“REDUCCION DE DESASTRES Viviendo en Armonia con la

Transcription

“Disaster Reduction Hyperbase”
Third Core Member Meeting (CMM3)
Hotel Corobici, San José, Costa Rica
January 10-11, 2006
CONTRIBUTION TO THE
CMM3 AGENDA
Julio KUROIWA
Professor Emeritus
National University of Engineering
Lima – PERU
PERU’S BEST PRACTICE ON DISASTER
REDUCTION

Sustainable Cities Program (SCP) 19982006 (on-going).
Damage survey of 14 EQs in the
Americas from CA to Chile in 1963 –
2001 focusing on the microzonation
effects and damage on adobe housing
(Central & South America).
Application: In SCP adobe housing is not
permitted on soft, fine soil and very
humid locations. For these places
Prefabricated Modular Quincha housing
has been developed which is highly
seismic resistant, comfortable, nice
looking and very cheap (pp 148-152 of
the author’s book, 2004)
SUSTAINABLE CITIES: AGENDA FOR
THE 21ST CENTURY
¾There is globalization of the economy
resulting from its deregulation.
¾Most of the GDP, even in developing
countries, is produced in urban
centers.
¾According to the UN in the next 30
years 2 billion more people will be
added to the world population, most
of whom will live in large and medium
cities of developing countries.
¾They need to be settled safely.
URBANISM & DEVELOPMENT
The rapid population growth, the process of
urbanization and the economic globalization are
creating cities that are:

Hostile.
Producer of high
% of GNP.
Inefficient and
non-competitive.
Increasingly
risky.
INFLUENCE OF NATURAL SITE
CONDITIONS
Results of inspection of damage caused
by intense natural events show that the
degree of damage and its geographic
distribution
following
earthquakes,
volcanic eruption, floods, high-speed
winds, and soil failures, largely depend
on the natural site conditions: soil
characteristics,
geology,
and
topography.
Ranrahirca, 1962 - 1970
Yungay, 1970
(photo SAN)
THE 1999 VENEZUELA DEBRIS FLOW
AND FLASH FLOOD DISATER
Cordillera de la Costa at
Caraballeda, Caracas,
and in Maiquetía . The
International Airport is
located nearby.
(Source USGS)
Location map affected area
Oblique view looking
south at the river
watershed and
Caraballeda alluvial fan.
(Source USGS)
North view of
Caraballeda
before the
disaster.
(Source USGS)
South view of
Caraballeda
after the Dec.
1999 disaster
(Source USGS)
ANSWER TO THIS CHALLENGE: SUSTAINABLE
CITIES WITH ALL THEIR ATTRIBUTES:

Safe

Orderly

Healthy

Culturally
physically
attractive

and
Efficient
functioning
and
development without having
a negative impact on the
environment and cultural/
historic heritage sites.

Governable

Competitive
World Summits:
Rio 1992: “Development and Environment”
Johannesburg 2002: “Sustainable Development”
(Poverty Reduction)
SUSTAINABLE CITY – 1st STAGE
(SC-1S)
OBJETIVE:

To revert the chaotic growth of the most
risky Peruvian cities and attempt
to
make them safe.
STRATEGY:

Effective participation of all stakeholders.
Team work
RESULTS:
As of December 2005, 50 cities have
ordinances unanimously approved.
SCP-1st STEP: FOCUS ON SAFETY
METHODOLOGY: Key steps
¾Decision
of the city mayor.
Request to Peru’s Civil Defense
¾Microzonation studies → Hazard
map
¾Land-use plan
¾Disaster reduction projects
¾Ordinance
approval
and
implementation.
Table 1. SECTORS CLASSIFIED PER HAZARD
DEGREE AND THEIR URBAN USES
Degree of
hazard
Characteristics
Examples
Restrictions and
recommended usage
1) HIGHLY
HAZARDOUS
(Red)
- Forces of nature or their
effects are so strong that
man-made
constructions
cannot withstand them.
- The cost of reducing
damage is so high that the
cost-benefit ratio rules out
its use for urban purposes.
- Sectors threatened by landslides, avalanches,
and sudden flows of mud and rocks.
- Areas threatened by pyroclastic flows or lava.
- Areas threatened by floods with great
hydrodynamic power, speed, and erosive force.
- Soils with high probability of widespread
liquefaction.
- Forbidden to use these sectors
for urban purposes.
- It is recommended to use them
for ecological reserves or for
open air recreation.
- If it is a built-up area, gradual
relocation is recommended.
Evacuation plans and drills are
needed.
2)
HAZARDOUS
(Orange)
- The natural threat is high,
but
effective
damagereduction measures can be
taken at reasonable costs,
using appropriate techniques
and materials.
- Strips adjacent to very-high-hazard sectors.
- Sectors where high seismic acceleration is
expected due to geotechnical features.
- Partial occurrence of liquefaction and
expansive soils.
- Urban use permitted with prior
detailed studies by experienced
specialists. Acceptable for lowdensity urban use. Adobe
construction is not permitted
- Moderate natural threat.
- Soil of intermediate quality, with moderate
seismic accelerations. Very sporadic flooding
with little depth or speed.
- Suitable for urban use.
Normal geotechnical studies
required.
- Soils where there will be
low amplification of seismic
waves.
- Very remote possibility of
intense natural phenomena
or gradual soil failure.
- Flat or gently sloping land, rock, or compact,
dry soil, with high load capacity.
- High-lying non-floodable land, at a distance
from cliffs or unstable hills. Not threatened by
volcanic activity or tsunamis.
- Ideal for high-density urban
use and the location of
indispensable buildings such as
hospitals,
schools,
police
stations, and fire stations.
3) MEDIUM
(Yellow)
4) LOW
(Green)
ACCELEROGRAMS
OF HIGH
MAGNITUDE
EARTHQUAKES
(Source: UNAM)
Site Influence
(geological)
RATIO OF ACCELERATION ON
ROCK AND ACCELERATION ON
SOFT SOILS
(Ref. Idriss. 1991)
AMPLIFICATION OF THE
HORIZONTAL P. A. FROM STIFF
ROCK “A” TO SOFT SOIL “E”
(Ref. Seed et. al., 2001)
From the C. E. thesis of Luis
Romero at UNI (December 2005)
SITE INFLUENCE: CLIMATIC
FLOOD MAP OF PIURA - PERU, DURING THE EL NIÑO 1982-83
Source:
La Madrid. CE
Thesis FIC/UNI,
Lima, 1985
SITE INFLUENCE
GEOLOGICAL CLIMATIC
Hazard Map of El Pedregal
– Chosica Peru. (CE Thesis
of O´Connor, FIC/UNI, Lima,
1989)
Pedregal – Chosica
Peru, 1987
Table 2. MULTIHAZARD: MICROZONATION
STUDIES. EXAMPLE
HAZARD MAP
AND LAND-USE
FOR SULLANA
HAZARD MAP
La Quebrada, 1983
LAND-USE
Mitigation work, 1998
NEW BRIDGE OVER THE PANAMERICAN
HIGHWAY / LA QUEBRADA
(Mitigation work)
Table 3. THE CITIES AND TOWNS INCLUDED IN THE
SCP-1S 1998 -2005
in bold letters (total 3,800,550 people).
INTERNATIONALIZATION OF THE SCP

The sustainable cities program (SCP) has
been included as a priority action for Latin
America and the Caribbean (LAC) by the
Johannesburg Action Plan for Sustainable
Development for the period 2004-2014.
The World Bank has included the SCP-1S in
its courses on land-use planning in LAC. The
author offered lectures in Lima, Panama City
and Guatemala City in the past 2 years.
According to Prof. Yoshio Kumagai of
Tsukuba University the main reason to
translate the author’s book into Japanese is
its 2nd Chapter: Sustainable Cities: Agenda
for the 21st Century.
Very-high-hazardsectors
sectorsnot
not
Very-high-hazard
permittedfor
forurban
urbanuse.
use.
permitted
High-hazradsectors,
sectors,adobe
adobe
High-hazrad
constructionititisisnot
notsuitable,
suitable,
construction
buttimber
timberand
andcane
canehousing.
housing.
but
CALVARIO
QUILLOALLPA
ANKOALLO
SAN JUAN
LA PLAZA
MUNICHIS
COMUNIDAD
KESHWA WAYKU
ZARAGOZA
SUCHICHE
LAMAS HAZARD
HAZARD MAP
MAP
LAMAS
(December2005)
2005)
(December
Earthquake M7,2
M7,2
Earthquake
September 25,
25, 2005
2005
September
PREFABRICATED MODULAR QUINCHA (I)
PREFABRICATED MODULAR QUINCHA (II)
GRACIAS
THANK YOU
DOMO ARIGATO
A QUAKE OF MANY COLORS. Earthquakes, from outer space, can display
dramatic beauty. It was created by Mark Simons, Caltech associate professor of
geophysics, and his colleagues after the October 16, 1999, Hector Mine
Earthquake, which occurred northwest of Los Angeles in the Mojave Desert and
registered a magnitude 7.1. They applied InSAR technology using an image taken
30 days before the earthquake and one taken a few days after.
Source: CaltechNews. Vol 38, Number 3/4, 2004.