Chile - BirdLife International

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ISBN: 978-9942-9959-0-2
Recommended citation: DEVENISH, C., DÍAZ FERNÁNDEZ, D. F., CLAY, R. P., DAVIDSON, I. & YÉPEZ ZABALA, I. EDS. (2009) Important Bird Areas Americas - Priority sites for
biodiversity conservation. Quito, Ecuador: BirdLife International (BirdLife Conservation Series No. 16).
To cite this chapter: SOAZO, P. O., RODRÍGUEZ JORQUERA, I., ARREY GARRIDO, P & JARAMILLO, A. (2009) Chile. Pp 125 –134 in C. Devenish, D. F. Díaz Fernández, R. P.
Clay, I. Davidson & I. Yépez Zabala Eds. Important Bird Areas Americas - Priority sites for biodiversity conservation. Quito, Ecuador: BirdLife International (BirdLife
Conservation Series No. 16).
The purpose of the information contained in this book is to support conservation initiatives in the Americas, for which it may be reproduced. Using this information for
commercial purposes is not permitted. If part or all of this information is used or included in any other publication, BirdLife International must be cited as copyright holder.
Those who provided illustrations or photographs in this book have copyright over them and these are not permitted to be reproduced separately to the texts accompanying
them.
The presentation of material in this book and the geographical designations employed do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of BirdLife
International concerning the legal status of any country, territory or area, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Membership of BirdLife International
does not imply any opinion or position with respect to sovereignty issues on the part of BirdLife International Partner organizations.
Graphic design: Alejandro Miranda Baldares ([email protected])
Translations: Christian Devenish, Ítala Yépez Zabala & Amiro Pérez-Leroux
Maps: David F. Díaz Fernández, Ítala Yépez Zabala & Christian Devenish
Edition of Spanish language country chapters: Ítala Yépez Zabala, Carlos Huertas Sánchez & David F. Díaz Fernández
Graphic design volunteer (Spanish language country chapters): Adriana Valencia Tapia
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This publication and all country/territory chapters in their native languages are available for download at www.birdlife.org/
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Chile is a long narrow country on the southwestern edge of South America, lying between the Andes and the
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Passage to the west and south, respectively. Chilean offshore islands include the Juan Fernández archipelago, Islas
Desventuradas (San Félix and San Ambrosio) and Isla Sala y Gómez. In all, Chile includes the mainland territory,
offshore South American islands, a Polynesian island (Easter Island or Rapa Nui) as well as an Antarctic claim.
Chile is a democratic republic and unitary state with three separate branches of government: the executive, headed
by the president of the republic; legislative, represented by the bicameral Congreso Nacional with a house of
representatives and senate; and judicial, under the responsibility of the Courts of Justice. Chile is divided into
15 regions, 53 provinces and 345 municipalities or comunas. Governance of these administrative divisions is
decentralized. Chile has a population of 16,100,100 inhabitants, of which 4.6% (692,192) consider themselves
to belong to one of eight ethnic groups: Mapuche, Aymara, Rapa Nui, Atacameño, Alacalufe, Colla, Quechua or
Yamana (INE, 2002).
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country of many contrasts. It has a rugged geography, with the Andean cordillera acting as a backbone, running
through the country from north to south, reaching altitudes of over 6000 m. Parallel to the Andes, a coastal
mountain range, the Cordillera de la Costa, rises to heights of up to 3000 m. Starting just north of Santiago, a
central depression lies between the Andes and the coastal mountain range, with grassland and wetland ecosystems
in the north, valleys in the central southern region, and breaking up into an intricate system of gulfs, channels,
estuaries and islands south of Puerto Montt. The northern sector of the country, from Santiago to the Peruvian
border lacks the low intermontane valley, although a high desert plain exists between the coastal cliffs and the
Andes. Several rivers originating in the Andes complete the geographic makeup of the country, the majority of
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Ocean over the length of Chile’s long and biodiversity-rich coastline.
Many northern rivers provide the only vegetated habitats that connect
the ocean to the highlands, the landscape otherwise being absolute
desert. Chile is located in a geologically-unstable area, with frequent
earthquakes and over 110 volcanoes, factors which continue to shape
the country’s landscape today.
for dry, desert conditions in the north, harsh alpine conditions and
glaciers in the Andes, some of which reach the coast in the south, a
Mediterranean climate in the center with marked seasons and a wet,
cool and temperate climate in the south.
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Humboldt current, the Andes, the Cordillera de la Costa, the area of
high pressure around the tropics and the mid-latitude low. This makes
In terms of fauna, Chile is not as diverse as many neighboring South
American countries, approximately 1932 vertebrate species exist in
Chile, including 147 mammals, 456 birds, 94 reptiles, 56 amphibians
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threatened (Campos et al. 1998).
The State System of Protected Areas (SNASPE, in Spanish) contains
the greatest area under legal protection in Chile and is managed by the
National Forestry Service (CONAF). Approximately 14,000,000 ha
are under the responsibility of this institution, representing 19% of
the country’s area. The system is made up of 96 areas, divided into
three types: national parks (33), natural reserves (48) and natural
monuments (15).
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Other protection categories exist in Chile, such as those managed by
the Council for National Monuments. However, these areas can come
under the responsibility of civil organizations when the sites in question
are private. The law regulating these type of protected areas prohibits
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other which could threaten their natural state. A multiple use marine
protection category was established in 2005 as a management tool for
marine and coastal areas, including functions such as maintenance,
protection and restoration of natural and cultural resources.
Despite the considerable size of the protected area system, it mainly
covers the Andes leaving several habitat types poorly represented, for
example, the coast; the Mediterranean ecosystems in central Chile
(where the greatest impacts on native vegetation have been concentrated);
the Tarapacá valleys (Estades 2004); and the Myrtaceae swamp forests
of the south (Hauenstein 2002) which provide habitat to birds of high
conservation interest, such as endemic species or those with small
population numbers. The government has recently established several
important ecosystems as priority sites for biodiversity conservation
(CONAMA 2003). However, although these complement the lack of
representation within protected areas, their denomination does not
necessarily ensure their effective conservation.
Since 1997, the National Committee for the Protection of Flora and
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in setting up a private protected areas network in the country. The
network aims to create capacity within members, draft and implement
management plans for reserves, establish legal protection for sites,
obtain incentives to encourage the conservation of wilderness areas
and promote exchange of experiences, information, training and
access to technical and legal assistance. The network currently has
100 members, made up of individuals, NGOs, universities and other
private sector organizations working on the conservation of private
wilderness areas. The network has a committee dealing with the
management of private protected areas, a legal affairs committee and
a committee responsible for identifying potential conservation areas
and prospective buyers for these lands. The network is currently
made up of 133 sites, covering 100,000 ha along the length of the
country.
National legislation, directly or indirectly related to bird conservation
in Chile, includes a law on hunting (1996), determining uses and
conservation categories for wild fauna according to IUCN criteria
except for marine species. However, the list only has a total of 427
species of birds for the country, 11 less than that by Marin (2004),
in itself a more conservative listing for the wealth of Chilean birds
than other publications (see Ornithological importance). The law
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marine mammals, birds and reptiles for a 30 year period.
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bird protection in Chile, including the Convention for the Protection
of Flora, Fauna and Natural Scenic Beauties of America, Convention
on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and
Flora, Ramsar Convention on Wetlands, Convention on Migratory
Species and Convention on Biological Diversity, among others.
However, these agreements have not had the desired effect, given
that governmental organizations responsible for supervising these
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Although several sources give a total number of bird species for Chile
(e.g. Araya et al. 1995, Jaramillo et al. 2003, Martínez & González
2004, Marín 2004), the most conservative estimate is 438 species,
excluding casual sightings. Of these, only 11 are endemic to the
country and six are near endemic (Marín 2004).
According to BirdLife International (2007), Chile has 33 threatened bird
species2, of which, four are Critically Endangered (two of which occur
exclusively in the Juan Fernández archipelago), six are Endangered and
23 are Vulnerable. There are also 28 Near Threatened species and three
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further increase the number of threatened birds in Chile.
The IUCN global red list for birds, under the responsibility of BirdLife
International, is one of the most widely used in Chile at present.
However, the National Environmental Commission (CONAMA) is
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the multitude of red lists also in use in the country. The initiative comes
as part of a general law on the environment (19.300; D. S. Nº 75/2005).
workshops for Magellanic Woodpecker (Campephilus magellanicus)
and Burrowing Parakeet (Cyanoliseus patagonus).
Five Endemic Bird Areas with a total of 32 restricted-range birds fall
within Chile, two of which lie exclusively inside the country: Juan
Fernández Islands (EBA 059) and Central Chile (EBA 060). The
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slope (EBA 052), Chilean temperate forests (EBA 061) and Southern
Patagonia (EBA 062).
Central Chile (EBA 060) has the greatest number of country endemics:
Moustached Turca (Pteroptochos megapodius), Chilean Mockingbird
(Mimus thenca), White-throated Tapaculo (Scelorchilus albicollis)
and Chilean Tinamou (Nothoprocta perdicaria); whereas Chilean
temperate forests (EBA 061) includes species such as Chilean Pigeon
(Patagioenas araucana), Slender-billed Parakeet (Enicognathus
leptorhynchus), Black-throated Huet-huet (Pteroptochos tarnii),
Chucao Tapaculo (Scelorchilus rubeculaDQG2FKUHÁDQNHG7DSDFXOR
(Eugralla paradoxa; shared with EBA 060).
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are under some degree of threat, one of which is considered extinct,
Eskimo Curlew (Numenius borealis), 10 are Endangered and 32
Vulnerable, although several of these species have relatively abundant
populations outside of Chile. Nevertheless, this list has been employed
in the country for many years due to a lack of detailed and up-to-date
information. Other, more recent documents, detailing threat categories
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& López-Callejas 1992) and a second strategy (Estades 2004),
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bird species or groups for which threat status has been established in
Chile include raptors (Jaksic & Jiménez 1986, Jaksic et al. 2001),
seabirds (Schlatter & Simeone 1999), Spheniscus penguins (Luna et
al. 2005), inland waterbirds (Victoriano et al.DVZHOODVVSHFLÀF
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The Juan Fernández archipelago, made up of Robinson Crusoe,
Alejandro Selkirk and Santa Clara islands, is of special interest due to
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species and four subspecies of birds. The three endemic species are
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Endangered Juan Fernandez Firecrown (Sephanoides fernandensis),
Masafuera Rayadito (Aphrastura masafuerae) and the Near Threatened
Juan Fernandez Tit-tyrant (Anairetes fernandezianus). It also provides
important, and in some cases the only, breeding sites for seabirds
such as the Vulnerable endemics: De Filippi’s Petrel (Pterodroma
GHÀOLSSLDQD), Stejneger’s Petrel (Pterodroma longirostris) and
Juan Fernandez Petrel (Pterodroma externa) as well as Pink-footed
Shearwater (3XIÀQXV FUHDWRSXV) and White-bellied Storm-petrel
(Fregetta grallaria).
There are two changes according to the 2008 IUCN Red List, Buller’s Albatross (Thalassarche bulleri) is downlisted to NT and Peruvian Pelican
(Pelecanus thagusLVUHFRJQLVHGDVDVSHFLHVDQGFODVVLÀHGDV177KLVGLUHFWRU\XVHVFDWHJRULHVWKURXJKRXW
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(1996), with at least 70 biome-restricted species; Central Andes (CAN)
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center of the country, Southern Andes (SAN) and Patagonia (PAT) in
the south.
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Chile is especially important for migratory shorebirds and seabirds due
to the country’s long coastline, the system of large estuaries and the
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the most productive marine areas in the world and a globally important
marine habitat for both migratory and resident species. The Chilean
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species such as Hudsonian Godwit (Limosa haemastica; on Chiloé and
Bahía Lomas, Tierra del Fuego), Lesser Yellowlegs (7ULQJD ÁDYLSHV),
Red Knot (Calidris canutus), Sanderling (C. alba), Whimbrel (Numenius
phaeopus), Elegant Tern (Sterna elegans) and Franklin’s Gull (Larus
pipixcan). Twenty-eight percent of the latter species’ global population
was estimated to overwinter in Humedal Rocuant-Andalién (IBA 52) in
February 2008 (P. Ortiz, P. Arrey pers. comm.). Threatened migratory
species include Antipodean Albatross (Diomedea antipodensis),
Northern Royal Albatross (Diomedea sanfordi) and Chatham Albatross
(Thalassarche eremita). The Chilean coast also has the most numerous
colonies of the Near Threatened Red-legged Cormorant (Phalacrocorax
gaimardi) on the planet. The importance of Chile as a breeding area for
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temperate and subantarctic seabirds is only recently becoming clear.
Recent counts at Isla Guafo determined the Sooty Shearwater (3XIÀQXV
griseus) colony there to be the largest seabird colony on earth with 4
million birds (Reyes-Arriagada et al. 2007). Chile also has 1.35 million
pairs (80% of the world population) of Blue Petrel (Halobaena caerulea)
nesting in one island group (Lawton et al. 2006), as well as the second
largest colonies of the Endangered Black-browed Albatross (Thalassarche
melanophrys) and the Vulnerable Grey-headed Albatross (T. chrysostoma),
accounting for over 20% of the world population (Robertson et al. 2007).
These are all very recent counts, the importance of Chile to seabirds is
much greater than previously understood and much work remains. For
example, although most of the country’s colonies of Storm-petrels are not
yet known, they too will surely be of global importance.
Other ornithologically important regions include the highland plateaus,
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Puna Flamingo (Phoenicoparrus jamesi) and Pampa del Tamarugal,
the main breeding site for the Vulnerable Tamarugo Conebill
(Conirostrum tamarugense).
Due to increasing interest in birding and bird research in Chile, it is
probable that several species will change their taxonomic status e.g.
Bicoloured Hawk (Accipiter bicolor chilensis) or threat category e.g.
Warbling Doradito (3VHXGRFRORSWHU\[ÁDYLYHQWULV) if the Chilean form
is recognized as a separate species (Jaramillo 2003).
Threats to avian habitats in Chile are directly related to various
types of economic production. Over the last three decades, Chile has
experienced an important period of economic growth, based mainly
on export of raw products in the following areas: mining, aquaculture,
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about dramatic changes to landscapes and has put yet more pressure
on scarce natural resources. Threats to birds are especially related to
coastal wetlands and marshlands. Legislation does not exist to protect
these ecosystems, and as a result they have been severely degraded
over the last decade.
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birds as habitat alteration (affecting 57,5% of species), agriculture,
mining and forestry (56,2%), hunting (47.5%), changes in the food
chain (43.8%) and pollution (18.7%), although for almost half of the
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of Chilean seabirds, Schlatter and Simeone (1999) recognized the
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animals, collection of guano and hunting for use as bait.
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by members of the Unión de Ornitólogos de Chile (formerly
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were principally on the coast and islands, mainly covering marine
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identifying a further set of areas based on an extensive list prepared
by Álvaro Jaramillo in 2008. This list was discussed, supplemented
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process is still underway in Chile, given that not all areas of the
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concluded in 2009 when workshops in these underrepresented areas
have been held. Therefore, sites are presented as proposed IBAs in
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been successfully concluded with the participation of the wider
ornithological community.
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&ORINFORMATIONONTRIGGERSPECIESATEACH)"!
SEE INDIVIDUAL SITE ACCOUNTS AT "IRD,IFES $ATA
:ONEWWWBIRDLIFEORGDATAZONESITES
#/-).'3//.
To date, 114 IBAs have been proposed in Chile (Table 2, Figure 1).
Of these, 37 are fully protected, two are partially protected and 75
lack any form of legal protection. The IBAs proposed in Chile have
EHHQ LGHQWLÀHG RQ WKH EDVLV RI WULJJHU VSHFLHV WKRVH PHHWLQJ
the IBA criteria). A total of 81 sites have been proposed for criteria
A1, triggered by 45 species in this criterion (threatened and Near
Threatened species). For A2 (restricted-range species), 42 sites have
EHHQ SURSRVHG UHVXOWLQJ IURP VSHFLHV UHVWULFWHG WR ÀYH (QGHPLF
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restricted species), triggered by 68 species restricted to four biomes.
Finally, under the A4 criteria (congregatory birds), 74 sites have been
proposed, with 67 congregatory species for A4i and A4ii.
*LYHQ WKDW ,%$ LGHQWLÀFDWLRQ LQ &KLOH LV VWLOO RQJRLQJ WKH SURJUDP RIIHUV
numerous opportunities, many of which are also in process of construction.
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Chile will be obtained on the conclusion of this process. Achievements of IBA
LGHQWLÀFDWLRQZLOOLQFOXGHDQLQFUHDVHGLQWHUHVWLQWKHVWXG\DQGREVHUYDWLRQ
of birds among local communities as well as providing more information on
LVVXHVVXFKDVPLJUDWRU\Á\ZD\VVWRSRYHUDQGIHHGLQJVLWHVXQH[SORUHGDUHDV
of the southern coast, nesting sites, territory sizes, habitat use, the effects of
intensive farming and introduced species, among many others.
¸5L_[Z[LWZPU[OL0)(WYVNYHT^PSS
PUJS\KL]HSPKH[PVUVMZP[LZ^P[O[OL
^PKLYVYUP[OVSVNPJHSJVTT\UP[`¹
The IBA Program will also provide an opportunity to strengthen species
conservation within proposed IBAs that already have some kind of
conservation designation, for example, sites within SNASPE, Ramsar
sites, priority sites for biodiversity conservation, privates reserves and
hunting-free reserves (see Conservation and protected area system). Also,
birding and nature tourism will be strengthened in proposed sites such as
-PN\YL3VJH[PVUVMWYVWVZLK0TWVY[HU[)PYK(YLHZPU*OPSL
Humedal de Batuco (37), Humedal-Marisma Rocuant Andalién (52), as
well as other sites near large urban centers, which have the potential to
act as breeding grounds for many future ornithologists, conservationists
and birders. A further challenge will be to mitigate threats present in
many of the afore-mentioned sites, some of which could even lead to their
proximate disappearance if action is not taken (e.g. Box 2).
Data sources
Information from regional workshops (Santiago, Concepción I & II, 2008),
Álvaro Jaramillo (unpublished report) and eBird Chile.
The IBA program in Chile also has the potential to play a fundamental
role in actions such as
#ONTRIBUTETOINFORMATIONON#HILESBIRDS
WWWEBIRDORG
•HVWDEOLVKLQJDPRGHUQODZRQÁRUDDQGIDXQDFRQVHUYDWLRQ
• implementing biodiversity conservation strategies
• restoring wetlands which have become deteriorated as a result of a
culture which ignores their value
• encouraging multi-sector working groups (including public institutions,
private companies, local communities)
Contact information
Ignacio Rodríguez Jorquera ([email protected])
National IBA Coordinator
CODEFF
Ernesto Reyes 035, Providencia, Santiago, Chile.
Tel. +56 2 7772534
Next steps in the IBA program in Chile will include further validation of
sites with the wider ornithological community at regional workshops,
IXOO FRQÀUPDWLRQ RI WKH FRPSOHWH VHW RI ,%$V DV ZHOO DV VWUDWHJLF
planning, implementation of conservation actions and site monitoring,
among others.
Patricio Ortiz Soazo ([email protected])
IBA Program Coordination Team
CODEFF Filial Concepción
Anibal Pinto 215, OF2B, Concepción, Chile
Tel. +56 41 2239163/ 2270156
www.codeff.cl
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We would like to thank all those who participated in the initial stage of the process
by providing support and valuable information, as well as helpful comments on this
chapter, especially, Ana Araya, Luz Alegría, Ignacio Azócar, Cristóbal Briceño,
Álvaro Berrios, Cecilia Bonilla, Cristian Cornejo, Juan Contreras, Carolina Carmona,
Fernando Díaz, Luís Espinosa, Martín Espinosa, Cristian Estades, Astrid Guerra,
Yamil Husein, Rodrigo Hananias, Ana Hinojosa, Jim A. Johnson, Rodrigo López,
Claudia Mora, Loreto Matthews, Miguel A. Mancilla, Edison Maldonado, Ricardo
Orellana, Marta Riquelme, Jurguen Rottmann, Jorge Ruíz, Roberto Schlatter, Fabrice
Schmitt, Claudia Silva, Frank Trebilcock, Franklin Troncoso, Pilar Valenzuela, Ana
María Venegas, Andreas Von Meyer and Bernardo Zentilli. Thanks also to James
Lowen for kindly providing additional photographs.
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