Enemy-Threat-Weapons

Transcription

UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS
THE BASIC SCHOOL
MARINE CORPS TRAINING COMMAND
CAMP BARRETT, VIRGINIA 22134-5019
ENEMY THREAT
WEAPONS
B2A2177
STUDENT HANDOUT/SELF
PACED INSTRUCTION
Basic Officer Course
B2A2177
Enemy Threat Weapons
Introduction
In 1979, the Soviets invaded Afghanistan. The Soviets
assumed this would be a short uneventful battle; however,
the Mujahadeen had other plans. The Mujahadeen are
guardians of the Afghani way of live and territory. The
Soviets went into Afghanistan with the latest weapons to
include the AK-74, AKS-74, and AKSU-74, which replaced
the venerable AK-47 in the Soviet Arsenals. The
Mujahadeen were armed with Soviet-made AK-47s. This
twist of fate would prove to be fatal to the Soviets. For
nearly 11 years, the Mujahadeen repelled the Soviet
attacks with Soviet-made weapons. The Mujahadeen also
captured many newer Soviet small arms, which augmented
their supplies of weaponry. In 1989, the Soviet Union
withdrew from Afghanistan back to the other side of the
mountain. The Mujahadeen thwarted a communist takeover with their strong will to resist and the AK-47. This is
important to you because it illustrates what an effective
weapon the AK-47 is, and in the hands of a well-trained
rifleman, what can be accomplished.
Importance
This is important to you as a Marine because there is not a
battlefield or conflict that you will be deployed to, where you
will not find a Kalashnikov AK-47 or variant.
In This Lesson
This lesson will cover history, evolution, description, and
characteristics of foreign weapons. The primary focus will
be on the Kalashnikov family of assault rifles known as the
AK-47.
This lesson covers the following topics:
Topic
History of the AK-47 Assault Rifle
Evolution of the AK-47 Assault Rifle
Reproduction and Copies
Additional Foreign Weapons Reference
Material
Various Rifles and Assault Rifles of the World
Small Arms Weapons of the Enemy
The Global Picture, Supply and Demand
Summary
References
Glossary of Terms and Acronyms
Notes
2
Page
4
8
17
22
27
29
30
31
31
31
31
B2A2177
Enemy Threat Weapons (Continued)
Learning Objectives
Terminal Learning Objectives
MCCS-PAT-2204.Given a mission and suspected
combatant(s) equipped with threat weapon(s), and
indicators of sight and/or sound, identify threat weapons
and their capabilities to report enemy information and
accomplish the mission.
3
B2A2177
History of the AK-47 Assault Rifle
Sturmgewehr 44 (MP 44) “Father
of Modern Assault Rifles”
7.92 x 33mm Kurz Intermediate
•
Origin. In 1941, during World War II, a Soviet tank commander named Mikhail
Timofeyvich Kalashnikov was wounded in battle on the Eastern Front. His tank
was hit by a German artillery round injuring him severely by the shrapnel.
During Mikhail Kalashnikov’s long convalescence, he studied automatic
weapons. Kalashnikov was previously awarded for engineering designs and
improvements to the T-34 while serving as a tank commander. Kalashnikov
entered the Soviet small arms engineering competition to design a superior
assault rifle. Kalashnikov’s first design showed no real improvement over
existing rifles.
o
In 1944, the Soviets captured many German weapons, and they were
sent back for examination. One weapon in particular was a great success for
the Germans and would have a profound impact on all small arms. This rifle
was the Sturmgewehr 44 (StGw 44), the first successful assault rifle and the
father of all modern assault rifles. Literally translated “Sturmgewehr” means
“assault rifle.” The Soviets were very impressed with this weapon and raced
to design an equivalent commissioning many small arms designers.
o
In 1947, the Soviet equivalent was born, the Avtomata Kalashnikova
obstractz 1947 (Automatic Kalashnikov), (AK-47) Assault Rifle. For the next
two years, it would be tested and refined. After some arduous field-testing
and some minor changes, the weapon was accepted into service at the end
of 1949. By the mid 50s the AK-47 was in use as the primary Soviet infantry
weapon and other communist nations. The design closely resembled the
StGw 44.
o The cartridge for the Soviet model was even modeled after the intermediate
German cartridge that the StGw 44 fired, the 7.92 x 33mm Kurz. The Soviet
round derived was the 7.62 x 39mm (M1943/M43) intermediate cartridge.
The AK-47 is not the best assault rifle but it certainly is the most distributed.
4
B2A2177
History of the AK-47 Assault Rifle (Continued)
•
AK-47 Obstractz. The original model came into service in 1949 and serves as
a template to many different variants throughout the world today. As
aforementioned, the AK-47 is widely distributed; therefore, it is a very popular
model. Unfortunately, the AK-47 is not without it faults. There is no locking
device that lets the operator know when the weapon has run dry, and the bolt
cannot be locked to the rear for reloads and observation of the chamber area. It
has relatively poor accuracy of only about 300 meters. This original model is
very rare and not circulated.
\
Stamped Steel Receiver
No Finger Groove or Dimples
AK-47 Obstractz
Country of Origin
Soviet Union (Russia)
Caliber
7.62 x 39mm (M43 intermediate cartridge)
Operation
Gas
Locking
Rotating Bolt
Feeding
30 round detachable box magazine
Effective Range
300 meters
Notes
The original AK-47 produced from 1947 to late
1950 had a stamped metal receiver and no
finger grooves or dimples.
5
B2A2177
•
The AK-47. The AK-47 was improved in late 1950, yet it was very expensive to
manufacture because the receiver is comprised of milled (forged) steel, meaning
the receiver started as a block of steel and machinists had to cut or mill the steel
to shape and hollow. The milled steel receiver also resulted in a much heavier
weapon. The AK-47 was still a very successful weapon and well respected for
its power of endurance. There are several features that easily identify the
original AK-47 model from more current models. The front sight post is about ½
inch wider. There are four small holes on the gas cylinder tube. The sights are
graduated to only 800 meters. The receiver is solid steel, and there is a 3-inch
finger groove on the front of the receiver. A common misconception is that
the AK-47 will fire the NATO 7.62 x 51mm (.308) round. This is not true, the
rounds are not interchangeable!
Wider front sight post assembly.
Sights graduated to 800 meters.
3 “ finger groove on receiver.
4 holes on each side for Gas venting.
Milled or forged metal receiver.
AK-47
Country of Origin
Caliber
Operation
Gas
Locking
Rotating Bolt
Feeding
Effective Range
300 meters
6
B2A2177
•
Characteristics of the AK-47 Assault Rifle. The AK-47 assault rifle is a gas
operated, shoulder fired, air-cooled weapon that fires from the closed bolt
position. The weapon has a closed gas piston and rod, which are permanently
attached to the bolt carrier. A standard 30 round detachable box magazine
feeds the weapon. There are also 40 round and 75 round drum magazines in
use. The weapon is chambered for the M43 7.62 x 39mm cartridge. The
weapon fires automatic and semi-automatic. The weapons maximum effective
range is 300 meters. This is largely because the sights are not calibrated for
deflection (windage). The sighting system on the AK series has windage and
elevation; however, the windage is adjusted on the front sight with a tool (much
like drifting M9 Pistol sights). Technical data of the AK-47 Assault rifle is as
follows:
Caliber
AK-47 Assault Rifle
7.62 x 39mm (AK-47)/
5.45 x 39.5mm (AK-74)
Operating System
Gas (Long Stroke Piston)
Locking System
Rotating Bolt
Length
34.25 inches (approximately)
Weight
9 lbs 7 oz (unloaded); 7.75 lbs (AKMS)
Barrel Length
16.34 inches
Max Effective Range
300 meters
Muzzle Velocity
710 m/sec (2330 ft/sec)
Front Sight
Post w/wings, Rabbit ears
Rear Sight
Tangent graduated to 800 meters (1000m
AKM) fixed deviation
Line of Sight
14.5 inches (approximately)
Magazine
30 round detachable box
Rate of Fire
Cyclic – 750 rounds per minute
7
B2A2177
Evolution of the AK-47 Assault Rifle
•
AKS. You learned that the AK-47 came into service in 1949; the weapon was
then modified into the AKS (Avtomata Kalashnikova Skladyvayushchimsys) that
entered service in late 1950. The “S” stands for “stock”. The AKS is an AK-47
with a folding double strut metal stock. The stock is folded underneath the
weapon by depressing the press-button release. This model offered more
versatility due to it compact nature. This model was used mostly with Russian
airborne and mechanized infantry troops. The weapon has been replaced in the
Russian arsenal and is mainly exported to other countries.
AKS
Country of Origin
Caliber
Operation
Gas
Locking
Rotating Bolt
Feeding
Effective Range
300 meters
8
B2A2177
Evolution of the AK-47 Assault Rifle (Continued)
•
AKM. In 1959 the AKM (Avtomata Kalashnikova Modernizirovanniyi) entered
service and replaced the original AK-47s. The AKM is an AK-47 assault rifle
with a few modifications. The “M” stands for “modernization”. Some models
were fitted with a spoon-type compensator. The sights were graduated to 1000
meters. The most notable difference is the stamped metal receiver replaced the
heavier milled steel receiver. This resulted in a lighter weapon. The stamped
receiver was much more inexpensive and the weapon could be more readily
mass-produced. The AKM was also fitted with a rate reducing mechanism
(trigger delay mechanism) for added reliability and better control during
automatic fire. This mechanism imposes a minute resistance on the forward
movement of the hammer, which takes the cyclic rate of fire down to 650 rounds
per minute. The weapon was also fitted with a bayonet and scabbard which
when connected transformed into all-purpose wire cutters. Note the different
shape of the pistol grip, the dimple in the stamped metal receiver and the
bayonet and wire cutter scabbard.
1000-meter sights
Bayonet
Stamped Steel
Receiver
Re-shaped Pistol
Grip
Dimpled Slot in Receiver
Country of Origin
Caliber
Operation
Locking
Feeding
Effective Range
AKM
Gas
Rotating Bolt
300 – 400 meters
9
B2A2177
•
AKMS. During the early 1960s the AKMS was developed. The AKMS
(Avtomata Kalashnikova Modernizirovanniyi Skladyvayushchimsys) is the
modernized version with a folding double strut metal stock. This weapon
replaced the AKS, and was outfitted by paratroopers, mechanized infantry, and
Spetznaz troops.
AKMS
Country of Origin
Caliber
Operation
Gas
Locking
Rotating Bolt
Feeding
Effective Range
300 – 400 meters
10
B2A2177
•
AK-74. This weapon was developed in 1974 and came into service in 1975.
Captured United States (US) M16A1 Service rifles from the Vietnam War were
sent to Russia for evaluation and experimentation of a Soviet equivalent of the
high velocity, small bore rifle. In 1974, this resulted in the manufacture of the
AK-74. This new weapon still used the AK-47 template; however, it incorporated
some enhanced features. The AK-74 has a true compensator and it is
chambered for the Soviet 5.45 x 39.5mm round. This compensator greatly
reduces muzzle climb and reduces recoil, therefore it is arguably the best in the
world. Another notable difference is in the furniture. It has lighter, orange plastic
magazines with stiffening fillets, sometimes plum (black) in color. The accuracy
of the weapon is also improved. This is the standard issue for the Russian
military troops. This weapon will not fire the NATO 5.56 x 45mm cartridge.
AKMS
Country of Origin
Caliber
5.45 x 39.5 mm
Operation
Gas
Locking
Rotating Bolt
Feeding
Effective Range
500 meters
11
B2A2177
•
AKS-74. In 1979, this model, the AK-74 with a folding skeletonized metal stock
was issued. It is used by airborne and mechanized infantry troops.
Country of Origin
Caliber
Operation
Locking
Feeding
Effective Range
AKS-74
5.45 x 39.5 mm
Gas
Rotating Bolt
500 meters
12
B2A2177
•
AKSU-74 This model was first reported in 1983 in Afghanistan. This weapon is
known as the “shorty”. This is the submachine gun version, although it still fires
rifle ammunition. The barrel and furniture have been shortened. Because the
weapon is much shorter, the range is also decreased, however not by much due
to the bell shaped flash-hider. The AKSS-74 was a 7.62 x 39 version and was
not very popular. The AKSU-74 is the weapon that Spetznaz most frequently
use. The top version below is set-up for special force operations; it features a
suppressor and grenade launcher.
Country of Origin
Caliber
Operation
Locking
Feeding
Effective Range
Notes
AKSU-74
5.45 x 39.5 mm
Gas
Rotating Bolt
200-300 meters
Extremely versatile weapon with many sub-variants.
13
B2A2177
•
Exterior Nomenclature (AKM).
a. Muzzle (Compensator). Reduces muzzle-climb.
b. Front sight Assembly. Houses the front sight post.
c. Gas Cylinder
d. Gas Cylinder Tube
e. Operating handle. Feeds and chambers rounds. Unlike the M16A2 service rifle,
it does not lock to the rear when the weapon has run dry, and there is no
mechanical device to lock to the rear for observation of the chamber.
f. Selector Lever. There are three positions, the upward position is “safe”, the
middle position is “automatic”, and the down position is “semi-automatic”. When
the safety is engaged, the bolt cannot be pulled all the way to the rear.
g. Receiver. Milled steel on the original weapon, stamped steel on the all other
models. It houses the operating group and all other major components.
h. Butt Stock. Wood or plastic on some models. Can be skeletonized folding metal
stock as well.
14
B2A2177
•
Exterior Nomenclature (AKM) (Continued).
i.
Bayonet & Scabbard
j.
Barrel Assembly Houses the round for firing and directs projectile, hand grips are
attached to this assembly.
k.
Hand guards (Fore end)
l.
Magazine 30 round detachable box magazine.
m.
Rear Sight Assembly. Sights are marked to 800 meters on the Ak-47 and 1000
meters on the AKM. Effective range is roughly 300 meters. The Ak-74 has a
range of 500 meters.
n.
Magazine Catch
o.
Trigger
p.
Bolt (Dust) Cover
q.
Pistol Grip
15
B2A2177
•
Interior Nomenclature (AKM).
a. Drive Spring Guide and Drive Spring
b. Bolt
c. Operating Rod
d. Piston
e. Follower
f. Magazine Spring
g. Cleaning Rod
h. Lands and Grooves (Bore)
16
B2A2177
Reproductions and Copies
The AK-47 has evolved throughout the years and has been reproduced by other
countries into many variants. The AK-47 is a favorite with terrorist organizations and
third world countries. Over 70 million AK-47 or variants have been produced, and some
35,000,000 to 50,000,000 exist today. The weapon is inexpensive to manufacture and
easily obtainable. Many third world nations and communist bloc countries use the AK
and currently it is used in 78 nations. The AK series is manufactured in eleven different
countries. Countries that have duplicated the design and renamed the weapon are as
follows:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Bulgaria (AKM)
Poland (PMK)
East Germany (MPiKMS)
China (M-22)
Hungary (AMD-65)
Finland (M70)
North Korea (Type 58)
Yugoslavia (Zastava M64-M80)
Egypt (MISR)
Romania (AIM)
Iraq (Tabuk)
Other countries have at designed weapons that are very similar to the AK-47 but have
changed the cosmetic features or operational features. These countries include:
•
•
•
•
•
Czechoslovakia (Vz-58v/p)
Israel (Galil)
South Africa (R4)
Belgium (PNC)
Sweden (FNC80)
There is even a model manufactured in the United States.
17
B2A2177
Reproductions and Copies (Continued)
Below are partial reprintings of the various AK-47 replicas found throughout the world.
•
M-22 (China)
M-22 (China)
Country of Origin
People’s Republic of China
Caliber
7.62 x 39 mm (M43)
Operation
Gas
Locking
Rotating Bolt
Feeding
Effective Range
300 meters
Notes
The M-22 is a direct copy of the AK-47.
18
B2A2177
Below are partial reprintings of the various AK-47 replicas found throughout the world
(Continued).
•
Type 58 (North Korea)
Type 58 (North Korea)
Country of Origin
North Korea
Caliber
7.62 x 39 mm (M43)
Operation
Gas
Locking
Rotating Bolt
Feeding
Effective Range
300-400 meters
Notes
The Type 58 is a direct copy of the AK-47.
19
B2A2177
(Continued).
•
MPiKM 74 (East Germany)
MPiKM 74 (East Germany)
Country of Origin
East Germany
Caliber
5.45 x 39.5 mm
Operation
Gas
Locking
Rotating Bolt
Feeding
Effective Range
500 meters
20
B2A2177
(Continued).
•
Tabuk (Iraq)
Tabuk (Iraq)
Country of Origin
Iraq
Caliber
7.62 x 39 mm
Operation
Gas
Locking
Rotating Bolt
Feeding
Effective Range
200-400 meters
There are several Iraqi models with various
calibers; some models have serrations on the barrel
increasing surface area, reducing heat. The Tabuk
features BG-15 grenade launcher sights.
Notes
21
B2A2177
Additional Foreign Weapons Reference Material
Below are examples of other enemy threat weapons that have been used against US
forces in the past. They include, but are not limited to, sniper rifles, machine guns (light,
medium, and heavy) and Rocket Propelled Grenades (RPG).
•
Machine Guns.
o RPD (Ruchnoi Pulemet Degtyyarev) (Russia).
RPD (Russia)
Country of Origin
Russia
Caliber
7.62 x 39 mm
Operation
Gas
Locking
Locking leaf
Feeding
100 RD. non-disintegrating metal link
Effective Range
800 meters
22
B2A2177
Additional Foreign Weapons Reference Material (Continued)
o RPK (RUCHNOI PULEMET KALASHNIKOV) (Russia).
RPK (Russia)
Country of Origin
Russia
Caliber
7.62 x 39 mm
Operation
Gas
Locking
Rotary bolt
Feeding
30/40 round magazine or 75 round drum
Effective Range
800 meters
23
B2A2177
o RPK-74 (Russia).
RPK-74 (Russia)
Country of Origin
Russia
Caliber
5.45 x 39 mm
Operation
Gas
Locking
Rotary bolt
Feeding
Same as AK-74
Effective Range
800 meters
24
B2A2177
o PKM (Russia).
pkm (Russia)
Country of Origin
Russia
Caliber
7.62 x 54 mm
Operation
Gas
Locking
Locking leaf
Feeding
250 RD. non-disintegrating metal link
Effective Range
1000 meters
Notes
There are other variants of this weapon system
(PKMS and PKMSN) that include the ability to
mount to a heavy tripod and the use of night-vision
optics.
25
B2A2177
•
Rocket Propelled Grenade (RPG).
o Producers and variants:
− Iran
(Nader)
− China (Type 69)
− Egypt (Sakr PG-7)
− Iraq (Al-Nassira)
− Pakistan (RPG-7)
− Romania (AG-7S)
− Bulgaria (RPG-7)
− Russia (RPG-7)
o Caliber: 40mm (TUBE) Warhead: 85mm grenade
o Characteristics: Shoulder fired, muzzle loaded, antitank and antipersonnel
grenade launcher.
o Effective Range:
− 300m - Moving target
− 500m - Stationary
− 920m - Area target
− 1100m - Antipersonnel
o Armor Penetration: approx 12 inches conventional armor plate.
26
B2A2177
•
SKS (Russia).
•
SVT 40 (Russia).
27
B2A2177
•
Sniper Rifles.
o SVD/Dragunov (Russia).
SVD/Dragunov (Russia)
Country of Origin
Russia
Caliber
7.62 x 54 mm
Operating System
Semiautomatic
Overall length
47.9 inches
Magazine capacity
10-round detachable
Sights
Telescope: 4x pso-1; BDC: 0-1, 300m
Front: Hooded post
Rear: Tangent with notch
o FPK (Romania).
Country of Origin
Caliber
Operating System
Overall length
Magazine capacity
Sights
FPK (Romania)
Romania
7.62 x 54 mm Rimmed
Semiautomatic
45.4 inches
10-round detachable box type
Telescope: LSP (Romanian copy of the Soviet
pso-1); BDC: 100-1,000m with 1100, 1200,
1300 m reference points.
Front: Hooded post
Rear: Sliding unshaped notch
28
B2A2177
Small Arms Weapons of the Enemy
RPK 7.62 x 39mm
(RPK-74 5.45 x 39.5mm)
AK-74 5.56 x 39.5mm
AKS 7.62 x 39mm
PM (Makarov) 9 x 18mm
29
82A2177
TiiE GWBAL PICTIJRE
Supply and Demand
Only a f covt'lhies s plymost of theworld'ssmall
arms and light weapons.The types shown here are
among t he most common s:vailible today. Theitligh t
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31
B2A2177
Summary
During this lesson we covered history, characteristics, and nomenclature of the AK-47
Assault Rifle. You also learned how the weapon has evolved throughout the years and
why it has been the weapon of choice for the enemy. During this lesson you also
learned of the many reproductions and copies that exist. You also learned how to
disassemble and assemble the AK-47 Assault Rifle. With knowledge gained in this
class the student will be able to instruct all of the aspects covered. Remember, there is
not a battlefield in the world that Marines will be deployed to where they will not face the
enemy wielding an AK-47 Assault Rifle.
References
Reference Number or
Author
Department of the Army
Jane’s Guns Recognition
Guide
MCRP 3-01A
SW107
Reference Title
Operator’s Manual for the AK-47 Assault Rifle
Military Small Arms of the 20th Century
Rifle Marksmanship
Foreign Small Arms, Small Arms Weapons Instructor
Course, WTBN
Glossary of Terms and Acronyms
Term or Acronym
AKM
AKMS
AKS
RPD
RPG
RPK
US
Definition or Identification
Avtomata Kalashnikova Modernizirovanniyi
Avtomata Kalashnikova Modernizirovanniyi
Skladyvayushchimsys
Avtomata Kalashnikova Skladyvayushchimsys
Ruchnoi Pulemet Degtyyarev
Rocket Propelled Grenades
Ruchnoi Pulemet Kalashnikov
United States
Notes
32
Notes

Enemy-Threat-Weapons

Transcription

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