Chapter 2
Transcription
Chapter 2
Chapter 2 Anatomical Reference Position Kinematic Concepts for Analyzing Human Motion • erect standing position with all body parts facing forward • considered the starting point for all body segment movements Directional Terms Directional Terms • superior: closer to the head • medial: toward the midline of the body • inferior: farther away from the head • lateral: away form the midline of the body • anterior: toward the front of the body • proximal: closer to the trunk • posterior: toward the back • distal: away from the trunk Directional Terms Reference Planes • Superficial: towards the surface of the body Deep: away from the surface of the body • sagittal plane - in which forward and backward movements occur • frontal plane - in which lateral movements occur • transverse plane - in which rotational movements occur 1 Saggital Plane Saggital Plane Movements Flexion Extension Dorsiflexion Frontal Plane Hyperextension Plantar flexion What movements occur in the frontal plane? Radial deviation Abduction Adduction Transverse Plane Lateral flexion Depression Elevation Ulnar deviation Eversion Inversion Transverse Plane Movements Horizontal adduction Medial rotation Lateral rotation Pronation Supination Horizontal abduction 2 Reference Axes Mediolateral Axis • mediolateral axis - around which rotations in the sagittal plane occur • anteroposterior axis - around which rotations in the frontal plane occur • longitudinal axis - around which rotational movements occur Anteroposterior Axis Longitudinal Axis Forms of Motion Angular Motion Linear motion: motion along a line • Rectilinear motion: (along a straight line) • Curvilinear motion: (along a curved line) rotation around an axis 3 General Motion Mechanical System • a body or portion of a body that is deliberately chosen by the analyst combination of linear and angular motion (includes most human motion) Spatial Reference Systems • useful for standardizing descriptions of human motion - throwing arm - kicking leg - trunk during a lift - entire body during a vertical jump Spatial Reference Systems Y • most commonly used is the Cartesian coordinate system • human body joint centers are labeled with numerical x and y coordinates Spatial Reference Systems (x,y) = (3,7) (0,0) X Cartesian coordinates of the hip Qualitative Analysis: Prerequisite Knowledge y x=y=+ x (0,0) x=y=- • What is the purpose of the skill? x=+ y=+ x=+ y=- • What are the causes of performance errors? • How can knowledge be gained? • experience in performing the skill • reading available literature • attending conferences and workshops Coordinates can be both positive and negative. 4 Qualitative Analysis: Planning • What is the question to be answered? • From what perspective(s) should the movement be viewed? •Angle Qualitative Analysis: Planning • What plans should be made for: - performer attire - lighting conditions - background •Viewing distance - use of video • How many observations should be taken? Qualitative Analysis: Conducting the Analysis Identify Question/Problem Viewing Angle Lab • Identify the 3 reference planes and list 3 movements that primarily occur in each plane Viewing Distance Performer Attire Refine Question Make Decisions Use of Video End Analysis Communicate with Performer Environmental Modifications Collect Observations Quiz study key terms Visual Auditory From Performer Interpret Observations From Other Analysts 5