,25 %; celle en Asie de 67 à 406, soit 10,5 %; et celle dans les
Etats arabes de 150 à 184, soit 22.65 %; tandis que le taux de
croissance visant l'Europe et l'Amérique du Nord reste de loin le
plus modeste: 7,6%, soit un passage de 771 a 830 branches
d'ONG. dans la catégorie des subventionnées. L'importance de
cette expansion semble d'autant plus encourageante que les statistiques utilisées ne tiennent compte que des affiliations régulières, en excluant les membres associés ou correspondants.
95) II est bien évident que l'extension géographique des ONG
dépend de facteurs d'ordre économique, politique et socio-culturel
ainsi que de la conjoncture internationale. En effet, ce n'est pas un
hasard si les Secrétariats des ONG se sont installes à proximité du
siège des organisations du système des Nations Unies auprès
desquelles elles bénéficient d'un statut consultatif. Néanmoins,
même si elle en a perçu les raisons, la Conférence générale, lors
de sa Dix-neuvième session, a « exprimé à nouveau l'espoir que
les organisations internationales non gouvernementales intensifieront leurs efforts pour à une large extension géographique » et
« invite le Directeur général à étudier les mesures propres à favoriser une plus large extension géographique des organisations
internationales non gouvernementales » (Résolution 19 C/7.33).
96) A l'occasion de la Seizième Conférence des ONG, qui s'est
tenue au mois de Novembre 1977, le Directeur général a proposé
la constitution d'un groupe de travail réunissant des responsables
du Secrétariat et des représentants des ONG en vue d'examiner
le problème et de faire des suggestions. Le rapport établi par ce
groupe de travail a indiqué plusieurs mesures à prendre aux différents niveaux : Etats membres. Unesco. ONG. En particulier, il a été
recommandé aux ONG de faire une meilleure place dans leurs programmes à des activités susceptibles de susciter l'intérêt et la collaboration active des spécialistes des pays où elles ne sont pas
encore implantées. De même, par le biais des Commissions nationales, le Secrétariat de l'Unesco pourrait jouer un rôle pour aider
les ONG à s'implanter dans les pays où celles-ci sont suffisamment représentées.
TRENDS IN THE MEETINGS MARKET
by Gian Carlo Fighiera*
This survey prepared in 1985 by Mr. Gian Carlo Fighiera is based on the most
recent congress statistics and gives a complete overview of the meeting
trends taking into consideration the implication on the congress industry, of
the most advanced technological equipments.
1. Information sources
The conventional way of going about
predictive research is to consult interesting sources for changes which have been
recorded in past research, analyze and
compare the information from these
sources, single out the trends noted, and
project them into the foreseeable future in
the light of secondary factores which may
have an impact on development.
In the case at hand - determining the
trends which are taking shape in the
meetings market-the paucity of data and
the incompleteness and fragmentary nature of the data which is available hampers
considerably this research method.
Indeed, there are reliable annual data for
several decades on the number of international meetings, but as regards national
meetings, only simple computations are
available. There is data on seasonal and
geographical distribution, and on the average length of international meetings,
but practically no data is available on national meetings. Spending by participants
of meetings of all types has been determined in some developed countries, but
still unknown in most others.
Lastly, reporting and planning methods
are developing so slowly that progress is
hardly appreciable.
Therefore, we have no choice but to
proceed with extreme caution both in
cross-checking the widespread information and in filling in the gaps through deductive reasoning which our experience in
observing the conference phenomenon
since World War II permits us to engage in.
In any case, a consideration of the list of
studies available must begin with the
most important, and the only truly worldwide study, namely the UAI statistics and
surveys on the number and geographical
and seasonal distribution of international
meetings, and the number of participants.
The study of three geographical areas
(Europe. North America and Asia) by the
USTS (United States Travel Service), published under the title, « The Market for International Congresses ». however excellent it may be, is no help to us here since
it only examines the situation in 1974, establishes partial comparisons with 1973
and fails to provide a realistic view of possible development of the data in the following years.
These are the only two sources on the
world market that we possess.
Proceeding now to the national level, useful information is as limited here as for the
international level. At the outset we must
point to the periodical surveys, mostly
done every five years, conducted since
1948 by the United States Travel Data
Center on behalf of the IACVB (International Association of Conventions and Visitors Bureaus). The resulting statistics
deal particularly with the geography of international, federal and local meetings/conferences located in the United
States, delegate spending and length of
stay, and the means of transport used.
The second major source of information
consists of the annual research coordinated by the British Tourist Authority and
conducted jointly since 1970 by nine U.K.
resort towns. This research takes into ac-
count the type of meeting facility chosen
by organizers (convention center, hotel,
university), the number of meetings and
participants and meeting length and seasonal distribution.
This concludes the short list of national
sources which provide indications of the
major trends taking shape in the conference market.
At this point we must refer to purely local
sources.
The first reference consists of the studies
by A. Frame on Dubrovnik from the end of
World War I to 1978, excluding 19421949. The aspects studied are the number of national and international meetings
held and their classification by subject
matter. For 1950 to 1977 the author divides his study on the meetings held in
this Yugoslavian town according to the
months of the year and indicates the average length of stay of the delegates.
(*) Mr. G. C. Fighiera. born m Turin (Italy) in 1929 and
now living in Madrid, has over a Quartet-century of
experience as an international conference organizer.
In successive posts, first as Permanent Congress
Secretary of the UEA (Rotterdam) for six years, then
as Deputy Secretary-General of the UFTAA (Brussels) for sixteen years, he has organized over 150
meetings of all types in 30 countries : from small
committee meetings to large, world conventions
with over 3.000 participants. Mr. Fighiera was a
member of the team in charge of organizing the
World Tourism Conference held in Manila (Philippine) in September 1980. sponsored by the WTO
(Madrid).
He is the author of two books on meetings and
several dozen articles and monographs on the same
subject, ans is currently writing a manual for convention and conference organizers
259
The periodical research carried out by the
Singapore Tourist Promotion Board beginning in 1973. is also of unquestionable interest here. It primarily deals with the
types of international meetings held in
Singapore and their length. the number of
participants and accompanying guests,
the category of the hotel chosen, delegate
spending and distribution by income
bracket, age group and country of origin.
Lastly, the annual reports of the Philippine
Convention Board provide rather detailed
information on the number of meetings
and participants, and on spending by
meeting participants in the Philippine archipelago.
In addition to these different sources, the
comments, observations and forecasts
made by the most experienced specialists
in this field regarding the trends of the
meetings market are important to take
into account. Most are contained in the report of the IWKI (Internationales Wissenschaftliches Kongreß - Institut) sym-
posium on Meetings in the Year 2000
held in Innsbruck in 1979.
The 13th IWKI Seminar, organized in the
same city the following year under the title
« The Conference - the motor behind tourism » , heard, among others, an interesting report by Henk G. Borgman on trends
in conference development in Europe.
We also refer here to the thorough analysis by Robert Schadenwald, « Same time,
next decade », published in the ICCA
News of November/December 1979.
2. Planning
2.1. ADMINISTRATIVE AND MANAGEMENT METHODS
The increase in the number of meetings
after World War II gave rise to organization, administrative and management
techniques which rapidly became widespread.
Along with adopting these techniques,
there grew a deepening awareness
among conference organizers of the nature and goals of meetings. Furthermore,
participant motivations and demands underwent substantial change, which we will
see in Section 2.3 on Programs.
One of the most important developments
may well be the elimination of the improvisation and amateurism which governed
the work of organizers in the earlier period. Nowadays, prediction and planning
rank first among the activities engaged in
by meeting organizers. In principle, nothing is left to change.
The advantages of using a computer for
conference organization and management are manyfold.
When all the data is entered into the computer program, a break-down can be obtained of all types of information required :
- Lists of meeting participants by code
number, alphabetical order, company,
nationality, language, professional interests, arrival and departure dates, etc.
- Lists of those registered for different
workshops, and cultural and social activities, pre and post conference travel,
etc.
Software has been developed which permits the simultaneous administration of
four meetings of over 1.000 delegates
each.
- Distribution of personnel schedules and
service rotations.
Since computer programming is relatively
easy and it is possible to correct and update recorded information at any time, it
can reasonably be stated that this tool is
going to become indispensable to meeting organizers, if it has not already done
so.
It can be assumed that this trend towards
greater professionalization will progressively increase the professional standing
of meeting organizers, either as independents or as part of a career in a business or national or international association.
The same procedure can be used for reproducing schedules and addresses of
delegates on labels, for sending invitations, confirmations, acknowledgments of
receipt, hotel vouchers, for preparing
name badges, etc.
260
In the area of management, the computer
produces bills, prints checks, keeps the
books, carries out budgetary control, and
prepares intermediate financial reports,
the final balance and statistics.
Software has been developed which
permits the simultaneous administration
of four meetings of over 1.000 delegates
each.
- Lists of meeting room and exhibition
space use.
The most widely known is the computer.
Twenty years ago the computer was already being used in many fields, but
noone would have conceived of using it to
organize a meeting, however big it might
have been. Nor would anyone have predicted that it would become indispensable
in all large meetings.
requests for supplementary information,
reminders, confirmation, refusals, etc.
- Distribution of participants by hotel and
type of room.
- Speakers' and dignitaries' resumes.
Planning and implementing the different
organizational, administrative and management phases tends more and more to
be entrusted to professionals, whether
they be officials employed by the organization holding the meeting, meeting organization consultants or firms specialized in the field.
It is quite feasible that those whose job it
is to prepare meetings will broaden appropriately their present use of management instruments which modern technology has put at their disposal.
correspondence which is sent to participants and speakers :
This mass of data can be consulted instantaneously by the organizer and participants during the meeting. Information
can be projected on a screen tied into the
computer or printed in written documents.
It is seen here that the services provided
by the computer are a valuable aid to the
meeting organizer.
There are, in addition, other fields in which
this machine contributes its characteristic
speed and accuracy in holding a modernday conference.
We are referring here to the work of the
secretariat and the economic management
of
the
meeting.
In the area of the secretariat, the computer, with appropriate software and a printer, produces and personalizes repetitive
Nonetheless, the widespread use of computers will be subject to highly evident limitations. Indeed, the introduction of computers in this field, as in any other, is only
justified if there is a large volume of information to be dealt with, as in the case of
medium (several hundred delegates) and
large (over one thousand delegates)
meetings.
However, use of modern data processing
techniques is too costly for small meetings such as seminars, colloquia, symposia and other types of meetings attended by several dozens of participants.
In these cases, the amount of information
involved in the meeting is necessarily limited and can be dealt with more efficiently and easily using traditional methods.
It is therefore rational to think that for a
period of time difficult to predict, but
unquestionably quite long, no important
changes will occur in the administrative
organization of meetings which are small
in number of participants. Thus, there will
be nothing surprising about continuing for
a long time to use individual card and subject files rather than computer-produced
lists.
There is. on the other hand, another area
in which the organizing committees of the
large and medium-sized meetings will be
prompted to change their present practices : the preparation of reports, working
documents and minutes. Presentation of
these documents by audio-visual means
is certainly more appealing, even if they
are more difficult to refer to in this form
than as photocopied or printed documents, as is done currently. Subject to the
continued drop in the price of the hardware and of magnetic and video tape recordings, one is prompted to state that in
the near future we will see official texts,
texts of the most interesting presentations and of complete meetings in cassette and video-cassette form.
For obvious economic reasons, this
procedure will probably not replace conventional written reproductions; indeed,
the price of a cassette or of a video will always be higher than that of a document
which is reproduced or printed in offset.
Audio-visual products will, nonetheless,
be a valuable alternative to written products and will, furthermore, offer to nonparticipants the opportunity to follow
some of the work in a way almost as live
as if they were present.
of the meeting, which would result in a
savings of the transportation expenses
and the extra fees and per diems corresponding to the days employed in traveling and stay.
documents marked out on a sensitive card
by an electronic pencil.
2.2. MEANS OF COMMUNICATION
2.2.1. Teleconferences
It is possible to distinguish between two
types of communication at meetings.
The first type can be called vertical communication and refers to the relations between the meeting organizers and managers, on the one hand, and meeting participants, on the other. This communication should be continual and flow in both
directions to keep the system from becoming a rigid, unilateral, authoritarian
transmittal of simple instructions and established concepts from the top down.
The second type of communication, horizontal, is the communication which occurs
among the participants in a meeting.
With regard to the first type of communication, it is of interest to note the possible
use in the long term of teleinterpretation
at large conventions and major conferences.
By «teleinterpretation » we mean simultaneous interpretation via satellite. Successful experiments have been carried
out in this field by UNESCO : the interpreters at the Organization's headquarters in
Paris received on a screen by satellite the
images of a conference which was being
held at the same time in Africa and, by the
same means, sent back the simultaneous
interpretation of the speeches and presentations, which was picked up by the
earphones of the delegates present thousands of miles away.
This procedure is still at an experimental
stage and could be more widespread if the
costs were to drop considerably, as predicted, and if the interpreters all lived in
the same place, without having to travel to
perform their work.
In general, some European and North American capitals with numbers of international governmental organizations having
their own permanent interpreters as well
as being chosen as the headquarters by
most of the nongovernmental international organizations as well as by free lance
interpreters, i.e.. Paris, Geneva. London.
Brussels, New York, would be favored by
this system. It would, in effect, do away
with interpreters having to travel from
their usual place of residence to the place
Modern telecommunications thus opens
other fields of application, particularly that
of teleconferences, or meetings held at a
distance.
In this context, it is useful to note that teleconferences can be held equally well
among small groups of people (by telephone) and among large gatherings (via
satellite).
a) Small Groups
We are already familiar with regular telephone calls which involve multiple participants. This system, which has been used
only minimally, makes it possible for many
people to communicate at the same time
by telephone.
This system has just added a new improvement with the introduction of the
videophone, a combination of the television and telephone. The videophone,
which Americans call the « picturephone », makes it possible for two groups
no larger than 20 people in total, located
at two different points on the globe, to talk
together and see each other on the television screen. The mechanism of transmitting sound and image requires the use
of appropriate permanent facilities which,
in a small number of cities, are leased by
the national post office and telegraph and
telephone administration. Apart from the
network of public studios (called telecenters), the teleconference can also be held
in private television studios located in
businesses or organizations. Public and
private studios can be interconnected.
The dimensions of the screen make it advisable to show one image at a time and
therefore, for reasons of clarity, only the
image of the speaker is transmitted automatically onto the screen. During the telecast, the two groups can communicate or
speak by telephone, with no image involved, outside the television circuit.
The presentations can be supplemented
by the tele-reproduction on the screen of
The cost depends on the number of
speakers, the length of the meeting and
the distance covered. One tends to think
that a conference by videophone would be
costly in comparison with a normal telephone call, even a conference call. However, this procedure offers an unquestionable savings of time and transportation
and lodging expenses (without mentioning the elimination of travel fatigue). The
number of centers equipped for this system is small at the present time, but it is
expected that the development of optic
fibers will facilitate the installation of networks of centers covering all national teritories.
A conventional telephone call between
New York and Los Angeles costs
$36.00. while the same communication
would cost between $300 and $2,000
(depending on the day of the week and
the time chosen) when accompanied by
image transmission. Intercontinental teleconferences between small groups
are more expensive. The price of a 30minute call between London and New
York ranges from $3,150 to $5.000.
A duplex teleconference can be set up
between two points in around fifteen minutes, but it takes up to eight days to set
up a triplex or quadruplex connection.
Setting up a teleconference studio with
two screens : one for the image being received and the other for the image being
sent ranged in cost in 1983 from
$100.000 to $1.000,000.
Besides multinational companies, which
are already equipped with studios for internal teleconferences, other firms and organizations are gradually setting up their
own studios. For example, the large hotel
chains, such as Hilton (projected 35 hotels equipped by 1985). P.L.M.. Intercontinental. Sheraton and Holiday Inn have
linked some of their hotels. Their studios
are available to their guests and the public, and satellite reception and transmission is performed by means of a parabolic antenna on the roof.
In the United States there are mixed opinions about the rate of video-telephone expansion in the country.
261
While some predict a relatively rapid
conquest of the market, others are more
cautions in their projections.
Along these lines, American Telephone
and Telegraph announced at the beginning of 1985 its decision to close its Picturephone Meeting Service studios in 6 of
the 11 cities where these studios had
been operating for the previous three
years. However, at the same time, it indicated its intention to extend the service to
42 cities and to introduce it on the intercontinental market.
and sound in both directions, thereby
making possible the establishment of a direct dialog among the participants.
The number of satellites which can be
used to distribute communications is increasing. Some cover only national territory, while others have an international,
continental or even worldwide radius of
action.
France uses Telemac. Transatlantic
New York-London links are provided by
Bright Star. The authorization agreed to
in 1984 by President Reagan tor private
American firms to launch telecommunications satellites opens the way for a
peaceful conquest of space by communications and puts an end to Intelsat's
monopoly. The expected competition
will result in lowering the fees for placing
communications satellites in space.
It is interesting to note that the first communications satellite for the Arab countries. Arabsat, of French production, was
put in orbit in 1985.
AT & T declared that in 1983. 120 customers used the picturephone and that
the number was 180 for 1984. The annual losses were estimated at around S4
million. According to the company, executives were reluctant to hold teleconferences in special studios and complained, among other things, about the
poor quality of the image.
On the whole, the videophone industry is
expected to reach a turnover of S45Û million in 1988.
b) Larger Groups
Video-conferences take place between
two or more groups which are meeting in
rooms geographically distant from each
other and which have the required infrastructure and a large screen. The means of
transmission involves the use of communications satellites and the technical facilities may be permanent or ad hoc.
The cost of transmitting a conference long
distance involves three aspects : the
technical equiment; the leasing of the
channel through the Ministry of Communications (Eurovision fee if the link is an intercontinental one); and the production
and administrative costs of producing the
program in the meeting rooms.
As surprising as it may seem, this last
aspect may cause the meeting to be cancelled owing to the high costs and managerial difficulties associated with it.
There are two types of videoconferences
in use and both are used widely in television programs : the monolateral and bilateral videoconference.
In the monolateral system, one center
transmits to another center which recieves. This is how conference discussions can be broadcast to spectators in
receiving facilities in a different country.
Using this procedure, a medical conference organized in Davos was able to
transmit simultaneously to 26 cities in
the United States a surgical operation
which was taking place during one of its
meetings.
Primarily companies with many branches
or multinationals use mono lateral videoconferences to communicate at a distance and send their messages.
This technique can be chosen as a supplementary element to show a major event
live to a group of conference participants
gathered in a city or province. For example, in the context of the social activities.
it is possible to project to Atlanta the entertainment at a gala evening performance at the Metropolitan Opera of New
York or a sports event of worldwide interest occurring at a stadium located in another part of the world.
Proceeding now to the bilateral and multilateral teleconference, it is important at
the outset to note that it provides the possibility of transmitting and receiving image
262
In 1982 the Ford Motor Company organized a teleconference with the participation of 17,000 people. The 12 hours of
program by satellite cost $600,000.
clearly lower than the $3 million required
to bring the delegates together in the
same place.
The above gives food for thought. Evidently, the transmission of meetings by satellites located in outerspace gives meetings
a new dimension. This new means of communication
gives
anyone
interested,
wherever he may be located in the world,
the possibility of attending and even of
participating by means of sound and image, in meetings held in another part of
the world.
The formula is an attractive one, considering the fact that it permits an expansion of
the audience of a meeting by adding the
interested public, which would otherwise
be excluded. Furthermore, it enables
some travel to be eliminated, resulting in a
savings of time, fatigue and expenses. Teleconferences can even replace conferences theoretically requiring the physical
presence of the delegates in a specific
city.
However, the generalization of this procedure is limited by psychological, technical
and economic constraints.
The notion that nothing can replace human contact among participants has become an axiom. If it were necessary to
prove this, it would suffice to say that none
of the forms of rapid, longdistance communication which have appeared during
this century : the telephone, the telegraph,
the telex; has replaced business trips and
meetings. On the contrary, in the same
period of time the latter have undergone
unprecedented growth. This constitutes,
therefore, parallel growth, not a competitive develoment of means of communication. Each has its own « raison d'être », a
situation comparable to the coexistence
of the theater and television, and of video
and cinema.
Here it is important to take into account
the fact that in informative or decisionmaking
meetings
the
communication
among the individuals present is constant.
During the meetings the communication
among the participants conforms to external discipline and formality, but it is there
nonetheless. lt is present at all other times
and under all other circumstances in more
relaxed and spontaneous ways which inspire greater frankness and familiarity and
therefore, facilitate the reaching of common goals; in hallways, during coffee
breaks, at the bar, at the restaurant, during a show, a visit or an excursion, in casual meetings, etc.
These constant human contacts are not
possible in teleconferences.
Furthermore, small meetings, such as
seminars and working groups, as welt as
medium-sized meetings, are evidently unable to benefit from the new technology of
teleconferences. This is both because of
the obvious economic reasons and because interest in them is low because of
their small size.
That leaves large conventions and conferences.
It can be stated with certainty that the development of technology leads to reductions in costs, which, in turn, make teleconferences economically accessible to a
growing number of large conventions and
conferences.
The simple unilateral broadcasting of
meetings poses no theoretical problems.
It is merely a matter of the technical
means and financial investment.
However, it is practically impossible to
conceive of multilateral sending and receiving of programs between different
points on the globe owing to the difficulties in the complex administration required for the smooth running of meetings.
Up to now, the most linkages established
simultaneously is five.
The most important event was the International Symposium on Teleconferences
held via satellite in 1984 between London,
Sydney, Tokyo. Philadelphia and Toronto.
An international conference of substantial
size easily brings together many dozens
of countries. Delegates come from
hundreds of cities. As for large, intergovernmental conferences which last for
weeks or even months, the countries represented almost always exceed 100.
At the present time it seems almost impossible to imagine the organization of teleconferences bringing together delegates from all their different countries, not
to mention cities, becoming common
practice
2.2.2. Closed-Circuit
Transmission
Let us go back to reality to consider the local transmission of meetings by closedcircuit television.
number of monitors in the room (an average of one screen for every twenty persons).
This system can be used in the same room
where the meeting is being held in order to
continuously show a close-up of the head
table and the speaker's platform and
thereby provide greater visibility in the
room. In this case if suffices to place a
Using this same process it is also possible
to transmit the proceedings outside the
room, to neighboring rooms, for example,
or even to the participant's hotel room,
where he could conceivably follow the discussions without getting out of bed !
2.3. PROGRAMS
In going over the minutes of meetings held
in the decades prior to World War II, one is
struck by the verbosity and rhetoric of the
participants, who seemed more concerned with showing their oratorial skills,
most often in support of radical ideas,
than with contributing to the search for
truth.
and focus the general discussion, the goal
of which is to establish communication
both between the speakers and the audience and between the participants themselves. In turn, communication is aimed at
bringing the discussions to clear and substantive conclusions in a limited period of
time.
It is just the opposite nowadays, when
speakers hardly seek to polish their presentations, however little. The general objective of organizers, rapporteurs and participants is making meetings effective, doing away with purely formal attitudes, circumlocutions, sterile positions, intellectual voids, and wasting time.
One is forced to admit that large plenary
meetings do not offer the ideal setting to
develop this desire to participate in the
work of the meeting.
This is attributable to the desire to save
time and, therefore, money. The economic
crisis experienced since 1973 has only
served to accentuate this trend and its impact on the agendas of modern meetings
is felt to a certain extent.
The present situation is characterized by
seeking to establish as succinct agendas
as possible, where communication prevails over information and where work
prevails over social events.
Meetings consisting of a number of masterful speeches listened to in silence by a
mass of delegates and concluding with an
outburst of polite applause, belong to the
past. Nowadays, the public shows more
maturity and seeks, more than before, to
participate collectively in the work of the
meeting. There is a desire for the points of
discussion to be dealt with as concisely
as possible in order to limit the subject
Modern organizers limit the number and
length of plenary meetings in order to devote more time to preparatory meetings
where attendance is lower: committees,
seminars, working groups, etc. (These
smaller meetings are devoted to detailed
analysis and to preparing the plenary
meetings, of which they are in some ways
the vital organs).
The trend towards encouraging communication has also led to a multiplication of
small, independent meetings which constitute an end in themselves: colloquia,
symposia, round tables, study groups, etc.
A study ( 1 ) sponsored in the United
States by the American Society of Associations Executives (ASAE) in 1975 indicates that :
- interest in the subject chosen was the
most important factor of appeal to participants. 68 % of those surveyed rated this factor as very important, 29 %
as important, and 2 % gave it little importance.
- meeting site comfortability ranked second. 52 % considered it very import-
ant. 41 % judged it important and 7 %
judged it of little importance
- the potential for communication among
delegates ranked third 52 % felt it was
very important. 38 % felt it to be important.
- organization of an exhibition was
ranked last. 59 % gave it little or no
importance.
In the same poll, 82 % of those surveyed
thought it a good idea to encourage
spouse participation in the meetings.
With regard to the development of programs for accompanying spouses, the
generalized desire was revealed for the
coming years for there to be educational
meetings, greater integration of spouses
in the general program of the meeting
and less social activities (fashion
Shows, tours, etc.).
As we have seen, the general orientation
shows a trend towards attaching high value to efficient working sessions and to
reducing the recreational activities. It is
important to consider this trend in the light
of the austerity of our present-day world.
A researcher in the field of conferences,
Cray-Forton writes. " Now work ranks
first in meetings, social and sports programs having been reduced to a bare
minimum. If, on the first day of meetings
the agenda does not begin until 10
O'clock, many participants will arrive in
the city where the meeting is being held
that same morning, in order to avoid the
expense of an extra night in the hotel ".
For this reason, one tends to assume that
meeting programs in the future will aim for
greater originality and creativity and offer
new areas of interest.
2.4. TECHNICAL AND AUDIO-VISUAL EQUIPMENT
The technological era has been upon us
for some years now and we didn't even
realize it ! The days of cumbersome,
heavy, difficult to handle, defective and
low-yield technical apparatus are over
Gone is the time when you had to blow
into the microphone and tap on it to make
sure it was working ! Gone is the annoying
background noise and continual crakling !
Gone are the days of showing slides
backwards and in reverse order from that
established by the speaker ! Gone is the
time of painstaking focusing before an im-
patient or snickering audience ! The times
of breakdowns of machines, lighting, ventilation, heating, are over! Gone are the
days of breaking into meetings to make
announcements over the loudspeaker to
locate delegates or announce scheduling
changes. Nowadays everything is automated, remote controlled, run by high performance computers, as we will see in the
lines to follow.
First, meeting organizers are able to offer
users more appropriate and sophisticated
apparatus for their work than ever before.
Segmented working tables (square, triangular, oval, circular, etc.! offer the possibility of a variety of quickly assembled.
changeable
geometric
arrangements.
Modular folding chairs, easy to arrange in
different formations, can easily be folded
(including an armrest) to only a few centimeters thick.
Moveable bars mounted on wheels can be
set up anywhere in the meeting center to
serve cold drinks. The speaker's rostrum.
263
consisting of a reclining lectern and horizontal shelves for documents, a microphone and lighting fixtures, can be disassembled and put into a suitcase and reassembled in fifteen minutes. The batterypowered loudspeakers are also dismountable and can be stored in a drawer.
Administrative services have noiseless,
battery-powered, ultralight (2 Kg.) electric typewriters, miniphotocopiers and
color and three-dimensional photocopiers with enlarging and reducing capabilities, high-performance telecopiers for reproducing documents at a distance, telephone-operated dictaphones, very fast
ultra-light
composers
for
composing
names, titles, badges and plastic-covered
identity cards (250-400 professional quality badges can be made in an hour).
Delegate and VIP security is provided by
beam alarm systems and TV circuits.
It is a mistake to think that all the equipment commonly called « audio-visual
equipment » is in reality that. In many
cases this term should not be used, since
some are purely visual equipment, others
are purely audio equipment, and a third
category groups these two aspects.
The importance of any mainly visual system is explained by the fact that the largest part (83 %) of the information
needed by man and processed everyday
by his brain enters through his eyes. Auditory information is limited to 11 %, olfactory to 3.5 %. tactile to 1.5 % and gustatory, to 1 % (2).
On the subject of equipment involving the
sense of hearing, it is interesting to take
note of sound transmission by infrared
light, which has replaced use of wiring,
which is painstaking to install and also the
wireless, inductive system.
The advantages of infra-red light beams
are principally : high sound quality, elimination of parasitic interference from the
outside and protection against unwanted
listening. Indeed, infra-red beams are unable to go through walls or to be picked up
outside them.
In simultaneous interpretation, infra-red
light makes it possible to use 9-12 channels ( 1 4 channels are offered by the fixed
cable system, 8 by the wireless circuit
system).
All small wireless apparatus (plans are
underway to produce receives hardly bigger than a pack of cigarettes) infrared earphones are easy for conference participants to keep as souvenirs or under the
misconception of their usefulness in the
home.
The trend towards miniaturization and
lighter weight in equipment is felt at all levels. For example, there are earphones
with foam pads whose weight is expressed in grams (80 grs.), minimicrophones shaped like pens whose diameter
is no more than 13 mm.
Video taperecordings on erasable, reusable tapes will perhaps never replace
written reports, but they will edge out
264
stenographic and stenotypist recordings.
It is expected that cassette recorders will
become even smaller and the duration of
the cassettes even shorter, while maintaining a reasonable price. •
Still on the subject of sound equipment, it
is interesting to note the plans underway
to equip each seat with an individual, ultra-sensitive telephone which would enable meeting participants to communicate
among themselves without bothering their
neighbours.
These days, the presentation of a report is
almost always accompanied by visual or
audio-visual projections. Whatever the
technique used, the projection of diagrams, charts, statistics, pictures, typed
written messages, all types of data, grabs
the attention of the audience, increases
the speaker's powers of persuasion, and
facilitates the assimilation of the material
by the audience, while at the same time
providing an improvement in teaching methods in meetings whose primary goal is
educational.
Image sequences are necessary inasmuch as audience attention fluctuates. At
a given time less than 25 % of the audience may be following a report. When attention flags, it suffices to cut in on the
spoken message with a visual one in order
to recover the audience and present concepts which would otherwise be lost.
This method may be indispensable, but it
is not a panacea. A boring presentation
will continue to be boring despite the use
of all types of audio-visual apparatus. Audio-visual systems are an unquestionably
valuable support, but the prime element is,
and always will be. the speaker and the information he has to offer.
Let us continue to consider market trends
in new technical means by examining
purely visual equipment
The generally vertical information which
meeting organizers communicate to delegates, including the agenda of the meeting and locating people, has been, up to
now, transmitted by announcements
tacked up on bulletin boards or made
through loudspeakers. Specialized companies now offer the possibility of using
optical panels of differing sizes for these
same purposes. These may reach large
sizes to project moving or fixed messages
programmable up to 3,500 letters and
symbols. The characters, made of highperformance, large viewing-angle électroluminescent elements, are readable up
to 18 meters away. Messages can be fully
or partially blinking words or lines.
The panels are adaptable to any space
and are of regular dimensions. Their potential for text storage and programability
for a set date and hour make them very
useful.
The speaker may make use of a magnetic
board to show a series of figures, numbers, symbols or letters.
This is only a minor detail in comparison
with the possibilities which have been
offered for several decades now by a de-
vice used widely in the United States
principally in TV Programs, called the tele
prompter. This is a device which enlarge
the text, which is on a tape. The text is visible to the speaker but not to the audience
and this enables the speaker to read his
speech while giving the impression that
he is looking at the audience. In reality, the
text is projected onto glass in three different places some 10 meters in front of the
speaker, to his left and to his right. The
mechanism is controlled by the speaker
(or by an experienced operator) who can,
at will speed up, slow down or stop the
text going by, or even revese it. The
speaker can read the text at will and move
his head from one side to the other naturally.
The teleprompter can be an important aid,
especially when the speaker has to transmit a large amount of technical data difficult to memorize. It enables the speaker
who knows how to use it to relax and to
concentrate more on the report, freeing
him from having to memorize it and related
concerns.
Despite appearances, this method does
not impinge upon the art of drafting a
speech, so important to Europeans imbued with classic Greco-Roman culture.
Indeed, the speaker must still draft his text
in accordance with his own parameters. It
does not do away with occasional improvisation nor does it improve a speaker's
eloquence.
It is clear, on the other hand, that use of
this device requires some training on the
part of the speaker or operator. Additionally, the speaker will, after all, have to read
his text 2 or 3 times before delivering it.
Lease in France of a teleprompter costs
1.700 FF per day. 7.000 FF per week
and 18.000 FF per month. Purchase is
also a possibility.
Another communications tool that is predicted to receive increasing use in meetings is the laser beam. Its spectacular effects make it a powerful tool in livening up
meetings and communication inside the
meeting room. With a laser beam you can
write, draw, reproduce graphs, produce
luminous boards, arches and decorations
synchronized with fireworks.
The cost of installing a laser system can
reach 500,000 FF. but one can be
leased from 20.000 FF.
Computers and computer terminals are
called upon to play a major role in conference halls. The idea of electronic voting.
for example, is not a mere dream; it has already been put into practice in large international organizations, parliaments, municipal councils, etc. Voting is performed
as follows : the voter inserts his magnetic
voting card into the reading device in front
of him: he then presses the button of his
choice, yes, no or abstain; the final results
appear in a few seconds on a lighted
board which also shows the number of voters registerd, the number of persons
present, the required quorum, the vote in
terms of percentages. This system has
many other applications. By providing all
those present with keyboards and
screens, it would enable interpreters to
look up. at the speed of light, technical
terms stored in the computer memory, as
well as to send messages to the speaker
(too fast, too slow, diction unintelligible,
etc.). The chairman would also be able to
communicate directly with the speaker
(please conclude, your speaking time is
over, etc.) and, in turn, receive messages
from the secretariat. The participants
could ask to speak by means of the magnetic card, which would enable the computer to provide the chairman with a list of
speakers' names and to etablish an irrefutable speakers' list. Participants could
also receive personal messages (telephone calls, etc.).
Under quite different circumstances it is
possible to project simultaneous interpretation by sign language for the deaf
onto the screen.
What will become of traditional devices,
such as the episcope, for large-scale projection of non-transparent material (written or printed texts, books, brochures,
etc.), and the epidiascope, which projects
images reproduced on transparencies either singly or in series ?
It can be predicted that they will survive
the technical upheavals underway, since
they offer manageability and a qualityprice ratio which otherwise will be difficult
to match in the future. Improvements in
these devices will undoubtedly better image-quality and enlargeability at will. They
will make use of the overhead projector
widespread, enabling the speaker himself
to show the illustrations without having to
go down into the room or turn his back to
the audience. Additionally, these devices
perform well, even in normally-lit rooms
and are becoming increasingly lighter in
weight and smaller in size.
The use of the episcope and the epidiascope will probably be limited to small,
seminar-type meetings : projection range
currently reaches 10 meters and will not
likely change substantially.
Having discussed visual equipment, let us
now briefly turn to the range of devices
which provide both image and sound, to
audio-visual devices.
Nowadays it is quite normal to synchronize a fixed image presentation with a
soundtrack consisting either of background music or spoken commentary.
While there are still slide projectors which
are not automatic or semi-automatic, professionals prefer automatic models in the
carousel version which take care of starting up and showing the slides, one after
the other, at regular, programmed intervals. For semi-automatic projectors it
should be noted that remote control
(starting up, stopping, going backwards,
pace adjustments) is performed by infrared light.
The backdrop for the projection is a portable screen or a movie screen. Nonetheless, for fixed image projection a television screen can also be used.
tion between the chair and the audience
in three large meeting rooms, and enlarges images to a maximum (for example,
images of surgical operations).
With automatic projectors it is possible to
achieve a dissolve effect (one image dissolves into the next one), making it possible to avoid moments of darkness between slides. By coupling two or more projectors (up to 18 projectors have been
used at one time together) it is possible to
animate fixed images : multivision. The
slides are shown quickly and dynamically,
one after another, side-by-side or superimposed on the same screen or simultaneously on a number of screens, to form
an ensemble of large images or separate
ones, like a changing mosaic.
In the most recent Suoer-8 models the
reels are replaced by cartridges.
Slides offer a luminosity and clarity of image quite superior to that of film, which
gives it a great advantage.
The beauty of the images will be appreciated even more if the presentation
lasts no longer than 5 to 15 minutes.
Beyond this limit the audience will gradually get used to the spectacularity,
which will inevitably cause a drop in interest.
From fixed images, let us now go on to discuss moving images: film with a soundtrack.
Present-day movie projectors (35 mm.,
16 mm. and 8 mm.) have done away with
the bothersome noise of the fan, and with
the beam of light which used to be emitted. Projectors can be placed behind the
screen, which is from 2 to 10m2 either
made of white cloth or of beaded glass.
There are also slanted silver screens for
fixed or moving image projection in semidarkness or daylight.
The 35 mm. format is reserved for films
by professional filmmakers destined for
showing in public cinemas. Note : a portable 35 mm. projector weighs around
30kgs.
A large number of documentary and
scientific films are made in 16 mm.
The most manageable and economical
system is the 8 mm, and Super-8 mm.
format. This system is only good in small
rooms, because it is difficult to get a
clear picture beyond 15 m.
A device which provides sensational performance and is increasing its applicability is the eidophore, which projects extraordinarily precise black and white or
color images on giant 12 m. x 16 m. (200
m2) screens. It is also able to project the
image of the speaker onto a giant screen
behind the head table, while he is speaking in an amphitheater holding thousands
of people.
There are three models of the eidophore.
One is for black and white projection, the
second is for color projection and the third
is for double luminosity projection.
Use of this device is especially interesting
because it can improve the communica-
Installation of a eidophore is extremely
costly, but one may be leased at an accessible price : several hundred dollars
per day.
Video has recently conquered all markets
because of its manageability and its ability to produce or reproduce programs very
economically.
A program taped on a video cassette is
much less expensive than if it were filmed
on 16 mm. or 8 mm. : furthermore, video
tapes can be erased and reused, another
advantage.
We note here, in passing, that it is possible to videotape not only television programs, but also films from movie reels.
Another use of video is to tape complete
meetings for the files, to supplement the
minutes, or to be sold to participants or
other interested parties. Taped meetings
can also be projected live through closed
circuit television inside and outside the
meeting room.
There are now battery-operated videos,
as well as continuous cassettes which
automatically rewind and re-show the
same program. This is an enormous advantage for promotional programs in exhibit halls and showcases.
The other novelties include large, foldaway screens (10 m2). and, on the other
hand, videos with a small, incorporated
screen (6 to 8 inches), which can be easily
fit into a small suitcase. The most recent
models are able to project images without
having to darken the room and without
losing any image quality. Video discs constitute the latest development. In the medium term they will probably replace video
cassettes. They have been widely used in
the United States since 1974 and have
just been introduced in Europe. The advantage of synthetic discs over cassettes
is that the scanning is done by laser beam,
thereby enabling the original quality to be
maintained indefinitely. Furthermore, they
can be copied more quickly and at a lower
price than cassettes. It is expected that
the signals on these discs (30 cm. in diameter, with a duration of from 10 to 45
minutes) will, in the future, be able to be
transformed into three dimensional projections.
The disc system, however, has some disadvantages. The user can use only prerecorded programs, since recording and
program creation is not yet available to individual users.
Apart from the degree of development, it is
a pity that there is no standardization of
these systems. Three different systems
are on the market and all are incompatible
with each other.
265
5. MEETING SITES AND CENTERS
2.5.1, Traditional Sites
A study of the geographical distribution of
meetings (3) in 1983 showed that international conventions and similar meetings
were highly concentrated in the industrialized countries. 73 % of the market corresponded to Western Europe and North
America, while the remaining 27 % was
divided among the other regions of the
world : 11 % m East Asia and the Pacific;
6 % in Eastern Europe: 4 % in Central and
South America; 3 % in Africa; 2 % in the
Middle East; and 1 % in South Asia.
These figures point out, once again, the
imbalance which exists among the different parts of the world in almost all fields,
and more specifically, in tourisme. Furthermore, the situation only reflects the current economic situation of the different
countries.
However, upon thorough analysis one can
detect a trend within this general picture.
Some 30 years ago Western Europe and
Nord America accounted for 90 % of all international meetings : 82 % for Europe
and 9 % for North America. The market
shares of the other areas in 1950 were the
following ; Central and South America.
4%; South Asia, 1.75%; East Asia and
the Pacific, 1 %; Africa, 1 %; East Europe,
1 %; and the Middle East. 0.25 %.
The decline of Europe's position in relative
terms is parallel to the stagnation or decline in the position of Central and South
America, and South Asia, while it is compared with the growth in the markets of
North America. Africa, East Asia and the
Pacific and Eastern Europe.
Furthermore, it can be reasonably assumed that the generating markets of international meetings and participant senders
have not changed substantially from 1950
to 1983 and that they coincide with the
tourist sending markets of Western Europe and North America (4).
However, the receiving market has undergone some changes. In 1950 it was one
and the same as the sending market,
while in 1984 it tends to be disassociated
and to grow in size.
In other words. European and North American meeting-goers who used to travel
only within their own area to attend international meetings, now travel to other areas of the world able to receive them, as
is the case with East Asia and the Pacific
and, to a lesser extent, Eastern Europe.
However, it does not follow that these
meeting regions are becoming sending
markets, but they have begun, non etheless. to make their appearance on the receiving market.
Thus, it is possible to consider the theory
that to the extent that new countries become developed and open themselves to
international currents and/or become
equipped with their own facilities for holding international meetings, they carve out
part of the meetings market at the ex-
pense of countries which previously had
the monopoly.
Apart from receiving facilities, the other
factors which enter into choosing a given
country as a site for a meeting are the following :
- the country possesses a large number
of governmental and non-governmental
organizations which are the principal
promoters of international meetings.
This is the case with France, Switzerland, Belgium and Great Britain;
- it has a large international communications network;
- it has political stability and a good international image;
- it offers an appropriate reception structure.
Still regarding international meetings, it is
important to note that the study referred to
in footnote (3) reports that these conferences and similar meetings are usually
concentrated in the large cities, the capitals and important centers as indicated in
the following table.
2.5.2. Unusual Sites
The main countries
for
international meetings
in 1984
Number
Country
1. United States
2. France
3. Great Britain
4. Fed. Rep. Germany
5. Switzerland
6. Belgium
7. Italy
8. Austria
9. Netherlands
10. Canada
(Source : UAI)
meetings
639
590
511
360
323
308
287
241
206
152
Constantly on the look-out for new sites,
some organizers of meetings and similar
events seek to organize meetings in outof-the-ordinary places, sometimes even
in circumstances which reveal more a desire for adventure than for comfort.
Here it is only a matter of experiences
which may, in turn, inspire other innovators.
Airport
Four deluxe, high security VIP rooms have
been set up at the Vienna airport for use
by meeting organizers. The rooms, which
are named after great musicians : Bruckner, Schubert, Haydn and Mozart, are
equipped with television and video as well
as telex and can be joined to make a usable area of 300 m2. The delegates enter
through a special entryway, without going
through passport control of customs (5).
Main cities for international meetings (1984)
Austria
1. Vienna
2. Salzburg
Great Britain
1 . London
2. Brighton
3. Edinburgh, Oxford
Belgium
1. Brussels
2. Liege
3. Antwerp
Italy
1. Rome
2. Florence
3. Milan
4. Venice
Canada
1. Montreal
2. Vancouver
3. Toronto
Netherlands
1. Amsterdam
2. The Hague
3. Rotterdam
France
1. Paris
2. Strasbourg
3. Nice
Switzerland
1. Geneva
2. Zurich
3. Lausanne
Germany (Fed. Rep.)
1. Berlin
2. Munich
3. Hambourg
United States
1. New York
2. Washington
3. Los Angeles
4. San Francisco
(Source UAI)
266 ASSOCIATIONS TRANSNATIONALES. 5/1985
Bus
A British firm has produced a doubledecker bus like those normally seen in
London, for small meetings. The lower level has a bar, small tables with chairs and
a small kitchen. On the upper level 16
people can meet around a table. This bus
is hired for from 175£ per day. The rate includes a driver and a 150 Km. itinerary (6).
Bank
The Trustee Savings Bank offers its facilities at Shirley (Great Britain), especially
on weekends, to small meetings of up to
100 particpants (7).
Boats
The most luxurious paddle-wheeler in the
world, the «Mississippi Queen », anchored at Cincinnati and sailing on the
Mississippi River and Ohio River is also
used as a conference center. It has a 125seat theater, meeting rooms, a restaurant
and first class cabines (8).
Its competition, the - Landing Showboat ». sails the Tennessee River and can
accommodate up to 500 conference-goers (9).
The fleet of catamarans which sails the
Thames River has a new addition, the
« Naticia ». which is specially devoted to
holding meetings (10).
Bought by the City of Long Beach for S3
million and remodeled into a conference
center at an additional cost of $48 million,
the old ocean-liner, the « Queen Mary »,
has a number of meeting rooms (one accomodating 1,200) and over 400 double
cabins ( 1 1 ) .
All the romance of the sailing ships of yesterday is recaptured in the four-masted
« Passat », anchored at Travemunde
(West Germany); where 130 people can
meet (12).
In 1984 the icebreaker "Stettin" ... built
half a century ago, was converted into a
conference center for some 100 delegates. The rental is 7,000 DM per day, including food and drinks (13).
Brewery
Groups of less than 200 people can meeting in the new meeting room of the famous
Whitebread Brewery in London (7).
Religious Centers
Founded in the 12th Century by the Augustinian Fathers, the Abbey of Ittingen
(Switzerland) became a Cartusian monastery in the 1 5t h Century and was restored and secularized in 1982 as a conference center. The Benedictine convent in
Fishingen has experienced the same process; the monks' cells are now used as
rooms by meeting participants ( 1 4 ) .
The old nunnery of Koningshof Veldhover
(the Netherlands), also converted into a
conference center, has a meeting room for
600 people, 178 single rooms and 87 doubles (15).
In Amsterdam it is possible to hold meetings at the Sonesta Congress and Cultural Centre, which is an old, XVIIIth Century
Lutheran Church,
The National Council of Churches leases
to conference organizers the old convent
of Ayia Napa. on the eastern coast of Cyprus (7).
The Quaker House (popular name for the
Society of Friends) of London can hold
meetings of up to 1,200 participants. The
rental price is 30 pence per person (16).
Cave
The rock of Gibraltar is full of caves. One
of them, which is 300 meters below sealevel and was used as a hospital during
the war, has been converted into a concert hall and can be used as a setting for
meetings (7).
Fortress
After 2 years of restoration, the fortress at
Marienberg, Bavaria, was converted into a
conference centre able to hold over
500 (17).
Railroad Station
In Providence, Rhode Island (United
States), the unused railroad station is
used as a meeting site (18).
Kibbutz
In Israel there are five kibbutz which offer
their facilities for meetings. Some are located amid forests and equipped with
sports facilities (19).
Underground Railroad
A subway station has served as a meeting
place : the Aldwych Station in London was
used for this purpose by an Australian
group (20).
Museum
1 20 people can meet in the London Museum at the Barbican Centre (21).
Opera
In 1981 the old Palace of the Opera of
Frankfort was remodeled to the tune of
DM 200 million into a concert and conference center. It has some 15 rooms, the
largest holding up to 2,500 delegates (22).
seven hundred-year-old castle of the
Duke of Atholl, delegates can attend
showings of the costumes of the epoch,
after being regaled by the village Highlanders.
An original setting is offered in England for
holding meetings: a haunted house in
which the conference-goer can sleep in a
coffin. At the close of the meeting, those
who have not been frightened by ghosts
can have their money back (23),
An association, the « Vereinigung Gast im
Schloß », was founded in Germany to promote the use as conference sites of 20
castles in that country, some of which are
veritable private museums in which one
can view large collections of art and antique weapons (24).
The Ducal Palace of Madrid, which was
the home of Cervantes and is now the
seat of the Chamber of Commerce, offers
a collection of Louis XV furniture, Renaissance rooms, stucco-decorated ceilings
and walls, and has just recently been
made available for meetings(7).
The white marble palace of Udaipur (India)
is located on an island in the middle of a
lake. It consists of a conference room as
well as deluxe rooms and suites, proof of
the refined taste of the Indian Majarajahs.
In another palace, in Rambagh. also outfitted to receive conferences, the delegates
arrive on elephant (7).
There are some forty castles belonging to
the French Government which have been
put at the disposal of conference organizers. One can now hold a meeting in the
room where Francis I held receptions or in
the Orangery in Versailles (25).
Animal Reserves
Midway between Nairobi and the Kenyan
coast, in the Taita hills, is a very original
Hilton hotel made up of individual stone
huts and equipped with its own runway,
where meetings of over 100 participants
can be held. The hotel is located in the
middle of a wild animal reserve where lions and elephants live (7).
Stadium
The Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (United
States) baseball stadium is regularly used
for large American conferences (7).
Historic Palaces
Tent
We begin by referring to the Popes' Palace in Avignon, which has housed a conference center for some years now.
400 m2 circus tents are leased in the United States for from $3,000 to $10.000 for
the duration of an event. These tents have
the advantage of being able to be set up
anywhere and enlarged at will by means
of
attachable
modular
elements.
In 1984 a number of tents were used in
Orlando. Florida, to house the 19,000 participants in the National Congress of
Kitchen and Bathroom Builders. Particular
attention was given to the ground covering, acoustics and to the problem of tent
transparency.
The « Residential Conference Centers »
guide, published by the British Tourist Authority, describes 75 aristocratic residences, all located in the country and surrounded by parks, which are available for
meetings. All the residences offer lodging
They include, for example, the castles of
the Marquess of Northampton, of Lord
Brocket, of the Duke and Duchess of Richmond and of the Duke of Wellington. In the
267
The Eiffel Tower
The Zoo
Space Station
Since 1981 the Eiffel Tower has been able
to offer a number of services aimed at accommodating up to 500 conference-goers
in the - Gustave Eiffel •> room. 58 meters
from the ground.
The Chessington Zoo, one hour from
downtown London, offers organizers the
Burnt Stub Mansion, a XlVth-Century
building located within its confines. For
entertainment the zoo management offers
animal shows (26).
Noone should be surprised if in a few
years' time conventions, conferences or
seminars are organized in space stations
located beyond the airspace of the different countries of the world.
3. Quantitative and economic aspects
3.1. Number of meetings and participants
In 1970, the Danish researcher Eljer Alkjaer, after undertaking a detailed study of international conference statistics gathered by the UAI, arrived at three hypotheses regarding
world meeting growth (27). In all three the average number of participants was set at 500.
Year
(1968)
1975
1980
1985
Growth Rate
(Reference year)
18%
20%
25%
No. of Mtgs.
(4.000)
13.000
32.000
98.000
No. of
Participants
2,000.000)
6.500.000
16.000.000
49.000.000
a) Optimistic hypothesis, based on a forecast of progressively increasing growth in international meetings :
Year
(1968)
1975
1980
1985
Growth Rate
(Reference year)
15%
15%
15%
No. of Mtgs.
(4.000)
9.500
19.000
34.000
No. of
Participants
(2,000.000)
5,000.000
10,000.000
17.000.000
b) Moderate hypothesis. This hypothesis assumed a sustained growth rate of 15 % between
1968 and 1985; The number of participants is rounded off.
Year
( 19 6 8 )
1975
1980
1 98 5
Growth Rate
(Reference year)
15%
10%
5%
No. of Mtgs.
(4.000)
9.500
15.000
19.000
No. of
Participants
(2.000.000)
5,000.000
8,000.000
10.000.000
c) Pessimistic hypothesis, based on continued slowing of the growth rate, the average number of participants per meeting remaining 500 and the total rounded off within 5 %.
Year
(1968)
1975
1980
1985
Growth Rate
(Reference year)
15%
10%
5%
No. of Mtgs.
(4.000)
9.500
15.000
19.000
No. of
Participants
(2.000 000)
5,700.000
10.500.000
15.200.000
A few years later. Professor Alkjaer revised his projections (28) as follows The three hypotheses described above were replaced by a single one, modeled on the earlier pessimistic hypothesis, with the difference being that the average number of meeting participants
was increased gradually : 500 in 1968. 600 in 1975. 700 in 1980 and 800 in 1985
268
As we will see later on. none of Alkjaer's
hypotheses, even the most moderate one
was borne out in practice. Present statistics issued by UAI show not even a third of
the number of meetings forecast by Alkjaer's most pessimistic hypothesis. The
number of participants is probably onefourth (29) the most pessimistic figures
predicted by Alkdjaer.
One thing seems certain : the failure of all
of Alkjaer's predictions through an excess
of optimism, essentially attributable to
four major reasons. They are :
- the overestimation of the average number of meeting participants, which is in
reality closer to 300 than to the 500,
600 or 800 projected by Alkjaer;
- the overestimation of the number of
meetings for the reference year of 1968,
which, according to UAI data was in the
neighborhood of 2,000:
- the fact that Alkjaer did not know that
the annual growth in the number of
meetings before 1960 was only 1 0 %
(7 % between 1965 and 1975. but Alkjaer was unaware of that at the time he
made his predictions);
- lastly, it must also be taken into account
that all development is subject to fluctuations and to unknown factors which
elude all efforts at calculation; for example, the world economic crises, unforeseeable in 1968, did not bring about a
major recession in meetings, contrary to
what happened in other sectors of the
economy, but it did. however, slow annual growth.
In his utopie considerations. Alkjaer expressed the fear that the conferencemeeting hall and convention center infrastructure would be unable to keep up with
the increase in the number of meetings.
Indeed, he envisioned « spectacular development » in large conventions of over
2,000 participants and repeatedly stated
that in the future the infrastructure would
act as a catalyst on demand and even be
a determining factor. He concluded by
stating that the creation of a large number
of conference services (of higher quality)
would stimulate the growth of » superconventions ». Fifteen years later, a survey by the Convention and Exposition
Center of Berlin (30) revealed that meeting rooms in West Germany are only used
an average of twice per week. This conclusion is probably valid for all conference-receiving developed countries.
In 1973, the Chamber of Commerce of Paris, planning to open the Pans Convention
Palace, carried out surveys and studies
on the possible development of the meetings market. It arrived at the unqualified
conclusion that, « No cooling of the passion for meetings is expected ».
International Tourism (annual average)
International meetings (annual average)
Two years after the publication of Alkjaer's first predictions, two Swiss researchers. G. Gamma and M. Accola, published a
book (31) in which they corrected Alkjaer's data, limiting the average constant
growth rate to 7 % per year (one point
over the projected growth of international
tourism) from 1968 to 1 9 8 1 , with an unspecified degressive growth rate from
1981 to 1985. This brought them to predict 10,000 international meetings in
1985.
In 1975. a USTS study (32) reached the
same conclusions: the projected growth
rate for four prime markets (North America, Europe, Japan and Southeast Asia
and Australia) would be 7.5 % annually for
the following 20 years.
Also in 1975, the publication .< Voyages et
Affaires « (Travel and Business) projected, on the basis of parameters unknown to
us, a regular 3 % increase per year in the
number of meetings.
The following year the ASAE carried out a
survey of the foreseeable number of conventions and similar meetings to 1985.
The majority of the 200 associations
which responded to the questionnaire
predicted a general increase of nearly
24% in the number of meetings and a
78% increase in the number of participants, the most spectacular increase affecting seminars and conventions themselves, 14 0 %, while assemblies were
predicted to rise only moderately by
9% (33).
For his part, Krippendorf (34) predicted in
1978 a 1 % annual growth rate for meetings over the following 30 years.
In 1978, the more reserved publication
« Tagungsorts » (35) announced a continuation of the increase in the number of
meetings while « the number of participants in many cases will drop ».
We have yet to discuss the joint study by
Jost Krippendorf and Peter Müller (36) in
1983, based on interviews of ten experts
on meetings. Without issuing a verdict as
to the quantitative development of the
market as a whole, the two authors projected the development of each type of
gathering. They stated that in the future
mammoth conventions of over 2,000 delegates will be an exception and that the average number of participants in a single
meeting will be between 200 and 500.
More radical conclusions were presented
previously at the 13th IWKI Seminar at Innsbruck, which predicted an increase in
the number of meetings having less than
200 delegates (37).
It must be stated here that it is difficult to
draw specific conclusions from the mass
International tourism and international meetings
(Development from previous period)
1950/60
1960/65
1975/80
1980/81
1981/82
1982/83
International Tourism
+ 180 %
+ 62%
+ 33%
+1%
-1%
+ 0.22%
(yearly average)
(+ 1 8 % )
(+ 22 %)
(+ 7 %)
+1%
-1 %
+ 0.22%
International Meetings
+131%
+
0.07%
+ 49 %
-4%
-6%
+1 1 %
(yearly average)
(+ 1 3 % )
(0%)
(+ 1 0 % )
-4%
-6%
+1 1 %
of mostly contradictory studies, predictions and analyses available up to now. In
the absence of precise indicators, it would
certainly be of interest to know at least if
the quantitative development of meetings
parallels, to some extent, development in
other socioeconomic areas. Can we, for
example, relate meeting growth to growth
in tourism, or would it be better to relate it
to growth in transportation, as Alkjaer did
in 1966 when he noted that the increase
in transport traffic was three times higher
than economic growth ? The former alternative seems better to us.
In noting the relationship between international tourism and international meetings the year 1970 should be disregarded,
since UAI data for that year is not very reliable owing to a change in methodology.
Except for the five-year period from 1960
to 1965, everything seems to indicate that
international tourism and meetings on the
whole showed the same upward and
downward trends, For each positive or negative change in international tourism
there is a corresponding change in the
same direction, but with differing intensity,
in the number of conventions and other
meetings. Sometimes the movement is
greater in tourism, while at others it is
greater in the field of meetings.
Dwelling for a moment on the 1950 to
1960 period, we find that during that decade international tourism rose at an annual rate of 18%. whereas the annual
growth rate for meetings was 13 %.
In the five-year period between 1960 and
1965, the growth rate of tourism dropped
269
to zero while there was zero growth in
meetings.
From 1975 to 1980 tourism growth slowed
again to 7 %, nonetheless very positive
considering the world economic crisis.
Parallely. growth in meetings was slightly
higher: 10 %.
1982 was clearly negative in both fields :
- 1 % for tourism and - 6 % for meetings.
In 1983 recession gave way to stagnation
in tourism. +0.22%, while recovery was
quite patent for meetings, 11 %.
It is useful to note in passing that there
is some conformity at the national level
with the above trends :
- in 1982 in France the Pans Convention Centre recorded a drop in the
number of meetings and participants
of 1 7 % and 27% respectively. The
Nancy Vittel Convention Center announced a drop in each, too.
- in the United States, the American
Management Association indicated
that there was a 4 % drop in 1982 in
the number of seminar participants.
The delayed effects of the economic crisis
were felt after 1980 and there was a deep
recession in 1982. followed by recovery in
1983.
International tourism in 1981 showed
nearly zero growth, + 1 %. over the previous year while international meeting results were negative : - 4 %.
The data gathered in this study at this
stage bring to light the conformity and do
conformity found in the growth of the
number of meetings and of participants.
Regarding a future projection of the above
mentioned growth, common sense makes
us wary of formulating suppositions
which, while they certainly differ from the
exaggerations of the '70s, would run the
risk of being mere intellectual speculation.
Let it suffice for us to underline the fact
that in the previous three decades development has never been linear, but rather
has followed more or less the curves of
the international economic situation and
world tourism growth.
3.2. OTHER MARKET FACTORS
3.2.1. Length
Despite the lack of precision in the work
done in different countries to determine
the average length of meetings of all type
-studies of the length of the meeting itself
and of the stay by participants in the host
city or country - one can accept the hypothesis that an average meeting lasts 3
or 4 days. International meetings may
exceed this estimate of 4 days, while national meetings rarely exceed 2 or 3 days
in length.
Certainly, these are general considerations, given the large number of factors
which affect the length of a meeting one
way or another.
These factors can be grouped into two
categories : those that are inherent in the
nature of a meeting and its participants.
and those which, to the contrary, are external thereto.
Among the inherent factors are the following :
- the geographic scope of the meeting
(provincial,
national.
international,
worldwide);
- the type of meeting and number of participants : seminar, convention, conference, etc.;
- the organization which is holding the
meeting : public of private sector;
- the subject of the meeting : scientific,
ideological;
- the place of origin of the participants :
national, intraregional, inter-regional;
- the socio-professional level of the participants.
The GEOGRAPHIC SCOPE of the meeting.
We saw above that the length of international meetings is greater than domestic
meetings. In some cases it has been ob-
270
served that the average length of this latter type of meeting only reaches half that
of international meetings. There are no
data on this subject for purely local meetings, but everything seems to indicate that
they are slightly shorter in duration than
the national meetings referred to above.
The TYPE OF MEETING. According to studies on this subject, meetings with limited
participation such as round tables, symposia, seminars, etc., are shorter than
meetings referred to as conventions or
conferences. An intergovernmental conference, for example, is not measured in
days but rather in weeks of duration.
The SPONSORING ORGANIZATION. It is
probable, though unconfirmed, that meetings sponsored by the public sector are
longer than those sponsored by the private sector, accustomed to giving time an
economic value and therefore spending it
sparingly. It has been found that business
meetings last from 2 to 2.5 days at most.
The SUBJECT OF THE MEETING. It would
be interesting to verify the truth of the
statement made at Singapore that scientific and technical meetings last longer
than medical meetings and 30% longer
than meetings on financial matters.
The PLACE OF ORIGIN OF THE PARTICIPANTS. The statistics of many conference
cities published in recent decades lead us
to believe that the length of stay of meeting participants from other continents is
longer than that of participants from the
same region (Europe, in the case of a
meeting in London, Paris or Berlin). The
shortest stay is attributed to the delegate
from the country where the meeting is
held. This is the reason that some destinations, such as Singapore or the Philippines, where the exotic element plays a
major role for delegates mostly from Europe and the United States, show record
lengths of stay of over 7 days.
SOCIO-PROFESSIONAL
LEVEL.
Although there is no research to corroborate
this notion, one can accept the probability
that delegates pertaining to higher socioprofessional levels, thereby receiving proportionately higher incomes, stay in the
city or country where the meeting is held
longer than participants from lower social
brackets.
It is thereby plausible that a convention of
notaries or surgeons will last longer than
a convention of students.
Turning to the factors which are external to
the meeting itself and which affect its
length or the length of the participant's
stay, the following can be listed :
- the attractiveness of the host city
- accessibility of the host city.
The ATTRACTIVENESS OF THE CITY.
This aspect does not lend itself to quantification. Rather, it is related to the site's
tourist attractions. Along these lines, conventions and similar meetings are generally held in large tourist cities.
One thing certain is that the length of stay
(and length of meetings) increases along
with the increase in the generally accepted degree of tourist attractiveness of the
host city.
ACCESSIBILITY TO THE MEETING SITE.
It is undoubtedly for reasons of difficulty of
access rather than for lack of tourist attractiveness, that stay in small provincial
cities is generally shorter than in capital
cities. For example, the average length of
meetings of all types in 1979 was 5 days
in London and 3.5 days in Brighton.
General conclusion
Up to now we have discussed the factors
which influence meeting length. It would
be appropriate here to present some general conclusions on the trends in meeting
COUNTRY
Average length of
meeting/stay
Average slay of
tourists registered
in lodging establ.
Austria (19 77 )
West Germany (1974)
United States
France
Great Britain (1979)
(except London)
Singapore ( 19 72 )
Yugoslavia (1977)
4 days (Vienna)
3 days
4.45 days (1973)
4. 10 days (1979)
3.2 days (1979)
2.5-3.5 days
6.3 days
5.4 days (Dubrovnik)
6.7 days
2.22 days
7
days (1975)
7
days (197?)
9.1 days (1979)
12.4 days (1976)
5.1 days
5.2 nights
length which have emerged in recent
years; in other words, determine whether
or not we are witnessing a lengthening or
shortening of meetings.
While we are not given to precisely predicting the development of this situation
on the basis of available data, it would
seem possible to state that since 1970,
despite the present economic crisis, the
length of meetings of all types has undergone only a slight decrease. The decrease
is so slight (United States ; 4.45 days in
1973 and 4.10 days in 1979; Paris: 3-7
days in 1974 and 3-2. days in 1982) that
it would be wiser to speak of stagnation
rather than of decrease. Indeed, although
there has been a decrease, it is only a momentary one which possibly occurred in
the mid- '70s only to be offset by an increase which erased the effects of the initial drop.
To conclude, it would seem advisable to
quickly discuss another matter of interest,
namely whether the delegates who attend
a convention or other type of meeting remain in the host country more or less time
than ordinary tourists.
The answer is a complex one, since tourist and meetings statistics rarely include
the concept of stay in the available tables.
For information only, we publish the following comparisons;
There is nothing, ultimately, which would
enable us to state, quite to the contrary,
that meeting participants stay in the country visited longer than tourists, as there is
nothing which would enable us to state
that the trend is towards meetings getting
shorter.
The concentration of meetings and other
similar forms of encounter during certain
months of the year is a phenomenon
which is found in all parts of the world.
However, this trend is not a uniform one in
all fields. National meetings, especially
business meetings, show less of a tendancy to be concentrated in certain periods of the year with respect toothers (38).
On the other hand, the winter is a low season both for meetings and for tourism.
This leads us to conclude that the low
seasons are the same in both cases, but
the high seasons differ, the time of intense
meeting activity occuring during a fairly
low tourist season.
They seem to be more regularly distributed throughout the twelve months of the
year.
A study of the subject on a regional level
shows a preference for the month of September in Africa, with the rate of concentration not being very high.
There is also a tendency for meetings to
be held in that same month in Western Europe. Here, there are two high seasons
during the year : one in September as we
just saw, and the other in May-June.
There is a low season in December-January-February.
The characteristics of the United States
regarding seasonally are similar to those
of Western Europe, however, the most active month is October rather than September. The second high season is April-May,
but on the whole there is more balanced
distribution of meetings throughout the
year.
October is the preferred month for a large
number of meetings in Asia, with the exception of the Philippines where the situation is reversed : January and February
account for more meetings than ail the
other months of the year combined.
At this stage the question arises of knowing whether the high season for meetings
of September-October in most regions,
followed in some cases by May-June,
coincides with the high tourist season.
The answer is no, at least for Europe. According to WTO conclusions, the high
tourist season in this region is the months
Region
3.2.2. Seasonality
of July and August, which account for onethird of the annual tourist movement,
while these same months constitute the
low meeting season.
% of meetings
Africa
Central and South America
North Amercia (USA & Canada)
East Asia and the Pacific
South Asia
Western Europe
Eastern Europe
(including Yugoslavia)
Middle East
4%
4.5 %
14 %
9,5 %
60%
5,5 %
1 ,5 %
It is observed that along these lines tourists avidly seek out the heat of summer
while meeting participants tend to flee
from both the rigors of winter and the summer's heat.
Having said that, it would be of interest to
obtain an accurate evaluation of the
causes of the seasonal nature of meetings. Is it the result of the climatic factors
of the host countries or rather the result of
cherished social customs in the country of
origin ? Do the constraints which exist in
the case of pleasure trips, particularly during vacation periods, have an impact on
the seasons chosen for meetings ?
At the present stage of research, it is not
possible to give conclusive answers to
these questions. We can only ask them at
the present time.
3.2.3. Geographic distribution
Meeting sending markets are divided into
five categories :
International meetings
- National, provincial and local associations and institutions
- National and local businesses
International meetings
- Multinational companies
- International governmental organizations (IGO)
- International nongovernmental organizations (INGO).
There is practically no data on the geographic distribution of meetings held by national and local businesses.
Main receiving countries
Kenya, Tunisia. Egypt. Ethiopia
Mexico, Brasil, Argentine
Japan, Australia, Singapore
India. Bangladesh, Sri Lanka
France, Great Britain, Fed. Germany
Czechoslovakia, Hungary.
Yugoslavia
Israel
10 0%
271
With regard to national and intranational
associations and institutions, we only
have sporadic data which is hardly comparable and which does not enable us to
establish a full picture of the situation.
On the international level we have the
same deficiencies with regard to multinational companies.
We only know with regard to the IGOs that
they tend to organize most of their meetings at their headquarters : Paris, London,
Geneva. Brussels, New York are cities
where most of the IGOs are located.
Statistics, beginning with those from the
UAI, quite often combine the data on the
IGOs and the INGOs which organize
(especially the latter) the most international-type meetings.
Consideration of these two categories together brings to light an obvious phenomenon. The conferences and similar
meetings of these two groups of organizations shows the same geographical distribution found in all areas of world socioeconomic development, namely, that the
most developed countries monopolize
nearly all the international market.
The UAI statistics support this statement.
In 1984 the twenty-odd countries of Western Europe and North America accounted
for 74 % of all meetings held in the world.
The remaining 26 % were distributed over
some hundred other countries.
If we examine the results of the 8 main regions of the world more closely, the distribution is the following :
These results are for 1984, If we study the
development of the international market in
these regions in the three decades since
1950, we see constant growth worldwide
in the number of meetings indicated by the
UAI and variations in their distribution
throughout these same years.
The number of conferences and similar
meetings worldwide has gone from approximately 800 in 1950 to more than
5.700 in 1984: a 600% increase in 34
years, which represents an annual growth
rate of 17 %. The world economic crisis
since 1973 has not halted but only slowed
this upward growth.
In the same period, all 8 geographical regions have undergone substantial growth
in absolute terms in the number of meetings held in their territories, but the rate
has at times been different than the world
growth rate. Therefore, the areas which
have had less rapid growth than the world
growth rate have gradually lost ground in
the international market in favor of the regions with more rapid growth.
A detailed study of the situation leads us
to distinguish two situations :
a) Decrease in world traffic : South Asia
(2% in 1950. 1 % in 1984); Western Europe (80% in 1950. 60% in 1984).
b) Increase in world traffic : Africa (1 % in
1950 against 4 % in 1984); North America
(10 % in 1950 against 14 % in 1984): East
Asia and the Pacific (1 % in 1950,9,5 % in
1984); East Europe (1 % in 1950. 5,5 % in
1984); the Middle East (0.25 % in 1950,
1,5% in 1983).
While the number of meetings rose continually and uniformly, participation by regions in the world market, on the contrary
underwent uneven variation throughout
the years, which resulted in a more balanced distribution of the flows between
the different parts of the world. Western
Europe was especially involved in that its
predominant role succumbed in favor primarily of East Asia and the Pacific Substantial growth was revealed also for East
Europe. Africa, North America and the
Middle East, while the situation remained
stationary for Central and South America.
A slight regression was seen in South
Asia.
The development seen up to now is clear,
but it would be a mistake to make final
projections for the future through simple
projection of the data from the past. Indeed, we may experience a reversal of the
situation in the coming years.
In studying the points of conformity and
disconformity between the geographical
distribution of meetings and of tourist
movements, it is interesting to consider
the following data provided by the WTO :
Arrivals of international tourists in 1983 :
Africa
Central and South America
North America
East Asia and the Pacific
South Asia
Western Europe
Eastern Europe
Middle East
%
2.5
6
12
8
57
11
2.5
100%
4. Conclusions
4.1. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
Following the unbounded optimism of the
'60s and early '70s when it was thought
that the growth of the meetings market
would continue unimpeded, there has
been a time of uncertainty when it was
queried whether or not the market might
not undergo an inversion on the heels of
the
adverse
circumstances
which
threatened it, namely :
the national level the indicated slowing
down is less evident.
In 1981 and 1982 Japan showed a
growth of 16 % and 23 % respectively. In
1982 Singapore rose by 18 % (25 % in
1981 ) and Cyprus grew by 66 %. There
was an unspecified decrease lor Italy in
1983 and the Philippines announced an
increase in the number of meetings accompanied by a slight drop m the average
number
of
participants.
The above data are insufficient and even
contradictory for use in formulating conclusions. Rather than general market
trends, they indicate internal shifting in
meeting traffic from one sub-market to
another.
- possible saturation of demand;
- development of new techniques of long
distance communication making travel
to meetings unnecessary;
- repercussions of the world economic
recession.
Demand has remained stable. In fact, international meetings have underwent
11 % annual growth between 1975 and
1980 and only recorded a passing drop in
1982. resuming their previous growth rate
the following years. 1983 and 1984. On
2/2
The market seems far from drying up. On
the contrary, its expansion seems generally ensured by the following factors.
- the development of knowledge in general and in particular of the educational le-
vel of modern societies, which create new
and imperative needs to communicate for
purposes of information and continuing
education;
- progress in cooperation, interdependence and world integration, in the present world climate of relative stability:
- the increase in purchasing power, reduction of working hours and increase in
economic means and free time for participating in meetings;
- progress in means of transport and
moderation of prices;
- growth in associationism brought about
by the dual phenomenon of fragmentation
of knowledge and the creation of new socio-politico-administrative
communities
at the intranational (autonomous provinces) and supranational (EEC. groupings of countries by geographical, religious, political, etc., affinities) level;
- diversification of supply : in Germany in
1980 no one would have foreseen the construction of 63 new convention centers in
the following five years;
- reaction to the economic crisis and to
the robotization of modern life.
If we consider the second element which
to a certain extent could slow the growth
of meetings, namely, the new techniques
for long distance communication, we find
that they have not been rejected but rather welcomed enthusiastically by the
traditional meeting world which they have
contributed to reviving.
The economic recession could have resulted in a compression of meeting organization expenses and in a reduction in the
number of meetings, but in reality it acted
as a stimulus on the number of meetings.
On the other hand, it can be assumed that
it had a slightly negative influence on the
average number of meeting delegates,
meeting length, programs and amount of
participant spending.
Regarding the number of delegates at
meetings, all observers agree in predicting that after a number of years a reduction in meeting size will be seen. It is a fact
that 60 % if not more of meetings of all
types have less than 300 participants. It
has also been observed that small meetings such as seminars are tending to increase in number, Nonetheless, we lack
the data to assess these statements both
on the national and international levels.
Internationally the average of 300-400
participants per meeting put forth in an
earlier study (39) can be considered valid.
The decrease in the average length is also
more an assumption than a proven fact : in
the case of Great Britain, for example, it is
only a reduction of several hours. There is
nothing to enable us to modify the stated
estimate of an average length of 3 to 4
days for international meetings and of 2 to
3 days for national meetings (40).
It seems, on the other hand, that there is
a relationship between the length of meetings and the number of participants : the
lower the number of participants, the
shorter the meeting length. It is also noted
that meetings stemming from the public
sector, including IGOs, are longer than
meetings held by private entities. The host
city also has an impact on meeting length :
small cities where there are less attractions have shorter meetings than those
which are held in large cities.
It is a known fact that a substantial number of participants prolong their stay in the
city or country where the meeting is held
beyond the length of the meeting. There is
a common factor in this regard : the connection between the distance from the
country of origin of the participant and the
length of his stay in the city or country of
the meeting. Foreign participants stay
longer than national participants; among
foreigners, those from overseas stay the
longest at the place the meeting is held.
If we consider socio-professional categories, it can be stated that meeting participants whose incomes are higher stay
longer in the host city or country.
It has also been asked whether delegates
at conferences and other similar meetings
stay longer at their destination than other
tourists, however everything seems to
point to the contrary being true.
As for the times of the year which are preferred for meetings, these can be clearly
determined as being the seasons of temperate weather : May-June and September-October. The high meeting seasons
are seen to complement the high tourist
seasons which cover the months of July
and August.
Conventions and large and medium-sized
international and national meetings are
preferentially held in large cities, especially capital cities. However, some small
meetings where originality is sought seek
out unusual sites, from Mississippi paddle-wheelers to converted convents.
Be that as it may, the appearance on the
market of new convention cities leads us
to foresee fiercer competition to carve out
part of the market, as well as a more harmonious distribution of conventions in the
different countries and cities.
The geographical concentration of international meetings in Western Europe is
gradually giving way to other areas, primarily North America, South Asia and the
Pacific and East Europe. Western Europe's share of the world market in 1950
80%. dropping to 60% in 1984.
Organization techniques and program formulation have adjusted to modern times.
In medium to large meetings the use of the
computer has promoted a streamlining of
the administrative work, of financial management and of general organization.
Supporting elements - typewriters, photocopiers, projectors and recorders - have
also evolved and give higher performance
in speed, quality and work. They also offer
advantages from the point of view of handling, noise reduction, miniaturization and
replacement of electricity use by batteries. Added to this is the introduction of infrared and laser beam systems. Meetings
are also enriched by the possibilities
offered by electronic voting, multivision.
the eidophore, the teleprompter, tele-interpretation, the videophone and teleconferences.
On the whole, meeting preparation has
improved and has more and more been
left to professionals.
The general desire to take maximum advantage of available time has led to a
shortening of the purely social and tourist
programs in favor of the work-related programs. The concern for efficiency has led
to a reduction in the number of plenary
sessions in favor of meetings of committees and working groups. Thus, because
of strict time control, agendas are becoming tighter and tighter and seek to stimulate communication in all its facets and in
the context of disciplined discussion.
Since most of the studies on meeting participants' spending have been performed
in dollars, an unstable currency if there
ever was one, it is practically impossible
to compare the results in real terms from
one year to the next. Therefore, nothing
can be said about the development of this
market aspect. This leads us to accept the
hypothesis that the average daily spending by delegates amounts more or less to
the per diem allowances set by the United
Nations, which vary substantially according to the country, and in industrialized
countries is around S75-S85 per day per
person.
(1)
- Association Meetings Trends -n ASAE, Washington, 1976.
- Konferenzen, Planung. Durchfuhrung - Kurt
Hoch. Munich 1972.
(3) - The geographical distribution of meetings
throughout the world .. by G.C. Fighiera.
Transnational
Associations/
Associations
Transnationales,
(2)
3/1984.
(4) - Economic study of World Tourism -, p. 38. WTO
Madrid. 1984.
(5) Conferences and Exhibitions. September 1983,
(6) Conferences and Exhibitions. February 1983.
(7) Conferences and Exhibitions. April 1984.
(8) Tagungs Wirtschaft. August 1979.
(9) Meeting News. September 1982.
(10) Conferences and Exhibitions. August 1980.
(1 1 ) Travel Agency, January 1969.
(12) Congress & Seminar. 9/1982.
(15) Conference & Exhibitions, Octobre 1983.
(16) Conferences & Exhibitions. June 1983.
(17) Congress & Seminar, 7/1982.
(18) Meeting News. July 1982.
(19) Tagungs Wirtschaft. April 1982.
(20) Convention London. 1981.
(21) Conference Britain.
(22) Tagungs Wirtschaft. June 1981.
(23) Conferences & Exhibitions. March 1985.
(24) Congress & Seminar, 1/1985.
(25) Conferences & Exhibitions. May 1984
(26) Contenance Britain, Autumn 1982.
(27) - Character and Problems of Congress Tourism -.
by Ejler Alkjaer, in Congress Tourism, AIEST.
Berne, 1970.
(28) - New Lines for development of the international
meetings market -. report by E. Alkjaer at the 1st
Seminar of the Organization of American States
held in Washington in 1972.
(29) - The number of meetings in the world -, by Gian
Carlo Fighiera in - Meeting & Congressi - , Milan,
No, 1 0 / 1 1 , 1983.
(30) Congress & Seminar. 12/1984,
(31) - Das Wesen des Kongresstourismus -. St. Gales.
1972.
(32) - The market for international congresses -.
Washington. 1975.
(33) - Association Meeting Trends -. Washington.
1976.
(34) - Tourismus im jahre 2010 - University of Berne.
1978.
(35) - VOSM-Kongress-und Tagungs-Berater - in
-Tagutigsorte -. Darmstadt, 1978.
(36) - Schlittert die Tagunswirtschaft mit Vollgas ins
Debakel ? -. Congress & Seminar, 11/1983,
(37) - Der Kongreß - Motor des Internationalen
Tourismus -, Innsbruck. 1980.
(38) - The seasonal nature of meetings - by G.C. Fighiera (to be published by AIEST by the end of 1985).
(39) See footnote (4).
(40) - Average length of meetings - G.C Fighiera, in
- l'Officiel des congres -, Paris, Ja./Feb. , 1983.
( 4 1 ) -Empirische Untersuchungen zum Kongresstourismus in der Stadt Zurich - . Zurich. 1984
273
4.2. COMPUTER PORTRAIT OF THE
The preceding enables us to paint a portrait of the average meeting participant.
Some of our conclusions coincide with
those of Roland Stahel (40).
The average participant in an international meeting is male, 40 to 50 years old, from
an industrialized country - European in
most cases - and participates in more
than one meeting of differing geographical
importance (local, national, international)
per year.
In only one out of three cases he travels
with his wife and only rarely with his children, which only occurs when he goes to
a country he considers exotic.
The meetings he participates in are mostly held on the Old Continent, less frequently in North America, South Asia and
the Pacific. To reach the meeting he takes
the airplane, except when his destination
274
AVERAGE
MEETING PARTICIPANT
is less than 500 kilometers from his place
of origin when he prefers to make the trip
by car.
After arriving in the city hosting his meeting, he goes to a good or delux hotel (3-4
stars). If his meeting is to last longer than
the average (over 4 days), he prolongs his
stay 24 hours beyond the closing of the
meeting to visit the country and take advantage of the excursions organized by
the
meeting
he
is
attending.
In 2 out of 3 cases his expenses stemming
from his participation in the meeting are
fully or partially covered by the company,
firm or institution he represents or who is
sponsoring his participation.
Without taking into account travel expenses, it can be calculated that he
spends in the host country an average of
$75 to $85 (1984 figure) per day per person. His daily expenses increase with his
age, up to 60 years of age and are inversely proportional to the length of the
meeting : the shorter the meeting the
higher the daily spending of our average
meeting participant. Likewise, he (ends to
double his spending if he is a foreigner in
the country where the meeting is held
Furthermore, his social status influences
his level of spending : if he belongs to a
liberal profession, particularly if he is a
physician, he is a bigger spender than
participants pertaining to other professional categories.
60 % to 70 % of his expenditures are
made for hotel and restaurant expenses.
The rest is spread between drinks, entertainment, shopping and miscellaneous
expenses. The prolongation of his length
of stay involves an increase in spending
on " entertainment "
(including excursions), and « shopping », at the expense
of other items.
EUROPEANS
AND
AID TO DEVELOPMENT
The survey we are publishing hereafter was carried out in the Jen European countries on request
of the E.C.A.D. (European Consortium for Agricultural Development) and cofinanced by the Direction Générale du Développement of the Commission of the European Communities.
The survey in the countries was carried out under the responsibility of ten associated national
institutes forming « the European Omnibus Survey », coordinated ty Hélène Riffault. General Manager of » FAITS ET OPINIONS », in Paris. All these institutes comply with the professional standards defined by ESOMAR (European Society for Opinion and Marketing Research).
The overall results for the community are weighted, so that each country is represented in proportion to its population.
As is customary for surveys of this kind, the European community commission cannot be held
responsible for the formulation of the questions, the results presented or the commentaries.
Introduction
The survey on which is based this report is the first one about the
attitudes concerning aid to the development of the Third World
countries that has ever realized in all the countries members of the
European Community. It completes the researches, often of great
importance, done during previous years in one or another country.
A questionnaire has been set up after consultation of the national
surveys already published. It includes about 25 questions which
have been asked during the same period of time and in the same
conditions in all the ten countries.
The main aim of this survey was to obtain an overall view of the
opinion of the Europeans and to show the principal common
aspects of the opinion in the ten countries. However each country
has its own particular attitudes on one point or another; the most
important national differences are pointed out in the report. The
reader interested in the results in one particular country may refer
to the tables which present systematically the results to the main
questions for each individual country.
On some points, the chronological series of the Euro-Barometer
surveys give points of references for the past years since 1973.
This permit us to compare attitudes at different points in the time.
This report has been written as a reference document which presents step by step, the different aspects of the information that has
been collected. An overall view of the highlights is presented at the
end of the report in its integral version, which can be obtained from
any of ECAD members (see p. 276).
Overall view
1. There is no doubt whatsoever that Europeans are aware of the
severity of problems of Third World countries; two out of three Europeans believe that it is important or very important to help these
countries.
This attitude has existed in Europe for at least ten years : one
question, repeated ten times in the Euro-Baromètre surveys since
1973, provides a follow up for the development of public opinion (1).
(1) In the past, individual question concerning the possibility of increasing or
maintaining aid to Third countries were asked several times during Euro-Barometre
surveys.
Taking into account the difference of context and also phrasing the replies cannot
be easily compared with the data from this survey.
Helping under-developed countries is...
%
%
%
1973
- Sept.
26
40
66
1974
1975
1975
1978
1983
- Oct. -Nov.
-May
- Oct.-Nov.
- Oct.-Nov.
-Oct.
20
17
17
21
21
35
29
31
39
46
55
46
48
60
67
275
E.C.A.D.
In 1982. a group of action-oriented NGOs for development, established in the European Community (E.C.) member states, joined forces
and decided to cooperate with each other under the heading
» EUROPEAN NGO CONSORTIUM FOR AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES » (E.C.A.D.) *
Each of these organizations has been working for over 20 years at the implementation of rural development programmes in Third World
countries. Such a gathering of experience and know-how is aimed at improving the efficiency of each member's own action as well
as joint efforts.
The Consortium operates in the framework of the « food strategies - approach against « World Hunger ».
This Consortium aims at:
- increasing and improving food production in the least privileged communities in Third World countries, in order to meet the domestic
needs and reach food security;
- running development information and education campaigns at European and domestic levels.
In 1982/83, E.C.A.D. cofinanced with the E.C. 22 food related development programmes for a global amount of ECU 9.477,890, in 12
different countries of Latin America, Africa and Asia.
During that period, the Consortium further explored the most appropriate ways and means to increase food production, it also added
another aim to those previously stated, namely:
- to provide developing countries engaged in the planning stages of « Food strategies » with « a non-profit NGO consulting Consortium ».
In the educational field, E.C.A.D. promoted and cofunded, in cooperation with the E.C. « Eurobarometre 2000 », a survey outlining and
providing data on European public opinion's attitude towards development.
Other initiatives were prepared and implemented in 1984.
(*) E.C.A.D. 'S members :
BELGIUM : S.O.S. HONGER - 9. Quai du Commerce - Brussels
FRANCE : COMITE FRANÇAIS CONTRE LA FAIM
&/. RUE Cambronne - 75740 PARIS CEDEX 15
WEST GERMANY : DEUTSCH WELTHUNGERHILFE - Adenawerallee 134 05 - 300 BONN 1
ITALY : MANI TESE - Via Cavenaghi. 4 - 20149 MILANO
THE NETHERLANDS: NOVIB - Amaliastraat 5-7 - DEN HAAG 2 5 1 4 JC.
As the above table indicates, the importance attributed by the public to Third World countries significantly decreased after the first
oil crisis. However, remaining at a high level, it gradually increased
from May 1975; in 1983 it was again at the 1973 level.
However, in the Autumn of 1983, Europeans believe that they have
their own serious problems and difficulties to deal with : unemployment, terrorism, pollution, un certain energy supplies, tension between the major powers, regional problems.
Finally, among all these preoccupations . the necessity of helping
Third World countries is in the eighth place following the other
problems.
2. In the upcoming ten years the European public expects a certain
amount of progress : science and technology will have improved
the situation of the poorest countries. It will also better manage the
use of the planetary resources in the interest of future generations.
But the public does not believe that hunger will have finished; nor
does it believe that the differences between the rich and poor
countries will have decreased.
The context is not an optimistic one; 40 % of Europeans believe
that, no matter what is done, the Third World countries will never
be able to escape their poverty. However, the policy of developmental aid is widely supported.
3. Europeans believe that the world regions which need help are
above all Africa, followed by India and Pakistan; South America and
South East Asia to a much lesser degree.
A study of images and prejudices concerning Third World countries, based on the replies to a set of 15 propositions, reflecting
highly varied sterotypes of the condition of these countries, their
economic and political structures and the type of relations that we
have had or should have with them, reveals a high degree of perception concerning the problems posed by a rapid increase in the
276
populations, instability of the political systems, the disorder
caused by the appropriations of resources by privileged minorities.
On the other hand, Europeans do not accuse the populations of not
wanting to work. At the same time, Europeans admit that these
countries are confronted with problems of under-development that
Europe lived through and took centuries to overcome while favoring, in principle, a model of development which is not based on the
model of industrialized countries.
Overall, as shown by a typology of replies concerning the images
and prejudices, only approximately one quarter of Europeans express points of view determinedly critical or negative concerning the
Third World countries.
4. The principle of helping Third World countries is very widely accepted : 8 out of 10 Europeans are favorable or very favorable and
believe it should be maintained at a current level at least; even given the hypothesis of the worsening in the recession which would
decrease the standard of living in Europe. 4 out of 10 maintain that
the aid program must be continued ( 1 ) .
An underlying reason for these favorable intentions to aid is doubtless partially due to the feeling that the industrialized countries in
Europe have a moral duty in relation to the Third World-this often
results from a certain feeling of guilt from the colonial era. But. at
the same time, there is a clear conscience due to the fact that the
development aid provides a reciprocal interest for Europe. It should
not be seen as a primarily commercial interest; in fact. 53 % of Europeans feel that in the upcoming 10 to 15 years, the events in the
Third World countries, their political, economic, and demographic
situation can have an effect on the life of Europeans in their own
countries. There is undoubtedly a feeling of interdependence between Europe and the poor countries of the Third World.
Just how far are Europeans ready to go ? Many of them (1 out of
10) say that they would accept 1 % taken from their income to provide better aid to Third World countries. This is doubtless a slightly
premature reply, though at least if confirms the sincerity of the positions taken in favour of aid.
We have just seen how the majority of the public takes positions
favorable to aid to Third World, stimulated by the questions asked
during the interview. But can it be stated, that, spontaneously, the
subject of the Third World is a subject of reflection for Europeans ?
6 out of 10 say that they think only slightly or almost never about
it. We can thus state that only a certain section are motivated. More
specifically, out of 85 % who said they were favorable or very favorable to aid, 41 % said they thought a lot or a fair amount about
the Third World, while 44 % think rarely or almost never (page 66).
Thus we can legitimately consider that there is a « motivated »
opinion (41 %) and a potentially favorable opinion but « fairly unmotivated - (44%). The motivation here is characterized by the
fact that it is both favorable to aid and results from spontaneously
thinking about the Third World countries. We will return to the effect of this variable concerning attitude behaviours (this is an affective variable).
6. How is public opinion concerning Third World countries
formed ? We took into consideration two different types of information sources ; personal contacts and the media.
As for personal contacts, there is either the direct experience with
one or several countries in the Third World : traveling or living
( 1 3 % of Europeans), or the indirect experience by means of nationals from these countries : contacts at work or in the neighbourhood, at children's school (25 % of Europeans), The others, 62 %,
did not have this type of contact at all,
h addition, the Third World appears through the media: 71 % of
Europeans say that they have recently read in a newspaper or
heard the radio or television « something concerning Third World
countries ". This is a high proportion. The public does not complain
about hearing too much of the Third World, rather the opposite;
however, the public often doubts that the image given by the media
corresponds with reality.
Using the two different kinds of information explained above : personal contact and information received from the media, it is possible to construct a 4-level scale which we will call : information - experience, summarized below:
- Level ++ : have a direct personal experience of one or several
Third World countries and have recently seen information in the
media
10%
- Level + : have contacts with nationals and have recently seen, information in the media
22 %
- Level - : have no direct or indirect contact but have recently seen
information in the media
46 %
- Level - - : no contact nor information
22 %
100%
We will return to the effect of this variable on attitudes and behaviours (this is a cognitive variable).
7. What is the connection between the level of information - experience and degree of motivation discussed above?
Proportion of people
favorable to aid
and motivated
unmotivated
Total
favorable
fairly
With the exception of the last level, which has no information nor
experience concerning Third World countries, the proportion of
people favorable to aid to these countries is just about the same
regardless the level of information. But, while for the highest level
of information the degree of motivation is also high, the motivation
decreases significantly as the level of information decreases.
An important element can be drawn from this analysis : Europeans
who have personally visited or lived in a Third World country (level
++) are the most motivated in favor of aid to development; those
who only have contacts with nationals from Third World countries
living in Europe, are just as favorable though slightly less motivated. Therefore, the presence of immigrants in Europe does not result in a rejection of aid. Indeed, even people who show a certain
hostility towards the presence of immigrants in their country (hostility measured by the fact that they consider their country « does
too much » for immigrants) are to a large degree favorable to aid
to Third World countries.
8. What form should this aid to Third World countries take, which
is so largely approved by European opinion ?
In a series of concrete suggestions including 9 examples, the public clearly favors all those which tend to encourage independence, in particular, concerning training and equipment, and are
much less interested in assistance (for example, food assistance
or sending experts). The promotion of small concrete projects at a
local level is three times more favorable than financing large projects which may encourage a classical industrialization. More generally, the type of actions which appear the most appropriate are
those which have a short term effect and which directly involve the
population.
9. The public is undoubtedly not specifically aware of the type and
relative size of the sources for financing the aid. The sources which
are the most often mentioned are those which are both known and
which appear the most conceivable. In a decreasing order of replies : the government of the countries, private associations or international organizations such as the United Nations, the European Community, and, clearly behind the others, investments by
companies and industries.
In terms of usefulness, aid provided by private associations and international organizations such as the United Nations, are selected
by the public over aid provided by governments or the European
Community (page 281 ). The action of the Community is clearly understimated by the public, which no doubt does not receive enough
information concerning this action.
An intersting-dichotomy in replies to this question can be noted :
the European public is divided into two groups : on the one hand
those who believe that the most useful aid comes from private associations and. on the other hand, all the others.
- The first tends to favor more than the average, the forms of aid
which involve the participation of the populations helped : small
projects at a local level, supply of equipment and training to encourage independence, guarantee of reasonable prices for exported
products. They are also among those who have helped a Third
World aid organization, the most in recent years,
- The second group tends more to support major projects and
sending experts.
Among those who believe that the most useful aid is...
According to the
information/experience
level :
Level ++
+
Level - -
62
51
37
17
25
33
46
52
87
84
83
69
277
Private organizations
Other sources
Overall
10. What are the most discriminating variables concerning the attitudes toward the Third World ?
The analyses concern three types of variables : nationality, sociodemographic variables and the socio-political variables.
Type of aid considered the
most useful :
- Supply equipment and
training so that they
become independent
54
46
- Promote small projects
which have a direct
effect on the life
of the people.
51
44
- Make sure that the aid
benefits the poorest
populations
40
35
36
- Send experts
However, the socio-cultural and socio-political variables have a
very great effect on the opinions and attitudes. By this we mean the
degree of education, the political predispositions in terms of left or
right, and the leadership level. The effect of the different variables
was emphasized several times in the report.
10
- Guarantee a reasonable
price for
exported
products
- Finance major projects
which can encourage
industrialization
We will not here go into detail concerning the differences in attitudes concerning the countries. This point alone deserves ten national studies; we can only hope that researchers will attempt this
task. We can only state that a principle of aid to Third World countries is approved by a great majority in all countries, and that the
feeling that what takes place in the Third World in the upcoming
years will have an affect on the life of Europeans is particularly
strong in the United Kingdom, in the Netherlands and in France
The socio-demographic variables, in particular sex and age, do not
play a very important role.
56
62
13
9
16
14
25
The « leaders », here defined as people who, regardless their positions in society, both voluntarily discuss politics and try to convince those around them, are most concerned by the problems in
the Third World and are also the most favorable to developmental
18
28
28
ENTIRE COMMUNITY - CUMULATIVE REPLIES
ACCORDING TO ATTITUDE CONCERNING AID TO THE THIRD WORLD
Very
much
for
For
to some
extent
Somewhat against
Most important: (1)
Entire
Very much
against
Promote small projects
50
51
44
41
49
Finance large projects
Send food
Send skilled people
Train people from these countries here
Buy more products
Guarantee reasonable prices
Provide equipment and training
Make sur aid benefits the poorest people
22
25
26
40
12
13
62
36
17
24
29
38
11
11
62
40
12
15
38
37
10
9
57
42
16
13
41
36
17
6
44
40
18
23
30
38
11
11
61
39
.
Total is greater than 10 0 due to multiple replies.
This table shows that 3 of the 9 types of aid are mentioned proportionnally more frequently by individuals opposed to helping Third World
countries :
- provide skilled people to work there
- Make sure that European help to these countries actually benefits the poorest parts of the population
- Buy more products from these countries.
One could assume that the reasons for these individuals hostility to the idea of aid is indicated here especially concerning the second of
the statements.
Of these 5, which one do you thinks provides the most useful help to these countries ?
COMMUNITY
-ENTIRE
The international
organizations like the United Nations
26
- The private organizations
- The (country) government
- The European Community
25
12
9
- Business and industry
- None of these
- Dont know
6
2
20
- Total
100%
278
aid Europeans who are more politically to the left support the
principle of aid more than others : the effect of political positioning
concerns less the approval or disapproval of aid (which is widely
distributed on the different points of the scale), than the enthusiasm with which this approval is manifested. In other words, the
differences are greater at the level of words than at the level of
principles
This phenomena is well illustrated by comparing the replies to
questions. The first is a hypothetical question : « if you were told
that, to help Third World countries, 1 % of your income would be
withheld, would you agree or not ? »; the second is a factual question : * have you. in the last 2 years, either by giving money or in another way, helped an organization which is concerned with Third
World countries ? ». The replies to the first of these questions are
significantly different. The number of positive replies increases as
the political positioning tends towards the left. The replies towards
the second question are less different and tend to receive positive
replies as the political positioning moves towards the right. There
is thus apparently a strong link between support to Third World ideas and political ideology. But is would be more precise to say that
these attitudes are specially linked to the individual value system.
This appears clearly when the replies are studied according to a
scale which we shall call : materialist/post-materialist.
The » materialist/post-materialist » scale of values which has
been currently used for 20 years for analysing public opinion
data ( 1 ) measures the preference expressed by the respondents
to a situation of forced choice, either for subsistence and material
security values (example : « maintain order ». « fight against rising
prices »), or for values concerning belongings, personal develop-
ment and quality of life (example : increase the participation in
decisions by citizens », » guarantee freedom of expression » ).
This dimension has a positive correlation with the left/right dimension, but is not identical with it. According to Certain authors, it
seems to correspond to a new separation which can be illustrated
by the fact that the protagonists for struggles undertaken for feminism, ecology, pacifism, etc. are not identical to those involved in
the traditional struggles concerning ownership of the means of
production, or centralized control of the economy by the State.
The chart on the following page shows an analysis of the replies
to the key questions in the survey according to this scale of values,
as well as the positioning on the left/right scale and the degree of
leadership.
It shows clearly that the effect of the value system is greater than
the positioning on the left/right scale. The degree of support for aid
to Third World countries among the post-materialists, at least concerning principles, leads us to state that there is almost a coincidence between these two attitudes.
As for the « leadership » variable, it also seems to play a very important role, both concerning the predispositions to aid and the
operational attitudes. It is promising that the fraction of the public
which is the most active in private discussions and which has influence on those around it is also the section which most supports
efforts of developmental aid and which contributes the most helping organizations concerned with the Third World countries.
(1) Also see the work of Ronald INGLEHART. in particular : - The Silent Revolution - :
Changing values and political Styles among Western Publics -. Princeton University
Press. 1977,
CLASSIFICATION OF PROBLEMS ACCORDING TO THE IMPORTANCE GIVEN THEM
ENTIRE COMMUNITY
Very
imp.
Little
imp
imp.
Don't
know
Average
Total
index (*)
2
100
3.78
1
_
1
3
2
100
100
100
100
3.5S
3.52
3.41
3.28
14
4
4
100
3.17
14
4
5
100
3.04
46
22
7
4
100
2.85
27
22
13
5
100
2.75
- Fighting unemployment
78
19
1
- Fighting against terrorism
- Protecting nature and fighting pollution
- Ensuring energy supplies are maintained
- Defend our interest against the superpowers
such as USA and Soviet Union
- Try and reduce the number both of the very
rich people and the very poor people
64
56
46
43
27
37
45
39
6
6
5
10
40
38
- Reduce the differences between regions
of our country by helping
the less developed regions or those
in most need
- Helping poor countries in Africa,
South America, Asia, etc.
- Strengthen our military
defence against possible enemies
25
52
21
23
(*)
Not
imp.
at
all
2
3
5
The average index is calculated by allocating the numbers 4.3.2.1, to the various replies - very important -, - important -, - of little importance -, - not important at all - , respectively
- No replies - , were not used for this calculation. The index values greater than 2.5 indicate that the problem is considered fairly important. The values lower than 2.5 indicate that
the problem is considered fairly unimportant. The results are classified according to the index value in decreasing order
279
CLASSIFICATION OF PROBLEMS ACCORDING
TO THE IMPORTANCE GIVEN THEM ( 1 )
BELGIQUE / BELGIE
DANMARK
Unemployment
3-68
Unemployment
3.83
Terrorism
Energy supplies
Environment
Rich-poor
Superpowers
Regions
Third World
Defence
X = 3.20
3.41
3.39
3.38
3.34
3.14
3.03
2.78
2.66
Environment
Terrorism
Energy supplies
Superpowers
Third World
Rich-poor
Regions
Defence
X=
3.79
3.78
3.73
3.33
3.1 1
3.03
2.90
2.65
3.35
DEUTSCHLAND
FRANCE
Unemployment
3.77
Unemployment
3.77
Environment
Energy supplies
Terrorism
Superpowers
Rich-poor
3.63
340
3.36
3.21
3.11
2.97
2.89
2.60
Terrorism
Environment
Superpowers
Energy supplies
Rich-poor
3.58
3.45
3.37
3.36
3.24
3.06
2.89
2.81
Regions
Third World
Defence
x = 3.22
Regions
Third World
Defence
X = 3.28
IRELAND
ITALIA
Unemployment
3.86
Unemployment
3.82
Terrorism
Energy supplies
Rich-poor
Environment
Regions
Superpowers
Third World
Defence
X = 3.19
3.56
3.47
3.31
3.25
3.05
2.86
2.68
2.67
Terrorism
Environment
Energy supplies
Rich-poor
Superpowers
3.72
3.56
3.35
3.33
3.28
3.13
2.87
2.44
Regions
Third World
Defence
X = 3.28
LUXEMBOURG
NEDERLAND
Unemployment
3.64
Unemployment
3.74
Environment
Energy supplies
Rich-poor
3.64
3.46
3.23
Environment
Terrorism
Energy supplies
3.46
3.42
3.24
Terrorism
Third World
Regions
Superpowers
Defence
X=3.10
3.22
298
2.93
284
1.94
Rich-poor
Superpowers
Third World
3. 1 8
2.99
2.90
2.80
2.49
Regions
Defence
X = 3. 14
UNITED KINGDOM
ELLAS
Unemployment
3.76
Unemployment
3.79
Terrorism
Energy supplies
Environment
Superpowers
Defence
Regions
Rich-poor
Third World
X = 3.29
3.66
3-53
3.41
3.37
3.15
3.05
2.95
2.73
Environment
Superpowers
Terrorism
Rich-poor
Energy supplies
Defence
Regions
Third World
X = 3.43
3.68
3.53
3.50
3.44
3.41
3.39
3.30
2.84
11. Finally, what is the influence of the level of information and experience and the degree of motivation on the images and prejudices ?
The various opinions expressed concerning Third World countries
are linked to two essential determining elements for attitudes concerning aid to development: a cognitive determinant on the one
hand, which is revealed by the level of information, and an affective
determinant on the other hand, which is expressed through the degree of motivation in favor of the Third World. We have described
these two variables in the preceeding pages. As it involves fairly
schematic attitudes and prejudices, the affective determinant
plays a greater role, but the level of information nonetheless has
a significant influence on most of the themes. A more specific study
of the correlations between these various opinions and the two
cognitive and affective determinants results in 6 major groups of
attitudes which range from a high degree of support to the Third
World countries to a rejection of the very idea of development of
these countries (see page 93 - the table of correlations).
A first group of opinions is characterized by a clear influence of the
level of information and by the even greater effect of the degree of
motivation in favor of the Third World. The fact that the affective dimension is preponderent but is however combined with the cognitive dimension, leads to a definition of this group of opinions as a
statement of faith in favor of aid to development. Three opinions
can enter into this category: »W e have a moral duty to help
them ». « it is in our interest to help them », and »we, Europeans,
also have much to learn from the populations in these countries ».
The second group of opinions is characterized by the fact that the
two affective and cognitive dimensions both have the same degree
of influence on the opinions. This group of opinions includes the
least passionate arguments in favor of the Third World countries
and aid to development. Three opinions can be included in this
group : « they are confronted with problems that the European
countries took centuries to overcome», » we must encourage
them to develop in their own way rather than have them immitate
us ». and « the minority of rich people exploit the population ». It
can be noted that these opinions also have the common point of
taking the point of view of the Third World countries by, in some
way, taking the position of a citizen in these countries.
In the third group of opinions, only the affective determinant, the
motivation in favor of Third World countries and aid to development, plays a significant role, while the cognitive determinant, the
level of information has no influence whatsoever. This attitude can
be qualified as a favorable predisposition but cannot be taken as
a true approval insofar as the reactions expressed remain essentially affective. Two opinions appear in this group : « in the past, colonization prevented them from development » and « they are exploited by developed countries such as ours » . In this case, colonization as the fundamental cause of under-development.
The fourth group of opinions is primarily characterized by the fact
that the opinions expressed are independent of the level of information and the degree of motivation. The fact that neither the affective dimension nor the cognitive dimension are taken into account, leads one to believe that the attitude expressed by these
opinions is a fairly detached one concerning problems of developmental aid. Four opinions are included in this category : « they suffer from a highly unfavorable climate », « they do not have a stable
government », « their population increases too rapidly » and « they
are beginning to become competitive with our products ». These
are, in fact, statements rather than opinions.
(1) Average score of importance : » very important » = 4 « not
important at all » = 1.
X = average of mean scores, this value indicates the tendency to
score the problems high or low.
This table is taken from the EUROBAROMETRE No 20, COMMISSION DES COMMUNAUTES EUROPÉENNES. Brussels.
280
The fifth group of opinions characterized by the negative relation
between motivation in favor of developmental aid. The level of information plays no role whatsoever in this case. This is a hostile
predisposition to the Third World countries and to aid to development. Only one opinion can really be allocated to this group : « they
were happier when they were colonized ». It is interesting to note
that this attitude, which is the counterpart of the third group of
opinions (the favorable opinion), also refers to colonization.
The nationality is a highly discriminating variable on this point.
In Ireland, more than 8 in 10 individuals say they have helped
an organization concerned with the Third World while in
Greece, there are less than 3 of 10, The following graph
shows the proportion of " yes " replies for each country.
The final group of opinions is characterized by the negative relation
of opinions with both the degree of motivation and the level of information. Cognitive and affective determinants here play a negative role and define an attitude of rejection and refusal of the very
idea of development of Third World countries. Two opinions are included in this last category : « whatever we do to help them, they
will never escape their poverty » and « they do not want to work ».
This type of analysis does not refer to the frequency of responses,
but to the structure of opinions. It indicates the relationships, or,
more precisely, the co-relationships which exists between the images and prejudices on the one hand and the level of information
and the degree of motivation on the other. It can be useful for organizing a policy of inromation.
HELPED AN ORGANIZATION CONCERNED WITH
THE THIRD WORLD
PERCENTAGE OF « YES » REPLIES
The first information to be drawn from this is that the negative
judgement and images concerning the Third World are associated
with a lack of information.
Secondly, the reference to colonization, whether it involves a favorable opinion towards aid due to a certain guilty conscience or
to an unfavorable opinion, is independent of the level of information.
The moral and affective arguments : « we have a moral duty to help
them » or » we, European,s have much to learn from them » already
correspond to a high degree of motivation in favor of aid.
To summarize, the arguments which seem to be the most affective
are : « they are confronted with problems that Europe took centuries to overcome » and » they must be encouraged to develop in
their own way, rather than to immitate us ».
ORGANIZATIONS WHOSE AID IS CONSIDERED THE MOST USEFUL TO THIRD WORLD COUNTRIES
Govt
Europ. Comm.
Busin.
indust.
Priv. organ
None
N. R.
Total
6
25
2
20
100
13
10
7
24
2
17
100
12
8
9
14
17
8
9
9
8
9
24
30
28
24
22
4
5
6
5
6
27
30
27
25
21
2
2
2
3
2
23
16
19
21
23
100
100
100
100
100
151 6 - 19
20 +
Still studying
15
11
8
8
10
8
7
10
21
27
34
32
4
6
5
22
29
25
27
1
3
3
1
27
16
14
17
100
100
100
100
Income :
16
10
21
5
23
2
23
100
_
+
++
14
11
9
10
9
8
24
27
30
6
6
8
23
28
27
2
2
2
21
17
16
100
100
100
11
11
30
5
29
3
11
too
12
14
12
8
8
8
8
5
4
25
26
24
2
2
2
15
22
30
100
100
100
Entire community
Sex :
Women
Age :
25-29
40 - 54
55 +
12
Men
15 - 24
9
26
27
Age at end of studies :
Leadership :
+
_
--
++
30
23
30
g
281
NGO ATTITUDE
towards
GOVERNMENT FUNDING
Suggested Guidelines on the Acceptance of
Government Funds for NGO Programmes (*)
Introduction
These guidelines have been developed by the International Council of Voluntary Agencies (ICVA) and are based on the experiences
of ICVA membre agencies. They are intended to help NGOs assess
the implications of accepting government funds for their programmes and they include proposed procedures to avoid the potential dangers. The guidelines should also assist in the development of collective NGO positions vis-à-vis government funding, although it is recognized that the actual negotiations will usually be
carried out on a bilateral basis.
Although this paper is specifically concerned with government
funds, most of the principles also apply to grants from intergovernmental organizations. It should also be noted that there are many
donor governments in the South, although the largest government
funding comes from the North.
The term NGO is used in its widest sense to cover international
NGOs. donor NGOs, local (or indigenous) NGOs and community organizations.
Context
Many NGOs receive some form of government funding for their programmes. This support comes in various forms : financial grants.
reimbursement of transport costs, food aid, tools and equipment.
and technical assistance.
Governments contribute to NGO programmes for a variety of motives. Some choose to support the private rather than the public
(*) Approved by the Governing Board of the International Council of Voluntary Agencies
(ICVA) at its Eighty-Second Session on 15 MARCH 1985
282
sector: others are impressed by NGOs' flexibility, effectiveness,
and grassroot links with the poorest communities of the world.
NGO programmes are sometimes given government support in situations where, for political reasons, the governments do not act
directly. Governments also use NGOs as sub-contractors for their
own programmes ( 1) .
Generally, governments see. to a greater or lesser extent, their development aid programmes as part of their foreign policy interests.
This might be stated explicitly, as in the case of USAID : AID. as the
official arm of the U.S. Government responsible for economic development support to Third World countries, is an instrument of our total foreign policy (2). Other governments, for example in the Netherlands
and In the Federal Republic of Germany, give the NGOs considerable freedom in the selection of programmes for government funding.
NGOs have recently reported a distinct trend towards a closer identification of development aid with their government's foreign policy and economic interests. This has resulted in more stringent
conditions for. and government control of. co-financing programmes.
At the same time, there seems to have been a greater interest by
governments in either contributing to NGO programmes or in initiating programmes which they ask NGOs to execute. Donor governments are giving their embassies a more important role in establishing contacts with local NGOs, including the right to give
grants to local projects. As the funds become more substantial,
host governments may wish to control these activities.
NGO attitudes towards government funding vary considerably.
Some refuse any government grants whatsoever. They argue that
acceptance inevitably leads to a loss of independence and negative consequences for the organization and for its programmes.
Others believe, on the contrary, that government funds can be
beneficial, if handled correctly.
Advantages of Government Funding
It is widely agreed that government funding has enabled NGOs to
expand significantly their programmes to the benefit of poor and
Acceptance of government grants has also led to closer relationships between NGOs and their governments. This has sometimes
provided NGOs with additional possibilities of being involved in the
planning process and of influencing government policy. Moreover,
some NGOs have reported that government funding is easier to obtain and more secure, than fund-raising from the general public.
Implications of Government Funding
From many years of experience, the NGO community has identified
a number of disadvantages of accepting government funds. The
following are particularly relevant for those NGOs that receive substantial government grants for their programmes.
Government policy may differ from the NGO's objectives and/or
the beneficiaries' interests, which may lead to a conflict of interest.
The availability of substantial government grants may tempt NGOs
or the programme beneficiaries to become involved in programmes
inconsistent with their own objectives and capacities.
The sheer size of government grants and certain government
grant restrictions (specific countries, certain social groups, special
forms of assistance, etc.) may lead to an imbalance in the NGO's
programmes. These restrictions may be due to foreign policy interests, economic reasons (e.g. dumping food surpluses) or development aid priorities (e.g. only to countries below $500 per capita
GNP).
In order to obtain, or retain, government funding. NGOs may
change their priorities, style or working habits to fit the government's requirements. Matching requirements, or an agency's own
contribution, may be waived or substantially reduced if the NGO
agrees to the government's priorities. Some NGOs have, more or
less, become contractors to governments, particularly if they do not
have other programmes or funding sources.
NGOs may become unwilling to criticize government publicly
or
even by implication in their development education programmes.
NGOs may soften their advocacy work and/or human rights campaigns.
The acceptance of sizeable government grants often puts the
NGO and the local communities under stress. This may be due to
the complex, and often disproportionate, accounting procedures
required by the donor government or to the need to hire temporary
project staff. Withdrawal of a government grant can lead to a serious financial and personnel crisis for the beneficiaries and for the
NGO.
Delays in funding decisions by governments may result in the
collapse of the project. Governments may cancel long-term commitments if the political situation in the recipient country should
change significantly.
come, or they refuse to accept funds for their administrative costs
Of the following five principles, the first three are international
guidelines for NGO acceptance of government funds and possible
procedures to avoid the potential dangers. The fourth and fifth
principles are essentially points for discussion with government
donors.
( 1 ) NGO and local community integrity, autonomy, flexibility, and
effectiveness should be maintained.
(2) Consultations with NGO partners and programme beneficiaries must precede requests for government funding.
(3) Dialogue among NGOs should be promoted to develop collective NGO positions vis-à-vis government funding.
(4) Financial audits and evaluation should be mutually agreed.
(5) Broadly designated or block grants are preferable.
( 1 ) NGO and local community integrity, autonomy, flexibility and
effectiveness should be maintained.
The crucial issue common to many of the potential dangers listed
above is the NGO's ability to maintain its independence in the face
of the volume of government funding and certain government pressures and practices.
The following internal procedures could be established as prior requirements to any request for government funds,
1 . 1 . The relevant constitutional body of the NGO should approve the
application before it is submitted to the government. This decision,
which should be monitored and periodically reassessed, should be
based on specific situations, taking into account the various factors
discussed below.
1.2 The NGO may establish an internal regulation to the effect that
non-governmental sources must account for a fixed maximum proportion of each project budget or of the NGO's overall annual budget.
1.3 Long-term plans should be developed for securing sufficient funds
to cover (a) the parts of the project not funded by the government,
and (b) the completion of the project, should government support be
withdrawn.
1.4 The NGO should carry out an assessment of the effects of government funds on the internal organization and personnel of both the NGO
and the beneficiary community, and measures should be developed to
ensure that they can cope with the impact of the acceptance of government funds and the possibility of either delay or loss of funding before project completion.
1.5 The NGO should develop measures to ensure that its priorities remain in balance should the government grant be restricted by geographical area or by sectoral priority.
( 2 ) Consultations with NGO partners and programme beneficiaries must precede government funding
As government funding may be comparatively easy to obtain,
there is the risk of the NGO ignoring or downgrading their traditional sources of private funding and traditional relationships with their
constituencies.
Programme recipients may object, for political or pratical reasons,
to receiving funds from a particular government, and NGOs may
lose credibility if they channel funds under such conditions. Government accounting requirements may place the beneficiaries under too much strain and links with government funding may threaten the general security of the local beneficiaries, particularly human rights organizations. In certain situations, however, the beneficiaries may not wish to be consulted on the source of the funds.
Basic Principles
2.1 Prior discussions on the proposed application for government
funds should be held with the potential NGO partners and programme
beneficiaries.
Listing the potential disadvantages of government funding does
not imply a negative position towards the acceptance of government funding. Some of ICVA's members receive a substantial proportion of their income from government donors; some do not accept any government grants on principle; and others limit government income to a small percentage ( 1 0 % - 15 %) of their overall in-
2.2 An assessment should be made of the government's overall foreign policy and its relations with the recipient government to ensure
that this context does not jeopardize the NGO, the project and the
beneficiaries.
283
(3) Dialogue among NGOs should be promoted to develop collective positions vis-à-vis government funding
Improved dialogue among NGOs on the issues of government funding is essential. Such a dialogue should include (a) the exchange
of information, (b) constant monitoring and periodic reassessment
of existing government co-financing programmes, (c) the development of collective positions vis-à-vis government funding, and (d)
the promotion of debate on the issues involved, including not only
funding but also NGO advocacy and lobbying on government policy
and planning issues.
Other activities might include training programmes for NGO personnel on how to handle government grants, and an exchange of
evaluation experts among NGOs.
3.1. Dialogue among NGOs should be promoted to develop collective
positions vis-à-vis government funding.
3.2. NGO consortia programmes using government funds should be
encouraged.
4.1. Governments and NGOs should agree in advance on the precise
auditing and evaluation requirements, which should be designed to
minimize the administrative burden on the local project holders.
4.2 Where possible, the NGOs own audited accounts and evaluations
should be accepted, and international NGOs should be encouraged to
establish for their national affiliates accounting and evaluation standards, which would be internationally acceptable.
4.3 If this is not possible, and if additional financial audits or evaluations are considered to be necessary, these should be carried out by
an independent, mutually approved, auditor/evatuator whose expenses would be covered by the government.
4.4 If a government insists on carrying out its own audit/evaluation,
and if this is accepted by the NGO. the government and the NGO should
mutually agree on the mechanisms and criteria.
4.5 Governments and NGOs should jointly develop, on a national basis, standardized and streamlined procedures for requesting, reporting, monitoring and evaluation.
(4) Financial audits and evaluations should be mutually agreed
(5) Broadly designated or block grants are preferable
NGOs fully understand the need to accound clearly and properly
for all funds used. A major concern of NGOs with respect to government funding is the excessively complex and time-consuming
accounting requirements which affect both NGOs and the beneficiaries.
Block grants are usually easier for both donors and recipient NGOs
to administer and they give greater flexibility to adjust to changing
needs and problems. Block grants should especially be encouraged for NGOs that have clearly established an effective track record in administering, and reporting on, programmes (3).
Governments should not insist on the full rigours of the government
accountancy procedures since :
5.1 When a NGO has proven effectiveness, governments should consider making broadly designated or block grants to its programmes,
lasting at least three years.
NGOs lack the administrative resources to implement them;
governments use NGOs because they are effective, rapid,
unbureaucratic and close to the grassroot; most of these objectives
would be lost if NGOs had to develop bureaucratic procedures in
order to comply with the vast and detailed government accounting
system;
the sums involved are usually very small compared to other
government aid programmes, hence a sense of proportion should be
kept.
Governments and NGOs often use very different programme avaluation criteria. NGOs. for example, emphasize the need to assess
the impact on the lives of the beneficiaries and/or local community,
which is sometimes called a social audit
In addition, some governments demand the right to evaluate directly the projects in the field, which might cause political and administrative difficulties for the NGO's international and national networks and for the project beneficiaries.
284
Conclusion
The main aims behind the five principles are firstly, to provide
guidelines on how to avoid the potential disadvantages of accepting government funds and, secondly, to enhance the dialogue between governments and NGOs by eliminating some areas of concern.
( 1 ) The issue of NGOs as sub-contractors is outside the scope of
this paper, which focuses on government contributions to NGO
programmes.
(2) AID Policy Paper Private and Voluntary Organizations, September 1982.
(3) Some international NGOs receive block grants from several
donors for a specific programme. In these cases, recipient NGOs
would not be identified with one particular foreign government.
NGOs AND THE WORLD FOOD COUNCIL
The statement hereafter was made by a number of non-governmental organisations
on issues facing the eleventh ministerial session of the World Food Council, 1 0 - 1 3
June 1985.
The
non-governmental
organizations
(NGOs) present at the eleventh session of
the World Council are fully aware of the
dramatic food situation in many countries,
particularly in Africa. This situation is not
only due to the drought or so-called « natural » causes, as some would have public
opinion believe - with the effect of demobilizing public opinion. Several of the essential causes of the famine are also attributable to man. They include internal
causes, environmental deterioration, agricultural policies contrary to farmers' interests, lack of storage, credit and marketing
facilities, lack of means of communication,
schools and sanitary installations, inadequacy of applied research, and external causes : wars, the particularly heavy
indebtedness of the food-deficit countries, dislocation of the monetary system,
deterioration of the terms of trade, and
protectionism by the countries of the
North. These causes have been cited by
many of the people involved : we are
merely drawing attention to them again to
show that action is possible, and that
drought and famine must not lead to fatalism. The NGOs know that it is not for them
to set themselves up as saviours of the
Third World, because they can provide
only modest assistance, as a supplement
modest but significant assistance. By way
of example, during the past six months,
the NGOs of the European Community,
thought their own efforts and their appeals for special assistance to the African
peoples, have collected a total of approx-
imately §200 million, which represents
slightly more than half the food assistance
of the Commission of the European Communities during the same period. But over
and above this quantitative contribution,
our experience at the village level has
clearly revealed to us a number of requirements relating to agricultural development. We wish to draw attention to a few
essential features of these requirements
in this note.
1. Regional trade areas must be
promoted
The first requirement for agricultural development oriented towards food self-sufficiency is a policy of remunerative prices
for food production. This policy can
succeed only if the local and regional markets are protected against invasion by
low-cost food imports. Since such protection is essential, it necessarily has an effect on the disposa! of the agricultural surpluses of the industrial countries, and
consequently must lead to reorganization
of the agricultural policies pursued by
these countries, within the context of the
already existing regional markets.
Market protection involves the establishment of viable economic zones at the
country level or at the level of groups of
countries. Consumption, production and
savings must advance together, through
the broad development of national factors : manpower, land, skills, natural re-
sources, which are often excluded as result of unfair competition.
In this respect, the NGOs have for a long
time been asking themselves and asking
national governments and intergovernmental organizations about the agro-industries' domination of the food systems
of the Third World. They request the
Council to include this question in its work
programme and finally to engage in global
debate on agro-food firms and their dominant role in the agricultural policies and
development of the world as a whole.
2. Peasant-based strategies must
be strengthened
The success of food strategies depends
on farmers' capacity to increase and diversify local production. In this area of
decisive importance for the Third World as
a whole, states have an outstanding role
to play in promoting the emergence of organized and independent farmers who wit!
be the motor for development. It is essential to construct development models consistent with the social, economic and political conditions of each society, and
which take full advantage of the work of
each of its members. Within the context of
a continuing dialogue with the state, farmers' organization must be a fully-fledged
partner, having a voice in the definition of
agricultural policies.
However, it is not sufficient merely to allow
farmers to have their say: the develop-
285
ment work undertaken by farmers' organizations must be supplemented by putting
the necessary tools at their disposal :
- legal tools : right of association, appropriate legislation for the protection
of farming activity (land problems, organization of markets, etc.);
- financial tools : investment policy, appropriate credit, price support, etc.;
- technical tools : mobilization and protection of local means of production
(seeds, soils, irrigation, appropriate
technology), advisory services, vocational training, etc.
3. Food assistance must be closely
linked to development assistance
A significant proportion of food assistance
should be devoted to re-invigorating development (e.g. through the supply of
seeds, small agricultural implements,
young cattle, etc.). Similarly, food assistance must give priority support to development programmes (road systems and
maintenance, water resources) and be included within food strategies as defined
by governments.
Assistance must also go towards global
rural development, so as to improve life in
the villages and curb the rural exodus.
Among other things, it is necessary to promote all forms of food production, education, vocational training, primary health
care, rural handicrafts, cottage industry
upstream and downstream from agriculture, and cheap renewable sources of energy.
Agricultural development is also linked to
job creation in urban areas, and consequently to access to purchasing power by
the mass of people unemployed todayAll food assistance and every development project must be linked to the participation of the population through its recognized leaders.
In other words, social activity and associations must be promoted, together with
the organizational capacity of the population, by giving it maximum responsibility.
With specific regard to emergency assistance, which must go first of all to refugees,
displaced persons, women and children, it
is essential that it should be given a certain priority : in particular, rapide warning
systems must be improved by associating
the NGOs: free-passage zones must be
established to guarantee the right of every
people to food; closer co-ordination must
be established between the various donors. Like any other form of assistance,
emergency assistance must promote selforganization by the beneficiary population
and the assumption by that population of
responsibility for its means of livelihood
(food, education, sanitary conditions,
roads).
Lastly,
development
assistance
also
means that financial resources should be
released in larger quantities. The NGOs
request the governments of the industrial
countries to set. as some have already
done, a time limit by which, not later than
the end of the decade, official development assistance will reach at least 0,7 per
cent of their GNP. They also request that
a substantial proportion of this assistance
should be allocated to multilateral cooperation; the adequate replenishment of
the International Fund for Agricultural De-
velopment, precisely because
date, is of particular importance
of
its
man-
4. Full advantage must be taken of
the role of the NGOs both in the
South and in the North
In the industrial countries, the NGOs represent a dynamic sector of the population which plays a considerable part in informing and educating public opinion, and
hence in supporting policies conducive to
international co-operation and
solidarity.
In order to perform this essential task
they wish to be assisted in their access to
the various information media.
While maintaining their independence of
action, they consider it necessary to be
consulted during the formulation of decisions
concerning
development
assistance policies and, to the extent of their
competence, to be associated with the
execution of these policies.
Project co-financing, through official contributions by the various governments or
the EEC, has enabled the NGOs to broaden their activity, to the satisfaction of the
various
partners.
Through
consultation
with the partners, co-financing procedures can be further improved and extended, in appropriate forms, to other inter-governmental organizations.
In the countries of the South, the farmers'
organizations, village communities, popular associations and NGOs are the recognized partners of the NGOs in the North.
The
latter
earnestly
hope
that
this
» grass-roots » association will be encouraged since it constitutes one of the essential elements of a country's social fabric
and the best guarantee of its vitality.
Liste des Associations Internationales auxquelles la personnalité civile a été
accordée par application de la loi belge du 25 octobre 1 9 1 9 , modifiée par
la loi du 6 décembre 1954.
(1re partie : 1919-1976)
Avec l'aimable autorisation du Ministère belge de la Justice, on trouvera
ci-dessous, par ordre chronologique, la liste officielle des associations internationales auxquelles la loi belge, depuis sa promulgation, a accordé la personnalité
civile. Cette loi est la seule au monde qui octroie aux associations internationales
un véritable statut juridique. Sous la colonne 1 se trouve la référence à la notice
descriptive de l'association dans le » Yearbook of International Organizations»
22ème édition.
Yearbook
no
Dénomination - siège
Arrêté royal
Personnalité civile
Modification statuts
Date mention au Moniteur
belge
Annexes Moniteur
Publication statuts
Publication modifications statuts
F 3352
Union des Associations Internationales
2.7.1920
8.7.1920
8.7.1920
Nouv.stat. 30.3.1956
Nouv. stat. 26.8.1965
8.4.1956
8.9.1965
28.4.1956
30.9.1965
2.7.1920
Nouv. stat. 4.8.1967
13.8.1920
26.8.1967
15.8.1920
19.10.1967
D2602
Institut international
d'études des classes moyennes
H 2142
Institut international du commerce
21.6.1922
28.6.1922
28.6.1922
D3299
Société d'études et d'expansion
24.11.1922
22.12.1922
22.12.1922
B3111
Association internationale permanente
des congrès de Navigation
23.3.1923
6.4.1923
6.4.1923
-
Association belgo-portugaise (Casa Portugueza)
12 .11 .192 3
23.11.1923
23.11.1923
H 21 44
Institut colonial international
4.11.1927
2 0. 1 1 . 1 9 2 7
20.11.1927
Nouvelle dénomination :
Institut international des Sciences politiques et
sociales appliquées aux pays de civilisations
différentes
Institut international des Civilisations différentes
(Incidi)
22.4.1949
1,2,3.5.1949
4.6.1949
19.2.1954
28.2.1954
13.3.1954
C1301
Union internationale des Avocats
20.1.1930
23.1.1930
B1314
Société internationale de Microbiologie
3.6.1931
14.6.1931
20.6.1931
B2736
Union internationale des villes et pouvoirs locaux
17.12.19 31
7 .1 .19 32
9.1.1932
C2294
Office international des fabricants de chocolat et de
cacao
Office international du cacao et du chocolat
29.12.1931
16.1.1932
23 1.1 93 2
27 .1 1. 19 34
1 2 .1 2 . 1 9 3 4
1 5 . 1 2 .1 9 3 4
20.1.1932
30.1.1932
6.2.1932
Nouv. stat. A.R. 20.5.1948
Nouv. stat. A.R. 1 6 . 1 1 . 1 9 5 3
24,25.5.1948
5.12.1953
26.6.1948
1 2 . 1 2 .1 9 5 3
A.R. nouv. stat. 14.12.1965
B2138
Institut international des Sciences administratives
20.1.1966
-
Cercle Hispano-belge
24.1.1933
13. 14.2.1933
18.2.1933
H 409
Office international pour la Protection de la Nature
7.7.1934
16.17.7.1934
18.8.1934
-
Institut économique international
22 1 2 . 1 9 3 4
24, 25.12.1934
29.12.1934
C2131
Institut international d'étude et de documentation en
matière de concurrence commerciale
23. 11 . 19 3 7
8.12.1937
18.12.1937
B2571
Société Internationale de Chirurgie
19.12.1938
3 1. 12. 193 8
28.1.1939
B2765
Union internationale de tramways, de chemins de fer.
d'intérêt local et de transports publics automobiles
Union internationale des transports publics
10.5.1938
23, 24.5.1938
4.6.1938
2.9.1939
23.9.1939
7.10.1939
287
Arrête royal
Date mention
au Moniteur
belge
Annexes Moniteur
Publication statue
Publication modifications statuts.
l'Urbanisme
Fédération internationale pour l'Habitation,
l'Urbanisme et l'Aménagement des Territoires
10.5.1938
23,24.5.1938
11.6.1938
B2395
Association internationale du Congrès des chemins de
fer
2 3. 11 .1 93 9
2.12.1939
1 6 .1 2 .1 9 39
C2391
Organisation internationale de Radiodiffusion
6.11 . 1 9 4 6
1 0.11.19 46
28.12 1946
C2239
Comité international Radio-Maritime
25.2-1947
3,4.3.1947
29.3.1947
D796
Ligue européenne de Coopération économique
10. 11. 1948
1 2, 1 3 . 1 1 . 1 9 4 8
20.11.1948
A 2654
Union internationale pour la Protection de la Nature
15.5.1949
6,7.8.6.1949
16.7.1949
Union internationale pour la
Conservation de la Nature et de ses ressources
14.9.1957
B2561
Société internationale de Chirurgie Orthopédique et de
Traumatologie
1 3 . 1 2. 1 9 4 9
22.12.1949
2 1. 1.1 95 0
A 431
Conseil pour la Coordination des Congrès
internationaux de Sciences médicales
30.3.1950
5.4.1950
22.4.1950
Conseil des Organisations internationales des
Sciences médicales
4.8.1952
14.8.1952
6.9.1952
A.R. nouv. stat. 20.3.1964
28.3.1964
23.4.1964
D0598
Union européenne de Radiodiffusion
C0222
Union Catholique internationale de service social
Appl art. 8 - I. du
2 5.1 0 .1 91 9
4.11.1950
1 0.11.19 50
2 5 . 1 1. 1 9 5 0
A 1752
Conseil international des Unions Scientifiques
23.10.1951
31.10.1951
5.1.1952
C1293
Association internationale de Gérontologie
24.1.1952
30.1.1952
15.3.1952
-
Association européenne contre la Poliomyélite et
30.1.1952
16.2.1952
22.1.1974
16.5.1974
14.6.1952
22.11.1973
Yearbook
no
Dénomination - siege
B1826
Fédération internationale de l'Habitation et de
autres maladies a virus
27.6.1960
19.10.1957
Transfert siège
Suisse
21. 12. 1961.
no 4719
24.1.1952
Mod. stat. Denomi.
17.12.1973
B1454
{
Organisation catholique internationale du Cinéma
(O.C.I.C.)
14.5.1952
Nouv. stat. 3.10.1973
23,24.5.1952
1 6. 10 .1 97 3
H 1387
International Automotive Institute
27.7.1953
1.8.1953
E1753
Bureau des Résumés Analytiques du C.I.U.S. (Conseil
international des Unions scientifiques)
3.11.1953
9,1 0.1 1. 1953
28.11 1953
D2187
Fédération internationale latine des Juristes et
Nouv. stat. 30.6.1970
16.7.1970
24.9.1970
Avocats
25.1.1955
30.1.1955
12.3.1955
C2679
Union Académique internationale
14.7.1955
25,26.7.1955
6.8.1955
C 1784
Fédération internationale de Laiterie
5.11.1955
10. 11 . 195 5
26.11.1955
Nouv. stat. 27.7.1979
14.8.1979
4.10.1979
Association internationale pour les Mathématiques et
les Calculateurs en Simulation
10.2.1956
2.3.1956
17.3.1956
(International Association for Mathematics and
Computers in Simulation)
Nouv. stat. {
13.3.1979
19.4.1979.
Dén.
no 50
no 4371
B1174
27. 2. 1979
-
Centre de Formation en Aérodynamique expérimentale
6.2.1957
16.2.1957
23.2.1957
A 1788
Fédération dentaire internationale
17.7.1948
28.7.1948
11.9.1948
A.R. nouv. stat. 19.9.1952
A.R. nouv. stat. 14.7.1959
29.12.1952
28.9.1952
1.1. 1953
18.10.1952
13.8.1959
1 7. 1.1 95 3
H1214
Groupement international pour la Coordination de la
Psychiatrie et des Méthodes psychologiques
D0033
L'Aide aux Personnes déplacées et ses Villages
européens
2.9.1957
8.9.1957
21.9.1957
E1483
Centre international du Film pour l'Enfance et la
Jeunesse (Cinéma et Télévision)
29.7.1957
1 1 . 8. 19 5 7
14.9.1957
Nouv. stat. Den.
2. 1967
{
27.
10.3.1967
Yearbook
no
Arrête royal
Date mention
au Moniteur
belge
Annexes Moniteur
Publication statuts
Publication
modifications
statuts
H 1840
Fédération internationale pour la Protection des
Populations
24.6.1957
30.6.1957
10.8.1957
D0884
Union scientifique continentale du Verre
16.5.1950
25.5.1950
10.6.1950
C 2771
Union internationale des services médicaux des
Chemins de Fer
16 .11 .19 51
24.11.1951
5.1.1952
Nouv.stat. 16.7.1956
Nouv.stat. 5.6.1978
1 6.7.1959
3.8.1956
23.6.1978
25.7.1959
11.8.1956
20.8.1959
C1502
Union internationale chrétienne des Dirigeants
d'Entreprises
D3429
Comité d'études des producteurs de charbons
2.6-1958
11.6.1958
28.6.1958
-
Conférence sur la Communauté Atlantique
9.9.1958
15,16.9.1958
11.10.1 95 8
Commission européenne de Tourisme
15.6.1961, no
257
8.11.1958
3
D4394
Dissoute annexes du
Moniteur:
3. 11. 1958
C2677
Union internationale pour la Science, la Technique et
les Applications du Vide
7.8.1959
20.8.1959
17.9.1959
B1823
Fédération internationale de Documentation
29.8.1959
7.9.1959
_
A.R. nouv. stat. 1 8. 1. 1 9 6 7
A.R. nouv. stat. 8.9.1971
31.1. 1967
28.9.1971
13.4.1967
11.11.1971
23.7.1959
1.8.1959
20.8.1959
Nouv. stat. 5.1.1978
27.7.1961
24.1.1978
4.8.1961
Nouv.stat. Den. {
1974
9.10.1974
F 0260
Fondation Charles Darwin pour les Galapagos
D1466
Centre international de Recherches et d'Information
sur l'Economie publique, sociale et coopérative
(CIRIEC)
D0814
Mouvement européen
D0398
Conférence des Régions de l'Europe du Nord-Ouest
H 0966
26. 9.
21.3.1959
28.9.1959
3.10.1959
Nouv. stat. 30.11 . 1 967
9.12.1967
6.6.1959
16.6.1959
19.11.1959
11.7 .19 59
Jeunesse universelle
5.10.1959
13.10.1959
11. 11. 1959
F0570
Association européenne des Centres de
Perfectionnement dans la Direction des Entreprises
30.9.1960
21.10.1960
9.2.1961
D0692
Confédération européenne du Commerce de la
Chaussure en Gros
5.3.1960
11. 3. 19 60
20.10.1960
H 5534
Bureau européen du Café
5.10.1959
13.10.1959
11.11.1959
D0892
Union européenne des constructeurs de Logements
(secteur privé)
11. 4.1960
25.4.1960
16.6.1960
C1126
Académie internationale de Médecine aéronautique
1 8 . 11 . 1 9 5 9
2 6 . 1 1. 1 9 5 9
24.12.1959
Transfert siège à Paris
D0675
Communauté européenne des organisations de
Publicitaires
2.2.1961
20.2.1961
3.8.1961
D4379
Société Bénéluxienne de Phlèbologie
2.2.1961
20.2.1961
9.3.1961
U0448
Action internationale de Développement coopératif
2.2.1962
22.2.1962
C1828
Fédération Internationale pour le traitement de
l'Information
5.11.1962
1 5. 11 .1 962
H 0578
Association européenne des Editeurs de Publications
pour la Jeunesse - Europressjunior
Transfert siège en Suisse.
C 2680
25.3.1961
4,5.4.1961
20.4.1961
11.9.1961
A.R. transf. siège :
27.9.1961
26.10.1961
5.10.1978
26.10.1978
4.1.1979
E0959
Fédération des Ingénieurs des Télé-communications
de la Communauté Européenne
4.4.1962
13.4.1962
14.6.1962
H 5532
Centre international de Documentation économique et
sociale africaine
3 1 . 5 .1 9 6 1
14.6.1961
29,6.1961
U0552
Centre international d'étude ethnographique de la
Maison dans le Monde
25.3.1961
3.4.1961
18.5.1961
F 7939
Chœurs des Communautés Européennes
11.9.196 1
4.10.1961
23.11 . 1 9 6 1
289
Yearbook
no
Arrêté royal
Data mention
au Moniteur
belge
Annexes Moniteur
Publication statuts
F 2437
Cinémathèque scientifique internationale
28.9.1961
14.10.1961
1 . 1 1 .1 9 6 1
D0846
Association scientifique européenne d'économie
appliquée « ASEPELT «
30.6.1961
14 .7.1961
3.8.1961
Nouv.stat.
{ 16.1.1976
Dén.
Application article 8 de la loi
du
28.1.1976
1.4.1976.
no 2816
4.4.1962
1 8 . 12 . 1 9 6 1
10.4.1962
13.1.1962
3.5.1962
22.3.1962
9.5.1962
23.5.1962
14.6.1962
12.3.1963
21.3.1963
18.4.1963.
D0752
Feropa - Fédération européenne des Fabricants de
panneaux de fibres (association internationale de droit
français qui jouit de la personnalité civile en Belgique)
H 8217
Commission internationale d'Etudes de Normalisation
et de Coordination comptable économique
» C.I.E.N.C.E. »
Bureau pour l'Etude des Marchés touristiques
internationaux
Amitiés Belgo-Colombiennes
U 1727
_
D1656
Confédération internationale des Négociants en
Œuvres d'Art
25. 10. 1919
D0714
Fédération européenne de Médecine physique et
Réadaptation
29.3.1063
4.4.1963
no 1834
Transfert siège :
13.9.1979,
no 9867
25.4.1963
-
Centre international des Etudiants Etrangers
31.7.1963
13.8.1963
5.9.1963
G 6778
Groupement des Laboratoires Internationaux de
Recherche et d'Industrie du Médicament (L.I.M.)
28.11.1963
12.12.1963
16.1.1964
D0584
L'Association européenne de l'Industrie
Photographique
18.1.1964
6.2.1964
5.3.1964
dissolution
11.09.1969,
no 5495
(durée est de 25 ans et peut être prorogée)
U3893
Association internationale des Etudiants Journalistes
Européens, Africains et Malgaches
16.9.1963
26.9.1963
31.10.1963
G 5552
Fonds de Solidarité internationale
31.7.1963
13.8.1963
5.9.1963
H 3675
Association Européenne des Editeurs de la presse
périodique d'information féminine ou familiale
« Europressfamilia »
10.12.1963
7.1.1964
9.4.1964
U3858
Fonds des Publications des Ecoles Européennes
31.7.1963
13.8.1963
26.9.1963
U1655
Association internationale pour la Promotion des
techniques Modernes d'Enseignement (A.T.M.E.)
16.9.1963
26.9.1963
10.10.1963
23.9.1963
27.9.1963
10 .1 0. 19 63
27.5.1971
D0700
Conseil Européen de l'Enseignement par
correspondance (C.E.C.)
A.R. nouv. stat. 26.3.1071
1 7 .4 . 1 9 7 1
A 1434
Bureau international du Tourisme social (B.I.T.S.)
17.3.1969
31.3.1969
G 7109
Foyer catholique européen
6.1.1964
25.1.1964
26.3.1964
C1416
Bureau international du Béton manufacturé (B.I.B.M.)
9.2.1965
1 9. 2.1 965
11 .9. 19 69
Dissolution - Nouv. pers.
civile A.R. 2 6 . 1 1 . 1 9 8 1
8.2.1964
22.12.1981
28.2.1964
25.03.1982
23.4.1964
D0691
Confédération Européenne de l'Industrie des Pâtes,
des Papiers et Cartons (C.E.P.A.C.)
U1000
Glass Industry Club
3.5.1963
1 1. 5.1 963
6,6.1963
C 13 7 5
Association internationale des Magistrats de la
Jeunesse et de la Famille
16.9.1963
25.9.1963
21 .11 .1 96 3
D0856
Société Européenne de Radiobiologie
Nouv. stat. A.R. 20.2.1979
17.6.1964
6.3.1979
25.6.1964
12.4.1979
30.7.1964
C1463
Organisation internationale de recherche sur la cellule
2.12.1964
10.12.1964
28.1.1965
D1825
Fédération internationale pour le droit européen
24.12.1963
17.1.1964
5.3.1964
Nouv. stat. A.R. 19. 2.1981
10.3.1981
2.7.1981
25.7.1963
11.7.1963
E0489
Commission de l'Industrie des jus de fruits et de
D0822
légumes de la communauté économique économique
Groupe européen de chimiothérapie anticancéreuse
18.6.1963
18.6.1963
25.6.1963
25.6.1963
Association Européenne des Spécialités Grand Public
Paris
Application art. 8 - loi du
25 .1 0.1919
D3970
290
Yearbook
no
Arrêté royal
Modifications statuts
Data mention
au Moniteur
belge
Annexes Moniteur
Publication statuts
Publication
modifications
statuts
U 1293
Plant Location International
10.6.1964
17.6. 1964
27.8.1964
Dissoute : Annexes Moniteur 24.1.1966, no 863
U6339
Union Canine Internationale
C2132
Institut International de Recherches betteravières
(I.I.R.B.)
25.5.1965
12.6,965
15.7.1965
1 1 . 7 .1 9 6 3
A.R. nouv.stat. 6.12.1977
23.6.1964
19.7,963
24,2,977
1.7,964
5.9.1963
-
Société Européenne de Cardiologie Pèdiatrique
A.R. nouv. stat. 16.9.1966
5,0,966
C4465
La Chaîne Bleue Mondiale
15.7.1964
25.7,964
27.8,964
C1370
Association Internationale des Journalistes de la
Presse Féminine et Familiale
17.6.1964
25.6.1964
6.8,964
D0909
« Eurotest «
6.10.1964
15,0,964
11.1.1964
D0550
Association Européenne pour la Coopération
15.9.1964
3,0,964
29,0,964
H 0891
Union Européenne des Coupeurs de Poil pour
Chapellerie et Filature
13.10.1964
24,0,964
19, 1,9 64
Association Internationale de Recherche et de
Diffusion des Méthodes Audio-Visuelles et StructuroGlobales
18.2.1965
2.3,965
17.6.1966
B1234
Internationale Vereniging voor Onderzoek en
Verspreiding van de Audio-Visuele en StructureelGlobale Méthodes
29.10 1964
Nederl. tekst statuten
17.5.1971
E3144
Pro Mundi Vita
18.12.1964
29.12. 1964
14.1,965
U21 78
Centre d'Entr'aide Intellectuelle Africaine
25.1.1966
3.2.1966
3.3,966
D0726
Fédération européenne des Fabricants d'Aliments
composés pour Animaux (F.E.F.A.C.)
18.12.1964
25,2.1964
14.1,965
Nouv. stat. A.R. 31 .8.1973
25.9.2973
25.10,973
H 5570
Centre Européen de Documentation et d'Etudes
gérontologiques
27.10.1964
6,1,964
3,2,964
H 1288
Association Internationale des AnesthésistesRèanimateurs d'Expression Française
3.2.1965
11.2. 1965
4.3,965
D0030
Institut Européen du Jouet
4.1.1965
7.1,965
D 1954
Confédération internationale de la Boucherie et de la
Charcuterie » C.I.B.C. »
23.5.1966
17.6. 1966
18.8.1966
Dissoute Annexes du Moniteur : 6.12.1973
H 1760
Conseil International des Architectes de Monuments
Historiques « E.C.A.R.M.O. »
5.4.1966
12.5,966
D3638
Association internationale des Documentaristes
(A.I.D.)
18.6.1965
8.7.1965
12.8.1965
D0749
Confédération Européenne des Relations Publiques
» C.E.R.P. »
22.1.1965
29.1.1965
1.4.1965
Nouv. stat. Den.
{ 13.12.1980
4.3,980
U 1785
Centre international de documentations Antonio
Vivaldi
12.5.1965
25.5,965
157,965
E2525
Association Oecuménique pour Eglise et Société
17.3,965
31.3.1965
20.5,965
A.R. nouv. dên. 27.7.1981
13.8,981
11.2,982
D0864
Société Européenne de Pathologie
9.2,970
19.2,970
19.3,970
D2470
Fédération Internationale du Tourisme social
3.2,966
17.2,966
10.3,966
D0770
Association de Fabricants Européens d'Appareils de
Contrôle
12.7,966
26.7,966
8.9,966
Mod.dèn. 7.10.1977
28,0.1977
-
Association Auxiliaire du Centre Européen de
l'Entreprise Publique
10.6.1965
25.6,965
15.7,965
F 0133
Association des Anciens Etudiants du Collège
d'Europe
14.12,965
21,2,985
10.2,966
E0608
Centre Européen du Carbon Black
1.3,966
10.3.1966
2.6,966
291
Date mention
au Moniteur
belge
Annexes Moniteur
Publication statuts
Publication
modifications
statuts
26.8.1965
8.9.1965
23.9.1965
Académie Internationale de Comptabilité
24.12.1965
20.1.1966
17.2.1966
Mouvement International de la Jeunesse agricole et
rurale Catholique
27.1.1966
8.2.1966
17.3.1966
U 1232
Les Amis des Universités de Paix
22.11.1965
3.12.1965
C2826
Jeunesse Ouvrière Chrétienne Internationale
9.5.1968
18.5.1968
20.6.1968
E6405
Federation of European American Organisations
11 .8. 19 66
2.9.1966
22.9.1966
H 0679
Communauté Européenne des Etudiants en Sciences
Economiques « C.E.E.S.E. »
24.3.1967
29.4.1967
D0159
Union des Groupements d'Achat de l'Alimentation
« U.G.A.L. »
8.3.1966
19.3.1966
A.R. nouv. stat. 25.5.1978
23.6.1978
1 4 . 1 1 .1 9 6 6
24.11.1966
A.R. nouv. stat. 13.9.1976
23.9.1976
Year
book
D0731
no
Denomination - siege
Arrête royal
Fédération Européenne des Associations des Instituts
de Crédit
22.8.1968
D0778
Groupement Européen des Maisons d'alimentation et
d'approvisionnement à succursales « G.E.M.A.S. »
H 8216
B2274
D0573
Association Européenne des Centres Nationaux de
Productivité
21.4.1966
29.12.1966
-
Centre d'Etude des Supports de l'Information
5.4.1966
16.4.1966
14.7.1966
-
Communauté Catholique de Langue Allemande
15.3.1966
6.4.1966
28.4.1966
E4316
Association internationale des Amis de Robert
Schuman (Bruxelles-Belgique)
14.6.1966
D0875
Association Européenne de Thanatologie
20.10.1966
19 .1 1. 19 66
15.12.1966
-
Village des Jeunes Européens « Le Pouget »
15.6.1966
28.6.1966
14.7.1966
D2287
Bureau International d'Audiophonologie
24.3.1967
H 3928
« Pro Electron »
7.12.1966
21.7.1966
20.4.1967
1 9. 1 2 . 1 9 6 6
26.1.1967
Dissolution Annexes du Moniteur 03.03.1983 et 08.09.1983
D5569
Association Européenne des Industries de Produits de
marque
22.12.1967
11.1.1968
8.2.1968
D1003
Groupement des Utilisateurs de Matériaux
Réfractaires (G.U.M.R.)
20.7.1967
15.8.1967
21.9.1967
D0577
Association Européenne des Centres de Lutte contre
les poisons
26.10.1966
10 .11.1 96 6
15.12.1966
-
Ecole Supérieure du Verre
7.3.1968
D1184
Association Internationale des Métiers et
Enseignements d'Art
9.12.1966
2 1 . 1 2 . 1 96 6
9.2.1967
B 1714
Comité International de Coordination pour l'Initiation à
9.2.1967
Transfert siège: Annexes du
la Science et le Développement des Activités
Scientifiques Extra-Scolaires
11 .4. 19 68
Association Européenne des Réserves Naturelles
Libres
13.10.1967
23.3.1967
Moniteur
14.2.1980
20.10.1967
27.4.1967
H 5568
U0798
Centre International d'Etudes des Techniques
Modernes d'Information et d'Education
26.4.1967
23.5.1967
29.2.1968
C1217
Association Internationale pour l'Evaluation du
Rendement Scolaire
30.5.1967
C1560
Commission Internationale du Verre
1 1. 4 . 1 9 6 8
E0511
Groupement des Caisses d'Epargnes de la
Communauté Economique Européenne
U5266
Le Confluent des deux Mers
C2090
Groupement International des Associations Nationales
de Fabricants de Produits Agrochimiques
292
14.12.1 96 7
21.9.1967
25.7.1968
A. R. nouv. stat. 5. 11 .1974
25.5.1967
19.11.1974
13.6.1967
6.2.1975
6.7.1967
11.12.1967
23.5.1973
19.12.1967
9.8.1973
8.2.1968
5.3.1968
14.3.1968
4.4.1968
A.R. nouv. stat. 26.5.1976
A.R. nouv. stat. 29.2.1980
22.4.1975
9.6.1976
14.3.1980
19,6.1975
28.10.1976
Annexes Moniteur
Publication statuts
Publication
modifications
statuts
Yearbook
no
Arrête royal
Date mention
au Moniteur
belge
C1708
» Populorum Progessio »
Coopération Internationale pour le Développement
Socio-Economique » C.I.D.S.E. »
18.7.1967
29.7.1968
C2174
International Iron and Steel Institute « I.I.S.I. »
27.9.1967
5.10.1967
E0159
Association des Anciens Stagiaires de la Communauté
Economique Européenne
4.8.1967
268.1967
U1453
Roger de La Pasture - Rogier Van Der Weyden
4.9.1967
26.91967
22.2.1969
F 3796
Les Amis de l'Association internationale des
Journalistes de la Presse Féminine et Familiale
11.8.1969
28.8.1969
25.9.1969
C1260
Internationale Bouworde
1 2 . 1 .1 9 6 8
K.B. nieuwe stat. 4.7.1975
23.1.1968
19.7.1975
29.2.1968
U3057
Institut International du Tapis
22.8.1968
10.10.1968
J7951
Association Internationale du Personnel de
l'Organisation Européenne pour la Sécurité de la
Navigation Aérienne
22.8.1968
24.10.1968
C1940
Fédération Cynologique Internationale « F.C.I. »
5.3.1968
E0785
Institut Européen des Industries de la Pectine
12.8.1968
-
Association pour le Développement du Basket-Bail
(ADBB-U.L.B.)
28.3.1968
9.4.1968
6.6.1968
-
Centre Islamique et Culturel
Mod. den. but. 07.04.1981
7.5.1968
24.4.1981
16.5.1968
20.6.1968
D0539
Association Europe/Tiers Monde
13.6.1968
28.6.1968
25.7.1968
Durée jusqu'au 31.8.1983 -
la durée peut être
19.10.1967
prolongée
27.6.1968
19.9.1968
Mod. den. but. 07.04.1981
22.04.1981
31.10.1968
G 4806
Foyers de l'Unité
29.8.1968
C3559
Mouvement mondial des travaileurs chrétiens
22.8.1968
D4671
The European Petrochemical Association
27.12.1968
21. 1.1969
13.2.1969
-
I.I.T. Research Institute (I.I.R.I.)
Appl. article 7 du traité
d'amitié - Annexes
du
Moniteur
5. 1970
D2330
International Organization of the Flavour Industry
« I.O.F.I. »
11.8.1969
29.8.1969
Dissolution - Annexes du
Moniteur no 3176
7.3.1980.
E0801
Comité de Liaison Européen des Commissionnaires et
Auxiliaires de Transports du Marché Commun
- C.L.E.C.A.T. -
3.4.1970
15.4.1970
23.7.1970
U6590
Association Internationale du Mérite de l'Europe
26.5.1970
6.6.1970
30.7.1970
F 0105
Comité International de Recherche et d'Etude de
Facteurs de l'Ambiance « C.I.F.A. »
9.7.1969
19.7.1969
28.8.1969
D0569
Association Européenne de Médecine Interne
d'ensemble
9.2.1970
19.2.1970
19.3.1970
-
Mixed Hockey Club » Oranje »
6.2.1970
17.2.1970
19.3.1970
E3897
Association Internationale des Anciens des
Communautés Européennes
3.4.1970
15.4.1970
2.7.1970
D4521
Urbanisme et Commerce
16.9.1969
26.9.1969
6.11.1969
H 5313
Organisation Internationale pour le Développement
Rural
10.10.1969
18.10.1969
27.11.1969
-
Association pour la Promotion Technico-Culturelle
Belge Latino-américaine
3.4.1970
15.4.1970
29.10.1970
D2138
Groupe Européen des Radiothérapeutes
3.4.1970
15.4.1970
21.5.1970
-
Association internationale pour la Documentation
juridique
3.4.1970
15.4.1970
25.6.1970
H 5509
Conférence internationale pour la Recherche et
l'Enseignement Supérieur et Universitaire en Relations
publiques
3.4.1970
21.4.1970
21.5.1970
E1290
Mudra International « Centre de Perfectionnement et
de Recherche des Interprètes du Spectacle
30.4.1970
16.5.1970
2.7.1970
Nouv. dèn. 2.12.1981
13.1.1982
10.06.1982
28.
293
Yearbook no
Arrête royal
Date mention
au Moniteur
belge
Annexes Moniteur
Publication statuts
Publication
modifications
statuts
3.9.1970
H 3894
Association Internationale Europe 2000
30.6.1970
16.7.1970
H 2813
Centre International du Commerce de gros intérieur et
extérieur
26.4.1968
21.5.1968
D5416
Fédération Européenne des Indépendants et des
Cadres (Eurincad)
29.12.1969
1 3. 1 . 1 9 7 0
D 1 59 7
12.2.1970
Union Européenne des Praticiens en Médecine
Dentaire
5.11.1974
1 9. 1 2 . 1 9 7 4
D2316
Association Internationale pour l'avancement de la
recherche et de la Technologie aux Hautes Pressions
27.10.1970
14.11.1970
24.12.1970
D3942
European Bitumen Association
15.4.1970
1. 5. 1 97 0
9.7.1970
A.R. nouv. stat. 10.9.1975
A.R. nouv.stat. 13.9.1976
25.9.1975
23.9.1976
13.11.1975
27.10.1971
D 1930
Union Internationale des Groupements professionnels
des importateurs et distributeurs grossistes en
alimentation
11.
1 0 . 1971
E4410
Institut Européen Interuniversitaire de l'Action sociale
27.10.1970
14.11.1970
A.R. Siège 3.12. 1973
8.1.1974
24.12.1970
D 2423
Table ronde internationale pour le développement de
l'orientation
1 3 . 4 .1 9 7 1
7.5.1971
19.8.1971
G 3182
Centre International de Documentation » C.I.D. »
Conseil de la Toison d'Or
23.4.1971
7.5.1971
1. 7. 197 1
D9209
Groupement européen des producteurs de verre plat
1 9 . 7 .1 9 7 1
13.8.1971
23.9.1971
Nouv. stat. Den. { 26.
3.5.1971
7. 1978
15.8.1978
12.5.1971
29.7.1971
Nouv. stat. A.R. 18.10.1973
31 . 1 0. 1 97 3
6.12.1973
7.5.1971
23.9.1971
C2403
Bureaux Internationaux de la Récupération
C4231
Fédération Internationale des Centres d'Entraînement
aux Méthodes d'éducation active
2.4.1971
G 0436
Atlantic Visitors Association
9.9.1970
22.9.1970
29.10.1970
E2961
Fédération Hypothécaire auprès de (a Communauté
Economique Européenne
5.11 . 1 9 7 1
25.11.1971
2 3 .1 2 . 1 9 71
F 3945
Institut Européen de Recherches et d'Etudes
Supérieures en Management
1 3 .4 .1 9 7 1
7.5.1971
10.6.1971
C3355
Union Internationale Motonautique
4.9.1972
26.9.1972
1.11.1972
C4313
Association Internationale du droit nucléaire
12.8.1971
27.8.1971
7 . 1 0 .1 9 7 1
A.R nouv. stat. Den
12. 1972
{
6.
28.12.1972
G 0769
Association Internationale d'Etudes Industrielles
1 2 .8 .1 9 7 1
27.8.1971
-
Inter-Université
1 2 .8 .1 9 7 1
27.8.1971
7.10.1971
D0615
Conseil Européen des Fédérations de l'Industrie
Chimique - European Council of Chemical
Manufacturers' Federations
5.1.1973
18.1.1973
1.3.1973
H4119
Groupe international d'étude du Dépistage et de la
Prévention du Cancer
1. 7. 1971
3 0. 719 7 1
2.9.1971
A.R. nouv. stat. 1 .12. 1976
12.8.1971
11 . 1 2 . 1 9 7 6
27.8.1971
2.12.1971
U3058
Centre International de Documentation de la F.I.J.E.T.
D3943
Bureau Européen de Coordination des Organisations
internationales de Jeunesse
13 .10 .1971
27.10.1971
D3964
European Disposables Nonwovens Association
27.8.1971
28.9.1971
28.10.1971
F 0570
Fondation Européenne pour le Management
Stichting voor Management Development
A.R. nouv. dèn. 18. 10. 1973
11.10.1971
9. 11. 1973
2 7 .1 0 .1 9 71
16.121971
H 2378
Groupement International d'étude pour l'exploitation
des voitures-lits en Europe
20.3.1972
5.4.1972
18.5.1972
Dissolution
14.2.1972
26.2.1972
21.1.1982
4.5.1972
D1978
Institut Européen des Industries de la Gomme de
Caroube
D5377
Internationale Vereniging voor Nederlandistiek
294
Toep. van artikel 8 van de wet van 25 oktober 1 9 1 9
Yearbook
no
Arrête royal
Date mention
au Moniteur
belge
Annexes Moniteur
Publication statuts
Publication
modifications
statuts
-
Amitiés Européennes
25.11.1971
1 1.12.1971
27.1.1972
-
Euro-Malaysion Cooperation Society
10 .1 2. 1971
5.1.1972
10.2.1972
D3847
Association Européenne des Editeurs d'Annuaires
12.9.1973
2.10.1973
8 . 1 1 .1 9 7 3
D4051
Institut Européen de recherche pour l'Aménagement
régional et urbain
10.4.1972
6.5.1972
22.6,1972
D2943
Association Européenne des Promoteurs de Centres
commerciaux
12.9.1972
26.9.1972
23.11.1972
D0690
Confédération européenne des Syndicats nationaux.
Associations et Sections professionnelles de
Pédiatres
9.8.1972
13.9.1972
1 9 . 1 0. 1 9 7 2
D0449
Conseil européen des Comités nationaux de Jeunesse
20.3.1972
5.4.1972
4.5.1972
D4398
European Late effects project group
31.7.1972
11.8.1972
21.9.1972
D2388
Comité Européen des Bureaux d'Ingénierie
4.9.1972
26.9.1972
1.11.1972
-
Tilapia International Association
12.9.1972
26.9.1972
26.10.1972
D3941
European Alliance of Muscular Dystrophy Association
29.6.1972
14.7.1972
31.8.1972
Durée : 25 ans
E2609
Centre international de Documentation des
Producteurs de Scories Thomas
14.8.1972
5.9.1972
5.10.1972
B3456
Assemblée Mondiale de la Jeunesse
19.8.1972
13.9.1972
17.11.1972
D2932
Orgalime
12.7.1974
23.7.1974
2 8 . 1 1. 1 9 7 4
G 8586
Montfaucon Research Center
1 5. 1 0 . 1 9 7 2
11.11.1972
1 4 . 1 2. 1 9 7 2
D9086
Association Européenne d'Informatique Théorique
4.9.1972
26.9.1972
28.12.1972
B1349
Association internationale des Etudiants en sciences
économiques et commerciales
Nouv. stat. 13.10.1980
4.9.1972
25.10.1980
26.9.1972
19 .1 1. 19 81
26,10.1972
-
Europe scientifique
16.11.1972
2.12.1972
25.1.1973
J 8442
Réalités et perspectives eur-africaines
16 .11 .1 97 2
2 .1 2.1 97 2
14 . 12 . 1 97 2
U4919
Pro. Duct
1 1 , 4. 1 9 7 3
1.5.1973
21.6.1973
D0938
Federation of European Industrial Editors Associations
25.1.1973
13.2.1973
12.4.1973
U0934
Comité de Liaison des Fruits Tropicaux et Légumes de
contre-Saison originaires des Etats Africains et
Malgache Associés
20.9.1973
18. 10. 1973
13 . 12 . 1 97 3
H 2943
Humanité 2000
5.4.1973
21.4.1973
30.8.1973
D2379
Comité Audio-visuel européen
25.1.1973
10.2.1973
22.3.1973
D4565
Fédération européenne des Associations des
Etablissements de crédit-bail
1.3.1973
27.3,1973
4.5.1973
23.5.1973
A.R. nouv. stat. 30.4.1979
16.5.1979
8. 1 0. 1 97 3
27.10.1973
24.1.1974
organizations in Europe of Fresh Fruit and Vegetables
30.10.1973
Mod.dén. 6.2.1980
A.R. nouv. stat. 28. 1. 1981
17.11.1973
21.2.1980
11.2.1981
20.12.1973
24.4.1980
28.5.1981
G 2391
Information et Développement
14.5.1973
29.5.1973
19.7.1973
-
Voorlichting en Ontwikkeling
International Marketing Development
D4224
Europese Federatie van Verenigingen van
Leasingondernemingen
Société Européenne pour la formation des ingénieurs
D4409
Association internationale pour le Droit de
l'Alimentation
D3466
Confederation of Importers and Marketing
26.7.1973
30.10.1973
1 7 . 1 1. 1973
24.1.1974
D1 6 4 0
Association internationale des Professeurs de
philisophie
11.6.1974
25.6.1974
7.11.1974
-
Fédération des Chambres de Commerce belge à
l'Etranger
5.11.1974
2 1.11.19 74
31.8.1973
25.9.1973
D0538
Verbond der Belgische Kamers van Koophandel in het
Buitenland
Europa Nostra
295
Yearbook
no
Arrête royal
Date mention
au Moniteur
belge
Annexes Moniteur
Publication statuts
Publication
modifications
statuts
D0538
Europa Nostra
31.8.1973
25.9.1973
G 0661
International Press Club Bruxelles-Brussel
29. 11 . 1 9 7 3
20.12.1973
21.3.1974
G 3776
The Irish Farmers' Association international
29.11.1973
21.12.1973
28.2.1974
H 0075
Organisation Internationale pour la construction des
programmes scolaires
31.8.1973
13.10.1973
2 2 . 1 1 .1 9 7 3
D4561
Institute of Sociology of Law for Europe
Dissoute : Annexes du Moniteur : 17 . 1 1.1977
17.1.1974
30.1.1974
D2718
European Coil Coating Association
17.6.1974
29.6.1974
12.9.1974
C4571
Centre international d'étude des producteurs de
Tantale
6-8.1974
21.8.1974
24.10.1974
D9663
Tantalum Producers International Study Center
26.4.1974
9.5.1974
4.7.1974
G 8550
Société Internationale de Thérapie Psychomotrice
Union Eur'Audit
11.6.1974
25.6.1974
19.9.1974
7.3.1974
-
Association culturelle artistique et scientifique
Belgique-Philippines
26.4.1974
9.5.1974
D8960
Centre International d'Etudes du Lindane
23.4.1974
8.5.1974
29.8.1974
_
Internationaal Centrum voor Arbeidsvorming
23.9.1974
8 . 1 0 .1 9 7 4
12.12.1974
F 3506
International Health Foundation
6.8.1974
21.8.1974
14.11.1974
D6941
International Child Neurology Association
14.8.1974
3.9.1974
1 9 . 1 2 .1 9 7 4
-
Banque de la Fraternité universelle
6.8.1974
21.8.1974
19. 12. 19 74
-
Comité Artistique du Festival International de la Danse
à Venise
Association Européenne des Assurés de l'Industrie
8.10.1974
17. 10. 1974
12.12.1974
1 2. 12 . 19 74
24.12.1974
20.3.1975
Transfert siège
A.R. Mod. but: 1 8 . 1 1 . 1977 6.12.1977
Transfert siège
5.11.1974
23. 11.1974
20.3.1975
Dissolution
D7360
20.3.1980
20.3.1975
D9729
International Fragance Association
G 4345
Centre Gandhi - Association internationale au Service
de l'Homme et de la Vie
7.4.1975
10.5.1975
27.3.1980,
no 3 1 4 1
31.7.1975
G 0233
Banque des Arts
27.12.1974
24.1.1975
24.4.1975
-
Conseil général des Etudiants Etrangers en Belgique
4.2.1975
26.2.1975
5.6.1975
E7745
Les Anciens des Ecoles Européennes
7.4.1975
7.5.1975
10.7.1975
E5148
Europe-China Association
20.5.1975
12.6.1975
14.8.1975
A.R. mod.dén but {
12. 1977
6.
11.1.1978
Erratum
Association Internationale de Technologie des
Conférences
Fédération Internationale des Mouvements d'Adultes
Ruraux catholiques
4.7.1975
17.1. 1978
24.7.1975. n° 1 4 1
10.7.1975
5.8.1975
-
Fondation du Conseil International du Sport Militaire
13.8.1975
no 7617
27.8.1975, no 1 6 4 16.10,1975.
G 2723
Centra Studi ed Informazione sulle Communità
Europee (Centre d'Etudes et d'Information sur les
Communautés Européennes)
25.8.1975
3.9.1975, no 169
1 6. 10 - 19 75 ,
D9551
Bureau International Technique du Spathfluor
25.8.1975
11 .9 .19 75, no 17 5
no 3789
6.11.1975,
-
Fonds d'Entr' Aide A.F.I.
13.8.1975
26.8.1975. no 1 6 3
no's
8833-8834
23-10.1975,
D0631
Comité Européen de Normalisation
24.10.1975
no 8306
5 . 1 1 .1 9 7 5 . no 2 1 4 29.1-1976,
D5414
Bureau Européen de l'Environnement
9. 12 . 19 75
1 9 . 12 . 19 75 . no
245
-
European Environmental Bureau
Centre Européen d'Etude et d'Information sur les
Sociétés Multinationales
9.12.1975
3 1 . 1 2. 1 9 7 5 , no
251
H 4411
C1845
25.9.1975,
no 8235
Dissolution
no 604
15.4.1976,
no 3277
26.2. 1976,
no 1433
15.10,1981
Yearbook no
Dénomination - allège
Arrête royal
Date mention au Moniteur
belge
Annexes Moniteur
Publication statuts
D4110
European Federation for Intercultural Learning
9. 1 2 . 1 9 7 5
1 9 . 1 2 . 1975, no
245
11.3.1976,
A.R. mod. den. 20.12.1979
16.1.1980, no 11
G 1283
Youth For Understanding
6.1.1976
20.1.1976
D 6948
International Carpet Classification Organisation
16. 1.1 97 6
28.1.1976, no 19
B 3370
United Bible Societies
Appl article 8 de la loi du 2 5 . 1 0 . 1 9 1 9 - publ. Ann. Mon.
D 5426
Association Européenne du Transport et Convoyage
de Valeurs
D 0052
no 1984
27.3.1980.
no 3220
1.4.1976,
no 2844
11.3.1976,
no 2 16 7
15.4.1976
31.3.1976
22.4.1976, no 79
Association des Producteurs de Matières Plastiques
en Europe
11.6.1976
26.6.1976. no 1 2 4 30.9.1977,
H 7578
Association de Fabricants et d'Importateurs de
Tronçonneuses opérant en Europe
21 .4. 19 76
1.5.1976, no 86
no 8 1 7 1
23.3.1978
_
Pro Natura
21.4.1976
29.4.1976, no 84
8.7.1976,
D 5832
Fédération mondiale des Dirigeants des Instituts de
Beauté et de l'Esthétique
26.5.1976
9.6.1976, no 1 1 1
24.6.1976,
no s
5582-5583
no 5855
16.9.1976.
no 7605
Wereldfederatie der Leiders van de
Schoonheidsinstituten en van Esthetiek
H 7227
Association des Fabricants Européens de Pièces
Automobiles (A.F.E.P.A.)
21.6.1976
7.7.1976, n° 1 3 1
D0115
Fédération Mondiale des Amis de Musées
4.5.1976
no 6871
14.5.1976, no 95 24.6.1976,
World Federation of Friends of Museums
C1912
Fédération internationale des Archives du Film
(F.I.A.F.)
4.8.1977,
no 5530
Application article 8
1 8 . 1 1 .1 9 7 6 ,
de la loi du 25.10.1919
Mod. siège
no 9411
28.2.1980,
no 1839
D 5301
Fédération Européenne de l'Industrie des Aliments
pour Animaux Familiers
1.7.1976
15.7.1976, no
137
G 2360
Amicale des Algériens en Belgique
2.9.1976
15.9.1976, no 180
-
Union des Editeurs de Langue Française
13.9.1976
23.9.1976, no 186
_
Fondation pour l'Organisation Européenne de
2.12.1976,
no 9803
1 1 .11 .19 7 6,
no s
9170-9180
Recherche sur le Traitement du Cancer
13.9.1976
D 8705
Association pour la Formation des Enseignants en
Europe
1 1 . 10 . 19 76
D 6714
Association Internationale des Coordinateurs pour
2 1 . 1 0. 1 9 7 6 , no
206
2.12.1976,
no 9759
9.12.1976,
no 10022
23.12.1976,
no 10433
l'Environnement
28.12.1976
13.1. 1977, n o 9
F 5152
Fonds Européen de Coopération
12. 1.1977
22.1.1977, no 16
14.4.1977,
no 2880
31.3.1977,
D 0 1 48
Europees Fonds voor Samenwerking
Institut Européen des Armes de Chasse et de Sport
12. 1.1977
20.1.1977, no 14
no 2316
7.4.1977
297
Bibliographie
Future Forces : An Association Executive's Guide to a Décade
of Change and Choice, by David Pearce Snyder and Gregg
Edwards, The Foundation of the American Society of Association Executives, Washington, 1984.
The Foundation of the American Society
of Association Executives (ASAE) published last year the results of its latest
study.
Written by futurists D. P. Snyder and G.
Edwards, Future Forces paints a detailed
picture of what the operating environment
of associations will be like the next 10 or
15 years. Although the authors have tried
to conduct a comprehensive survey, international associations seem to have been
completely forgotten, and some highttech sectors in industry, trade and professions have been strongly emphasized, in
contrast with others like health, environment or labour relations which have received poor treatment.
The study contains four main sections assessing the impact on associations of current long-term demographic, economic,
technological and socio-political forces
for change. The whole work is the culmination of the first initiative launched by the
Foundation in response to recommendations gathered from North-American associations through a survey, the second
initiative being an ongoing programme of
in-depth analyses into specific future
trends and developments that will be crucial to the association management profession.
Future Forces describes how associations
will have to deal with :
• A 25% decline in the number of new
workers entering the labor force over the
next ten years.
• A jump in the number of working mothers from 40 % in 1979 to 66 % by 1990.
• Frustrations and discontent on the part
of Baby Boomers caught in « mid-career
compaction ». The number of aspirants for
management promotions will more than
triple by 1995.
• The potential resurgence of union activism in the information sector.
• The creation of a new class of « information have-nots ». As United States
continues to move into the « information
age », potentially one-third of the populace will be left behind, creating new imperatives for society.
important opportunity to play a central
role in ushering that country into the « information age ». The authors stress that
its citizens will have to invent the new institutions, organizations, and rules of the
information economy and the information
society in the next ten years.
The American association community includes 16,519 national trade associations
and professional societies - three times
as many as there were in the mid-1950's,
Counting regional, state and local organizations, the number jumps to 40.000.
More than 495,000 people are employed
by national associations, with a total payroll of S 9.8 billion, says the A.S.A.E., and
there are at leal a half-million more employees in the other associations.
Professional societies comprise professionals in fields such as law or medicine.
For example, the American Medical Association, which has more than 235,000
members. The A.M.A., like other professional societies, lobbies and supports political-action committees across the nation, helps its members keep up to date on
medical practices by means of continuing-education courses and accreditation
of educational programmes, and publishes medical journals.
Trade associations and professional societies engage in exchange of ideas
among members and establish professional standards. Staffs publish newslettters and organize meetings and conventions.
The A.S.A.E., says that associations - almost all of which stage conventions spend more than $ 16 billion each year
and account for more than two-thirds of
the
total
convention
market.
Because associations vigorously promote
their causes in government circles, most
of them are based in Washington, and
more of them are moving to there. After
government and tourism, associations represent the third-largest industry in
Washington, with 75.000 employees
working for 3,100 national associations,
with an annual payroll exceeding $ 2 billion.
The A.S.A.E. says that the average association employs a staff of 24. but pays staff
could range from one to several hundred.
A typical association employs 6 to 10 people headed by a secretary, executive se-
The most important assertion made in Future Forces is that associations have an
cretary, executive director, executive vice
president and president.
The association with the largest number
of employees is the Insurance Service Office, with a staff of 4,000, according to the
A.S.A.E. Most associations have several
departments, such as convention planning, education services, financial services, government relations, marketing,
membership and public relations.
In their closing chapter, the authors call
for an adaptive society based on information as an agent for change and on increasing literacy: more informed consumers,
more knowledgeable voters and more sophisticated workers. United States is
seen as a future » information society »,
even though one third of American adults
will be left behind with no functional competency, like handling simple shopping
arithmetic or filling in a job application
form. In response to such formidable challenges, the authors believe that associations could create the instrumental innovation of the post-industrial age by mobilizing their information resources to guide
public and private sector policies and investments. The association community is
presented as the only viable alternative to
» centralized planning that exploits both the
productive potential of information technology and the economic power of information itself » , and to decision-making » dictated by
ideology and political power ».
The book contains useful tables on demographic trends, job entry screening techniques, components of U.S. workforce
from 1860 to 1983. criteria for location of
high-tech companies, factors that influence individual initiatives and components of the-quality of life. As a whole, it
should be considered more as an exploration of current social trends and future
issues which assocation executives are
confronted with, than an inquiry into actual association policies. Although the book
is not always free of ideological biases - in
this case an unshakable belief in the virtues of technological progress-which the
authors otherwise firmly dismiss, it provides its readers with an accurate and
lively description of future issues affecting
associations and
thoughtful
indications
as how these can lead its members and
society at large through the transition into
the twenty-first century.
Paul Ghils
Organisation of cooperative technical assistance in Canada,
Sweden and the U.S.A. : lessons for other movements, by S.K.
Saxena, S.K. Saxena and Associates, 56 Raymerville Drive,
Markham, Ontario, Canada L3P4J5. Price : $ 5.00.
The deficiencies of the » trickle-down »
approach to technical assistance are by
now well-known. As a consequence, the
role of non-governmental organisations is
being increasingly emphasized. Several
Cooperative Movements have set up their
own technical assistance bodies. Dr.
Saxena examines the evolution and experiences of three such organisations established by the Canadian, Swedish and the
US movements and draws lessons which
may be useful for others. He outlines the
work of the Cooperative Development
Foundation (including a brief reference to
the Quebec based SDID), the Swedish
Cooperative Centre which in some ways
has been a pioneer organisation and the
US Overseas Committee on Development
Cooperation
which
includes,
among
others, the ACDI, CARE, CHF, CLUSA
NRECA. VDC and WOCCU/CUNA. The
OCDC has actively lobbied the US authorities for increased resources for helping
movements in the Third World.
All these organisations depend upon Government help from CIDA. SDA and the
USAID; this does not exonerate the movements from raising funds from their memport and to indicate the seriousness of
their own intentions. The author emphasizes the need for efficient feed-back to
members in order to help them conceptualize the problems of the developing world
as well as to report on the ways members'
contributions are being used. He outlines
some innovative approaches adopted by
the US and, latterly, by the Canadian cooperatives by which government commod-
ity support is monetized and used for cooperative development overseas. There is,
he notes, an absence of systematic information interchange on the subject of assistance.
The study was written at the request of.
and supported by, the Swedish Cooperative Centre, Stockholm, and the Committee for the Promotion of Aid to Cooperatives, Rome; neither of the organisations
is. however, responsible for the views expressed. In addition to Canada, Sweden
and the United States, the author held discussions with leaders of cooperative
movements in Italy, Austria, the UK, the
Netherlands and Denmark. To the field investigations, Dr. Saxena adds his own unrivalled knowledge of the international
Cooperative Movement.
Cooperatives and peace, by S.K. Saxena, S.K. Saxena and
Associates, 56 Raymerville Drive, Markahm,Ontario, Canada
L3P4J5. Price : $ 4.00.
Dr. Saxena discusses in this publication
the role which Cooperatives can play in
promoting the cause of World Peace. The
Movement at the international level has
done precious little apart from adopting
numerous Resolutions which are repetitive and devoid of practical significance.
He analyses the reasons for these empty
gestures and describes the contribution
of one national movement. The movements at the national level are fragmented
and Dr. Saxena suggests some conceptual and practical ways of building a coordinated initiative on Peace so that cooperative support to this vital issue is total.
not partial. Peace should be introduced in
the syllabi of cooperative schools and colleges and the relationship between cooperation in its specific and generic senses
should be studied and researched closely;
experiences of recently set up Peace
Academies and Conflict Resolution Institutes will be of help and Cooperative Colleges must establish active contacts with
them.
But if the cooperative movement is to actively pursue its new role, its leaders must
be sensitized to this issue; the move-
ment's concerns need to be widened. This
will require time; the induction of women
and youth will, to some extent, help in sensitizing the cooperative movement to issues of Peace which have so far been regarded by it as extraneous.
For the first time we have here concrete
suggestions about the role of cooperatives in the promotion of Peace.
The paper is a slightly modified version of
a lecture Dr. Saxena delivered at the Coop Institute at the Loyola University, Chicago. Illinois.
299
ECHOS DE LA VlE ASSOCIATIVE
NEWS
ON ASSOCIATIVE
Adult education
l'Europe des consommateurs
En juin 1985 s'est tenue en Suède la première conférence de l'« International League for Social Commitment in Adult Education ». Fondée un an plus tôt par un
groupe d'éducateurs aux Etats-Unis, la
Ligue s'est assigné comme objectif la
» défense de l'égalité et de la justice
sociales et des droits des collectivités et
des individus ». Informations : Robert Hoghielm, Stockholm Institute of Education,
Department of Educational Research, Box
34103. S-100 26 Stockholm, Suéde).
Depuis la mise en place de la nouvelle
Commission européenne, les commissaires Clinton Davies et Andriessen se sont
entretenus personnellement avec les
représentants des organisations européennes de consommateurs afin d'associer davantage le Comité consultatif des
consommateurs
(CCC)
aux
travaux
entrepris dans les services de la Commission, dans tous les domaines de la politique communautaire, lorsque les intérêts
des consommateurs sont en cause de
manière significative.
Nouvel ordre économique
Le CCC a été créé en 1973 par la Commission. Il compte 33 membres et
regroupe quatre organisations :
Un ensemble d'organisations caritatives
se sont groupées pour organiser à
l'Unesco, à Paris, une conférence internationale qui avait pour thème: « un seul
monde pour un nouvel ordre économique
international ». Cette conférence tenue
les 1er et 2 avril 1985 s'inscrit dans le
cadre du dialogue Nord-Sud et a abouti à
la création d'une association internationale qui s'appellera « Un seul monde ».
Ses objectifs sont de concrétiser des
actions concertées de développement et
de solidarité. Parmi les organisations qui
soutiennent le projet citons le Conseil
œcuménique des églises, la Ligue islamique mondiale, le mouvement bouddhiste
Soka Gakkai (Japon), le Comité catholique contre la faim et pour le développement (Paris). Misereor (Allemagne Fédérale). CIDSE (Belgique). Le siège de » Un
seul monde - est établi 24 avenue de Saxe
F-75007 Paris.
300
-
Bureau européen des
consommateurs (BEUC):
unions
de
- Confédération des organisations familiales de la Communauté européenne
(COFACE);
- Communauté européenne des coopératives de consommation (EURO COOP):
- Confédération européenne des syndicats (CES).
Le CCC est consulté par la Commission
sur toutes les propositions de celle-ci
pouvant concerner les consommateurs et
donne des avis sur ces propositions. Il
peut aussi donner des avis d'initiative,
c'est-à-dire se saisir lui-même de problèmes qu'il estime importants pour les
consommateurs. Les différents avis sont
AFFAIRS
élaborés sur la base de rapports préparés
au sein de groupes de travail.
La Commission a d'ailleurs eu l'occasion
de modifier le texte de certaines de ses
propositions pour tenir compte des avis
du CCC.
Le CCC se réunit cinq fois par an en
Comité plènier et le Bureau se réunit dix
fois par an. Par conséquent, dans le cadre
du CCC, l'organisation de consommateurs a de nombreuses occasions d'être
consultée sur les propositions de la Commission et de faire connaître son point de
vue.
Il convient de rappeler, en outre, que les
organisations de consommateurs bénéficient de subventions au titre du poste
6671 pour leur permettre une participation active et une meilleure coordination
de leurs travaux.
Enfin, en vue de mieux faire connaître les
avis préparés par le Comité, ceux-ci font
l'objet de communiques de presse de la
Commission qui sont, en outre, systématiquement transmis au Parlement Européen, au Comité Economique et Social,
aux administrations nationales concernées et sont, éventuellement, aussi
envoyés en réponse à des demandes
spécifiques.
Archimède et Léonard
L'Association internationale des techniciens, experts et chercheurs (AITEC), qui
se donne pour mission de » mettre en
œuvre, pratiquement et professionnellement, un refus des diktats techniques » et
de » redonner au débat politique toute son
importance », public la première livraison
de sa revue ARCHIMÈDE ET LEONARD.
Au sommaire, un dossier programmatique : » Le FMI ou comment s'en débarrasser ».
PID
INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMME OF INFORMATION ON
DEVELOPMENT
Exchange of Information on Development, Brussels, March 1986
Information Note to Non Governmental Organisations
The operation « Exchange of Information on Development » is centered
on the project of Information System
on the local communities (SICOB)
whose characteristics are described
below.
It is therefore important to organise a
coherent approach to the collection
and administration of information on
development.
The steps adopted will lead to an organisational framework intended to
facilitating the recourse to shared resources. The project aims at supporting Third-World NGOs for the
collection of data on the milieu, the
promotion of North-South and SouthSouth information and how to favour
the application of development actions.
We suggest that you participate in
this project in line with your activities, and according to your working
instruments.
We will study the applicability of the
project with you in the country that is
most suitable for your programme,
and we could identify together partner NGOs.
Personalia
• Lors de sa session du 27 au 30 mars à
Louvain (Belgique), le Conseil du
Bureau international catholique de
l'enfance (BICE) a accepté la démission
du chanoine J. Moerman de ses fonctions de secrétaire général du BICE.
Au cours de cette même session, le
Conseil a désigné Monsieur François
Ruegg, de nationalité suisse et ancien
représentant du BICE auprès des institutions
internationales
a
Vienne,
comme nouveau secrétaire général.
A cette même occasion, le Conseil a
désigné Monsieur Stefan Vanistendael
comme secrétaire général adjoint du
BICE.
• La deuxième assemblée générale de
l'Association œcuménique des théologiens africains, tenue en décembre
1984 à Nairobi, a élu à la présidence de
l'association le Rev. Max Ranfransoa,
secrétaire général du Conseil des églises de toute l'Afrique.
• Un nouveau bureau directeur de la
Confédération
interaméricaine
de
l'éducation catholique a été élu à
Mexico en février 1985. Au cours de
l'assemblée des présidents des confédérations membres César Blondet
Sabroso (Pérou) a été élu président et
Mario lantorno (Argentine) secrétaire
général.
• Au 1 5 e congrès de l'Union internationale des architectes, tenue au Caire au
début de cette année. M. Nils Carlson a
été élu secrétaire général en remplacement de M. Michel Lanthonie.
• The Vlth All-Christian Peace Assembly
held in Prague, July 1985. reelected
Bishop Dr Karoly Toht of the Hungarian
Reformed Church as President of the
Christian Peace Conference and Rev Dr
Lubomier Mirejovsky of the Evangelical
Church of Czech Brethren as Secretary
general.
• M. André J. Jacobs. Secretaire general
de l'Union internationale des transports
publics, a pris sa retraite à l'issue du
46e congrès international de I'UITP tenu
à Bruxelles du 19 au 24 mai 1985. C'est
M. Pierre Laconte qui a été choisi pour
le remplacer.
• Le 17 juin 1985. Patrick D. Gardon a
pris ses fonctions de secrétaire général du Conseil international des musées
(ICOM) à Paris.
• On 20th February 1985, the Executive
Director of Christian Democratic Inter-
(No 1, semestriel, 40 FF - AITEC. 14, place
de Rungis. 75013 Paris).
Poètes alpinistes
A la suite de l'assemblée générale à
Séoul en 1984 de l'Union internationale
des associations d'alpinisme, l'idée avait
été lancée de présenter des poètes qui
chantent les montagnes du monde. C'est
ainsi que vient de sortir le premier cahier
de cette série. Il est consacré au poète
épique Yi Un Sang qui est aussi président
du club alpin coréen. Les poèmes sont
présentés en français par J.F. Pierrier et
en anglais par Jenifer Payne.
Hydroponics
» Soilless culture » is a new periodical
which covers all aspects of soilless
culture and hydroponics like research and
practical applications concerning : the
nutrient solution, fluid or solid substrates,
plant breeding for soilless culture, installations, automatization and mechanization. The no 1 vol 1 appeared 12 August
1985 and is published by the international Society for Soilless Culture (PO Box 52,
6700 AB Wageningen, the Netherlands).
301
A precise contract of co-operation
will then be established in order to
guarantee the execution of the engagements.
We are at your disposal for any further
details
you
would
need.
A co-ordinated approach to the program will have a multi-beneficiary
character on the one hand, so that
the exploitation of available ressources, their follow-up and their
maintenance will be organised within
a framework of international cooperation.
On the other hand, it will have a multidonor character. The contribution of
a donor could help in preserving an
autonomous management, to contribute to the organization of a global
network of information on development. Partners with limited means
could contribute together in the realization of the SICOB modulus.
F. Gbossa, Secretary General, CINTERAD.
Bd. General Jacques 186,
1050 Bruxelles
TEL : 2/649.95.49
TELEX : 63205 ONG/ACP.
national. Dr Vincenzo Japicca, left the
general secretariat on completion of
his period of service. From that date his
functions have been taken over by Dr
Enzo Montanari, who has long and fruitful experience in various sectors of
Christian democratic activities.
» The 30th World Scout Conference held
in Munich, 1 5 - 1 9 July 1985. elected six
men to the World Scout Committee : H.
Morrey Cross (Canada), Hartmunt
Keyler (Germany) Houssein Makke
(Lebanon), Eugene F. Reid (USA). Bertil Tunje (Sweden) and Ko Yoshida (Japan). The committee elected Norman
Johnson (Australia) as its new Chairman and John Beresford (UK) and
Dominique Benard (France) as vicechairmen.
• Rev Carl Mau is the outgoing general
secretary of the Lutheran World Federation, an organization of 99 churches
with over 54 million members. Carl Nau
has served as genera! secretary for the
past 11 years. He turned over his post
to his successor, Norwegian Dean
Gunnar Staalsatt at the LWF's annual
executive committee meeting in Geneva on August 30, 1985.
Out of
the
woods
The newly
launched
Internatio
nal
Tropical
Timber
Agreemen
t is the
very
model of
the
modem
and
modest
commodit
y treaty,
lacking
any of the
regulatory
powers of
more
traditional
pacts.
But the
ITTA has
only just
made it despite
almost 20
years of
preparator
y talks
and its
inclusion
in
Unctad's
integrated
commodit
y
programm
e since
1976.
Such
leading
producers
as Brazil,
Ivory
Coast
and the
Philippi
nes
decided
to back
the pact
as
recently
as
March.
Even
then,
it took a
late
signatur
e
by
Egypt
to bring
the
treaty
into
force
on
schedul
e on 1
April.
The
ITTA's
main
areas of
interest
will be
market
intellige
nce;
reforest
ation
and forest
manage
ment;
the
expansi
on
of
processing
in the
produci
ng
countrie
s; and
researc
h and
develop
ment.
Unctad'
s Ulricht
Cording
says an
area of
forest
three
times the
size
of
Switzerlan
d
is being
lost every
year, and
that
95
percent of
the
world's
forests
are either
unmanaged
or
exploited
with little
or no regard for
the
environm
ent.
If the ITTA
can tackle
the threat
to
the
world's
vital
timber
resources,
il
may
also
succeed
in striking
a blow for
the cause
of
internation
al
cooperatio
n
on
commodities.
Nick
Terdre
(South,
August
85).
MESSAGERIE
ASSOCIATIVE
L 'association française Plein Champ a élabore
un projet de
» messagerie télématique
associative pour le développement ». Celle-ci
est
constituée
en réseau par l'intermédiaire d'un serveur qui
supprime presque tout problème de
compatibilité entre matériels et logiciels
différents.
Chaque
correspondant outre sa boite électronique privée
pour la simple messagerie peut constituer un
sous-réseau de correspondants en y amenant
les
siens
et en prospectant l'ensemble des partenaires
du réseau, enfin, la possibilité de
téléconférence
textuelle
semble
particulièrement
adaptée
à
la
préparation d'assemblée et au fonctionnement de
groupes de travail, au moins pour la
communication écrite sous forme condensée. Il
n'est
plus
nécessaire que plusieurs individus soient disponibles
en même temps et en un même endroit.
abordée
ons
Le
ensuite.
ainsi
projet
que la
«feedcoordiI.
back»;
L'UTILITE
nation
mode
dans ce
secteur.
1.
d'empl
L'UTILI
Pour
oi
SATION
plus de
«
Feed
SIMPLE
clarté on
Back » est
D'UNE
distingu
un
MESera
3
SAGERI
système
staE
de commudes
nication à
progres
Chaque
l'usage du
sifs
participant
développe
d'utilisati
dispose
ment : son
on de la
d'une boite
but,
messaaux lettres
favoriser
gerie.
(électroniq
la
ue) et y
La
production
question
reçoit son
et
la
des
courrier
dissémicoûts
libellé
à
nation
sera
son nom de
d'informati
réseau
(choisi par
lui) : il
adresse du
courrier
dans
les boîtes
des
utilisateurs
connus je
lui.
C'est
le
stade de
l'utilisation
pour
les
besoins
INTERNE
S
classiques
d'un
ensemble
d'acteurs
gèographi
quement
éloignés et
en relation
étroite
(SOUSRESEAU),
ex.
de
message :
avis
d'assembl
ée
générale
avec ordre
du
jour.
Lettres de
liaison
Informatio
n
urgente...
2.
L'USAG
E
PROSP
ECTIF
DE LA
MESSAGERI
EL'ANNU
AIRE
On sort du
SOUSRESEAU
pour
chercher
des
partenaire
s
potentiels.
L'annuaire
électroniqu
e de FeedBack doit
être dédié
au
développe
ment
(Annuaire
voir
annexe
1).
Un
annuaire
permet de
sélectionn
er
(ou
d'être
sélectionn
é par) ses
partenaire
s
potentiels
afin
de
faire
parvenir
une infor-
mation
dans les
boîtes
aux
lettres
ainsi
choisies
.
Ex. A 2
jours du
départ,
une
Compag
nie de
Charter,
présent
e sur le
Réseau,
dispose
de
places
sur un
vol
ParisDakar.
La
sélectio
n
des
organis
mes de
la
région
parisien
ne (ou
plus
large)
s'étant
signalés
comme
menant
des
actions
sur
le
terrain
en
Afrique
est
immédia
te. Un
messag
e
leur est
envoyé
annonça
nt des
prix
«
soutien au
dévelop
pement
» sur ce
vol...
Ex. : Un
film
d'actuali
té
traitant
le problème
des
femmes
au
Pérou
est
produit.
Il
dispose
environ
d'un an
pour
jouer
son
rôle de
sensibili
sation
autant
que
pour
être
amorti
financièr
ement.
La
sélectio
n
immédia
te des
boîtes
aux
lettres
des utilisateurs
potentiel
s du film
permet
de les
en
informer
(avec
prix,
séances
de
visionnage...)
3.
L'USAG
E
SYNER
GETIQU
E -
LES
TELEC
ONFEREN
CES
TEXTUELL
ES
Ce 3ème
stade n'est
possible
qu'après le
regroupe
ment
d'acteurs,
appartena
nt
souvent à
des sousréseaux
différents,
autour
d'une
action
précise.
Les
téléconférences
textuelles
(TT) sont
des lieux
électroniqu
es
de
rencontre,
publics ou
privés, au
choix.
Une
téléconfér
ence peut
s'étaler sur
plusieurs
jours
ou
semaines :
chacun y
rentre
lorsqu'il a
le temps,
lit
les
messages,
y
répond,
vote
et
envoie ses
propres
messages.
Les
TT
permettent
l'organisati
on
d'actions
d'urgence,
rendent
possible
la
tâche de
groupes
de travail
gèographiquement
éclatés et
n'ayant
pas
les
mêmes
disponibilit
és
horaires,
la gestion
de
bourses
de projetsRemarque
: de même
que l'on «
passe » à
l'image,
on
«
passe » à
la radio et
l'on
« passe »
plus
ou
moins
à
l'écrit. Ces
modes de
REPRESE
NTATION
sont différents.
La
»
bande
passante
» de l'écrit
peut
paraître
étroite
pour
certains.
D'un point
de
vue
technicocommerci
al,
c'est
son
êtroitesse
qui justifie
SON BAS
PRIX.
II. LES
INVESTI
SSEMEN
TS :
1.
MATERIEL
1 . 1 . On
ne dispose
pas d'un
micro
ordinateur,
on
peut :
1 . 1 . 1 . En
France,
utiliser un
MINITEL
(Abonnem
ent gratuit
ou
85
FF/mois).
Inconvénie
nt
:
émission
et
réceptio
n sans
mémoire
= temps
de
commun
ication
long,
coût
plus
élevé
qu'avec
un
microordinateur.
1.1.2.
Acheter
un
microordinate
ur:
Avantage : la
mémoir
e
du
micro
permet
d'émettre
et
recevoir
à
la
vitesse
de 120
caractères
par
seconde
par
l'intermé
diaire
d'un
logiciel
et d'un
matériel
de
transmis
sion
(MODE
M).
Coût: à
partir de
4.000
FF (le
TO 7 de
302 ASSOCIATIONS
TRANSNATIONALES, 5/1985
2. coût
d'utilisati
on :
THOMSO
N);
imprimante
en
plus,
facultative.
En France,
on
peut
utiliser le
MODEM
du
MINITEL
qui
peut
être
inversé (moyennant
bricolage)
et émettre
à la même
vitesse
qu'à
la
réception
(120
caract./se
conde).
1.2.
On
dispose
déjà d'un
microordinateur:
S'assurer
qu'on
dispose du
logiciel de
transmissi
on (carte
RS 232.
coût
1.200 FF).
On
peut
utiliser le
MODEM
du
MINITEL
ou
achter un
MODEM
(coût entre
1.500 FF
et
4.000 FF
suivant la
qualité).
Dans
le
cas d'une
utilisation
simple
(cas
1).
la
messageri
e
est
même
compétitiv
e
avec
le
courrier
classique
(annexe 1
),
Dans
le
cas 2, elle
engage
les coûts
de
communic
ation (40
F
en
France à
60
FF.
de
l'heure)
gui sont
largement
compensé
s
par
les
plus
values
réalisées.
Dans
le
3ème cas,
les coûts
sont
les
mêmes,
mais
il est plus
difficile
d'appréhe
nder
l'impact
économiq
ue direct
et indirect
d'une
téléconférenc
e.
3.
L'énergie
humaine :
Tout
participant
a la
messageri
e
s'engage
(moralem
ent) a une
participati
on de 1 à
2
heures
par
semaine
(soit un
coût minimum de
160 FF
par mois).
4. La
formation :
Une
journée
de
formation
par type
d'utilisation de
la
messager
ie
est
nécessair
e
à
sa bonne
utilisation
.
III.
POURQU
OI UN
REGROU
PEMENT
INTE
RNAT
IONA
L
-
Le
dévelo
ppeme
nt est
un
problè
me
internat
ional.
-
Il est
avanta
geux
pour
tous les
acteurs
du
dével
oppe
ment
de
pouv
oir se
retro
uver
sur
UN
LIEU
COM
MUN
DE
RENCON
TRE
: leur
cohé
sion
s'en
trouv
era
renfo
rcée
et
leurs
actio
ns
plus
effica
ces
(FOR
UM
PER
MAN
ENT
du
dével
oppe
ment
).
-
Un
acha
t
glob
al
d'he
ures
de
conn
ectio
n,
peut
faire
chut
er
les
prix
du
tiers,
voire
de
moiti
é.
- Il est
envis
agea
ble
de
déve
lopp
er un
systè
me
de
coop
érati
ves
d'ac
hats,
de
maté
riel
infor
mati
que
pour
le
dével
oppem
ent,
selo
n le
mêm
e
princ
ipe.
-
Des
finan
cem
ents
inter
natio
naux
(CEE
)
devi
enne
nt
envis
agea
bles.
.. ce
qui
ramè
nerai
t le
coût
d'utilis
ation
interna
-
tionale
du
tarif
France
(40 F
de
l'Heure
).
- L'accès
à
un
serveur
commu
n
efface
les
problè
mes de
compta
bilité
entre
les
différe
nts
matéri
els
inform
atiques
choisis
par
chacun
pour
son
usage
interne.
..
(systè
mes
d'exploi
tation
possibles
PROD
OSMS.DO
SUNIX CPM).
ANNEXE
1L'ANNUA
IRE
L'annuaire
permet de
donner
autant de
force aux
communic
ations
horizontal
es
qu'aux
flux
verticaux
d'informati
on.
L'annuair
e est le
pivot
d'une
messager
ie,
il doit être
APPROP
RIE à ses
utilisateurs
.
APPROP
RIEZVOUS
l'annuaire
FEEDBACK:
SI vous
ouvrez
une boîte
aux lettres
- Donnezlui votre
nom de
réseau
et verrouillezla
en
lecture
avec un
mot de
passe
(modifia
ble).
-
En
choisiss
ant
chaque
fois
dans
une
liste
d'une
quinzai
ne
de
mots
clés,
décrive
z-vous :
-
selon
votre
activit
é
secto
rielle
(ag
ricul
tur
e,
sa
nté
....)
ou
tra
ns
ect
ori
ell
e
(fe
m
me
s,
éc
olo
gie
,...)
pré
cis
ez
les
régi
ons
du
mo
nde
sur
les
que
lles
vou
s
por
tez
plu
s
par
ticu
lière
me
nt
vos
eff
ort
s
(Afr
iqu
e,
Asi
e...
)
ou
le
car
act
ère
inte
rrég
ion
al
de
vos
acti
on
s
(vill
es,
for
êts
,...)
situ
ezvou
s
pro
fes
sio
nn
elle
me
nt
(do
cu
me
nta
tion
,
for
ma
tion
,
acti
ons
sur
le
terr
ain,
pro
duc
teu
r
au
dio
vis
uel
s...)
et
éve
ntu
elle
ment
vos
axes
de
reche
rche
plurid
iscipli
naire
s.
Donn
ez
enfin,
adres
se,
télép
hone,
télex
...
- Le code
d'accès
d'une
banque
de données
centrali
sées
dont
vous
êtes
coproduct
eurs.
-
Votre
nom
Réseau
sur une
autre
messagerie.
Remarque
1 : tes
caractérist
iques de
chaque
participant
sont
modifiable
s a tout
moment,
par
leur
créateur
UNIQUEM
ENT,
Remarque
2 : FeedBack avec
son
annuaire,
est
un
outil
de
COMMUN
ICATION, il ne
rentre pas
en
compétitio
n
mais
complète
les
Banques
de
données
centralisées qui
sont des
outils
d'INFORM
ATION
ANNEXE
2
ETUDE
COMPA
RATIVE UTILISA
TION
SIMPLE
D'UNE
MESSAGERI
E (voir 1)
L'unité de
mesure
est
une
page
de
55
lignes de
70
caractères
à
faire
parvenir à
n
personnes
sur
le
territoire
national.
Chaque
outil
de
Télex
commu
nication
à
son
«
crénea
u
»
concern
ant
l'expédi
tion
d'un
courrier
à
un
groupe
de
person
nes,
c'est
la
messag
erie qui
offre te
meilleur
rapport
temps/c
oût.
(Ceci
même
avec
débit de
30
caractè
res/s
alors
que l'on
peut
attendr
e
120c/s
et donc
des
coûts 4
fois
moindres).
Au
niveau
internati
onal,
L'UTILI
SATION
SIMPLE
(voir 1 )
d'une
messag
erie se
justifie
moins
facileme
nt par le
gain de
temps
réalisé.
En effet,
toujours
pour la
même
lettre à
100
personn
es,
le
courrier
reste aux
environs
de
3,50. alors
que
la
messageri
e
taxera
2.50 F à
3,50
F.
sur
l'Europe
et
de
3,50 F à
4,50
F.
sur
le
reste du
monde.
Remarquo
ns
enfin
que
l'utilisation
du
minitel
oblige
à
une
concision
du
message
(500
caractères
) afin de
ne
pas
passer
trop
de
temps en
ligne
pendant la
frappe,
ce
qui
n'est pas
le
cas
avec
un
micro-ordinateur.
Contact ;
Claude
Combes,
Projet
Feed-back,
Associatio
n Plein
champ, 12
avenue de
la
Sœur
Rosalie,
75013
Paris,
France.
ou :
Maîtrise
locale du
développe
ment,
INSEE.
bur. 424,
18 bd
Adolphe
Pinard
75675
Paris
Cedex 14.
Téléphone (la page dictée)
Télécopieur
Courrier
Messagerie
coûts
d'envois . ............................................................
coûts à la
réception ...................................................
TRANSNATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS,
5/1985 303
New...
Creations...
Promotion de l'ONUDI
L'Organisation des Nations Unies pour le
développement
industriel
(ONUDI)
deviendra, au 1er janvier 1986, la seizième
agence indépendante des Nations Unies.
La Conférence générale sur la transformation de l'ONUDI a élu au cours de sa.
première session qui a lieu du 12 au 15
août à Vienne, les 53 membres du Conseil
d'administration ainsi que les 27 membres du Comité du programme et du budget de l'ONUDI.
La Conférence générale de l'ONUDI a élu
par acclamation, le 17 août dernier, sur
recommandation du Conseil du développement industriel. M. Domingo L Siazon
(Philippines) au poste de directeur général de l'ONUDI Pour un mandat de quatre
ans.
Le Ciric à Paris
Le Centre international de reportages et
d'information culturelle (Ciric) s'est installé à Paris. Outre une importante photothèque, il va chercher l'information » hors
des sentiers battus par les grands canaux
sous les feux de l'actualité ». Il souhaite
fournir aux médias des pays industrialisés
une information de qualité sur les efforts
de développement et servir la presse du
tiers
monde.
Ciric: 6, rue Jean Lantier, 75001 Paris.
Plans...
New...
will extend the activities of the Pacific
Science Association (PSA). It has as one
of its mandates to enhance the work of
PSA Scientific Committees and to make
possible greater liaison among them, for
example in the field of technology transfer,
urbanization,
ocean
resources.
Through the PSA Scientific Committees,
the Institute is well placed to promote
small
interdisciplinary
symposia
and
workshops between PSA congresses. It
will also be active in international and
regional
interdisciplinary
information
exchange.
Through the cooperation and legally codified accord with the Institute, the Pacific
Science Association has assumed a
legally separated status for the first time
since it began in 1920. Up until now it was
legally an appendage of Bishop Museum
(Honolulu), a status that had the potential
of creating serious liability problems for
itself and the Museum. Incorporation of
the Institute and its amalgamation with
the Secretariat of the Association promises to facilitate endeavors in the coordination of science and technology activities and in the cooperative treatment of
science
problems
in
the
region.
The Institute's Director, President and
Secretary is : De John E. Bardach, Research
Associate, Resource Systems Institute,
East-West Center, Honolulu. The address of
the Institute is : P O Box 1 7 8 0 1 , Honolulu,
Hawaii 96817, USA.
Documentation Tiers-Monde
En septembre 1985, est née la fédération
française des associations de centres de
documentation ties monde. 39 centres
répartis dans 32 départements et coordonnés les uns aux autres sont actuellement à pied-d'œuvre pour informer enseignants, étudiants, lycéens et le public en
général sur le mal-développement et ses
causes.
Ils sont aussi un lieu d'échanges entre les
militants des associations tiers monde et
les autres mouvements (associations,
syndicats, partis politiques. Eglises, etc.).
Ils constituent un point de départ pour des
animations et des actions, faites avec les
militants du centre ou d'autres associations, dans la ville ou la région. Ils mettent
enfin a la disposition du public des ouvrages; des journaux et des revues spécialisés; des dossiers; des supports audiovisuels.
Pacific Science
The Pacific Science Institute, founded in
1985 as a non profit corporation with the
approval of the Pacific Science Council,
304
Historiens d'Afrique
Un colloque international regroupant des
historiens venus du Burundi, de France,
du Gabon, de Tanzanie, du Zaïre, de Zambie et du Rwanda s'est tenu à Kigali, à
l'initiative de l'Université nationale du
Rwanda. « Les réactions africaines à la
colonisation en Afrique centrale » tel était
le thème de ce colloque. Au cours de la
réunion, les participants ont émis le souhait de créer une association des historiens
de l'Afrique centrale; le Département d'histoire de l'Université du Rwanda a été
chargé de préparer les statuts de l'association projetée.
Creations...
Plans
As an attempt to answer this need, a World
Federation of Catholic Therapeutic Communities has been created. It proposes to aid
already established programs to spread
to other parishes, to provide feasibility
studies and evaluation services of proposed programs, supply an exchange of
human and material resources between
communities, and carry out any other activity which may foster the creation of
grassroots therapeutic communities for
the treatment of social ills related to substance abuse. The main office is located in
Puerto Rico (Calle Italia 2022, Ocean Park.
Santurce, Puerto Rico 00911) headed by Dr
Efren Ramirez.
Research libraries
A workshop held in November 1984 in
Luxembourg was a joint effort of four international organizations : the NATO Scientific Affairs Division, the Directorate General for Information Market and Innovation
of the European Commission, the Council
of Europe, the European Cultural Foundation. There was decided the creation of an
European Council for Research Libraries
(ECRL). Now the establishment of the
board of this Council is well advanced with
the
following
high-level
personalities
having consented to take part : Mr
George-André Chevallaz, Conseiller fédéral honoraire. Honorary President of the
Swiss Confederation. Lausanne; Sir Harry
Hookway. Deputy Chairman and Chief
Executive of the British Library and Chairman of the Board of Publishers Data
Bases Ltd, London; Professor Wemer
Knopp, President of the Stiftung Preussisches Kulturbesitz. Berlin; Mr Herman Liebaers, Commissioner General of Europalia. Belgium; Mr André Miquel. Director of
the Bibliothèque Nationale. France and
Professor at the Collège de France; Mr
llya Prigogine, Nobel Prize Chemistry,
Professor at the Université Libre de
Bruxelles; Mr. Adriaan J. van der Staay.
Director of the Social and Cultural Planning Office, Netherlands: and Mr Gaston
Thorn, former President of the Commission of the European Communities.
Europe
Substance abuse
To follow activities already being carried
out by the Catholic Church at various
levels for the prevention, treatment and
rehabilitation of victims of substance
abuse, a need appears for a link among
catholic workers. In many cases they are
struggling in relative isolation, or at least,
with little knowledge of and contact with
other catholics facing the same problems.
With Mr Max Konstamm as its Secretary
General, an Action Committee for Europe
was established in Bonn on 6-7 June
1985 with the purpose of encouraging
Europeans to avoid the political tendency
of looking inward, and get on with establishing strong European community. The
Committee includes more than representatives of labour, business and politic who
will use their influence to move governments.
Politiques scientifiques
Réunis à Dakar en juillet dernier, les directeurs et hauts fonctionnaires des organismes responsables de la politique scientifique et technologique de vingt et un Etats
africains membres de l'Unesco ont adopté
une recommandation qui va être soumise
à la prochaine Conférence générale de
l'Unesco. Cette recommandation préconise la création d'un mécanisme suivi de
réunions périodiques à haut niveau
d'experts gouvernementaux africains sur
la politique scientifique et technologique.
La conférence permanente ainsi créée
aurait également pour objectifs de garder
constamment à l'étude les problèmes
d'intérêt commun concernant l'élaboration des politiques nationales de la
science et de la technologie et d'encourager une coopération régionale plus étroite
entre les dits Etats membres pour le développement et l'application de la science et
de la technologie.
Small private enterprises
Brazil became in July 1985 the fifteenth
nation to sign an agreement establishing
the Inter-American Investment Corporation (IIC), the newest affiliate of the InterAmerican
Development
Bank
(IDB).
The Agreement was opened for signature
late last year. Barbados was the first IDB
member to adhere to the pact. Nine countries signed the agreement during the
annual meeting of the IDB's Board of
Governors in Vienna, in March 1985.
The new corporation will provide financing
for the establishment, expansion and
modernization of small and medium-sized
private entreprises. Companies partially
owned by governments or other public
entities, whose activities strenghten the
private sector, will also be eligible for IIC
financing.
The Corporation will have an initial capital
of $200 million, divided into 20,000 shares of $10.000 each. The regional developing countries in Latin America and the
Caribbean will hold 55 per cent of the shares. The United States will have 25.5 per
cent, and non-hemisphere member countries of the TDB will be allotted 19.5 per
cent.
The Corporation will begin operations
when the agreement is signed by countries representing two-thirds of the initial
capital. The agreement will not become
effective until signed by the largest single
shareholder, the United States, and is
contingent on Latin American and Caribbean participation being greater than that
of non-Latin American/Caribbean countries.
Libraries
and
understanding
international
An international seminar on the theme
« The libray as a place propitious to international understanding : the role of books
and reading », was organized from 9 to 13
June in Salamanca (Spain) by the German
Sânchez Ruipèrez Foundation, in co-operation with Unesco, the International
Federation of Library Associations and
Institutions (IFLA) and the World Federation of Unesco Associations and CLubs
(WFUAC). The meeting drew 80 participants, including representatives of public
and private libraries and delegates from
Unesco clubs, who came from the following 13 countries : Austria, Belgium,
France, Federal Republic of Germany,
Hungary, Israel, Italy, Malta, Netherlands,
Portugal. Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom. Two consultants from Tunisia and
the
Caribbean
also
took
part.
Discussions dealt with such topics as
young people and libraries, and libraries
and Unesco clubs as partners in intercultural dialogue.
In a resolution adopted unanimously, the
participants highlighted the essential role
of libraries as indispensable tools for training and public information in all fields,
and especially those relating to international understanding and knowledge of
the Universal Declaration of Human
Rights. They also hoped for increased
public dissemination capacities regarding
information which is likely to encourage
people to be more open to the world
around them (publications, documents,
photographs, posters, exhibitions, films,
slides, records, video cassettes, tape
recordings).
In this regard, the participants asked
Spain, the country which hosted the semi-
nar, to propose the setting up of an International Network of Associated Libraries,
with at least one of these libraries in each
Member State, to the twenty-third session
of the General Conference. The network
will serve to promote the spirit of international understanding and intercultural
development.
(Unesco News 29 July 1985)
African Rehabilitation
Institute
An international meeting on the development of an African Rehabilitation Institute
took place January 22-24. 1985 in
Arusha. United Republic of Tanzania. The
meeting was being organized by the
Organization of African Unity, in co-operation with the International Labor Organization, and with the support of the United
Nations Center for Social Development
and
Humanitarian
Affairs.
The establishment of an African Rehabilitation Institute (ARI) was recommended
by the OAU and by a 1980 African regional
conference on the International Year of
Disabled Persons. Since then, many African countries have indicated support,
particularly as part of efforts on behalf of
the UN Decade of Disabled Persons
(1983-1992).
The ARI is envisaged not as a physical
institute per se, but more as a coordinating mechanism to promote use of training
and research institutions rehabilitation
centers throughout Africa which can host
regional, subregional and/or national programs in disability prevention and rehabilitation.
The purpose of the meeting were to ; (a)
enlist support of international governmental and non-governmental organizations,
(b) determine priorities and proposals and
roles the various agencies could play, (c)
establish an ARI Task Force or Advisory
Board, and (d) consider funding possibilities.
Invited participants included 17 African
governments and organizations, nine
international UN agencies, 19 international non-governmental organizations. 23
other organizations involved in African
projects and six national development
agencies. Details: OAU, P.O. Box 3243.
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
TRANSNATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS. 5/ 1985
305
over the last five years. For the same period. 1.906 internationally accredited organizations held reportable events in
AACVB member countries.
The Asian Association of Convention and
Visitor Bureaus (AACVB) held its Second
Annual General Meeting (AGM) and
Board of Directors Meeting in Bangkok.
Thailand last 2-5 April. 1985.
Forty-one (41 ) participants from eight (8)
AACVB member countries attended the
said event which consisted of business
and technical sessions. The AGM was
culminated by the Board of Directors
Meeting.
Col. Somchai Hiranyakit set the tone and
direction for this year's AGM in his opening speech, to quote : « As Asia's vital role
in the international economic, social and
political orders become more broadly recognized and accepted, the convention
market-particularly the convention market
to our region-will grow. Numerical growth
is not our problem. What should now primarily concern us - and that, in the long
run. is the single most fundamental
mission to which AACVB should dedicate
itself - is that growth be directed towards
a balanced development at all times, and
that whatever development or progress is
achieved through the convention industry,
it redounds to the welfare of all. not just
the members of our industry, but the vast
masses of Asia's ever expanding population...
Preliminary statistics collated by the
AACVB through its Information Exchange
Program and Data Bank reveal that total
of 1,330 convention events were held in
the AACVB member countries in 1983 and
another 1,782 m 1984. An overall upward
trend was registered from 1980 to 1984
reflecting an average growth rate of 20 %
306
In line with AACVB's aim to professionalize the convention industry in Asia, various training seminars were endorsed and
pinpointed for members' participation,
such as the Strategic Management for
Travel Agents' Seminar in Manila on 6-9
August 1985 and a proposed Conference
Management Program in Hongkong.
1986 promises another fruitful and more
exciting AGM when the AACVB Holds
their 3rd AGM in Seoul. Korea under the
auspices of Mr, Ha Dae Don. President of
the Korea National Tourism Corporation.
The future of AACVB and Asia's convention industry looks very bright. All member
countries and organizations have pledged
their commitment to develop the region
further by marketing it collectively and aggressively in Europe, Australia, Japan and
in the U.S.
Barcelona
hosted
the
world Congress on youth
From the 8th until the 15th of July, Barcelona hosted the first World Congress on
Youth which has been organised by the
UNESCO, being the most relevant event
of the International Youth Year.
The only event of similar importance took
place in Grenoble in 1964 with the celebration of the International Conference on
Youth. A document entitled « From Grenoble to Barcelona, elements for a study of
the situation and future development »
has been read at the opening session of
the Barcelona Congress.
The event took place with the representation of 105 countries.
Associazione italiana relazioni internazionali congressuaIi
IACVB elects officers
CHAMPAIGN, IL - A record 577 delegates
and guests attended the 72nd annual
meeting of the International Association
of Convention and Visitor Bureaus
(IACVB). July 26-30. 1985. in San Francisco. CA. George D. Kirkland, president.
San Francisco Convention & Visitors Bureau, was elected president of the association for the coming year.
Fully aware that to ensure the successful
outcome of de congress : professional
competence, qualified services and adequate, reliable facilities are of equal importance, Italcongressi. the representative association of the congress industry
in Italy, has published on brochure providing a description of the entire range of services supplied by its members in order to
guarantee congress promoters highly qualified assistance.
Brochure available free of charge from :
Italcongresi. Piazza dellaliberta 21, 00192
Rome,
Hong Kong International
Exhibition Centre
Hong Kong's conference and exhibition
business will be boosted during the coming years following the government's approval of the development of the Hong
Kong International Exhibition Centre.
The site for the complex in Harbour Road,
Wanchai, covers about 2.96 hectares. The
project allows for the building of two floors
of exhibition halls; a conference hall with
seating capacity for 3,000 people; and auditorium for 800 people; and supporting
facilities such as meeting rooms and restaurants.
Surrounding and connected to the exhibition/conference centre will be the two
hotels (one with 960 rooms and the other
with 750), a 33-storey office and trade
mart as well as 970 service apartments.
The cost of the development - HKS1.5 billion - will be met by the New World Development Co., Ltd.
Construction is scheduled to begin in the
middle of 1985 with the completion of the
exhibition/conference centre planned for
the middle of 1988. The first hotel and the
trade mart will be available by the end of
that year and completion of the other commercial building will follow soon afterwards.
Over the years the international conference and exhibition business in Hong
Kong has grown from a mere 15 events in
1976 to 499 in 1984. In the next five years
alone, some 200 international events
have been confirmed to take place in
Hong Kong, with an expected attendance
of 150.000 overseas participants.
Congrès monstre à Montréal pour les 50 ans des
A.A.
Les A.A. (« Alcooliques Anonymes ») : 50
ans d'existence, 58.000 associations locales implantées dans 1 1 4 pays, plus
d'un million de membres. Un demi-siècle
passé à aider des malades alcooliques à
vider leur dernière bouteille dans l'évier
pour recommencer a vivre, s'est fêté, du 4
Model of the Hong Kong International Conference and Exhibition Centre
au 7 jhuillet. lors du congrès monstre de
Montréal, placé sous le thème « En toute
gratitude », a rassemblé quelque 60.000
participants venus de 47 pays.
Les participants étaient à 70 % américains, mais on a fait le voyage de Taïwan.
de France, de Belgique, d'Australie même,
Et ces gens d'origine et de culture si différentes ont échangé leurs expériences
spontanément sur un terrain d'intimité
que de nombreux observateurs durent envier.
AIPC
Lors de la 27e assemblée générale de
l'Association Internationale des palais de
congrès qui s'est déroulée à Genève à la
fin du moins de mai 1985, M. Matthias
Fuchs, du Centre International de Congrès de Berlin a été élu à l'unanimité en
Meetings and study tours
The number of meetings of the UN Economie commission for Europe (expressed
in half days serviced) held under the auspices of the Commission in 1983 was
696 in Geneva and 1 8 1 outside Geneva.
Comparable figures since 1965 are as follows :
1965
1970
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
Geneva
Outside
Geneva
Total
633
686
835
833
852
918
848
719
811
746
696
55
688
910
1056
1055
1051
1127
1118
1021
1050
932
877
224
230
222
199
209
270
302
239
186
181
tant que Président de l'association
succédant ainsi au Hollandais M. Bernard
van der Staaij dont le mandat, non renouvelable, était arrive à échéance.
L'AIPC fondée en 1958 regroupe à
l'heure actuelle 70 palais de Congrès
dans 50 pays.
307
Details of expenditure by
out-of-town
participants
and organizers at congresses in the ICC Berlin
The results of a new investigation into the
spending habits of out-of-town congress
participants and organizers have just
been published. This study was commissioned by AMK Berlin and carried out by a
Berlin-based trade research organization,
the Forschungsstelle fur den handel (FfH)
e.V. Unlike the investigations in 1978 and
1980. this particular report was restricted
to congresses held in the International
Congress Center (ICC Berlin). Events taking place at other congress venues in Berlin were not taken into account.
The main aim of this investigation, in
which a poll of congress participants and
organizers was conducted, was to obtain
details about the amounts spent, their distribution, and the determining factors for
such expenditure. The studies conducted
by FfH serve above all to record immediate
and indirect effects resulting from congresses held in the ICC Berlin.
Daily expenditure by congress participants amounts to DM 227.On average out-of-town congress participants attend congresses three times a
year. The most popular method of transport for travel to Berlin is by air : according
to the survey 75 per cent flew to Berlin,
compared with only 58 per cent in 1980.
There has been a corresponding decline
in the number of congress participants
coming by car, from 28 per cent to 18 per
cent. In this case there is a direct correlation with the number of accompanying
persons travelling to Berlin. In 1980, 38
per cent of participants were accompanied by another person on their journey to
Berlin, but by 1984 this figure had fallen to
only 26 per cent. The average number of
accompanying persons has remained unchanged at 1.3.
at all. In 1984 this group spent a daily total
of DM 227.-, representing an increase in
expenditure of only DM 1.-. Foreign (i.e.
non-German)
congress participants
spent DM 258.- per day, while those from
Germany only spent DM 214.-. Men spent
DM 230.- whereas expenditure by women
amounted to only DM 192.- per day.
Of the 376 international and regional conventions held in Singapore last year, more
than 87 % were held in hotels.
Expenditure was distributed as follows:
approximately 44 per cent was accounted
for by accommodation ( 1 98 0 : 37 per
cent), expenditure on meals remained unchanged from 1980 at 25 per cent, while
the 12 per cent on purchases indicates a
4 per cent drop compared with 1980.
These were followed by the distribution of
international and regional meetings by the
country of origin, 54 % of the total meetings were organised by Singapore-based
organisations. American-affiliated organisations. American-affiliated organisations
ranked second with 17 % while the European-affiliated associations was third
wird a 1 3 % contribution. The good support from the locally-based organisations
may be an indication of the success of the
SCB's « Rapport With Associations » programme. Launched in 1982. its aims are to
foster closer ties with Singapore associations and to encourage them to bid for and
to host international and regional meetings in Singapore. Local associations
have a very important role to play towards
the development of Singapore's convention industry.
The level of expenditure on congress
events and the different ways in which this
money was spent depended on the type of
event and its duration, as well as on the
number of participants per event. The figure arrived at for average expenditure
per out-of-town participant is DM 110,-.
Directly ana indirectly, a total of 1,750
jobs in Berlin depend on congresses and
meetings held in the ICC Berlin. A total of
74,391 people from outside the city 13,000 more than in 1980 - took part in
events at this venue.
International/Regional
meetings in Singapore,
1984
The Singapore Convention Bureau (SCB)
has completed its survey on the convention industry in Singapore for 1984.
About 30% of these meetings were or
commerce and economics. Science, technical and engineering meetings was second, constituting 27 % of the total.
50% of all overseas delegates to meetings were from the Asean/Japan region.
Australia/New Zealand region, generated
16 % and Europe accounted for 11 % of
the total number of overseas delegates.
April was the most « favoured » month for
meetings. This was followed by the
months of May, March, February and November in that order.
The average length of stay by congress
participants in Berlin has also declined :
in 1984 they stayed in Berlin on average
for 4.4 days, with an average of 3.7 overnights. Compared with 1980, there has
been an average decline of 0.3 days and
0.5 overnights. Participants stayed 2.2
days following the end of the event (1980 :
2.4 days). One interesting feature is that
the type of accommodation chosen has
remained unchanged since 1980: 62%
hotels chose in the upper price category
(DM 85.- and upwards), while 28 per cent
stayed in other types of hotel and paying
accommodation, and 10 per cent of outof-town congress participants stayed with
friends or relatives. Compared with 1980
the number of congress participants staying in hotels in the upper price range rose
by about one third, and this can be attributed mainly to the higher proportion of
foreigners registered in the ICC Berlin.
The level of expenditure by out-of-town
congress participants has hardly changed
308
Participants at the seminar arranged by the European Federation of Conference Towns
(EFCT) on 13 May 1985 at the Palais de Congres of Brussels.
UAI PUBLICATIONS 1983-1985
253 Yearbook of international organizations /ed. by UAI. München,
New York. London. Paris : Saur, 19-. 20th ed. 1983/84.30 cm.
ISBN 3-598-21855-9. ISSN 0084-3814: DM 980.00.
vol. 1 : Organization descriptions and index. 909 p. Index non
pagine. ISBN 3-598-2156-7 : DM 428.00.
254. Yearbook of international organizations /ed. by UAI. München,
New York. London. Paris: Saur. 19-, 20th ed.: 1983/84.
30cm. ISBN 3-598-21855-9, ISSN 0084-3814 : DM 980.00.
Vol. 2 : Country directory of secretariats and membership
(geographic volume). S P. ISBN 3-598-21857-5 : DM 428.00.
255. Yearbook of international organizations /ed. by UAI. München.
New York. London, Paris: Saur. 19-. 20th ed : 1983/84.
30
cm.
ISBN
3-598-21858-3
:
DM
980.00.
Vol. 3 : Global action network : classified directory by subject
and region (subject volume). XXI, 755 p.. ISBN 3-598-21858 :
Dm 248.00.
256. Networking alternation: an alternational network of 384 pathways of organizational transformation interpreted for networks in
the light of the Chinese « Book of changes ».
Text reprinted from •< Transnational associations », 35,
1983/A.J.N, Judge. Bruxelles: UAI, 1983. 24 p., 30cm. ISBN
92-834-1256-3: $ 2.50.
256
bis. Development through alternation ? Augmented version of a
paper originally prepared for Integrative working group B of the
goals, processes and indicators of development (GPID) project
of the Human and social development programme of the United
Nations University, Colombo 25 July-2 August 1982 / A J N
Judge. Bruxelles : UAI. s.d. 173 p.. 21 cm : FB 500.
257. International congress calendar /ed. by UAI. München : Saur,
19-. 24th ed. 1984. ISSN 0538-6349 : DM 280.00.
Vol. 1 : 187 p. - ISBN 3-598-00679-9 : DM 90.00.
Vol. 2 : 296 p. - ISBN 3-598-00680-2 : DM 90.00.
Vol. 3 : 324 p. - ISBN 3-598-00681-0 : DM 90.00.
Vol. 4 : 281 p. - ISBN 3-598-00682-9 : DM 90.00.
258. Transformative conferencing : problems and possibilities on the
new frontier of high-risk gatherings concerning social development/A.J.N. Judge. Bruxelles: UAI. 1984. 160 p., 30cm. (International congress science series 12). Col. of papers from
« Transnational associations » in the light of experience in
the goals, processes and indicators of development project
of UNU (1978-82) and as contributions to future intercultural.
interdisciplinary initiatives of that kind. ISBN 92-8234-1258X : FB 500.
259. Patterns of conceptual integration : collection of papers presented at meetings of the goals, processes and indicators of development project of the United Nations University (19781982)/A.J.N. Judge. Bruxelles: UAI. 1984. 296 p., 29 cm.
ISBN 92-834-1259-8 : FB 500.
260. Yearbook of international organizations/ed. by UAI. München.
New York. London. Paris: Saur, 19-. 2 1 s t ed. 1984/85.
30 cm. ISBN 3-598-21863-X. ISSN 0084-3814 : DM 980.00.
Vol 1 : Organization descriptions and index. 1640 p. Index non
paginé. ISBN 3-598-21860-5 (Saur - München), ISBN 086291-280-6 (Saur-London) : DM 428.00.
261. Forms of presentation and the future of comprehension : collection of papers mainly presented to the forms of presentation subproject of the goals, processes and indicators of development
project of the United Nations University / A.J.N. Judge. Bruxelles : UAI. 1984. 232 p.. 30 cm. ISBN 92-834-1261-?:
FB 500.
262. Yearbook of international organizations / ed. by UAI. München,
New York, London. Paris: Saur. 19-. 2 1 s t ed. 1984/85.
30 cm. ISBN 3-598-21863-X, ISSN 0084-3814 : DM 980.00.
Vol. 2 : Country directory of secretariats and membership
(geographic volume). 2nd ed. 1 4 5 6 p. ISBN 3-498-21861-3
(Saur - Munchen), ISBN 0-86291 -28 1-4 (Saur-London) :
DM 428.00
263. From networking to tensegrity organization : Collection of papers
prepared to the concerns of the networks sub-project of the
goals, processes and indicators of development project of the
United Nations University /A.J.N. Judge. Bruxelles : UAI, 1984
282 p., 29 cm. ISBN 92-834-1263-8 : FB 500.
264. African international organizations directory (and African participation in other international organizations)/ed. by UAI.
Munchen. New York, London. Paris : Saur, 1984. (Guides to
international organizations 1 ) .
265. Arab and Islamic international organizations directory (and Arab
and Islamic participation in other international organizations / ed.
by UAI. München. New York, London, Paris: Saur. 1984,
(Guides to international organizations 2).
266. Yearbook of international organizations led. by UAI. München
New York. London, Paris: Saur, 19-. 21st ed. 1984/85
30 cm. ISBN 3-598-21863-X. ISSN 0084-3814 : DM 980.00.
and region (subject volume). 2nd ed. 1984/85. ISBN 3-59821862-1 : DM 248.00.
267. International organization abbreviations and addresses /ed. by
UAL München, New York, London, Paris : Saur, 1985. (Guides
to international organizations 4).
268. Intergovernmental organization directory/ed. by UAI. München,
New York. London, Paris : Saur. 1985. (Guides to international organizations 3|.
269. The geographical distribution of meetings throughout the world.
Text reprinted from « Transnational Associations ». 36,
1984/Gian Carlo Fighiera. Bruxelles : UAI, 1984. 18 p.. 30 cm.
ISBN 92-834-1269-5 : FB 200.
270. Policy alternation for development : papers arising from work
in connection with the Goal, processors and indicators of development project of the United Nations University (19781982) /A.J.N. Judge. Bruxelles : UAI, 1984. -230 p.. 29 cm. ISBN 92-834-1270-9. (AS).
271. Yearbook of international organizations /ed. by UAI. - München,
New York, London, Paris : Saur. 19-. -22nd ed. 1985/86.
-30 cm. - ISBN 3-598-21865-X. ISSN 0084-3814:
DM1200.00.
Vol. 1 : Organization descriptions and index.. - 1 6 1 6 p. -Index
non paginé Sections H, G, T uniquement indexées. Section M
réduite aux IGO. - ISBN 3-598-21865-6: DM 498.00. (AS)
272. Yearbook of international organizations /ed, by UAI.
-München, New York. London, Paris : Saur. 19 .. 22nd ed. 1985/86.
- 30 cm. - ISBN 3-598-21865-X, ISSN 0084-3814 : DM 1200.
Vol. 2 : Geographic volume : international organization participation country directory of secretariats and membership. ISBN 3-598-21866-4 : DM 498.00.
273. Yearbook of international organizations/ed. by UAI. - München.
New York, London, Paris : Saur, 19-, -22nd ed. 1985/86.
- 30 cm. - ISBN 3-598-21865-X. ISSN 0084-3814 : DM 1200.
and region (subject volume).
274. International congress calendar/ed. by UAI, - München, 19 -,
- 25th ed. 1985. - ISSN 0538-6349 : DM 280.00
vol. 1 : 252 p.
vol. 2 : 316 p.
vol. 3: 322 p.
vol. 4 : ca 300 p.
275. Survey of African international organizations and participation of African countries in international organizations/A.J.N.
Judge,
- Bruxelles : UAI 1984. - 79 p., 30 cm.
- Presented to the Colloquium « The identity of associations
and the participation of INGOs in Africa in the context of a
new world order » (Brussels, October 1984).
Prepared from information derived from the African international organization directory (1984) and from International
organization participation (1984) produced by UAL
276 World problems and human potential./ ed by UAI - München.
New-York. London, Paris : Saur. 19-2nd ed. - 1500 p. - ISBN
3-598-21864-8 : DM 428.000.
Union of international associations Rue Washington 40 - B 1050 Bruxelles. Belgium,

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