IZDAVAČ: Agencija za rad i zapošljavanje Bosne i Hercegovine,

Transcription

Labour and Employment Agency
of Bosnia and Herzegovina
BULLETIN
No. 7
March 2012
Labour and Employment Agency of Bosnia and Herzegovina
BULLETIN 7
IMPRESSUM
PUBLISHER:
Labour and Employment Agency
of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Đoke Mazalića 3
71000 Sarajevo
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Phone: (+ 387 33) 560-340
Fax: (+ 387 33) 209-475
E-mail: [email protected]
Web: www.arz.gov.ba
FOR PUBLISHER:
Adnan Delić, Director
BOARD OF EDITORS:
Boris Pupić
Siniša Veselinović
Zvjezdana Jelić
Zorica Babić
Merima Planinčić
ENGLISH TRANSLATION:
Merima Planinčić
COMPUTER
GRAPHIC DESIGN:
Zvjezdana Jelić
Boris Pupić
PROOFREAD AND
CPOPY EDITED BY:
Boris Pupić
PRINTED BY:
CIRCULATION:
150 copies
Reproduction of this material for educational and non-commmercial purposes is permitted upon publisher's agreement.
Please refer to the source when using this publication.
For all information concerning this publication, please contact the Domestic Labour Market Group of the Labour and Employment Agency of Bosnia and
Herzegovina at (+387 33) 560-340.
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BULLETIN 7
CONTENTS:
Foreword
4
Domestic labour market
5
International cooperation in the field of labour market
12
European Union and employment
17
Focus of the issue
20
Projects
23
Interesting facts about labour market
26
Statistical overview
29
Registered employment
29
Registered unemployment
31
Employment and unemployment – Labour Force Survey
41
Sources and notes on methodology
43
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BULLETIN 7
FOREWORD
Dear readers,
It is our pleasure to present you the seventh issue of the
Bulletin of the Labour and Employment Agency of Bosnia
and Herzegovina.
The need to reduce the CO2 emissions has given rise to
development of a new, ''greener'' economy which, in turn,
creates a large number of new jobs. This is why the topic of
green jobs is the focus of this issue. You can also read in
our Bulletin all you would like to know about Europe 2020
strategy, the new strategy for jobs.
Furthermore, here you can find information on activities of
the Labour and Employment Agency of Bosnia and
Herzegovina in the domestic and international labour
markets, interesting information related to domestic and
international labour markets and statistical data showing
trends in the domestic labour market in 2011.
Yours sincerely,
Board of editors
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BULLETIN 7
DOMESTIC LABOUR MARKET
78,843 persons found jobs in 2011 through employment
services
The overview of the domestic labour market illustrates the labour market trends in Bosnia
and Herzegovina in 2011 and a brief overview of activities of employment services
Prepared by: Siniša Veselinović, Head of Department of Domestic Labour Market
Macroeconomic framework
General assessment of the economy in BiH in 2011 is that this was a very difficult
year as only symbolic shifts were made in positive macroeconomic developments. BiH has
maintained stability of nominal economic indicators (national currency, fixed exchange rate
and policy of the currency board, low inflation rate) but negative trends in real economic
indicators still remain revealing problems in the functioning of the economy (high
unemployment rate, high deficits in trade and balance of payments, FDI fall, budget deficit,
insufficient economic growth rate, etc.)
Economic recovery, which started in 2010, is at risk of being sidetracked due to the
outcomes of the debt crisis. Absence of progress in structural reforms, weak fiscal
coordination and lack of articulate economic policy strategy have made BiH sensitive at
times of adverse economic environment.
Diminished borrowing opportunities,
accompanied by reduced remittances
inflow from BiH citizens abroad and
10
restraining of the labour market
6,2
6,1
recovery has affected domestic
6,3
5,7
spending and purchasing power of
3,9
2,4
citizens, and thus, the overall BiH
0,9
0
economic growth level. Due to reduced
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
opportunities of domestic financing and
-2,9
very limited, minimal inflow of foreign
direct investment, investment activities
were also under strong pressure,
-10
registering negative trends.
BiH economy is expected to
register stagnation in 2012 illustrated in
expected real economic growth of 0%, given that all key factors which were drivers of mild
economic recovery in 2010 and 2011 are vanishing.
Due to expected recession in all major export markets of BiH in Eurozone (Germany,
Italy, Austria, Slovenia) and countries in the region (Croatia, Serbia), there is a threat of
sharp fall in demand, and thereby, a drastic slowdown of BiH export growth and exportoriented industrial production which were the key drivers of economic recovery in the
FLUCTUATIONS OF GDP GROWTH
RATES IN BIH IN 2004 – 2011
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BULLETIN 7
previous two years. Besides industry, other cyclic activities like construction, tourism,
transport, as well as service sector activities, like financial sector, could be affected.
Major trends in unemployment in the labour market of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Labour market trends are closely related to trends in economic development and
economy as a whole. In 2011, employment services in BiH registered an increase in
unemployment, despite the fact that there was a positive growth trend in the number of
persons employed through labour offices of public employment services. In comparison
with the beginning of the year, the number of registered unemployed persons at the end of
2011 incresed by around 10,000, amounting to 536,781 persons.
In 2011, women made up
50.3% (266,429) of the total
number of unemployed persons.
538.000
According
to
qualification
536.781
536.000
structure of unemployment, the
534.000
largest share in 2011 was made
532.442
up of persons with third level of
532.000
530.976 530.893
educational attainment – skilled
530.055
530.000
529.989
529.423
workers 35.2%, unskilled workers
528.429
528.000
527.749
30.6%
and
workers
with
526.616
526.701
526.000
525.877
secondary education 24.6%.OS
524.000
The number of persons
entitled
to unemployment benefits
522.000
also increased.
In December
520.000
2011, 10,634 persons or 1.98%
of the total number of registered
unemployed persons received
cash benefit. In comparison with
December 2010, when entitlement to cash benefit was exercised by 7,686 persons, the
number of beneficiaries increased by 2,948 persons or 38.4%. Entitlement to health care in
December 2011 was exercised by 380,249 persons, which is 70.8% of the total registered
unemployment in BiH.
According to the Labour Force Survey (LFS), out of over 2.5 million working-age
population, 1.1 million are classified
LABOUR FORCE SURVEY 2011 - WORKINGas economically active, whereas
AGE POPULATION IN BIH BY ACTIVITY
over 1.4 million are economically
inactive persons. The data indicate
that less than half of the working2.560.835
Working-age population
age population in BiH above 15 is
(15+)
1.126.983
Active population
active. According to international
816.036
standards, the activity rate of
Persons in employment
310.947
44.0% is very low.
Unemployed
According to the 2011 LFS,
1.433.852
Inactive population
the labour force (economically
0
1000000 2000000 3000000
active population) in BiH amounted
to 1,126,983 persons, while the
number of inactive persons totalled
TRENDS IN REGISTERED UNEMPLOYMENT IN BIH IN
2011
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BULLETIN 7
1,433,852. Employment rate was lower by 0.6% in comparison with 2010, amounting to
31.9%. Unemployment rate increased in 2011, reaching 27.6% at the level of BiH.
Table 1 Labour Force Survey – measures of population activity
in BiH and entities (%)
Activity rate
(%)
Employment
rate (%)
Unemployment
rate (%)
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
BiH
Federation of
BiH
Republika
Srpska
Brčko District
BiH
43.1
43.9
43.9
43.6
44.6
44.0
29.7
31.2
33.6
33.1
32.5
31.9
31.1
29.0
23.4
24.1
27.2
27.6
43.1
42.3
42.4
41.6
42.9
42.1
29.1
29.2
31.8
30.9
30.4
29.8
32.4
31.1
25.0
25.7
29.1
29.2
43.3
47.0
47.0
47.4
47.9
47.8
30.9
35.1
37.3
37.2
36.6
36.1
28.5
25.2
20.5
21.4
23.6
24.5
37.6
39.0
36.8
38.1
40.6
37.4
23.7
23.4
25.1
27.0
25.8
22.9
37.1
40.0
31.9
29.2
36.4
39.0
Main activities of employment services in BiH in 2011 in the field of active
employment policy
Major indicators on labour market trends in 2011 were also strongly influenced by the
consequences of the global economic crisis. The number of registered unemployed
persons was on a constant upward trend. Under such circumstances, the employment
services in BiH focused thir activities primarily on:
Taking of measures aimed at alleviating effects of the world economic crisis reflected
on the labour market,
Strengthening the mediating role of employment services with a view to providing
services to employers and unemployed persons more efficiently,
Continuing to implement the existing, and defining new active employment policy
measures through employment projects for target groups in the labour market,
Preventing the long-term unemployment and increasing the activation level of
unemployed persons towards successful engagement in job search,
Continuing to improve organisation of work of employment services meeting the needs
of up-to-date organisation of the labour market and labour force.
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BULLETIN 7
In 2011, the total of 78,843 registered unemployed persons found jobs through the
Federal Employment Service, Employment Service of Republika Srpska and Employment
Service of the Brčko District of BiH, up by 5,215 perosons or 7.1% in comparison with
2010.
EXITS FROM UNEMPLOYMENT REGISTERS IN
BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA DUE TO EMPLOYMENT
2004 - 2011
Special attention in
implementation of active
employment
policy
measures was given to
100.000
programs which aim to
90.995
90.257
90.000
78.843 support enhancement of
80.000
73.628
employability of vulnerable
67.903
groups in the labour market.
70.000
The employment programs
61.141
60.000
implemented
in
the
47.890
50.000
Federation
of
BiH
were
42.499
mainly
targeting
40.000
unemployed young persons
30.000
under 30 with no work
20.000
experience,
women,
returnees
and
persons
who
10.000
need social care services.
2004. 2005. 2006. 2007. 2008. 2009. 2010. 2011.
Table 2 Major active employment policy programs of the Federal Employment
Service and cantonal employmnet services in 2011
• Employment subsidy program for youth with no work experience 400+
• Employment subsidy program for youth with no work experience
• Youth self-employment subsidy program ''Young Entrepreneur''
• Employment and self-employment subsidy program for women
• Employment and self-employment of returnees
• Training, retraining and skills-upgrading programs
• Roma employment and self-employment programs
• Social security network and employment support project (SSNESP) (2010-2014)
Employment programs in Republika Srpska involved youth with no work experience
and Roma. It is important to emphasize that the Government of Republika Srpska
implemented an employment incentive project for unemployed persons which was realized
through two public calls involving 1,336 registered unemployed persons.
Table 3 Major active employment policy programs of the Employment Service of
the Republic of Srpska in 2011
• ''With knowledge to job'' - employment project for interns with higher educational
attainment
• Roma employment support project in Republika Srpska
• Employment project for youth under 30 with secondary school education
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Employment programs of the Employment Service of the Brčko District of BiH
targeted long-term unemployed and older persons.
Table 4 Major active employment policy programs of the Employment Service of
the Brčko District of BiH in 2011
• Employment subsidy program for long-term unemployed persons
• Roma employment program
• Employment program for older persons (women and men)
• Long-term employment of interns
According to partial data, active employment policy measures in 2011 involved about
14,500 registered unemployed persons. The major problems in implementation of active
labour market policies in the previous year were again financial difficulties as these policies
are largely funded from the budgets of employment services.
As to the funds earmarked for active employment policies in BiH, the 2010 data
indicate that 0.14% of GDP was earmarked for this purpose which is an average for most of
the Southeast European countries.
Public expenditure for active labour market measures in BiH and
Southeast European countries
(% of GDP)
Country
2010
Bosnia and Herzegovina
0.14
Bulgaria
0.11
Croatia
0.06
Macedonia
0.12
Romania
0.03
Slovenia
0.58
Serbia
0.12
Around 60% of the programs related to subsidy programs of new employment and
self-employment involving mostly youth with higher educational attainment and no work
experience.
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BULLETIN 7
INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION IN THE FIELD OF LABOUR MARKET
First interstate employment agreements in the region
Prepared by: Zorica Babić, Advisor for International Cooperation, Department of International
Cooperation in the Field of Labour and Employment
The Agreement between the Council of Ministers of Bosnia and Herzegovina and
the Government of the Republic of Serbia on temporary employment of BiH citizens in the
Republic of Serbia and vice-versa was signed on 09 June 2011 in Belgrade. The Labour
and Employment Agency of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the National Employment Service
of the Republic of Serbia were designated under this Agreement as bodies responsible for
its implementation in their respective countries. The Ministry of Civil Affairs has entrusted
the Agency to contact, in cooperation with entity employment services and the Employment
Service of the Brčko District of BiH, the National Employment Service of Serbia and sign
the necessary enactments in order to prepare the responsible implementation bodies for
implementation of the Agreement upon its ratification. The Agency started with the
realization of assigned activities within a short time and held a meeting with the
representatives of the National Employment Service of Serbia in July 2011 when both
parties concluded that this was the first international agreement in the region implying
employment in line with the legislation of both signatory countries and guaranteeing
protection of the citizens taking employment in both countries. The representatives of the
Agency presented Draft Protocol on implementation of the mentioned Agreement which
should regulate the mode of cooperation between the responsible bodies and define the
procedure of appraising companies' financial standing. After making adjustments with
entity employement services and the Employment Service of the Brčko District of BiH, the
final version of the Protocol will be made.
The Agreement between the Council of Ministers of Bosnia and Herzegovina and
the Government of the Republic of Slovenia on employment of BiH citizens in the Republic
of Slovenia was signed on 22 June 2011 in Ljubljana. As laid down by the Agreement, the
responsible bodies for its implementation are the Labour and Employment Agency of
Bosnia and Herzegovina in Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Employment Service of the
Republic of Slovenia on Sloveninan side. In order to facilitate the smooth implementation
of the Agreement, the Ministry of Civil Affairs of BiH has tasked the Agency to define
together with the Employment Serce of Slovenia all activities necessary for its efficient
implementation. A delegation of the Labour and Employment Agency of Bosnia and
Herzegovina and representatives of the Employment Service of Slovenia and the Ministry
of Labour, Family and Social Affairs held a working meeting in September 2011 in Ljubljana
in order to discuss activities necessary for efficient implementation of the Agreement. The
delegations agreed that the Agreement was of exceptional importance for both countries,
especially for BiH, given its high unemployment rate and traditional interest of Slovenian
employers in recruiting workforce from BiH. The parties agreed to draw up an Operational
Protocol which would regulate procedures, deadlines and technical issues in exchanging of
data and documents between the responsible bodies. Both delegations generally agreed
on the selection procedure of BiH workers. After reaching an agreement with entity
employment services and the Employment Service of the Brčko District of BiH, the final
version of the Protocol will be created.
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BULLETIN 7
Employment: Turkey – Bosnia and Herzegovina
Cooperation with employment institutions of the Republic of
Turkey agreed
Prepared by: Boris Pupić, Expert Assistant for PR, Information and Publishing
In October 2011, a delegation of the Labour and Employment Agency of Bosnia and
Herzegovina paid a working visit to the Turkish Statistical Institute, Turkish Employment
Organisation (ISKUR) and Ministry of Labour of the Republic of Turkey. The reason for the
visit was to improve the operation of the Labour and Employment Agency of Bosnia and
Herzegovina through exchange of experiences and negotiate a cooperation protocol and
agreement on employment issues.
On the first day, the delegation
of the Labour and Employment
Agency of Bosnia and Herzegovina
paid a visit to the Turkish Statistical
Institute in order to get an insight into
its organisation and information
system. The meeting opened the door
to signing of a cooperation protocol
between the two institutions in order to
improve statistical activities of the
Labour and Employment Agency of
Bosnia and Herzegovina.
On 12 October 2011, the
delegation held a meeting with representatives of the Turkish Employment Organisation
(ISKUR). Information on labour market situations in both countries was exchanged in the
meeting. As workforce training and retraining and labour market statistics and monitoring
are well organised in Turkey, as well as the entire work system of the institution which
numbers several thousand employees and handles more than a million unemployed
persons, it was agreed to sign a cooperation protocol.
On the same day, a meeting was held in the Ministry of Labour of the Republic of
Turkey. The topic of the meeting was Draft Cooperation Agreement which was submitted
to the responsible institutions in Bosnia and Herzegovina on 25 May 2008 without any
feedback. It was agreed to urge BiH institutions to initiate the adoption process of the Draft
Agreement as early as possible. It was also agreed to launch an initiative for modifications
and amendments to the Social Insurance Agreement between the Republic of Turkey and
Bosnia and Herzegovina which would allow the Turkish Employment Organisation and the
Labour and Employment Agency of Bosnia and Herzegovina, which had not existed at the
time, to become activity drivers in the employment-related part. The parties in the meeting
also agreed to continue the cooperation in the future.
On the last day of its visit to Ankara, the delegation of the Labour and Employment
Agency of Bosnia and Herzegovina held a meeting with the Turkish Development Agency
(TIKA). In the meeting held with the the head of the TIKA Department for the Balkans it
was agreed to initiate joint acitivities with ISKUR regarding the establishing of retraining
and education centres which will be further discussed at a latter stage.
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BULLETIN 7
Amendments to the Agreement on Social Insurance between Bosnia and
Herzegovina and Republic of Slovenia
Equal rights to BiH and Slovenian workers
Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Republic of Slovenia concluded the Agreement on
Social Insurance which entered into force on 08 August 2007. This long awaited
Agreement was initialed, after six rounds of bilateral negotiations, in March 2007 in
Ljubljana. When it comes to exercising the
unemployment rights, the Agreement originally
envisaged payment of unemployment benefits
only to unemployed persons residing in Slovenia
on the basis of their permanent residence permit
which deprived a large number of persons from
Bosnia and Herzegovina at work in the Republic
of Slovenia of this benefit. Upon their return to
the country of origin, i.e. BiH, those persons could
not exercise the above right either. They could
only register with the responsible employment
service. Such a situation caused a large number
of workers at work in the Republic of Slovenia to end up in an unequal position which gave
rise to the need for amending the Agreement in effect.
The amended Agreement on Social Insurance between Bosnia and Herzegovina
and the Republic of Slovenia entered into force on 02 September 2011 allowing payment of
unemployment benefits to insured persons from Bosnia and Herzegovina who are in
possesion of permit for temporary residence in the Repubic of Slovenia. In this way, the
group of persons entitled to unemployment benefit under the Agreement was extended.
This amendment to the Ageement is of exceptional importance for workers from Bosnia
and Herzegovina who work in the Republic of Slovenia and are in possesion of a temporary
residence permit because it entitles them to claim unemployment benefit which implies that
after termination of their employment in the Republic of Slovenia they can register with the
responsible employment office of the Republic of Slovenia and exercise their right to
unemployment benefit on condition they meet requirements provided by Slovenian
regulations. The entitlement to unemployment benefit used to be suspended to those
persons who did not meet the requirement of permanent residence. After the amendments
to the Agreement entered into force, the persons, who had already been issued the
decision on suspension of unemployment benefit by the Employment Service of Slovenia
(ESS), and who were unemployed and had permit of temporary residence in Slovenia at
the time, could register with the ESS within 30 days from the day of the termination of the
reason for suspension and claim the unused part of unemployment benefit. As long as
they receive the unemployment benefit, the unemployed are included in mandatory pension
and disability insurance, health insurance, child benefit and unemployment insurance
scheme.
In cooperation with the ESS, the Agency has announced in all print and
electronic media in BiH that persons from BiH entitled to unemployment benefit should
register with the ESS in order to be able to exercise their entitlement.
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BULLETIN 7
More efficient implementation of Social Security Agreements
Bosnia and Herzegovina - Serbia
In order to achieve more efficient implementation of the Agreement on Social
Insurance signed between Bosnia and Herzegovina and the FRY, the Labour and
Employment Agency of Bosnia and Herzegovina has proposed to the National Employment
Service of Serbia to exchange the data on insurance coverage periods realized in BiH and
Serbia in the future electronically. This would substantially shorten the time required to
administer the requests for verification of insurance period accumulated in the contracting
countries in framework of implementation of the above Agreement. In December 2011
representatives of the Labour and
Employment Agency of BiH and the
National Employment Service of Serbia
held a meeting in Belgrade when they
jointly adopted the proposed Operational
Protocol on electronic exchange of data
prepared by the Agency. Besides the
electronic data exchange, the Protocol
provides for shortening of the deadline
for administration of requests from 60 to
30 days, personal data protection,
electronic document layouts, password
exchange, document protection mode and persons responsible as administrative and
technical contacts. Both delegations agreed that the implementation of the above
Agreement will make a big step forward in handling the above requests and make it easier
to the beneficiaries to execute their rights.
Bosnia and Herzegovina – Slovenia
Last year, the Labour and Employment Agency of Bosnia and Herzegovina drew up
Proposal Operational Protocols on electronic data exchange in cooperation with the
Employment Service of Republika Srpska and the Employment Service of the BiH Brčko
District aimed at more efficient administration of requests for verification of insurance
periods conducted in framework of implementation of the Agreement on Social Insurance
between BiH and the Republic of Slovenia.
This should enable the handling of the
requests for verification of insurance periods accumulated in BiH and the Republic of
Slovenia within 15 days, thus enabling the efficient execution of entitlement to
unemployment benefit to a large number of workers from Bosnia and Herzegovina. After
examining the IT and technical capacities of the Federal Employment Service, the Agency
will make a protocol with this institution finalizing the activity which is very important for the
labour market institutions in BiH from the point of view of efficient implementation of
international agreements. The following step will be the signing of the mentioned protocols.
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Labour and Employment Agency of BiH signs Cooperation Protocol with National
Employment Office of Hungary
Linking labour markets of Bosnia and Herzegovina and
Hungary
The Protocol on Bilateral Cooperation between the Labour and Employment Agency
of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the National Employment Office of Hungary was signed on
28 June 2011 in Budapest. The Protocol was signed by the Director of the Labour and
Employment Agency of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Mr. Adnan Delić, and the Director of the
National Employment Office of Hungary, Mr. Róbert Komáromi.
Given the similarities of labour market trends and the need to boost employment and
reduce unemployment, and having regard to the common interest to develop amicable
relationships and cooperation in the field of labour market, aware of the importance to
foster the economic and social
development in both countries
through mutual cooperation, the
contracting parties agreed on the
need to deepen and strengthen
mutual
relationship
through
exchange of experience related to
implementation of
employment
policies and experiences of the
National Employment Office of
Hungary.
The Protocol covers the
following:
advancement
of
performance
of
employment
services (mutual exchange of
information,
knowledge
and
experience in the field of labour
market, improvement of employment policies, enhancement of methodologies in data
collection and unemployment evaluation, and exchange of data in line with the EU, ILO and
EUROSTAT methodologies, fostering cooperation related to the EU funds,...), provision of
services to employers (exchange of experience on procedures for issuance of work
permits, exchange of information on employers' labour force demands and on programs for
laid off workers...) and provision of services to job seekers (exchange of training models,
enhancing life-long professional training model, promoting employment of persons with
disability, improving information and counselling services in the field of career guidance,
exchange of experience in the field of vocational rehabilitation,...).
The Protocol has been concluded for the period of five years with the possibility of
an extension.
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BULLETIN 7
Jobs for BiH students in Germany over summer holidays
Prepared by: Merima Planinčić, Translation and Interpreting Advisor
The Central Placement Services (ZAV) of the Federal Employment Agency in
Germany with the head office in Bonn each year places students from European and nonEuropean countries to jobs in Germany for the period of up to three months during their
winter or summer holidays. Under this program, the students can work in five different
branches: catering, chain catering,
agriculture, office and facility cleaning
services and, to a certain extent,
manufacturing. The total number of
international students per calendar year
has been limited to 10,000. In countries
where ZAV has partner organisations, the
students
apply
through
such
organisations and the Labour and
Employment Agency of Bosnia and
Herzegovina is ZAV's partner in Bosnia
and Herzegovina. The program has been implemented in Bosnia and Herzegovina for a
number of years during the summer holidays only. The eligible applicants are full-time
students (exclusive of the final year students) aged 18 – 35 who have good command of
German. Additionally, the students have to be available for work for at least two up to a
maximum of three months per calendar year.
Due to students' great interest for the program, and on initiative of the Labour and
Employment Agency of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the total quota for Bosnia and
Herzegovina was increased from 100 to 250 students in 2010. Unfortunately, due to the
general economic decline, which was reflected on the German labour market as well, only
60 students received job offers in 2010. In 2011, when the contingent was limited to 200
students, 98 job offers were received. This recruitment program for the so-called
unspecified employer primarily aims at
giving students an opportunity to earn
money for their studies.
Furthermore,
students have the opportunity of improving
their German and it is often the case that
students from different countries work
together, which is a culturally enriching
experience.
Among advantages of the
program is the possibility of working for the
same employer in subsequent years.
Namely, the employers who are satisfied with hired students can demand them at ZAV in
subsequent seasons by their name (Namentliche Anforderung). They have to register with
ZAV and leave the name of the students they want to hire. In this way, a certain number of
students who have applied for a job with unspecified employer through the Labour and
Employment Agency of Bosnia and Herzegovina have worked for several seasons with the
already specified or known employer.
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BULLETIN 7
EUROPEAN UNION AND EMPLOYMENT
Europe 2020 Strategy
New strategy for new age
Boris Pupić, Expert Assistant for PR, Information and Publishing
The economic crisis gripping the entire world has also affected developed countries,
even the giants like China, USA and the European Union. The problem is particularly
visible in the EU comprising 27 still insufficiently integrated markets. The crisis has wiped
out the years of economic and social progress and exposed structural weaknesses in
Europe's economy. Meanwhile, the world is hastily moving forward and long-term
challenges – globalisation, pressure on resources and
ageing – intensify. Due to new challenges, the EU has put
forward a new strategy – Europe 2020 strategy adopted in
June 2010 which sets out a vision of Europe's social
market economy for the 21st century.
The European Union strategy for 2020 represents
an ambitious and general document aimed at creating
conditions for growth of competetiveness and
employment. Faced with competitive lagging behind the
USA, the European Union wants to speed up the
economic processes and create better conditions for new
employment. This entails serious structural challenges,
above all in the context of the necessary reforms in
national education systems and labour markets which
need to be more adjusted to the needs of competitive
market economy.
In that context, a flexicurity model is proposed as
the basis of creating compromise between the need for greater labour market flexibility
while maintaining social security of workers and increasing active employment measures.
The introductory part of the Europe 2020 strategy states that year 2010 marks a new
beginning for the European Union given that short-term priority is the exit from the
economic crisis. The European Commission puts forward five major mesurable targets:
employment, R&D, climate change and energy, education and combating poverty.
The Strategy sets out that the unemployment rate in the EU has reached 10% with
deficits at 7% of GDP on average and debt levels at over 80% of GDP. Two years of crisis
have erased twenty years of fiscal consolidation. The growth potential has been halved
during the crisis and many investment plans, talents and ideas are wasted because of
uncertainty, sluggish demand and lack of funding.
The Euorpe 2020 strategy proposes three mutually reinforcing priorities: smart
growth, developing an economy based on knowledge and innovation, sustainable growth,
promoting a more resource efficient, greener and more competitive economy and inclusive
growth, fostering a high-employment economy delivering a social and territorial cohesion.
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The backbone of the Strategy is composed of five headline targets:
1. 75 % of the population aged 20-64 should be employed.
2. 3 % of the EU's GDP should be invested in R&D.
3. The „20/20/20“climate/energy targets should be met (including the increase to 30% of
emissions reduction if conditions allow).
4. The percentage of early school leavers should be under 10% and at least 40% of
younger population should have a tertiary degree.
5. 20 million less people should be at risk of poverty.
To ensure that each Member State tailors the Europe 2020 strategy to its particular
situation, the European Commission proposes that EU goals are translated into national
targets and trajectories. These targets are representative of three priorities of smart,
sustainable and inclusive growth, but they are not exhaustive: a wide range of actions at
national, EU and international levels will be necessary to underpin them. The Commission
is putting forward seven flagship intitiatives to catalyse progress under each priority theme:
1. „Innovation Union“ to improve framework conditions and access to finance for research
and innovation so as to ensure that the innovative ideas can be turned into products
and services that create growth and jobs.
2. „Youth on the move“ to enhance the performance of education systems and facilitate
the entry of young people into the labour market.
3. „A digital agenda for Europe“ to speed up the roll-out of high-speed internet and reap
the benefits of a digital single market for households and firms.
4. „Resource efficient Europe“ to help decouple economic growth from the use of
resources, by decarbonising the economy, increasing the use of renewable sources,
modernising the transport sector and promoting energy efficiency.
5. „An industrial policy for the globalisation era“ to improve the business environment,
especially for SMEs, and to support the development of a strong and sustainable
industrial base able to compete globally.
6. „An agenda for new skills and jobs“ to modernise labour markets by facilitating labour
mobility and the development of skills throughout the lifecycle with a view to increasing
labour participation and better matching labour supply and demand.
7. „European platform against poverty“ to ensure social and territorial cohesion such that
the benefits of growth and jobs are widely shared and people experiencing poverty and
social exclusion are enabled to live in dignity and take an active part in society.
These seven flagship initiatives will commit both the EU and the Member States.
EU-level instruments, notably the single market, financial levers and external policy tools,
will be fully mobilised to tackle bottlenecks and deliver the Strategy goals. As an immediate
priority, the Commission charts what needs to be done to define a credible exit strategy, to
pursue the reform of the financial system, to ensure the budgetary consolidation for longterm growth, and to strengthen coordination within the Economic and Monetary Union.
Stronger economic governance will be required to deliver results. Europe 2020 will
rely on two pillars: the thematic approach outlined above, combining priorities and headline
targets; and country reporting helping Member States to develop their strategies to return to
sustainable growth and public finances. Integrated guidelines will be adopted at EU level to
cover the scope of EU priorities and targets. Country-specific recommendations will be
addressed to Member States. Policy warnings could be issued in case of inadequate
response. The reporting of Europe 2020 and the Stability and Growth Pact evaluation will
be done simultaniously, while keeping the instruments separate and maintaining the
integrity of the Pact.
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BULLETIN 7
Possible scenarios
Moving out of the crisis is the immediate challenge, but the biggest challenge is to
escape the reflex to try to return to the pre-crisis situation. Even before the crisis, there
were many areas where Europe
was not progressing fast enough
relative to the rest of the world.
Europe's average growth rate has
been structurally lower than that of
its main economic partners,
largely due to a productivity gap
that has widened over the last
decade. Much of this is due to
differences in business structures
combined with lower levels of
investment in R&D and innovation,
insufficient use of information and
communication
technologies,
reluctance in some parts of our
societies to embrace innovation,
barriers to market access and a
less
dynamic
business
environment.
In spite of progress,
Europe's employment rates – at
69% on average for those aged
20-64 – are still significantly lower
than in other parts of the world.
Only 63% of women are in work
compared to 76% of men. Only 46% of older workers (55-64) are employed compared to
over 62% in the US and Japan. Moreover, on average Europeans work 10% fewer hours
than their US or Japanese counterparts.
Another big problem is that demographic ageing is accelerating. As the baby-boom
generation retires, the EU's active population will start to shrink as from 2013/2014. The
number of people aged over 60 is now increasing twice as fast as it did before 2007 – by
about two million every year compared to one million previously. The combination of a
smaller working population and a higher share of retired people will place additional strains
on its welfare systems.
Due to the above, Europe is left with clear yet challenging choices. It will either face
up collectively to the immediate challenge of the recovery and to long-term challenges –
globalisation, pressure on resources, ageing, – so as to make up for the recent losses,
regain competitiveness, boost productivity and put the EU on an upward path of prosperity
("sustainable recovery"); or it will continue at a slow and largely uncoordinated pace of
reforms, and risk ending up with a permanent loss in wealth, a sluggish growth rate
("sluggish recovery") possibly leading to high levels of unemployment and social distress,
and a relative decline on the world scene ("lost decade").
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Education and labour market
Inclusive growth means economy of high employment and knowledge and social and
territorial cohesion. By 2020 the European Union wants to increase the employment rate of
the workforce aged 20-64 to 75% which demands greater involvement of women, young
and older persons and better integration of migrants into the labour market.
The European education system should tackle the problem of early school leavers.
Likewise, the share of highly educated population aged 30-34 should be increased to 40%
relative to 40% in the USA and 50% in Japan. The links between education, business,
research and development should be
strengthened and mobility of students
and formal recognition of informal
education promoted.
There is a
mismatch between knowledge and
skills on the one hand and labour
market needs on the other creating
disbalance
between
supply
and
demand and structural unemployment.
Emphasis
should
be
on
entrepreneurship
and
creativity,
innovation and engineering. Lifelong
learning is increasingly becoming a
necessity not only for highly educated
population, but especially for youth
whose
unemployment
rate
is
particularly high.
The
European
Commission
proposes the labour market flexicurity
policies through increased flexibility of
the labour market and education of
workers and strengthening of the social
security system and implementation of active measures for strenghtening skills through
education programs for employment with a view to reducing structural unemployment and
increasing participation in the labour market. As a social compromise model, the flexicurity
model will contribute to the modernisation and liberalisation processes of the labour market
and to achieving balance between the world of work and private life, as well as to ensuring
the sustainable social model. Acquisition of new skills is crucial for adapting of workers to
new conditions and raising labour productivity.
References:
Academic ranking of world universities (2009).
Academic Ranking of world universities 2009 on http://www.arwu.org/ARWU2009.jsp
Alesina, A., & Giavazzi, F. (2006). The future of Europe. Cambridge: MIT Press.
European Commission (2010a). Europe 2020 – European strategy for smart, sustainable and
inclusive growth.
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FOCUS OF THE ISSUE
Green jobs: New employment opportunity
We have decided to put in focus of the issue the topic of green jobs, a new and
dynamic economic sector which is increasingly creating new jobs across the world. Since
jobs across the world are increasingly becoming ''green'', we invite you to find out more
about them in the text below.
What are the Green Jobs?
Although there is no single definition, green jobs are new jobs in manufacturing and
service activities which contribute to preserving the environment. This is why these jobs
are sometimes also called Eco Jobs, Environment Jobs, Environment-Friendly Products
and Services Jobs. This is a new category of jobs which has emerged together with the
need to reduce the use of energy extracted from traditional sources (with high CO2
emissions) and increase the use of energy generated from renewable sources. A new
manufacturing and service activity which is producing most new jobs in countries with
developed economies has emerged from this need.
The need to reduce the global warming has given rise to the need to reduce the
harmful effects of greenhouse gases making space for until recently the ''alternative'' ways
of energy generation. With new ways of energy extraction emerging, new useful
technologies used in energy generation also develop. All this leads to creation of new jobs.
According to the estimate of the International Labour Organisation, green jobs and green
economy are the most promising economic sectors. Rapid development of green economy
requires specific skills which can help in developing technologies and infrastructure
necessary for transition to sustainable, low-carbon
methods of energy generation. The results of the ILO
study conducted in 21 countries which represent 60%
of the world population show that the shift towards
the green economy significantly accelerates creation
of new jobs and structurally enhances the existing
jobs. Although the Kyoto Protocol threatened that
the reduction of industry based on high emission of
greenhouse gases would lead to the loss of jobs, the
introduction of new technologies and development of
new skills is leading to quite opposite phenomenon in
the green economy. What is more, the change in
skills happens in different job profiles taking in
account all levels of qualification and education across all existing sectors.
New economy, new opportunities
IT and nanotechnologies have ushered us into the knowledge-based economy.
Simultaniously, another revolution is under way which is ushering us into the economy
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based on pure energies or the so-called green economy. The basic principles of this
economy are energetic efficiency, renewability and alternative transport fuels. Unlike the
knowledge-based economy which insists on highly qualified workforce, the green economy
leaves enough space for manual workers and for the less skilled workforce (with secondary
education, skilled and highly skilled workers). This fact is underpinned by the titles of jobs
created in the green economy which can be found at web sites specialized for green jobs:
energy efficiency engineer, solar engineer, wind energy technician/mechanic, sustainable
biomass and energy policy associate, adviser on climate and energy policy, green building
architect, etc.
Challenges and threats
Notwithstanding many advantages, green jobs conceal a big threat of their sluggish
development due to the lack of skilled workforce. As this is a new economic sector, it is
necessary to introduce as early as possible specialized curricula in sufficent number of
universities across the world in order to educate the workforce. Second and more efficient
way is to upgrade skills of the existing workforce. This would enable the generation of new
workers and new jobs in short time period but the disadvantage of skills upgrading is that it
generally refers to persons with non-university education. When classifying green jobs, it is
necessary to differentiate between three types of jobs – direct jobs (manufacturing and
equipment maintenance), indirect jobs (in supporting industry) and induced jobs (new jobs
emerging due to daily consumption of direct and indirect job holders).
USA – biggest green market
The USA is at present the biggest green market in the world. Although there is still
no official data on how many people work in green economy, forecast predict that, by 2030,
1.3 million jobs in this economy should be created annually in the USA only which, in some
opinions, could outrival the dot-com boom (IT sector jobs) from the 1990-s.
According to 2008 data, more than 2.3
million people worldwide were employed in the
renewable energies sector. Half of them were
employed in the biomass and biofuels sector,
over 600,000 in the solar thermal industry,
300,000 in the wind power industry, 200,000 in
the
solar
photovoltaics
sector,etc).
Assessments show that in 2006 there were 8
million green jobs in the energy efficency-related
activities in the United States only. The growth of
employment in renewable energy sector equally
occurs in the countries of developed world
(260,000 employed in the renewables sector in
Germany, 200,000 in Spain, 450,000 in the
USA), and developing countries (one million employed in the renewables sector in China).
According to the number of employed in the solar thermal energy, China is in the lead with
600,000 employed. European leader is Germay with 19,000 employed, followed by Austria
(6,500) and Greece and Spain with 3,000 such jobs.
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How to improve skills required for green jobs?
A study of the International Labour Organisation has identified the development of
skills necessary for green economy as the most important challenge. To this end, 6
challenges have been identified:
1. Lack of green skills is slowing down transition to green economy;
2. Green skills and environment protection-related policy have to be developed jointly;
3. Green economy creates deep structural changes in some sectors associated with the
CO2 emissions;
4. As the economy grows ''green'', the occupations develop in a number of ways;
5. It is necessary to identify skills required by the green economy;
6. Trainings needed for development of green skills are urgently needed.
Labour and Employment Agency of BiH and green jobs
WAPES: Green jobs – opportunity for public employment services
The workshop on the topic of ''green jobs'' was held from 30 November – 02 December 2012 in
Beijing, China.
Networking within public employment services in the area of ''green jobs'' and better
understanding of this issue is among the greatest potentials for creation of new jobs. This was a conclusion
of the workshop. It was also concluded that skills assessment, better matching of skills to jobs, modernisation
of the labour market, up-to-.date labour market information and social responsibility are topics that appear on
the green agenda and need to be tackled to make future policy approaches successful.
Under new circumstances, public employment services have the opportunity to position themselves
as managers of human resources needs in the green economy. In that regard, it is of the utmost importance
to identify green skills and general information on the green labour market. Services to employers present a
particular challenge to public employment services in the green economy, as the main demand is for the
medium to high skills, and many countries have low share of these skills in their labour markets. Lower
skilled workers can be at a disadvantage in the green economy, although there are opportunities for their
employment in areas such as waste-recycling.
Providing up-skilling programmes is one
of the problems of public employment services.
Close monitoring of fair work principle in the
segment of the green labour market by public
employment services is important to prevent
exploitation and promote good jobs. In a nutshell,
public employment services could be the main
contacting point for all job seekers and employers
when it comes to facilitating green jobs.
The primary target group of the workshop
were PES decision makers who deal with the
''greening'' of the profile of their organisation, i.e.
contributing in making it an actor in the field of
green jobs. As a second target group, this event
addressed the representatives of the international
organisations and other actors engaged in the
field of green economy and environmental
education.
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PROJECTS
Improving Active Labour Market in BiH - IALM
Strengthened capacities of public employment services
In 2011, the Labour and Employment Agency of Bosnia and Herzegovina took part
in implementation of the project ''Improving Active Labour Market in BiH (IALM)''. The
Project was financed from the IPA funds for Bosnia and Herzegovina and its total value is
1,182,000 EUR. The project implementation started in April 2010 and the Lead Partner is
the EPRD Consortium from the Republic of Poland. Besides the Agency, participants in
the project were representatives of the Ministry of Civil Affairs of BiH, entity ministries
responsible for employment, entity employment services and the Employment Service of
the BiH Brčko District, as well as representatives of cantonal employment services.
Overall objectives of the project are:
• to develop better targeted and more efficient active labour market measures,
• to enhance employability of unemployed persons,
• to strengthen institutional capacities at all levels,
• to improve the image of public employment services,
• to emphasize the importance of motivation and positive thinking.
The Project unfolded in framework of activities of three communication centres
covering three topics: Labour Market Strategy, developing active employment policy
measures, planning and monitoring (Communication Centre 1), procedural and legal
framework (Communication Centre 2) and capacity building and training of staff
(Communication Centre 3). The
Agency representatives took part in
the Project through the nomination
of its representative as a member
of the Project Steering Board and
the appointed representative of the
Agency in activities of the
Communication Centre 1.
The following training courses,
attended by representatives of the
Agency, were held in framework of
the IALM Project: training courses
for PES counsellors in BiH and
training aimed at creating local
partnerships in the field of active
employment policy.
The result of the Project is
also the establishment of two pilot
labour offices in Zenica (Public
Employment Service of Zenica-Doboj Canton) and Zvornik (Employment Service of
Republika Srpska – Bijeljina regional office), which have practically implemented the
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operation process of a modern employment service and a new approach of counselling
services to the unemployed. The training courses were organised for 333 persons from
public employment services (PES) in BiH and emphasis was put on improving their
counselling capacities and maintaining better relation with employers so as to have more
jobs and more employment.
Persons who wanted to support the development of entrepreneurship were also
educated. Training courses in managerial skills and skills for setting up teams for so-called
early intervention in case of mass layoffs were delivered to managerial staff. The
information package aimed at improving communication within PES and between PES and
unemployed persons and the public in general was also defined.
The experts of the Project Lead Partner have drawn up a joint letter of intention
which was sent to the EU Delegation to BiH, the BiH Council of Ministers and entity and
cantonal authorities with a view to tackling the issue of health care of unemployed persons
so as to remove the administration and financing of health insurance (in the Federation of
BiH) from PES to responsible health insurance funds.
A representative of the Labour and Employment Agency of Bosnia and Herzegovina,
member of the Project Steering Board, took part in the study visit organized to the Republic
of Poland from 15 – 20 May 2011. The purpose of the visit was to present to the labour
market institutions at national and entity level the organisation of work in the Polish
ministries and employment services at all levels.
Poland is a country with decentralized labour market where organisation of
employment follows the territorial organisation of the country (Poland is divided in 16
voivodeships which are subdivided in counties and these are further divided into
municipalities). The Ministry of Labour and Employment exists at the state level which,
among other 20 administrations, has the Administration for Employment responsible for
enacting laws and sublegal frameworks in the field of employment, administering financial
instruments (Labour Fund) and initiating and coordinating activities in this field. As of 2000,
the employment services have been organized at the level of voivodeships and lower
levels. Each voivodeship employment service is independent and reports to the respective
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BULLETIN 7
voivodeship marshal. The purpose of this organisation is to include local self-governments
and communities in the process of labour market administration.
The Labour Fund, established in line with the Labour Market Promotion Act, is the
major source of funding of employment services in Poland. The Fund, deriving its
revenues from contributions paid by employers pegged at 2.45% of the gross pay (total
contributions are 38% of the gross pay), is used to finance active and passive employment
policies in Poland. The resources from the Fund are distributed to voivodeship PES
according to algorithm (formula) which make further distribution to county PES according to
adequate algorithm. In line with the law, a maximum of 7% of resources from this Fund is
allocated for material and other PES costs and the rest is funded from the voivodeships
budgets. The Polish PES has the total of 26,000 employees and the staff-client ratio is 1 to
80, i.e. counsellor-unemployed person ratio is 1 to 550. About 2 million persons are
officially registered as unemployed and, according to some estimates, about 1 million
people work in the informal economy and 2 million in other EU countries. The registered
unemployment rate is 12.6%, and according to the the LFS it amounts to 9.8%.
The second source of funding is the European Social Fund which has earmarked
11.5 billion EUR for Poland in 2011 through 10 priorities, of which 3 billion EUR for
employment and creation of new jobs. Besides PES, private employment agencies, NGOs
and other institutions are elilgible to apply for these funds. Active employment policy
measures (AEPM) mainly refer to incentives for creation of new jobs, training and skillsupgrading programs aimed at winning a better position in the labour market. Subsidies for
self-employment and new employment amount to 6 average salaries (max. about 20,000
zloty). Programs for new startups involved 77,000 beneficiaries in 2010. It is worth noting
that the active labour market programs involved many non-governmental institutions
(NGOs, private employment agencies, entrepreneurship development agencies, CARITAS,
etc.) which were largely engaged in trainining and skills-upgrading programs and programs
of social inclusion in the labour market. PES cooperation with private agencies is poor, if
any, the reason being the limited cooperation between public and private sector. Passive
employment policy is implemented in the field of health care for the unemployed (covered
by PES) and unemployment benefit (paid for the period of up to 6 months in the amount of
about 300 EUR for the first three months and lower for the remaining months). If
unemployment rate in a county is above the Polish average, the maximum entitled duration
of unemployment compensation is 12 months.
During their visit, the BiH delegation members had the opportunity of seeing the
methodology applied by counsellors in working with the unemployed from their registration
to the labour office to individual and group counselling. They were also introduced to the
work of the association of employers and trade unions in Poland, collective bargaining,
operation of economic and social councils at all levels of authority and the NGO
''Democratic Union of Women'' and other non-governmental labour market institutions.
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INFORMATION – INTERESTING DETAILS
200 million people unemployed worldwide
The ILO study reports that about 200 million people are currently unemployed worldwide,
which is by 27 million more than before the outbreak of the economic crisis. In most of the
countries the employment is still below pre-crisis levels. In 2011, only Austria and Germany from
developed countries saw the increase in employment in comparison to the pre-crisis period.
The biggest concern is that the most affected category are young workers who find it most
difficult to get a job because new jobs are opened too slowly. With the exception of Germany and
Austria, only Switzerland succeded to reduce the unemployment rate among youth to the pre-crisis
level, reports the International Labour Organisation.
(Source: agencies, 23 January 2012)
Europe loses one million workers each year
Workforce is projected to shrink from 325 to 275 million,
reports the World Bank
In its latest report, the World Bank warned that Europe would lose about one million workers
each year over the next five decades.
Solving the problem of workforce deficit will require a new social consensus, reports this
institution in the report analysing 45 European countries.
"With a rapidly ageing population and falling fertility and without changes in employment,
immigration and pension policies, Europe will lose about one million workers each year for the next
five decades. Europe's labour force is projected to shrink from 325 million to 275 million'', quotes
the report ''Golden Growth: Restoring the Lustre of the European Economic Model'' published in
Brussels.
It is pointed out that despite that, the Europeans have been reducing how much they work
and that Americans work an extra month compared with the Dutch, French, Germans, and Swedes,
and work noticeably longer than less well-off Greeks, Spaniards, Hungarians, and Poles.
"Men in Poland, Turkey, Hungary, and France retire more than 8 years earlier than in the
mid-1960s ", reports the WB.
This international financial institution has warned that this puts enormous pressure on public
finances, already strained by the costs of servicing large public debt.
''Europe will have to work on many fronts to deal with impending labor shortages: increasing
the competition for jobs, improving labor mobility, fixing how work and welfare are facilitated, and
rethinking immigration policies. These changes will need a new social consensus'', concludes the
WB report.
(Source: agencies, 26 January 2012)
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Bosnia and Herzegovina ranked 104th by economic freedom
Bosnia and Herzegovina's economic freedom score is 57.3, making its economy the 104th
freest in the 2012 Index. Its overall score is 0.2 point worse than last year, with a significant decline
in business freedom. Bosnia and Herzegovina is ranked 38th out of 43 countries in the European
region, and its overall score remains well below the regional average.
The foundations of economic freedom are fragile and uneven across the country. Poor
protection of property rights and widespread courruption discourage entrepreneurial activity. The
rule of law is weak, and local courts are subject to substantial political interference and lack the
resources to prosecute complex crimes effectively. Intrusive bureaucracy and costly registration
procedures reflect a history of central planning. Inefficient and high public spending perpetuates
fiscal burdens imposed by the government.
After several years of strong economic growth, Bosnia and Herzegovina's economic
performance has deteriorated, partly because of the global economic slowdown and also because
of the generally slow pace of the transition to regulatory efficiency and open-market policies. The
entrepreneurial environment remains one of the region's most discouraging.
Quick Facts
Population:
39 million
GDP (PPP):
$30.3 billion
0.8% growth in 2010
5-year compound annual growth 3.1%
$7,782 per capita
Unemployment:
43.1%
Inflation (CPI):
2.1%
FDI Inflow:
$63.4 million
Public debt:
39.7% of GDP
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BULLETIN 7
The ten economic freedoms
Rule of law: Property registries are largely unreliable, leaving transfers open to dispute.
Efforts are being made to update real estate property laws, annul previous conflicting laws, and
develop new workable registries in the two sub-federal entities. The judicial system does not cover
commercial activities adequately. Contracts are almost unenforceable, and implementation of laws
protecting intellectual property rights is inadequate. Corruption remains prevalent.
Rank
Property rights – 20.0
143th
Freedom from corruption – 32.0
93th
Limited government: Bosnia and Herzegovina's various governing entities have different
tax policies. The top income and corporate tax rates are 10%. Other taxes include a value-added
tax (VAT), a sales tax, and a property tax, with the overall tax burden equivalent to 37% of total
domestic income. Government expenditures amount to about half of total domestic otuput,
resulting in chronic budget deficits and growing public debt.
Rank
Fiscal freedom – 84.3
48th
Government spending – 24.4
158th
Regulatory efficiency: The average time required to start a company is about 15 days less
than in previous years. However, licensing requirements have become considerably more
burdensome and costly. Labour regulations’s complex administrative structure has inspired a dual
labour market. The unemployment rate, particularly high among the young, is one of the highest in
the region. Inflation has been modest.
Rank
Business freedom – 85.2
133rd
Labour freedom – 60.4
94th
Monetary freedom – 80.7
44th
Open markets: The trade weighted tariff is 2%, but non-tariff barriers persist. Myriad state
and municipal administrations make up a nontransparent bureaucratic system that makes
investment less appealing. About 80% of banking capital is privately owned, and aroud 90% of
banks are foreign-owned. However, a lingering lack of contract enforcement and an insecure
regulatory environment hamper credit availability.
Rank
Trade freedom – 86.0
39th
Investment freedom – 70.0
36th
Financial freedom – 60.0
39th
Score changes
Property rights 0
LIMITED
GOVERNMENT
Fiscal freedom +0.4
Freedom from
corruption +2.0
Government
spending +0.3
RULE OF LAW
REGULATORY
EFFICIENCY
Business freedom
-5.2
Labour freedom
+0.2
Monetary freedom
+0.1
OPEN MARKETS
Trade freedom 0
Investment freedom
0
Financial freedom 0
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STATISTICAL OVERVIEW
Growth of unemployment in the labour market in 2011
The following pages present a detailed statistical overview of 2011 labour market
trends in registered employment, unemployment and the Labour Force Survey for 2011.
Prepared by: Zvjezdana Jelić, Senior Expert Assistant for data collection, processing and system
programming, Department of Domestic Labour Market
Registered employment
TRENDS IN REGISTERED EMPLOYMENT
According to the BiH Agency for Statistics, the average number of persons in
employment in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 2011 was 691,548, of which 280,934 or 40.6%
were women. The total number of persons employed in legal entities grew by 1.5%
compared to the 2010 average.
TABLE 1
No. of persons in employment in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 2011 / index
Total in employment
I /2011
II /2011
III /2011
IV /2011
V /2011
VI /2011
VII /2011
VIII /2011
IX /2011
X /2011
XI /2011
XII /2011
1
Index in relation to the
previous month
693,885
693,366
691,803
691,511
691,759
692,834
693,282
690,054
690,942
691,548
689,671
687,917
101.5
99.9
99.8
100.0
100.0
100.2
100.1
99.5
100.1
100.1
99.7
99.7
same month of the
previous year
102.2
102.4
102.3
101.5
101.5
101.7
101.7
101.4
100.9
100.8
100.5
100.7
PERCENTAGE SHARE OF MEN AND WOMEN IN TOTAL
EMPLOYMENT IN BIH IN 2011
women
40,6%
men
59,4%
men
1
women
Source: BHAS
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TABLE 2
No. of persons in employment in Bosnia and Herzegovina by activities
January – December 2011
TOTAL
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
693,885
693,366
691,803
691,511
691,759
692,834
693,282
690,054
690,942
691,548
689,671
687,917
17,271
17,089
17,187
17,211
17,266
17,306
17,462
17,506
17,289
17,160
16,943
16,752
447
426
443
442
435
424
423
417
400
413
412
411
19,290
19,304
19,352
19,460
19,485
19,518
19,581
19,463
19,352
19,331
19,243
19,066
133,707
133,237
131,981
132,037
131,902
132,484
132,849
133,102
134,139
134,065
133,703
132,912
23,382
23,285
23,274
23,320
23,300
23,358
23,343
23,293
23,315
23,328
23,357
23,212
38,274
37,309
37,191
37,051
37,276
37,505
37,585
37,589
38,083
37,933
37,769
37,178
130,424
130,566
130,287
130,497
130,938
130,529
130,440
129,765
128,163
127,716
127,346
127,399
29,039
29,076
28,371
28,185
27,336
28,050
27,793
27,974
27,920
27,731
27,660
27,710
49,960
49,909
49,943
50,123
50,111
49,862
49,658
49,672
49,593
49,239
49,061
49,005
16,551
16,411
16,368
16,367
16,365
16,358
16,432
16,368
16,292
16,254
16,255
16,355
27,730
27,827
27,919
28,152
28,199
28,183
28,137
28,069
28,655
28,770
28,783
28,663
71,888
72,047
72,164
71,992
72,039
72,127
72,174
72,083
71,828
71,841
71,732
71,762
59,641
60,107
60,230
60,396
60,258
60,050
59,617
57,034
59,563
61,473
60,725
60,823
46,699
46,982
47,057
47,240
47,305
47,263
47,421
47,427
47,445
47,444
47,455
47,420
26,156
26,196
26,288
26,273
26,294
26,662
26,798
26,784
26,126
25,840
25,960
26,003
NUMBER OF PERSONS IN EMPLOYMENT IN BIH IN 2011
BY ACTIVITIES (annual average)
140.000
120.000
100.000
80.000
60.000
40.000
20.000
0
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
30
BULLETIN 7
Registered unemployment
TRENDS IN REGISTERED UNEMPLOYMENT
The average number of unemployed persons in 2011 was 529,661, which is an
increase of 12,668 persons or 2.5% on 2010.
TABLE 3
Registered unemployment in 2011 (as at the end of month) - BiH/entities
I
2011
II
2011
III
2011
IV
2011
V
2011
VI
2011
VII
2011
VIII
2011
IX
2011
X
2011
XI
2011
XII
2011
526,701
527,749
530,055
529,423
526,616
525,877
528,429
530,976
529,989
530,893
532,442
536,781
Federation of
BiH
367,180
366,481
367,255
366,658
365,322
365,029
367,113
369,644
367,512
367,975
368,922
371,090
Republika
Srpska
147,912
149,459
151,076
150,911
149,573
149,110
149,573
149,765
150,669
150,971
151,576
153,535
Brčko District
BiH
11,609
11,809
11,724
11,854
11,721
11,738
11,743
11,567
11,808
11,947
11,944
12,156
Bosnia
and
Herzegovina
TABLE 4
Number of unemployed persons in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 2011 / index
(as at the end of month)
I /2011
II /2011
III /2011
IV /2011
V /2011
VI /2011
VII /2011
VIII /2011
IX /2011
X /2011
XI /2011
XII /2011
No. of unemplyed
previous month
Index in relation to the same month
of the previous year
526,701
527,749
530,055
529,423
526,616
525,877
528,429
530,976
529,989
530,893
532,442
536,781
100.9
100.2
100.4
99.9
99.5
99.9
100.5
100.5
99.8
100.2
100.3
100.8
102.0
101.6
102.1
102.6
102.8
102.8
102.4
102.6
102.5
102.6
102.6
102.8
31
BULLETIN 7
KRETANJE REGISTROVANE NEZAPOSLENOSTI
U 2010. I 2011. GODINI
540.000
536.781
530.000
527.749
530.976
530.055 529.423
526.616
526.701
528.429
532.442
529.989 530.893
525.877
520.000
2010.
510.000
500.000
UNEMPLOYMENT OF WOMEN
Women made up 50.3% (266,429) in the total number of job seekers in 2011. The
increase of unemployed women in 2011 was 2.7% on 2010, whereas it was slightly lower
for men reaching 2.2%.
TABLE 5
Average number of unemployed in BiH in 2010 and 2011 by gender
share of women and men in %, index
Total
Women
Men
Ø 2011
529,661
266,429
263,233
%
100.0%
50.3%
49.7%
Ø 2010
516,993
259,411
257,582
%
100.0%
50.2%
49.8%
Index 2011/2010
102.5%
102.7%
102.2%
ZAPOSLEN
32
BULLETIN 7
GRAPHICAL OVERVIEW OF REGISTERED UNEMPLOYMENT
HERZEGOVINA, ENTITIES AND BRČKO DISTRICT BIH IN 2011
IN
BOSNIA
AND
TRENDS IN REGISTERED UNEMPLOYMENT IN BIH IN 2011
538.000
536.781
536.000
534.000
532.442
532.000
530.055
530.000
529.423
528.000
526.000
530.976
527.749
530.893
529.989
528.429
526.616
526.701
525.877
524.000
522.000
520.000
TRENDS IN REGISTERED UNEMPLOYMENT IN BIH FEDERATION IN 2011
372.000
371.090
371.000
370.000
369.644
369.000
368.000
367.000
366.000
365.000
368.922
367.180
367.255
366.481
366.658
365.322
367.113
367.512
367.975
365.029
364.000
363.000
362.000
361.000
33
BULLETIN 7
TRENDS IN REGISTERED UNEMPLOYMENT IN REPUBLIKA SRPSKA IN 2011
154.000
153.535
153.000
152.000
151.000
151.076
150.911
150.000
149.459
149.000
148.000
149.573
149.573
149.110
151.576
150.971
150.669
149.765
147.912
147.000
146.000
145.000
TRENDS IN REGISTERED UNEMPLOYMENT IN BRČKO DISTRICT BIH IN 2011
12.300
12.200
12.156
12.100
12.000
11.947
11.900
11.809
11.800
11.724
11.700
11.600
11.854
11.609
11.721 11.738
11.944
11.808
11.743
11.567
11.500
11.400
11.300
11.200
34
BULLETIN 7
REGISTERED UNEMPLOYMENT BY QUALIFICATION LEVEL
When it comes to qualification structure of the unemployed in BiH in 2011, the largest
share was made up of persons with third level of qualification – skilled workers with 35.2%,
unskilled workers with 30.6% and workers with secondary school education with 24.6%.
T ŽENA
TABLE 6
Registered unemployment in BiH in 2011 by qualification level
Share in total unemployment in %
Professional attainment
AS ON DATE
Total:
31/1/2011
28/02/2011
31/03/2011
30/04/2011
31/05/2011
30/06/2011
31/07/2011
31/08/2011
30/09/2011
31/10/2011
30/11/2011
31/12/2011
Ø 2011
University
degree
Nonuniversity
degree
Secondary
school
education
Primary
school
education
Highlyskilled
Skilled
Semi-skilled
Unskilled
Total
526,701
22,341
7,292
128,549
2,025
4,144
187,092
14,104
161,154
Women
262,996
14,295
4,499
78,168
1,354
524
75,055
5,859
83,242
Total
527,749
22,285
7,275
128,895
2,025
4,125
187,615
14,103
161,426
Women
263,477
14,241
4,502
78,296
1,353
520
75,333
5,879
83,353
Total
530,055
22,668
7,282
129,681
2,003
4,117
188,360
11,665
164,279
Women
265,048
14,475
4,507
78,744
1,342
514
75,805
4,550
85,111
Total
529,423
23,189
7,341
129,672
2,004
4,112
187,707
11,640
163,758
Women
265,554
14,818
4,558
78,948
1,337
519
75,722
4,562
85,090
Total
526,616
23,412
7,283
128,828
1,992
4,099
186,339
11,606
163,057
Women
264,791
14,988
4,523
78,575
1,330
519
75,431
4,537
84,888
Total
525,877
23,651
7,244
129,488
1,986
4,053
185,694
11,524
162,237
Women
264,689
15,137
4,488
78,922
1,324
509
75,226
4,507
84,576
Total
528,429
25,497
7,431
130,273
1,976
4,023
185,962
11,490
161,777
Women
266,565
16,430
4,600
79,330
1,317
502
75,450
4,480
84,456
Total
530,976
27,495
7,802
130,686
1,971
4,013
186,133
11,463
161,413
Women
268,572
17,831
4,869
79,592
1,316
513
75,617
4,484
84,351
Total
529,989
26,405
7,465
131,894
1,938
3,968
185,771
11,427
161,121
Women
267,797
16,995
4,636
80,131
1,303
504
75,506
4,478
84,245
Total
530,893
27,523
7,435
132,451
1,921
3,944
185,500
11,380
160,739
Women
268,433
17,694
4,623
80,231
1,288
507
75,529
4,465
84,096
Total
532,442
28,553
7,465
132,695
1,909
3,915
185,696
11,351
160,858
Women
268,990
18,375
4,641
80,200
1,281
500
75,461
4,440
84,092
Total
536,781
29,591
7,508
133,454
1,913
3,936
187,199
11,395
161,785
Women
270,232
19,053
4,673
80,393
1,279
510
75,626
4,441
84,257
Total
529,661
25,218
7,402
130,547
1,972
4,037
186,589
11,929
161,967
Women
266,429
16,194
4,593
79,294
1,319
512
75,480
4,723
84,313
Ø 2011
Total %
100.0%
4.8%
1.4%
24.6%
0.4%
0.8%
35.2%
2.3%
30.6%
%
Women%
50.3%
64.2%
62.1%
60.7%
66.9%
12.7%
40.5%
39.6%
52.1%
35
BULLETIN 7
Percentage share of women with university degree, higher non-university degree,
secondary and primary school education and unskilled women in qualification structure of
unemployed persons is higher from that of men, while there are fewer unemployed highly
skilled, skilled and semi-skilled women than equvalent men.
TABLE 7
Registered unemployment in BiH in 2011 by qualification level and gender
share of women and men in %
Professional attainment
Ø 2011
Total:
University
degree
Nonuniversity
degree
Secondary
school
education
Primary
school
education
Highlyskilled
Skilled
Semi-skilled
Unskilled
Total
529,661
25,218
7,402
130,547
1,972
4,037
186,589
11,929
161,967
Women
266,429
16,194
4,593
79,294
1,319
512
75,480
4,723
84,313
%
50.30%
64.22%
62.05%
60.74%
66.87%
12.68%
40.45%
39.60%
52.06%
Men
263,233
9,023
2,809
51,253
653
3,526
111,109
7,206
77,654
%
49.70%
35.78%
37.95%
39.26%
33.13%
87.32%
59.55%
60.40%
47.94%
PERCENTAGE SHARE OF MEN AND WOMEN IN TOTAL UNEMPLOYMENT IN
BIH IN 2011 BY QUALIFICATION LEVEL
120,00%
100,00%
80,00%
60,00%
40,00%
20,00%
0,00%
VSS
VŠS
SSS
NSS
VKV
KV
PKV
NKV
MEN
35,8%
38,0%
39,3%
33,1%
87,3%
59,5%
60,4%
47,9%
WOMEN
64,2%
62,0%
60,7%
66,9%
12,7%
40,5%
39,6%
52,1%
36
BULLETIN 7
EXITS FROM REGISTERS DUE TO EMPLOYMENT
In 2011, 78,843 unemployed persons were removed from unemployment registers of
the Federal Employment Service, Employment Service of Republika Srpska and
Employment Service of the Brčko District of BiH due to employment. Compared to 2010,
the number of these exits increased by 5,215 persons or 7.1%.
TABLE 8
Exits from unemployment registers in 2011 due to employment - BiH/Entities
I
2011
II
2011
III
2011
IV
2011
V
2011
VI
2011
VII
2011
VIII
2011
IX
2011
X
2011
XI
2011
XII
2011
Bosnia
and
Hercegovina
4,813
5,422
5,702
6,466
7,142
8,060
6,962
5,506
10,799
7,104
5,792
5,075
Federation of
BiH
3,344
3,871
3,768
4,402
4,306
5,690
4,689
3,678
8,078
4,704
3,653
3,179
Republika
Srpska
1,429
1,489
1,841
1,983
2,771
2,300
2,177
1,739
2,598
2,310
2,045
1,824
Brčko District of
BiH
40
62
93
81
65
70
96
89
123
90
94
72
EXITS FROM UNEMPLOYMENT REGISTERS IN BIH DUE TO EMPLOYMENT
BY MONTHS AND GENDER
2011
12.000
10.799
10.000
8.060
8.000
6.466
6.000
4.000
2.000
5.422
7.142
5.792
5.702
5.506
5.415
5.075
4.813
2.225 2.336
7.104
6.962
2.193
2.260
2.648
3.457
3.093
2.880
2.166
2.645
2.288
0
Total
Women
37
BULLETIN 7
TABLE 9
Exits from unemployment registers due to employment - BiH/Entities
2004 - 2011
Bosnia and
Herzegovina
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
42,499
47,890
61,141
90,257
90,995
67,903
73,628
78,843
EXITS FROM UNEMPLOYMENT REGISTERS IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA
DUE TO EMPLOYMENT
2004 - 2011
100.000
90.995
90.257
90.000
80.000
67.903
70.000
73.628
78.843
61.141
60.000
47.890
50.000 42.499
40.000
30.000
20.000
10.000
2004.
2005.
2006.
2007.
2008.
2009.
2010.
2011.
EXITS FROM UNEMPLOYMENT REGISTERS IN BIH DUE TO EMPLOYMENT BY
QUALIFICATION STRUCTURE AND GENDER
2011
35.000
30.000
25.000
20.000
15.000
10.000
5.000
0
VSS
VŠS
SSS
NSS
VKV
KV
PKV
NKV
TOTAL
12.726
2.197
23.863
143
567
29.133
794
9.420
WOMEN
8.160
1.349
11.714
81
77
8.614
217
3.394
38
BULLETIN 7
MATERIAL AND SOCIAL SECURITY OF THE UNEMPLOYED
In December 2011, 10,634 persons or 1.98% of the total number of registered
unemployed persons received cash benefit. Compared to the same period of 2010, when
there were 7,686 cash benefit recipients, the number has increased by 2,948 persons or
38.4%.
TABLE 10
Material and social security of unemployed persons in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Cash benefit recipients, indices
Cash benefit recipients
III 2011
VI 2011
IX 2011
XII 2011
Index
XII 2011/III 2011
Bosnia and
Herzegovina:
11,097
10,476
11,578
10,634
95.8
Federation of BiH
Republika Srpska
Brčko District of BiH
8,195
2,601
301
7,775
2,415
286
8,819
2,478
281
8,093
2,313
228
98.8
88.9
75.7
CASH BENEFIT RECIPIENTS IN BIH
XII/2004 - XII/2011
16.000
14.000
12.000
10.000
8.000
6.000
4.000
2.000
0
XII
/2004
XII
/2005
XII
/2006
XII
/2007
XII
/2008
XII
/2009
XII
/2010
XII
/2011
BIH Total
8.547
8.223
8.453
8.359
8.812
14.102
7.686
10.634
BIH Women
3.682
3.419
3.465
3.431
4.087
4.335
3.181
4.377
39
BULLETIN 7
Entitlement to health care in December 2011 was exercised by 380,249 persons,
which is 70.8% of the total number of the registered unemployed in BiH. In year-on-year
comparison, the number of health care beneficiaries increased by 28,615 persons or 8.1%.
TABLE 11
Material and social security of unemployed persons in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Health care beneficiaries, indices
Health care beneficiaries
III 2011
VI 2011
IX 2011
XII 2011
Index
XII 2011/III 2011
Bosnia and
Herzegovina:
362,902
363,802
370,434
380,249
104.8
Federation of BiH
Republika Srpska
Brčko District of BiH
216,523
139,621
6,758
216,540
140,401
6,861
220,856
142,555
7,023
226,206
146,708
7,335
104.5
105.1
108.5
HEALTH CARE BENEFICIARIES IN BIH
XII/2004 - XII/2011
400.000
350.000
300.000
250.000
200.000
150.000
100.000
50.000
0
XII
/2004
XII
/2005
XII
/2006
XII
/2007
XII
/2008
XII
/2009
XII
/2010
XII
/2011
291.512
319.038
335.398
325.638
306.786
335.152
351.634
380.249
BIH Women 109.942
122.454
132.030
133.545
133.174
143.352
153.837
167.959
BIH Total
40
BULLETIN 7
Labour Force Survey
MATERIJALNA
I SOCIJALNA SIGURNOST
LABOUR FORCE BY ACTIVITY
According to the results of the Labour Force Survey 20112, the labour force
(economically active population) in BiH consisted of 1,126,983 persons, while the number
of inactive persons totalled 1,433,852. The labour force comprised 816,036 persons in
employment and 310,947 unemployed persons.
The number of active and inactive persons which constitute the working-age
population decreased in comparison to 2010. The labour force – economically active
population decreased by 2.7%. The number of persons in employment was down by 3.2%
and the number of unemployed persons decreased by 1.3% on 2010.
LABOUR FORCE SURVEY 2011 - WORKING-AGE POPULATION IN BIH
BY ACTIVITY
2.560.835
Working-age
population (15+)
1.126.983
Active population
816.036
Persons in
employment
310.947
Unemployed
1.433.852
Inactive population
0
1000000
2000000
3000000
RADNA SNAGA PO AKNOST PO A
EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT RATES
Employment rate in 2011 was lower in comparison to 2010 by 0.6% amounting to
31.9%.
EMPLOYMENT RATE IN BIH/ENTITIES ACCORDING TO LABOUR FORCE
SURVEY IN 2010 AND 2011
32,50%
31,90%
BIH
30,40%
29,80%
FBIH
36,60%
36,10%
RS
25,80%
22,90%
BD BIH
0,00%
5,00%
10,00%
15,00%
20,00%
2010
2
25,00%
30,00%
35,00%
40,00%
2011
Source: BHAS, Labour Force Survey
41
BULLETIN 7
Unemployment rate in 2011 was up by 0.4% on 2010 amounting to 27.6%.
UNEMPLOYMENT RATE IN BIH/ENTITIES ACCORDING TO
LABOUR FORCE SURVEY IN 2010 AND 2011
27,20%
27,60%
29,10%
29,20%
23,60%
24,50%
BIH
FBIH
RS
36,40%
39,00%
BD BIH
0,00%
5,00% 10,00% 15,00% 20,00% 25,00% 30,00% 35,00% 40,00%
2010
2011
According to this Survey, the unemployment structure by gender was following:
58.3% men and 41.7% women.
STRUCTURE OF REGISTERED UNEMPLOYMENT IN BIH IN 2011
BY GENDER
-Labour Force Survey women
41,7%
men
58,3%
Structure of unemployment by educational attainment shows that the largest share
of 69.8% is made up of persons with secondary education, 21.9% are persons with primary
and lower education and 8.3% persons with higher education (college, university, adacemy,
master or doctoral degree).
STRUCTURE OF REGISTERED UNEMPLOYMENT IN
BIH IN 2011 BY EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
-Labour Force Survey higher education
8,3%
primary
education
21,9%
secondary
education
69,8%
42
BULLETIN 7
Sources and notes on methodology:
Data sources consulted in preparation of the Bulletin: Agency for Statistics of BiH, Federal
Office of Statistics, Republika Srpska Institute of Statistics, Federal Employment Service,
Employment Service of Republika Srpska and Employment Service of the Brčko District of BiH.
Explanation of symbols and definitions
Unemployed persons are able-bodied persons without work, aged 15 to 65 and registered in
one of labour bureaus of employment services in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
First-time job seekers are persons registered in labour bureaus of employment services in
Bosnia and Herzegovina who have never been in employment.
Unemployed persons due to cessation of businesses are persons registered in labour
bureaus of employment services of Bosnia and Herzegovina who have lost their jobs due to
cessation of an organization or a business.
Cash benefit recipients are unemployed persons registered in municipal labour bureaus of
employment services in Bosnia and Herzegovina who have become entitled to this benefit
pursuant to legal provisions.
Newly registered first-time job seekers are persons registering for the first time in municipal
labour bureaus of employment services in Bosnia and Herzegovina with the purpose of finding
employment.
Persons employed through employment services are persons who have taken employment
in the country or abroad during the reporting month and who were previously registered in
employment services as unemployed.
Labour demand implies the number of workers and interns demanded to fill vacancies and new
job openings which are notified to labour bureaus of employment services in Bosnia and
Herzegovina by organizations and employers.
Realized applications for labour demand imply the number of recruited workers and interns
according to employers’ notice to employment services in Bosnia and Herzegovina on newly
recruited labour.
.
Abbreviations
NKV
PKV
KV
VKV
unskilled worker
semi-skilled worker
skilled worker
highly skilled worker
NSS
SSS
VŠS
VSS
primary school attainment
secondary school attainment
non-university higher education
university degree
no occurrence
corrected data
average
...
()
1)
data not available
estimated data
remark symbol
Symbols
*
θ
Activity sectors according to CEA:
A
B
C
D
Agriculture, hunting and forestry
Fishing
Mining and quarrying
Manufactoring
43
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
BULLETIN 7
Electricity, gas and water supply
Construction
Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles and personal and
household goods
Hotels and restaurants
Transportation, storage and communication
Financial intermediation
Real estate, renting and business services
Public administration and defence; mandatory social security
Education
Health and social work activities
44

IZDAVAČ: Agencija za rad i zapošljavanje Bosne i Hercegovine,

Transcription

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