Technology Might Return Journalism to Its Roots

Transcription

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2EPORTING /N 7ATER
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7HY *OURNALISTS .EED TO #OVER THE 7ATER 3TORYY
"Y )TS !BSENCE 7ATER "ECOMES A "IG 3TORYY
"9 345!24 ,%!6%.7/24(
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"9 3#/44 342%!4%2
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#OMPLEXITY -AKES /CEAN &ISHING A 4OUGH 3TORYY
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4HE 3TORY OF 7ATER 4OLD IN A 4ALE OF 4WO 4OWNS
-OTION AND 3OUND 4ELL THE /NLINE 3TORY IN .EW 7AYS
#REATING $IGITAL .EWSBOOKS
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8"5$)%0(
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2EPORTING ON $AMS IN $ICTATOR2UN #OUNTRIES
2EPORTING &ROM THE .ATION OF THE .ILE
7HEN #OVERAGE OF A 7ATER #RISIS 6ANISHES
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-AINSTREAM .EWS 2EPORTING )GNORES #RITICAL 7ATER )SSUES
%DUCATING *OURNALISTS IN .EPAL !BOUT 3ANITATION AND 7ATER )SSUES
8"5$)%0(
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BRINES AND THE PILES OF SALT PUSHED UP BY BULLDOZERS TO DRY IN THE SUN 0HOTO BY $AVID -AISEL
4SUNAMI #OVERAGE
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53 AND )NTERNATIONAL #OVERAGE
7ATER IS THE ESSENCE OF LIFE AND ITS CLEANLINESS AVAILABILITY AND OUR USE AND ABUSE OF IT ARE
STORIES MERITING REPORTERS AND EDITORS ATTENTION 9ET AS 3TUART ,EAVENWORTH WHO COVERED
WATER ISSUES FOR 4HE 3ACRAMENTO "EE AND DESCRIBES THE WIDE ARRAY OF ISSUES HE TOOK ON REPORTS
h4O MY CHAGRIN ) HAD THE BEAT LARGELY TO MYSELF FOR FOUR YEARS !CROSS THE COUNTRY PAPERS HAVE
TACKLED PROBLEMS OF WATER POLLUTION AND DEGRADATION BUT HAVE OVERLOOKED FUNDAMENTAL ISSUES OF
SUPPLYAND SUSTAINABILITY 4HIS IS CURIOUSv
3ETH (ETTENA WHO COVERS WATER FOR 4HE !SSOCIATED 0RESS IN 3AN $IEGO WRITES ABOUT hTHIS
REMARKABLE BEATv AND EXPLAINS THAT hTHE STORY OF WATER IN THE 7EST HAS A NATURAL TENSION THAT
MAKES IT EASY TO WRITEv 0HOTOGRAPHER *OHN 4ROTTER CHRONICLES THE SLOW DEATH OF THE #OLORADO
2IVER $ELTA AND THE EFFECT THIS HAS ON THE NATIVE #UCAPÈ TRIBE WHO RELY ON THIS WATER BUT WITH
THE DELTAS DEMISE CAN NO LONGER BE SELFSUSTAINING 7ITH THE RAINDEPRIVED 3AN *OAQUIN 6ALLEYS
FARMLAND AS HIS BACKDROP -ARK 'ROSSI THE ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES REPORTER FOR
4HE &RESNO "EE CONNECTS READERS TO FARMERS VITAL SOURCES OF WATER WHICH HE DESCRIBES AS BEING
A PRIZED COMMODITY hx LIKE GOLD )TS SOMETHING TO BE STORED OBSESSED OVER AND LITIGATED xv
5SING AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY $AVID -AISEL SHOWS WHAT /WENS ,AKE LOOKS LIKE WITH ITS WATER DIVERTED
TO ,OS !NGELES AND A SYSTEM OF SHALLOW mOODING CONTROLLING POLLUTION FROM WINDBLOWN DUST
7HEN 3COTT 3TREATER WAS ENVIRONMENTAL REPORTER WITH THE 0ENSACOLA &LA .EWS *OURNAL HE
FOLLOWED A TIP THROUGH A YEAR AND A HALF OF hINTENSE RESEARCHv TO PRODUCE A THREEDAY SERIES ABOUT
HOW THE PUBLICS DRINKING WATER BECAME POLLUTED WITH RADIUM $6ERA #OHN A METRO REPORTER
WITH 4HE 7ASHINGTON 0OST EXPLAINS WHY IN THE PAST YEAR HER NEWSPAPER PUBLISHED MORE THAN STORIES ABOUT THE WATER UTILITYS REFUSAL TO TELL CUSTOMERS ABOUT THE UNHEALTHY LEADCONTAMINATED
DRINKING WATER OR ACT QUICKLY TO lX THE PROBLEM &ROM +$&7 IN $ALLAS 0AUL !DRIAN INVESTIGATIVE
REPORTER WITH THE LOCAL &OXOWNED AND OPERATED AFlLIATE WRITES ABOUT CATCHING ON VIDEO CITY
AGENCIES VIOLATING THEIR OWN REGULATIONS AND POLLUTING THE CITYS RIVER h7HAT WE FOUND IS THAT THE
QUALITY OF REGULATION DEPENDED HIGHLY ON THE IDENTITY OF THE POLLUTERv
%NVIRONMENTAL REPORTER %RIC 3TAATS WRITES ABOUT HOW SIGHTINGS OF hBLACK WATERv BY 'ULF OF
-EXICO lSHERMAN LED THE .APLES &LA $AILY .EWS ON AN MONTH SEARCH FOR ANSWERS ABOUT
hHOW COASTAL POPULATION GROWTH AND INDUSTRY ARE DESTROYING WETLANDS POLLUTING RIVERS INJURING
MARINE LIFE AND SICKENING PEOPLEv !T 4HE "OSTON 'LOBE "ETH $ALEY REPORTED A FOURPART SERIES
ABOUT OCEAN lSHING h7ITHOUT HAVING A PERSON REGULATORY AGENCY OR GROUP AT FAULT IT WAS DIFlCULT
TO lND A CONVENTIONAL ORGANIZING MECHANISM FOR ALL OF OUR REPORTINGv SHE SAYS
!T THE 2OCKY -OUNTAIN .EWS IN $ENVER #OLORADO WATER GETS ATTENTION &ROM THE CITY DESK *ERD
3MITH TACKLES THE WATER BEAT IN THIS DROUGHTSTRICKEN AREA WHERE NO CENTRAL REGULATING AGENCY
OVERSEES WATERS USE h4HE BEAT IS SHROUDED IN ARCANE PROCEDURES MEASUREMENT CONUNDRUMS
UNANSWERED LEGAL QUESTIONS AND OF COURSE CLOSELY GUARDED MEETINGSv SHE WRITES 3MITHS
COLLEAGUE 4ODD (ARTMAN CONNECTED URBAN READERS TO THE STATES DROUGHT BY BRINGING AN INTENSE
NARRATIVE FOCUS TO A LONGRUNNING BATTLE OVER WATER USAGE INVOLVING TWO #OLORADO COMMUNITIES
h$IVIDING THE 7ATERSv (ARTMANS PAGE SPECIAL SECTION WENT ON THE PAPERS 7EB SITE WITH LINKS
/JFNBO3FQPSUT 3PRING TO VIDEO DOCUMENTARIES OF EACH COMMUNITY DONE BY 3ONYA $OCTORIAN WHO WRITES ABOUT
THIS COLLABORATION 4HEN (ARTMANS STORIES ALONG WITH THE SECTIONS PHOTOS AND GRAPHICS
WERE GIVEN TO 2OGER &IDLER NOW A JOURNALISM FELLOW AT THE -ISSOURI 3CHOOL OF *OURNALISM
WHO EXPLAINS HOW HE CREATED FOR THE NEWSPAPERS 7EB SITE A NEW $IGITAL .EWSBOOK THAT CAN
BE DOWNLOADED AND READ OFmINE
4HE lLM h4HIRSTv FOCUSED ON A STRUGGLE IN 3TOCKTON #ALIFORNIA ABOUT A MULTINATIONAL
WATER COMPANY TAKING CONTROL OF THE CITYS WATER A lGHT THAT DOCUMENTARY lLMMAKERS
!LAN 3NITOW AND $EBORAH +AUFMAN CONNECT TO INTERNATIONAL CONmICTS INVOLVING WATER
PRIVATIZATION 7ILLIAM -ARSDEN AN INVESTIGATIVE REPORTER FOR 4HE 'AZETTE IN -ONTREAL
#ANADA DESCRIBES h4HE 7ATER "ARONSv PROJECT FOR 4HE #ENTER FOR 0UBLIC )NTEGRITY IN
WHICH A GLOBAL TEAM OF INVESTIGATIVE REPORTERS SET OUT TO EXAMINE THE DETAILS OF WHAT WAS
HAPPENING IN COUNTRIES WHERE EFFORTS EXISTED TO PRIVATIZE WATER $ESPITE THE DIFlCULTY OF
REPORTING ABOUT MULTINATIONAL WATER COMPANIES WITH TIES TO POWERFUL lGURES IN )NDONESIA
!NDREAS (ARSONO WRITES THAT h) TRIED HARD TO USE NOT A SINGLE ANONYMOUS SOURCEv
*ACQUES ,ESLIE A JOURNALIST WHOSE SOONTOBE PUBLISHED BOOK h$EEP 7ATERv REVOLVES
AROUND CONTENTIOUS ISSUES OF DAM CONSTRUCTION RELIED ON hSTORIES WITH mESH AND BONESv TO
BRING STATISTICS ABOUT THESE PROJECTS ALIVE 3UPALAK 'ANJANAKHUNDEE A REPORTER AT 4HE
.ATION IN "ANGKOK 4HAILAND SHARES DIFlCULTIES HES HAD IN REPORTING ON DAM PROJECTS IN
3OUTHEAST !SIA BECAUSE hGOVERNMENTS x DONT WANT JOURNALISTS TO WATCH TOO CLOSELYv
%GYPTIAN ONLINE JOURNALIST .ADIA %L!WADY FOUND GOOD COOPERATION FROM WATER OFlCIALS
WHEN SHE REPORTED ON POLLUTION ALONG THE .ILE AND ONE COMMUNITYS EFFORTS TO TRANSFORM
ITS POLLUTED WATERWAY INTO A HEALTHY ENVIRONMENT $ESPITE THE IMPORTANCE OF WATER TO THE
)SRAELI0ALESTINIAN RELATIONSHIP :AFRIR 2INAT AN ENVIRONMENTAL REPORTER FOR (AARETZ IN 4EL
!VIV )SRAEL WRITES THAT WATER IS USUALLY IGNORED WHEN IT DOESNT POSE AN IMMEDIATE CRISIS
$AGMAR $EHMER AN ENVIRONMENTAL REPORTER WITH $ER 4AGESSPIEGEL IN "ERLIN OBSERVED
A SIMILAR RELUCTANCE BY EDITORS TO FOCUS ON LINGERING WATER ISSUES AFTER A DISASTROUS mOOD
RECEDED !S SHE WRITES h4HESE ARE COMPLICATED ISSUES WITH HIGH RELEVANCE TO PEOPLES
LIVES BUT WITH NO IMMEDIATE PUBLIC ANNOYANCE TO BRING THE ISSUES TO THE SURFACEv ,ONGTIME
ENVIRONMENTAL JOURNALIST 2AKESH +ALSHIAN EXPLAINS WHY WATER COVERAGE IN )NDIA IS
hMONOCHROMATIC x ;AS= NEWSPAPERS HAVE BECOME INCREASINGLY INTOLERANT OF LONG
ANALYTICAL NARRATIVES ON WATER ISSUESv AND STORIES ABOUT THE POOR ARE NOT PUBLISHED OR
BROADCAST )N .EPAL 3ONIYA 4HAPA TELLS OF EFFORTS BY THE 7ATER 3ANITATION AND (YGIENE
FOR !LL GROUP TO PROVIDE TRAINING IN A RURAL VILLAGE SO JOURNALISTS LEARN ABOUT WATER AND
SANITATION PROBLEMS AND CAN TELL WATER STORIES THAT ARENT BEING WIDELY TOLD Q
7HY *OURNALISTS .EED TO #OVER THE 7ATER 3TORY
)TS THE ECONOMY STUPID
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!REAS ON THE LAKEBED THAT GENERATE DUST
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APPROVED DUSTCONTROL MEASURES mOOD
ING WITH SHALLOW SHEETS OF WATER ESTAB
LISHING NATIVE SALTTOLERANT VEGETATION
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4HE LOWER PORTION OF THIS PHOTO SHOWS
THE CONSTRUCTION OF AN EXTENSIVE UNDER
GROUND DRAINAGE SYSTEM THAT WILL CARRY
AWAY SALTY WATER AND ALLOW THE SOIL TO
BE RECLAIMED TO THE POINT THAT IT WILL
SUPPORT NATIVE SALT GRASS 7ITHIN TWO
YEARS THIS AREA WILL BE A GREEN MEADOW
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OF WATER OUT OF THE ,OS
!NGELES !QUEDUCT AND RE
TURNS IT TO THE LAKEBED FOR
DUST CONTROL "Y THE END
OF ABOUT ACRES OF DUSTY LAKEBED WILL
BE CONTROLLED WITH SHAL
LOW mOODING 4HE PHO
TOGRAPHS ON THESE PAGES
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SHALLOW mOODING 7ATER
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SANDS OF OUTLETS ACROSS THE
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h,IKE ALL GREAT NARRATIVE JOURNALISTS ;-ARK= "OWDEN MUST BE A RELENTLESS ASKER OF QUESTIONS
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FEJUPSTXJUIBCMJOEGBJUIJOUIFQPXFS
PG QPUFOU KPVSOBMJTN UP XJO SFBEFST
BOE JNQSPWF TPDJFUZ 0O UIF PUIFS
TJEFCVTJOFTTPSJFOUFENBOBHFSTXJUI
BOVOCFOEJOHDPNNJUNFOUUPDPOUSPM
MJOHDPTUTBOEIJUUJOHUIFOVNCFSTUIBU
SFXBSEJOWFTUPST
8IJMF UIF NBSLFUQMBDF JT UZQJDBMMZ
MFGUUPTFUUMFUIFTFEJTQVUFTUIFQSBDUJDF
PGKPVSOBMJTNMJLFQVCMJDIFBMUIBOE
FEVDBUJPOBOEVOMJLFUIFNBOVGBDUVS
JOH PG BVUPNPCJMFTIBT JNQMJDBUJPOT
GPSUIFXFMGBSFPGTPDJFUZUIBUNBLFJUB
NBUUFSPGQVCMJDDPODFSO5IFGBJMVSFPG
OFXTQBQFSTXPVMEIBWFBNPSFEBNBH
JOHFGGFDUPOPVSOBUJPOUIBOTBZUIF
MPTTPGUIFTIPFJOEVTUSZPSUIFnJHIU
PGUFYUJMFTUP$IJOB
*OBQFSJPEPGEFDMJOJOHDJSDVMBUJPO
BOEQVCMJDUSVTUJUJTBDPNNFOUBSZPO
PVSUJNFTUIBUCVEHFUTIBWFCFDPNFUIF
LFZQPJOUPGDPOUBDUCFUXFFOFEJUPSTBOE
QVCMJTIFSTPSDPSQPSBUF$&0T
.PTU
PUIFS JTTVFTXJOOJOH OFX SFBEFST
MFBEJOHFEJUPSJBMDSVTBEFTPSEFWFMPQ
JOHOFXFEJUJPOTPSTFSWJDFTIBWFCFFO
TVCPSEJOBUFE UP TFDPOEBSZ TUBUVT BT
FOEMFTTIPVSTBSFTQFOUPOIFBEDPVOU
FWBMVBUJOHUIFDPTUTPGPWFSMBQQJOHXJSF
TFSWJDFTPSUSJNNJOHGSFFMBODFFYQFO
EJUVSFT"TBOZPOFXIPIBTCFFODMPTF
UP UIFTF NBUUFST LOPXT FEJUPST BOE
UIFJS CVEHFUT IBWF OPU GBSFE XFMM GPS
RVJUFTPNFUJNF*OGBDUCFDBVTFUIF
NPNFOUVN UPXBSE MFBOFS TUBGGT BOE
TNBMMFSCVEHFUTJTTPXFMMFTUBCMJTIFE
BOEFWFOBDDFQUFEUIFFOUJSFUPQJDIBT
CFDPNF B MJUUMF UJSFE *U IBT DPNF UP
GFFMMJLFBTFUUMFEJTTVFOPUVOMJLFUIF
BOOFYBUJPOPG5FYBT.BOZPGUIFFEJ
UPSTXIPGPVHIUBHBJOTUUIFUSFOEIBWF
EFQBSUFE XJUI TFWFSBODF QBDLBHFT PS
FTDBQFEUPBDBEFNJBUBLJOHXJUIUIFN
ZFBSTPGFYQFSJFODFBOEJEFBMJTNBOE
SFTFSWPJST PG UBMFOU BOE FOFSHZ .PTU
XIPSFNBJOIBWFSFDPODJMFEUIFNTFMWFT
UP UIF OFX PSEFS *O UIF NFBOUJNF
OFXTQBQFS DJSDVMBUJPO DPOUJOVFT UP
EFDMJOF BOE TXBUIT PG UIF QVCMJD BSF
VOJOGPSNFEBCPVUJNQPSUBOUXPSMEBOE
OBUJPOBMFWFOUT
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TUFQT4PJOUIFDPOUFYUPGXIBUIBTIBQ
QFOFEJOUIFOBUJPOTOFXTSPPNTBOE
XIFSFKPVSOBMJTNTFFNTUPCFIFBEJOH
UIJTNPEFMJTUIBUJUQSPWJEFTFDPOPNJD
TFMMBEWFSUJTJOHBOEIPXNVDITIPVME
IJT CPPL BNPVOUT UP B LJOE PG i)BJM
KVTUJmDBUJPOGPSFYDFMMFODFJOKPVSOBM
UIF PSHBOJ[BUJPO CF XJMMJOH UP TQFOE
.BSZwQBTTJOUIFmOBMNJOVUFTPGUIF
JTNw*UTBOBQQSPBDIUIBUTUSJLFTUIF
UP NBJOUBJO PS FYUFOE JU 5IFTF XFSF
HBNF5PEFNPOTUSBUFFNQJSJDBMMZBOE
QFSGFDUQJUDIGPSBOPSHBOJ[BUJPOTVDI
NBUUFST UIBU XFSF MFGU VODBMDVMBUFE
JORVBOUJUBUJWFUFSNTUIBURVBM
BOE UIFZ XPVME OPU CFDPNF
JUZKPVSOBMJTNQBZTXPVMEDBVTF
DPOTFRVFOUJBM GPS BOPUIFS
BO BXGVM MPU PG CFMFBHVFSFE
EFDBEF XIFO UIF GJOBODJBM
KPVSOBMJTUTUPTUBOEBOEDIFFS
SVMFT PG UIF OFXTQBQFS CVTJ
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OFTTCFHBOUPTUJGGFO#ZUIFO
BOETDIPMBSXIPPDDVQJFTUIF
NPTUFEJUPSTXFSFBMSFBEZPO
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UIFEFGFOTJWF
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OBMJTUBOEDPSQPSBUFFYFDVUJWF
QPSUUIFMPHJDPG+VSHFOTNFZ
CFGPSFFOUFSJOHBDBEFNJBBOE
FSTNPEFM.FZFSTBQQSPBDI
IJT SFTFBSDI IBT CFFO XJEFMZ
&IGURE $ETERMINING 7HERE 1UALITY AND 0ROlT -EET
UPUIFEBUBEFmDJUJTUPFTUBCMJTI
QVCMJTIFEJOTDIPMBSMZKPVSOBMT
DPSSFMBUJPOTCFUXFFOUIFNBSL
BOEUSBEFNBHB[JOFT)FJTQBS
FSTPGKPVSOBMJTUJDRVBMJUZBOE
UJDVMBSMZXFMMQSFQBSFEUPBSHVFUIFDBTF
BT ,OJHIU 3JEEFS B SFBTPOBCMF DPPM
TVSSPHBUFTPGCVTJOFTTTVDDFTTFTQFDJBM
GPSBOJOWFTUNFOUJOKPVSOBMJTN
QSBHNBUJDBOEOPOFDDFOUSJDTUBUFNFOU
MZDJSDVMBUJPOQFSGPSNBODF0OFPGUIF
*OUIFFOE.FZFSTCPPLUVSOTPVU
PGNJTTJPO*UTBNJTTJPOUIBUXFBSTB
NBSWFMTPG.FZFSTDSFBUJWFBOEBOBMZUJ
UPCFMFTTBOBSHVNFOUUIBOBQSBZFS
TVJUBOETJUTDPNGPSUBCMZBUNFFUJOHTPG
DBMHFOJVTJTIJTBCJMJUZUPBTTFNCMFUIFTF
*UTNPTUQFSTVBTJWFDIBQUFSTVOFODVN
UIFCPBSEPGEJSFDUPST
TVSSPHBUFT0OFPGUIFNPSFJOUFSFTUJOH
CFSFECZOVNCFSTBSFBSFDPVOUJOHPG
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BOEVTFGVMJTXIBUIFDBMMTiQFOFUSBUJPO
UIFJOEVTUSZTUSBOTJUJPOGSPN
SPCVTUOFTTw*UJTFTTFOUJBMMZ
QSJWBUFUPQVCMJDPXOFSTIJQ
BOJOEFYPGBOFXTQBQFST
BOEBOFMFHZUPBHBMMFSZPG
BCJMJUZUPNBJOUBJOJUTQFO
MFBEFSTGSPNUIFQBTUQIJ
FUSBUJPO PG IPVTFIPMET
MPTPQIFSLJOHT IF DBMMT
BHBJOTU UIF GPSDFT UIBU BSF
UIFNXIP BDUFE JO MBSHF
FSPEJOH JU 4JODF DJSDVMB
QBSUPOUIFJEFBUIBUHPPE
UJPOQFOFUSBUJPOFTQFDJBMMZ
KPVSOBMJTNXBTJNQPSUBOUUP
JO UIF OFXTQBQFST IPNF
UIFMJWFTPGUIFJSDPNNVOJ
DPVOUZJTBTHPPEBTJHOPG
UJFT 5IF OPTUBMHJB JT UIFSF
BGSBODIJTFTIFBMUIBTPOF
UIPVHI.FZFSUSJFTNJHIUJMZ
JTMJLFMZUPmOEJUJTBDSFE
UPSFTJTUJU
JCMFTUBOEJOGPSQSPmUBCJMJUZ
5IF GSBNF GPS .FZFST
PWFSUIFMPOHUFSN
CSJFG JT XIBU IF DBMMT UIF &IGURE 3OCIETAL )NmUENCE -ODEL FOR THE .EWSPAPER )NDUSTRY
"SNFEXJUIUIFTFNBSL
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FSTBOETVSSPHBUFTUIFSFT
PGTFFJOHBOENBOBHJOHUIF
OPFOEUPXIBU.FZFSmOET
OFXTQBQFSCVTJOFTTUIBUIFUSBDFTCBDL
BGPSNFS,OJHIU3JEEFSFNQMPZFFBOE
UP NFBTVSF )F mOET SFMBUJPOTIJQT
UP )BM +VSHFOTNFZFS B GPSNFS BOE
*DPOUJOVFUPPXOBTNBMMBNPVOUPGJUT
CFUXFFO DSFEJCJMJUZ BOE DJSDVMBUJPO
OPXEFDFBTFE
WJDFQSFTJEFOUBU,OJHIU
TUPDL4PPOJUXJMMCFTPMEUPQBZGPSNZ
DSFEJCJMJUZBOEBEWFSUJTJOHSBUFTSFBE
3JEEFS"UUIFUJNFPGIJTNFFUJOHXJUI
TPOTmOBMTFNFTUFSPGDPMMFHF
BCJMJUZBOEDJSDVMBUJPOTUBGGTJ[FBOEDJS
+VSHFOTNFZFSJO.FZFSIBEKVTU
5IF +VSHFOTNFZFS NPEFM JT B UJEZ
DVMBUJPOBOEFWFOQPTJUJWFDPQZFEJUPS
MFGU IJT KPC BT B SFQPSUFS UP CFDPNF
GPSNVMBUJPOCVUPOFPGUIFQSPCMFNT
BUUJUVEFTBOEDJSDVMBUJPO.PTUPGUIJT
,OJHIU3JEEFSTmSTUEJSFDUPSPGOFXT
XJUI JU MFBWJOH PVU UIF FOUJSF NBUUFS
DBOOPUCFSFBEXJUIPVUDPODMVEJOHUIBU
SFTFBSDI+VSHFOTNFZFSBCVTJOFTTTJEF
PG UIF KVOLNBJM JOEVTUSZT BCJMJUZ UP
UIJTCPPLJTBMTPBXJTFPMEQSPGFTTPST
FYFDVUJWF HBWF .FZFS B CSJFmOH BOE
BDIJFWFQIFOPNFOBMmOBODJBMTVDDFTT
IZNOUPUIFWFSZQSPDFTTPGNFBTVSJOH
TLFUDIFEPVUIJTWJFXPGUIFCVTJOFTT
XJUIPVUBTISFEPGTPDJBMJOnVFODF
JT
BOEBOBMZ[JOHEBUB$POTJEFSUIJT
.FZFSFYQMBJOTi"OFXTQBQFSJOUIF+V
UIBUJUMBDLFEBRVBOUJUBUJWFVOEFSQJO
SHFOTNFZFSNPEFMQSPEVDFTUXPLJOET
OJOH"TTUBUFEJOUIFTJUXBTBO
i8IFOXFVTFSFHSFTTJPONFUIPETXF
PGJOnVFODFTPDJFUBMJOnVFODFXIJDIJT
FMFHBOUBOEBQQFBMJOHDPODFQUPOXIJDI
BSFUSZJOHUPFYQMBJOWBSJBODFBSPVOE
OPUGPSTBMFBOEDPNNFSDJBMJOnVFODF
UIFHFOUMFNFOBOEPDDBTJPOBMHFOUMF
UIFNFBOPGUIFEFQFOEFOUWBSJBCMF8F
PSJOnVFODFPOUIFDPOTVNFSTEFDJTJPO
XPNFO
PG,OJHIU3JEEFSDPVMEBHSFF
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EFHSFFUPXIJDIUXPNFBTVSFEUIJOHT
WBSZUPHFUIFS*GXFLOPXBMPUBCPVU
UIFTFWBSJBCMFTBOEUIFTJUVBUJPOTJO
XIJDI XF mOE UIFN XF NJHIU FWFO
TUBSUUPNBLFTPNFBTTVNQUJPOTBCPVU
DBVTBUJPO #VU DPSSFMBUJPO JT OPU CZ
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*OUIFFOEXFBSFMFGUXJUIKVEHNFOU
CBTFEPOPVSPCTFSWBUJPOTLOPXMFEHF
BOEFYQFSJFODFXJUIUIFSFBMXPSME8F
TUJMMIBWFTUVGGUPBSHVFBCPVU#VUXJUI
UIF EJTDJQMJOF PG TUBUJTUJDT BT 3PCFSU
1 "CFMTPO IBT TBJE JU JT AQSJODJQMFE
BSHVNFOUw
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KPVSOBMJTN .FZFS TIPXT UIBU OFXT
QBQFST XJUI TUSPOH DJWJD KPVSOBMJTN
SFQVUBUJPOTFOKPZMPOHTUBOEJOHDPN
NVOJUZGPDVTFEPSHBOJ[BUJPOBMDVMUVSFT
)PXEJEIFFTUBCMJTIUIBUUIFTFOBTDFOU
DJWJDKPVSOBMJTN JNQVMTFT FYJTUFE JO
UIF OFXTQBQFST QBTUT )F DSFBUFE
UXP iEJDUJPOBSJFTw POF PG XPSET UIBU
TIPX B CVTJOFTT GPDVT iQSPmUw iFGm
DJFODJFTwiDBTIwFUD
BOEBOPUIFSPG
XPSET UIBU TIPX B DPNNVOJUZ GPDVT
iBXBSETw iJOUFHSJUZw iRVBMJUZw FUD
5IFOIFDPMMFDUFEBOOVBMSFQPSUT
HPJOH CBDL UP GSPN QVCMJDMZ
USBEFEDPNQBOJFT)FBOEIJTHSBEV
BUFTUVEFOUTSBOUIF$&0TNFTTBHFTUP
TIBSFIPMEFSTGSPNUIFSFQPSUTUISPVHI
BOPQUJDBMTDBOOFSBOEVTFEBDPNQVUFS
QSPHSBNUPDPVOUUIFXPSEIJUTBHBJOTU
UIFUXPiEJDUJPOBSJFTw5IFDPNQBOJFT
UIBUTDPSFEIJHIPODPNNVOJUZGPDVT
JU UVSOT PVU BSF UIF TBNF POFT UIBU
IBWF CFFO QVSTVJOH DJWJD KPVSOBMJTN
BHFOEBTJOSFDFOUZFBST8IJMFUIJTFG
GPSUDPVMECFTFFOBTBMNPTUNFEJFWBM
JO JUT mYBUJPO XJUI DPVOUJOH JU EPFT
NBLFBOJNQPSUBOUQPJOU5IFSFBSFGFX
RVJDLmYFTXIFOJUDPNFTUPDIBOHJOH
B OFXTQBQFST DVMUVSF " DPNQBOZT
IJTUPSZQSFEJDUTJUTGVUVSF
#SJDLCZCSJDLOVNCFSCZOVNCFS
.FZFSCVJMETIJTDBTFGPSRVBMJUZ*OIJT
EFNPOTUSBUJPOPGUIFMJOLCFUXFFODSFE
JCJMJUZBOEDJSDVMBUJPOIFBTTFNCMFTBMJTU
PGDPVOUJFTJOXIJDIIFIBTOVNCFST
PODJSDVMBUJPOSPCVTUOFTTESBXOGSPN
"VEJU #VSFBV PG $JSDVMBUJPO SFQPSUT
BOEDSFEJCJMJUZTDPSFTGPSUIFDPVOUJFT
EPNJOBOU OFXTQBQFST )F ESBXT UIF
DSFEJCJMJUZ OVNCFST GSPN B SFHVMBSMZ
SFDVSSJOHTVSWFZCZUIF,OJHIU'PVOEB
UJPOPGGPSNFS,OJHIUOFXTQBQFST5IF
TVSWFZRVFTUJPOBTLTSFTQPOEFOUTUPSBUF
UIFJSEBJMZOFXTQBQFSi8PVMEZPVTBZ
ZPVCFMJFWFBMNPTUBMMPGXIBUJUTBZT
NPTUPGJUXIBUJUTBZTPOMZTPNFPS
BMNPTUOPUIJOHPGXIBUJUTBZT w'PSUIF
DJSDVMBUJPOOVNCFSTIFVTFTIJTiDJSDV
MBUJPOSPCVTUOFTTwJOEFYBNFBTVSFPG
UIFQBQFSTBCJMJUZUPIPMEQFOFUSBUJPO
BHBJOTUBCBTFMJOF"HSBQIUIBUQMPUTUIF
UXPWBSJBCMFTTIPXTBLJTTJOHSFMBUJPO
TIJQ CFUXFFO RVBMJUZ BOE DJSDVMBUJPO
i5IF TMPQF PG B TUSBJHIU MJOF EFmOJOH
UIBUSFMBUJPOTIJQJTQFSDFOUNFBOJOH
UIBUBOOVBMDJSDVMBUJPOSPCVTUOFTTUIF
BCJMJUZ PG B DPVOUZT OFXTQBQFST UP
IPMEUIFJSDJSDVMBUJPOJOUIFGBDFPGBMM
UIFQSFTTVSFTUSZJOHUPEFHSBEFJUJO
DSFBTFTPOBWFSBHFCZUXPUFOUITPGPOF
QFSDFOUBHFQPJOUGPSFBDIPOFQFSDFOU
JODSFBTFJODSFEJCJMJUZw
5IFFYFSDJTFZJFMEFEBTFDPOEJOTJHIU
$SFEJCJMJUZTDPSFTSVOIJHIFSJOTNBMMFS
DPNNVOJUJFT#ZXPSLJOHUIFOVNCFST
.FZFSEFNPOTUSBUFTUIBUDSFEJCJMJUZOPU
NBSLFUTJ[FTUBOETBTUIFLFZWBSJBCMF
JO QSFEJDUJOH DJSDVMBUJPO SPCVTUOFTT
5IJTTVHHFTUTUIBUOFXTQBQFSTJOMBSHF
NBSLFUTXPVMECFOFmUGSPNTUSBUFHJFT
UIBUBMMPXUIFNUPCSFBLUIFJSNBSLFUT
JOUP TNBMMFS QJFDFT UIFSFCZ CPPTUJOH
UIFDSFEJCJMJUZUIBUXPVMEHJWFUIFNB
MFWFS UP SBJTF DJSDVMBUJPO SPCVTUOFTT
;POJOHJTPOFPCWJPVTTUSBUFHZ
/BSSBUJOH/FXTQBQFST
&DPOPNJD+PVSOFZ
8IJMF.FZFSTmOEJOHTBSFQFSTVBTJWF
UIFZGBMMTIPSUPGEFmOJUJWFQSPPG5IFSF
BSF UISFF QSPCMFNT )JT XPSL ESBXT
BMNPTU FOUJSFMZ PO OVNCFST GSPN UIF
,OJHIUTVSWFZTPGGPSNFS,OJHIUOFXT
QBQFST XIJDI BSF OPU OFDFTTBSJMZ B
CSPBEEJWFSTFPSSFQSFTFOUBUJWFTBNQMF
UIFSFTFBSDIFYDMVEFTBOBOBMZTJTPGUIF
OBUJPOT MBSHFTU BOE NPTU JNQPSUBOU
OFXTQBQFST BOE mOBMMZ UIF SFTFBSDI
TIPXTPOMZDPSSFMBUJPOTCFUXFFORVBMJUZ
NFBTVSFTBOECVTJOFTTTVDDFTTJUEPFT
OPU TIPX DBVTFBOEFGGFDU MJOLBHFT
4VDDFTTGVM OFXTQBQFST GPS FYBNQMF
UFOEUPIBWFMBSHFSOFXTTUBGGT*OPUIFS
XPSETUIFUXPWBSJBCMFTBSFDPSSFMBUFE
#VUXIBUDBNFmSTUCVTJOFTTTVDDFTT
PSUIFMBSHFSTUBGG 8IJDIJTUIFDBVTF
BOEXIJDIJTUIFFGGFDU 5PPWFSTJNQMJGZ
UIJTJTBMJUUMFMJLFHPJOHUPBQBSUZBOE
mOEJOH UIBU FWFSZPOF JT XFMM ESFTTFE
BOE QSPTQFSPVT 0OF NJHIU BTL "SF
UIFHVFTUTQSPTQFSPVTCFDBVTFUIFZBSF
XFMMESFTTFEPSXFMMESFTTFECFDBVTF
UIFZBSFQSPTQFSPVT
.FZFSSFBEJMZBENJUTUIJTQSPCMFN
i"UUIFPVUTFU*IBEIPQFEUPQSPEVDF
FWJEFODFUIBUBHJWFOEPMMBSJOWFTUNFOU
JOOFXTRVBMJUZXPVMEZJFMEBQSFEJDU
BCMF EPMMBS SFUVSO UIBU XPVME NPSF
UIBO KVTUJGZ UIF PVUMBZ 5IBU NJHIU CF
QPTTJCMFBOEUIFFWJEFODFJOUIJTCPPL
QSPWJEFTTPNFTVQQPSUGPSUIFJEFBCVU
BUOPXIFSFOFBSUIFMFWFMPGQSFDJTJPO
UIBUXPVMEFYDJUFBOJOWFTUPSw
"DLOPXMFEHJOHUIFMJNJUTPGIJTBCJM
JUZUPTVQQMZUIFEBUBUPUSBOTGPSNUIF
+VSHFOTNFZFSNPEFMGSPNDPODFQUUP
FRVBUJPO .FZFS VTFT i5IF 7BOJTIJOH
/FXTQBQFSw UP TVNNBSJ[F UIF TUPSZ
PG OFXTQBQFS FDPOPNJDT PG UIF MBTU
UISFFEFDBEFTBOEQVUUIFOBSSBUJWFJOB
MBSHFSDPOUFYU)FSFUIFCPPLCFHJOTUP
TIJOFBNPSFVTFGVMMJHIUPOUIFDVSSFOU
NBMBJTFJOUIFCVTJOFTTPGKPVSOBMJTN
*UBMTPPGGFSTBIPQFGVMJGGBNJMJBSTPMV
UJPOUIFSFJOWFOUJPOPGUIFCVTJOFTTPG
KPVSOBMJTNCBTFEPOUIF+VSHFOTNFZFS
NPEFMPOUIF*OUFSOFU
'PSEFDBEFT.FZFSSFDPVOUTOFXT
QBQFSTXFSFBiUPMMHBUFwCFUXFFOSFUBJM
FSTBOEDPOTVNFSTBOEUIFZFOKPZFEB
MPOHQFSJPEPGFBTZNPOFZ"DPMEXJOE
CFHBOUPCMPXXJUIDPNQFUJUJPOGSPN
OFXUFDIOPMPHJFT57BOEDIFBQFSPGG
TFUQSJOUJOHGPSFYBNQMF
BOEEFDMJOFT
JO SFBEFSTIJQ %FTQJUF UIFTF USFOET
OFXTQBQFSFYFDVUJWFTNBJOUBJOFEBOE
FWFO JODSFBTFE UIFJS IJTUPSJDBMMZ IJHI
QSPmU NBSHJOT CZ SBJTJOH BEWFSUJTJOH
SBUFT &WFO UIPVHI OFXTQBQFST XFSF
MPTJOHQFOFUSBUJPOUIFZNBJOUBJOFEMP
DBMEPNJOBODFXIJDIBMMPXFEUIFNUP
TRVFF[FUIFJSBEWFSUJTFST'SPNUP
OFXTQBQFSBESBUFTSPTFQFS
DFOU*OUIFTBNFQFSJPEUIF$POTVNFS
1SJDF*OEFYSPTFQFSDFOU"UBCPVU
UIFTBNFUJNFOFXTQBQFSDPNQBOJFT
XFSF FOKPZJOH CJH TBWJOHT UIBU DBNF
GSPNUIFJSJOWFTUNFOUJOOFXQSJOUJOH
UFDIOPMPHJFT 5IF NPOFZ SPMMFE JO
5IFSFXBTKPZJO.VEWJMMF
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FBSOJOHTTUFBEJMZ SJTJOH CVU VODIBM
MFOHFE BE SBUFT BOE CBDLTIPQ TBW
JOHTXBTTVTUBJOBCMFJOUIFMPOHSVO
BOEUIFWJDFTPPOCFHBOUPDMPTF*OUIJT
QFSJPEOFXTQBQFSDPNQBOJFTBMTPXFSF
NPWJOHGSPNQSJWBUFUPQVCMJDPXOFS
TIJQ BOE UIFZ XFSF DPNJOH UP MFBSO
UIBUPOFPGUIFDPTUTPGUVSOJOHUPFRVJUZ
NBSLFUTGPSDBQJUBMXBTUIFPVUXBSEnPX
PGQPXFSUPJOTUJUVUJPOBMJOWFTUPSTBOE
BOBMZTUTUPOFXPXOFST"OJNQPSUBOU
TIJGUXPVMEFWFOUVBMMZPDDVS8IFSFUIF
QTZDIJDSFXBSEPGPXOJOHBOFXTQBQFS
PODFIBEDPVOUFEBTBSFUVSOFWFOJG
JUEJEOUTIPXVQPOUIFJODPNFTUBUF
NFOUUIFNFBTVSFPGTVDDFTTOPXIBE
CFDPNFTUSJDUMZmOBODJBM*GZPVUIJOLPG
SVOOJOHBOFXTQBQFSBTBCPBSEHBNF
JUXFOUGSPNCFJOH$IVUFTBOE-BEEFST
UP.POPQPMZJOBIVSSZ
"TNBOBHFSTMPPLFEGPSXBZTUPJN
QSPWFFBSOJOHTJOUIJTUPVHIFSNPOFZ
FOWJSPONFOUUIFZUVSOFEJODSFBTJOHMZ
UPDPTUDVUUJOH8IJMFBEPMMBSBEEFEUP
PQFSBUJOH SFWFOVFT GSPN JOWFTUNFOU
JO B OFX BEWFSUJTJOH JOJUJBUJWF NJHIU
ZJFMEDFOUTUPOFUJODPNFFWFSZ
DFOU PG B EPMMBS FMJNJOBUFE GSPN UIF
OFXT EFQBSUNFOU ESPQQFE TUSBJHIU
UPUIFCPUUPNMJOF*UXBTUIFCPUUPN
MJOFSFQPSUFEFWFSZEBZTBTRVBS
UFSMZFBSOJOHTXIJDI8BMM4USFFUBOE
UIFOFXPXOFSTPGOFXTQBQFSTPCTFT
TJWFMZXBUDIFE"UmSTUUIFSFEVDUJPOT
UPOFXTCVEHFUTDBNFGSPNIJHIFSSBUFT
PGFNQMPZFFBUUSJUJPOBTKPCTXFSFMFGU
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