ICAR-National Research Centre on Orchids, Pakyong, Sikkim

National Research Centre for Orchids
(Indian Council of Agricultural Research)
Pakyong 737106, Sikkim
www.nrcorchids.nic.in
Printed : July 2015CTO (Production):Kul Bhushan Gupta
All Rights Reserved
© 2015, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi
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Foreword
Indian Council of Agricultural Research, since inception in the year
1929, is spearheading national programmes on agricultural research,
higher education and frontline extension through a network of Research
Institutes, Agricultural Universities, All India Coordinated Research
Projects and Krishi Vigyan Kendras to develop and demonstrate
new technologies, as also to develop competent human resource for
strengthening agriculture in all its dimensions, in the country. The
science and technology-led development in agriculture has resulted in
manifold enhancement in productivity and production of different crops
and commodities to match the pace of growth in food demand.
Agricultural production environment, being a dynamic entity,
has kept evolving continuously. The present phase of changes being
encountered by the agricultural sector, such as reducing availability of
quality water, nutrient deficiency in soils, climate change, farm energy
availability, loss of biodiversity, emergence of new pest and diseases,
fragmentation of farms, rural-urban migration, coupled with new IPRs
and trade regulations, are some of the new challenges. These changes impacting agriculture call for a paradigm shift in our
research approach. We have to harness the potential of modern science,
encourage innovations in technology generation, and provide for an
enabling policy and investment support. Some of the critical areas as
genomics, molecular breeding, diagnostics and vaccines, nanotechnology,
secondary agriculture, farm mechanization, energy, and technology
dissemination need to be given priority. Multi-disciplinary and multiinstitutional research will be of paramount importance, given the fact
that technology generation is increasingly getting knowledge and capital
intensive. Our institutions of agricultural research and education must
attain highest levels of excellence in development of technologies and
competent human resource to effectively deal with the changing scenario.
Vision-2050 document of ICAR-National Research Centre for
Orchids (ICAR-NRCO), Sikkim has been prepared, based on a
comprehensive assessment of past and present trends in factors that
impact agriculture, to visualise scenario 35 years hence, towards scienceled sustainable development of agriculture.
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Indian Council of Agricultural Research
We are hopeful that in the years ahead, Vision-2050 would prove to
be valuable in guiding our efforts in agricultural R&D and also for the
young scientists who would shoulder the responsibility to generate farm
technologies in future for food, nutrition, livelihood and environmental
security of the billion plus population of the country, for all times to
come.
(S. AYYAPPAN)
Secretary, Department of Agricultural Research & Education (DARE)
and Director-General, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)
Krishi Bhavan, Dr Rajendra Prasad Road,
New Delhi 110 001
vi
Preface
The great French mathematician Jules Henri Poincaré once aptly said
that “The scientist does not study nature because it is useful to do so.
He studies it because he takes pleasure in it, and he takes pleasure in it
because it is beautiful. If nature were not beautiful it would not be worth
knowing, and life would not be worth living”. That’s why we should care
for the mother earth and conserve all her treasures. Biological diversity is
one such very important and unique feature of Mother Nature. Biological
diversity is the variability among all living organisms existing on earth
in various ecosystems and ecological complexes. Orchids are one such
beautiful creation of nature and represent royalty and aristocracy in
floriculture. They are well known for their uniqueness of shape, breath
taking colors, and exceptionally long shelf life that surpasses many
other floriculture crops. These qualities have made orchid growing a
highly profitable industry all-over the world. A large number of species
bear attractive flowers and have capacity for interspecific as well as
intergeneric hybridization tha thas generated tremendous possibilities for
producing hybrids of diverse floral characteristics. India is one of the
primary/secondary centres of orchid biodiversity and the major regions
of diversity are Northeastern Himalayas, Western Ghats, and Andaman
and Nicobar Islands. Indian orchids have also been used in various
indigenous systems of medicines since time immemorial. Whereas, the
systematic collection and conservation of orchids for value addition
through crossing and selection has started very recently in our country.
Today, more than 100,000 hybrids are known globally and cultivated for
cut flowers and potted plants and more and more new ones are being
registered every month. Orchids have very wide range of distribution
in India and have been recorded from low-level plains to an elevation
of 4300 m. Orchids are the most evolved family of monocotyledonous
plants and is represented by nearly 25,000-35,000 species belonging
to 1000 genera. Nearly 1300 species of orchids are found in India
distributed in different parts of the country. However, maximum
orchid species are found in the Himalayan region especially the North
Eastern Himalayas. Nearly 876 orchid species from 151 genera have
been reported from this part of the country representing 70% of the
orchid flora of India. Many of these endemic and rare species shows
high ornamental value. Among the eight north eastern states of India,
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Indian Council of Agricultural Research
highest numbers of orchid genera have been reported from Sikkim (137
genera and 525 species) followed by Arunachal Pradesh (126 genera
and 550 species) and recognized as paradise of orchids. The orchid
index of Sikkim is highest in the country. Keeping in view of the export
potential of Orchids, based on the recommendations of the Planning
Commission, the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)
established a National Research Centre for Orchids during VIIIth Five
Year Plan at Pakyong, Sikkim since October 1996. In October 1997,
the centre also took over the Darjeeling centre of C.P.R.I. Shimla to
carry out research on temperate orchids.
Since inception, the institute has come a long way to establish
itself as a centre of excellence of research on orchids in the country
and is undertaking mission oriented research programme on germplasm
conservation, crop improvement, crop production and post-harvest
management of orchids. The centre has conserved 350 species of
orchids collected from tropical to temperate regions of the country
at its Pakyong and Darjeeling Campus. Improved production and
post-harvest management practices for commercial orchids have been
developed. Despite of perennial life cycle and lack of availability of
superior breeding stocks in the country, the centre has taken important
initiative in crop improvement and few advanced breeding lines have
already been registered. Although the initiatives have been taken, still
we have to go long way to reach the goals. The global scenario of
floriculture trade is changing rapidly. Climate change is creating another
new dimension in conservation of natural resources. The institute is
also trying to expand its reach to newer areas and climatic zones of the
country in order to meet those challenges by opening centres covering
the geographical location of the country as well as areas with tropical
to temperate climates.
What we are today is not only because of the effort of the present
generation, but also the vision of our predecessors. The challenges
of 2050 are expected to be more complex and diverse in nature and
hence we must make ourselves prepared for those challenges as well as
opportunities. The Vision 2050 document of the institute is an effort
in this direction to envisage those challenges based on present situation
and preparing guidelines to face those and excel under that situation.
As applied research is current need based, we have focused more on
the kind of basic and strategic research to be taken up and prepared
a route map to move forward in that direction besides promising to
act as centre of excellence for repository of plant genetic resources and
knowledge bank of orchids.
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Vision 2050
I express my gratitude and extend my sincere thanks to Dr. S.
Ayyappan, Secretary, DARE and Director General, ICAR; Dr. N.K.
Krishna Kumar, Deputy Director General (Horticultural Science),
ICAR and Dr. T. Janakiram, Assistant Director General (Horticultural
Science-I), ICAR New Delhi for their keen interest and provided the
much needed guidance in developing the vision document and in
bringing it out in its present form. I acknowledge and appreciate the
efforts of my colleagues scientists in developing and bringing out this
document.
D.R. Singh
Director
ICAR-NRC-Orchids
Pakyong, Sikkim
ix
Contents
Message
iii
Foreword
v
Preface
vii
1.Context
1
2.Challenges
4
3. Operating Environment
8
4. Opportunities 14
5.Goals/Targets
18
6. Way Forward
20
7. Strategic Framework/road map to achieve targets in Vision 2050
22
8.Linkages
25
Context
O
rchids have become one of the most important segments in world
floriculture market. These are grown for cut flowers, pot plant,
extraction of biomolecules, herbal medicines. The flowers and pot
plant command highest price in markets due to their incredible range
of diversity in size, colour, shape, forms, appearance and long lasting
flowers. The world export/import trade of orchid cut flowers and plants
exceeds $150 million dollars. Of these, about 80% are cut orchids, and
the remaining 20% is composed of pot plants. In European Union, the
import of orchids accounts for 3% of total fresh cut flower imports with
a wholesale value of 21 million Euros. The Netherlands is the largest
exporter (39. 67%) of orchids in the world. It is followed by Thailand
(28.41%), Taiwan (10%), Singapore (10%) and New Zealand (6%),
respectively. The major importing countries include Japan (30%), UK
(12%), Italy (10%), France (7%) and the USA (6%).
India is the late entrant in orchid business India and vast potential
emerge as major orchid producing country in the world due to its
suitable climate, availability of manpower and lesser cost of cultivation in
comparison to the orchid growing countries. For production of tropical
orchids several units have come up in the states of Kerala, Karnataka,
Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Assam. The units producing temperate orchids
particularly Cymbidiums have been setup Sikkim, Meghalaya, Arunachal
Pradesh and Darjeeling district of West Bengal. There is a major shift
in consumption pattern of flowers tilting towards the exotic flowers like
orchids, lilium rose and carnations. It is noticeable in celebrations of
birthdays, anniversaries, wedding and other social and official functions.
The domestic production is not enough the demands, hence the orchid
cut flowers are imported from other countries. The import of cut flowers
has risen from Rs. 299.09 lakhs in 2008-09 to 3402.36 lakhs in 201415 (for details see Fig. 1). The export of orchid cut flowers has been
very meagre (Fig 2) though there is huge potential for export.
Orchids are climate specific crop and require constant monitoring
for the management of temperature, light, humidity, air, water and
nutritional requirements. So it is necessary to standardize the production
technologies to the perfection. Another major input constraint is the
non-availability of quality hybrids and planting material in large scale.
This necessitates an urgent initiation of a strong breeding programme
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Indian Council of Agricultural Research
based on sound methodologies to develop varieties/ hybrids of
internationally accepted quality. Molecular breeding should also be made
an integral part of the crop improvement programme to incorporate
noble characters in an accurate and rapid fashion. Mass multiplication
of quality hybrids or lines through tissue culture is another priority.
Standardization of post-harvest management in another major concern
and is to be addressed on urgent basis. Research on integrated insectpest and disease management is also a need of hour. A long term proper
research support is also necessary to save the valuable genetic resources
in a scientific manner, to bridge the gap between beginning of research,
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Vision 2050
significant output and adoption, to meet up the severe and complex
changes in context to climate change, to get benefit from frontier
sciences, a vast breakthrough in diversified growth and production by
stimulating new ideas and fresh thoughts. Establishment of National
Research Centre for Orchids at Pakyong, Sikkim, is in fact a due and
timely recognition of the scope and commercial potential of orchid
culture in India.
Since its inception in 1996, the centre is striving to fulfil knowledge
gap required for cultivation and post harvest management of orchids.
The centre has developed several elite clones have been developed
however, their commercial potential yet to be tested. In vitro propagation
protocols of several commercially cultivated orchids are available for
large scale propagation of planting materials. The budding orchid
industry needs technical know-how for large scale cultivation, improved
varieties/hybrids for cultivation, and post-harvest technologies for value
addition. In view of the growing demands for organic products, organic
cultivation of orchids is another priority area of research. Therefore, four
major research programs have been identified to address all issues. The
programs will be subject to periodic reviews and modification will be
made, if felt necessary in view of any significant change in global trade,
commerce and policy matters towards this commodity and its processed
products. The institute will seek active collaboration with other research
organisations, marketing and banking sectors and extension agencies to
establish effective communication channel with the orchid growers and
processors for research and effective transfer of technology.
q
3
Challenges
S
pecies of orchids cultivated and exported to different destinations of
the world much before the independence. However, the commercial
cultivation of orchids began only after the liberalization Indian economy.
The North Eastern States and the Costal States of India dominate in
the production of orchids. Orchid industry is likely to face several
challenges because of changing the global environment, population
pressure, and rapid urbanization. To overcome such challenges and to
harness the scientific knowledge for improving production, productivity
and profitability of the crop are the major concerns of scientists. In
2050, out of 1.6 billion people of our country nearly 50% will live in
towns. Orchid flowers worth of Rs. 5000 crore will be needed to meet
the domestic demand.
Conservation of Orchid Genetic Resource
The country has the large genetic base of orchids comprising of
1300 species. Many of them bear large and attractive flowers suitable for
cultivation as a potted flowering plant as well parents for hybridization.
Several terrestrial and epiphytic species have medicinal properties and
used by local practitioners in treating various body ailments. However,
these genetic resources are facing are dwindling very fast in their natural
habitats due to fragmentation and degradation of natural habitats.
One of the major challenges is to conserve and study these dwindling
natural resources taking a holistic approach. To address future needs,
research will facilitate sustainable use of these genetic resources through
(i) characterization, (ii) genetic enhancement and pre- breeding, (iii)
functional molecular nanosystems genomics, proteomics, phenomics etc.,
(iv) gene mining, (v) molecular breeding through tools like marker-aided
selection and gene stacking, and (vi) customized genetic engineering
(development of trait-specific transgenics).
Meeting the Requirement of Market-driven Varieties
There are over 1, 50,000 hybrids
the world, but only some are suitable
these, a few cultivars bred in India and
cultivation has yet to be ascertained.
4
are available for cultivation in
for commercial cultivation. Of
their suitability for commercial
India needs to encourage the
Vision 2050
cultivation of orchids on the lines of roses on one hand initiate orchid
breeding programme using biotechnological and molecular techniques.
Increasing Production and Productivity Under Changing Environment
Both production and productivity of orchids in the country is
low compared with other countries of the world. The shortage of cut
flower is met through the imports. The import of orchid cut flowers
has increased from 299.09 in 2008-09 to Rs. 3402.36 lakhs in 201415.Thus, production and productivity has to increase through area
expansion increasing productivity. According to the projections made by
Inter-Governmental Panel on Climate Change global earth temperature
will increase by 1.8o to 4.0°C by the turn of this century. It would
cause frequent hot extremes, floods, droughts, cyclones, recession of
glaciers, lowering the water table, etc. The dynamics of pest and disease
of orchids would also likely to alter. In these situations, the production
and productivity of these crops has to be increased at reduced cost. It
would require determining low-cost-production zones, efficient use of
inputs, biotechnological interventions in developing resistant/tolerant
varieties, capacity building and global cooperation.
Producing Quality Products at Competitive Cost
The world over, the competition among flower growing countries
is increasing. Simultaneously, the importing countries are imposing
new legislation and regulations. Therefore, the flower has to update
their operating processes, according to the demand of the market. The
distributors and consumers are raising the standards they have set for
the quality. Rising cost of inputs and shortage of quality workforce to
handle orchid production are posing serious challenges. The efficient use
of inputs (water, fertilizers, pesticides etc.) and accurate diseases diagnosis
using nano-science, micro-irrigation, re-circulation/re-use of water, farm
mechanization will play a major role in tackling these challenges.
Meeting the Requirements of Quality Planting Materials
Planting should be free from diseases and pests, healthy, vigorous and
take the minimum possible time to attain commercial reproductive stage.
The planting material of elite clones of orchids is either not available or
available in very limited quantity. If available, it is very costly. There is
an urgent need to evolve efficient production and delivery mechanism
involving (a) production of quality planting material, (b) inspection
and monitoring of planting material produced in the laboratories and
(c) certification and labelling of planting material. Bioreactors have
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Indian Council of Agricultural Research
been helpful in producing the large number of plants in a limited time.
However, the protocols for orchids need to be standardised.
Increasing Consciousness for Quality and Meeting Social Responsibility
The consumers are becoming more quality conscious because of
awareness, media, economic status, easy availability, availability of
substitutes, health issues, etc. Consumers want to buy a product with
constant quality, price, and added value or a low price. The export supply
chain managers want to ensure that products are produced by fulfilling
social and environmental responsibility. The producers have to export
their produce with Global GAP/Euro GAP, MPS, MPS-SQ certification.
These certification systems would be tougher in future.
Harnessing Export Potential of Orchids
India is bestowed with climatic conditions to produce almost all
kinds of orchid at a competitive price. It also has a wide genetic base
of orchids to structure and restructure the varieties as per the need
of the consumer. In spite, all this export of orchids from India is
not encouraging. There are several challenges viz. non- availability of
exportable varieties, planting material, infrastructure, inefficient supply
chain, cargo space, refrigerated transport, skilled manpower, etc. India
need to develop exportable varieties, sound technical know-how in
storage and transport through sea routes also to create infrastructural
facilities.
Preparing Skilled Workforce for Orchid Production
Orchids are specialty flowers and require special attention in the
cultivation of orchids. Non availability of skilled workforce is one of
the major constraints in an expansion of area under cultivation of this
crop. The trained workforce should be equipped with the technical
know-how to manage these specialised crops. The NRCO has been
training the farmers/entrepreneur in the cultivation of orchids. In times
ahead, we would require the workforce to produce and market the
flowers for export.
Diagnosis and Management of Disease and Pest
The pest and disease would likely to become a challenge with
the changing environment. It would be appropriate to lay emphasis
on systematic survey and surveillance pest and disease supported by
information technology. The sources of resistance gene would be
identified would be used for breeding of resistance varieties.
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Vision 2050
Post-harvest Management and Transportation
The technology and infrastructure play significant role delivery of
floricultural products in the hands of the consumer. The cut flowers and
pot plants of orchids have relatively longer shelf-life than other flowering
plants. However, increasing transport cost and insufficient cargo space
would necessitate searching for other alternatives like transportation
through sea routes by managing container environment. The research
on pre and post-harvest handling, packaging and transportation of
orchid flowers as well as potted plants would require a great deal of
attention. The shortage of postharvest infrastructural facilities also needs
to build up.
q
Cymbidium Hybrid
7
Operating Environment
K
eeping in view the export potential of orchids, based on
recommendations of the Planning Commission, the Indian Council
of Agricultural Research (ICAR) established a National Research Centre
for Orchids during VIII th Five Year Plan at Pakyong (Sikkim) in
October 1996 in a area of 22.19 acres of land. In October, 1997, the
centre also took over the Darjeeling centre of CPRI, Shimla. Since
establishment the Centre created infrastructures and facilities for basic
and strategic research.
With a mission of harnessing science and technology by interfacing
research, extension activities for enhancing qualitative productivity,
outstanding hybrids and diversified use of orchids, the Centre has
mandate to provide single window solution for all aspect of orchids and
act as pioneer institute for research and development and a leadership
at national arena. The Centre marched ahead to deliver its functions.
• To undertake mission orientedprogramme involving basic and
strategic research for resolving themajor biotic and abiotic constraints
affecting the production, productivityand utilization of orchids.
• To act as repository of genetic resources and scientific information
on orchids
• To demonstrate the improved technologiesand impart training to
orchid growers,stakeholders for upgrading knowledge
To fulfil this mandate a number of focused research programs were
formulated and significant achievements have been made during last
18 years.
The centre has already made significant contribution with respect
to collection of indigenous and exotic orchid germplasm, in vitromicropropagation and germination of immature embryos obtained after
crossing. Various experiments on application of organic and inorganic
fertilizer spray were carried out to optimize nutrient requirement and
subsequently to reduce the pre-blooming period of Cymbidium orchids.
Production technology for bulbous crops and other commercial orchids
like Dendrobium, Vanda and Phalaenopsishas been standardized.
The perspective plan for National Research Centre for Orchids,
Sikkim has been prepared based on the proforma and guidelines
supplied by the Council. Under basic information, mandate, budget,
manpower, salient research achievements by the centre have been
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Vision 2050
summarized. The national scenario of flower crops in terms of strengths,
weaknesses, opportunities and threats have been analyzed. Tremendous
yield potential of the mandate crop, viz. orchid, availability of diverse
types of germplasm, adequate market potential including export of
cut flowers, high market price, cheap labour and climatic advantage
for raising the crop, OGL policy of the government are few strengths
of the flower production. However, high cost of planting materials,
inadequate packaging and transportation facilities, poor infrastructure,
poor marketing facilities etc. are some of the weak links. Nevertheless,
there is tremendous scope to increase productivity, generation of
employment, support to the industry and export of cut flowers, potted
plants and planting materials. In order to undertake various research and
development programme the following thrust areas have been identified.
1. Collection, maintenance, documentation and conservation of
germplasm.
2. Morphological and molecular characterization of important
germplasm to safeguard valuable indigenous generic resources.
3. Strategic development of new improved varieties with genetic
potential,hybrids with high yield, quality and tolerant to biotic and
abiotic stresses.
4. Development of protocol for mass multiplication of improved
varieties/hybrids.
5. Development of production technology for increasing productivity
of new hybrids/varieties of commercial orchids.
6. Standardization of pre and post-harvest techniques for reducing
the storage and transport losses and development of value added
products.
7. Promotion of integrated insect-pestand disease management
programme.
8. Dissemination of technologies through vibrant training programme,
demonstration, publication and mass media.
9. Preparation of data base of all indigenous orchids to strengthening
the floricultural research information system with special reference
to orchids.
10.Promoting the human resource development on relevant discipline.
Salient Achievements
Crop Improvement
• Total 3650 number of accessions of orchid in 350 species collected
at ICAR-NRCO, Pakyong and Darjeeling Campus from different
parts of the country.
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Indian Council of Agricultural Research
• Genetic diversity of Cymbidium (10 species) studied using RAPD
markers.
• Molecular analysis of 59 Dendrobium species was done using STM
markers.
• Complete genetic diversity analysis of Indian Vanda (18 species)
with RAPD, ISSR, SSR, STM and phylogenetic markers.
• The DUS test guidelines of Cymbidium, Dendrobium,Vanda, Cattleya,
Phalaenopsis and Oncidium were developed and these have been
notified for registration under Protection of Plant Variety & Farmers
Right Authority Act.
• Protocol for multiplication of PLBs of Cymbidium orchids
standardized
• Three (3) Cymbidium and four (4) Paphiopedilum hybrids identified.
•Two Cymbidium hybrids ‘Darjeeling Nymph’ and ‘Darjeeling Delight’
registered through Royal Horticultural Society (RHS), London.
• Two (2) in-vitro clones of Paphiopedilum venustum and oneex-vitro clone
of Cattleya maxima, three variants of Coelogyne nitida, one variant each
of Calanthepuberula, Eriaspicata and Liparis bootanensis identified.
• NRCO –Coll-77 of Red Vanda and NRCO-42 (Dendrobium)
registered through PGRC
Crop Production
• Technologies developed for regeneration of plantlets through
backbulbs in Cymbidium orchids.
• Techniques for preparation of slow release organic nutrition for
orchids developed.
• Suitable cut-flower and potted plant hybrids of Cymbidium,
Dendrobium, Vanda, Phalaenopsis, Oncidium,Cattleya, Mokara and
Aranda orchids identified for commercial cultivation.
• Cultural practices of commercial orchids like Cymbidium, Dendrobium,
Vanda, Oncidium, Cattleya and Phalaenopsis standardized.
• Technologies developed for round the year production of cut flowers
of Dendrobium and Phalaenopsis through selection of various types
of hybrids.
• A complete protocol of Post-harvest technology of Cymbidium
orchids developed starting from harvesting stages, pulsing,
impregnation, bud opening, vase solutions and packaging.
•In Phalaenopsis, flowering was induced kept under day temperature
25°C ±2°C and night temperature 17°C ±2°C.
• About 50,000 plantlets of Cymbidium, Zygopetalum and Cattleya
hybrids produced using tissue culture techniques.
10
Vision 2050
Crop Protection
• Cym. Mosaic Virus (CyMV) and Odontoglossum Ring spot Virus
(ORSV) were reported in most of orchid species.
• Viral indexing of 30 Cymbidium hybrids and 3 Dendrobium hybrids
done by ELISA technique.
• RT-PCR of ORSV standardized and used for detection of ORSV
from planting material.
• Metalaxyl (0.1%) identified as effective to control black tot disease
of Cymbidium.
• Application of Mancozeb (200-500 ppm) + Carbendazim (200-500
ppm) found effective against anthracnose of Cattleya and Phalaenopsis
orchids.
• Ciprofloxacin hydrochloride (400 ppm) and tetracycline hydrochloride
(1000 ppm) found sensitive against soft rot bacterium of Cymbidium
orchids.
• Trichoderma viridae showed antagonistic in vitro against orchid
anthracnose.
• Molecular characterization of orchid anthracnose done by PCR assay
• Neem oil 0.03 EC found effective against red spider mite and aphid
on Cymbidium
• IPM module M-5 (tobacco extract 5%, neem oil 0.03% EC 5ml/l
and bifenthrin 10EC 0.25%) showed effective against mite on
Cymbidium.
• First report on diaspid scale insect, Lepidosaphes pinneformis, aphid,
Aulacorthum circumflexum on Cymbidium and Long tailed mealy
bug, Pseudococcus longispinus on Dendrobium.
• New report of an aphelinid wasp, Coccophagus ceroplastae, Aphytis
spp. As parasitoids.
Demand Driven Technologies and Products
Technologies already commercialized
• Micropropagation of Cymbidium orchids
Technologies absolutely ready for commercialization
•In-vitro protocol development of Cymbidium ‘Golden Girl’ and
Cymbidium ‘Lunavian Atlas’, Cymbidium ‘Soul Hunt-I’, Cymbidium
‘Sleeping Nymph’ and Cymbidium ‘Pine Clash Moon Venus’ and
Zygopetalum intermedium.
• DUS Test guidelines of Cymbidium, Dendrobium,Vanda, Phalaenopsis,
Cattleya and Oncidium orchids
11
Indian Council of Agricultural Research
• Innovative method for propagation of Cymbidium through back bulbs
• Post-harvest technology of Cymbidium orchids
Technologies in the pipe line
• A rapid and efficient method for high quality DNA from leaves of
Orchids.
• Breeding stocks/clones
• NRCO-Epidendrum hybrid/2005-01: (Epidendrum radicans x
Epidendrum xanthinum)
• NRCO-Pl x Pw hybrid/2007: (Paphiopedilum lawrenceanum x P
‘Winstine Churchill’)
• NRCO-42/2007 (IC0566525; INGR10073): (Dendronium ‘Emma
White’ x D ‘Pompadour’)
• NRCO-Cymbidium hybrid-HxB/2008-01: (Cymbidium lowianum x
Cymbidium ‘Show Girl’)
• NRCO-Cymbidium hybrid-BxH/2008-01: (Cymbidium ‘Show Girl’
x Cymbidium lowianum)
• NRCO-Paphiopedilum clone-01/2008: EDV from P venustum species
(mutant)
• NRCO-Paphiopedilum clone-02/2008: EDV from P venustum species
(mutant)
• NRCO-Inter Generic Hybrid/2010: (Arachnanthe cathcarthii x Vanda
coerulea)
• PBX-05-55/2011-01: (Cymbidium ‘Golden Girl’ x Cymbidium ‘Red
Star’)
• PBX-05-34/2012-01: (Cymbidium ’Red Star’ x Cymbidium ’Fancy Free’)
• PBX-05-56/2012-01: (Cymbidium lowianum x Cymbidium tigrinum)
• Package of practices for production of Cymbidium orchids
• Package of practices for production of Dendrobium orchids
Potential Commercial Products
• Slow release organic fertilizer for orchids
• Dried orchid species and hybrids
• Herbarium kits for valuable species
Services
• Providing technical support to private sector laboratories for
multiplication and expansion of orchid cultivation
• Human resource development through MTC, Short Course Training,
On/Off Campus Training
12
Vision 2050
• Evaluation of floriculture related research projects
• Preparation of course curriculum and question papers on floriculture
in graduate and post-graduate levels.
• Evaluation of Thesis on floriculture in post-graduate levels
q
Cymbidium nursery (Ex-vitro hardened)
13
Opportunities
T
he National Research Centre for Orchids will strive to harness power
of science in enhancing the potential of orchid genetic resources,
developing cultivar cultivars, increase production and productivity of
orchids, enhancing input use efficiency, reducing cost and post-harvest
losses, improving quality cut flowers and pot plants through new
scientific tools. The delivery of technology is becoming more complex
than ever before due to increasing quality consciousness and increasing
the cost of inputs. Incidentally, new tools, methods, techniques and
approaches are emerging very fast to keep the promises of technological
breakthroughs to fulfil the goals.
Genetic-resource Enhancement
Genetic resources are primary drivers in augmenting productivity,
enhancing quality and meeting the challenges of biotic and abiotic
stresses in crop plants in the lesser time, cost and space. India is
bestowed with 1300 species orchids that account for nearly 7 percent
of world’s orchid genetic resource. These are useful structuring new
cultivars and restructuring the existing ones for the desired traits.
ICAR- NRCO is the National Active Germplasm Site for Orchids
and holds about 3500 accessions belonging to 350 species. There are
plans to enrich germplasm collection by collection and introductions. To
address future needs, research will focus use of genetic resources through
characterization, genetic enhancement, clonal selection and pre-breeding.
The centre would also make use of molecular and biotechnological tool
in breeding of cultivars.
Diversification for Value Addition
In India, presently Cymbidium and Dendrobium are grown
commercially for cut flower production. There are a large number
of genera like Vanda, Aranda, Mokara, Arachinis, Ascocenda,
Paphiopedilum, Cypripedium, Oncidium, Odontoglossum, Zygopetalum,
etc. can be grown for cut flower as well pot plant production. The
orchid business encompasses cut flowers, loose flowers and value added
products like garland, dried flowers, bouquet and corsage and pot
plants. Further, many species of orchids are edible have high medicinal
14
Vision 2050
value and pleasant aroma that can be explored for value added products
like nutrient supplements, herbal medicines and other cost competitive
various products like soap, incense stick, perfume oil, dry flowers,
packed items etc. The live and dried orchid plants and roots have a
high demand for medicinal uses. Therefore, to meet the demand for
these commodities, research focus would be further directed to augment
their production more efficiently and competitively.
Management of Natural Resources to Improve Production
Integrated nutrient management incorporating the judicious
combination of organics, bio fertilizers and nutrient to mitigate different
abiotic stresses is needed for the crop. Seasonal changes in climatic
conditions have an impact on orchid productivity through observable
changes in terms of phenological events, such as flowering time, floral
variation, harvest and finally the production. Nutrient and irrigation
schedule, therefore, needs to be standardised under such situations.
Phenomics and precision cultural practices using the advances in remote
sensing and GIS technology has to be implemented to meet these targets.
New Technologies
In recent years, biotechnology has created remarkable opportunities
and has become the world’s fastest growing and the most rapidly
changing technology. Biotechnology has a considerable potential to
address many of the challenges in orchids. Various biotechnological
tools like automated bio screening, genetic engineering, production of
photosynthetically efficient plants, production of biopesticides and bio
fertilisers, application of MAS to speed up the breeding for important
traits and many others. Genomics techniques are advancing at a rapid
pace and expected that techniques for sequencing of the individual
genome will become affordable very soon. The genome analysis will
allow allele mining for different traits and global expression analysis
by RNA sequencing will allow elucidation of gene function and study
of the effect of different conditions at cellular level itself. Such analysis
will be utilized for developing varieties with desirable traits and good
quality. Different proteomics approaches will allow understanding of
host–pathogen interaction for major diseases also and help in developing
breeding as well as management strategies. Nanotechnology will play
an important role in pest control. Pesticide formulation based on
nanotechnology will be used for effective pest control and ensure the
safety of the crop. Biocontrol methods for disease and insect pest control
would provide opportunities to grow plants with minimal pesticide use.
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Indian Council of Agricultural Research
Automation in large-scale micropropagation of quality planting materials
is best achieved by adopting bioreactor. Adopting mobile technology for
market data terminals as front-end trading solutions, trading gateways,
and data servers to meet the specific needs of the trading environment
is another aspect.
Bio-risk Management
Bio-risk is increasing due to climate change which adding cost,
reducing production and is adversely affecting the orchid culture.
The efforts would be made to develop effective and integrated risk
management production systems and institutional mechanisms to
overcome the problem of bio-risk. Bio-risk intelligent systems like early
warning system, migratory movement of bio-risk agents would be
developed with the help of different information and communication
technologies (ICT). It would help in taking an informed decision at
the local, regional and national level. Development of rapid and reliable
diagnostics against pests and pathogens including invasive species and
management of new invasive pests and pathogens will help in Bio risk
management.DNA barcoding and sequencing techniques will be used
for monitoring and minimizing biosecurity elements.
Orchid Cultivation in Degraded Soils and Non-traditional Areas
As per estimates nearly 120.72 million ha of land in the country is
degraded due to soil erosion and about 8.4 million ha has soil salinity
and water-logging excessive mining of micronutrients, leading to
deficiency of macro- and micro- nutrients in the soils. Since, orchids are
grown on artificial media they can be grown on degraded soil provided
climate is suitable and other inputs are available. The efforts would be
made to develop production technology for cultivation of orchids in
non-traditional areas of the country.
Technology Transfer Systems
For any improvement programme, it is important to strive
continuously to develop new and better technologies. Effective delivery
mechanism of the new developed technologies would greatly help in
reducing the gap between the potential and the realized productivity.
More far-reaching, participatory information and communications
technology would be evolved by optimizing print and delivery systems
and by showcasing research products for effectively linking research
accomplishments with the stakeholders. The public-private partnership
will also be explored both for technology development and their transfer.
16
Vision 2050
ICAR hub meeting/Agribusiness campaign inviting state extension
department and SAU would also be regularly organized to transfer the
technology to the beneficiaries. New ICT tools will also be utilized for
effective technology dissemination.
Human Resource Development
Enhancing the quality of human resource is a pre-requisite for
implementing and upgrading the research programmes, development of
new advanced technologies, evolving institutional arrangements to face
challenges and harness the opportunities. Maintaining global standards
and enhancing competitiveness are equally important in agri-business
and technology development. Efforts will be, therefore, made to enhance
competence and develop state-of-the-art infrastructure.
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Cymbidium hybrid
17
Goals/Targets
I
ncreasing the production and productivity of different kinds of orchids
for meeting domestic demands, curtailing imports and earnings
through export are the primary goal for next four decades. The other
important goals are to maintain the productivity levels under adverse
conditions and diversify for value addition and consumer preference.
Increasing production and productivity of orchids by bringing
more and more area under scientific cultivation of improved varieties
established in trade. To meet the shortage of quality planting materials
the young entrepreneurs would be motivated and trained in production
of planting materials through tissue culture.
The cultivars would be systematically bred for national and
international markets using conventional, biotechnological and molecular
tools and production and propagation technology would be developed
before the release of the cultivar/varieties.
For maintaining sustained level of production and productivity
under adverse conditions, IT-based decision support systems for risk
warning and contingency planning would be developed and used. To
meet the scarcity of water in changing climate scenario, the technologies
for efficient use of water would be developed. The technologies would
aim at reducing transpirational losses, quantified targeted delivery and
recirculation of water.
The understanding physiological response of orchids to biotic and
abiotic stresses and processes, interactions and components of the orchid
ecosystem will help in mitigating both biotic and abiotic stresses and
realizing the production potential.
Improving resource use efficiency to increase benefit: cost ratio is
another goal as conventional viticulture system of India involves high
input consumption in terms of electricity, labour, etc.
Postharvest handling and economical and efficient modes for the
transportation of orchid products for domestic as well as export should
be ascertained would be worked out for a safe delivery of the product.
With changing level of awareness, the consumer would like buy high
grade superior quality flowers in appealing packs. Therefore, reduction
in post-harvest losses by means of maintaining cold chains and proper
handling of the produce will contribute to fulfil the targets. Therefore,
development of technologies for the production of quality flowers and
18
Vision 2050
other value-added processed products will be another goal Orchid flowers
are perishable commodity and the losses after harvesting are significant.
To meet social and environmental responsibility in production and
marketing of orchids the use of safe pesticides and fungicides are to
be minimized to safest level. The research efforts would be directed
to develop organic production protocols by using bio-fertilizers, biopesticides etc.
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Cymbidium hybrid
19
Way Forward
T
he world export/import trade of orchid cut flowers and plants
exceeds $150 million dollars. Of these, about 80% are cut orchids,
and the remaining 20% is composed of pot plants. Orchids alone
account for 3% of total fresh cut flower imports to the European
Union, with a wholesale value of 21 million Euros. Since Japan is the
world’s largest importer of cut orchids, Asia dominates the world trade.
The main suppliers are Thailand, Singapore and Malaysia; Holland,
however, reported 240 ha of Cymbidium in 2001 and Italy, France and
New Zealand hold productive sectors valued at over one-half a million
US dollars.
The orchids have taken a significant position in cut flower industry
due to its attractiveness, long shelf life, high productivity, the right
season of bloom, easy in packing and transportation. Orchid accounts
for a large share of global floriculture trade both as cut flowers and as
potted plants and is estimated around 10% of the international freshcut flower trade. The value of fresh cut orchids and buds trade during
2007-2012 with the average trade value was US $ 483 million. In 2012,
there are more than 40 exporting orchid countries and 60 importing
orchid countries around the world, and the total size of the global trade
is US $ 504 million.
The Netherlands is the top most exporter (39. 67%) of orchids
in the world. It is followed by Thailand (28.41%), Taiwan (10%),
Singapore (10%) and New Zealand (6%), respectively. Importing
countries are mainly Japan (30%), UK (12%), Italy (10%), France
(7%) and the USA (6%), respectively. The total orchid cut flower trade
of the world mostly consists of 85% Dendrobium species and 15%
Phalaenopsis and Cymbidium species and Asia is the main source of
orchid to enter the world.
Research programs were outlined for next 35 years (Annexure 1)
have been formulated to achieve the targets/goal and meet the challenges.
Climate resilient orchid culture will be the prime focus as climate
change is expected to be the main factor with multidimensional effects
on orchid cultivation.
Dwindling natural resources like land and water other resources like
nutrients and energy warrants its judicious and efficient use and in turn
this will help in conservation of resources and also enhance input use
20
Vision 2050
efficiency. Precision orchid culture, therefore, is to be given emphasis
in coming years.
Advantage will be made of other branches of science viz. space,
engineering and communication technology for improving the orchid
industry. Plant health management is pivotal to the sustained production
and resource conservation and thus forms an integral component result
of their improved socio-economic status, necessitates enough attention
to value addition and new generation products. Being an economically
important crop, orchids offers a good opportunity to tap and expand
new value added products .Given difficulty in the timely availability
of skilled and unskilled labour in sufficient number for various field
operations cultivation has also been proposed in research programs.
Advanced and communicative technology would be employed for
dissemination of knowledge and technologies. Risk analysis and disaster
management market analysis would be done to support the orchid
growers of the country. The institute aimed to develop the capabilities
to act as Centre of Excellence in 2050.
Effective implementation of all research programs will require a
good support from the government in terms of liberal funding for
development of infrastructure for research. Project based budgeting and
flexibility and autonomy in procurement procedures will further help in
achieving targets on time. Strengthening of national and international
linkages and active participation of orchid stakeholders and supporting
industry will also be sought to address different issues affecting large
scale commercialization in the country. The institute will continue to
strive to play a lead role among different stakeholders for the progress
of orchid industry in the country, especially in NEH region.
q
21
Strategic Framework/Road Map
to Achieve Targets in Vision 2050
Annexure - 1
Goal
Conservation
and Evaluation of
genetic resources
Precision Orchid
culture
Approach
Performance Measure
Period
Multidisciplinary research Collection, characterization and cataloguing of
o f I n t e g r a t e d o r c h i d 850 indigenous germplasm from NEH Region,
conservation approach
288 species of North-Western Himalayas, 379
species of Peninsular India and 115 species
of Andaman & Nicobar Islands. Conservation
genetics using molecular methods and
phylogenetic studies.
2025
Mycorrhizal associations with analysis of DNA
sequences.
2030
Pollinator interactions with population genetics
and phylogenetic analysis of orchids and
pollinators.
2030
In situ conservations (Biosphere Reserves,
National Parks, Sacred Grooves, Gene
Sanctuary and Individual Trees).
2025
Ex situ conservations (Field gene banks,
Botanical garden, Herbal Garden, In vitroconservation, Cryo-preservation and
DNAconservation-DNA Bank).
2035
Genetic engineering and transformation for early
flowering,colour as per consumer’s preference
and extending shelf-life in commercial orchids
Development of Bar codes for germplasm.
2025
Technologydevelopment Development of new hybrids/varieties suitable
f o r i m p r o v e d a n d n e e d for different orchid growing zone and improved
basedresourceutilization
input use efficiency.
2040
Development of technologies for improved Input
use efficiency (potting media,fertilizers, water,
bio regulators, pesticides,fungicides etc.).
2030
Delivery systems (nanotechnology, drippers,
sprayers etc.). Disease/pest forecasting.
2040
Use of Information and Communication
Technology.
2030
Sensor based robotics in production
management.
2040
22
Vision 2050
Increasing
productivity of
orchids through
production of
quality planting
materials and
protected
cultivation
Targeting the production
levels by propagating and
distributing quality planting
materials of improved
hybrids
Production of nucleus planting materials of
new hybrids/varieties of commercial orchids
through mass multiplication using standardized
protocols.
2030
Developing technologies suitable for protected
cultivation of commercial orchids.
2035
Climate Resilient
for commercial
orchid cultivation
Generation of eco-region Development, evaluation and identification of
specific technologies based suitable hybrids/varieties resilient to climate
on maximum productivity of change.
available natural resources
Functional genomics of biotic and abiotic stress
response.
2030
Decision support system/s for sustained orchid
production under abiotic and biotic stress.
2035
Cost effective nutrient and agro-climatic
management through optimization for quality
flower production.
2030
Development and popularization of cost effective
agricultural practices (INM/IPM) for increasing
productivity.
2030
Quantification of water use efficiency and water
requirements in orchids.
2030
Carbon sequestration potential in orchid based
cropping systems.
2040
Development of profitable orchid based cropping
systems with other high value flower crops.
2025
2035
Reducing pre-blooming period of Cymbidium
orchids using effective management practices
for higher income.
Management
of biotic stress
to reduce
production losses
by developing
diagnostics,
forecasting
models, biocontrol
systems and
effective
management
strategies
Identification of new and
effective bio-molecules
for management of biotic
stresses coupled with
development of innovative
diagnostic techniques for
rapid, accurate and cost
effective detection of high
impact pests and diseases.
Breeding for disease resistant varieties.
2050
Identification and management of nutrient
disorders.
2030
Identification and management of physiological
disorders.
2030
Integrated Pest Management and Integrated
Disease Management.
2035
Surveillance, identification and characterization
of new invasive pests and pathogens, pest risk
analysis.
2035
Characterization of rhizosphere microbial
community structure and effect of engineered
nano-particles on microorganisms in the
rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere.
2040
Development of rapid and reliable diagnostics
against pests and pathogens including invasive
species.
2045
23
Indian Council of Agricultural Research
Management of new invasive pests and
pathogens.
Pre and
Post-harvest
management,
value addition and
new generation
products
Product diversification for Breeding and evaluation of varieties for targeted
improved marketability and value added products like dry flowers, smart
price realisation
packing, perfume etc.
2040
Improved technologies for the production of
processed products
2030
Development of pre-harvest, harvest and postharvest technologies for specific target groups
like domestic and export market and hybrid/
variety specific technologies.
2040
Development of packaging for marketing of
commercially important fresh and dried produce.
2035
Development of orchid based technologies for
dry flowers and floral arrangement.
2040
Use of orchid and waste for production of
phytochemicals such as colour, food, feed,
herbal medicines and essential oils.
2050
Patenting technologies related to species.
Technology
dissemination
Participatory approach Large scale field demonstration of production
for effective technology technologies using advanced tools.
dissemination
Grower’s seminars, KisanMela, exhibition,
Brainstorming session, Web/video
2035
2030
conferencing and other ICT tools.
2035
Inter–institutional collaboration to facilitate
popularization of viable technologies.
2030
On-farm demonstration of new technologies.
2040
Commercialization of technologies and
patenting. Documentation and utilisation of
ITK’s.
2045
q
24
Linkages
Local Institutes
The centre has already built up a strong linkage with Botanical
Survey of India, G.B. Pant Institute of Himalayan Ecology and
Environment and Horticulture and Cash Crop Department (HCCD),
Govt. of Sikkim. The linkages with following national and international
institutions are being proposed.
National Research Institutions
Sl. No.
Area of collaboration/support
Institutions
1.
Collection and conservation of orchid genetic
resources
National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources,
New Delhi
2.
DNA profiling and bar coding of orchid
germplasm
National Research centre on DNA
Fingerprinting
3.
Use of GIS in collection and conservation of
orchid biodiversity
Indian Institute of Spice Research (IISR), Calicut
4.
Post harvest management of tropical orchids
College of Horticulture, KAU, Thrissur, Kerala
5.
Authentication of orchid species
Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanical Garden
and Research Institute (JNTBGRI)
6.
Virus indexing
National Chemical Laboratory, Pune ,
Maharashtra
Institute of Himaayan Bioresource Technology,
Palampur, Himachal Pradesh
7.
Integrated Pest Management
National Centre for Integrated Pest
Management, New Delhi
Project Directorate of Biological Control
(PDBC), Bangalore
Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI),
New Delhi
8.
Packaging and post harvest technology
Central Institute of Post Harvest Engineering &
Technology (CIPHET), Ludhiana, Punjab
9.
Training on PCR, cloning of Virus genes and
production of polyclonal antibodies of major
orchid viruses
Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI),
New Delhi
Linkages with Other Institutions
The Centre has linkage with Department of Agriculture and Cooperation, Ministry of Agriculture, New Delhi, Assam Agricultural
25
Indian Council of Agricultural Research
University, Jorhat, Central Agricultural University, Imphal and Gangtok,
Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agriculture and Technology, Srinagar, J&
K, Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla, Y S Parmar University
of Horticulture and Forestry, Solan, Indian Institute of Horticulture
Research, Bangalore, Central Institute of Tropical Horticulture, Lucknow,
Vivekananda Parvatiya Krishi Anusandhanshala, Almora, ICAR Research
Complex for NEH Region, Barapani, Central Plantation Crop Research
Institute, Kahikuchi.
Linkages with International Institutions
Sl. No.
1.
Area of collaboration/support
Institutions
Genetic conservation
University of Adelaide, Australia
2.
Mycorrhizal association
University of Western Australia, Perth
3.
Genetic conservation, breeding and climate change
Kew Botanical Garden, London
4.
Orchid breeding and Microbiolog
University of Hawaii, Honululu
5.
Climate Management and protected cultivation
Texas A&M University, USA
5.
Micro propagation using bio reactor technology
University of Seoul, Taiwan
6.
Orchid Research Centre, National Cheng Kung
University, Tainan,
Orchid Biology and Biotechnology
Coordination
The overall programme will be coordinated under the leadership of
Director, ICAR-National Research Centre for Orchids. The Director will
be responsible for national and international network, coordination on
special projects like ICAR, CSIR, DST etc.
Executive Arrangements
The execution of programme will be effected by the Director,
ICAR-NRCO as per mandate and priorities through suggestions and
comments of QRT, Institute Management Committee, Research Advisory
Committee and Institute Research Advisory Committee.
Public and Private Partnership
Growers–State-ICAR partnership has been created by developing of
model floriculture units at different locations of Sikkim.
Status of NRCO by 2050
The National Research Centre for Orchids should be upgraded to
an “Institute of National Importance” with more number of scientific
personnel’s and sophisticated tools and equipments. The centre’s
26
Vision 2050
intervention for precision farming of large as well as small scale
production, development of demand driven hybrids and smart packaging
will reflect the presence of the institute at national and international level.
q
27
Indian Council of Agricultural Research
Fig. 1 Conservation of genetic resources
28
Vision 2050
Fig. 2 Varietal development with resistance to biotic/abiotic stress
29
Indian Council of Agricultural Research
Fig. 3 Resource budgeting and cropping system management
30
Vision 2050
Fig. 4 Bio-risk Management
31
Indian Council of Agricultural Research
Fig. 5 Post-harvest management & value addition
32
Vision 2050
Fig. 6 Production processes in orchid industry
33
Indian Council of Agricultural Research
Fig. 7 Technology transfer and impact Assessment
34
NOTES
NOTES
Laser typeset at M/s Print-O-World, 2568, Shadipur, New Delhi 110 008 and printed at
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