Global Status Report on Violence Prevention 2014

Transcription

GLOBAL
STATUS
REPORT ON
VIOLENCE
PREVENTION
2014
GLOBAL
STATUS
REPORT ON
VIOLENCE
PREVENTION
2014
WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
Global status report on violence prevention 2014.
1.Violence – prevention and control. 2.Domestic Violence. 3.Interpersonal Relations. 4. I.World Health
Organization.
ISBN 978 92 4 156479 3
(NLM classification: HV 6625)
© World Health Organization 2014
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Printed in Luxembourg.
Cover photo by Jon Shireman and iStock.
Designed by Inis Communication.
This project has been funded by UBS Optimus Foundation.
Contents
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv
Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi
Executive summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
Part I – Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Interpersonal violence – a universal challenge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Part II – State of the problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Deaths and injuries are only a fraction of the burden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Part III – Findings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Knowledge of the true extent of the problem is hindered by gaps in data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
National action planning is underway in many countries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Countries are investing in prevention but not on a level commensurate with the scale and
severity of the problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Countries can do more to address key risk factors for violence through policy and other measures . . . . 33
Laws relevant to violence have been widely enacted but enforcement is inadequate . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Availability of services to identify, refer, protect and support victims varies markedly . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Part IV – The way forward . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Recommendations: national, regional and international . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Part V – Explanatory notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Method for data collection and validation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Estimating global homicide deaths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Country profiles: explanation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Part VI – At a glance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Part VII – Glossary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Part VIII – Country profiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Part IX – Statistical annex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
Preface
Margaret Chan
Helen Clark
Yury Fedotov
Director-General,
World Health Organization
Administrator,
United Nations
Development Programme
Executive Director,
United Nations Office
on Drugs and Crime
Violence shatters lives. Around the world almost half a
million people are murdered each year. Beyond these deaths,
millions more children, women and men suffer from the farreaching consequences of violence in our homes, schools
and communities. Violence often blights people’s lives for
decades, leading to alcohol and drug addiction, depression,
suicide, school dropout, unemployment and recurrent
relationship difficulties. In crisis and conflict-affected
countries, violence can hamper recovery and development
efforts by exacerbating societal divisions, perpetuating
crime, and in some cases leading to the recurrence of war.
In addition, the costs of violence are high. Families on
the brink of poverty can be ruined when a breadwinner is
killed or disabled because of violence. For nations, social
and economic development is eroded by the outlay on the
health, criminal justice and social welfare responses to
violence. As the late Nelson Mandela wrote in the World
iv
Health Organization’s 2002 World report on violence and
health, “Many who live with violence day in and day out
assume that it is an intrinsic part of the human condition.
But this is not so. Violence can be prevented. Governments,
communities and individuals can make a difference.”
This Global status report on violence prevention 2014
takes stock of how governments are making a difference,
by assessing the measures countries are taking to prevent
and respond to interpersonal violence. The report – the first
of its kind – finds that considerable violence prevention
activity is underway around the world. For instance, on
average, each of the prevention programmes surveyed was
reported to be implemented in about a third of countries;
each of the services to protect and support victims surveyed
was reported to be in place in just over half of countries; and
some 80% of countries were found to have enacted each of
the prevention laws surveyed.
Preface
But importantly the report also reveals gaps in global
violence prevention that must be filled: gaps in knowledge
about the extent of the problem; in the quality and reach of
prevention programmes; in access to services for victims;
in the enforcement of existing laws; and in mechanisms to
coordinate multisectoral work.
Collaboration across sectors is a necessary starting point
for filling these gaps. The health sector must expand its
role in violence prevention, increase services for victims
and improve the collection of data on violence. The justice
and law enforcement sectors must ensure that laws which
strengthen violence prevention are promulgated and
rigorously applied, that laws discriminating against women
are changed, that efforts to improve community policing
and problem-orientated policing are intensified, and that
institutions to support such efforts are strengthened. The
development sector must integrate governance and rule of
law more closely with violence prevention programming.
Publication of the Global status report on violence 2014
coincides with proposals to include several violence
Preface
prevention goals in the post-2015 development agenda.
These include halving violence-related deaths everywhere,
ending violence against children and eliminating all forms of
violence against women and girls by 2030. Whether or not
these goals are eventually adopted, their prominence in the
debate so far confirms the relevance of violence prevention
to the challenges facing society now and in the future.
Indeed, preventing violence is one of the top five priorities
expressed by the five million citizens who have conveyed
their views on the focus for the new development agenda
through the global United Nations-led consultations.
The Global status report on violence prevention 2014
builds on existing commitments by several United Nations
agencies to support countries in their violence prevention
efforts. It identifies clear gaps and opportunities and
inspires us to action. Further, it provides a baseline and
a set of indicators to track future violence prevention
progress. Please join us in ensuring its findings are made
use of and its recommendations implemented, particularly
as we anticipate the adoption of the post-2015 development
agenda. Together we can indeed make a difference.
v
Acknowledgements
benefitted from the contributions of many World Health
Organization (WHO) staff and partners from other
organizations.
Alexander Butchart and Christopher Mikton coordinated and
wrote the report. Etienne Krug provided strategic direction.
Data management and statistical analysis were conducted
by Christopher Mikton and Daniel Hogan, assisted by Kacem
Iaych and Charles Upton.
Many WHO staff made invaluable contributions to the
report. Margie Peden and Tami Toroyan provided guidance
based on their experience in producing the Global status
report on road safety. Data collection was facilitated by
WHO representatives and staff at country level. At WHO
regional level, trainings, data collection and validation
were carried out by Martial Missimikim and Martin Ekeke
Monono (African Region); Alessandra Guedes and Marcelo
Korc (Region of the Americas); Rania Saad, Hala Sakr and
Joanna Vogel (Eastern Mediterranean Region); Francesco
Mitis and Dinesh Sethi (European Region); Salim Chowdhury
and Chamaiparn Santikarn (South-East Asia Region); and
Jonathon Passmore (Western Pacific Region). Other WHO
staff who contributed to the development and production
of the report include Avni Amin, Kidist Bartolomeos, Islene
Araujo De Carvalho, Alexandra Fleischmann, Claudia Garcia
Moreno, Berit Kieselbach, Colin Mathers, Vladimir Poznyak,
Florence Rusciano, Claire Scheurer and Laura Sminkey.
Country-level data were obtained through the crucial input
of:
• National Data Coordinators (see Table A1 in Part IX
Statistical annex);
• all respondents and attendees of the consensus meetings
in countries;
• government officials who agreed to provide the country
information included in the report.
vi
The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and
the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)
were cosponsors of the report, and WHO acknowledges
the invaluable inputs of Eveline de Brujin, Paul Eavis, Sara
Sekkenes, Christi Sletten and Zachary Taylor (UNDP); and
Enrico Bisogno, Jenna Dawson-Faber, Steven Malby and
Angela Me (UNODC).
WHO also thanks the following contributors whose expertise
made this report possible:
• Linda Dahlberg who provided expert advice and
contributed to the final writing up and editing of the
report;
• Anna Alvazzi del Frate, Mark Bellis, Vivien Carli, Peter
Donnelly, Michael Feigelson, Adnan Hyder, Rolf Loeber,
Robert Muggah, Bridget Penhale, Irvin Waller, Elizabeth
Ward, Charlotte Watts and Anthony Zwi who provided
expert advice on the survey design;
• Anna Alvazzi del Frate, Avni Amin, Mark Bellis, Vivien
Carli, Peter Donnelly, Claudia Garcia Moreno, Jenny
Gray, Karen Hughes, James Mercy, Michele MoloneyKitts, Christina Pallitto, Bridget Penhale, Marta Santos
Pais, AK Shiva Kumar, Joan van Niekerk, Catherine Ward
and Alys Willman who provided peer review comments;
• Angela Burton who edited and proofread the report;
• Alexandra Lysova who reviewed the literature and
assisted with content analysis;
• Graphic designers at Inis Communication who produced
the design and layout.
Finally, WHO wishes to thank the UBS Optimus Foundation
for its generous financial support for the development and
publication of this report, as well as the Government of
Belgium, the Bernard van Leer Foundation, UNDP and the
United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
who also provided financial support.
Acknowledgements
Executive summary
This report focuses on interpersonal violence, which is
violence that occurs between family members, intimate
partners, friends, acquaintances and strangers, and includes
child maltreatment, youth violence, intimate partner violence,
sexual violence and elder abuse. Interpersonal violence is
a risk factor for lifelong health and social problems. It is
both predictable and preventable, and responsibility for
addressing it rests clearly with national governments.
Aims of the report
represents the progress countries have made in implementing
the recommendations of the 2002 World report on violence
and health. The specific aims of the report are to:
• describe the state of the problem of interpersonal
violence worldwide and the extent to which countries are
collecting data on fatal and non-fatal violence to inform
planning and action;
• assess the current status of programme, policy and
legislative measures to prevent violence;
• evaluate the availability of health care, social and legal
services for victims of violence;
• identify gaps in tackling the problem of interpersonal
violence and stimulate national action to address them.
By giving an assessment of violence prevention efforts
globally and a snapshot of these efforts by country, the
report provides a starting point for tracking future progress
and offers a benchmark that countries can use to assess
their own progress.
Method
Data for this report were systematically gathered from
each country in a four-step process which was led by a
government-appointed National Data Coordinator. First,
within each country a self-administered questionnaire was
completed by respondents from ministries of health, justice,
education, gender and women, law enforcement and police,
children, social development and the interior, and, where
relevant, nongovernmental organizations. Second, these
respondents held a consensus meeting and agreed on the
Executive summary
data best representing their country. Third, WHO regional
and global violence prevention technical staff validated
the final data submitted for each country by checking them
against independent databases and other sources. Finally,
permission to include the final data in the status report was
obtained from country government officials.
Coverage
This report highlights data from 133 countries, covering
6.1 billion people and representing 88% of the world’s
population. Response rates by region varied, covering 63%
of the population in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, 70%
in the African Region, 83% in the European Region, 88% in
the Region of the Americas and 97% in both the South-East
Asia and Western Pacific Regions.
Violence affects the lives of millions, with
long-lasting consequences
There were an estimated 475 000 deaths in 2012 as a
result of homicide. Sixty percent of these were males aged
15–44 years, making homicide the third leading cause of
death for males in this age group. Within low- and middleincome countries, the highest estimated rates of homicide
occur in the Region of the Americas, with 28.5 homicides
per 100 000 population, followed by the African Region
with a rate of 10.9 homicides per 100 000 population. The
lowest estimated rate of homicide is in the low- and middleincome countries of the Western Pacific Region, with 2.1 per
100 000 population. Over the period 2000–2012, homicide
rates are estimated to have declined by just over 16%
globally (from 8.0 to 6.7 per 100 000 population), and, in
high-income countries, by 39% (from 6.2 to 3.8 per 100 000
population). By contrast, homicide rates in low- and middleincome countries have shown less decline over the same
period. For both upper and lower middle-income countries
the decline was 13%, and for low-income countries it was
10%. Nevertheless, deaths are only a fraction of the health
and social burden arising from violence.
vii
Women, children and elderly people bear the brunt of nonfatal physical, sexual and psychological abuse:
• A quarter of all adults report having been physically
abused as children.
• One in five women reports having been sexually abused
as a child.
• One in three women has been a victim of physical or
sexual violence by an intimate partner at some point in
her lifetime.
• One in 17 older adults reported abuse in the past month.
Such violence contributes to lifelong ill health – particularly
for women and children – and early death. Many leading
causes of death such as heart disease, stroke, cancer and
HIV/AIDS are the result of victims of violence adopting
behaviours such as smoking, alcohol and drug misuse, and
unsafe sex in an effort to cope with the psychological impact
of violence. Violence also places a heavy strain on health
and criminal justice systems, social and welfare services
and the economic fabric of communities.
Key data on violence are often lacking
Despite the magnitude of deaths resulting from violence
and the massive scale on which the non-fatal consequences
of violence affect women, children and elderly people,
there are important gaps in data that undermine violence
prevention efforts. Fully 60% of countries do not have
usable data on homicide from civil or vital registration
sources. For many of the countries where these data do
exist, they often lack specificity, such as the sex and age of
the victim, the relationship of victim to perpetrator, and the
mechanism of homicide – all of which are needed to design
and monitor prevention efforts. Most instances of violence
against women, children and elderly people do not come
to the attention of authorities or service providers, making
population-based surveys a critical source of information to
document the nature and extent of these problems. More
than half of countries surveyed reported gathering data on
intimate partner and sexual violence; however, less than half
of countries reported conducting population-based surveys
on other types of violence such as child maltreatment, youth
violence and elder abuse.
National action planning is underway in most
countries, but is not always informed by data
The different types of violence share many underlying risk
factors and important inter-relationships. For example,
viii
economic inequality, alcohol misuse and inadequate
parenting all increase the likelihood of child maltreatment,
youth violence and intimate partner and sexual violence
against women. Children who suffer rejection, neglect,
harsh physical punishment and sexual abuse – or witness
violence at home or in the community – are at greater risk
of engaging in aggressive and antisocial behaviour at later
stages in their development, including violent behaviour
as adults. Only about half of countries reported having
integrated plans that address multiple types of violence.
This suggests that planning may be driven more by efforts
to address specific types of violence than the need to create
synergies across types of violence.
The survey found that national action plans were often
present when national survey data were not, suggesting
that much planning and policy-making is done in the absence
of data. While for some countries this may reflect a lag
between calls for data collection and actual data collection
improvements, future work should prioritize filling this gap
by ensuring that national plans of action are firmly anchored
in data on the scale and causes of the different types of
violence.
Countries are beginning to invest in
prevention, but not on a scale that matches the
burden
A growing number of scientific studies demonstrate that
violence is preventable. Based on systematic reviews of
the scientific evidence for prevention, WHO and its partners
have identified seven “best buy” strategies – six focusing on
preventing violence and one focusing on response efforts.
These strategies can potentially reduce multiple types of
violence and help decrease the likelihood of individuals
perpetrating violence or becoming a victim. The strategies
are:
1. developing safe, stable and nurturing relationships
between children and their parents and caregivers;
2. developing life skills in children and adolescents;
3. reducing the availability and harmful use of alcohol;
4. reducing access to guns and knives;
5. promoting gender equality to prevent violence against
women;
6. changing cultural and social norms that support violence;
7. victim identification, care and support programmes.
Executive summary
The survey found that while countries are investing in
prevention programmes representative of these strategies,
it is not on a level commensurate with the scale and
severity of the problem. Across the 18 types of programme
asked about in the survey, about a third of countries are
implementing them on a larger scale (i.e. across many
schools or communities or with a reach to over 30% of the
intended target population). Social and cultural norm-change
strategies were the most common approach reported to
address violence against women, while life skills training
and bullying prevention were the most common strategies
reported to address youth violence. Countries also reported
implementing strategies such as home visits and other
parenting education approaches designed to improve
parent-child relationships and prevent child maltreatment
and the developmental pathways that lead to later violent
behaviour. Implementation of strategies to prevent elder
abuse was limited at best. Less than a third of the countries
surveyed (26%) reported implementing campaigns aimed
at educating professionals to recognize the signs and
symptoms of elder abuse and improve their problem-solving
and case management skills on a larger scale, and only 23%
reported implementing public information campaigns on
elder abuse.
More can be done to address key risk factors
for violence through policy and other measures
Violence of all types is strongly associated with social
determinants such as weak governance; poor rule of law;
cultural, social and gender norms; unemployment; income
and gender inequality; rapid social change; and limited
educational opportunities. Cross-cutting risk factors such as
ease of access to firearms and other weapons and excessive
alcohol use are also strongly associated with multiple types
of violence. Together these factors create a social climate
conducive to violence, and in the absence of efforts to
address them, sustained violence prevention gains are
difficult to achieve. Any comprehensive violence prevention
Executive summary
strategy must therefore identify ways to mitigate or buffer
against these risks.
However, few countries are implementing social and
educational policy measures to do so. For example, only
40% of countries surveyed report national policies providing
incentives for youth at risk of violence to complete secondary
schooling. Meanwhile, national level housing policies to
reduce the concentration of poverty in urban areas (and
explicitly aimed at reducing violence) were reported by just
24% of countries. More countries say they are tackling the
harmful use of alcohol, although patterns of risky drinking
behaviour remain very high in several countries. Nearly all
countries report measures to regulate access to firearms,
although the laws themselves and the populations covered
vary widely.
Violence prevention laws are widely enacted,
but enforcement is often inadequate
The enactment and enforcement of legislation on crime and
violence are critical for establishing norms of acceptable
and unacceptable behaviour, and creating safe and peaceful
societies. On average, the laws surveyed were reported to
exist by 80% of countries but to be fully enforced by just 57%.
The biggest gaps between the existence and enforcement
of laws related to bans on corporal punishment (reported
to exist in 76% of countries but with only 30% of countries
indicating full enforcement); and to domestic/family violence
legislation (reported to exist in 87% of countries but with
only 44% of countries indicating full enforcement). Focusing
on better enforcement of existing laws is likely to lead to
significant violence prevention gains. This should include
strengthening institutional mechanisms and resources and
increasing the human capacity needed to ensure enacted
legislation protects people from violence, holds perpetrators
to account and creates safe environments for all citizens.
ix
Availability of services to identify, refer,
protect and support victims varies markedly
Providing high-quality care and support services to victims
of violence is important for reducing trauma, helping victims
heal and preventing repeat victimization and perpetration.
However, despite strong evidence linking experiences
of violence to mental health problems, less than half of
countries reported the availability of mental health services
to address the needs of victims, ranging from two-thirds of
countries in the Region of the Americas and the European
Region, to only 15% in the African Region. Globally, child
protection services were the most widely reported of all
services (69% of all countries), followed by medico-legal
services for victims of sexual violence. However, the quality
of these services and their accessibility to victims were not
ascertained, and these relatively high levels of reported
availability may conceal low-quality services. Of all services
included in the survey, adult protective services were the
least reported. Only a third of surveyed countries indicated
having adult protective services in place to investigate
potential cases of elder abuse, and assist vulnerable older
adults.
Victim support services often extend beyond medical and
other care. Legal representation in criminal courts and
receiving compensation from the state are important for
all types of interpersonal violence. While the majority of
countries (86%) report laws providing victims with legal
representation and participation in criminal courts, only
52% indicate having victim compensation legislation. Both
the existence of such laws and the extent to which they are
enforced vary by country income level, with existence and
enforcement appearing to be much greater in high-income
countries than elsewhere.
Recommendations
The findings of the Global status report on violence
prevention 2014 are relevant to national, regional and global
violence prevention efforts. Across these levels they offer
an opportunity for all violence prevention stakeholders to
come together and step up their activities and investments
to match the burden and severity of the problem.
At a national level, the report’s key recommendations are to:
• strengthen data collection to reveal the true extent of the
problem;
x
• develop comprehensive and data-driven national action
plans;
• integrate violence prevention into other health platforms;
• strengthen mechanisms for leadership and coordination;
• ensure prevention programmes are comprehensive,
integrated and informed by evidence;
• ensure that services for victims are comprehensive and
informed by evidence;
• strengthen support for outcome evaluation studies;
• enforce existing laws and review their quality;
• implement and enact policies and laws relevant to
multiple types of violence;
• build capacity for violence prevention.
At regional and global levels, the report’s key recommendations are to:
• strengthen the global violence prevention agenda;
• strengthen support for comprehensive and integrated
violence prevention programming;
• strengthen efforts of regional and subregional
organizations to work with national offices to coordinate
data collection and disseminate data gathered;
• increase collaboration between international organizations and donor agencies;
• set baselines and targets, and track progress .
A growing body of research shows that much interpersonal
violence can be effectively prevented and its far-reaching
consequences mitigated. The Global status report on
violence prevention 2014 shows that many countries
have begun to implement prevention programmes and
victim services, and to develop the national action plans,
policies and laws required to support violence prevention
and response efforts. At the international level, highlevel resolutions that commit Member States to tackling
interpersonal violence within their countries and through
the establishment of networks and partnerships have been
adopted.
Yet, this survey shows that serious gaps remain and that
much work is still required to realize the full potential of
the growing violence prevention field. No country can rest
on its laurels and assume it has successfully addressed
interpersonal violence. The international community must
continue to recognize interpersonal violence as an important
health, criminal justice, development and gender issue, and
step up its support for prevention.
Executive summary
Part I – Background
INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE – A UNIVERSAL CHALLENGE
Interpersonal violence and its consequences
More than 1.3 million people worldwide die each year
as a result of violence in all its forms (self-directed,
interpersonal and collective), accounting for 2.5% of global
mortality. For people aged 15–44 years, violence is the
fourth leading cause of death worldwide (1). In addition,
tens of thousands of people around the world are victims
of non-fatal violence every day. These include victims of
assault who sustain physical injuries requiring treatment
in emergency departments and those who suffer other
physical, sexual and psychological abuse, but may not
bring it to the attention of health or other authorities. This
report focuses on interpersonal violence, which is violence
that occurs between family members, intimate partners,
friends, acquaintances and strangers, and includes child
maltreatment, youth violence (including that associated
with gangs), violence against women (for example, intimate
partner violence and sexual violence) and elder abuse (2). It
is distinct from self-directed violence and collective violence,
which are not covered in this report.1 Self-directed violence
is that which people inflict upon themselves, such as suicidal
behaviour and self-mutilation (2). Collective violence refers
to instrumental violence inflicted by larger groups such as
nation states, militia groups and terrorist organizations in
order to achieve political, economic or social objectives (2).
Violence is “the intentional use of
physical force or power, threatened
or actual, against oneself, or against
a group or community that either
results in or has a high likelihood
of resulting in injury, death,
psychological harm, maldevelopment
or deprivation.”
Source: WHO global consultation on violence and health, 1996 (4).
1
2
WHO published Preventing suicide: a global imperative (3) in 2014
(http://www.who.int/mental_health/suicide-prevention/world_
report_2014/en/, accessed 14 October 2014).
Since 2000, about 6 million people globally have been killed
in acts of interpersonal violence, making homicide a more
frequent cause of death than all wars combined during this
period. Non-fatal interpersonal violence is more common
than homicide and has serious and lifelong health and social
consequences.
Beyond physical injuries, the health effects of violence
include disabilities, depression, reproductive and physical
health problems, smoking, high-risk sexual behaviours and
alcohol and drug misuse – behaviours that link experiences
of violence to heart disease, stroke, cancer, HIV/AIDS and
a host of other chronic and infectious diseases and early
death. Violence places a heavy strain on health and criminal
justice systems, and social and welfare services. Violence
also erodes the economic fabric of communities as local
economies are impacted by workforce absenteeism, lost
productivity, loss of human capital, and face disincentives
for investment and economic development.
Calls to action
Violence has long been recognized as a problem for the
criminal justice and defence sectors and has been taken up in
various United Nations (UN) resolutions dating back to 1986
(see Box 1). It was put on the international health agenda
when the World Health Assembly, at its meeting in Geneva
in 1996, adopted a resolution declaring violence a leading
worldwide public health problem (WHA49.25). The World
Health Assembly called upon Member States to give urgent
consideration to the problem of violence and requested the
Director-General of the World Health Organization (WHO)
to develop a science-based approach to understanding and
preventing violence.
WHO responded to the resolution in part with the World
report on violence and health – the first comprehensive
review of violence as a global public health problem (2).
The report covered a broad spectrum of violence, from
highly visible forms such as youth violence and collective
violence, to more hidden forms that occur against women,
children and elderly people, as well as self-directed
violence. For each, the report described what was known
about the magnitude and impact of the problem, the factors
that increase or protect against the risk of violence, the
different intervention and policy responses that have been
tried and what is known about their effectiveness. It also
made recommendations for action at local, national and
international levels. In short, the report recommended that
governments:
1. create, implement and monitor a national action plan for
violence prevention;
2. enhance capacity for collecting data on violence;
3. define priorities for, and support research on, the causes,
consequences, costs and prevention of violence;
4. promote primary prevention responses;
5. strengthen responses for victims of violence;
6. integrate violence prevention into social and educational
policies, and thereby promote gender and social equality;
7. increase collaboration and exchange of information on
violence prevention;
8. promote and monitor adherence to international treaties,
laws and other mechanisms to protect human rights;
9. seek practical, internationally agreed responses to the
global drugs trade and the global arms trade.
Box 1: Examples of United Nations actions on interpersonal violence
While crime prevention has been on the agenda of international organizations since 1872, when the First International
Congress on the Prevention and Repression of Crime was held in London, interest in preventing interpersonal violence
increased around 30 years ago. In 1986 the UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) asserted
in the Seville statement on violence that violent behaviour is not genetically programmed into human nature and is
therefore preventable (8), and in 1990 the United Nations Guidelines for the Prevention of Juvenile Delinquency were
adopted (9). In 1997, the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) was established and mandated to assist
Member States in addressing the interrelated issues of drug control, crime prevention and international terrorism in
the context of sustainable development and human security. In 2002, the UN Economic and Social Council adopted the
Guidelines for the prevention of crime (10), which set out basic principles and methods for crime prevention and provide
guidance for international action.
In 1989, the General Assembly of the United Nations adopted the Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) which
obliges governments, “to protect the child from all forms of physical or mental violence, injury or abuse, neglect or
negligent treatment, maltreatment or exploitation” (11). The Committee on the Rights of the Child, which oversees
implementation of this convention, has held several thematic discussions on violence against children and called for the
UN Study on violence against children (12, 13) which was published in 2006. This report has been followed by several
regional reports and by the appointment in 2009 of the UN Secretary General’s Special Representative on Violence
against Children, who in 2013 developed the Global survey on violence against children (14).
Violence against women has also received considerable attention from UN agencies. In 1993 the UN General Assembly
adopted the Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women (15). Since 1994 there has been a UN Special
Rapporteur on Violence against Women, its causes and consequences. In 1996 the United Nations Development Fund
for Women established its Trust Fund to Eliminate Violence against Women, and in 2006 the UN Secretary General’s
In-depth study on all forms of violence against women was published. In 2010, the UN General Assembly adopted
the Updated model strategies and practical measures on the elimination of violence against women in the field of
crime prevention and criminal justice (16). On its establishment as an organization in 2010, the UN Entity for Gender
Equality and the Empowerment of Women (otherwise known as UN Women) prioritized the prevention of and response
to violence against women and works closely with other agencies such as UNODC, the UN Population Fund (UNFPA),
UNAIDS and WHO to empower women, prevent violence against them, and mitigate its consequences.
3
The report became a catalyst for stimulating awareness and
action. WHO regional committees for Africa, the Americas,
Europe, and the Western Pacific adopted resolutions
endorsing the report’s recommendations and encouraged
their Member States to implement them. Heads of state in
the African Union and the Council of Europe endorsed the
report, as did international nongovernmental organizations
such as International Physicians for the Prevention of
Nuclear War, Médecins Sans Frontières and the World
Medical Association. At a national level, uptake of the
World report on violence and health was reflected in the
convening of over 50 policy discussions on the report, and
the publication of 25 national reports on violence and health
that were modelled on the global report.
WHO also developed the methodology for and conducted
the WHO multi-country study on women’s health and
domestic violence. The report of this study (5) presented
the first comparable data on the prevalence of different
forms of violence against women, their consequences and
risk factors, and the coping strategies that women develop
in the face of intimate partner violence. In 2013, WHO
published the first Global and regional estimates of violence
against women: prevalence and health burden of intimate
partner violence and non-partner sexual violence (6), and
Clinical and policy guidelines for responding to intimate
partner violence and sexual violence against women (7).
These guidelines have been widely disseminated and nearly
35 countries have participated in related capacity-building
workshops.
In 2003 the World Health Assembly adopted resolution
WHA56.24, which called upon Member States to appoint
a focal point within their ministries of health and actively
make use of the conclusions and recommendations of the
World report on violence and health. In 2014, the World
Health Assembly drew attention to the important role of
health systems in addressing violence, in particular against
women and girls and against children, and called upon
WHO’s Director-General to develop a global plan of action
to strengthen the role of the health system in addressing
interpersonal violence, in particular against women and
girls, and against children (WHA67.15).
© WHO/Pierre Albouy.
4
© Scott Wallace/The World Bank.
Aims of this report
Method
represents the progress countries have made in implementing
the recommendations of the World report on violence and
health (2). The specific aims of the report are to:
In November 2010 WHO, in collaboration with the United
Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the United
Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), began
developing the Global status report on violence prevention
2014. The method for data collection was modelled on
that used in WHO’s first Global status report on road
safety (17). It involved systematically gathering data and
other information from each country, led by a governmentappointed National Data Coordinator. Within each country,
individual respondents from ministries of health, justice,
education, gender and women, law enforcement and police,
children and social development, interior, and (where
relevant) nongovernmental organizations, completed a selfadministered questionnaire. The questionnaire focused on
interpersonal violence including child maltreatment, elder
abuse, intimate partner violence, sexual violence, youth
violence, gang violence and armed violence,2 and included
questions covering the following areas:
• describe the current state of the problem around the
world and the extent to which countries are collecting
data on fatal and non-fatal violence to inform planning
and action;
• assess the current status of programmatic, policy and
legislative measures to prevent violence;
• evaluate the status of health, social and legal services
for victims of violence;
• identify gaps and stimulate national action to address
them.
By providing an assessment of violence prevention efforts
at the global level and a snapshot of the state of violence
prevention efforts in each country, the report is a starting
point to track future progress and offers a benchmark that
countries can use to assess their own progress.
2
Armed violence is, “the use or threatened use of weapons to inflict
injury, death or psychosocial harm, which undermines development”
(18). It is estimated that 90% of armed violence victims die as a result
of homicide or from deaths occurring during legal interventions in nonconflict countries (19).
5
• national plans of action for the prevention of violence
overall, and by type of violence;
• agencies/departments responsible for overseeing or
coordinating violence prevention activities, as well
as mechanisms for collaboration and exchange of
information on violence prevention;
• data on homicide from police and civil or vital registration
systems;
• data on non-fatal violence from national populationbased surveys;
• social and educational policies relevant to multiple
types of violence (e.g. incentives for youth at high-risk
of violence to complete schooling, policies to reduce
poverty in specific areas);
• other policies and laws relevant to multiple types of
violence (e.g. alcohol, policing strategies, firearms
legislation);
• prevention policies, programmes and laws by type of
violence;
• health, social and legal services for victims of violence.
A multisectoral group of national counterparts working on
violence prevention was then asked to reach a consensus
on the data that best represented their country. The final
data submitted for each country were then validated by
WHO regional and global violence prevention technical
staff by checking them against independent databases and
other sources. Permission to include the final data in the
status report was then obtained from country government
officials. More details on the method can be found in Part V,
Explanatory notes (page 57).
6
The narrative section of this report presents an analysis
of information aggregated across countries, including
estimated rates of homicide based on homicide data
reported by countries and from international datasets.
Part VI, At a glance, provides an overview of the findings
for the five main types of violence covered by the report,
namely child maltreatment, youth violence, intimate partner
violence, sexual violence and elder abuse. Part VIII, Country
profiles, describes the main indicators reported by each
participating country using a standard template. Part IX, the
Statistical annex, includes country-by-country results across
several indicators.
This report highlights data from 133 countries covering
6.1 billion people and representing 88% of the world’s
population. Response rates by region covered 63% of
the population in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (16
countries), 70% in the African Region (27 countries), 83%
in the European Region (41 countries), 88% in the Region of
the Americas (21 countries) and 97% in both the South-East
Asia (8 countries) and Western Pacific Regions (20 countries)
(see Explanatory notes, Table 7, page 61).
Part II – State of the problem
DEATHS AND INJURIES ARE ONLY A FRACTION OF
THE BURDEN
Violence is a major contributor to death, disease
and disability, and a host of other health and social
consequences worldwide. The magnitude of the problem is
best represented by a pyramid. Violent deaths are the most
visible outcome of violent behaviour recorded in official
statistics, yet represent only the apex of the pyramid. Next
are victims of violence that come to the attention of health
authorities and receive some form of emergency medical,
medico-legal or other care. The third, much broader layer at
the base of the pyramid includes acts of violence captured in
population-based surveys – acts that may never be reported
to health or other authorities. These surveys are critical to
documenting the prevalence and consequences of violence
against women and girls, child maltreatment and elder
abuse. Of course, not all victims of violence are willing to
disclose their experiences of violence even in a confidential
interview, and the base of the pyramid also comprises the
many victims of violence who suffer in silence.
As evident from the information presented in this
report on fatal and non-fatal violence, the patterns and
consequences of violence are not evenly distributed
among countries, regions, or by sex and age. Whereas
males are disproportionately represented among victims
of violent death and physical injuries treated in emergency
departments, women and girls, children and elderly
people disproportionately bear the burden of the nonfatal consequences of physical, sexual and psychological
abuse, and neglect, worldwide. They also suffer a host
of negative health and social consequences from these
acts of violence that often last a lifetime and that are not
captured in official statistics.
Homicide claimed the lives of an estimated
475 000 people worldwide in 2012
In 2012 an estimated 475 000 people worldwide were
victims of homicide, for an overall rate of 6.7 per 100 000
population (see Table 1 and Box 2). Rates in high-income
countries from all regions were generally lower than rates
in low- and middle-income countries, and there were an
estimated 3.8 homicides per 100 000 in all high-income
countries combined.
Table 1: Estimated numbers and rates of homicide per 100 000 population, by WHO region and country
income status, 2012
WHO region and country income level
Number of homicides
Homicide rate per 100 000
population
98 081
10.9
165 617
28.5
Eastern Mediterranean Region, low- and middle-income
38 447
7.0
European Region, low- and middle-income
10 277
3.8
South-East Asia Region, low- and middle-income
78 331
4.3
Western Pacific Region, low- and middle-income
34 328
2.1
All regions, high-income
48 245
African Region, low- and middle-income
Region of the Americas, low- and middle-income
Global
474 937
3.8
a
6.7
a. Includes 1604 homicides estimated for non-member states.
8
Box 2: Estimating global deaths resulting from homicide
Producing global estimates of the number of deaths resulting from homicide requires a complex procedure of data
collection and validation. Discrepancies in the estimates produced at international level – namely between the data
provided by countries for the Global status report on violence prevention 2014, data from UNODC’s global studies on
homicide (20, 21) and data from WHO’s Mortality Database – can originate either during data collection or validation.
Data collection at national level draws on different sources, usually including the criminal justice system (i.e. from police
or prosecuting authorities) and civil or vital registration systems, each of which may use different definitions of homicide.
Moreover, multiple channels of data collection exist between countries and international organizations, and these can
result in differences in data supplied to different organizations. International agencies may also use different procedures
to validate country data. Finally, different definitional frameworks can exist, both at national and international level.
The estimates of numbers and rates for deaths resulting from homicide presented in this report, and the proportion of
homicides by mechanism (for example, firearm and sharp force), were based on information from several sources. These
included data provided by countries from police and vital registration sources; data from UNODC’s global studies on
homicide (20, 21); and data from WHO’s Mortality Database. The estimation process used observed data on homicide
rates, in conjunction with regression modelling for countries without sufficient data availability or quality, to compute
comparable estimates of homicide rates and numbers across countries. As a result of the estimation process, the
estimates will not always match reported criminal justice and vital registration figures.
Full details of the estimation procedures used in the Global status report on violence prevention 2014 are given on page
62, while methodological details on the data published by UNODC appear in the global studies on homicide (20, 21).
These differences in data collection, validation, and methods of statistical estimation explain discrepancies between
the figures presented in this report and those published by UNODC, as shown in Table A3 of the Statistical annex.
For low- and middle-income countries, the highest estimated
rates of homicide are in the Region of the Americas, with an
annual rate of 28.5 deaths per 100 000 population, followed
by the African Region with a rate of 10.7 per 100 000
population. The lowest estimated rates of homicide are in
the low- and middle-income countries of the Western Pacific
Region (2.1 per 100 000) with an annual rate that is three
times lower than the global rate of homicide, and just under
two times lower than the rate for all high-income countries
combined and that for the European Region (see Table 1).
Young males bear the burden of homicide
Fatal violence is not distributed evenly among sex and age
groups. Males account for 82% of all homicide victims
and have estimated rates of homicide that are more than
four times those of females (10.8 and 2.5, respectively,
per 100 000) (see Table 2). The highest estimated rates
of homicide in the world are found among males aged
15–29 years (18.2 per 100 000), followed closely by males
aged 30–44 years (15.7 per 100 000). Estimated rates of
homicide among females range from 1.2 per 100 000 in ages
5–14 years, to 3.2 per 100 000 in the age group 15–29 years.
Table 2: Estimated homicide rate per 100 000
population by age group and sex, 2012, world
Age group
(years)
0–4
5–14
15–29
30–44
45–59
> 60
Total
Homicide rate per 100 000 population
Male
2.8
1.7
18.2
15.7
10.2
6.7
10.8
Female
2.7
1.2
3.2
2.7
2.0
2.7
2.5
Total
2.7
1.5
10.9
9.3
6.1
4.5
6.7
9
Figure 1: Homicide rate per 100 000 population by age group and country income level, 2012, world
HomicidesHomicides
per 100 000
per population
100 000 population
Figure 1
16
15
14
16
13
15
12
14
11
13
10
129
118
107
96
85
74
63
52
41
30
2
1
0
High
Figure 1
Upper middle
High
Lower middle
Upper middle
Low
Lower middle
Low
0–4
0–4
5–14
5–14
15–29
30–44
Age in years
15–29
30–44
45–59
45–59
60+
Figure 2
Age in years
The disproportionate impact of homicide on youth is a
consistent pattern across all levels of country income (see
Figure 1). It is however much more pronounced in low- and
upper middle-income countries than in lower middle- and
high-income countries. Furthermore, the effects of country
income on homicide rates differ by age group.
60+
Figure 2: Proportion of all homicides by
Figure 2
mechanism, world, 2012
Other 25%
Other 25%
In the age ranges 0–4 and 5–14 years, homicide rates
increase progressively from high- to low-income countries
(see Figure 1). By contrast, homicide rates in the 15–29
and 30–44 year age ranges are highest in upper middleincome countries, followed by low-income countries. This
may reflect the influence of factors other than income and
which may be specific to upper middle-income countries in
Figure 3
the Region of the Americas.
Firearm
48%
Firearm
48%
Sharp force
27%
Sharp force
27%
Other
Figure 3One in every two homicides is committed with
Firearm
a firearm – although this varies markedly by
Sharp force
33%
Other
9%
region
When women are killed, it is often
32%their partner who is
Firearm
responsible. In 2013
WHO
and
others
estimated
that
as
Approximately
one
in
every
two
homicides
is
committed
withforce
75%
Sharp
33%
16%
9%
many as 38% of female homicides32%
globally were committed
a firearm, and one in four with a sharp instrument such as
by male partners while
the
corresponding
figure
for
men
a knife (see Figure 2), although the 75%
mechanism of homicide
35%
16%
For women, homicide is often at the hands of
partners
was 6% (6, 22). Of the statistics on these female homicide
victims, 20% were lacking data on perpetrator-victim
35%low- and middle-income
African Region,
relationship (22).
10
27%
47%
varies markedly by region. While firearm homicides account
for 75% of all homicides in the low- and middle-income
countries of the Region of the Americas, they account for
38%
25%
25%
Firearm
48%
only 25% of homicides in the low- and middle-income
countries of the European Region, where 37% of homicides
involve sharp instruments (see Figure 3). Homicides by sharp
force are estimated to comprise 35% of homicides in the
force26% in the Eastern Mediterranean Region,
AfricanSharp
Region,
27%
and 38% in the South-East Asia Region.
Figure 3: Proportion of homicides by mechanism and WHO region, 2012
Figure 3
33%
Other
Firearm
Sharp force
9%
32%
75%
16%
35%
47%
27%
25%
38%
37%
26%
Eastern Mediterranean Region, low- and
middle-income
European Region, low- and middle-income
26%
38%
23%
36%
38%
39%
South-East Asia Region, low- and middle-income
Western Pacific Region, low- and middle-income
31%
47%
22%
Figure 4
Part11
II – State of the problem
10
Low
11
22%
Figure 4: Trends in estimated rates of homicide by country income status, 2000–2012, world
Figure 4
11
Low
Homicides per 100 000 population
10
Lower middle
9
8
Upper middle
7
6
High
5
4
World
3
2
1
0
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
Year
5 reported decline was 13%, and for low-income countries
Cultural factors, whether an incident involves childFigure the
maltreatment, youth violence, intimate partner violence
it was 10%.
or sexual violence against women or elder abuse, and the
availability of weapons often determine how weapons
Hundreds of thousands of victims of violence
are used in interpersonal violence (2). Firearms are highly
receive emergency medical care each year
prevalent in the Region of the Americas and are the
For every violence-related death there are many more
predominant weapon used in violent encounters, including
individuals who seek emergency treatment for an injury
intimate partner homicides. In other regions, weapons such
sustained from an act of interpersonal violence. For example,
as knives and beatings with fists, feet or objects are more
in a nationally representative study of violence-related
common. The weapons used in interpersonal violence also
injury cases presenting at emergency departments during a
differ substantially from one type of violence to another. Blunt
1-month period in Brazil, there were 4835 cases of violencetrauma and suffocation, for instance, are more common in
related injury, of which 91% were victims of interpersonal
cases of fatal child maltreatment. In contrast, cases of youth
violence and 9% were the result of self-directed violence.
violence are more likely to feature lethal weapons such as
More than half of the victims (55%) were also young, aged
firearms or knives (2). In some countries, so-called honour
10–29 years (23). In the United States of America, 1 723 515
killings and death by fire account for a significant number
people were treated in emergency departments in 2012 for
of reported cases of lethal intimate partner violence against
injuries sustained in an assault; 37% were aged 10–24 (24).
women.
In Cape Town, South Africa, analysis of 9236 consecutive
trauma centre admissions from October 2010 to September
Homicides are declining fast in high-income
showed that assault with a sharp instrument (21%) or
Figure 2011
6
countries but more slowly elsewhere
blunt object (17%) were the two most common mechanisms
Over the period 2000–2012, homicide rates are estimated
of injury, that over 70% of all cases were males, and 42%
Male
to have declined 40%
by just over 16% globally (from 8.0 to 6.7
were aged 18–30 years (25).
38%
per 100 000 population),
and, in high-income countries,
Female
35%
by 39% (from 6.2 to 3.8 per 100 000 population, see
Globally, an estimated 42% of 33%
women who have been
32%
30%
Figure 4). By contrast, homicide rates in low- and middlephysically and/or sexually abused by a partner have
income countries25%
have shown less decline over the same
28%
experienced injuries as a result of that violence (6).
period. For both upper and lower middle-income countries
Estimates from some countries indicate that more than
20%
12
15%
10%
18%
13%
one in four women injured by an intimate partner requires
medical care (26). Blunt-force injuries by an intimate partner
are most commonly inflicted on the head, face and neck,
followed by musculoskeletal and genital injuries (6, 27).
Children who suffer physical abuse may manifest a variety
of internal and external injuries that can be life threatening
(28). Abusive head trauma is a common cause of injuries in
very young children. Skull fractures, retinal haemorrhaging,
subdural haematomas, neurological disabilities, cortical
blindness and seizures are some of the common injuries
related to abusive head trauma (28). Injuries that are
unexplained or inconsistent with the history provided by the
child or a caregiver may also suggest abuse.
Elder abuse can also lead to physical injuries ranging from
minor scratches and bruises to broken bones and head
injuries that lead to lasting disabilities. For older people, the
consequences of abuse can be especially serious because
their bones are more brittle and convalescence takes
longer. Even relatively minor injuries can cause serious and
permanent damage, or death (29).
Women, children and elderly people bear
the burden of the non-fatal consequences of
physical, sexual and psychological abuse
Violence against women, against children, and elder abuse
are particularly prone to underreporting in official death
statistics, police reports and data on injuries treated in
hospital emergency departments. In the case of violent
deaths, there can be significant levels of misclassification
of deaths from intimate partner violence, with deaths
often being attributed to another cause (for example, a
kitchen accident or a fall). Furthermore, information about
the victim-perpetrator relationship is often missing from
official homicide statistics. Many child and elderly deaths
are also not routinely investigated or subject to postmortem examination, which makes it difficult to establish
the precise numbers of fatalities from abuse. In the case
of police reports of non-fatal violence and injuries treated
in hospital emergency departments, factors such as the
severity of the violence, the age of the victim, whether the
perpetrator was known to the victim and lack of access or
distrust in health or police authorities impact the likelihood
of a victim coming forward to report their assault.
Much of what is known about violence against women,
children and older adults comes from population-based
surveys and special studies. These studies indicate that
physical, sexual and psychological abuse are widespread
and undermine the health and well-being of millions
of women, children and older adults worldwide. These
studies also underscore the fact that a reliance on routinely
collected data from police and health services is inadequate
for the design and monitoring of comprehensive prevention
plans addressing these forms of violence. For example,
population-based surveys of intimate partner violence
against women show that 20% to 60% of women have told
no one about the violence and few have sought institutional
help, including from health care services. Of women who
were injured due to violence, 48% reported needing health
care for the injury, but only 36% actually sought it (5).
© UN Photo/Gaston Guarda.
13
Figure 5: Prevalence of intimate partner violence, by WHO region
25.4%
WHO European
Region
23.2%
24.6%
37.0%
High Income
WHO Eastern
Mediterranean
Region
29.8%
WHO Region
of the Americas
Western Pacific
Region
37.7%
South-East Asia
Region
36.6%
WHO African
Region
Region of the Americas
Eastern Mediterranean Region
South-East Asia Region
African Region
European Region
Western Pacific Region
High income countries
Source: WHO Global and regional estimates of violence against women (6)
About 30% of ever-partnered women
throughout the world have experienced
physical and/or sexual violence by an intimate
partner at some point in their lives
One in five girls has been sexually abused
during childhood, with estimates from some
countries placing that proportion closer to one
in three
Global estimates of intimate partner violence perpetrated
by men against women indicate that 30% of ever-partnered
women (about one in three) worldwide have experienced
physical and/or sexual violence by an intimate partner at some
point in their lives (see Figure 5) (6). In the African, Eastern
Mediterranean and South-East Asia Regions, approximately
37% of ever-partnered women report experiencing physical
and/or sexual violence by an intimate partner in their lives,
followed by the Region of the Americas, with approximately
30% of women reporting lifetime exposure. Globally, 7.2%
of women also report experiencing sexual violence by other
perpetrators (6).
Estimates of child maltreatment indicate that nearly a
quarter of adults (22.6%) worldwide suffered physical
abuse as a child, 36.3% experienced emotional abuse and
16.3% experienced physical neglect, with no significant
differences between boys and girls (30–32). However, the
lifetime prevalence rate of childhood sexual abuse indicates
more marked differences by sex – 18% for girls and 7.6%
for boys (33). National surveys of violence against children
conducted in Africa reveal much higher rates of childhood
physical, sexual and emotional abuse than the global rates.
14
Figure 6: Lifetime prevalence of child sexual violence in Kenya, Tanzania, Swaziland and Zimbabwe,
Figure 6
by sex
40%
Male
38%
35%
Female
33%
32%
30%
25%
28%
20%
15%
18%
10%
13%
9%
5%
0%
Kenya
Republic of
Tanzania
Swaziland*
Zimbabwe
*Only girls were surveyed in Swaziland
Source: Violence Against Children Surveys (34–37).
Findings from the Violence Against Children Surveys
23.8% in Austria and 32% in Belgium (38–40). In studies of
Figure
8
conducted in Kenya, the Republic of Tanzania, Swaziland
vulnerable elders (for example, those suffering dementia or
and Zimbabwe, for instance, indicate that about one in three
living in a residential institution for older adults), nearly 25%
100%experienced sexual abuse during their childhood. For
girls
reported significant levels of psychologicalPolice
abuse (41). With
95%
90%
boys, the reported
prevalence of childhood sexual abuse
a rapidly ageing population in countries around
93%
Civil or the
vitalworld,
88%
88%
86%
85%
80%
registration
ranged from 9% in Zimbabwe to 18% in Kenya (see Figure
the number of elderly adults vulnerable to abuse, neglect
6).70%
The reported prevalence of childhood physical abuse was
and exploitation is expected to grow.
69%
60% 53% and 76% in Kenya, the Republic of Tanzania,
between
59%
50%Zimbabwe, with somewhat higher rates of childhood
and
Violence contributes to lifelong ill health,
40% abuse experienced by boys than girls. The reported
physical
particularly for women and
40%children
30%
prevalence
of childhood
physical
abuse
of
girls
in
Swaziland
30%
The non-fatal consequences
of violence are by far the
25% abuse
25%
20%22%. The reported prevalence of emotional
was
greatest
part
of
the
social
and
health burden arising from
10% childhood for the four countries was between 24%
during
violence (see Figure 7). Physical injuries themselves are
and0%38%, with similar rates indicated by boys and girls
African
Region of the
Eastern
European
South-East
Westernof negative behavioural,
outweighed
by the wide spectrum
(34–37). Region
Americas
Mediterranean
Region
Asia Region
Pacific Region
cognitive, mental health, sexual and reproductive health
Region
problems, chronic diseases and social effects that arise
Globally, 6% of older adults report significant
from exposure to violence. All types of violence have been
abuse in the past month
strongly linked to negative health consequences across
Elder abuse has not been studied to the same extent as
the lifespan, but violence against women and children
other types of violence. The only available global estimate
contributes disproportionately to the health burden. The
Figure 9 available evidence shows that victims of child maltreatment
shows that 6% of older adults reported significant abuse
in the past month (38). National surveys conducted in
and women who have experienced intimate partner
predominately high-income countries find wide variation
and sexual violence have more health problems, incur
in rates of abuse in the past year among adults aged over
significantly higher health care costs, make more visits to
60 years. For instance, reported rates of abuse among older
health providers over their lifetimes and have more hospital
adults living in private households range from 0.8% in Spain
stays (and longer duration of hospital stays) than those who
and 2.6% in the United Kingdom to upwards of 18% in Israel,
have not experienced violence (2, 27).
60%
57%
50% of the problem
Part II – State
40%
41%
52%
15
Violence against women and girls is an important risk factor
for HIV, other sexually transmitted diseases, unwanted
pregnancies and other reproductive health problems. For
example, women who have experienced intimate partner
violence have a 16% greater chance of having a low birth
weight baby and are more than twice as likely to have an
induced abortion (6). In certain regions of the world, women
who have experienced intimate partner violence are 1.5
times more likely to acquire HIV and 1.6 times more likely
to have syphilis (6). Violence against women and children
has also been strongly linked to many other adverse
health outcomes affecting the brain and nervous system,
gastrointestinal and genitourinary systems, and immune
and endocrine function (endocrine glands secrete hormones
that control and coordinate activities throughout the body)
(27, 28).
Figure 7: Behavioural and health consequences of violence
Physical
Mental health
and behavioural
Sexual and
reproductive
health
Chronic disease
Unintended pregnancy
Arthritis and asthma
Pregnancy
complications
Cancer
Alcohol and drug abuse
Abdominal injuries
Thoracic injuries
Brain injuries
Burns/scalds
Fractures
Lacerations
Disability
Depression and anxiety
Post-traumatic stress
disorder
Eating and sleep
disorders
Attention deficits
Hyperactivity
Externalizing behaviour
Smoking
Suicidal thoughts
Suicidal behaviour
Unsafe abortions
Cardiovascular disorders
Diabetes
Gynaecological
disorders
Kidney problems
Complex pain
syndromes
Stroke
Liver disease
Chronic pelvic pain
HIV
Other sexually
transmitted infections
Unsafe sex
16
© UN Photo/Martine Perret.
Exposure to violence is also strongly associated with highrisk behaviours such as alcohol and drug abuse and smoking,
which in turn are key risk factors for several leading causes
of death, including cardiovascular disease, cancer, chronic
lung disease, liver disease and other noncommunicable
diseases (42–44). Victims of violence are also at higher risk
of depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder and
suicidal behaviour (27, 28, 45, 46). Both exposure to violence
and men’s perpetration of violence against women have been
shown to be associated with high-risk sexual behaviours
(47, 48). For example, findings from a multi-country study
in Eastern Europe found a substantially greater risk of
problem drinking (10 times) and drug use (six times) among
young adults who had four or more adverse experiences
in childhood compared to young adults without these
experiences (42). Young adults who experienced adverse
events in their childhood also had a 2.4 times increased risk
of cancer, 5.8 times risk of stroke and 49-fold increased risk
of attempting suicide compared to those without adverse
child experiences (42).
Women exposed to intimate partner violence are almost
twice as likely to have an alcohol use disorder, twice
as likely to experience depression, and have a 4.5-fold
increased risk of suicide attempts compared to women
who have not been exposed to partner violence (6). Women
who have experienced non-partner sexual violence are also
2.3 times more likely to have alcohol use disorders and 2.6
times more likely to have depression or anxiety than women
who have not (6).
Violence has high economic costs –
preventing violence can promote economic
growth
The health and social consequences of violence take an
economic toll on countries too, although the precise burden
is unknown, particularly in developing countries where
economic losses and impact tend to be underestimated. The
provision of treatment, mental health services, emergency
care and criminal justice responses are some of the direct
costs associated with violence. There are also a wide
range of indirect costs. Victims of violence are more likely
to experience spells of unemployment, absenteeism, and
to suffer health problems that affect job performance (49).
Other indirect costs include those related to lost productivity
because of premature death; long-term disability; the
provision of places of safety for children and women;
disruptions to daily life because of fears for personal safety;
and disincentives to investment and tourism (49).
17
Findings from various cost studies show that most countries
expend a significant amount of resources in responding to
violence. It was estimated in 2004 that direct and indirect
economic costs of violence were equivalent to 0.4% of
gross domestic product (GDP) in Thailand, 1.2% of GDP in
Brazil and 4% of GDP in Jamaica (49). In the United States,
the total lifetime economic burden resulting from new cases
of fatal and non-fatal child maltreatment is approximately
US$ 124 billion annually (in 2010 dollars) (50). The annual
economic cost of violence against women is estimated to
be US$ 5.8 billion in the United States for the year 2003 (51).
A few efforts have been made to estimate the potential
benefits of violence prevention to national economies.
Comparison of data from Costa Rica (with a homicide rate of
8.1 100 000 population) with four nearby countries (Guyana
with 16.1; Dominican Republic with 16.5; Jamaica with
33.8; and Haiti with 33.9) suggests significant gains could
be made by these four countries if violence could be reduced
to Costa Rica’s level. Guyana and the Dominican Republic
would benefit from growth rate increases of 1.7 and 1.8%
respectively, while Haiti and Jamaica could both increase
annual economic growth per capita by an estimated 5.4%
(52).
This section has shown that violence is a significant public
health problem in its own right, and a major risk factor
for lifelong ill health and other social problems that in
combination can lead to substantial economic costs. It is
against this backdrop that Part III, Findings, describes what
countries are doing to prevent violence and mitigate its
consequences, as indicated by their survey responses.
© WHO/Alex Serafini Swanepoel.
18
Part III – Findings
KNOWLEDGE OF THE TRUE EXTENT OF THE PROBLEM IS
HINDERED BY GAPS IN DATA
Reliable data on the nature and extent of violence, the
populations at risk and the causes and consequences of
violence are essential to developing well-informed national
plans of action and policies, programmes and services to
prevent and respond to violence. Data on both fatal and
non-fatal violence are necessary to inform these efforts.
Countries were asked to provide information on deaths as
well as on national population-based surveys that capture
information on victimization which may or may not have
been reported to police or other authorities.
For deaths, countries were asked to provide information on
homicide from police data and from civil or vital registration
data. Both sources of data have their strengths and
weaknesses. Strengths of police data include the detailed
nature of the information included, their comprehensiveness
(compared to other crimes, homicide data suffer much less
from underreporting), and their validity and consistency.
Weaknesses of police data include the fact that within and
between countries there can be wide variation in homicide
information collected by law enforcement authorities
because of varying legal thresholds for classifying a death
as an intentional homicide, and because of varying police
and law enforcement capacity to identify and record
homicide events (53). For instance, infanticide leading to
death or so-called “honour killings” may not be recorded as
intentional homicides in police statistics (53).
Civil or vital registration systems, on the other hand, typically
record homicides using the International Classification
of Disease (ICD) external cause of injury codes (see ICD10, chapter 20) (54). The manner (or intent) of death is
determined by a medical professional (for example, a
coroner or medical examiner) along with the underlying
cause (the way in which the person sustained the fatal
injury – for example, gunshot, strangulation). For a death to
be classified as homicide, there must be a preponderance
of evidence indicating that the injuries were inflicted by
another person with the intent to injure or kill. In general,
civil or vital registration systems are not subject to legal
thresholds for classifying a death as a homicide. Thus, some
cases may fall in the so-called undetermined intent category
because of insufficient evidence to determine the manner of
death. However, unlike criminal justice data, these systems
© Aisha Faquir/The World Bank.
20
Kenya
Republic of
Tanzania
Swaziland*
Zimbabwe
Figure 8: Proportion of countries with available data on the number of homicides, by source (n = 133
reporting countries)
Figure 8
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
95%
93%
86%
Police
88%
88%
Civil or vital
registration
85%
69%
59%
40%
30%
African
Region
25%
Region of the
Americas
25%
Eastern
Mediterranean
Region
European
Region
South-East
Asia Region
Western
Pacific Region
record all causes of death, which facilitates adjustments
and response efforts. For instance, 36% of countries report
to correct for incompleteness when computing national
being unable to provide a breakdown of homicide by sex
totals. Nonetheless, the quality of public health data on Figurein9 their police data and more than half (54%) are not able
homicides is influenced by factors similar to police data,
to provide this breakdown in their civil or vital registration
including insufficient professional health staff (especially
data. In addition, 13% of countries (over one third in the
in developing countries), problems of undercounting when
Eastern Mediterranean Region) say they lack annual data on
not all deaths are properly examined and certified, and the
homicide for the period 2001–2010 to track trends. Countries
possibility that cause of death assessments are changed by
were not asked about information on victim-perpetrator
coroners after statistics are produced (20).
relationships or about the circumstances surrounding the
violent death. However, other studies (20,21) have found
60%
that few systems collect such information, making it difficult
Fully 60% of countries do not have usable data
57%
50% from civil or vital registration
to classify homicides by type of violence
(for example, those
on homicide
52%
resulting from child maltreatment, elder abuse or from
sources 40%
41%
intimate partner violence). Without more detailed data, the
30%
The findings from the survey show substantial gaps in
measures countries are taking to prevent homicide run the
30%
data across20%
the two sources of homicide information. The26%
risk of being poorly targeted and less effective than they
majority of countries (88%) report having data on homicide
17%
could be.
10%
from police sources. However, fully11%
60% of countries do not
6%
have usable 0%
data on homicide from civil or vital registration
All types of
Armed
Gang
Youth Approximately
Child
Intimate
Sexual
43%
of countries
reporting Elder
the availability
sources, while about
9% of countries
having neither
violence
violencereportviolence
violence ofmaltreatment
abuse
police homicidepartner
data do notviolence
use a standard
definition to
violence
police nor vital registration data on homicide. Within certain
classify homicides (e.g. UNODC’s International Classification
WHO regions, the availability of data on fatal violence is even
of Crime for Statistical Purposes) (55); for countries reporting
more limited. For instance, in the Eastern Mediterranean
homicide data from civil or vital registration sources, about
Region some 30% of countries report missing homicide data
14% are not using a standard definition (e.g. ICD-10 external
from police sources, and in the African and South-East Asia
cause of injury codes) (54). Countries should identify ways to
Regions, 70%–75% of countries indicate they are missing
Figure strengthen
10
data from both sources and should also look for
homicide data from civil or vital registration sources (see
ways to link data from these and other sources to provide
Figure 8). Data on homicides also remain insufficiently
more complete and comprehensive information to target
detailed
100%in many countries to guide and monitor prevention
National
prevention efforts.
90%
action plan
80%
Survey data
21
70%
71%
68%
Figure 9
Figure 9: Proportion of countries that have conducted national prevalence surveys on different types of
violence (n = 133 reporting countries)
60%
57%
50%
40%
30%
41%
30%
26%
20%
10%
0%
52%
11%
All types of
violence
Armed
violence
17%
6%
Gang
violence
Youth
violence
Child
maltreatment
Intimate
partner
violence
Sexual
violence
Elder
abuse
For most types of violence, under half
of countries reported having conducted
nationally representative population-based
surveys
type of violence the most extensively surveyed of all,
followed closely by population-based surveys that include
Figure 10sexual violence (see Figure 9). Data on intimate partner
and sexual violence have typically been collected either in
dedicated surveys of violence against women, or as part
While
100%the majority of countries say they have data on fatal
of demographic and health or reproductive health
surveys.
National
violence from either police or vital registration sources,
action
plan
90%
About two thirds of countries in the European Region
for most types of violence less than half of countries
and Region of the Americas (68% and 67% respectively)
Survey data
80%
surveyed report having conducted nationally representative
indicated that they have conducted surveys on intimate
70%
prevalence
surveys (see Figure 9).
71%
partner
68% violence compared to 52% of countries in the African
65%
60%
Region, 38% of countries in the Eastern Mediterranean
57%
Even
though gang violence and armed 53%
violence are highly
50%
Region and 25% of countries
in the South-East Asia Region.
52%
visible
types
of
violence,
few
countries
have
gathered
About half (52%) of countries 41%
indicated that they have
40%
systematic 40%
data to determine
the prevalence and41% conducted national surveys that included questions on
37%
30%
characteristics of these types of violence at a national
sexual violence, including many countries in Africa (67%),
26%
20%
level.
Only 6% of countries report the conducting of national
and between 25% and 62% in other WHO
regions.
17%
surveys
violence
and
11%
of
countries
report
10% on gang
11%
6%
the conducting
of surveys on armed
violence, including in
0%
Countries reported that sexual violence was the
countries where
indicate serious
Armed smaller-scale
Gang studiesYouth
Child
Intimate
Sexual
Elder
predominant
type of
violence surveyed
across all levels of
violence
maltreatment
partner
violence
abuse
problems with
gangs andviolence
gun violence.violence
Further, only
26%
country
income status, with 52% indicating that they have
violence
indicate that they have surveyed youth violence, including
conducted a national prevalence survey on sexual violence
29% of countries in the Region of the Americas and 43% of
(see Table 3). While the proportion of countries reporting
countries in the European Region. Where conducted, such
that they have conducted national surveys on various types
surveys have typically gathered population-based data on
of violence was consistently lower in low-income countries
bullying, physical fighting and school violence.
relative to middle- and high-income countries, this was not
the case with sexual violence. More low-income countries
Figure 11
Intimate partner violence is the most
reported conducting population-based surveys that included
extensively surveyed of all types of violence
questions on sexual violence than high-income countries.
Approximately 57%
of countries
indicatedprogrammes
that they (YV)
had
Life skills/social
development
conducted national surveys
on violence against women
Social and cultural norms change (SV)
which focused on intimate partner violence, making this
Social and cultural norms change (IPV)
51%
Approximately four in 10 countries (41%) report that they
50%
have conducted national surveys on child maltreatment (see
49%
Bullying prevention (YV)
22
47%
Caregiver support programmes (EA)
39%
Pre-school enrichment (YV)
38%
Figure 9), with 60% of countries in the European Region
having done so compared with 43% in the Region of the
Americas, 33% in the African Region and 13% of countries
in the South-East Asia Region. These differences are also
evident when looking at country income status. Only 14%
of low-income countries report having conducted surveys
on child maltreatment compared to nearly half of high- and
middle-income countries (47% and 45% respectively) (see
Table 3).
About one in six (17%) countries reports having conducted
a survey on elder abuse (see Figure 9), including 32% of
countries in the European Region, 19% of countries in the
Region of the Americas and between 7%–13% in other
regions, with the exception of the South-East Asia Region
where no country indicates having conducted such a survey.
Elder abuse was reportedly also the least surveyed of the
different types of violence in low-income countries.
It is important to note that survey respondents were not
always aware that national prevalence surveys had been
conducted in their countries. Where this was the case,
information about the existence of relevant surveys was
shared with countries during the validation process. It
is nonetheless possible that existing surveys have been
missed. In addition, countries may have categorized a single
survey as providing information on several different forms
of violence (for example, intimate partner violence, sexual
violence, child maltreatment) or have incorrectly categorized
a small-scale survey as a national survey.
Table 3: Population-based surveys by type of violence and country income status (n = 133 reporting
countries)a
Type of violence
a
High-income
Middle-income
Low-income
Armed violence
13%
11%
10%
Child maltreatment
47%
45%
14%
Elder abuse
34%
11%
5%
Intimate partner violence
58%
62%
38%
Sexual violence
47%
53%
52%
Youth violence
47%
18%
14%
Survey covering all types
45%
27%
14%
There were too few reported surveys of gang violence for inclusion in this table.
23
NATIONAL ACTION PLANNING IS UNDERWAY IN MANY
COUNTRIES
Developing a national action plan is a key step towards
effective violence prevention. It is a way for countries to
articulate how violence impacts the health, economic
viability and safety and security of a nation. It also provides
direction to policy-makers and others about what needs to
be done and how best to achieve sustainable reductions in
violence. As outlined in the recommendations of the World
report on violence and health (2), a national action plan
should include: objectives; priorities; strategies; assigned
responsibilities; a timetable and evaluation mechanism;
and adequate financial resources for implementation. The
plan should also be based on input from a wide range of
governmental and nongovernmental actors, and feature
coordinating mechanisms at local and national levels to
enable collaboration between sectors, with a specific
organization mandated to monitor and report periodically
on progress. Formulating a national action plan therefore
involves considerable time and resources, and the existence
of such a plan can thus be assumed to indicate a firm
commitment to addressing the problem.
Plans that encompass all types of
interpersonal violence are less common than
those for specific types of violence
For example, children who suffer rejection, neglect, harsh
physical punishment and sexual abuse – or witness violence
at home or in the community – are at greater risk of engaging
in aggressive and antisocial behaviour at later stages in
their development, including engaging in violent behaviour
as adults (56, 57). About half (51%) of countries surveyed
indicated that they had integrated plans that address
multiple types of violence (see Table 4). This suggests that
in about half of countries, planning may be driven more by
efforts to address specific types of violence than efforts to
create synergies across types of violence. Integrated plans
addressing all types of violence were far more frequent in
the Region of the Americas (76%) than in other regions.
Many countries include intimate partner violence and
sexual violence in their national plans to address violence
against women. Approximately three out of every four
countries reported having national action plans for child
maltreatment (71%), followed by national action plans for
intimate partner violence (68%) and sexual violence (65%),
and youth violence (53%). Less than half of the surveyed
countries reported plans to address elder abuse (41%),
armed violence (40%) or gang violence (37%) (see Table 4).
The different types of violence share many underlying risk
factors and are related to each other in important ways.
Table 4: National action plans by type of violence and WHO region (n = 133 reporting countries)
Type of violence
African
region
Region
of the
Americas
Armed violence
41%
62%
44%
32%
50%
25%
40%
Gang violence
30%
62%
44%
33%
38%
25%
37%
Youth violence
41%
71%
44%
63%
38%
45%
53%
Child maltreatment
56%
91%
69%
78%
88%
55%
71%
63%
86%
44%
78%
75%
55%
68%
Sexual violence
70%
86%
38%
63%
75%
60%
65%
Elder abuse
33%
52%
50%
39%
50%
35%
41%
Plan covering all types
41%
76%
50%
46%
50%
50%
51%
24
Eastern
European South- Western
Mediterranean Region East Asia Pacific
Region
Region
Region
All
countries
Figure 10: Proportion of countries with national survey data and national action plans, by type of
violence (n = 133 reporting countries)
Figure 10
100%
90%
National
action plan
80%
Survey data
70%
71%
68%
60%
50%
40%
53%
40%
41%
26%
20%
10%
0%
52%
41%
37%
30%
65%
57%
11%
Armed
violence
17%
6%
Gang
violence
Youth
violence
Child
maltreatment
Intimate
partner
violence
Sexual
violence
Elder
abuse
The Eastern Mediterranean Region reported the lowest
for improvements in the capacity to collect data. Comparing
frequency of national action plans to address intimate
the extent to which national plans of action coincide with
partner violence (44%) and sexual violence (38%). In the
the availability of national population-based surveys for
Figure 11
African Region, plans to address sexual violence, intimate
non-fatal violence thus provides insight into the relationship
partner violence and child maltreatment were reported by
between data, policy and planning.
more than half of countries (70%, 63%, 56% respectively),
Life skills/social development programmes (YV)
51%
whereas for youth, armed, and gang violence, only 30%–
Globally, many more countries reported that they had plans
50%
41% of countries in the region reported plans of action to
of action to reduce violence than population-based surveys
Social andPlans
cultural
(IPV)
49%
address these types of violence.
of norms
actionchange
to address
(see Figure 10). This was less the case for intimate partner
prevention
(YV)
Bullying
47% women, with the number of
elder abuse were indicated in fewer than
half of
all countries
and sexual violence against
Caregiver
support
in the African, European and
Western
Pacificprogrammes
Regions. (EA)
countries reporting 39%
national action plans on these types of
National plans are not always informed by
Parenting education (CM)
data
Child sexual abuse prevention (CM)
violence 11–13 percentage
points higher than the number
38%
of countries reporting
surveys.
Many countries include both
38%
intimate partner and
37%sexual violence in their national plans
to address violence against women and often include both
36%
intimate partner violence and sexual violence in population35%
based surveys. The most frequently reported plans of action
35%
were for child maltreatment (71% of countries), which
35% points more than the percentage of
was 30 percentage
29% surveys on child maltreatment. Similar
countries reporting
26%plans of action and available survey data
gaps between
were seen23%
for armed and gang violence and elder abuse,
with about23%
three times as many countries reporting plans of
action for22%
these types of violence than countries with survey
data on them.
National action plans and information
from
data
systems
Residential
care
policies
(EA)
should be mutually reinforcing since good epidemiological
Prevention programmes for school and college populations (SV)
data are needed to discern where violence is occurring, the
After-school programmes (YV)
groups at greatest risk and to track and monitor progress.
Home visiting (CM)
Without an understanding of the extent and causes of
Improving physical
environments
(SV)
violence it is difficult to formulate
effective
national plans
campaigns
(EA)
of action or other policyProfessional
frameworksawareness
for violence
prevention.
Mentoring
(YV)
Ideally, the collection and analysis of data on the
prevalence
of – and risk factors for –Public
fatalinformation
and non-fatal
violence
campaigns
(EA)
should therefore precede the formulationDating
of national
violenceplans
(IPV)
of action. However,
where
no
such
data
collection
systems
Microfinance with gender equity training (IPV)
21%
and survey findings are available, it is also logical for
authorities to develop a national plan of action that calls 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
25
Regionally, the African Region had the largest gap between
plans of action and available survey data across most types
of violence. Consistency between action between action
plans and the availability of survey data was highest in the
European Region.
The reported predominance of national action plans over
the availability of national survey data in general, and
for the African Region in particular, suggests that much
planning and policy-making is being done in the absence
of data. While for some countries this may reflect a lag
between calls for data collection and actual data collection
improvements, future work should prioritize the filling of
this gap by ensuring that national plans of action are firmly
anchored in representative data on the magnitude and
causes of different types of violence.
Violence prevention activities are often
addressed by multiple agencies without a lead
agency for coordination
The public health approach to violence prevention is a
multisectoral one involving the public and private sectors
(for example, health, education, criminal justice, social
services and business) and civil society. In addition to
adopting a multisectoral approach, it is also important to
have leadership and mechanisms in place to coordinate
the activities of different sectors and ensure fruitful
collaboration between them.
Around 96% of countries reported having multiple agencies or
departments that take responsibility for violence prevention
and response efforts, with an average of five agencies listed
per country. By sector, agencies responsible for gender and
women’s affairs were the most frequently mentioned (54%),
followed by the interior (41%), health (38%), police (32%)
and social welfare (30%). The existence of lead agencies
to coordinate the activities of different sectors and report
periodically on progress in preventing all forms of violence,
however, was rare. The absence of clear leadership and
a mandate to ensure coordination of prevention activities
that cover all forms of violence within countries makes it
more challenging for agencies or departments to invest
resources strategically, avoid duplication of effort and
ensure accountability.
About three quarters (77%) of countries reported having
a system in place for the regular exchange of information
between different agencies and sectors involved in violence
prevention. This suggests that at least the information
exchange component of such a multisectoral coordinating
mechanism very often exists, although the effectiveness of
such systems remains unclear.
© UN Photo/Eskinder Debebe.
26
COUNTRIES ARE INVESTING IN PREVENTION BUT NOT ON A
LEVEL COMMENSURATE WITH THE SCALE AND SEVERITY OF
THE PROBLEM
Violence is a multifaceted problem with biological,
psychological, social and environmental roots. Efforts
geared towards preventing violence should therefore be
comprehensive, tackling the range of factors that increase
the risk of violence, including larger social determinants such
as economic and gender inequality, and should be sustained
over time. Violence prevention efforts can be targeted at
individuals, relationships, communities and whole societies,
and delivered in collaboration with the different sectors of
society such as schools, workplaces, nongovernmental
organizations and the criminal justice system.
“best buy” strategies – six that focus on the prevention of
violence and one that focuses on response efforts. These
strategies can potentially impact multiple forms of violence,
help reduce the likelihood of both perpetrating violence and
becoming a victim, and represent areas where developing
countries and funding agencies can make reasonable
investments. These strategies are:
Although there is no simple or single solution to the problem
of violence, there is a growing body of knowledge on how
to prevent violence, and countries and donor agencies
seem to be investing more in prevention. However, there
is considerable unevenness in the extent to which different
strategies are being supported, and violence prevention has
yet to attract political and financial support commensurate
with the scale and severity of the problem.
4. reducing access to guns and knives (62);
A growing number
of scientific studies
demonstrate the
preventability
of violence. The
evidence supporting
certain prevention
strategies is stronger
and the prevention
gains shown so far are greater for some types of violence
than for others (for example, to address child maltreatment
and youth violence). With some exceptions, most of
the existing evidence for effective violence prevention
programming also comes from studies in high-income
countries, and may not easily be adapted to low- and
middle-income settings where economic and social
conditions, and the epidemiology of the different forms of
violence, are very different (2, 56, 58).
A growing
number of
scientific studies
demonstrate the
preventability of
violence.
Based on systematic reviews of the scientific evidence for
prevention, WHO and its partners have identified seven
1. developing safe, stable and nurturing relationships
between children and their parents and caregivers (59);
2. developing life skills in children and adolescents (60);
3. reducing the availability and harmful use of alcohol (61);
5. promoting gender equality to prevent violence against
women (63);
6. changing cultural and social norms that support violence (64);
7. victim identification, care and support programmes (65).
To assess how far programmes representing the six
prevention strategies are being implemented, the survey
asked whether the 18 prevention programmes listed in
Figure 11 existed in each surveyed country and whether they
were: not implemented; implemented once or a few times;
or implemented on a larger scale (for example, across many
schools or communities or with a reach to over 30% of the
intended target population). The 18 programmes are further
defined in Part VII, Glossary. Findings relating to alcohol and
other policies and victim support programmes are covered in
later sections of this report.
The findings from the survey indicate that many countries
are investing in prevention, yet none of the 18 prevention
programmes is being implemented on a level necessary to
achieve significant and sustainable reductions in violence
(see Figure 11). Across the 18 programmes, many are
being implemented on a larger scale by fewer than 40%
of surveyed countries. It is also important to note that
implementation on a larger scale does not necessarily mean
implementation of a particular programme with documented
evidence of effectiveness.
27
Figure 11: Proportion of countries reporting implementation of violence prevention programmes on a
Figure 11
larger scale by type of programme (n = 133 reporting
countries)a
51%
50%
49%
47%
Caregiver support programmes (EA)
39%
38%
Parenting education (CM)
38%
Child sexual abuse prevention (CM)
37%
Residential care policies (EA)
36%
Prevention programmes for school and college populations (SV)
35%
After-school programmes (YV)
35%
Home visiting (CM)
35%
Improving physical environments (SV)
Professional awareness campaigns (EA)
29%
26%
Mentoring (YV)
23%
Public information campaigns (EA)
23%
Dating violence (IPV)
22%
Microfinance with gender equity training (IPV)
21%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
a
Key: CM=child maltreatment; EA=elder abuse; IPV=intimate partner violence; SV=sexual violencee; YV=youth violence. While each programme is shown as relevant to a
particular type of violence, some of the programmes listed in the figure have shown preventive effects on several types of violence.
Social and cultural norm-change strategies Figure 14these types of strategies to raise awareness about violence
against women. Although rigorous evaluations of social
are the most common approach used by
100%
and cultural norm-change strategies
are still needed to
countries to address violence against women
African Region
assess their impact, they canRegion
be an ofimportant
strategy to
90%
the Americas
About half of surveyed countries reported implementing
inform and create cultural shifts in what is acceptable and
80%
social and cultural norm-change strategies to address sexual
unacceptable behaviour, and in promoting norms supportive
70%
violence and intimate partner
European Region
71%violence against women (see
of healthy, non-violent and gender equitable relationships.
60%
Figure 11). This is in contrast to microfinance combined
50%
with gender equity training programmes and school-based 50%
It is not surprising that fewer countries reported
dating
violence
prevention
programmes,
where
21%
and
40%
43%
43%
implementing school-based dating violence prevention
22%
of
countries
(respectively)
reported
implementing
35%
30%
programmes. Although the practice of dating may not take
these types of approaches. Social and cultural norm-change
20%
22% or be recognized
place
as acceptable by governments in
20%
strategies19%
were also19%
one of the few types of strategies
10%
13%
some countries, only a handful of school-based dating
reportedly implemented by more than 40% of countries
0%
7%
0%
violence
prevention programmes have been developed to
in all regions
(exceptprovided
in the South-East
(see policies to reduce
Incentives
for youth to Asia Region)
Housing
the
help young people
address relationship violence and learn
Table 5). Based complete
on otherschooling
evidence, many countriesconcentration
use
of poverty
28
healthy and positive relationship skills that can be carried
into adulthood. Evaluations of these programmes in mostly
high-income countries show some positive changes in
knowledge and attitudes toward relationship violence, and
limited reductions in certain forms of abusive behaviours
(66–71).
training, it is one of the few interventions with documented
evidence showing reductions in intimate partner violence
(72–74). More countries may wish to consider strategies
that economically empower women and promote gender
equality. Efforts that empower women both socially and
economically are important for violence prevention.
While few countries reported implementing the specific
intervention of microfinance combined with gender equity
Table 5: Proportion of countries implementing different types of programmes on a larger scale, by type
of programme and WHO region (n = 133 reporting countries)
African
Region
Region
Eastern
European
of the
Mediterranean Region
Americas
Region
SouthEast
Asia
Region
Western
Pacific
Region
All
Child maltreatment
Home visiting
7%
52%
31%
51%
13%
30%
35%
Parenting education
11%
57%
44%
46%
13%
40%
38%
Child sexual abuse prevention
44%
62%
31%
29%
0%
35%
37%
Pre-school enrichment
22%
67%
31%
54%
13%
15%
38%
Life skills/social development programmes
33%
71%
56%
63%
38%
30%
51%
Bullying prevention
30%
52%
69%
59%
25%
35%
47%
Mentoring
15%
29%
44%
27%
13%
10%
23%
After-school programmes
7%
43%
31%
59%
25%
20%
35%
Dating violence prevention programmes
22%
38%
0%
27%
13%
15%
22%
Microfinance with gender equity training
19%
33%
25%
12%
0%
35%
21%
Social and cultural norm-change
programmes
41%
67%
56%
48%
25%
50%
49%
Prevention programmes for school and
college populations
30%
52%
38%
37%
25%
25%
35%
Improving physical environments
15%
24%
50%
29%
25%
40%
29%
programmes
56%
62%
56%
42%
38%
50%
50%
Professional awareness campaigns
11%
24%
44%
37%
0%
25%
26%
Public information campaigns
15%
19%
31%
27%
0%
30%
23%
Caregiver support programmes
15%
43%
56%
51%
25%
35%
39%
Residential care policies
11%
52%
63%
40%
13%
30%
36%
Youth violence
Sexual violence
Elder abuse
29
© UN Photo/Logan Abassi.
Life skills training and bullying prevention are
the most common approaches implemented to
address youth violence
Efforts are being made to address parent-child
relationships and the developmental pathways
toward later violent behaviour
Life skills and social development programmes were
the most common youth violence prevention approach
that countries reported implementing. These types of
programmes are designed to help children and adolescents
manage anger, resolve conflicts in a non-violent way and
develop social problem-solving skills. Systematic reviews
of the evidence show that these types of programmes can
result in a 15% reduction in violent behaviour in students
across all school years and a 29% reduction among students
in secondary school (75, 76). Half of surveyed countries
reported implementing these types of programmes (see
Figure 11), with substantially more countries in the Region
of the Americas (71%) and the European Region (63%)
implementing these programmes on a larger scale than
elsewhere (see Table 5). Bullying prevention programmes
were also commonly mentioned, with 47% of countries
indicating that they have implemented such programmes.
It is worth noting that countries reported implementing a
number of programmes to promote positive and nurturing
relationships between children and their caregivers, and
strategies aimed at getting children off to a good start to
ensure greater success in school (see Figure 11). There
is a strong and growing body of evidence showing the
impact of early relationships between children and their
caregivers on the structural and functional development
of the brain and the subsequent cognitive, emotional and
social development of children (77, 78). Children growing
up in environments without the benefit of safe, stable and
nurturing relationships with parents or other caregivers
have difficulty forming relationships with peers and others,
lack empathy for others in distress and are at much greater
risk of experiencing depression and anxiety, developing poor
communication skills and adopting antisocial behaviours.
They also have poorer educational attainment and economic
productivity over their lifetimes and are more likely to be a
perpetrator or victim of violence (59).
30
Figure 12: Extent to which home visiting programmes are being implemented by country/area, 2012
(n = 133 reporting countries)Home visiting programmes by country/area, 2012
Extent of implementation
Larger scale
Limited
Not implemented
Data not available
0
Not applicable
The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever
on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities,
or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted and dashed lines on maps represent approximate border lines
for which there may not yet be full agreement.
There are a number of evidence-based programmes
designed to help strengthen early relationships and
interactions between children and their caregivers, promote
healthy development and improve child behaviour. These
include home visiting programmes, which have been shown
to reduce child maltreatment by as much as 39%, and other
parenting education and parent and child programmes, which
have also demonstrated short- and longer-term positive
outcomes for children (79–81). About 35% of countries
reported implementing home visiting programmes and 38%
reported implementing parenting education programmes
and pre-school enrichment programmes, although this
varied by region (see Table 5). For instance, more countries
in the Region of the Americas and in the European Region
reported implementing home visiting programmes on a
larger scale than countries in other regions (see Figure 12).
Caregiver support programmes are the most
commonly reported strategy to prevent elder
abuse
Nearly 40% of countries reported implementing caregiver
support programmes to prevent abuse of older adults (see
Table 5). These types of programme help caregivers deal with
the emotional demands and stresses involved in providing
care. More than half of Eastern Mediterranean Region
countries (56%) and 51% of European Region countries
indicated implementing caregiver support programmes on a
Data Source: World Health Organization
Map Production: Health Statistics and
Information Systems (HSI)
850
1,700
3,400 Kilometers
© WHO 2014. All rights reserved.
larger scale. However, this was reportedly the case in only
15% of countries in the African Region, and between 25%
and 43% of countries in the other regions.
Programmes to improve standards of care within nursing and
other residential care homes to reduce the chances of elder
abuse were reported by about 36% of countries. Whereas
63% of Eastern Mediterranean Region countries and 52%
of countries in the Region of the Americas reported larger
scale implementation of residential care policies to prevent
elder abuse, this was not the case elsewhere. In the African
Region, only 11% of countries reported having implemented
these types of policies and procedures on a larger scale,
and less than 20% had implemented such programmes only
once or a few times.
Implementation of other strategies to prevent elder abuse
was limited at best. A quarter of countries (26%) reported
having implemented campaigns aimed at educating
professionals to recognize the signs and symptoms of
elder abuse and improve their problem-solving and case
management skills on a larger scale (mostly in the Eastern
Mediterranean and European Regions); 23% report having
implemented public information campaigns (see Figure 13).
In the African Region, the Region of the Americas and SouthEast Asia Region, most countries reported implementing
public information campaigns on a one-off or occasional
basis.
31
Figure 13: Extent to which public information campaigns to prevent elder abuse are being implemented,
by country/area, 2012 (n = 133 reporting countries)
Public information campaigns to prevent elder abuse by country/area, 2012
Extent of implementation
Larger scale
Limited
Not implemented
Data not available
0
Not applicable
The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever
on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities,
or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted and dashed lines on maps represent approximate border lines
for which there may not yet be full agreement.
Community and problem-orientated policing
strategies are widely used
Countries were also asked about policing strategies
to prevent violence. Community policing and problemorientated policing have become important law enforcement
strategies to strengthen relationships with communities and
address crime, disorderly behaviour and other situations that
contribute to fear and insecurity in urban neighbourhoods. A
growing evidence base (82) supports their effectiveness in
preventing several types of violence (for example, alcoholand drug-related youth violence), although most studies of
community-based and problem-orientated policing are from
high-income countries where informal social controls are
stronger and the rule of law is intact.
32
Data Source: World Health Organization
Map Production: Health Statistics and
Information Systems (HSI)
850
1,700
3,400 Kilometers
© WHO 2014. All rights reserved.
Almost all countries reported using strategies to improve
community-police relations such as community policing
(99% of countries), and routinely using directed or problemorientated policing strategies (94%) which require analysis,
assessment and community involvement to address crime
and disorder problems. Globally, around nine out of ten
countries report that police use these two types of strategy.
COUNTRIES CAN DO MORE TO ADDRESS KEY RISK FACTORS
Figure 11AND OTHER MEASURES
FOR VIOLENCE THROUGH POLICY
Violence of all types is strongly associated with social
determinants such as weak governance; poor rule of law;
cultural, social and gender norms; unemployment; income
Caregiver
programmes
(EA)
and gender inequality; rapid
socialsupport
change;
and limited
Pre-school
enrichment
educational opportunities. Cross-cutting
risk factors
such(YV)
as
ease of access to firearms and other Parenting
weapons education
and excessive
(CM)
alcohol use are also strongly
associated
withprevention
multiple types
Child
sexual abuse
(CM)
of violence. Together these factors create a social climate
Residential care policies (EA)
that is conducive to violence and in the absence of efforts
Prevention
for school
and college
populations
(SV)
to addressprogrammes
them, sustained
violence
prevention
gains are
After-school
programmes
(YV)
difficult to achieve. Any comprehensive
violence
prevention
strategy must therefore identify ways to mitigate
or provide
Home visiting
(CM)
a buffer against these risks,
including
through
policy
Improving physical environments and
(SV)
other measures.
Professional awareness campaigns (EA)
51%
50%
as well as in the health, education and social sectors,
49%
among others.
47%
Few countries are39%
implementing social and
38%
educational policy measures to mitigate key
38%
risk factors for violence
37%surveyed reported national policies
About 40% of countries
providing incentives36%
for youth at risk of violence to complete
secondary schooling,
with the lowest percentage (13%) of
35%
countries in the South-East
Asia Region and the highest
35%
(71%) in the European Region (see Figure 14). Poor academic
35%
achievement has consistently been linked with delinquency
29%
and school failure
(83). Students with lower grades are more
26% in physical fighting and other problem
likely to be involved
behaviour. Weak
Mentoring (YV)
23% connections to school, and school dropout,
Additional efforts must also be made to strengthen and
also increase
Public
campaigns
(EA)
23%the risk of involvement in violence (83).
support relevant institutions
toinformation
ensure that
prevention
Conversely, academic enrichment can increase achievement
Datingdesired
violenceaims
(IPV)
22%
strategies are effective in achieving their
and school attendance, improve literacy and numeracy and
within the context
of these various
socialequity
determinants.
As
Microfinance
with gender
training (IPV)
21%
enhance social integration (84, 85) – all of which can protect
part of a multisectoral approach to violence prevention, this
violence.
0% against
10% 20%
30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
support may be useful in both justice and security sectors,
Figure 14: Proportion of countries with schooling and housing policies to reduce the risk of violence, by
WHO region (n = 133 reporting countries)
Figure 14
100%
African Region
90%
80%
70%
European Region
71%
60%
50%
43%
43%
35%
30%
20%
10%
50%
40%
19%
19%
22%
13%
0%
Incentives provided for youth to
complete schooling
7%
20%
0%
Housing policies to reduce the
concentration of poverty
33
© Scott Wallace/The World Bank.
Housing policies at national level to reduce the
concentration of poverty in urban areas which were
explicitly aimed at reducing violence were rare – only 24%
of countries reported having such policies. South-East Asia
Region reported none, while 7% of countries in the African
Region, 43% in the Region of the Americas and 50% in
the Eastern Mediterranean Region reportedly did have
such policies. Concentrated poverty is a visible aspect of
disadvantage. Communities with high concentrations of
poor and unemployed people also tend to have high levels
of residential instability, making it difficult for people to
establish common values and norms and to develop strong
social ties and support networks. There is also a level of
disorganization that compromises community participation
and makes it difficult to exercise effective social control.
These levels of economic and social disadvantage create
the conditions for high rates of violence. They exacerbate
social marginalization and also contribute to poor physical
and mental health.
34
More countries are tackling the harmful
use of alcohol, although patterns of risky
drinking behaviour remain very high in several
countries
Although levels of alcohol consumption, patterns of drinking
and rates of violence differ between countries, there are
important links between alcohol and violence across all
cultures (61). For instance, harmful alcohol use directly
affects physical and cognitive function, leading to reduced
self-control, which may make some drinkers more likely
to resort to violence in confrontations. Experiencing or
witnessing violence can lead to the harmful use of alcohol
as a way of coping or self-medicating. Alcohol and violence
may also be related through common risk factors (for
example, antisocial personality disorder) that contribute to
the risk of both heavy drinking and violent behaviour.
Policy measures to reduce the harmful use of alcohol include
restrictions on the sale and serving of alcohol – for example,
through excise taxes on beer, wine and spirits; reduced
hours or days of sale of alcoholic beverages; minimum
age for the purchase of alcohol; and regulations on the
For decision-makers, acknowledging the importance of
implementing policy measures to mitigate school dropout,
concentrated poverty and the harmful use of alcohol,
alongside other prevention strategies to address the key risk
factors for violence, is an essential prerequisite to achieve
societies and communities that are both safe and healthy.
Nearly all countries include measures to
regulate access to firearms, although laws
themselves and populations covered vary
widely
Firearms increase the likelihood of death and serious injury
when used in acts of violence and are frequently used to
threaten individuals in violent encounters. Several casecontrol studies, ecological time-series and cross-sectional
studies across countries indicate that gun availability is a risk
factor for homicide, particularly firearms homicide (20, 89).
density of alcohol outlets (86).3 At least 80% of countries
reported having excise taxes on beer, wine and spirits, with
no significant differences between income levels. The only
exception was excise tax on wine, which almost 29% of
high-income countries reported not levying. Several studies
have used economic modelling to estimate the effects of
alcohol price increases on the incidence of violence. For
instance, findings from the United States suggest that a
1% increase in the price of an ounce of pure alcohol would
reduce the probability of intimate partner violence against
women by 5.3% (87), and a 10% increase in the price of
beer would reduce the number of college students involved
in violence each year by 4% (88).
There were no large differences by region or income level
for the legal minimum age for on- and off-premise alcohol
sales. On average, countries reported the legal minimum age
for both on- and off-premise sales of alcohol as 18 years.
3
Information on patterns of drinking, per capita alcohol consumption,
excise taxes on beer, wine and spirits and legal minimum age for
on- and off-premise sales of alcohol presented in the Country profile
pages (see Part VIII) and here are based on data from the WHO Global
status report on alcohol and health, 2014 (86). These data were
collected during the same time period and using a similar standardized
methodology as those gathered for this report.
Measures to prevent firearms-related injuries include
those addressing access, supply and use of firearms, and
restrictions on the secondary trading of firearms. They include,
for example, bans on specified firearms or ammunition,
background checks, waiting periods and other licencing
requirements, laws to prevent child access, and restrictions
for certain settings (for example, school premises, carrying
guns in public places, etc.). Internationally, the Firearms
Protocol of the UN Convention on Organized Crime (90)
provides a framework for states to control and regulate licit
arms and arms flows, prevent their diversion into the illegal
circuit and facilitate the investigation and prosecution of
related offences without hampering legitimate firearm
transfers (90).
Nearly all countries in the survey (99%) across all regions
reported having national laws to regulate firearms, including:
mandatory background checks before issuing a licence to
purchase or own a firearm (96%); laws restricting access
to handguns, shotguns and automatic firearms (95%, 96%
and 96% respectively); and laws restricting the carrying of
firearms in public (98%). Fewer countries – about two thirds
– report having special firearms control programmes such
as gun buy-backs and firearms collection and destruction
programmes, with about 60%–63% of countries in the
Western Pacific Region, the Region of the Americas and the
European Region having such programmes. The nature of
the restrictions, the populations covered (for example, all
citizens or certain age groups), licencing agents and the
processes for implementing the requirements, however,
35
vary across countries. Examples of restrictions from various
countries are presented in Table 6.
Two systematic reviews and one meta-analysis summarize
the effects of various strategies to prevent firearm-related
violence. One systematic review (92) concluded that there
is insufficient evidence to determine whether firearm laws
have any effect on violence. A recent meta-analysis (93)
suggests that bans on the sale of firearms had small effects
and law enforcement strategies had moderate effects in
reducing gun violence. Another systematic review (94) finds
that directed police patrols focusing on illegal gun carrying
can prevent gun crimes (including murders, shootings, gun
robberies and gun assaults). These studies conclude that
more research is needed to determine the effectiveness of
waiting periods, background checks, zero-tolerance policies
in schools and other measures to limit firearms use in
settings where they are already widely available. With one
exception (92), these reviews also conclude that strategies
addressing access to firearms, such as bans on firearms,
and the enactment and enforcement of laws against the
illegal possession and carrying of firearms, show promise.
Subsequent to these reviews, a new study from South
Africa finds that stricter licensing and reduced circulation of
firearms accounted for an estimated 4585 lives saved across
five major cities between 2001–2005 (95).
© UN Photo/Sophia Paris.
36
Table 6: Firearm restrictions in selected countriesa
a
Country
Background check
Minimum age
Licence denied or Limits on ammunition
for purchase revoked where family
violence is present
Private sales
permitted
Austria
Yes, criminal and mental health
18 years;
21 years for
handguns
Brazil
Yes, criminal, mental health and 25 years, with a
employment
few exceptions
China
No civilian may lawfully acquire, possess or transfer a firearm or ammunition
Colombia
18 years
Yes
Information not available
Finland
18 years (15
with parental
consent)
No
Any quantity permitted
Yes
Japan
18 years
No
No
Mexico
Yes, criminal, mental health,
physical and addiction
18 years
No
500 .22 cartridges, 1000
shotgun cartridges, 200
cartridges for other
weapons
No
Nigeria
Yes, criminal, mental health and 17 years
addiction
No
Only as much as
prescribed by licence
No
South
Africa
Criminal, mental, medical,
domestic violence, addiction,
employment, previous gun
licences
21 years,
with some
exceptions
Yes
Up to 2400 primers or 200
cartridges per firearm
No
Sweden
18 years
Yes
Only allowed to possess
ammunition for intended
weapon
No
United
States of
America
Yes, criminal, mental health,
addiction, domestic violence
(only when purchasing through a
federally licenced dealer). Some
states impose further restrictions
18 years for
shotguns and
rifles; 21 years
for handguns
and other
weapons
Yes
Restrictions based on age
and for certain types of
ammunition (e.g. armour
piercing)
Yes
No
Only allowed to possess
ammunition for intended
weapon
Yes
No
Yes
Information not
available
Source: GunPolicy.org [website] hosted by the University of Sydney (http://www.gunpolicy.org/, accessed 20 August 2014) (91).
37
LAWS RELEVANT TO VIOLENCE HAVE BEEN WIDELY ENACTED
BUT ENFORCEMENT IS INADEQUATE
The enactment and enforcement of legislation on crime and
violence are critical for establishing norms of acceptable
and unacceptable behaviour, and creating safe and peaceful
societies. Of particular importance are strategies to enable
safe reporting of interpersonal violence and ensuring that
legal protection and support are available to all citizens (96).
In certain circumstances, the threat of criminal sanctions can
have a deterrent effect, for instance on people with strong
social ties or when the certainty – but not necessarily the
severity – of sanctions is high. An important objective for
violence prevention is therefore to strengthen collaboration
between public health, the criminal justice sector and key
security institutions such as the police in order to increase
the chance that potential perpetrators of violence will
be deterred and prevented from committing crime in the
first place (and if not, at least held accountable for their
actions). Where necessary, support to strengthen the
relevant institutions in these sectors can help to improve
enforcement levels.
Legislation is a key component of any violence prevention
policy or plan. For instance, appropriate legislation can
encourage parents to move away from using harsh physical
discipline toward their children, and can help to promote
attitudes and beliefs that reject violence against women.
Where social convictions or deeply entrenched traditions
fuel harmful practices (such as child marriage or female
genital mutilation) legal reform can mobilize key actors and
institutions in efforts to end such practices. Accordingly, in
the most successful cases where the law has led to a change
in attitudes and behaviour, adoption of the law has been
accompanied by wide awareness-raising initiatives, public
information and education campaigns, capacity-building for
relevant professionals, and the social mobilization of a wide
range of strategic actors including opinion leaders, religious
and local leaders.
38
Laws against violence send
a clear message to society about
unacceptable behaviour and
legitimize the actions needed to
ensure people’s safety at all times.
Countries were asked about the existence and enforcement
of laws relating to various forms of violence, including laws
that address several forms of violence against women (for
example, sexual violence). The findings from the survey
indicate that laws relevant to violence have been widely
enacted. On average, about 80% of countries have enacted
each of the violence prevention laws surveyed. However, this
ranges from a low of 40% for the existence of laws to prevent
elder abuse in institutions to a high of 98% for laws on rape
(see Figure 15).
There were no significant differences by income level in the
proportion of countries with laws in place to prevent various
forms of violence: the average proportion of countries
reporting laws to prevent violence was 76%, 77% and 82%
for low-, middle- and high-income countries respectively.
The only exception to this related to laws preventing elder
abuse, where the average proportion of high-, middle- and
low-income countries with each of the laws to prevent elder
abuse was reported as 33%, 62% and 69% respectively.
There were, however, many more regional differences.
For example, the proportion of countries in the African
Region (52%) and Western Pacific Region (50%) with laws
recognizing rape within marriage as a crime was reportedly
much lower than in the Region of the Americas (91%) or the
European Region (98%).
Figure 15: The proportion of countries with laws to prevent violence and the extent to which countries
report these laws as being fully enforced (n = 133Figure15
Fully enforced
Against statutory rape
64%
99%
Against rape (forced sexual intercourse)
64%
98%
Against contact sexual violence without rape
88%
51%
Domestic/family violence legislation
87%
44%
Against weapons on school premises
84%
57%
Against gang or criminal membership
81%
51%
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home
78%
38%
Ban on corporal punishment
76%
30%
Against rape in marriage
73%
43%
Against elder abuse
Against elder abuse in institutions
94%
57%
Against non-contact sexual violence
59%
30%
20%
Exists
40%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
For all laws, levels of reported enforcement
were usually much lower than the enactment
of legislation
With the exception of countries in the European Region,
less than half of countries reported that bans on corporal
punishment were fully enforced. There is some evidence
Figure 17
to suggest that enactment of a ban may be sufficient to
Overall, the average proportion of countries in which
change attitudes and behaviour around the use of corporal
each of the laws was reported to have been enacted
punishment. For instance, findings from a multi-country
was 80%, while the average proportion of countries in
Child protection services
69% countries (three with
study conducted in five European
which each of the laws was reportedly enacted and fully
bans on corporal punishment and two without) found that
enforced wasMedico-legal
57%. The biggest
gaps
the reported
services
forbetween
sexual violence
victims
67%
nearly all forms of corporal punishment were used less
existence and enforcement of laws – a difference of 46
in countries with bans 59%
than in those in which corporal
Identification
referral for– child
maltreatment
and 43 percentage
points and
respectively
related
to bans
punishment was lawful (97). Parents in countries with bans
and referral forviolence
intimate
on corporal punishmentIdentification
and to domestic/family
53%accepting of corporal punishment
in place were also less
partner
violence and
legislation. Focusing on better
enforcement
of sexual
existingviolence
laws
and stated that their knowledge of the ban was one of four
Mental
health services
is likely to lead to significant violence
prevention
gains.
49%
factors that most affected whether or not they used corporal
This should include attending to institutional mechanisms
punishment.34%
Other factors influencing them included the
Adult protective services
and resources, and increasing human capacity to ensure
parent’s definition of physical violence, personal approval of
that enacted legislation is doing what it is intended to do – 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
corporal punishment, and their own experience of childhood
protect people from violence, hold perpetrators accountable
violence.
and create environments that are safe for all citizens.
Figure 18
39
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
AVAILABILITY OF SERVICES TO IDENTIFY, REFER, PROTECT
AND SUPPORT VICTIMS VARIES MARKEDLY
Figure 18
Providing
100% high-quality care and support services to victims
is important for reducing trauma, helping victims heal and
90%
preventing repeat victimization and perpetration. There are
80%services for victims of violence, including: emergency
many
81%
81%
response
70% services for injured victims; other health services
to 60%
identify and address the longer-term impact of violence
on health; community services related to housing; victim
50%
advocacy; substance abuse and mental health services; and
48%
40%
legal
and social support
41% services.
38%
30%
Countries
20% were asked about a subset of these services.
These included:
the availability of mental health services;
15%
10%
the extent to which child and adult protective services were
0% whether mechanisms were in place to identify
available;
Africanservices for
Region
of thewhether Eastern
and provide referral
victims;
medicoRegion
Americas
Mediterranean
legal services were available for victims of sexual violence;
Region
and the availability of legal services relating to victim
compensation and representation in criminal courts.
Mental health services are not widely
available in several regions even though the
need for
them may be very high
88%
Despite strong evidence linking experiences of violence to
75%
mental health problems, less than half of countries (49%)
reported the availability of mental health services to address
the needs of victims. However, this varied widely across
regions: two thirds of countries in the Region of45%
the Americas
42%
and the European Region reported that these services were
available to assist victims, compared to only
30% 15% in African
25%
Region countries (see Figure 16). This suggests a critical gap,
particularly in countries where the need for such services
may be especially high based on what we know about rates
of physical,
other forms of violence
Europeansexual and
South-East
Westernacross the
different
WHO regions.
the
needs
of victims
Region
Asia Addressing
Region
Pacific
Region
with trauma-focused care, cognitive behavioural therapy or
other low-intensity psychological interventions and other
mental health services can potentially mitigate the serious
mental health outcomes of abuse.
Figure 16
Figure 16: Proportion of countries reporting implementation
of mental health services for victims of
violence at larger scale (n = 133 reporting countries)
26%
Western
Pacific Region
66%
European Region
40
71%
56%
Eastern
Mediterranean
Region
50%
15%
African Region
South-East
Asia Region
Figure 17: Proportion of countries with identification, referral and support services available, by type of
Figure 17
service (n = 133 reporting countries)
69%
Medico-legal services for sexual violence victims
67%
Identification and referral for child maltreatment
59%
Identification and referral for intimate
partner violence and sexual violence
53%
Mental health services
49%
34%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Child protection services are the most widely
available of all services
Two thirds of countries indicated that they do
not have adult protective services in place to
assist vulnerable older adults
Child protection services were the most widely reported
of all services (69%), followed by medico-legal services
Of all the services included in the survey, adult protective
Figure 18
for victims of sexual violence (see Figure 17). About eight
services were the least reported by countries. Only one
out of every 10 countries in the Region of the Americas
third of countries indicated that they have adult protective
Adult protective
Child protection
services
and in the Eastern Mediterranean and European Regions
services
in place services
to investigate potential
cases of
elder
reported
having
systems
in
place
to
identify
and
investigate
abuse
and
assist
vulnerable
older
adults.
The
lack
of
100%
potential cases of child maltreatment. This was also the
adult protective services, particularly in contrast to child
90%
case for three quarters of countries in the South-East Asia
protection
services, was consistent across all regions (see
88%
80%
Region.
Other types of screening and 81%
referral services (for
81%
Figure 18). Countries furthest along in efforts to protect and
75%these services as part of their
70%through maternal and child health programmes) to
example,
support older adults include
identify
and support potential victims of child maltreatment
national policy (29, 98). The United States, for example, has
60%
were 50%
also reported by 59% of countries. However, in both
a fully developed system for reporting and treating cases of
instances, these services were more
commonly
reported
elder abuse. Services are designed to provide
elder abuse
48%
45%
40%
42%with a coordinated, interdisciplinary system of social
41% (80%) than low-income countries
by high-income countries
victims
38%
(33%).30%
and health services which enable them
30%to continue living
25%
20%
independently at home and to protect them against further
15%
abuse.
10% child protection services are present in many
Although
countries,
0% these services are often dispersed, fragmented and
poorly resourced,African
and may in factRegion
have aofdetrimental
impact
the
Eastern
European
Western
With
a rapidly ageingSouth-East
population, the need
to strengthen the
Mediterranean
Region
Asia Region
Pacific
Region
on the protection Region
of child victims ofAmericas
violence (14). As
a result,
system
of adult protection
is important.
By 2030,
older adults
Region
even when such services are available, child victims and
are projected to comprise 13% of the world population –
their families may fail to use them and a lack of information
one in eight people will be aged 65 years or older (99). While
about existing services, the fear of seeing confidentiality
low- and middle-income countries will experience the most
broken, and concerns about reprisals can further undermine
rapid growth in ageing, with increases of up to 140%, highthe quality of child protection services (14).
income countries are expected to experience increases
Figure 16
averaging 51% (99).
71%
41
Figure 18: Proportion of countries with child and adult protective services, by WHO region (n = 133
Figure 18
100%
90%
88%
80%
81%
81%
70%
75%
60%
50%
48%
40%
41%
30%
38%
25%
20%
10%
45%
42%
30%
15%
0%
African
Region
Region of the
Americas
Eastern
Mediterranean
Region
European
Region
South-East
Asia Region
Western
Pacific Region
middle- (53%) or low-income countries (38%). Two-thirds of
Referral and support services for violence
Figure 16countries, on the other hand, indicated availability of medicoagainst women are available in half of the
legal services for victims of sexual assault, making these
world’s countries, but information is lacking
services the most frequently reported services available
on the quality, coverage and uptake of these
to victims after child protective services. Countries were
services
not asked about the nature, coverage and quality of such
WHO recommends asking women about exposure to intimate
services or about the consistency with which these services
partner violence when assessing conditions that may have
are offered to victims, or how many victims make use of
been caused or complicated by intimate partner violence
them. Victims of sexual assault require comprehensive and
in order to provide appropriateWestern
follow-up care andRegion
support.
of the Americas
gender-sensitive services from trained health care providers
Pacific
Region with intimate
Asking all women about their
experiences
Eastern
to help them recover from
the traumatic event and lessen
partner violence is not recommended in all settings. Women
Mediterranean
both short- and long-term health consequences (7). MedicoRegion
who disclose violence should be provided with immediate
legal services, in particular, are important for women who
support and care that is responsive to their concerns, and
may wish to pursue legal action (100, 101). National health
which helps them access information, resources and further
systems as a whole African
address violence against
15% need toRegion
support (7). Comprehensive care (including emergency
women by providing high-quality care and services that are
contraception, prophylaxisEuropean
for HIV Region
and other sexually
timely, effective, sensitive to the needs of victims and their
transmitted infections and psychological support) should be South-East
safety, and provided by well-trained professionals.
Asia Region
provided to survivors of rape and sexual assault.
71%
26%
66%
About half of countries (53%) reported the availability of
identification, referral and support services for women
who have experienced intimate partner violence or sexual
violence (see Figure 17), with more high-income countries
reporting the availability of such services (61%) than
42
56%
50%
Victim support services often extend beyond medical and
other care. Legal representation in criminal courts and
receiving compensation from the state are important for all
types of interpersonal violence as well. While the majority
of countries (86%) report having laws providing victims with
legal representation and participation in criminal courts,
only 52% report victim compensation legislation. Both the
existence of such laws and the extent to which they are
reportedly enforced also varies by country income level,
with the existence and enforcement of such laws being
much greater in high-income countries than in low- and
middle-income countries.
© UN Photo/Martine Perret.
43
Part IV – The way forward
CONCLUSIONS
This Global status report on violence prevention 2014 uses a
standardized method to assess the measures countries are
taking to prevent and respond to interpersonal violence. It
includes 133 countries, accounting for 88% of the world’s
population. The report brings violence prevention in line with
other issues such as alcohol and health, climate change,
mental health, road safety, tobacco, and tuberculosis,
where regularly repeated assessments along the lines of
this report allow countries to set baselines and targets and
monitor progress over time.
The Global status report on violence prevention 2014 for the
first time provides a detailed picture of the global violence
prevention landscape some 12 years after the World
report on violence and health was launched, with its nine
recommendations for action. The results show that there
are many efforts under way around the world to prevent and
respond to violence:
• Two thirds of the countries report national action plans
to address child maltreatment and violence against
women compared to around half reporting plans for
youth violence prevention; just 40% report plans for elder
abuse, armed violence and gang violence prevention.
• Prevention activity is under way, with about half of
surveyed countries reporting implementing primary
prevention programmes such as life skills training
and bullying prevention programmes to prevent youth
violence, and social and cultural norm-change strategies
to address violence against women; more than one third
of countries also reported implementing programmes
addressing parent-child relationships and some of the
early developmental pathways toward later violent
behaviour.
• Over half of the countries have each of the services
surveyed in place to identify, refer, protect and support
victims of violence.
• Almost 80% of countries have enacted each of the
violence prevention laws surveyed.
• Problem-orientated and community-based policing are
in place in most of the countries that participated in the
survey.
The Global status report on violence prevention 2014 also
uncovers many gaps in global violence prevention that need
46
to be filled. Knowledge about the true extent of the problem
of interpersonal violence in many countries is hindered by
a lack of data. Without such data it is difficult to develop
effective national plans of action and policies, prevention
programmes and services for victims. National action plans
for all types of violence are frequently formulated in the
absence of data and too often fail to address elder abuse,
armed violence and gang violence. Mechanisms or lead
agencies to coordinate multisectoral work addressing all
forms of violence are exceedingly rare, in spite of being
recognized as a cornerstone of the public health approach
to violence prevention. Uptake of prevention programmes
is highly uneven, with consistent gaps in the African,
South-East Asia and much of the Western Pacific Regions.
Prevention programmes are also not being implemented in
a manner and on a level necessary to achieve significant
and sustainable reductions in violence. While countries are
implementing strategies to change sociocultural norms,
much more needs to be done to implement effective
strategies to promote gender equitable norms and empower
women in order to prevent intimate partner violence and
sexual violence. Elder abuse remains one of the most
neglected types of violence.
While globally there is more attention given to victim services
than to prevention, important services such as mental
health and adult protective services are nonetheless lacking
in half or more of surveyed countries. Globally, enforcement
of laws relevant to all types of violence remains weak: on
average, each of the laws surveyed was reported to be fully
enforced by just over half of the countries. Key social and
educational policies addressing multiple types of violence,
such as incentives for youth to complete schooling, and
housing policies to alleviate poverty, remain too rare across
much of the world. Filling these gaps should be a priority.
Strengths and limitations of the report
has four notable strengths. Its main strength is the
comprehensiveness of its coverage. It is comprehensive
in the types of measures it covers – national action plans,
agencies responsible for violence prevention, information
systems, data collection capacity, policies, prevention
programmes, laws and victim services. In relation to most of
these measures it also includes a subnational assessment,
i.e. at provincial or state level. It is comprehensive in the
types of interpersonal violence it covers – armed violence,
gang violence, child maltreatment, youth violence, intimate
partner violence, sexual violence and elder abuse. Given the
sensitivity of the issue of interpersonal violence in many
countries, and that this is the first attempt at conducting
such a survey, its geographical coverage can also be viewed
as comprehensive – 133 of WHO’s 196 Member States are
included, accounting for 88% of the world’s population;
this ranges from 63% of the population of the Eastern
Mediterranean Region to 97% of the populations of the
South-East Asia and Western Pacific Regions.
A second strength is the standardized method used.
The method was designed to increase the accuracy and
completeness of data submitted to WHO by requiring
respondents from multiple sectors to take part in consensus
meetings and reach agreement on the final answers,
drawing on all relevant documents available in the country.
An additional benefit of this method was that it helped to
build bridges between sectors by linking individuals and
institutions working on violence in the same country. Several
National Data Coordinators observed that the consensus
group meeting was the first time that practitioners from
different sectors had met to discuss violence prevention and
victim services. Furthermore, the nomination and training of
National Data Coordinators, followed by close collaboration
with them throughout the data collection and validation
process, has sown the seeds of regional violence prevention
networks.
A third strength of the report is that almost all data included
have been endorsed by the governments of the countries
concerned. This ensures recognition by government of the
problem as described in the report, which is a prerequisite
for governments taking responsibility for addressing
interpersonal violence.
A final strength is that this report has generated, on the basis
of statistical models, comparable homicide estimates across
countries for homicide rates, numbers, and breakdown by
sex and mechanism. This has been done by drawing on
multiple sources – including data reported by countries
from public health and criminal justice data sources – which
were then combined with other existing datasets.
However, as with any study, there are limitations. First, there
is the possibility that many responses overestimated the
extent and quality of national violence prevention activities.
Data collection involved the use of self-administered
questionnaires which respondents initially completed by
themselves before discussion in the consensus meetings.
This can introduce a number of potential biases. In addition,
a degree of subjectivity was introduced as respondents
were asked to rate their perceptions of the degree to
which laws relevant to the different types of violence were
enforced, and the extent to which prevention programmes
were being implemented. The systematic inclusion of
independent experts from academia or civil society to help
verify government responses could have helped to reduce
these biases.
Second, while the survey method provided an assessment of
the existence of national action plans, policies, prevention
programmes, laws, and victim services (and in certain cases
their level of implementation and reported enforcement), it
was not designed to assess their quality. For instance, the
survey asked about types of programmes. It did not gather
information on the specific programmes implemented in
countries or gather details about these programmes in order
to assess the extent to which delivered programmes were
the ones with documented evidence of effectiveness or, at
a minimum, whether the programmes implemented include
evidence-based principles and practices. With regard to
laws, the report did not evaluate the quality of legislation
(for example, exact scope, quality of legislative texts,
political neutrality, flexibility or enforceability).
Third, not all policies, programmes, victim services and
laws relevant to violence prevention were examined in this
report. Included were those best supported by evidence
and judged by experts to be the most important. Fourth,
while the method proved successful in collecting data on
levels of fatal violence, it was less successful in gathering
prevalence data on non-fatal violence. It will be important
to draw lessons from the process of carrying out this first
report for any subsequent Global status reports on violence
prevention. Overcoming these limitations will, however,
require a more time-consuming and labour-intensive data
collection method.
47
RECOMMENDATIONS: NATIONAL, REGIONAL AND
INTERNATIONAL
The findings of the Global status report on violence
prevention 2014 are relevant to national, regional and global
violence prevention efforts. Across all these levels they
offer an unprecedented opportunity for violence prevention
stakeholders to come together and step up their activities
and investments to a level commensurate with the burden
and severity of the problem. For instance, by showing the
extent to which national action plans are driven by data,
the findings provide pointers for governments, regional
bodies and international violence prevention partners on
how they should steer national planning exercises in a more
data-driven direction. By highlighting gaps in prevention
programming and service delivery by type of violence,
stakeholders at all three levels have an opportunity to
correct imbalances in preventive attention. Perhaps most
importantly, whether at national or international level,
the findings represent a set of indicators and a baseline
measure to track future progress and to help set targets
within countries and internationally.
National level
A primary aim of the report is to identify gaps in national
violence prevention efforts and to stimulate actions to
address them. Accordingly, countries should review the
report’s findings for their countries in relation to regional and
global findings and in this way develop a roadmap for how
their existing violence prevention efforts can be improved.
Where necessary, this review could be done by reconvening
the intersectoral expert groups that were established during
the data collection process. The review should pay particular
attention to the following recommendations deriving from
the main findings of the report and the gaps it identified.
Strengthen data collection to reveal the true extent
of the problem. Vital registration and police systems
for collecting data on violence-related deaths should be
evaluated for the completeness and accuracy of the data
they collect; their use of international classifications of fatal
and non-fatal violence (ICD-1O and UNODC international
classification of crime); breakdown by age, sex, homicide
mechanism and victim-perpetrator relationship; and
48
timeliness of their reporting. Similar efforts should be made
to improve data on incidents of violence with non-fatal
consequences treated in hospital emergency departments
and other victim care facilities. Existing recent populationbased national and subnational surveys of the prevalence
of all the main types of interpersonal violence should
be identified. While police and service-based reporting
provides important data on the most severe forms of
violence that result in death or serious injury, country
specific national population-based surveys play an important
role in documenting more hidden forms of violence. Several
officials were unaware that high-quality national surveys
had been carried out within their borders. Where none
exists, conducting such surveys – using instruments that
produce valid and cross-culturally comparable findings
and with the help of international experts if required – and
periodically repeating them to asses changes over time
should be made a priority.
Develop comprehensive and data-driven national
action plans. All countries should critically review the
extent to which national action plans are comprehensive and
address all forms of violence, and are informed by nationally
representative data on the magnitude and characteristics of
violence and the risk and protective factors for violence.
Such plans provide a framework that can strengthen efforts
to address specific types of violence, and given the strong
connections between the different types of violence they
have the potential to accelerate overall violence prevention
gains.
Integrate violence prevention into other health
platforms. Because violence is a risk factor for outcomes
such as HIV and sexually transmitted diseases, mental
health and substance abuse disorders, and because
immunization programmes, early childhood development
and school health programmes may already be well
developed, countries should integrate violence prevention
into other health platforms that already exist.
Strengthen mechanisms for leadership and
coordination. Mechanisms for the leadership and
coordination of violence prevention activities – including
key rule of law institutions – should be established where
they are weak or non-existent. Systems for the exchange
of information should be reviewed for the extent to which
they are focused on preventing violence. Ideally, these
mechanisms should be forums that periodically convene
representatives of relevant sectors to discuss the latest
available data on violence with a view to identifying
emerging problems (and their underlying risk factors) so that
appropriate interventions can be made in time.
Ensure prevention programmes are comprehensive,
integrated and informed by evidence. The extent to
which prevention programmes address all types of violence
should be reviewed. Greater attention should be given to
integrating prevention and response efforts across the
different types of violence because programmes that
simultaneously address multiple types of violence can
help to reduce the costs and complexity of addressing
them separately. For instance, programmes to support new
parents and promote gender equality and non-violent social
and cultural norms, life skills training for children and youth,
and policies to reduce access to and the misuse of alcohol
all have the potential to prevent several types of violence.
Prevention programmes identified through the survey should
be qualitatively examined with a view to assessing how far
their content and mode of delivery conform to evidencebased best practices, and, where needed, modified so
that they more closely approximate evidence-based best
practices. More attention must be given to putting in place
prevention programmes that go beyond awareness-raising
and instead bring about lasting social and cultural changes
that move societies towards more egalitarian and nonviolent norms.
Ensure that services for victims are comprehensive
and informed by evidence. Services to identify, refer and
protect victims should be carefully assessed to determine
whether they provide comprehensive and sensitive highquality services and referrals, and how widely they are
available and accessible to victims, in particular those who
are less likely to seek and access such services and are
victims of the most hidden and stigmatized forms of violence
(for example, violence against women, child maltreatment
and elder abuse). As with prevention programmes, there
is a need to ascertain the extent to which they conform to
evidence-based best practice. Particular attention should be
paid to further developing mental health and adult protective
services in the many countries where they remain weak. The
development of victim services should be complemented by
the scaling up of prevention programmes that can contribute
to reducing the need for services.
Strengthen support for outcome-evaluation studies.
In relation to prevention programmes and victim services,
strengthening support for outcome-evaluation studies
should be a priority. The surprisingly large number of violence
prevention programmes and services for victims being
implemented once or a few times in many low- and middleincome countries suggests that there is great potential to
close the current gap in the evidence base between highincome countries (which account for 90% of all published
outcome-evaluation studies of violence prevention
programmes), and low- and middle-income countries, where
the development of such programmes is a priority. National
stakeholders should use the report to identify violence
prevention programmes and victim services in low- and
middle-income countries that could be subject to outcome
evaluation, with the help of international partners when
required, and facilitate the conduct of such evaluations.
Enforce existing laws and review their quality. That
laws against most forms of violence have been enacted in
the majority of countries should not breed complacency.
Little is known about the quality of these laws, and a careful
review of these laws against internationally recognized
standards of quality of legislation would be an important
step to consider. Just as importantly, with on average only
57% of countries reporting that each of the laws surveyed
was fully enforced, this report shows that the enforcement
of existing laws should be a priority. Awareness campaigns
to publicize the laws, and increase public understanding
of and support for them, should be considered. Where
necessary, institutions in relevant sectors such as the
justice, security, health, education and social sectors should
be strengthened and supported to ensure the quality of law
and policy-making, as well as enforcement efforts.
Implement and enact policies and laws relevant
to multiple types of violence. Policies and laws which
address multiple types of violence (such as incentives for
youth to complete schooling, and laws designed to reduce
access to, and misuse of, alcohol) must be more widely
implemented and enacted, and resources to do so developed.
The violence prevention potential of these policies and
laws should be better harnessed by ensuring that trends in
49
violence are factored in when any amendments are made
to them.
Build capacity for violence prevention: Although
capacity-building is not explicitly assessed in the Global
status report on violence prevention 2014, developing
national action plans, coordination mechanisms, information
systems, policies, programmes, services and laws to prevent
and respond to violence clearly cannot happen without the
requisite human and institutional capacity to do so. Thus a
key cross-cutting recommendation is the critical importance
of training the work force and building up the institutions
and networks over time so that other recommendations
listed here can be acted upon effectively.
Regional and international levels
Strengthening the global violence prevention agenda.
International partners should draw upon the findings of the
report to enhance their calls for increased investment in
global violence prevention efforts. By clearly demonstrating
the extent to which violence prevention has been taken up by
governments at all levels of development in all regions of the
world, the report shows that violence prevention is a topic of
widespread concern, and that, if offered, increased financial
and technical support for national violence prevention work
is likely to be enthusiastically accepted. By changing the
nature of such support to fill the gaps in policies, laws,
prevention programmes and outcome-evaluation studies
highlighted by this report, the global violence prevention
agenda can be considerably strengthened.
Strengthen support for comprehensive and integrated
violence prevention programming. By coming together
across the lines of their interests in specific types of
violence, international organizations and donors can
support a more streamlined approach to prevention that, in
addition to providing programmes which focus on specific
types of violence, prioritizes integrated prevention policies
and programmes to address several types of violence
simultaneously.
Increase collaboration between international
organizations and donor agencies. Many international
and regional organizations, such as the UNDP, UNFPA,
UNODC, UNICEF, UN Women and WHO, and the African
Union, the Inter-American Development Bank, the Caribbean
Community, the Council of Europe, and the League of Arab
States, have developed policy instruments, funding streams,
50
advocacy platforms and normative guidance materials to
support national violence prevention efforts. Greater efforts
should be made to foster collaboration and coordinated
action between these organizations, particularly in view of
the post-2015 agenda on sustainable development, which in
all likelihood will prominently include violence prevention.
Donor agencies, many of whom have been supporting
violence prevention projects, should collaborate more
closely to increase coherence and synergy in the field and
avoid duplication.
Set baselines and targets, and track progress. At
international level, the global violence prevention field
has lacked the necessary indicators to establish common
baselines and shared targets for its efforts to advance
national violence prevention efforts. The findings of this
report help fill this gap, and along with information from
other initiatives (for example, UNODC reports on homicide;
Together for Girls Violence Against Children Surveys; WHO’s
multi-country study on women’s health and domestic violence
against women, and its global and regional estimates of the
prevalence of violence against women), lend themselves to
the generation of violence prevention baselines and targets
on the basis of which countries can monitor their progress.
A growing body of research shows that much interpersonal
violence can be effectively prevented and its far-reaching
consequences mitigated. This report shows that many
countries have begun to implement prevention programmes
and victim services, and to develop the national action plans,
policies and laws required to support violence prevention
programmes and response efforts. At international level,
high-level resolutions that commit Member States to
tackling interpersonal violence within their countries and
through the establishment of networks and partnerships
have been adopted. Yet this survey shows that serious
gaps remain and that much work is still required before
the full potential of the growing violence prevention field
is realized. No country can rest on its laurels and assume
it has successfully addressed interpersonal violence.
The international community must continue to recognize
interpersonal violence as an important health, criminal
justice, development and gender equality issue, and must
step up its support for the prevention of and response to all
forms of violence.
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Part V – Explanatory notes
METHOD FOR DATA COLLECTION AND VALIDATION
The data collection and validation method used for this
report was modelled on that used in WHO’s first Global
status report on road safety (1) and is shown in Figure
19. It involved systematically gathering data and other
information from each country, coordinated by a National
Data Coordinator. Within each country the questionnaire
was completed by individual respondents representing
ministries of health, justice, law enforcement and the
police, education, gender and women, children and social
development, and, where relevant, nongovernmental
organizations working on violence prevention.
The questionnaire used the recommendations of the World
report on violence and health (2) and subsequent WHO
violence prevention guidance documents as the basis for
its content. The scientific evidence base for intervention
effectiveness was used to identify specific prevention
programmes selected for inclusion, and questions were
formulated about programmes of proven or promising
effectiveness in preventing different types of violence.
Information about other programmes or approaches was
also gathered, particularly in areas where fewer evidencebased programmes exist, such as for elder abuse and
sexual violence prevention. In these areas, programmes or
approaches included in the questionnaire were based on
expert opinion. The selection of questions about prevention
laws specific to each type of violence was also guided by
expert opinion.
The questionnaire covered the following areas:
• data (e.g. homicide numbers, rates and trends; mechanism
of homicide; the existence of national or subnational
population-based survey data on non-fatal violence for
each of the different types of violence);
• action plans and agency involvement in violence
prevention (e.g. the existence of national action plans
to address the different types of violence; governmental
and nongovernmental agencies involved in violence
prevention activities, including a lead agency to
coordinate prevention activities);
• prevention policies and laws relevant to multiple
types of violence (alcohol policies and laws, social and
educational policies, policing strategies, firearms laws);
58
• child maltreatment prevention programmes (e.g. home
visiting, parenting education and parent-child support
programmes) and laws (e.g. against corporal punishment
and child marriage);
• youth violence prevention programmes (e.g. life skills
training and mentoring programmes, bullying prevention,
after-school supervision, pre-school enrichment) and laws
(e.g. against weapons on school premises, prohibiting
gang membership);
• intimate partner violence prevention programmes (e.g.
school-based dating violence prevention programmes
and programmes to change social and cultural norms that
are supportive of violence) and laws (e.g. against rape in
marriage, allowing for the removal of a violent spouse
from the home);
• sexual violence prevention programmes (e.g. programmes
for school and college populations and programmes
to improve the physical environment, for instance by
improving street lighting in public spaces and providing
special carriages on trains) and laws (e.g. against rape,
against contact and non-contact sexual violence);
• elder abuse prevention programmes (e.g. programmes to
provide support for caregivers and to improve residential
care policies, professional awareness and public
information campaigns) and laws (e.g. against elder
abuse, including in institutions);
• health services for victims of violence (e.g. mental health
services for victims of violence, child protection services,
adult protective services, medico-legal services for
victims of sexual violence, and identification, referral and
support for victims of child maltreatment and violence
against women);
• legal services (e.g. requiring that the state compensate
victims of violence for their suffering).
The questionnaire and survey method were developed in
close consultation with an international expert committee
of violence prevention researchers and practitioners,
and widely reviewed by representatives of international
and regional organizations working on the prevention of
violence, governmental and nongovernmental organizations,
and academic institutions.
Figure 19: Method of data collection and validation
Global and regional level coordination
National Data Coordinator in each country/area
Questionnaire completed by respondents comprising a multisectoral group from
ministries of health, justice, education, gender and women, children, and interior,
and non-government organizations
National consensus meeting
One national data set
Validation
Government clearance
Fed into Global status report
on violence prevention 2014
59
In addition to the questionnaire there was a protocol
providing detailed descriptions of each stage of the data
collection, validation and clearance process, a glossary
defining the main technical terms, and a set of PowerPoint
training materials. The questionnaire and consensus method
were piloted in Malaysia, Mexico, the Philippines and The
former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia during the first
quarter of 2012, and minor adjustments were made based
on the pilot.
The questionnaire, protocol, glossary and training materials
were developed and made available in Arabic, Chinese,
English, French, German, Portuguese, Russian and Spanish.
Following their recruitment, National Data Coordinators
were trained via webinars. The implementation of the full
survey began in June 2012 and ended in July 2014.
Data collection and validation
Following training, National Data Coordinators (see table A1
in Statistical annex) convened a consensus meeting involving
a multisectoral group of up to 10 violence prevention experts.
The method stipulated that the following sectors should be
among the respondents in each country:
• Ministry of Health or department responsible for public
health;
• Ministry of Justice;
• Ministry responsible for law enforcement and the police;
• Ministry of Interior;
• Ministry of Education;
• Ministry responsible for gender and women;
• Ministry responsible for children and social development.
After the country consensus meeting, the National Data
Coordinator submitted a draft of the completed questionnaire
to WHO regional and global violence prevention technical
staff. These staff validated the responses by checking them
against independent databases where these existed (for
example, UNODC’s global homicide statistics database, End
Corporal Punishment’s online database of national corporal
punishment laws); through consultation with independent
experts from the country in question, and through Internetbased searches. Findings of the validation process were
then discussed with the National Data Coordinators who
amended the questionnaire responses, until, usually after
several iterations, a fully validated draft was agreed upon.
National Data Coordinators then submitted the validated
draft to the relevant ministry for official permission to
include the final data in the report, following which they sent
the finalized questionnaire to WHO by email and uploaded
the information into an online database specially created
for the project.
While most countries followed the standardized method,
in five countries (Australia, Germany, Japan, New Zealand
and Singapore) the questionnaire was completed by the
National Data Coordinator (see Table A1 in Statistical
annex) using input from multiple sectors, and no consensus
meeting was held.
Final data were received from 133 participating countries
and areas (see Table 7). These 133 countries and areas
account for 88% of the world’s population.
In addition, the method noted that respondents from national
statistics offices, nongovernmental organizations working
on violence prevention and academics or representatives of
other research institutions working on violence prevention
research could also be represented in the consensus
meeting. Respondents were asked to complete the
questionnaire independently and then discuss each of the
answers at the consensus meeting where the respondents
would agree as a group on one final country response, which
was then submitted to WHO.
60
Table 7: Country participation in the survey, by WHO region and income group
WHO region
African
Number of
WHO Member
States and
Associate
Members
Countries/areas
participating
% of regional
population
covered by
participating
countries
Non-participating Member States/
Associate Members
47
27
70
Angola, Cabo Verde, Central African
Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Cote
d’Ivoire, Democratic Republic of the
Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea,
Ethiopia, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau,
Lesotho, Mali, Mauritius, Namibia,
Sierra Leone, South Sudan, Togo
88
Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina,
Bahamas, Barbados, Chile, Grenada,
Haiti, Paraguay, Puerto Rico, Saint Kitts
and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and
the Grenadines, Suriname, Uruguay
63
Djibouti, Lebanon, Libya, Pakistan,
Somalia, Syria
83
Andorra, Bosnia and Herzegovina,
Denmark, France, Greece, Hungary,
Ireland, Luxembourg, Malta, Monaco,
Turkmenistan, Ukraine
97
Democratic People’s Republic of Korea,
Sri Lanka, Timor-Leste
97
Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Nauru,
Niue, Palau, Republic of Korea, Tonga
(13 middle-income countries,
14 low-income countries)
Americas
35
21
(4 high-income countries,
17 middle-income countries)
Eastern
Mediterranean1
22
European
53
16
9 middle-income countries,
1 low-income country)
41
South-East Asia
11
8
(5 middle-income countries,
Western Pacific2
27
20
1 low-income country)
GLOBAL
195
133
88
1
2
Includes one non-member area, the West Bank and Gaza Strip.
Includes one Associate Member, Tokelau.
References
1.
2.
World Health Organization. Global status report on road safety. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2009.
Krug E, Dahlberg L, Mercy J, Zwi A, Lozano R. World report on violence and health. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2002.
61
ESTIMATING GLOBAL HOMICIDE DEATHS
Most countries that record information on homicide deaths
rely on vital registration or criminal justice reporting
systems, and often use both. In civil registration and vital
statistics systems, homicides are coded as a cause of death
according to the International Classification of Diseases.
The criminal justice systems typically rely on administrative
data collected through the police and court system.
For the purposes of generating comparable estimates of
homicide across countries, two databases were combined:
the WHO Mortality Database (1), which contains vital
registration data, and criminal justice statistics previously
compiled by the UNODC (2,3). For countries with long
time series of high quality reporting data for homicides,
estimates of homicide rates from 2000–2012 were derived
directly from the reported data, after adjustment to deal with
underreporting. For countries without high quality reporting
data for homicides across most of the 2000–2012 period,
estimates were obtained from a hierarchical regression
model. For countries with model-based homicide estimates,
the levels and trends indicated by those estimates are more
appropriately interpreted as guides to priority setting and
understanding the likely homicide burden within a country,
as opposed to evidence of the effectiveness of national
policies on homicide.
Types of health statistics
The reported number of homicide deaths in vital registration
and criminal justice data sources are not necessarily the
most accurate estimate of homicide deaths, and in cases
where both systems are present in a country, discrepancies
are sometimes apparent. Moreover, countries’ definitions
of homicide may differ, which reduces the comparability of
reported values for homicide rates across countries. Given
this, three types of homicide statistics were used to prepare
this report:
• Reported homicide deaths
The number of homicide deaths as reported by countries
in their response to the Global status report on violence
prevention 2014 survey is presented in the Country
profiles, Annex A3. These reported homicide deaths may
62
come from data systems that are incomplete, or may use
inconsistent definitions for homicide.
• Adjusted homicide deaths
Systems reporting homicide deaths may not always
capture all homicide deaths in a country. This can
occur when some deaths are not captured by the vital
registration or criminal justice reporting system, or when
deaths that are recorded are incorrectly classified as due
to causes other than homicide. Previous work on the WHO
Mortality Database developed methods for quantifying
these biases in vital registration data, after which data
are either excluded if there is evidence of large underreporting or misclassification, or adjusted in cases
where the issues are less severe. This process leads to
a set of adjusted homicide deaths that are corrected for
underreporting and misclassification.
• Comparable homicide estimates
Unfortunately, many countries do not yet have robust data
collection systems for measuring their homicide rates.
To address this data gap, modelling is used to derive
homicide estimates for countries that do not have high
quality data on homicides. These model-based estimates,
combined with adjusted homicide deaths from countries
with high-quality data on homicide, provide a comparable
set of homicide estimates for all Member States.
Estimation strategy for homicide rates
National homicide rates for year 2012 were estimated
based on an in depth analysis of homicide data from 2000
to 2012, with countries grouped into two main estimation
categories. For countries with 8 or more years of recent high
quality data on homicide from at least one source between
2000 and 2012, estimates were computed directly from the
data. For countries without long time series of high-quality
data, regression modelling was used to project national
homicide rates, combining information on observed levels of
homicide rates across regions and countries with covariates
that explain variation in levels of homicide.
Directly estimated homicide rates
Reported numbers of homicide deaths were obtained through
vital registration or criminal justice reporting systems. The
estimates provided in this country consultation rely primarily
on two data sets that contain such information: the WHO
Mortality Database (1), which contains vital registration
data, and criminal justice statistics compiled by UNODC
for its global studies on homicide (2, 3), which incorporate
data from the United Nations Surveys on Crime Trends
and the Operations of Criminal Justice Systems. In several
cases, responses that were collected through the Global
status report on violence prevention 2014 survey duplicated
observations from the WHO and UNODC data bases. In a
few cases, data from the survey were also included (see
below). Crude homicide rates were computed using UN
Population Division estimates for country population size.
used an indicator of the quality of the reporting system, and
police data from the UNODC data base were included if they
contained values for homicide deaths for 8 or more years
from 2000 to 2012 (over 60% of years with an observation)
and at least one observation year since 2008. Analyses
undertaken for this report comparing vital registration and
criminal justice data also suggested that in countries with
high quality vital registration systems, criminal justice data
may typically underreport homicides by 15%. It is likely
that underreporting in criminal justice systems is higher
in countries without functioning vital registration systems,
but that cannot be assessed given the available data. Given
this, police data were excluded if their homicide rates were
lower than the minimum nationally observed homicide rate
from any country with a high quality vital registration system
(Japan), which led to the exclusion of police data for Egypt
and Indonesia.
Country data on homicide were extracted from the
WHO Mortality Database, in which homicides from vital
registration systems are defined according the International
Classification of Disease by codes ICD-10: X85-Y09, Y87.1
or ICD-9: E960-E969. Country vital registration data were
included in the estimation process if they met data quality
inclusion criteria. To be included, country vital registration
data had to be at least 70% complete and no more than 30%
of injuries could be classified as intent undetermined. Final
counts of homicides from the vital registration data were
then computed by adjusting reported homicides upwards to
correct for incompleteness, as well as redistributing injuries
of undetermined intent pro rata across injury causes,
including homicide. These adjusted vital registration data
were used for subsequent estimation processes.
Many countries had data included from both vital registration
and criminal justice reporting systems. As the final data set
of national homicide rates was restricted to sources with
a consistent definition of homicide, the primary concern
over the accuracy of observed homicide rates was that of
underreporting. Therefore, within a country, preference was
given to data sources reporting a higher rate, based on the
assumption that over-reporting of homicides was much less
likely than under-reporting. For countries with 8 or more
years of reliable data from WHO’s Mortality Database or
the UNODC criminal justice database, homicide rates were
directly estimated from the data based on the following
decision rules summarized in Table 1:
The use of criminal justice data for the estimation of homicide
rates is complicated by the fact that there is currently no
reliable way to estimate the degree of completeness of
criminal justice reporting systems. This differs from vital
registration systems that attempt to record all causes of
death, which allows for comparisons between total deaths
recorded by vital registration to deaths implied by trends in
population numbers as a means to assess completeness.
For criminal justice systems, which only record crimerelated deaths, there are no comparator data sets (in
the absence of a vital registration system) to enable an
assessment of completeness. Given that vital registration
data is often incomplete, there is justifiable concern that
criminal justice data may in some cases be incomplete as
well. For these estimates, duration of police reporting was
1. If the homicide rates reported in the criminal justice data
series were, on average, significantly higher (p<0.10)
than the homicide rates resulting from the adjusted vital
registration data, the reported criminal justice homicide
rate was used as the final estimate.
2. If there was no significant difference between the
criminal justice and adjusted vital registration homicide
rates, or the adjusted vital registration homicide rate
was significantly higher than the criminal justice rate,
the adjusted vital registration homicide rate was used
as the final estimate.
3. If a country had 8 or more years of recent criminal
justice data, but lacked vital registration data meeting
the inclusion criteria, the criminal justice homicide rate
was adjusted upwards by 15% (based on the analysis
described above) to obtain a final estimate.
63
In cases where the selected data source had an incomplete
time series, trends observed in the unused data source were
used if available to extrapolate missing years. In cases
where there were no observations for a given year from
either vital registration or criminal justice data, trends from
the regression modelling output for that country (described
below) were applied to extrapolate homicide rates for the
missing data years and bring the estimates up to year 2012.
A few countries (Albania, Bahrain, and Kuwait) had vital
registration data in the early 2000s and more complete
police data, and the two sources differed in their levels
of homicide. For these countries, we included both data
sources and projected estimates with the regression model
described in the next section.
Model-based homicide rates
For countries without long, high quality data series on
homicide rates, regression models were used to estimate
national homicide rates over time (Table 8). Potential
covariates for the regression modelling were selected in
a multi-step process. First, seven conceptual categories of
potential predictors of homicide were identified: absolute
and relative deprivation, demographic factors, social (dis)
organization, deterrence, routine activity, economic and
social development and selected individual risk factors.
Second, within each of these categories, indicator variables
were identified (Table 9). Third, graphical examination of
global and regional relationships between each of these
indicator variables and homicide rates,4 in combination with
quantitative metrics based on single covariate regression
models, were used to eliminate several of the covariates
as non-predictive or redundant. The remaining 11 covariates
(Table 9) were included as candidate covariates in a cross
validation algorithm to select the most predictive regression
models.
As the regression model was fitted to data for the period
2000 to 2012, a complete time series over this period was
necessary for each covariate for each country. In cases
where there were gaps in a country’s time series for a given
4
64
Each potential covariate was included by itself in a set of different
log-linear generalized linear models. This set of models included
different specifications of fixed or random effects for intercepts
and linear time trends for regions and countries. Covariates that
consistently had higher Akaike information criterion values across all
model specifications, and no clear relationship with homicide rates as
assessed with scatter plots and p-values, were eligible to be removed
from the initial covariate list. In cases where covariates were very
highly correlated (e.g., gross national income and gross domestic
product), only one was selected.
covariate, missing values were linearly interpolated. In cases
where a country’s time series started after 2000 or ended
before 2012, missing values were extrapolated assuming
a constant value equal to that of the nearest non-missing
year. For countries with no observed covariate values, the
value was imputed with a regression that included fixed
effects for WHO region and year.
Observations of homicide rates were taken primarily
from WHO and UNODC databases (described above),
after the vital registration data inputted for the modelling
were adjusted for incompleteness and misclassification.
Criminal justice data were not adjusted for completeness
before being inputted to the regression modelling as
a covariate was included in the model to account for
systematic differences in homicide-rate levels between
vital registration and criminal justice data. In addition to
incorporating the long, high quality time series of homicide
data that were used to directly produce country estimates
above, shorter time series of police homicide data were also
included in the model if countries also had high quality vital
registration data. Finally, initially excluded criminal justice
data from the UNODC database or the Global status report
on violence prevention 2014 survey were included based on
initial modelling results for a few countries, where modelled
projections were well below reported homicide rates,
implying reasonable completeness of those data. This led to
data inclusion for Iraq and Lesotho for modelled countries,
and for countries with direct estimation, inclusion of police
data from Global status report on violence prevention 2014
for Botswana and Swaziland.
Country-level homicide rates were estimated with
hierarchical generalized linear models with a log link. By
using a hierarchical model, estimates for countries with
limited or no data are informed by regional and global
patterns. In the regression, random intercepts were
assigned to countries and WHO regions, with high-income
countries categorized as a separate region. An additional
random effect was introduced for each unique data source
(for example, vital registration data from France) to account
for over-dispersion. Homicide counts were modelled with a
log offset for population size. The model can be described
as follows:
ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑖 = 𝑃𝑃𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑜𝑜𝑃𝑃(𝜇𝜇𝑖𝑖 𝜃𝜃𝑖𝑖 )
𝑐𝑐
𝑟𝑟
log(𝜃𝜃𝑖𝑖 ) = 𝑋𝑋𝑖𝑖 𝛽𝛽 + 𝑟𝑟𝑘𝑘[𝑖𝑖]
+ 𝑟𝑟𝑗𝑗[𝑖𝑖]
+ 𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑖𝑠𝑠
where unique data sources are denoted s and indexed by
i, countries are denoted c and indexed by j, regions are
denoted r and indexed by k, a are random effects for region,
country and data source, and µ is an offset. In addition to
explanatory variables, X also contained an indicator variable
for whether a data source was from vital registration or
criminal justice reporting systems. This covariate was set
equal to vital registration during prediction to adjust for
underreporting in the criminal justice data. Final estimates
were based on a model ensemble, which was computed
as a weighted average of the predicted homicide rates
from the five best performing models from a leave-one-out
cross-validation procedure. The cross-validation algorithm
dropped one unique data source at a time and computed
the root mean squared error of the predicted homicide
rate as an error metric. The five covariate sets with the
lowest average root mean squared error were included in
the ensemble, and the reciprocal of the root mean squared
error was used as a weight when averaging the model
predications. The covariates included in the final ensemble
were alcohol drinking pattern, gender inequality index,
percent of the population living in urban areas, proportion of
the population that were males aged 15–30 years, religious
fractionalization, and infant mortality rate. Uncertainty
around model-based estimates was obtained via the
bootstrap.
Estimates by sex, age and mechanism
After obtaining final homicide estimates for year 2012 as
explained above, age- and sex-specific homicide rates
for 2012 were obtained by splitting the total homicide
estimates by the age and sex fractions observed in the WHO
Mortality Database for year 2012, or, for countries without
vital registration data from 2012, age and sex fractions
for homicide in year 2012 from the WHO’s Global Health
Estimates (4).
Estimates of homicide mechanism were derived for three
major categories: firearms, sharp objects, and other, based
on data from WHO’s Mortality Database and responses
collected during the Global status report on violence
prevention 2014 survey. Data sources were excluded if the
percent of “unknown” causes was greater than 30%, or if
the percentage of homicides due to firearms or sharp objects
was missing. If a country had both vital registration and
Global status report on violence prevention 2014 police data
sources meeting data inclusion criteria, the police data were
dropped for countries for which vital registration data were
used to compute the homicide rate estimates, and similarly,
vital registration data were dropped in favour of police
data if homicide rate estimates were based on police data.
Blunt objects were not estimated as a distinct mechanism
category due to sparse reporting across countries. Unknown
causes were excluded, which is equivalent to assuming
that the distribution of unknown causes is the same as that
observed across firearms, sharp objects and other.
For countries with included data, final estimates of homicide
mechanism fractions were computed directly from the data
for the most recent year available. For countries whose most
recent data year was prior to 2012, this assumes stable
mechanism fractions over time. For countries without data,
mechanism fractions were estimated with a multinomial
logistic regression, which modelled firearms, sharp objects,
and other categories as a function of covariates. Potential
covariates included those considered in the cross validation
exercise for estimating homicide rates (Table 9), plus
firearms per capita and the final homicide rate estimate
for a country. Model covariates for estimating mechanism
fractions were selected via cross-validation, and included
the log of the estimated homicide rate, log firearms per
capita, alcohol drinking pattern, religious fractionalization,
corruption index for 2012, and an indicator variable for East
Asia and high income Asia Pacific countries.
65
Table 8: Estimation method by country
Estimation method
Vital registration data
Criminal justice data
Adjusted criminal
justice data
Modelled estimate
with country data
Modelled estimate
without country data
Countrya
Argentina, Austria, Bahamas, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus,
Czech Republic, Denmark, Ecuador, El Salvador, Estonia, Finland, Guyana, Hungary, Iceland, India, Israel, Japan, Jordan,
Kazakhstan, Latvia, Luxembourg, Malta, Mauritius, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Panama, Poland,
Portugal, Republic of Korea, Republic of Moldova, Romania, Russian Federation, Serbia, Singapore, Slovenia, Suriname,
Sweden, The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Trinidad and Tobago, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States of
America, Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)
Australia, Belize, Bulgaria, Costa Rica, France, Germany, Greece, Guatemala, Ireland, Italy, Kyrgyzstan, Lithuania,
Paraguay, Slovakia, Spain, Switzerland, Uruguay
Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Botswana, Cambodia, Dominican Republic,
Georgia, Honduras, Jamaica, Kenya, Malawi, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Nicaragua,
Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Peru, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Swaziland, Syrian Arab Republic, Tajikistan, Thailand,
Turkey, Uganda, Yemen
Albania, Bahrain, Fiji, Iraq, Kuwait, Lesotho, Montenegro, Philippines, Uzbekistan
Afghanistan, Algeria, Angola, Benin, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brunei Darussalam, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cabo Verde,
Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Democratic People's Republic of Korea,
Democratic Republic of the Congo, Djibouti, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea,
Guinea-Bissau, Haiti, Indonesia, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Lao People's Democratic Republic, Lebanon, Liberia, Libya,
Madagascar, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Mauritania, Myanmar, Niger, Nigeria, Oman, Qatar, Rwanda, Saudi Arabia,
Senegal, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, Timor-Leste, Togo, Tunisia, Turkmenistan,
United Arab Emirates, United Republic of Tanzania, Viet Nam, West Bank and Gaza Strip, Zambia, Zimbabwe
a Not listed here are 22 Member States with populations less than 300 000 for which homicide estimates were included in regional tables but not reported separately.
Table 9: Covariates considered for homicide rate regression model
Category
Included in cross validation
Excluded after initial tests
Absolute and relative deprivation
• Infant mortality rate
• Gini index
Demographic
• Percentage of urban population
• Proportion of population aged 15–30
years old and male
Social (dis)organization
• Adolescent birth rate
• HIV prevalence
• Religious fractionalization
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Proportion of income in the highest quintile
Proportion of income in the lowest quintile
Ratio of upper and lower income quintiles
Population density
Population growth rate
Sex ratio in 15–30 year old age groups
Percentage of households headed by female
Divorce rate
Health system access
Ethnic fractionalization
Language fractionalization
Deterrence
Routine activity
Economic and social development
• Corruption index 2012
Selected individual risk factors
• Alcohol drinking pattern
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Unemployment rate
Gross domestic product
Literacy rate
Mean years of education
Alcohol consumption rate
Child stunting
Firearms per capita
• Lagged gross national income
• Gender inequality index
References
1. WHO Mortality Database [online database]. Geneva: World health
Organization; 2014. (http://www.who.int/healthinfo/mortality_
data/en/, accessed 20 August 2014).
2. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. 2011 Global study on
homicide: trends, contexts, data. Vienna: United Nations Office on
Drugs and Crime; 2011.
66
3. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. Global study on
homicide 2013. Vienna: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime;
2013.
4. World Health Organization. Global health estimates: deaths by
cause, age, sex and country, 2000–2012. Geneva: World Health
Organization; 2014.
COUNTRY PROFILES: EXPLANATION
The country profiles in the following section (in alphabetical
order) present a selection of core information about violence
prevention and victim support services, as reported by each
of the 133 participating countries and areas. Additional and
more detailed national data can be found in the Statistical
annex (Tables A1–A11).
Background information on countries
Background information for population, gross national
income (GNI) per capita and economic inequality are
reported for the most recent year available. Population
data were extracted from the United Nations Population
Division database, while gross national income per capita
for the year 2012, and data on the Gini coefficient of income
inequality, came from World Bank estimates. Where no
data were available for 2012, published data for the latest
year were used. The World Bank Atlas method was used to
categorize GNI according to the following bands:
• low-income: US$ 1005 or less
• middle-income: US$ 1006 to US$ 12 275
• high-income: US$ 12 276 or more.
Flags were obtained from the World Flag Database (http://
www.flags.net). Flags as of 31 December 2012 were used.
Terminology
A full list of definitions of all key terms used in this report
can be found in Part VI, Glossary.
The information on levels and patterns of drinking and
excise taxes on alcohol sales was taken from the 2014
Global status report on alcohol and health (1).
• Total per capita consumption is defined as total (recorded
plus estimated unrecorded) alcohol per capita for those
aged 15 years and older within a calendar year in litres
of pure alcohol (1).
• The “patterns of drinking” score reflects how people
drink instead of how much they drink within a population.
Strongly associated with the alcohol-attributable burden
of disease in a country, the patterns of drinking score
is measured on a scale from one (least risky pattern
of drinking) to five (most risky pattern of drinking). The
higher the score, the greater the alcohol-attributable
burden of disease in population groups with the same
level of consumption. Notably, different drinking patterns
give rise to very different health outcomes in population
groups with the same level of consumption (1).
• An excise tax is an inland tax applied on the sale of, or
production for sale of, specific goods. Here it refers to
beer, wine and spirits. Excise taxes are distinguished
from customs duties, which are taxes on imports (1).
Key to country profiles
The sections below reflect how the information is structured
in each of the country profiles. They include details on how
data on certain variables are presented and should be
interpreted.
Variables were coded as “–” if the information was
unavailable or non-applicable, or if respondents had
provided a “Don’t know” response.
Information on the existence of national and subnational
action plans, policies and laws is indicated as “Yes” (with
a footnote where these are subnational) or “No”. Countries
where the development of action plans, policies and laws
is underway but these have yet to be approved or endorsed
by government are indicated as “No”. National was defined
as “relating to a nation or a country as a whole”. In federal
states, plans of action, policies and laws were considered
“national” when they were either federal or when more than
90% of subnational entities – such as states or provinces –
had such plans of action, policies and laws.
Respondents were asked to use their professional
judgement to rate the extent of enforcement of laws and of
implementation of programmes. The group of respondents
then reached consensus on an enforcement rating for laws
and an implementation rating for programmes. These scores
were:
Extent of enforcement of laws
1 = “Enforced to a limited extent”: up to 40% effective
2 = “Enforced to a large extent”: 40–79% effective
3 = “Fully enforced”: 80% or more effective
67
Extent of prevention programme and victim support
programme implementation
1 = The programme has been implemented once or a few
isolated times.
2 = The programme has been implemented systematically
on a larger scale (for example, across many schools or
communities, or has reached more than 30% of the intended
target population in the country).
It is noted that these scores are subjective and are only
an indication of how law enforcement and programme
implementation are perceived in the country.
Only information on whether national population-based
prevalence surveys of non-fatal violence exist is reported
here. Too few countries reported data of adequate quality
to include prevalence rates for the different types of nonfatal violence.
Reported homicide numbers or rates per 100 000,
percentage of male and female homicide victims and the
percentage of homicides by mechanism are presented for
the most recent year for which data were provided. The
proportion of homicides where the sex was unknown has
not been reported in the profiles. Proportions of homicide by
sex and by mechanism may sometimes not add up to 100%
because of rounding or because only partial information was
68
received. It is emphasized that only the reported numbers
or reported rates of homicide are included in the country
profiles. Estimates based on the statistical model developed
are listed in the Statistical annex.
It is further emphasized that all police-reported data shown
are as submitted to WHO as part of the Global status report
on violence prevention 2014 data collection survey. As such,
these data may differ from the police-reported homicide
numbers and rates supplied to and published by UNODC
owing to variations in the procedures/channels used to
gather the data, the timing of their collection and the
validation methods used by WHO and UNODC respectively.
Graphs on reported homicide rates per 100 000 population.
While many countries track data trends over decades, only
a 10-year period is depicted here. Data points for years
where this information was missing were left blank. For
countries providing fewer than 3 years of homicide trend
data, this information is presented in a table instead of a
graph. Where the primary data source for data on homicide
mechanisms and homicide trends was not specified, the
country questionnaire has been listed as the source.
Reference
1.
World Health Organization. Global status report on alcohol
and health 2014. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2014.
Part VI – At a glance
At a glance
CHILD
MALTREATMENT
Millions of children suffer abuse and neglect at
the hands of their parents and other caregivers.
Child maltreatment is the abuse and
neglect of children under 18 years of
age. It includes all types of physical
and/or emotional maltreatment,
sexual abuse, neglect, negligence
and commercial or other exploitation,
which results in actual or potential
harm to the child’s health, survival,
development or dignity in the context
of a relationship of responsibility,
trust or power.
Findings from the survey
The majority of countries report having adopted national action plans to address
child maltreatment. Many countries report that prevention programmes for child
maltreatment are being implemented. However, only a minority of countries report
implementing these measures at scale.
Prevention approaches
There are a number of evidence-based programmes designed to help strengthen
early relationships and interactions between children and their caregivers, promote
healthy development and prevent child maltreatment.
Key facts:
• Nearly one in four adults reports
having been physically abused
as a child; 36% say they were
emotionally abused as a child.
• 20% of women and 5–10% of
men report having been sexually
abused as children.
• Maltreatment can cause changes
in the brain that increase the
risk of behavioural, physical
and mental health problems in
adulthood.
• Being a victim of child
maltreatment can increase the risk
that a person will become a victim
and/or perpetrator of other forms
of violence in adolescence and
adulthood.
70
Proportion of countries with national
action plans and surveys
Yes
29
No
41
71
National action plans
59
National surveys
At a glance
Proportion of countries that reported implementing
a particular strategy
23
Home visiting
35
Home visiting programmes involve visits by nurses to parents and infants
in their homes to provide support, education, and information. Some
home visiting programmes can substantially reduce child maltreatment
and associated outcomes such as injuries.
42
None
(not implemented at all)
Parenting education
15
Limited
(implemented once or
a few times)
47
38
Larger scale
(e.g. across many
schools or communities
or has reached 30%
or more of the target
population)
15
Child sexual abuse avoidance training
48
37
CHILD MALTREATMENT
Parenting education programmes aim to improve childrearing skills, increase knowledge of child development
and encourage positive child management strategies
strategies.
Parenting education programmes show great promise
in preventing child maltreatment and promoting
positive parenting and child behaviour
behaviour.
Child sexual abuse prevention programmes teach children about body
ownership, the difference between good and bad touch, how to say “no”
and how to disclose abuse to a trusted adult. They can increase children’s
knowledge of what to do if they encounter a potentially abusive situation.
71
At a glance
YOUTH VIOLENCE
Globally, more than 500 young people are
murdered every day.
Youth violence is violence occurring
between people aged 10–29 years.
It often occurs among youth who are
not relatives and who may not know
each other, and generally takes place
outside of the home. It includes harmful
behaviours that may start early and
continue into adulthood. Some violent
acts — such as assault — can lead to
serious injury or death. Others, such as
bullying, slapping or hitting may result
more in emotional than physical harm.
While more than half of surveyed countries report having adopted national action
plans to address youth violence, only a quarter of countries report having national
surveys to measure the magnitude and consequences of youth violence, and
identify its risk factors.
A variety of approaches have been developed to reduce violent behaviour among
young people. The most common approaches help children and adolescents
manage anger, resolve conflict and develop the necessary social skills to solve
problems.
Key facts:
• Worldwide an estimated 200 000
homicides occur each year among
youth aged 10–29 years, accounting
for 43% of all homicides annually.
• In over 80% of deaths due to youth
violence the victim is a male.
• For each young person killed, many
more sustain injuries requiring
hospital treatment.
• Beyond deaths and injuries, youth
violence can lead to mental health
problems and increased health
risk behaviours, such as smoking,
alcohol and drug use, and unsafe sex.
• Perpetrators and victims of youth
violence often have a long history of
involvement in violence, and many
were victims of child maltreatment.
72
Yes
No
26
47
53
74
National surveys
At a glance
27
Preschool enrichment
35
Preschool enrichment programmes introduce young children to the skills
necessary for success in school, thereby increasing the likelihood of future
success. Preschool enrichment programmes can reduce arrests for
academic success
40%.
violence among those aged 20–24 years by up to 40%
38
34
None
15
51
Limited
Life skills training
Life skills training programmes are designed
to help older children and adolescents manage
anger, resolve conflict and develop the necessary
problems. Life skills training
social skills to solve problems
programmes can reduce adolescent violence
by up to 29%
29%.
a few times)
Larger scale
(e.g. across many
or has reached 30%
population)
27
50
23
34
19
47
YOUTH VIOLENCE
Mentoring
Mentoring programmes match a young person at
high risk of antisocial behaviour or growing up in a
single-parent family with a caring older person from
outside the family
family. Mentoring can reduce illicit drug
initiation, truancy and other risk factors for youth
violence.
violence
Bullying prevention
Bullying prevention programmes can involve anger management, social skills
and assertiveness training for children involved in bullying; teaching peers active
listening and problem solving skills to help those involved; and whole-school
approaches such as developing an anti-bullying policy
policy.
73
At a glance
INTIMATE
PARTNER VIOLENCE
Globally, one in three women has been a victim
of violence by an intimate partner.
Intimate partner violence refers to
behaviour by an intimate partner
or ex-partner that causes physical,
sexual or psychological harm,
including physical aggression, sexual
coercion, psychological abuse and
controlling behaviours. It can occur
among heterosexual or same-sex
couples, and does not require sexual
intimacy. Intimate partner violence
is often hidden and only a small
percentage of victims seek help from
formal victim assistance providers.
Key facts:
• Intimate partner violence against
women is an important risk factor
for HIV, other sexually transmitted
diseases, unwanted pregnancies
and other reproductive health
problems.
• Women exposed to intimate
partner violence are almost twice
as likely to have an alcohol use
disorder, two times more likely to
experience depression and have an
increased risk for suicide attempts
compared to women who have not
been exposed to partner violence.
• Intimate partner violence can
negatively affect children in
households where it occurs.
74
A majority of countries report having conducted national surveys on intimate partner
violence and two thirds report having national action plans to address it. Far fewer
report implementing school- and community-based programmes to change attitudes
and behaviour directly.
Promoting gender equity, creating a climate of non-tolerance for violence and
starting prevention efforts at a young age are some of the key strategies for
preventing intimate partner violence.
Yes
32
No
43
57
68
National surveys
At a glance
Dating violence prevention in schools
32
Dating violence prevention programmes in schools aim to develop healthy
violence.
relationship skills and reduce attitudes that are accepting of violence
Evaluations of these programmes in mostly high-income countries show
positive changes in knowledge and attitudes toward relationship violence
behaviours.
and reductions in abusive behaviours
46
22
None
Microfinance and gender
equity training
Limited
37
a few times)
42
Larger scale
(e.g. across many
or has reached 30%
population)
21
11
40
49
INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE
Microfinance combined with gender equity training
focuses on women living in poor communities and is
designed to economically empower them and address
gender norms, cultural beliefs and communication
communication. It
is one of the few strategies with documented evidence
showing reductions in partner violence
violence.
Social and cultural norm-change strategies aim to modify social
expectations, such as the norm that men have the right to control women,
which make women vulnerable to physical, emotional and sexual violence
by men
men. Rigorous evaluations of social and cultural norm-change strategies
are still needed to assess their impact; however, they remain an important
strategy to inform and create cultural shifts in what is acceptable and
unacceptable behaviour and in promoting norms supportive of healthy, nonviolent, and gender equitable relationships
relationships.
75
At a glance
SEXUAL VIOLENCE
Globally, 7% of women have experienced sexual
violence by someone other than an intimate
partner in their lifetime.
Sexual violence is defined as any
sexual act, attempt to obtain a sexual
act, unwanted sexual comments
or advances, or acts to traffic, or
otherwise directed against a person’s
sexuality using coercion, by any
person regardless of their relationship
to the victim, in any setting including
but not limited to home and work.
Key facts:
• Sexual violence against women
and girls can lead to unintended
pregnancies, unsafe abortions,
gynaecological problems and
sexually transmitted infections,
including HIV.
• Women who have experienced
non-partner sexual violence are 2.3
times more likely to have alcohol
use disorders and 2.6 times more
likely to have depression or anxiety
than women who have not.
• Boys and men also suffer sexual
violence, although this remains
poorly documented.
Over half of countries report conducting national surveys on sexual violence and
some two-thirds of countries report adopting national action plans to address
it. While over half of countries report implementing campaigns to change social
and cultural norms, only a third report implementing school-based programmes
addressing gender norms and attitudes at a larger scale.
Addressing the root causes of violence against women – starting prevention efforts
at a young age, changing social norms accepting of sexual violence against women
and implementing strategies to promote gender equity – are some of the key
strategies for preventing sexual violence.
Yes
35
48
52
65
76
No
National surveys
At a glance
20
School and college programmes
45
School- and college-based programmes are designed to raise awareness,
address gender norms, bystander behaviours, and knowlege and attitudes
about rape and sexual assault. Few programmes have been rigorously
evaluated, suggesting a critical gap to fill.
35
None
Limited
26
a few times)
45
Larger scale
29
(e.g. across many
or has reached 30%
population)
Physical environment changes include improving formal
and informal surveillance, better lighting of public
areas and interventions to encourage the use of public
spaces. While promising, more research is needed to
spaces
evaluate their specific effects on sexual violence
violence.
11
39
50
SEXUAL VIOLENCE
Physical environment changes
Social and cultural norm-change programmes aim to modify norms of male
sexual entitlement, and can reduce attitudes and beliefs that are supportive
of sexual violence
violence. Rigorous evaluations of social and cultural norm-change
strategies are still needed to assess their impact; however, they remain an
important strategy to inform and create cultural shifts in what is acceptable
and unacceptable behaviour
behaviour.
77
At a glance
ELDER ABUSE
Many older people experience some form of
abuse in the home.
Elder abuse is a single or repeated
act, or lack of appropriate action,
occurring within any relationship
where there is an expectation
of trust that causes harm or
distress to an older person. Elder
abuse includes physical, sexual,
psychological, emotional, financial
and material abuse; abandonment;
neglect and serious loss of dignity
and respect.
Key facts:
• National surveys conducted
in predominantly high-income
countries find wide variation in
rates of abuse in the preceding
12 months among adults aged
over 60 years, ranging from 0.8%
in Spain and 2.6% in the United
Kingdom to upwards of 18% in
Israel, 23.8% in Austria and 32%
in Belgium.
• Elder abuse can lead to serious
physical injuries and long-term
psychological consequences,
including depression and anxiety.
• Elder abuse is predicted to
increase as many countries are
experiencing rapidly ageing
populations.
78
Although public and professional information campaigns to raise awareness
about elder abuse are reported in many countries, elder abuse is one of the leastinvestigated types of violence in national surveys, and one of the least addressed in
national action plans.
Strategies to prevent elder abuse include efforts to raise professional awareness
and train practitioners; inform the public about how to identify the signs and
symptoms of elder abuse and where help can be obtained, and improving policies
and practices in residential care facilities for elderly people. There is, however, very
little research on the effectiveness of any such programmes in preventing elder
abuse, and this is a critical gap to fill.
Yes
No
17
41
59
83
National surveys
At a glance
40
36
Professional awareness campaigns aim to improve professionals’ ability to
cases. While they can
identify and deal effectively with suspected elder abuse cases
increase such knowledge, their effectiveness depends on the strategies in place
identified.
to deal with a suspected case once identified
24
34
43
None
23
Limited
a few times)
Public information campaigns aim to increase public
awareness about elder abuse, promote positive
attitudes towards older people, and encourage the
people. They
respectful, dignified treatment of older people
may help to raise the visibility of elder abuse and
change social norms that are supportive of elder
abuse.
abuse
Larger scale
(e.g. across many
or has reached 30%
population)
Caregiver support
28
33
39
27
37
36
ELDER ABUSE
Caregiver support programmes provide services to
relieve the burden of caregiving, by, for instance,
providing help with housekeeping and meal
preparation, respite care, support groups and day
care. They can reduce the caregiver burden, stress
care
and depression, all of which are risk factors for
elder abuse
abuse.
Residential care policies aim to improve standards of care in nursing and other
residential care homes for elderly people by implementing procedures within
the homes that reduce the likelihood of elder abuse
abuse. They can help to establish
uniform licencing requirements and professional operating standards that lower
abuse.
the risk of elder abuse
79
Part VII – Glossary
Adult protective services identify and assess elderly
and disabled adults who have been abused or are at risk of
abuse, investigate these cases and provide services, in part
to prevent abuse from occurring or recurring.
After-school programmes extend adult supervision
and aim to improve children’s academic achievement and
school involvement by supporting their studies and offering
recreational activities outside normal school hours.
Armed violence is the use or threatened use of weapons to
inflict injury, death or psychosocial harm, which undermines
development.
Caregiver support programmes to prevent elder abuse
provide services to relieve the burden of caregiving, by,
for instance, providing help with housekeeping and meal
preparation, respite care, support groups and day care.
Changing social and cultural gender norms aims to alter
the social expectations that define appropriate behaviour for
women and men, such as norms that dictate men have the
right to control women, and which make women and girls
vulnerable to physical, emotional and sexual violence by
men.
Child maltreatment is the abuse and neglect of children
under 18 years of age. It includes all types of physical and/or
emotional ill-treatment, sexual abuse, neglect, negligence
and commercial or other exploitation, which results in actual
or potential harm to the child’s health, survival, development
or dignity in the context of a relationship of responsibility,
trust or power.
Child protection services investigate cases of child
maltreatment and identify, assess, and provide services to
children and families in an effort to protect children and
prevent further maltreatment, while wherever possible
preserving the family. Such services are also sometimes
known by other names, often attempting to reflect more
family-centred (as opposed to child-centred) practices, such
as “children and family services”, “child welfare services”
or even “social services”.
Collective violence is the instrumental use of violence by
people who identify themselves as members of a group –
whether this group is transitory or has a more permanent
82
identity – against another group or set of individuals in order
to achieve political, economic or social objectives.
Community policing strategies aim to establish policecommunity partnerships and a problem-solving approach
that is responsive to the needs of the community, through an
active partnership between the police and the community.
Elder abuse is any act of commission or omission (in
which case it is usually described as “neglect”), that may
be either intentional or unintentional and involves persons
aged 60–65 years or more (the age bracket for “old age”
varies by country but often coincides with the official
age of retirement). The abuse may be physical, sexual,
psychological (involving emotional or verbal aggression), or
financial, or involve other material maltreatment and result
in unnecessary suffering, injury or pain, the loss or violation
of human rights, and a decreased quality of life for the older
person.
Gang violence is the intentional use of violence by a
person or group of persons who are members of, or identify
with, any durable, street-orientated group whose identity
includes involvement in illegal activity.
Gender norms are social expectations that define what
is considered appropriate behaviour for women and men.
The different roles and behaviours of females and males,
children as well as adults, are shaped and reinforced by
gender norms within society.
Home visiting programmes involve visits by nurses
to parents and children in their homes to prevent child
maltreatment and promote positive infant, child and
parental development by providing support, education and
information.
Interpersonal violence is the intentional use of physical
force or power, threatened or actual, by a person or a small
group of people against another person or small group that
either results in or has a high likelihood of resulting in injury,
death, psychological harm, maldevelopment or deprivation.
Intimate partner violence is behaviour within an intimate
relationship that causes physical, sexual or psychological
harm to those in the relationship, including acts of physical
aggression, sexual coercion, psychological abuse and
controlling behaviours.
Medico-legal services for sexual violence victims
provide immediate medical and psychosocial care and legal
advice for victims, and collect medical and legal evidence to
corroborate victim accounts and help identify perpetrators.
and include education about the signs and symptoms of elder
maltreatment, discussion on the roles and responsibilities
of professionals in protecting older people, and training in
problem-solving skills.
Mentoring programmes assume that a warm and
supportive relationship with a positive adult role model can
help to protect children and adolescents against involvement
in youth violence. Mentoring programmes typically match a
young person – particularly one at high risk of antisocial
behaviour or growing up in a single-parent family – with a
caring older person from outside the family. Mentors may
be older classmates, teachers, counsellors, police officers
or other members of the community.
Physical environment improvement involves efforts
to reduce the likelihood of sexual assault by, for instance,
improving the safety of trains or buses through the provision
of special seating areas and/or compartments for women
and girls, and ensuring that streets and parking areas have
adequate street lighting.
Microfinance combined with gender equity training is
designed to benefit women living in the poorest communities
and combines the provision of microfinance with training and
skills-building sessions for men and women on gender roles
and norms, cultural beliefs, communication and intimate
partner violence.
Parenting education programmes are usually delivered
in groups with the aim of preventing child maltreatment and
other problem behaviours by improving child-rearing skills,
increasing knowledge of child development and encouraging
positive child management strategies.
Pre-school enrichment programmes introduce young
children early on to the skills necessary for success in school,
and may also include the acquisition of life skills, thereby
increasing the likelihood of future academic success and
reducing the likelihood that children will become involved
in violence as they grow into adolescents and young adults.
Problem-orientated policing integrates daily police
practice with criminological theory and research methods
to enhance prevention and reduce crime and disorder,
and emphasizes the use of systematic data analysis and
assessment methods.
Professional awareness campaigns to prevent elder
abuse are designed for social and health care professionals
whose routine contact with older people puts them in a
position to identify and support those at risk of abuse or
already being abused. They aim to increase professional
awareness of elder maltreatment and improve professionals’
ability to identify and deal effectively with suspected cases,
Residential care policies and procedures to prevent
elder abuse aim to improve standards of care in nursing
and other residential care homes for elderly people by
implementing policies and procedures within the homes that
will reduce the likelihood of elder maltreatment. These may
include promoting teamwork and professional development,
a focus on person-centred care, and regular audits.
Schools-based bullying prevention programmes
can take different forms. Individualized interventions
provide anger management, social skills and assertiveness
training to children already involved in bullying. Peer-led
interventions teach peer helpers the basic skills of active
listening, empathy, problem solving and supportiveness that
they need to help others involved in a bullying situation.
Whole-school approaches include the development of an
anti-bullying policy, increased adult supervision on school
grounds, the establishment of an anti-bullying committee
and involvement of parents.
School-based dating violence prevention programmes
typically aim to reach students aged 14–15 years, are often
integrated into existing health and physical educational
curricula and taught in sex-segregated classes. They have an
underlying theme of healthy, non-violent relationship skills,
and frequently involve using graduated practice with peers
to develop positive strategies for dealing with pressures
and the resolution of conflict without abuse or violence.
Self-directed violence is violence a person inflicts upon
himself or herself, and categorized as suicidal behaviour or
self-abuse.
83
Sexual violence is:
– any sexual act or attempt to obtain a sexual act
– unwanted sexual comments or advances or acts to
traffic
threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of
liberty, whether in public or in private life.
Youth violence is violence involving people between the
ages of 10–29 years.
that are directed against a person’s sexuality using coercion
by anyone, regardless of their relationship to the victim, in
any setting, including at home and at work.
Three types of sexual violence are commonly distinguished:
sexual violence involving intercourse (i.e. rape), contact
sexual violence (for example, unwanted touching, but
excluding intercourse), and non-contact sexual violence
(for example, threatened sexual violence, exhibitionism and
verbal sexual harassment).
Sexual violence prevention programmes for school
and college populations involve college/university,
high school and middle school populations, and usually
include educational and awareness-raising exercises that
focus on challenging rape myths; providing information on
acquaintance and date rape; reviewing statistics on rape,
and coaching in risk reduction and protective prevention
skills.
Social development/life skills training programmes
are designed to help children and adolescents manage
anger, resolve conflict and develop the necessary social
skills to solve interpersonal problems without violence, and
are usually implemented in school settings.
Training children to recognize and avoid potentially
sexually abusive situations is usually delivered in
schools, and aims to teach children about body ownership;
the difference between good and bad touch; how to
recognize potentially abusive situations; how to say “no”,
and how to disclose abuse to a trusted adult.
Violence is the intentional use of physical force or power,
threatened or actual, against oneself, another person, or
against a group or community that either results in or has
a high likelihood of resulting in injury, death, psychological
harm, maldevelopment or deprivation.
Violence against women is defined as any act of genderbased violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical,
sexual or mental harm or suffering to women, including
84
Part VIII – Country profiles
AFGHANISTAN
Population: 29 824 536
Gross national income per capita: US$ 690
Income group: Low
Income inequality: 27.82
ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE
Interpersonal violence NO
Child maltreatment
Youth violence
–
Sexual violence
YES1
Elder abuse
Firearms
Laws to regulate civilian access
Mandatory background check
Handguns/long guns/ automatic weapons
Carrying firearms in public
Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and use
NO
NO
NO
YES
YES
YES/–/–
YES
YES
National social and educational policies
Incentives provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
Housing polices to de-concentrate poverty
Alcohol
Adult (15+) per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
Patterns of drinking score
Excise taxes
Beer: –
Wine: –
NO
NO
0.7
–
Spirits: –
LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE
No response/don’t know – Limited 
Child maltreatment laws
Legal age of marriage (male/female)
Against child marriage
Against female genital mutilation
Ban on corporal punishment (all settings)
Youth violence laws
Against gang or criminal group membership
Partial 
18 / 16
YES
YES
YES
YES1 (NO)
YES
YES
Intimate partner violence laws
NO
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES
Sexual violence laws
Against rape
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse
Full  KEY No response/ don’t know – Once/few times 
Enforcement Child maltreatment prevention programmes
Home visiting
NO
–
 Parenting education
 Training to recognise / avoid sexually
NO
 abusive situations



–

YES
–
–

NO
NO
–
–
YES
YES


–
–
–
Youth violence prevention programmes
NO
Life skills and social development training
YES
Mentoring
YES
After-school supervision
NO
School anti-bullying
YES
Intimate partner violence prevention programmes
NO
Microfinance and gender equity training
NO
Social and cultural norms change
YES
Sexual violence prevention programmes
YES
YES
NO
Elder abuse prevention programmes
YES
NO
Caregiver support
–
–
–

–
–



–

–
–
–
VICTIM SERVICES
Providing for victim compensation
Providing for victim legal representation
Medico-legal services for sexual violence
–
YES
YES
YES
DATA ON VIOLENCE
National prevalence surveys for non-fatal violence
Youth violence NO
Intimate partner violence NO
Sexual violence NO
Child maltreatment NO
–



Elder abuse NO
Trends in homicides
Mechanism of homicide
VA
ILA
BL
E
Afghanistan
–


Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Public Health.
VICTIM LAWS
Larger scale 
Implementation
–
–
TA
OT
AN
LE
ILAB
AVA
DA
TA
NO
DAT
1
Albania
Subnational.
Other 6%
Strangulation 1%
8
pulation
Burn 1%
7
6
87
ALBANIA
Gross national income per capita: US$ 4 520
Income group: Middle
Interpersonal violence YES
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
–
YES
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
YES
Firearms
YES
YES
YES/YES/YES
YES
NO
Alcohol
LEAST RISKY 
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES
YES
YES
7
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES
Youth violence laws
Partial 
18 / 18
YES
YES
NO
YES (YES)
Full  KEY No response/ don’t know – Once/few times  Larger scale 
Implementation
Home visiting
YES

YES
 Parenting education

 Training to recognise / avoid sexually
abusive situations
–
YES




YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES



YES
YES


VA
ILA
BL
E
Against rape
Against
contact sexual violence without rape
Afghanistan
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse


VICTIM SERVICES
TA
NO
TA
VICTIM LAWS
DA
YES
YES
Mentoring
NO
NO
YES
YES
NO
YES
NO
YES
YES
YES
YES
Caregiver support
YES
LE
YES
LAB
VAI
NO
YES
–

OT
AN
DAT


–
–


–

–






A



YES
YES
YES
NO
–
Child maltreatment YES
Albania
Youth violence –
Intimate partner violence YES
Sexual violence YES
Elder abuse –
Trends in homicides
Other 6%
Burn 1%
Strangulation 1%
Blunt force 10%
Firearm 66%
Sharp force 17%
Rate per 100 000 population
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
2001
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Reported homicides (2011) N= 142, Rate= 2.86/100 000 (87.3% M, 12.7% F)
Sources. Mechanism: Police/ Reported homicides: Police
2002
Source: Police
Algeria
Firearm 26%
pulation
Unknown 5%
88
2
1.8
1.6
1.4
Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.
DATA ON VIOLENCE
ALGERIA
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
YES
YES
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
YES
Firearms
YES
YES
YES/YES/YES
YES
NO
Alcohol
LEAST RISKY 
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES
YES
YES
1
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES



YES
YES
VA
TA
NO
TA
DA
NO
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home NO
Against rape
Albania
Elder abuse laws
Other 6%
Against elder abuse
Burn 1%
Strangulation 1%
–
–
YES
YES
YES



YES
YES


Blunt force 10%
VICTIM LAWS
YES
YES
LE YES
Mentoring
ILAB
AVA
OT
N
NO
A
DAT
NO
YES
YES
YES
NO
YES
YES
Professional
YES
8 awareness campaigns
Public information
campaigns
YES
7
6
Caregiver support
YES
Residential5 care policies
YES



–
–



–






4
VICTIM SERVICES
Providing
forforce
victim17%
legal representation
Sharp
NO
YES
Firearm 66%
–

3
Adult protective
services
2
Child protection
services
1
0
Mental health
2001 services
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
DATA ON VIOLENCE
Algeria
YES
YES
YES
YES
2008
2007
2009
2010



2011
Year
Youth violence YES1
Sexual violence YES
Elder abuse NO
19 / 19
YES
YES
NO
YES (NO)
Implementation
Home visiting
YES

YES
 Parenting education

abusive situations
–
YES

Partial 
ILA
BL
E
Against
statutory rape
Afghanistan
Youth violence laws
Trends in homicides
Firearm 26%
Other 36%
Sharp force 32%
Unknown 5%
Strangulation 1%
2
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
Sources. Mechanism: DGSN and Gendarmerie Nationale/ Reported homicides: Police
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Source: Gendarmerie Nationale and Police
Armenia
Subnational.
Firearm 10%
Sharp force 25%
3
lation
1
2005
Year
2.5
89
ARMENIA
Afghanistan
DA
TA
NO
TA
VA
ILA
BL
E
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
NO
YES
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
NO
Firearms
YES
YES
YES/YES/YES
YES
YES
Alcohol
Adult (15+) per capita consumption (litres of Apure
LE alcohol)
IL B
AVA
LEAST
OT RISKY 
N
A
Excise taxes
Beer: YESDAT
Wine: YES
YES
YES
5.3
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES
16 / 16
YES
YES
YES
YES (YES)
Implementation
Home visiting
YES

YES

YES
 abusive situations




YES
YES
Firearm 66%
Sharp force 17%
YES
Against rape
Against
Algeria
Unknown 5%
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse

–



YES
YES
YES
NO
Firearm 26%
NO
–
–
Other 36%
1
0.8
0.6
Adult protective
services
0.4
Child protection
services
0.2
Medico-legal
services for sexual violence
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
–
2009
2010
2011
–
–





–

–
VICTIM SERVICES
NO
NO Sharp force 32%
–
–
Strangulation 1%
2007
Year
DATA ON VIOLENCE
Armenia




YES
YES
YES
2008
YES
Youth violence NO
Sexual violence YES
2009
2010



2011

Elder abuse NO
Trends in homicides
Firearm 10%
Other 57%
Blunt force 5%
Strangulation 1%
Burn 2%
Sharp force 25%
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
2001
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
2002
Source: Police
Australia
Unknown 3%
Firearm 17%
1.8
ulation
90
1.6
1.4
VICTIM LAWS
8
Youth violence
prevention programmes
7
Pre-school6enrichment
YES
Life skills and
social development training
YES
5
Mentoring4
YES
After-school
YES
3 supervision
NO
2
Intimate partner
violence prevention programmes
1
0
Dating violence
prevention in schools
NO
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
NO
Year
YES
YES
YES
YES
2
Professional
awareness campaigns
YES
1.8
Public information
campaigns
NO
1.6
Caregiver1.4support
YES
1.2
Residential
care policies
NO
Partial 
Albania
Against
statutory rape
Other 6%(all settings)
Burn 1%
Youth violence laws
AgainstStrangulation
weapons on1%
school premises
AgainstBlunt
gangforce
or criminal
10% group membership
OT
T
AN
DA
TA
NO
DAT
AUSTRALIA
Income group: High
8
Housing polices
to de-concentrate poverty
7
Alcohol 6
Adult (15+)5 per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
Patterns of4 drinking score
3
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: NO
2
Firearm 26%



YES1
YES1
Sharp force 32%
Strangulation 1%
1
YES


Against rape
YES1

Armenia
Against
contact sexual violence without rape YES1

YES

Firearm 10%
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse
YES

YES Sharp force 25%
Other 57%
VICTIM LAWS
2008
2009
2010
2011
2
1.8
Youth violence
1.6
Pre-school
enrichment
NO
1.4
Life skills1.2and social development training
NO
Mentoring1
YES
0.8
After-school
supervision
NO
0.6
YES
0.4
Intimate 0.2
partner violence prevention programmes
0
Dating violence
prevention
in schools
YES
2001 2002
2003 2004
2005 2006 2007 2008
Microfinance and gender equity trainingYear
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
3
YES
2.5
YES
Caregiver 2support
YES
Residential
care policies
YES
1.5
–
–

–

2009
2010
2011
YES1
1
force 5%
YESBlunt
Strangulation 1%
Burn 2%


1
0.5
Child protection
services
0
Medico-legal
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
DATA ON VIOLENCE
Australia
2007
Year
YES
YES
YES
2008
YES
Youth violence YES
Sexual violence YES










VICTIM SERVICES
2009
2010



2011

Elder abuse YES
Trends in homicides
Mechanism of homicide2
Unknown 3%
Other 46%
Sharp force 33%
1.8
Firearm 17%
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
2001
Blunt force 1%
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Source: Police
Austria
Subnational.
Homicides classified as commited without a weapon are included in "other".
Other 33%
Firearm 14%
1.2
pulation
2
2007
18 / 18
YES
YES1
YES1
YES1 (NO)
2006
Year times 
Full  KEY No response/ don’t know – Once/few
Larger scale 
Implementation
Home visiting
YES

YES

 Training to recognise / avoid sexually
YES

Partial 
12.2
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES
1
0
LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY
VIOLENCE
2001TYPE
2002 OF
2003
2004 2005
Against
child marriage
Algeria
Against female genital Unknown
mutilation5%
Youth violence laws
Against weapons
on school premises
Other 36%
YES1
YES1
Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Department of Health.
Albania
Interpersonal violence
YES
Child maltreatment
YES
Other
6%
Youth violence Burn 1%YES1
YES
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
YES1
Strangulation 1%
Firearms
force civilian
10% access
Laws toBlunt
regulate
YES1
YES1
1
1
1
/YES
/YES
YES
Firearm 66%
Carrying
in public
YES1
Sharpfirearms
force 17%
YES1
1
Income inequality: –
1
91
Sharp force 17%
AUSTRIA
Rate per 100
Firearm 66%
4
3
2
1
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Income group: High
Strangulation 1%
2
Housing polices
1.8
1.6
Alcohol 1.4
Adult (15+)
1.2 per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
LEAST RISKY 
0.8
Excise taxes
Beer:
YES
Wine: NO
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Algeria
Interpersonal violence Unknown
NO
Child maltreatment
NO
5%
Youth violence
YES
NO
Sexual violence
NO
Elder abuse Firearm 26%
NO
Firearms
Other 36%
YES
YES
YES/YES/YES
YES
Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession andSharp
use force 32%
YES
YES
YES1
10.3
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES
2010
2011
Other 46%
VICTIM LAWS
Year times 
Partial 
Larger scale 
Implementation
18 / 18
Home visiting
YES

YES
YES

Armenia
Against
statutory rape
YES
YES
YES

10%
Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) Firearm
YES
(YES)

3
Youth violence laws
2.5
YES Sharp force 25% Pre-school enrichment
YES

2
YES
Life skills and
YES


Other 57%
Mentoring
YES

1.5
YES

1
YES

Blunt force 5%
Intimate 0.5
Strangulation 1%  Dating violence
0
YES
YES

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Burn
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES2%
NO
–
 Microfinance and gender equity trainingYear
YES

Against rape
YES
YES
 School and college programmes

YES
Against
contact sexual violence without rape YES
 Physical environment changes

Australia
YES
YES
 Social and cultural norms change

Elder abuse laws
Unknown 3%
1.8
Against elder abuse
NO 17%
–
Professional
awareness campaigns
YES
Firearm

1.6
YES
campaigns
YES
 Public information

1.4
Caregiver1.2support
YES

Residential
YES

1 care policies
VICTIM0.8SERVICES
YES

Blunt force 1%
0.6
Adult protective
services
0.4
Child protection
services
0.2
Medico-legal
0
2001 services
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Mental health
DATA ON VIOLENCE
Austria
Youth violence YES
Sexual violence YES
2009
2010



2011 
Elder abuse YES
Trends in homicides
Firearm 14%
Sharp force 36%
Strangulation 11%
1.2
Other 33%
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
2001
Blunt force 6%
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Source: Statistics Austria
Sources. Mechanism: Statistics Austria/ Reported homicides: VR
Azerbaijan
Subnational.
Firearm 12%
92
Unknown 32%
3.5
ulation
1
2007
Year
YES
YES
YES
2008
YES
3
Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Youth Welfare.
Rate per 100
Sharp force 32%
AZERBAIJAN
Strangulation 1%
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Housing polices
3
Armenia
ChildFirearm
maltreatment
NO
10%
Youth violence
NO
YES1
Elder abuse
NO
Sexual violence
YES1
Sharp force 25%
Firearms
Laws to regulate
YES
Othercivilian
57% access
YES
YES/YES/YES
YES
Blunt
Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession and
useforce 5%
NO
YES
NO
2.5
Alcohol
Patterns 1.5
of drinking score
Excise taxes
Beer:
YES
Wine: YES
1
2.3
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES
0.5
Strangulation
1%
0 TYPE OF VIOLENCE
LAWS AND
PREVENTION
PROGRAMMES BY
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Burn 2%
2006
2007
2008
2009
2007
NO
YES
YES
2008
YES
2010
2011
Strangulation 11%
Sharp force 36%
YES1
YES
0.6
VICTIM SERVICES
–

Blunt force 6%
0.4
Adult protective
services
0.2
Child protection
services
Medico-legal
0 services for sexual violence
2001 services
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Mental health
Year
DATA ON VIOLENCE
Azerbaijan
Youth violence NO
Intimate partner violence YES1
Sexual violence YES1
Firearm 12%
2010
Elder abuse NO
Sharp force 51%
3.5
Unknown 32%
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
2001
2002
2003
Sources. Mechanism: Ministry of Internal Affairs/ Reported homicides: Police
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Source: Country questionnaire
Bahrain
Subnational.
Other 37%
Firearm 18%
1.6
ulation
1
2009
Trends in homicides
Other 5%
–


2011 
VICTIM LAWS
Partial 
Larger scale 
Year times 
Implementation
18 / 18
Home visiting
NO
–
YES
NO
–
Australia
Against
statutory rape
YES
abusive situations
NO
–
NO
–
Unknown
3%
(all settings)
YES (NO)

1.8
Firearm 17%
Youth violence laws
Youth violence
1.6
YES
YES
1.4 enrichment
 Pre-school

NO
–
YES

Mentoring1
NO
–
Other 46%
0.8
After-school
supervision
YES

0.6
NO
–
Sharp force 33%
0.4
Intimate0.2
YES
NO
–
0
 Dating violence
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Blunt force
1% from home NO
Allowing removal of violent
spouse
–
Microfinance
and gender equity training
NO
–
Year
NO
–
Against rape
YES
NO
–
Austria
YES
Against

YES
YES

Elder abuse laws
Firearm 14%
1.2
Against elder abuse
NO
–
Professional
awareness campaigns
NO
–
NO
–
Public information
campaigns
NO
–
1
Other 33%
Caregiver0.8support
NO
–
NO
–
1.4
1.2
93
Rate per 100
Blunt force 5%
Strangulation 1%
Burn 2%
BAHRAIN
1.5
1
0.5
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Income group: High
Housing 1.8
polices to de-concentrate poverty
Australia
YES
Unknown 3% Child maltreatment
Youth violence
YES
IntimateFirearm
partner
violence
YES1
17%
Elder abuse
YES
Sexual violence
YES1
Firearms
YES
46%
MandatoryOther
background
check
YES
YES/YES/YES
Sharp force 33%
YES
NO
1.6
1.4
Alcohol 1.2
Patterns 0.8
of drinking score
0.6
Excise taxes
Beer: –
Wine: –
2.1
–
Spirits: –
0.4
0.2
0
VIOLENCE
2001TYPE
2002 OF
2003
2004 2005
Blunt force 1%
NO
NO
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year times 
Partial 
Larger scale 
Implementation
16 / 16
Home visiting
YES

Against
child marriage
YES
YES

Austria
YES
abusive situations
NO
–
YES

Firearm
14%
YES (NO)
1.2

Youth violence laws
Youth violence
1
Against weapons
on
school
premises
YES
Pre-school
enrichment
YES


Other 33%
0.8
YES
YES
 Life skills and social development training

0.6
Mentoring
YES

Sharp force 36%
After-school
–
–
0.4 supervision
YES

0.2
Strangulation
11%
Intimate partner
violence
laws
0
–
Dating violence
prevention
in schools
– 2009 2010 2011 –
Blunt force 6% –
2001 2002
2003 2004
2005 2006 2007 2008
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home –
–
–
–
YES

Against rape
YES
YES

Azerbaijan
Against
–
–
YES
YES

Firearm 12%
Elder abuse laws
Elder abuse
3.5
Against elder abuse
YES
awareness campaigns
YES
 Professional

3
Against Unknown
elder abuse
in
institutions
YES
Public
information
campaigns
YES


32%
2.5
Caregiver support
YES

YES

VICTIM 1.5
SERVICES
Otherlegal
5% representation
Providing for victim
YES Sharp force 51%


YES
1
Adult protective
services
0.5
Child protection
services
Medico-legal
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Year
2007
YES
YES
YES
2008
YES
2009
2010
DATA ON VIOLENCE
Child maltreatment –
Bahrain
Youth violence –
Intimate partner violence –
Sexual violence –
Elder abuse –
Trends in homicides
Other 37%
Sharp force 27%
1.6
Firearm 18%
Strangulation 9%
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
2001
Blunt force 9%
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Reported homicides (2011) N= 13, Rate= 1.03/100 000 (100% M, 0% F)



2011

Source: Police
Bangladesh
Subnational.
94
2.95
opulation
1
2.9
2.85
Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
VICTIM LAWS
Rate per 10
Other 46%
Sharp force 33%
BANGLADESH
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
2001
Blunt force 1%
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Austria
2002
Income group: Low
1.2
Child maltreatment
NO
Firearm 14%
Youth violence
NO
NO
Sexual violence
NO
Elder abuse
NO
Firearms Other 33%
YES
YES
Sharp force 36%
YES/YES/YES
YES
Strangulation 11%
Programmes
to reduce civilian firearm possession and use
NO
NO
NO
1
Alcohol 0.8
Adult (15+)
per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
0.6
0.4
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES
0.2
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES
0.2
0
Blunt forceLAWS
6% AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY
2001TYPE
2002 OF
2003
2004 2005
VIOLENCE
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
NO
YES
Strangulation 9%
Sharp force 27%
VICTIM 0.6
SERVICES
–

Blunt force 9%
0.4
Adult protective
services
0.2
Child protection
services
0
Medico-legal
for sexual
violence
2001services
2002 2003
2004 2005
2006
Year
NO
YES
YES
2008
NO
2007
–
2009
2010

2011 
–
DATA ON VIOLENCE
Youth violence NO
Sexual violence NO
Bangladesh
Afghanistan
Elder abuse NO
Trends in homicides
DA
TA
NO
TA
VA
ILA
BL
E
2.95
2.9
2.85
2.8
2.75
OT
AN
2.7
LE
ILAB
AVA
DAT
2.65
2.6
2.55
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Reported homicides (2010) N= 3988, Rate= 2.7/100 000 (–% M, –% F)
Sources. Mechanism: –––-/ Reported homicides: Police
Source: Police
Belarus
Albania
Strangulation 1%
Firearm 2%
pulation
opulation
Unknown 7%
Other 6%
Burn 1%
14
8
12
7
106
95
Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by National Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedic Rehabilitation.
VICTIM LAWS
Partial 
Implementation
21 / 18
Home visiting
YES

YES
Against
child marriage
YES
Azerbaijan

YES
abusive situations
NO 12%
–
YES

Firearm
3.5
YES (NO)

3
Youth violence laws
Youth violence
2.5enrichment
Against Unknown
weapons32%
on school premises
YES
–
Pre-school
YES

YES
–
Life skills and
YES
2

Mentoring
YES

1.5
After-school
YES

1 supervision
Sharp force 51%
YES

0.5
Other 5%
0
2001 2002
2003 2004
2005 2006 2007 2008
–
–
Dating violence
prevention
in schools
NO 2009 2010 2011 –
–
YES

YES

Against rape
YES
YES
 School and college programmes

Bahrain
YES
Against contact sexual violence without rape YES
 Physical environment changes

YES
YES
 Social and cultural norms change

Elder abuse laws
Elder abuse
1.6 prevention programmes
Firearm 18%
Against elder abuse
NO
–
Professional
YES
1.4 awareness campaigns

Against elder
abuse
NO
–
Public information
campaigns
YES
1.2

Other
37%in institutions
Caregiver support
YES
1

0.8 care policies
Residential
–
–
Rate per 100 0
Sharp force 36%
BELARUS
Strangulation 11%
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
2001
Blunt force 6%
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Housing polices
3.5
3
Alcohol 2.5
2
LEAST RISKY 
1.5
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES
1
Firearm 18%



YES
YES
Sharp force 27%
Against rapeStrangulation
in marriage 9%
YES
Allowing removal of violent spouseBlunt
fromforce
home
NO
9%
Against rape
Bangladesh
Against
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse

–
YES
YES
YES



YES
YES


VICTIM LAWS
2002
2003
2004
2005
2008
2009
2010
2011
NO
YES
–

1.6





2009
2010
2011
Adult protective
services
2.65
Child protection
services
2.6
Medico-legal
2.55 services for sexual violence
2001 services
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Mental health
2007
Year
YES
YES
YES
2008
YES
Youth violence NO
Sexual violence NO










2.75
VICTIM2.7
SERVICES
2009
2010



2011 
Elder abuse NO
Trends in homicides
Firearm 2%
14
Other 23%
Sharp force 47%
Strangulation 3%
Unknown 7%
2007
Youth violence
1.4
Pre-school
enrichment
YES
1.2
Life skills and
social
development
training
YES
1
Mentoring
YES
0.8
After-school
YES
0.6 supervision
YES
0.4
Intimate 0.2
Dating violence
YES
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Microfinance
YES
Year
YES
YES
YES
YES
Professional
YES
2.9
Public information
campaigns
YES
2.85
Caregiver
support
YES
2.8
Residential
care policies
YES
DATA ON VIOLENCE
2006
15 / 15
YES
YES
YES
YES (YES)
2001
Larger scale 
Year times 
Implementation
Home visiting
YES

YES

YES

Partial 
17.5
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES
0.5
0 TYPE OF VIOLENCE
Bahrain
Against
statutory rape
Youth violence laws
Other 37%
YES
YES
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
2001
Blunt force 18%
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Source: Police
Belgium
96
Firearm 10%
Sharp force 12%
1.4
lation
Unknown 29%
1.2
Azerbaijan
Child maltreatment
YES
12%
Youth violence
YES
IntimateFirearm
partner
violence
YES
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
YES
FirearmsUnknown 32%
YES
YES
YES/YES/YES
Sharp force 51% YES
Programmes to Other
reduce5%civilian firearm possession and use
YES
Belarus
2006
BELGIUM
Rate per 100
Sharp force 51%
Other 5%
1.5
1
0.5
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Income group: High
Strangulation 9%
1.6
Housing polices
Bahrain
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
NO
Intimate partner
YES
18%
Firearmviolence
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
YES
Firearms Other 37%
YES
YES
YES/YES/YES
Sharp force 27%
YES
YES
YES1
–
1.4
Alcohol 1.2
0.8
Patterns of
drinking score
0.6
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES
0.4
11
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES
0.2
0
VIOLENCE
2001TYPE
2002 OF
2003
2004 2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
6
VICTIM SERVICES
Strangulation
Providing
for victim3%
compensation


YES
YES
Blunt force 18%
4
Adult protective
services
2
Child protection
services
Medico-legal
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Mental health
services
DATA ON VIOLENCE
Child maltreatment YES1
Belgium
Youth violence YES
Sexual violence YES
2009
2010



2011

Elder abuse YES1
Trends in homicides
Firearm 10%
Sharp force 12%
Blunt force 2%
Strangulation 2%
Burn 5%
Other 40%
1.4
Unknown 29%
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
2001
Sources. Mechanism: General Directorate for Public Health/ Reported homicides: Police
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Source: Police
Belize
Subnational.
Unknown 3%
Blunt force 7%
Other 3%
pulation
1
2007
Year
YES
YES
YES
2008
YES
45
40
35
97
Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health, Food Chain Safety and Environment.
VICTIM LAWS
force 9%
Year times 
No response/don’t know – Blunt
Limited

Partial 
Larger scale 
Implementation
18 / 18
Home visiting
YES

Against
child marriage
YES
YES

Bangladesh
YES
YES
YES

YES1 (NO)
2.95

2.9
Youth violence laws
Youth violence
2.85enrichment
YES
–
–
 Pre-school
YES
–
YES

2.75
Mentoring
YES

2.7 supervision
After-school
–
–
2.65
YES

Intimate 2.6
2.55
YES
prevention
in schools
YES 2009 2010 2011 
2001 2002
2003 2004
2005 2006 2007 2008
NO
–
YES

Against rape
YES
YES

Belarus
Against
–
–
YES
YES


Firearm 2%
Elder abuse lawsUnknown 7%
14
Against elder abuse
YES
YES
 Professional awareness campaigns

12
1
YES
–
Public information
campaigns
YES

10support
Caregiver
YES

Other 23%
Sharp force 47%
YES

Rate per 100 0
Sharp force 27%
BELIZE
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
Strangulation 9%
0
2001
Blunt force 9%
Population: 324 060
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Housing 2.95
Bangladesh
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
YES
YES
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
NO
Firearms
YES
YES
YES/YES/YES
YES
YES
NO
NO
2.9
Alcohol 2.85
Adult (15+)
Patterns 2.75
of drinking score
Excise taxes
Beer: NO
Wine: NO
2.7
8.5
MOST RISKY
Spirits: NO
2.65
2.6
LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES2.55
BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Strangulation 2%
NO Burn 5%
YES1
–

Other 40%
0.8
VICTIM SERVICES
0.6
Adult protective
services
0.4
0.2
0
Mental health
2001 services
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
DATA ON VIOLENCE
Belize
Youth violence NO
Sexual violence NO
Sharp force 20%
Firearm 67%
Blunt force 7%
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
2001
Elder abuse NO
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Reported homicides (2011) N= 124, Rate= 39/100 000 (90% M, 10% F)
1
2010
Trends in homicides
Other 3%
2009




2011
Year
Unknown 3%
2007
YES
YES
YES
YES
2008
Source: Police
Benin
Subnational.
98
Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by National Security Council Secretariat.
VICTIM LAWS
Partial 
Larger scale 
Year times 
Implementation
16 / 16
Home visiting
YES

YES
YES

Belarus
Against
statutory rape
YES
abusive situations
NO
–
YES

Firearm 2%
(all settings)
YES (NO)

Unknown 7%
14
Youth violence laws
Youth violence
YES
YES
 Pre-school12enrichment

10
Against gang
or
criminal
group
membership
YES
Life
skills
and
social
development
training
YES


Other 23%
Sharp force 47%
Mentoring 8
YES

After-school
YES
6 supervision

NO
–
4
Strangulation 3%
Intimate partner
violence
prevention
programmes
2
YES
YES

0
Blunt force 18%
2001and2002
2003equity
2004 training
2005 2006 2007 YES
2008 2009 2010 2011
gender
 Microfinance
Year
YES

Against rape
YES
YES

NO
–

Belgium
YES
YES

Elder abuse laws
Firearm
Against elder abuse
NO 10%
–
Professional
YES

Against elderUnknown
abuse in29%
institutions
NOSharp force 12%
–
Public information
campaigns
YES

1.2
Caregiver support
YES

1
Blunt force 2%
YES

Rate p
2.65
2.6
2.55
2001
BENIN
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Belarus
Income group: Low
Incentives14provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
12
Housing polices
Firearm 2%
Unknown 7%
Interpersonal violence YES1
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
YES
YES1
Sexual violence
YES
Elder
abuse
NO
Other 23%
Sharp force 47%
Firearms
YES
Mandatory
background
check
YES
Strangulation
3%
YES/YES/YES
YES
Blunt force
18%firearm possession and use
Programmes to reduce
civilian
NO
YES1
NO
10
Alcohol 8
Excise taxes
Beer:
YES
Wine: YES
2
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2.1
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES
2010
2011
Year
10
VICTIM SERVICES
NO
YES
–

5
Adult protective
services
0
Child protection
services
2001 2002
2003 2004 2005 2006
Year
2007
NO
YES
2008
YES
YES
–
2009
2010
DATA ON VIOLENCE
Youth violence NO
Sexual violence NO
Benin
Elder abuse NO
Trends in homicides
VA
ILA
BL
E
Afghanistan



2011
Data collection by multi-sectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health.
VICTIM LAWS
Partial 
Implementation
LegalBelgium
age of marriage (male/female)
18 / 18
Home visiting
YES

YES
–
Parenting education
YES

YES
–
Training to recognise / avoid sexually
Firearm
abusive situations
YES10%
–
YES
1.4

Unknown 29%
Ban on corporal
punishment (all settings)
YESSharp
(YES)force 12% 
1.2
Youth violence laws
Youth violence
1
Blunt force 2%
YES
YES
 Pre-school0.8enrichment

YES
YES Strangulation 2%
 Life skills0.6and social development training

Mentoring
YES

Burn 5%
0.4
YES

0.2
YES

Other 40%
0
Intimate partner
violence
prevention
programmes
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
YES
YES
 Dating violence prevention in schools Year

YES
 Microfinance and gender equity training

YES

Belize
Against
rape
YES
YES
 School and college programmes

YES
 Physical environment changes

3% Other 3% YES
Unknown
YES
Against non-contact sexual
violence
 Social and45cultural norms change

Blunt force 7%
Elder abuse laws
Elder abuse
40 prevention programmes
Against elder abuse
NO
–
Professional
NO
–
30
Against
elder
abuse
in
institutions
NO
–
Public
information
campaigns
NO
–
Sharp force 20%
25
Caregiver support
NO
–
Firearm 67%
20
Residential
care policies
NO
–
15
TA
OT
AN
LE
ILAB
AVA
DA
TA
NO
DAT
Bhutan
1
Albania
Subnational.
Other 6%
Strangulation 1%
8
pulation
Burn 1%
7
6
99
6
Rate per 100
Strangulation 3%
BHUTAN
4
2
0
2001
Blunt force 18%
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Population: 741 822
1.4
Housing polices
Belgium
Child Firearm
maltreatment
YES
10%
Youth violence
YES
YES
Unknown 29%
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse Sharp force 12%
NO
Firearms
Blunt force 2%
YES
Strangulation 2% YES
Burn 5% YES/YES/YES
YES
Programmes toOther
reduce
civilian firearm possession and use
YES
40%
1.2
Alcohol 1
Adult (15+)
0.8per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
Patterns of
0.6drinking score
Excise taxes
Beer: NO
Wine: YES
0.4
0
18 / 18
YES
YES
NO
YES (YES)



YES
YES
Firearm 67%
YES
Against rape
Benin
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
times  Larger scale 
Implementation
Home visiting
NO
–
YES

abusive situations
–
YES



YES
YES
YES



NO
NO
–
–
YES
YES







2009
2010

2011
–




–
–
–
–
VICTIM SERVICES
NO
YES
YES
YES
DATA ON VIOLENCE
Youth violence NO
Sexual violence NO
Bhutan
Afghanistan
–



Elder abuse NO
Trends in homicides
VA
ILA
BL
E
TA
OT
AN
LE
ILAB
AVA
DA
TA
NO
DAT
Bolivia
Albania
Other 6%
Burn 1%
Strangulation 1%
Firearm 9%
Sharp force 7%
Blunt force 2%
Strangulation 1%
pulation
pulation
100
45
8
40
7
35
6
30
Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Home and Cultural Affairs.
VICTIM LAWS
45
40
Youth violence
35
YES
Life skills 25
and social development training
YES
Mentoring20
YES
15 supervision
After-school
YES
10
YES
5
0
2001 prevention
2002 2003 in
2004
2005 2006 2007 YES
2008
Dating violence
schools
–
YES
YES
YES
YES
NO
NO
Caregiver support
NO
NO
Partial 
0.7
–
Spirits: YES
0.2
TYPE
VIOLENCE
2001
2002OF2003
2004 2005
Against
child marriage
Belize
Against female genitalUnknown
mutilation
3% Other 3%
Blunt force 7%
Youth violence laws
Against
criminal group membership
Sharpgang
forceor20%
NO
–
Rate per 100 0
Strangulation 2%
Burn 5%
0.8
0.6
0.4
BOLIVIA (PLURINATIONAL STATE OF)
Other 40%
0.2
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Housing polices
45
Belize
National
action plans
Child maltreatment
YES
3% partner violence
Unknown
Youth violence
YES1 3% Other
Intimate
YES
Sexual violence
Elder abuse
YES
Blunt forceYES
7%
Firearms
YES
Sharp force 20%
YES
Firearm 67%
YES/YES/NO
YES
NO
40
Alcohol 35
20
Excise taxes
Beer:
YES
Wine: YES
15
10
5
0
2001
Partial 
16 / 14
NO
YES
NO
YES (YES)
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Larger scale 
Year times 
Implementation
Home visiting
YES

–
Parenting education
YES

abusive situations
–
YES

NO
YES

–

YES
Against rape
Against
Bhutan
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse
2002
5.9
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES


YES
YES
YES



YES
YES


VICTIM LAWS
NO
YES
Mentoring
NO
YES
YES
NO
YES
YES
NO
NO
YES
YES
YES
Caregiver support
NO
NO
–

–


–


–
–



–
–
VICTIM SERVICES
NO
YES
–

NO
YES
YES
YES
–



DATA ON VIOLENCE
Bolivia
Youth violence –
Sexual violence YES
Trends in homicides
Blunt force 2%
Strangulation 1%
Burn 1%
Other 10%
Firearm 9%
Sharp force 7%
Unknown 70%
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
2001
1
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Elder abuse NO
Source: Police
Botswana
Subnational.
lation
20
18
16
101
Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Government, Under-Secretary of Citizen Security.
Benin
Against
statutory rape
Youth violence laws
NO
NO
Firearm 67%
Rate per 10
20
15
10
5
0
2001
BOTSWANA
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Benin
2002
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
YES1
YES
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
NO
Firearms
YES
YES
YES/YES/YES
YES
YES
Alcohol
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES
NO
NO
8.4
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES
Partial 
Implementation
21 / 21
Home visiting
NO
–
YES
NO
–
YES
YES
NO
–
 abusive situations
NO (–)
–
YES
YES
 Pre-school enrichment

YES
YES
 Life skills and social development training

Mentoring
YES

YES

YES

NO
–
YES

YES

YES

Against rape
YES
YES

Bolivia
Against
YES

YES
YES1


Firearm 9%
Elder abuse laws
Elder abuse
Sharp force 7%
Against elder abuse
YES
YES
 Professional

Blunt force 2%
35
NO
–
Public information
campaigns
YES

Strangulation 1%
Caregiver 30support
YES

Burn 1%
25
Residential
care policies
NO
–
Unknown 70%
NO
YES
20
VICTIM SERVICES
15
Other 10%
–

10
Adult protective
services
5
Child protection
services
0
Medico-legal
for sexual
2001services
2002 2003
2004 violence
2005 2006
Year
2007
YES
YES
YES
2008
YES
2009
2010
DATA ON VIOLENCE
Youth violence NO
Sexual violence YES
Botswana
Afghanistan
E
VA
ILA
BL
TA
NO
TA
Elder abuse NO
Trends in homicides
DA


2011

20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
2001
OT
AN
LE
ILAB
AVA
DAT
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
102
Other 6%
Burn 1%
Strangulation 1%
pulation
opulation
1
Source: Police
Brazil
Albania
Subnational.
29.5
8
29
7
28.5
6
VICTIM LAWS
Bhutan
Against
child marriage
Youth violence laws
BRAZIL
Bhutan
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
YES
YES
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
YES
Firearms
YES
YES
YES/YES/YES
YES
YES
Alcohol
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES
YES
YES
8.7
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES
Partial 
Implementation
18 / 18
Home visiting
YES

YES
NO
–
YES
Firearm
YES 9%
YES

Sharp force 7%
45
– (NO)
–
40
Blunt force 2%
Youth violence
35
Strangulation
1%
YES
YES
 Pre-school30enrichment

Burn 1%
NO
–
Life skills 25
YES

Mentoring20
NO
–
Other 10%
15
NO
–
10
YES

5
Intimate partner
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
YES
YES
 Dating violence

Year
YES
 Microfinance and gender equity training

YES

Botswana
Against
rape
YES
YES

YES

YES
YES
 Social and cultural norms change

Elder abuse laws
Elder abuse
18
Against elder abuse
YES
awareness campaigns
YES

16
campaigns
YES
YES

14
Caregiver 12support
YES

10 care policies
Residential
YES

8
VICTIM SERVICES
6
YES
YES


4
Adult protective
services
2
Child protection
services
0
2001services
2002 2003
2004 violence
2005 2006
Medico-legal
for sexual
Year
2007
YES
YES
2008
YES
YES
2009
2010
DATA ON VIOLENCE
Youth violence YES
Sexual violence YES
Brazil
Afghanistan


2011

Elder abuse YES
VICTIM LAWS
Bolivia
Against
child marriage
Youth violence laws
Against Unknown
gang or criminal
Trends in homicides
DA
TA
NO
TA
VA
ILA
BL
E
29.5
29
28.5
28
27.5
27
OT
AN
26.5
LE
ILAB
AVA
DAT
26
25.5
25
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Brunei
Albania
Other 6%
Burn 1%
Strangulation 1%
Source: Ministry of Health, Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade.
pulation
population
0.8
8
0.7
7
0.6
6
0.5
103
BRUNEI DARUSSALAM
Population: 412 238
Income group: High
45
Housing polices
40
35
Alcohol 30
Adult (15+)25per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
Patterns of20drinking score
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES
15
10
5
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Bolivia
Firearm 9%
Child maltreatment
NO
Sharp violence
force 7%
Youth violence
NO
Intimate partner
NO
Sexual violence
NO
Elder abuse
NO
Blunt force 2%
Firearms
Strangulation 1%
YES
Burn 1%
Unknown
70%
Mandatory
background
check
YES
Other 10%
YES/YES/YES
YES
NO
15 / 15
NO
YES
NO
NO (–)
YES
NO
NO
Against rape
Brazil
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse
YES
YES
YES
YES
NO
0.9
–
Spirits: YES
2010
2011
Year times 
Larger scale 
Implementation
Home visiting
NO
–
–
Parenting education
NO
–
–
abusive situations
–
NO
–
–
20
18
Youth violence
enrichment
NO
–
 Pre-school16
14
–
Life skills 12
YES

Mentoring10
YES

8 supervision
After-school
NO
–
6
YES

4
Intimate partner
2
0
–
Dating violence
prevention
in schools
NO
–
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
NO
–
 Microfinance and gender equity trainingYear
NO
–
YES

NO
–
NO
–
29.5
awareness campaigns
NO
–
29
–
Public information
campaigns
NO
–
28.5
Caregiver28support
NO
–
27.5 care policies
Residential
NO
–
Partial 
Against
child marriage
Botswana
Youth violence laws
NO
NO
27
VICTIM SERVICES
NO
NO
–
–
26.5
Adult protective
services
26
Child protection
services
25.5
Medico-legal
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Mental health
services
DATA ON VIOLENCE
Brunei
2007
Year
Youth violence NO
Sexual violence NO
NO
YES
YES
2008
YES
–
2009
2010


2011

Elder abuse NO
Trends in homicides
0.8
Blunt force 100%
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
2001
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
2002
Source: Police
Bulgaria
Other 11%
Burn 1%
Strangulation 9%
Firearm 17%
3
pulation
104
2.5
VICTIM LAWS
Rate per 100 0
Unknown 70%
Other 10%
BULGARIA
20
15
10
5
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Housing polices
20
Alcohol 16
14
8
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: NO
6
4
2
0
2001


YES
NO
–
NO
Against rape
Brunei
Against
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse
–

YES
YES
YES


YES
NO

–
–
Blunt force 100%
VICTIM LAWS
2003
2004
2005
Bulgaria
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
29.5
Youth violence
29
Pre-school
enrichment
YES
28.5
Life skills 28and social development training
YES
27.5
Mentoring
NO
27 supervision
After-school
YES
26.5
YES
26
Intimate25.5
Dating violence
NO
25
2001and
2002
2003 equity
2004 training
2005 2006 2007 2008
Microfinance
gender
YES
Year
YES
YES
NO
NO
Professional
YES
0.7
Public information
campaigns
YES
Caregiver0.6support
YES
0.5 care policies
Residential
YES


–


2009
2010
2011


YES
YES
–
–




0.4
0.3
Adult protective
services
0.2
Child protection
services
0.1
Medico-legal
0
2001 services
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Mental health
2007
Year
Youth violence NO
Sexual violence NO
YES
YES
YES
2008
YES
–



VICTIM SERVICES
DATA ON VIOLENCE
2006
Larger scale 
Year times 
Implementation
Home visiting
YES

YES

abusive situations
–
YES

2009
2010



2011
Elder abuse –
16 / 16
YES
YES
NO
YES (YES)
2002
11.4
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES
Partial 
Against
child marriage
Brazil
Youth violence laws
YES
NO
18
Botswana
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
YES
YES
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
YES
Firearms
YES
YES
YES/YES/YES
YES
NO
Trends in homicides
Other 11%
Firearm 17%
Strangulation 9%
Blunt force 11%
Sharp force 51%
3
Burn 1%
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
2001
2002
2003
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Sources. Mechanism: Ministry of Interior/ Reported homicides: Police
2004
Source: Ministry of Interior
Burkina Faso
ulation
1.2
1
105
Rate per 100
BURKINA FASO
Brazil
10
8
6
4
2
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Income group: Low
Housing 29.5
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
YES
YES
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
YES
Firearms
YES
YES
YES/YES/YES
YES
YES
29
28.5
Alcohol 28
Adult (15+)
26.5
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES
26
25


–
NO Firearm 17%
NO
YES
NO
2008
2009
2010
–
–
Sharp force 51%

–
0.8
0.7
Youth violence
0.6enrichment
Pre-school
NO
NO
0.4
Mentoring
YES
0.3 supervision
After-school
NO
0.2
YES
0.1
Intimate partner
0
Dating violence
prevention
schools
NO
2001 2002 2003 in
2004
2005 2006 2007 2008
YES
NO
YES
YES
NO
Elder abuse
prevention
programmes
3
YES
2.5
Public information
campaigns
YES
2
Caregiver support
NO
Residential
NO
1.5 care policies
VICTIM SERVICES
1
0.5
Medico-legal
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Year
2007
YES
YES
YES
2008
YES
–
–

–

2009
2010
Afghanistan
Burkina Faso
2011
–

–


–


–
–
2009
2010
DATA ON VIOLENCE
Youth violence NO
Sexual violence YES
2011



2011

Elder abuse YES1
Trends in homicides
DA
TA
NO
TA
VA
ILA
BL
E
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.2
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Source: Police
Burundi
Albania
Subnational.
106
Other 6%
Unknown
14%
Burn 1%
Strangulation 1%
pulation
pulation
1
LE
ILAB
AVA
DAT
0.4
0
2001
OT
AN
88
77
66
–
–
YES
YES
NO
VICTIM
BluntLAWS
force 11%



YES
YES
–
Against rape
Bulgaria
Against
Other 11%
Elder abuse laws
Burn 1%
Against elder abuse
Against Strangulation
elder abuse in
9%institutions
2007
20 / 17
YES
YES
YES
YES (YES)
2006
Year times 
Larger scale 
Implementation
Home visiting
NO
–
YES

YES

Blunt force 100%
Partial 
6.8
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES
25.5
TYPE
VIOLENCE
2001
2002 OF
2003
2004 2005
Brunei
Against
child marriage
Youth violence laws
NO
NO
Rate per 100
BURUNDI
27
26.5
26
25.5
25
2001
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Brunei
2002
Income group: Low
0.8
Housing polices
Child maltreatment
NO
Youth violence
NO
YES
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
NO
Firearms
YES
Blunt force 100%
YES
YES/YES/YES
YES
YES
0.7
Alcohol 0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES
0.2
0



Blunt force 11%
Sharp force 51%
YES
Against rape
Burkina
Fasosexual violence
Against
non-contact
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse

–
YES
YES
YES



NO
NO
–
–
NO
YES
–
VICTIM LAWS
2008
2009
2010

3
Youth violence
2.5
NO
2
NO
Mentoring1.5
NO
After-school
NO
1 supervision
YES
0.5
0
Dating violence
schools
NO
2001 prevention
2002 2003 in
2004
2005 2006 2007 2008
YES
YES
YES
NO
YES
Elder abuse
NO
1
NO
Caregiver0.8support
NO
Residential
NO
0.6 care policies
VICTIM 0.4
SERVICES
0.2
Medico-legal
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Year
2007
NO
YES
YES
2008
YES
–
–
–
–

2009
2010
Youth violence NO
Sexual violence NO
2011
–



–

–
–
–
–
–
2009
2010
DATA ON VIOLENCE
Burundi
2011

2011 

Elder abuse NO
Trends in homicides
Unknown 14%
Other 19%
Firearm 41%
8
Sharp force 26%
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
2001
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Sources. Mechanism: Country questionnaire/ Reported homicides: Police
2002
Source: Police
Cambodia
Strangulation 2%
Firearm 14%
pulation
Other 4%
Part VIII – Country
profiles
Burn 1%
4.5
4
3.5
107
Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Public Health and AIDS Control.
Firearm 17%
YES
YES
2007
21 / 18
YES
YES
YES
YES (NO)
2006
Year
Implementation
Home visiting
NO
–
NO
–
NO
–
Partial 
9.3
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES
0.1
TYPE
VIOLENCE
2001
2002 OF
2003
2004 2005
Against
child marriage
Bulgaria
Against female genital mutilation Other 11%
Burn 1% (all settings)
Youth violence laws
Against Strangulation
weapons on 9%
school premises
NO
NO
Rate per 100 0
Blunt force 100%
CAMBODIA
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Income group: Low
Housing polices
3
2.5
Alcohol
1.5 drinking score
Patterns of
Excise taxes
Beer:
YES
Wine: YES
1
Partial 
YES
Against rape
Against
Burundi
Elder abuse laws
Unknown 14%
Against elder abuse
YES
YES
YES
NO
NO
Other 19%
Firearm 41%
VICTIM LAWS
NO
YES
YES
YES
–

2007
YES
YES
YES
2008
YES
2009
2010
2011
2010



2011
2009
Year
Youth violence YES
Sexual violence YES
Elder abuse NO
Trends in homicides
Firearm 14%
Strangulation 2%
Sharp force 37%
Blunt force 42%
Other 4%
Burn 1%
2008
3
Adult protective
services
2
Child protection
services
1
Medico-legal
0
2001 services
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Mental health
DATA ON VIOLENCE
Cambodia
2007
4
VICTIM SERVICES
Sharp force 26%
2006
Year times 
Larger scale 
Implementation
Home visiting
NO
–
YES

YES

–
1.2
1
NO
–
0.8
NO
–
Mentoring0.6
YES

After-school
supervision
YES

0.4
YES

0.2
Intimate partner
0
NO
–
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
NO
–
NO
–
NO
–
NO
–
NO
–
–
Professional
NO
–
7
–
Public information
campaigns
NO
–
6
Caregiver support
NO
–
NO
–
18 / 18
YES
YES
YES
YES (NO)
5.5
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES
0.5
0 TYPE OF VIOLENCE
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Burkina Faso
Youth violence laws
NO
NO
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Cameroon
108
Bulgaria
YES
Other Child
11% maltreatment
Youth violence Burn YES
YES
1%
Sexual violence
YES
YES
FirearmsStrangulation 9%
YES
YES
Handguns/long
guns/ automatic weapons
YES/YES/YES
Blunt force 11%
Sharp force 51% YES
YES
Rate per 1
Blunt force 11%
Sharp force 51%
1
0.5
CAMEROON
0
2001
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Incentives1.2provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
Child maltreatment
NO
Youth violence
NO
NO
Sexual violence
NO
Elder abuse
NO
Firearms
YES
YES
YES/YES/YES
YES
YES
1
Alcohol
Adult (15+)
Patterns of
drinking score
0.4
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES
0.2
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
YES
YES
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Implementation
Home visiting
YES

YES

abusive situations
–
YES



Firearm 41%
Intimate partner
violence
Sharp force
26% laws
YES

–
Against rape
YES
Cambodia
Against contact sexual violence without rape NO
Against non-contact sexual violence Firearm 14%NO
Other 4%
Elder abuse laws
Burn 1%
Against elder abuse
NO
elder abuse2%
in institutions
NO

–
–
–
–
Sharp force 37%
Blunt
force 42%
VICTIM
LAWS
8
7
Youth violence
6
NO
5
YES
4
Mentoring
YES
3
After-school
supervision
–
2
YES
1
Intimate partner
0
2001 prevention
2002 2003 in
2004
2005 2006 2007 2008
Dating violence
schools
NO
NO
YES
YES
YES
YES
Elder abuse
prevention
programmes
4.5
Professional
YES
3.5
Public information
campaigns
YES
3
Caregiver support
NO
2.5
YES
–


–

2009
2010
2011






–

VICTIM 1.5
SERVICES
NO
YES
–

1
Adult protective
services
0.5
0
Medico-legal
for sexual
2001services
2002 2003
2004 violence
2005 2006
2007
–
YES
YES
2008
YES
–
2009
2010
DATA ON VIOLENCE
Youth violence YES
Sexual violence YES
–
–

2011

18 / 18
YES
YES
NO
YES (NO)
2007
8.4
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES
Partial 
2006
Burundi
Against
child marriage
Unknown 14%
Youth violence laws
Against gang
or criminal
group membership
Other
19%
NO
NO
0.8
Elder abuse YES
Trends in homicides
YEAR
VA
ILA
BL
E
Cameroon
Afghanistan
2011
Year
Burkina Faso
2002
TA
NO
TA
2006
DA
2007
HOMICIDES PER 100 000
DAT
OT
AN
LE
ILAB
AVA
5.4
2.3
Reported homicides (2011) N= –, Rate= 9/100 000 (–% M, –% F)
Source: Police
Unknown 4%
Other
1%
Other
Part VIII – Country profiles6%
Burn
1%
Burn 3%
Strangulation 1%
Firearm 35%
pulation
population
Canada
Albania
2
1.8
8
1.6
7
1.4
6
109
Rate per 100
CANADA
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Income group: High
Sharp force 26%
Housing polices
8
Burundi
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence Unknown
YES14%
YES
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
YES
Firearms
YES
Other
19%
Firearm 41%
Mandatory
background
check
YES
YES/YES/YES
YES
YES
YES
NO
7
Alcohol 6
3
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES
10.2
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES
2
1
0 TYPE OF VIOLENCE
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Partial 
Larger scale 
Year times 
Implementation
18 / 18
Home visiting
YES

YES1
YES

Cambodia
Against
statutory rape
YES
YES
YES

Firearm 14%YES1 (NO)

4.5
Burn 1%
Youth violence laws
Youth violence
4
1
weapons on2%
school premises
YES
YES

3
YES Sharp force 37%
YES
 Life skills and

Mentoring2.5
YES

2
After-school
supervision
YES

Blunt force 42%
1.5
YES

1
Intimate partner
0.5
0
YES
YES

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
NO
–
 Microfinance and gender equity training
YES

Against rape
YES
YES

Against
contact
sexual
violence
without
rape
YES
Physical
environment
changes
YES


Cameroon
YES
YES

Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse
YES
YES
 Professional awareness campaigns

YES1
YES
 Public information campaigns

Caregiver support
YES

YES

VICTIM SERVICES


YES
YES




YES
YES
YES
YES
DATA ON VIOLENCE
Canada
Youth violence YES
Sexual violence YES
Trends in homicides
Firearm 35%
Strangulation 8%
Sharp force 33%
Blunt force 16%
Unknown 4%
Other 1%
Burn 3%
2
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
Sources. Mechanism: Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics/ Reported homicides: Police
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
1
Elder abuse YES
Source: Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics
China
Subnational.
ulation
110
2
1.8
1.6
Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Public Health Agency of Canada.
VICTIM LAWS
Other 19%
4
Rate per 100
Firearm 41%
CHINA
3
2
1
Sharp force 26%
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Population: 1 384 770 183
Housing polices
4.5
4
Alcohol 3.5
2.5
Excise taxes
Beer:
YES
Wine: YES
1.5
1
0.5
0
2001
LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE
OF VIOLENCE
2002 2003 2004 2005
Partial 
22 / 20
YES
YES
NO
YES (YES)



YES
YES
NO
Against rape
Canada
Against
Unknown 4%
Elder abuse laws
Other 1%
Against elder abuse
Against elder abuse
in institutions
Burn 3%
–
–



YES
YES
YES
YES
YES


Firearm 35%
Strangulation 8%
VICTIM LAWS
force 16%
ProvidingBlunt
for victim
YES
YES
2006
2007
2009
2010
Sharp force 33%


YES
YES
Mentoring
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
2
Professional
awareness campaigns
YES
1.8
Public information
campaigns
YES
1.6
Caregiver1.4support
YES
1.2
Residential
care policies
YES
2011















1
VICTIM 0.8
SERVICES
0.6
Adult protective
services
0.4
Child protection
services
0.2
Medico-legal
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Mental health
services
2007
Year
DATA ON VIOLENCE
Youth violence –
Sexual violence –
2008
6.7
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES
Implementation
Home visiting
YES

YES

abusive situations
–
YES

Cameroon
Against
statutory rape
Youth violence laws
YES
YES
–
YES
YES
2008
YES
–
2009
2010


2011

Elder abuse –
Trends in homicides
DA
TA
NO
TA
VA
ILA
BL
E
2
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
2001
OT
AN
DAT
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Sources. Mechanism: –––-/ Reported homicides: VR
LE
ILAB
AVA
Source: National Disease Surveillance System
Colombia
Albania
Other 6%
60
8
Firearm 78%
pulation
ulation
Burn 1%
Other 5%
Strangulation 1%
7
50
6
111
Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by National Health and Family Planning Commission.
Cambodia
Child14%
maltreatment
YES
Firearm
Other 4%
Youth violence
YES
YES
Sexual violence Burn 1%YES
Elder abuse
YES
Strangulation 2%
Firearms
Sharp force 37% YES
NO
Handguns/long
YES/YES/YES
Blunt force guns/
42% automatic weapons
YES
YES
Afghanistan
China
2006
Rate per 100
Blunt force 42%
COLOMBIA
Cameroon
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
YES
YES
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
YES
Firearms
YES
YES
YES/YES/YES
YES
YES
Alcohol
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES
YES
YES
6.2
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES
YES
YES

Firearm 35%


Sharp force 33%
Blunt force 16%
Intimate partner
violence laws
YES
Against rape
Against
China
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse


YES
YES
YES



YES
YES


VICTIM LAWS
2
1.8
Youth violence
Pre-school1.6
enrichment
YES
1.4
YES
Mentoring1
YES
0.8 supervision
After-school
YES
0.6
YES
0.4
Intimate partner
0.2
0
Dating violence
YES
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
2
Professional
YES
Public information
campaigns
YES
1.6
Caregiver1.4support
YES
1.2
YES
2009
2010


YES
YES
0.6
Adult protective
services
0.4
Child protection
services
0.2
Medico-legal
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
DATA ON VIOLENCE
2007
Year
Youth violence –
Sexual violence YES
NO
YES
YES
2008
YES



2011







VICTIM 0.8
SERVICES
Colombia





–
2009
2010


2011

Elder abuse –
Trends in homicides
Blunt force 1%
Firearm 78%
Sharp force 16%
60
Other 5%
50
40
30
20
10
0
2001
2002
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Reported homicides (2012) N= 15742, Rate= 34/100 000 (–% M, –% F)
Sources. Mechanism: Direccion de Epidemiologia y Demografia/ Reported homicides: Direccion de Epidemiologia y Demografia
2003
Source: Police
Cook Islands
112
Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by National Institute of Legal Medicine and Ministry of Health and Social Protection.
18 / 18
NO
NO
NO
YES (YES)
Implementation
Home visiting
NO
–
–
Parenting education
YES

–
abusive situations
–
YES

Strangulation 8%
Partial 
Canada
Unknown 4%
Other 1% (all settings)
Youth violence laws
Burn 3%
COOK ISLANDS
Population: 20 523
Gross national income per capita: US$ ––
2
Housing polices
1.8
1.6
Alcohol 1.4
Adult (15+)
0.8
Excise taxes
Beer:
YES
Wine: YES
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Canada
Interpersonal violence Unknown
NO
Child maltreatment
NO
4%
Youth violence Other 1%
NO
NO
Sexual violenceBurn 3% NO
Elder abuse
NO
Firearm 35%
Firearms
Laws to
regulate civilian
YES
Strangulation
8% access
NO
Sharp force
33%
YES/YES/YES
YES
Blunt force 16%
YES
6.4
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES
2010
2011
Partial 
Year times 
Larger scale 
Implementation
–/–
Home visiting
YES

NO
–
Parenting education
YES

YES
abusive situations
NO
–
YES

NO (–)
–
2
1.8
Youth violence
1.6
NO
–
Pre-school1.4enrichment
NO
–
YES
NO
–
 Life skills1.2and social development training
Mentoring1
NO
–
0.8
After-school
supervision
NO
–
0.6
YES

0.4
0.2
Intimate partner
0
–
–
Dating violence
prevention
schools
NO 2009 2010 2011 –
2001 2002 2003 in
2004
2005 2006 2007 2008
–
NO
–
YES

Against rape
YES
NO
–
Colombia
NO
–
Against
YES
YES

Elder abuse laws
60
Against elder abuse
NO
–
NO
–
Other
5%
50
NO
–
Public information
campaigns
NO
–
Firearm 78%
Caregiver 40support
YES

Blunt force 1%
NO
–
30
VICTIM SERVICES
Sharp
force 16%
Providing
for victim
NO
NO
–
–
20
10
Child protection
services
Medico-legal
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Mental health
services
DATA ON VIOLENCE
Youth violence NO
Sexual violence NO
Afghanistan
Cook Islands
2007
Year
YES
YES
YES
2008
YES
2009
2010



2011

Elder abuse NO
VICTIM LAWS
China
Youth violence laws
NO
NO
Trends in homicides
VA
ILA
BL
E
Blunt force 100%
TA
OT
AN
LE
ILAB
AVA
DA
TA
NO
DAT
Sources. Mechanism: Country questionnaire/ Reported homicides: VR
Costa Rica
Albania
Other 4%
Burn 1%
Strangulation 1%
14
8
pulation
Other 6%
Part VIII –Strangulation
Country profiles
5%
12
7
6
10
113
Rate per 100 0
Sharp force 33%
Blunt force 16%
COSTA RICA
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Housing polices
2
1.8
Alcohol 1.6
1.4
Adult (15+)
0.8
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
2001
OF VIOLENCE
2002 2003 2004 2005
Partial 
15 / 15
YES
YES
NO
YES (YES)
YES
YES

Firearm 78%




YES
YES
YES



YES
YES


NO
YES
–
Blunt force 100%
VICTIM LAWS
2007
2008
2009
2010
60
YES
Life skills 40
YES
Mentoring30
NO
NO
20
YES
10
Intimate partner
Dating violence
YES
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Microfinance
YES
Year
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
Caregiver support
YES
YES


–
–

2009
2010




VICTIM SERVICES

NO
YES
YES
YES
Youth violence YES
Sexual violence YES



2011



–



DATA ON VIOLENCE
Costa Rica
2011
Year times 
Larger scale 
Implementation
Home visiting
NO
–
YES

abusive situations
–
YES

forceviolence
16% laws
IntimateSharp
partner
YES
Against rape
Cook
Islands sexual violence
Against
non-contact
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse
2006
5.4
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES
Colombia
Against
statutory rape
Youth violence laws
Other 5%
Blunt force
1% group membership
Against gang
or criminal
YES
NO
Elder abuse –
Trends in homicides
Other 4%
Blunt force 9%
Firearm 63%
Sharp force 19%
14
Strangulation 5%
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
2001
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Sources. Mechanism: Judiciary/ Reported homicides: VR
2002
Source: Judiciary
Croatia
Other 18%
2.5
Firearm 24%
ulation
114
2
China
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
NO
YES
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
NO
Firearms
YES
YES
YES/YES/YES
YES
NO
Rate per 100
CROATIA
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Income group: High
Housing polices
60
50
Alcohol
40
Excise taxes
Beer:
YES
Wine: NO
20
16 / 16
YES
YES
YES
YES (YES)

YES
YES


YES


Blunt force 100%
Against rape
Against
contact
Costa
Ricasexual violence without rape
Other 4%
Elder abuse laws
Strangulation
Against elder
abuse 5%
YES
YES
YES



YES
YES


Blunt force 9%
Firearm 63%
VICTIM LAWS
force compensation
19%
ProvidingSharp
for victim
2007


YES
YES
4
Adult protective
services
Child protection
services
2
Medico-legal
2001 services
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Mental health
2007
Year
2011















YES
YES
YES
2008
YES
2009
2010



2011

Elder abuse NO
Strangulation 6%
Sharp force 38%
2.5
Firearm 24%
Burn 2%
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Sources. Mechanism: Civil and Vital Registration/ Reported homicides: VR
2010
Trends in homicides
Blunt force 12%
2009
6
VICTIM SERVICES
Youth violence YES
Sexual violence –
Other 18%
2008
YES
YES
Mentoring
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
14
Professional
awareness campaigns
YES
12
Public information
campaigns
YES
Caregiver10support
YES
YES
DATA ON VIOLENCE
2006
Year times 
Larger scale 
Implementation
Home visiting
YES

YES

YES

Partial 
12.2
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES
10
0 TYPE OF VIOLENCE
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Cook Islands
Youth violence laws
NO
NO
Source: Civil and Vital Registration
Cuba
7
ulation
Firearm 6%
Unknown 3%
6
5
115
Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by National Institute of Public Health.
Colombia
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
YES
YES
Sexual violence
YES
Elder
abuse
YES
Other 5%
Firearms
Firearm 78%
Blunt force 1%
YES
YES
YES/YES/YES
YES
Sharp force 16%
Programmes
to reduce civilian firearm possession and use
YES
Croatia
2006
Rate per 100
Sharp force 16%
CUBA
20
10
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Cook
Islands
National
action
plans
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
YES
YES
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
YES
Firearms
YES
Blunt force 100%
YES
YES/YES/YES
YES
YES
Alcohol
Excise taxes
Beer:
Wine:
YES
YES
5.2
MOST RISKY
Spirits:
YES
YES



Firearm 63%
Sharp force 19%
YES
Against rape
Croatia
Against
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse
Other 18%
–
–
YES
YES
YES



YES Firearm 24%
YES


Burn 2%
Strangulation 6%
VICTIM LAWS
14
Youth violence
12
YES
Life skills and
social
development
training
YES
8
Mentoring6
YES
YES
4
NO
2
0
Dating violence
schools
2001 prevention
2002 2003 in
2004
2005 2006 2007 YES
2008
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
Elder abuse
prevention
programmes
2.5
YES
2
Public information
campaigns
YES
Caregiver1.5support
YES
YES




–
2009
2010







1
VICTIM SERVICES
Blunt force 12%
YES Sharp force 38%

YES

Adult protective
services
0.5
Medico-legal
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Year
2007
YES
YES
YES
2008
YES
2009
2010
DATA ON VIOLENCE
Cuba



2011
Youth violence NO
Sexual violence NO
7
Sharp force 70%
Burn 1%
Strangulation 6%
Blunt force 11%
Other 5%
Elder abuse NO
Trends in homicides
Firearm 6%
Unknown 3%



2011

6
5
4
3
2
1
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Cyprus
Unknown 11%
2.5
Firearm 34%
pulation
116
2
Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Public Health,
18 / 18
YES
YES
YES
YES (YES)
Implementation
Home visiting
YES

YES

YES

Partial 
Against
childRica
marriage
Costa
Against female genitalOther
mutilation
4%
Ban on corporal
punishment
(all settings)
Strangulation
5%
Youth violence laws
Against weapons
school premises
Blunt forceon9%
Blunt force 100%
CYPRUS
Income group: High
Housing polices
14
12
Alcohol 10
6
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: NO
4
YES
YES
Firearm 24%



Strangulation 6%
Blunt
force violence
12%
Intimate
partner
laws
YES
Against rape
Against
Cuba
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse
Firearm 6%
abuse in3%
institutions
Sharp force 38%


YES
YES
YES



YES
YES


Sharp force 70%
Other 5%
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Burn 1%
VICTIM LAWS
2.5
YES
YES
Mentoring
YES
1 supervision
After-school
YES
YES
0.5
0
Dating violence
YES
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
7
Professional
awareness campaigns
YES
6
Public information
campaigns
YES
5
Caregiver support
YES
YES
18 / 18
YES
YES
YES
YES (YES)
2006
Larger scale 
Year times 
Implementation
Home visiting
NO
–
YES

YES

Partial 
9.2
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES
2
0 TYPE OF VIOLENCE
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Croatia
Against
statutory rape
Youth violenceOther
laws18%
Against gang orBurn
criminal
2% group membership
YES
NO





2009
2010



2011







3
VICTIM SERVICES
Providing
for victim6%
compensation
Strangulation
ProvidingBlunt
for victim
force 11%
NO
YES
–

2
Adult protective
services
1
Child protection
services
Medico-legal
2001 services
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Mental health
DATA ON VIOLENCE
2007
Year
Youth violence YES
Sexual violence NO
2009
2010



2011

Elder abuse NO
Trends in homicides
2.5
Firearm 34%
Other 33%
Strangulation 22%
Unknown 11%
YES
YES
YES
2008
YES
Costa Rica
Interpersonal violenceOther
YES 4%
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
YES
YES
Strangulation 5%
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
YES
Firearms
Blunt force 9%
YES
Firearm 63%
YES
YES/YES/YES
Sharp
force 19%
Carrying
firearms
in public
YES
YES
Cyprus
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
2001
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Reported homicides (2011) N= 9, Rate= 1/100 000 (33.3% M, 66.7% F)
2002
Source: Police
Czech Republic
2.5
Strangulation 5%
Other 0.5%
ulation
2
117
CZECH REPUBLIC
6
Rate per 100
Sharp force 19%
4
2
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Income group: High
2.5
Housing polices
2
Alcohol
Adult (15+)
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES
0
YES
–


Sharp force 70%
–
Strangulation 6%
Blunt force
11% laws
Intimate partner
violence
YES





YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
2008
2009
2010
Firearm 34%


Other 33%
VICTIM LAWS
7
6
Youth violence
YES
Life skills and
YES
4
Mentoring3
YES
After-school
supervision
YES
2
YES
1
0
Dating violence
schools
2001 prevention
2002 2003 in
2004
2005 2006 2007 YES
2008
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
Elder abuse
prevention
programmes
2.5
YES
2
Public information
campaigns
YES
Caregiver1.5support
YES
YES





2009
2010
YES
YES


Strangulation 22%
Adult protective
services
0.5
0
Medico-legal
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Year
2007
YES
YES
YES
2008
YES




2009
2010
DATA ON VIOLENCE
Youth violence –
Sexual violence –


2011

Elder abuse –
Trends in homicides
2.5
Other 0.5%
Firearm 12%
Sharp force 14%
Strangulation 5%
Blunt force 69%



2011



1
VICTIM SERVICES
2011
Implementation
Home visiting
YES

YES

YES

Burn 1%
Against rape
Cyprus
Against
Elder abuse laws
Unknown 11%
Against elder abuse
2007
Year
18 / 18
YES
YES
YES
YES (NO)
2006
Partial 
13
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES
0.5
2001
2002OF2003
2004 2005
TYPE
VIOLENCE
Cuba
Firearm 6%
Youth violence laws
Unknown 3%
5% group membership
Against gang Other
or criminal
YES
NO
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
2001
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
2002
Source: Police
Dominica
118
Blunt force 33%
Firearm 17%
pulation
25
20
Croatia
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violenceOther 18%YES
YES
Sexual violence
YES
YES
Firearms
Burn 2%
YES
Strangulation
6% check
Mandatory
background
YES
YES/YES/YES
Sharp force 38% YES
Carrying
in public
Bluntfirearms
force 12%
YES
Czech Republic
2011
Year
Rate per 1
Sharp force 38%
Blunt force 12%
1
0.5
0
DOMINICA
2001
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Population: 71 684
Cuba
2002
Incentives 7provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
Housing polices
6
Child maltreatment
NO
Youth violence FirearmNO6%
NO
Unknown 3%
Sexual violence
NO
Elder abuse
NO
Sharp force 70%
Firearms
Other 5%
Laws to regulate
civilian access
YES
Burn 1%
YES
Strangulation guns/
Handguns/long
YES/YES/YES
Carrying
firearms
in public
YES
Blunt
force 11%
YES
5
Alcohol
4
3
2
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES
7.1
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES
1
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
Partial 
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Implementation
–/–
Home visiting
YES

YES
YES

YES
abusive situations
NO
–
YES

2.5
NO (–)Firearm 34%
–
2
Youth violence
YES
NO
–
 Pre-school1.5enrichment
NO
–
NO
–
Mentoring1
NO
–
NO
–
0.5
YES

Strangulation 22%
Intimate partner
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
NO
–
NO
–
Year
YES

YES

Against
rapeRepublic
YES
YES

Czech
YES

YES
YES

Elder abuse laws
Elder abuse
Strangulation 5%
Against elder abuse
NO Other 0.5%
–
NO
–
2
NO
–
YES

Caregiver1.5support
YES

Blunt force 69%
Firearm 12%
YES

1
VICTIM SERVICES
NO
NO
Sharp force 14% –
–
0.5
Adult protective
services
0
Medico-legal
for sexual
2001services
2002 2003
2004 violence
2005 2006
Year
2007
YES
YES
YES
2008
YES
2009
2010
DATA ON VIOLENCE
Dominica
Youth violence NO
Sexual violence NO


2011

Elder abuse NO
VICTIM LAWS
Cyprus
Against
child marriage
Unknown
11% (all settings)
Ban on corporal
punishment
Youth violence laws
Against gang
Other or33%
NO
NO
Trends in homicides
Blunt force 33%
Firearm 17%
Sharp force 50%
25
20
15
10
5
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Source: Police
Dominican Republic
Other 1%
Blunt force 7%
30
population
3%
Part VIII – Strangulation
Country profiles
25
20
119
Rate per 100 0
Burn 1%
Strangulation 6%
Blunt force 11%
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
3
2
1
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Housing polices
2.5
2
Alcohol
Adult (15+)
1
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES

Strangulation 5%
YES
YES
Other 0.5%


Firearm 12%
YES
Against rape
Against
Dominica
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse
Blunt force 33%
Sharp force 14%


YES
YES
YES



YES
YES


Firearm 17%
Sharp force 50%
VICTIM LAWS
NO
YES
2009
2010
2011
–

2.5
VICTIM SERVICES
10
5
Child protection
services
Medico-legal
services
for sexual violence
0
2001 services
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Mental health
2007
Year
Youth violence NO
Sexual violence NO
Dominican Republic
YES
YES
YES
2008
YES


–


2009
2010
–


2011



–



2009
2010



2011
Elder abuse NO
Trends in homicides
Other 1%
Blunt force 7%
Firearm 64%
Sharp force 25%
30
Strangulation 3%
25
20
15
10
5
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Sources. Mechanism: National Statistical Office/ Reported homicides: Police
2008
YES
YES
1.5
Mentoring
NO
After-school
YES
1 supervision
YES
0.5
Intimate partner
Dating violence
NO
0
2001
2003equity
2004 training
2005 2006 2007 YES
2008
Microfinance
and2002
gender
Year
YES
YES
YES
YES
Professional
NO
Public information
campaigns
YES
20
Caregiver support
YES
15 care policies
Residential
YES
DATA ON VIOLENCE
2007
18 / 18
YES
YES
NO
YES (YES)
2006
Year times 
Larger scale 
Implementation
Home visiting
YES

YES

abusive situations
–
YES

Blunt force 69%
Partial 
6.9
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES
0.5
22%
0 TYPE OF VIOLENCE
LAWS ANDStrangulation
PREVENTION
PROGRAMMES BY
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Czech
Republic
Against
statutory
rape
Youth violence laws
NO
YES
Source: National Statistical Office
Ecuador
Unknown 8%
ulation
120
20
18
16
Cyprus
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
YES
Intimate partnerFirearm
violence
YES
34%
Unknown 11%
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
YES
Firearms
YES
Other background
33%
Mandatory
check
YES
YES/YES/YES
YES
YES
ECUADOR
Rate per 100
Other 33%
Strangulation 22%
1
0.5
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Housing polices
2.5
Alcohol 2
Adult (15+)
1
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES

NO Firearm 17%
YES
–
–
Sharp force 50%
NO
Against rape
Against
contact sexual
violence without rape
Dominican
Republic
Elder abuse laws Other 1%
Against elder
abuse 3%
Strangulation
Blunt force 7%
–

YES
YES
YES


YES
YES


–
Firearm 64%
VICTIM LAWS
force 25%
ProvidingSharp
for victim


YES
YES
2010
2011


–
–
–
2009
2010
2011




–
–

15
10
5
Child protection
services
Medico-legal
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Mental health
services
2007
Year
NO
YES
YES
2008
YES
–
–

VICTIM SERVICES
–
2009
2010


2011

Elder abuse YES
Trends in homicides
Unknown 8%
Other 2%
Firearm 63%
Blunt force 1%
Sharp force 21%
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
2009
25
Youth violence NO
Sexual violence YES
Strangulation 5%
2008
YES
YES
Mentoring
NO
10 supervision
After-school
NO
NO
5
0
Dating violence
NO
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
NO
YES
YES
YES
YES
30
YES
25
Public information
campaigns
NO
Caregiver20support
NO
YES
DATA ON VIOLENCE
2007
16 / 16
YES
YES
NO
YES (YES)
2006
Year times 
Larger scale 
Implementation
Home visiting
NO
–
YES

abusive situations
–
YES

Partial 
7.2
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES
0.5
0 TYPE OF VIOLENCE
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Dominica
Against
statutory rape
Youth violence laws
force on
33%
AgainstBlunt
weapons
school premises
NO
NO
Czech Republic
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
YES
Intimate partner
violence 5% YES
Strangulation
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
YES
Other 0.5%
Firearms
Laws to regulate
YES
Blunt forcecivilian
69% access
YES
Firearm 12%
YES/YES/YES
Sharp force 14% YES
NO
Ecuador
2006
Other 4%
Burn 1%
ulation
Egypt
5
4.5
4
3.5
121
Rate per 100
Firearm 12%
Sharp force 14%
EGYPT
1
0.5
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Housing polices
25
20
Alcohol
Adult (15+)
15 per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
10
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES



YES
YES
Firearm 64%
Sharp force 25%
–
Against rape
Ecuador
Against
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse
Unknown 8%
Other 2%
–
–
YES
YES
YES



YES
YES


Strangulation 5%
Firearm 63%
VICTIM LAWS
force 1%
ProvidingBlunt
for victim
compensation
Sharp force 21%
YES
YES
Egypt
2010
2011
–


–

2009
2010
2011


–


–



10
6
Adult protective
services
4
Child protection
services
2
Medico-legal
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Mental health
services
2007
Year
–
YES
YES
2008
NO
–


VICTIM SERVICES
8
–
2009
2010


2011
–
Elder abuse NO
Trends in homicides
Other 4%
Burn 1%
Strangulation 4%
Firearm 67%
Sharp force 23%
5
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
2009
30
Youth violence YES
Sexual violence NO
Blunt force 1%
2008
25
NO
YES
Mentoring15
YES
After-school
supervision
–
10
YES
5
Intimate partner
0
Dating violence
NO
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
YES
YES
NO
YES
YES
20
Professional
awareness campaigns
NO
18
Public information
campaigns
YES
16
Caregiver14support
YES
12
Residential
care policies
YES
DATA ON VIOLENCE
2007
18 / 18
YES
YES
YES
YES (NO)
2006
Year times 
Larger scale 
Implementation
Home visiting
YES

YES

YES

Partial 
0.4
–
Spirits: YES
5
0 TYPE OF VIOLENCE
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Dominican
Republic
Against
statutory rape
Strangulation
Youth violence
laws 3%
Blunt force 7%
–
YES
El Salvador
Subnational.
Unknown 1%
Other 0.4%
Blunt force 6%
80
ulation
122
70
60
Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health and Population.
Dominica
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
YES1
YES
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
YES
Firearm 17%
Blunt force 33%
Firearms
YES
Sharp force 50% YES
YES/YES/YES
YES
YES
1
2006
Rate per 100 00
Sharp force 50%
EL SALVADOR
10
5
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Housing polices
30
Dominican
Republic
National
action plans
Child maltreatment
YES
Other
1%
Youth violence
YES
YES
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
NO
Strangulation 3%
Firearms
Blunt forcecivilian
7% access
Laws to regulate
YES
YES
Firearm 64%
YES/YES/YES
YES
Sharpto
force
25%civilian firearm possession and use
Programmes
reduce
YES1
Alcohol 25
Adult (15+)
Patterns of
15 drinking score
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES
10


Firearm 63%
Blunt force 1%
Sharp
force 21%
Against rape
in marriage
YES
Against rape
Against
Egypt
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse Other 4%
Against elder abuse
Burnin
1%institutions


YES
YES
YES



YES
YES


Strangulation 4%
BluntLAWS
force 1%
VICTIM
Firearm 67%
Providing
for force
victim23%
Sharp
NO
YES
2003
2004
2005
El Salvador
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
–

20
Youth violence
18
YES
YES
Mentoring12
YES
10
After-school
YES
8 supervision
6
YES
4
Intimate partner
2
Dating violence
YES
0
2001
2003equity
2004 training
2005 2006 2007 YES
2008
Microfinance
and2002
gender
Year
YES
YES
YES
YES
Professional
YES
4.5
Public information
campaigns
NO
4
Caregiver3.5support
NO
NO
VICTIM 2.5
SERVICES
2
Adult protective
services
1.5
1
Child protection
services
0.5
Medico-legal
0
2001services
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Mental health
2007
YES
YES
YES
2008
YES





2009
2010
Youth violence NO
Sexual violence YES



2011




–
–
–
2009
2010
Year
DATA ON VIOLENCE
2006



2011
Elder abuse NO

YES
YES
Strangulation 5%
2002
18 / 18
YES
YES
YES
YES (YES)
2001
Larger scale 
Year times 
Implementation
Home visiting
YES

YES

YES

Partial 
3.2
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES
5
0 TYPE OF VIOLENCE
Ecuador
Against
statutory rape
Youth violence laws
Unknown 8%
2%
Against gangOther
or criminal
group membership
YES
YES1
Trends in homicides
Unknown 1%
Other 0.4%
Blunt force 6%
Firearm 70%
Sharp force 23%
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
1
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Reported homicides (2011) N= 4371, Rate=70.3/100 000 (86% M, 14% F)
Source: Tripartite Homicide Commission
Estonia
Subnational.
lation
18
16
14
123
Rate per 10
Sharp force 25%
ESTONIA
5
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Income group: High
Income inequality: 36
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
YES
Unknown 8%YES
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
NO
Other 2%
Firearms
Laws to
regulate civilian
YES
5% access
Strangulation
Firearm 63%
YES
Blunt forceguns/
Handguns/long
YES/YES/YES
YES
Sharp
force 21%
Programmes
to reduce
YES
Housing polices
18
16
Alcohol 14
12
Adult (15+)
6
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES
4
2
0
2001
2002OF2003
2004 2005
TYPE
VIOLENCE
18 / 18
YES
YES
YES
YES (YES)
NO
YES

–

Firearm 67%
Sharp force 23%
YES
Against rape
El Salvador
Against non-contact sexual
violence
1%
Unknown
Elder abuse laws
Other 0.4%
Against elder abuse
Blunt abuse
force 6%
Against elder
in institutions


YES
YES
YES



NO
NO
–
–
Firearm 70%
VICTIM LAWS
Sharp
Providing
for force
victim23%
compensation
YES
YES
2006
2007
2008
2009
10.3
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES
2010
5
4.5
Youth violence
4
YES
3
Life skills and
YES
2.5
Mentoring2
YES
After-school
YES
1.5 supervision
1
YES
0.5
Intimate partner
violence
prevention
programmes
0
2001 prevention
2002 2003 in
2004
2005 2006 2007 YES
2008
Dating violence
schools
Year
NO
YES
NO
NO
YES
Elder abuse
Professional
NO
Public information
campaigns
NO
60
Caregiver50support
YES
Residential
–
40 care policies





2009
2010

2011
–

–
–

–
–

–
VICTIM SERVICES


30
20
Adult protective
services
10
Child protection
services
0
Medico-legal
for sexual
2001services
2002 2003
2004 violence
2005 2006
Year
2007
NO
YES
YES
2008
YES
–
2009
2010
DATA ON VIOLENCE
Estonia
2011
Year
Implementation
Home visiting
YES

YES

YES

Blunt force 1%
Partial 
Against
child marriage
Egypt
Burn 1%
Youth violence laws
weapons on4%
school premises
NO
NO
Youth violence YES
Sexual violence YES

2011

Elder abuse NO
Trends in homicides
Sharp force 44%
Firearm 6%
Burn 3%
Strangulation 6%
Blunt force 41%
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Sources. Mechanism: Police/ Reported homicides: VR
Fiji
Other 12%
opulation
4.5
124
4
3.5
3
Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Justice.
Ecuador
10
Sharp force 21%
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Population: 874 742
Incentives 5provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
Housing polices
4.5
4
Alcohol 3.5
3
Adult (15+)
1.5
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES
1
0.5
0
2002 2003 2004 2005
LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY2001TYPE
OF VIOLENCE
18 / 18
YES
YES
NO
YES (NO)
YES
YES



Firearm 70%
YES





YES
YES
YES
NO
NO Sharp force 44%
–
–
Firearm 6%
Burn 3%
VICTIM LAWS
ProvidingStrangulation
for victim compensation
6%
2007
2008
2009
2010
NO Blunt force 41% –
YES

80
70
Youth violence
–
YES
Mentoring40
YES
30
–
20
YES
10
0
Dating violence
schools
2001 prevention
2002 2003 in
2004
2005 2006 2007 NO
2008
YES
NO
YES
YES
YES
Elder abuse
prevention
programmes
18
Professional
YES
14
Public information
campaigns
YES
Caregiver12support
YES
10
Residential
care policies
NO
–


–

2009
2010
Fiji
2011
–






–
8
VICTIM SERVICES
6
4
Adult protective
services
2
Child protection
services
0
Medico-legal
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Year
2007
YES
YES
YES
2008
YES
Youth violence –
Sexual violence –
–

2009
2010
DATA ON VIOLENCE
2011
Year
Implementation
Home visiting
YES

YES

abusive situations
–
YES

Sharp force 23%
Against rape
Estonia
Against
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse
2006
3
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES
Partial 
Against
child marriage
El Salvador
1%
Unknown
Against female genital
mutilation
0.4%
Other
Ban on corporal
punishment
(all settings)
Youth violence laws
Blunt force 6%
YES
NO


2011

Elder abuse –
Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Fiji Police Force.
Egypt
Child maltreatment
NO
Other
Youth violence
NO4%
NO
Sexual violence Burn 1%NO
Elder abuse
NO
Strangulation 4%
Firearms
YES
Blunt force 1%
Firearm 67%
YES
YES/YES/YES
Carrying
in public
YES
Sharpfirearms
force 23%
NO
FIJI
8
6
4
2
0
Rate per 10
Blunt force 1%
Trends in homicides
Other 12%
Sharp force 46%
Burn 19%
Strangulation 8%
Blunt force 15%
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Source: Police
Finland
3
opulation
15%
Firearmprofiles
2.5
2
125
Rate per 10
Firearm 67%
Sharp force 23%
FINLAND
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Income group: High
80
70
60
Alcohol 50
Adult (15+)
40
Patterns of
drinking score
30
Excise taxes
Beer:
YES
Wine: YES
20
0

YES Sharp force 44%
NO
–
–
Burn 3%
Blunt force 41%
Strangulation 6%
YES
Against rape
Fiji
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse
Against elderOther
abuse12%
in institutions


YES
YES
YES



YES
YES


Sharp force 46%
VICTIM LAWS
Burn 19%
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
18
16
Youth violence
14
YES
YES
Mentoring8
YES
6 supervision
After-school
YES
4
YES
2
Intimate partner
0
Dating violence
schools
2001 prevention
2002 2003 in
2004
2005 2006 2007 YES
2008
NO
YES
YES
NO
YES
Elder abuse
Professional
NO
3.5
Public information
campaigns
YES
3
Caregiver support
YES
2.5
YES
18 / 18
YES
YES
YES
YES (YES)
2006
Implementation
Home visiting
YES

YES

YES

Partial 
12.3
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES
10
2001
2002 OF
2003
2004 2005
TYPE
VIOLENCE
Against
child marriage
Estonia
Youth violence laws
Firearm
6% group membership
Against gang
or criminal
YES
NO





2009
2010

2011
–


–

–



2
VICTIM 1.5
SERVICES
Strangulation 8%
YES

YES Blunt force 15% 
1
Adult protective
services
0.5
Child protection
services
0
Medico-legal
for sexual
2001services
2002 2003
2004 violence
2005 2006
Year
2007
YES
YES
YES
2008
YES
2009
2010
DATA ON VIOLENCE
Finland
Youth violence YES
Sexual violence YES
Elder abuse YES
Trends in homicides
Sharp force 46%
Other 16%
Burn 3%
Blunt force 7%
3
Firearm 15%
Strangulation 13%


2011

2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Sources. Mechanism: National Research Institute of Legal Policy/ Reported homicides: Police
1
Source: National Research Institute of Legal Policy
Subnational.
126
Gabon
Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Social Affairs and Health.
El Salvador
National action plansUnknown 1%
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violenceOther 0.4%YES1
YES
Sexual violence
YES
Elder
abuse
NO
Blunt force 6%
Firearms
YES
Firearm 70%
YES
Handguns/long
guns/
automatic
weapons
YES/YES/YES
Sharp force 23%
YES
YES1
Sharp force 23%
Rate
20
10
0
2001
GABON
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Estonia
18
National social
and educational policies
14
Housing polices
Child maltreatment
NO
Sharp
force 44%
Youth violence
YES
Intimate partner
violence
YES1
1
Elder abuse
NO
Sexual violence
Firearm 6% YES
Firearms
Burn 3%
YES
Blunt force 41%
Mandatory
background
YES
Strangulation
6% check
YES/YES/YES
YES
NO
12
10
Alcohol 8
2
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
YES
YES

Sharp force 46%


Blunt force 15%
Strangulation 8%
NO
Finland
Sexual
violence laws
Against rape
Against non-contact
sexual violence
Firearm 15%
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse
Other 16%
–



YES
YES
NO
NO
NO
–
Sharp force 46%
–
–
Burn 3%
VICTIM LAWS
Blunt force 7%
13%
Providing forStrangulation
victim compensation
NO
YES
2008
2009
2010
2011
Implementation
Home visiting
NO
–
NO
–
 Training to4.5recognise / avoid sexually
NO
–
4
18 / 18
YES
YES
YES
YES (NO)
2007
3.5
3
Youth violence
2.5
NO
NO
Mentoring1
YES
After-school
NO
0.5 supervision
0
NO
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Year
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
3
NO
Elder abuse
Professional
YES
Public information
campaigns
NO
1.5
Caregiver support
NO
NO
–
–

2009
2010
2011
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Burn 19%
Partial 
2006
10.9
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES
Year
Fiji
Ban on corporal
punishment
(all settings)
12%
Other
Youth violence laws
NO
NO

–
–
–
VICTIM 0.5
SERVICES
–

0
Adult protective
services
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Year
2007
NO
2008
YES
YES
NO
2009
2010
2011
–


–
DATA ON VIOLENCE
Youth violence YES
Sexual violence YES
Elder abuse NO
Trends in homicides
VA
ILA
BL
E
Afghanistan
Gabon
TA
OT
AN
LE
ILAB
AVA
DA
TA
NO
DAT
Georgia
Albania
Subnational.
Other 6%
Burn 1%
Strangulation 1%
pulation
0 000 population
1
10
9
8
87
76
5
6
127
Blunt force 41%
Strangulation 6%
8
Rate per 100
Burn 3%
GEORGIA
6
4
2
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Housing polices
4.5
National
Fiji action plans
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
YES
YES
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
NO
Firearms Other 12%
YES
Sharp force 46%
YES
YES/YES/YES
Burn 19%
YES
Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession andBlunt
use force 15%
NO
4
Alcohol 3.5
2.5
Excise taxes
Beer:
YES
Wine: YES
1.5
1
Partial 
16 / 16
YES
YES
NO
YES (YES)
YES
YES



Sharp force 46%
Other 16%
Burn 3%
Blunt force 7%
Against rapeStrangulation
in marriage 13%
YES
Against rape
Elder abuse laws
Gabon
Against
elder abuse
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year times 
Larger scale 
Implementation
Home visiting
YES

NO
–
abusive situations
–
NO
–


YES
YES
NO


YES
NO

–
–
–


–

2009
2010
2011
–
–

–




–
–
VICTIM SERVICES
NO
YES
–

NO
YES
YES
NO
–


–
DATA ON VIOLENCE
Youth violence NO
Sexual violence NO
VA
ILA
BL
TA
NO
TA
DA
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
OT
AN
LE
ILAB
AVA
DAT
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Elder abuse NO
Trends in homicides
E
Georgia
Afghanistan
Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs
Germany
Albania
Unknown
Other
6% 9%
Burn 1%
Other 18%
Strangulation
1%
Firearm 13%
1.4
8
pulation
ulation
128
7
1.2
6
Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by National Center for Disease Control and Public Health.
VICTIM LAWS
3
2.5
NO
2
Life skills and
YES
Mentoring1.5
YES
After-school
supervision
NO
1
YES
0.5
Intimate partner
0
Dating violence
NO
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
NO
YES
NO
YES
YES
YES
YES
Caregiver support
NO
NO
Finland
Firearm
Youth violence
laws15%
7.7
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES
0.5
0 TYPE OF VIOLENCE
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Strangulation 8%
YES
NO
Rate per 100
Burn 19%
Blunt force 15%
GERMANY
Strangulation 8%
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Income group: High
2.5
Alcohol
2
1.5
Patterns of
drinking score
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES
1
Partial 
18 / 18
YES
YES
YES
YES (YES)
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year times 
Larger scale 
Implementation
Home visiting
YES

YES

YES


YES
YES


YES


Against rape
Georgia
Against
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse
11.8
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES
0.5
0
TYPE
VIOLENCE
2001
2002OF2003
2004 2005
Ban Gabon
on corporal punishment (all settings)
Youth violence laws
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES



YES
YES


VICTIM LAWS
YES
YES
Mentoring
YES
YES
YES
YES
–
YES
YES
YES
YES
10
Professional
YES
Public information
campaigns
YES
8
7
Caregiver support
YES
6
YES






–








4
VICTIM SERVICES


YES
YES
3
Adult protective
services
2
Child protection
services
1
Medico-legal
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Year
2007
YES
YES
YES
2008
YES
2009
2010
DATA ON VIOLENCE
Germany
Youth violence NO
Sexual violence NO
Other 18%
Burn 1%
Sharp force 38%
1.4
Firearm 13%
Strangulation 13%
Blunt force 8%
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Sources. Mechanism: Civil and Vital Registration/ Reported homicides: Police
Elder abuse NO
Trends in homicides
Unknown 9%



2011

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Federal Ministry of Health.
Strangulation 13%
3
Housing polices
Finland
Child maltreatment
YES1
YES
Youth violence
YES1
Firearm 15%
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
YES1
Firearms
Sharp force 46% YES
MandatoryOther
background
YES1
16% check
YES1/YES1/YES
Burn in3%
Carrying firearms
public
YES1
Blunt
force 7%
use
NO
Ghana
Subnational.
Other 3%
Burn 5%
Strangulation 8%
Unknown 4%
2.5
ulation
1
2011
Year
2
129
Rate per 100 0
Other 16%
Burn 3%
GHANA
Blunt force 7%
Strangulation 13%
1.5
1
0.5
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth
violence
NO
YES
Gabon
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
NO
Firearms
YES
YES
YES/YES/YES
YES
YES
Alcohol
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES
–
NO
4.8
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES
Partial 
Implementation
18 / 18
Home visiting
YES

YES
YES

YES
YES
YES

NO (–)
–
10
Youth violence
9
YES
NO
–
7
NO
–
Life skills and
YES

6
Mentoring5
YES

After-school
YES

4 supervision
3
YES

2
Intimate partner
violence
prevention
programmes
1
NO
–
Dating violence
YES

0
2003equity
2004 training
2005 2006 2007 NO
2008 2009 2010 2011 –
gender
 Microfinance2001and2002
Year
YES

Against rape
YES
YES

Against
YES

Germany
YES
YES

Elder abuse laws
Unknown 9%
Against elder abuse
YES
YES

Firearm 13%
1.2
Against elder
abuse
in
institutions
NO
–
Public
information
campaigns
YES

Other 18%
Caregiver support
YES

1
Residential
NO
–
0.8 care policies
Providing
Strangulation
13%
NO
YES
Sharp force 38%
VICTIM 0.6
SERVICES
–

Blunt force 8%
Adult protective
services
0.4
Child protection
services
0.2
Medico-legal
0
Mental health
2001 services
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
DATA ON VIOLENCE
Ghana
Youth violence –
Sexual violence YES
2010



2011 
Elder abuse –
Trends in homicides
Unknown 4%
Strangulation 8%
Firearm 51%
Blunt force 11%
Sharp force 18%
2.5
Burn 5%
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
2009
Year
Other 3%
2007
YES
YES
YES
YES
2008
Source: Police
Guatemala
lation
130
50
45
40
Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ghana Police Service.
1%
VICTIM Burn
LAWS
Georgia
Against
statutory rape
Youth violence laws
GUATEMALA
10
Housing polices
9
8
Alcohol 7
5
Excise taxes
Beer: NO
Wine: NO
3
2
1
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Georgia
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
YES
YES
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
YES1
Firearms
YES
YES
YES/YES/YES
YES
YES
Partial 
3.8
MOST RISKY
Spirits: NO
2010
2011
Year
Implementation
18 / 18
Home visiting
NO
–
NO
–
Parenting education
YES

YES
abusive situations
NO
–
YES

NO
(–)
–
1.4
Firearm 13%
Youth violence
1.2
YES
YES
 Pre-school1enrichment

YES
YES
 Life skills0.8and social development training

Burn 1%
Mentoring0.6
NO
–
Sharp force 38%
YES

0.4
Strangulation 13%
YES

0.2
0
Blunt
force 8%
Against rape in
marriage
YES
schools
NO 2009 2010 2011 –
2001 prevention
2002 2003 in
2004
2005 2006 2007 2008
YES

YES

Against rape
YES
YES

Ghana
YES
Against

YES
YES

Other 3% Unknown 4%
Elder abuse laws
2.5
Burn 5%
Against elder abuse
YES
NO
–
 Professional awareness campaigns
2
Public
information
campaigns
NO
–
Against
elder
abuse
in
institutions
YES

Strangulation 8%
Caregiver support
NO
–
1.5
Firearm 51%
NO
–
Blunt
force 11%
VICTIM
LAWS
Against
child marriage
Germany
Unknown 9%
(all settings)
Youth violence laws
Other 18%
YES1
NO
1
VICTIM SERVICES
NO
YES
–

Adult protective
services
0.5
Medico-legal
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
DATA ON VIOLENCE
Youth violence NO
Sexual violence NO
Other 15%
Firearm 82%
Strangulation 3%
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
2001
2
2009
2010
Elder abuse NO
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
1
–


2011

Trends in homicides
Guatemala
2007
Year
NO
YES
YES
2008
YES
Source: Police
Guinea
Subnational.
Blunt and sharp force were reported as one category, and are included in "other".
Other 3%
131
Firearm 32%
Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Public Health and Social Assistance.
Providing for
victim
Sharp
forcelegal
18%representation
Rate per 100 00
GUINEA
5
4
3
2
1
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Income group: Low
Alcohol 1.2
0.8 drinking score
Patterns of
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES
0.6
0.7
–
Spirits: YES
0.4
0.2
0 TYPE OF VIOLENCE
Blunt force 8%
YES1
NO
1.4
Germany
National
action plans
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
YES 9%
YES
Unknown
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuseFirearm 13%
YES
Firearms Other 18%
YES
YES
Burn 1%
YES/YES/YES
Sharp force 38%
Carrying
firearms 13%
in public
YES
Strangulation
YES
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2007
NO
YES
YES
NO
2008
2009
2010
2011
Firearm 82%
Strangulation
Providing
for victim3%
NO
YES
25
VICTIM SERVICES
–

20
Adult protective
services
15
Child protection
services
10
Medico-legal
0
Mental health
2001 services
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
DATA ON VIOLENCE
Afghanistan
Guinea
2009
2010
2011
–
Year
Youth violence NO
Sexual violence NO
–


Elder abuse NO
Trends in homicides
Firearm 32%
VA
ILA
BL
E
Other 3%
TA
LE
ILAB
AVA
TA
NO
DAT
DA
Blunt force 55%
OT
AN
Sharp force 10%
Reported homicides (2010-2011) N= 115, Rate= 1/100 000 (85.2% M, 14.8% F)
Albania
Guyana
Subnational.
132
Other 6%
Burn 1%
Unknown 19%
Strangulation 1%
Firearm 19%
pulation
ation
1
8
30
7
25
6
VICTIM LAWS
Partial 
Year
Implementation
18 / 18
Home visiting
YES

YES
NO
–
Against
statutory
rape
YES
Training
to
recognise
/
avoid
sexually

Ghana
YES
NO
–

Unknown 4%YES (NO)
Other(all
3%settings)
2.5
Youth violence laws
Youth violence
Burn 5%
YES
NO
–
 Pre-school2enrichment
Strangulation
8% group membership
NO
–
Against
gang or criminal
YES
Mentoring1.5
NO
–
Firearm 51%
NO
–
Blunt force 11%
1
NO
–
0.5
Intimate partner
Sharp
force 18%
Against rape
in marriage
YES
YES

0
–
Microfinance
gender
NO 2009 2010 2011 –
2001and
2002
2003 equity
2004 training
2005 2006 2007 2008
Year
NO
–
Against rape
YES
YES

NO
–

Guatemala
NO
–
YES
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse
NO
–
Professional
YES

45
NO
–
Public information
campaigns
NO
–
Caregiver 40support
NO
–
35
Other 15%
Residential
NO
–
30 care policies
Rate per 100
Burn 1%
Sharp force 38%
Strangulation 13%
GUYANA
0.6
0.4
0.2
Blunt force 8%
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Population: 795 369
2.5
Housing polices
Ghana
Child maltreatment
NO
4%
Other 3% Unknown
Youth violence Burn 5%NO
NO
Sexual violence
NO
Elder abuse
NO
Strangulation 8%
Firearms
YES
Firearm 51%
Mandatory
background
check
YES
Blunt force
11%
YES/YES/YES
YES
Programmes
to reduce
NO
Sharp
force 18%
2
Alcohol
Adult (15+)
1
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES
8.1
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES
0.5
0
VIOLENCE
2001TYPE
2002 OF
2003
2004 2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Partial 
Year times 
Larger scale 
Implementation
16 / 16
Home visiting
YES

YES
YES

YES
abusive situations
NO
–
YES

NO (–)
–
50
45
Youth violence
40
NO
–
NO
–
YES
YES
 Life skills 30and social development training

Firearm 82%
Mentoring25
YES

20
After-school
supervision
YES

15
NO
–
Strangulation 3%
10
5
Intimate partner
0
YES
NO
–
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
YES

YES

Against rape
YES
NO
–
Guinea
NO
–
Against
YES
YES

Other 3%
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse
NO
–
NO
–
NO Firearm 32%
–
NO
–
Caregiver support
NO
–
NO
–
Blunt force 55%
VICTIM
LAWS
VICTIM SERVICES
NO
NOSharp force 10%
–
–
NO
YES
NO
YES
–

–

DATA ON VIOLENCE
Unknown 19%
Firearm 19%
Other 7%
Burn 4%
Strangulation 2%
Sharp force 40%
Blunt force 9%
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Elder abuse NO
Trends in homicides
Guyana
Youth violence NO
Sexual violence NO
Source: Police
Honduras
Other 1%
90
ulation
Unknown 0.4%
80
70
133
Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Labour, Human Services and Social Security.
Against
child marriage
Guatemala
Youth violence laws
Other
Against gang
or 15%
NO
NO
Rate per 100
Blunt force 11%
HONDURAS
Sharp force 18%
0.5
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2011
50
Housing polices
45
40
Alcohol 35
20
Excise taxes
Beer:
YES
Wine: YES
15
10
5
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
YES
YES
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
NO
Firearms
Other 15%
YES
Firearm 82%
YES
YES/YES/YES
Strangulation
Carrying
firearms3%
in public
YES
YES
Partial 
18 / 18
NO
YES
NO
YES (YES)
NO Firearm 32%
YES

–

Blunt force 55%
Sharp force 10%
YES
Against rape
Guyana
Against
Elder abuse laws
abuse 19%
NO
YES
4
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES
2010
2011
Year times 
Larger scale 
Implementation
Home visiting
YES

–
Parenting education
YES

abusive situations
–
YES



YES
YES
YES



YES Firearm 19%
NO

–
Other 7%
–
–
–





–



–
–
–
VICTIM SERVICES
Providing
for victim 2%
compensation
Strangulation
Blunt force 9%
NO Sharp force 40% –
YES

10
5
Child protection
services
Medico-legal
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Mental health
services
DATA ON VIOLENCE
2007
Year
Youth violence NO
Sexual violence YES
NO
YES
YES
2008
YES
–
2009
2010


2011

Elder abuse NO
Trends in homicides
Other 1%
Strangulation 3%
Blunt force 3%
Firearm 83%
Sharp force 10%
90
Unknown 0.4%
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
2001
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
2002
Source: Police
Iceland
134
ulation
0.16
0.14
0.12
Burn 4%
VICTIM LAWS
NO
NO
Mentoring
NO
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
NO
YES
YES
30
YES
25
Public information
campaigns
NO
Caregiver 20support
NO
Residential
care policies
NO
15
Guinea
Other
(all3%
settings)
Youth violence laws
Honduras
2010
Year
Guatemala
1
Rate per 10
20
15
10
5
0
2001
Strangulation 3%
ICELAND
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Population: 325 867
Guinea
Income group: High
Other 3%
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
YES
YES
Sexual violence
YES
YES1
Firearms
YES
Blunt force 55%
YES
YES/YES/YES
YES
Sharp force 10%
–
Alcohol
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES
NO
NO
7.1
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES
Implementation
Home visiting
YES

YES

abusive situations
–
YES



YES
NO
–
Burn 4%
Strangulation 2%
Sharp force 40%
Blunt force
9% laws
Intimate partner
violence


YES
Against rape
Honduras
Elder abuse laws
Unknown
0.4%
Against elder
abuse
Against elderOther
abuse
1%in institutions
YES
YES
YES



YES
YES
–
–
Strangulation 3%
Blunt force 3%
Firearm 83%
VICTIM LAWS
30
25
Youth violence
YES
YES
Mentoring
YES
10
After-school
supervision
YES
5
YES
Intimate partner
violence
prevention
programmes
0
2001 prevention
2002 2003 in
2004
2005 2006 2007 YES
2008
Dating violence
schools
Year
NO
YES
YES
NO
YES
Elder abuse
Professional
–
70
Public information
campaigns
YES
Caregiver60support
YES
50
Residential
care policies
YES
40





2009
2010
–


–

–



VICTIM SERVICES
30
Sharp force 10%
YES
YES


20
Adult protective
services
10
Child protection
services
0
Medico-legal
for sexual
2001services
2002 2003
2004 violence
2005 2006
Year
2007
NO
YES
YES
2008
YES
–
2009
2010
DATA ON VIOLENCE
Iceland

2011
Youth violence –
Sexual violence YES

2011

Elder abuse YES1
Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Directorate of Health.
18 / 18
YES
YES
YES
YES (YES) 19%
Firearm
Partial 
Guyana
Against
child marriage
Ban on corporal
punishment
19% (all settings)
Unknown
Youth violence laws
Other 7%
Trends in homicides
Sharp force 100%
0.16
0.14
0.12
0.1
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
India
Subnational.
4
opulation
1
Source: Police
3.5
3
135
Blunt force 55%
Sharp force 10%
INDIA
Population: 1 236 686 732
30
Housing polices
25
Alcohol 20
15
10
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES
0
YES
YES Firearm 83%



Sharp force 10%
NO
Against rape
Iceland
Against
non-contact sexual violence
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse
–
–
YES
YES
YES



YES
NO

YES
YES


–
Sharp force 100%
VICTIM LAWS
2009
2010
2011
90





2009
2010

2011
0.04
Adult protective
services
0.02
Child protection
services
Medico-legal
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
2007
Year
YES
YES
YES
2008
YES
–




–



VICTIM0.06
SERVICES
Youth violence NO
Sexual violence NO
2008
80
Youth violence
YES
YES
50
Mentoring40
YES
After-school
YES
30 supervision
YES
20
10
Intimate partner
0
Dating violence
YES
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
NO
YES
YES
YES
YES
0.16
Professional
awareness campaigns
NO
0.14
Public information
campaigns
YES
0.12
Caregiver0.1support
YES
Residential
care policies
YES
0.08
DATA ON VIOLENCE
Afghanistan
India
2007
21 / 18
YES
YES
NO
YES (NO)
2006
Year times 
Larger scale 
Implementation
Home visiting
YES

YES

abusive situations
–
YES

Blunt force 3%
Partial 
4.3
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES
5
TYPE
VIOLENCE
2001
2002 OF
2003
2004 2005
Honduras
Youth violence
laws
Unknown
0.4%
Against weapons
Otheron
1%school premises
Against
gang or criminal
group membership
3%
Strangulation
YES
NO
2009
2010



2011

Elder abuse NO
Trends in homicides
DA
TA
NO
TA
VA
ILA
BL
E
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
OT
AN
1.5
DAT
1
0.5
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Sources. Mechanism: –– / Reported homicides: Police
LE
ILAB
AVA
Source: Ministry of Home Affairs
136
Other 6%
Burn 1%
Strangulation 1%
pulation
pulation
Albania
Indonesia
0.8
8
0.7
7
0.6
6
Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.
Guyana
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
YES
YES
Unknown 19%
19%
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse Firearm
YES
Firearms
Othercivilian
7%
Laws to regulate
access
YES
MandatoryBurn
background
check
YES
4%
YES/YES/YES
Strangulation
Sharp force 40%
Carrying
firearms2%
in public
YES
Programmes
to
reduce
civilian
firearm
possession
and
use
YES
Blunt force 9%
Rate per 100
Burn 4%
Strangulation 2%
Sharp force 40%
Blunt force 9%
INDONESIA
10
5
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
90
Housing polices
80
Alcohol 70
60
Adult (15+)
50
Patterns of
40 drinking score
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES
30
10
YES
YES
NO
Against rape
India
Against
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse



–

YES
YES
NO


YES
NO

YES
YES


–
–
VICTIM LAWS
2008
2009
2010
2011
0.16
Youth violence
0.14
0.12enrichment
Pre-school
YES
Life skills0.1
YES
0.08
Mentoring
YES
0.06 supervision
After-school
NO
0.04
YES
Intimate0.02
0
Dating violence
YES
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
NO
YES
YES
YES
YES
4
Professional
awareness campaigns
YES
3.5
Public information
campaigns
YES
3
Caregiver2.5support
YES
YES



–

2009
2010
2011
1
Adult protective
services
0.5
Child protection
services
Medico-legal
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
2007
Year
DATA ON VIOLENCE
Youth violence NO
Sexual violence NO
YES
YES
YES
2008
YES

–








VICTIM 1.5
SERVICES
Afghanistan
Indonesia
2007
21 / 21
YES
YES
YES
YES (NO)
2006
Year times 
Larger scale 
Implementation
Home visiting
YES

YES

YES

Sharp force 100%
Partial 
0.6
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES
20
0
TYPE
VIOLENCE
2001
2002 OF
2003
2004 2005
Iceland
Youth violence laws
NO
NO
2009
2010



2011

Elder abuse NO
Trends in homicides
DA
TA
NO
TA
VA
ILA
BL
E
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
OT
AN
0.3
DAT
0.2
0.1
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
LE
ILAB
AVA
Albania
Iran
Other 6%
Strangulation 1%
8
pulation
Burn 1%
7
6
137
Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health and Medical Education.
Honduras
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
NO
YES
Unknown 0.4% YES
Sexual violence
Elder abuse
NO
Firearms Other 1%
3%
Laws Strangulation
to regulate civilian
access
YES
Firearm 83%
Blunt force
3%
Mandatory
background
check
YES
YES/YES/YES
Sharp force 10%
YES
NO
Rate pe
Sharp force 10%
30
20
10
0
2001
IRAN (ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF)
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
0.16
0.14
0.12
0.1
Alcohol 0.08
Adult (15+)
0.06
Patterns 0.04
of drinking score
Excise taxes
Beer: –
Wine: –
0.02
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
YES
YES
NO
Against
rape
Indonesia
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse



–

YES
YES
YES



YES
YES


VICTIM LAWS
15 / 13
YES
YES
NO
YES (NO)
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Implementation
Home visiting
YES

YES

4
abusive situations
–
YES

3.5
3
Youth violence
2.5
YES
2
YES
1.5
Mentoring
YES
1
YES
0.5
YES
0
2001 2002
2003 prevention
2004 2005 programmes
2006 2007 2008
Intimate partner
violence
Dating violence prevention in schools Year
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
Social and0.8cultural norms change
YES
Elder abuse
Professional
YES
0.5
Public information
campaigns
YES
Caregiver0.4support
YES
0.3 care policies
Residential
YES
Partial 
2006
1
–
Spirits: –
Year
India
Against
child marriage
Youth violence laws
YES1
YES





2009
2010
2011










VICTIM 0.2
SERVICES
YES
YES


0.1
0
Child protection
2001 services
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Year
2007
YES
YES
2008
YES
YES
2009
2010
DATA ON VIOLENCE
Youth violence –
Sexual violence –
Iran
Afghanistan




2011
Elder abuse –
Trends in homicides
VA
ILA
BL
E
TA
OT
AN
LE
ILAB
AVA
DA
TA
NO
DAT
Iraq
1
Albania
Subnational.
138
Strangulation
Burn 4%1%
pulation
00 population
80
Other 24%
Other 6%
Burn 1%
70
8
60
7
50
6
Iceland
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
YES1
YES
Elder abuse
YES
Sexual violence
YES1
Firearms
Sharp force 100%
YES
YES
YES/YES/YES
YES
YES
Rate per 100
IRAQ
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
4
Housing polices
Indiaaction plans
National
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
YES
YES
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
YES
Firearms
YES
YES
YES/YES/YES
YES
YES
3.5
3
Alcohol
2.5
2
1.5
Excise taxes
Beer: NO
Wine: NO
1
0
2008
2009
2010
2011
Implementation
Home visiting
YES

YES

abusive situations
–
NO
–

YES
YES


YES

Against rape
Iran
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse
2007
Year
–
YES
YES
YES



YES
YES


YES
YES


VICTIM LAWS
0.8
0.7
Youth violence
YES
YES
Mentoring0.4
YES
0.3
After-school
supervision
YES
0.2
YES
0.1
0
Dating violence
schools
NO
2001 prevention
2002 2003 in
2004
2005 2006 2007 2008
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
NO
Caregiver support
YES
YES





2009
2010
2011




–


VICTIM SERVICES




YES
YES
YES
YES
DATA ON VIOLENCE
Iraq
Youth violence NO
Sexual violence YES
–


Elder abuse YES
18 / 18
YES
YES
YES1
YES (YES)
2006
Partial 
0.5
–
Spirits: NO
0.5
2001TYPE
2002 OF
2003
2004 2005
VIOLENCE
Against
statutory rape
Indonesia
Youth violence laws
NO
YES
Trends in homicides
Burn 4%
Firearm 45%
Strangulation 6%
Blunt force 7%
Sharp force 14%
80
Other 24%
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
1
Source: Police
Israel
Subnational.
Other 2%
Unknown 7%
Strangulation
profiles 5%
pulation
Blunt force 4%
3.5
3
2.5
139
Rate per 100 00
ISRAEL
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
Income group: High
2006
2007
2008
Year
2009
2010
2011
0.7
Alcohol
0.6
Adult (15+)
0.5
Patterns of
drinking score
0.4
Excise taxes
Beer:
YES
Wine: YES
0.3
0.1
YES
NO
YES
Against rape
Iraq
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse
Against elderOther
abuse24%
in institutions
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
Burn 4%
VICTIM LAWS
Providing for
victim
Blunt
forcelegal
7% representation
2003
2004
2005
NO
NO
–
–
Sharp force 14%
30
Adult protective
services
20
Child protection
services
10
Medico-legal
0
Mental health
2001 services
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
DATA ON VIOLENCE
Israel
2008
2007
YES
YES
YES
YES
2008
Youth violence YES
Sexual violence YES
2009
2010
2011
2010



2011
2009
Elder abuse YES
Trends in homicides
Unknown 7%
Strangulation 5%
Firearm 55%
Sharp force 27%
3.5
Blunt force 4%
Sources. Mechanism: Israel Center Bureau of Statistics/ Reported homicides: VR
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Source: Israel Center Bureau of Statistics
Subnational.
140
Italy
Unknown 10%
Other 5%
1.4
ation
1
2007
Year
Other 2%
2006
40
VICTIM SERVICES
Firearm 45%
Strangulation
Providing
for victim6%
compensation
2002
1.2
17 / 17
YES
YES
NO
YES (YES)
2001
Year
Implementation
Home visiting
YES

YES

abusive situations
–
YES

–
YES
 Pre-school enrichment

–
YES

Mentoring
YES

YES

YES

YES
 Dating violence prevention in schools

YES

YES

YES

YES

YES

YES

campaigns
YES
 Public information

70
Caregiver60support
YES

Residential
YES
50 care policies

Partial 
2.8
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES
0.2
0 TYPE OF VIOLENCE
Against
Iranfemale genital mutilation
Youth violence laws
NO
NO
0.8
Indonesia
Interpersonal
violence NO
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
YES
YES
Sexual violence
YES1
Elder abuse
YES1
Firearms
YES
YES
YES/YES/YES
YES
YES
Rate per 100
ITALY
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Income group: High
National
Iran action plans
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
YES
YES
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
NO
Firearms
YES
YES
YES/YES/YES
YES
NO
Alcohol
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: NO
YES
NO
6.7
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES



YES
YES
Firearm 45%
Strangulation 6%
Blunt force 7%
Sharp force 14%
YES


Against rape
YES
Israel
Against
YES
Other 2% Unknown 7%
Elder abuse laws
Strangulation 5%
Against elder abuse
YES
Blunt
forcein4%
Against elder
abuse
institutions
YES





Firearm 55%
VICTIM LAWS
80
70
Youth violence
NO
YES
Mentoring40
YES
30 supervision
After-school
YES
20
YES
10
Intimate partner
0
Dating violence
schools
2001 prevention
2002 2003 in
2004
2005 2006 2007 YES
2008
NO
YES
YES
YES
YES
3.5
YES
3
Public information
campaigns
NO
Caregiver2.5support
YES
YES
2009
2010

2011


YES
YES
1
Adult protective
services
0.5
Child protection
services
Medico-legal
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Mental health
services
DATA ON VIOLENCE
Youth violence YES
Sexual violence YES




–


Unknown 10%
Sharp force 24%
Firearm 45%
Blunt force 7%
2010
Elder abuse NO
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
2009
1.4
Other 5%
Burn 2%
Strangulation 7%
–


2011

Trends in homicides
2007
Year
NO
YES
YES
2008
YES
–

VICTIM 1.5
SERVICES
Sharp force 27%
Italy
–




18 / 18
YES
YES
YES
YES (NO)
Implementation
Home visiting
YES

–
Parenting education
YES

YES

Partial 
Against
Iraqchild marriage
Youth violence
laws
Other
24%
Against gangBurn
or criminal
group membership
4%
Source: Police
141
JAMAICA
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
YES
YES
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
NO
Firearms
YES
YES
YES/YES/YES
YES
YES1
Alcohol
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES
YES1
YES
4.9
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES
Partial 
18 / 18
YES
YES
NO
YES (NO)
Implementation
Home visiting
YES

YES
 Parenting education Training to recognise /

 avoid sexually abusive situations
–
YES



YES
NO
–
YES
Against rape
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse


YES
YES
YES



NO
NO
–
–
YES
YES


VICTIM LAWS
YES
YES
Mentoring
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
Caregiver support
YES
YES















VICTIM SERVICES
NO
YES
YES
YES
–



DATA ON VIOLENCE
Jamaica
Youth violence YES
Sexual violence YES
Trends in homicides
Other 11%
70
Firearm 70%
Sharp force 19%
Elder abuse NO
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Japan
Subnational.
142
Firearm 2%
Unknown 3%
0.7
Sharp force 54%
ulation
1
Source: Jamaica Constabulary Force
0.6
Youth violence laws
JAPAN
Income group: High
Interpersonal violence –
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
–
YES
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
YES
Firearms
YES
YES
YES/YES/YES
YES
YES
Alcohol
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES
NO
NO
7.2
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES
18 / 16
YES
YES
YES
YES (NO)
Implementation
Home visiting
YES

YES

abusive situations
–
NO
–

NO
NO
–
–
NO
Against rape
Jamaica
Against
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse Other 11%
Against elder
abuse
institutions
Sharp
forcein19%
–

YES
YES
YES



YES
YES Firearm 70%


VICTIM LAWS
NO
NO
Mentoring
NO
NO
YES
–
NO
YES
–
YES
YES
70
YES
60
YES
Caregiver50support
YES
40 care policies
Residential
YES
–
–
–
–

–
–

–






30
VICTIM SERVICES


YES
YES
20
Adult protective
services
10
Child protection
services
Medico-legal
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
2007
YES
YES
YES
2008
YES
2009
2010
DATA ON VIOLENCE
Japan
Youth violence YES
Sexual violence YES
Sharp force 54%
0.7
Other 41%
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Elder abuse YES
Trends in homicides
Firearm 2%
Unknown 3%



2011

Source: Statistics and Information Department
Jordan
3
pulation
2.5
143
Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare.
Partial 
Youth violence laws
JORDAN
Gross national income per capita: US$ ––
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
NO
YES
Elder abuse
YES
Sexual violence
YES1
Firearms
YES
YES
YES/YES/YES
YES
YES
Alcohol
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES
NO
NO
0.7
–
Spirits: YES
NO
YES

Firearm 70%
–

NO
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home YES1
Against rape
Japan
Elder abuse lawsFirearm 2%
Against elder abuse
Unknown 3%
YES
YES
YES
–
–



NO
–
YES Sharp force 54% 
VICTIM LAWS
70
60
Youth violence
NO
Life skills40and social development training
YES
Mentoring30
YES
After-school
NO
20 supervision
YES
10
Intimate partner
0
2001 prevention
2002 2003 in
2004
2005 2006 2007 2008
Dating violence
schools
NO
YES
YES
YES
NO
YES
Elder abuse
Professional
YES
Public information
campaigns
YES
0.5
Caregiver support
YES
0.4
YES
–

2009
2010
2011
NO
YES1
–

–





0.3

0.2
0.1
0
Medico-legal
for sexual
2001services
2002 2003
2004 violence
2005 2006
2007
Year
DATA ON VIOLENCE
Youth violence YES1
Sexual violence YES
NO
YES
YES
2008
YES
–


VICTIM SERVICES
Other 41%
Jordan
Afghanistan
–


–
2009
2010

2011

Elder abuse NO
Trends in homicides
DA
TA
NO
TA
VA
ILA
BL
E
3
2.5
2
1.5
OT
AN
1
DAT
0.5
0
2001
2002
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Kazakhstan
Albania
Subnational.
144
Other 6%
Burn 1%
Strangulation 1%
pulation
opulation
1
2003
Year
Sources. Mechanism: –––- / Reported homicides: Police
LE
ILAB
AVA
14
8
12
7
106
18 / 18
YES
YES
NO
YES (NO)
Implementation
Home visiting
NO
–
YES

abusive situations
–
YES

Partial 
Against
child marriage
Jamaica
Other 11%
(all settings)
Youth violence
laws
Sharp force 19%
KAZAKHSTAN
Jamaica
Child maltreatment
YES1
Other 11%
–
Youth violence
YES1
Sharp force 19%
Sexual violence
–
–
Firearms
YES
YES
YES/YES/YES
YES
YES
60
50
Alcohol
40
Adult (15+)
30
Patterns of
drinking score
20
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
YES
YES
Against rape
Jordan
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse
2008
2009
2010

Sharp force 54%



–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
0.7
0.6
Youth violence
0.5 enrichment
Pre-school
YES
YES
0.3
Mentoring
YES
After-school
YES
0.2 supervision
YES
0.1
Intimate partner
violence
prevention
programmes
0
2001 prevention
2002 2003 in
2004
2005 2006 2007 YES
2008
Dating violence
schools
YES
YES
YES
YES
NO
Elder abuse
Professional
–
–
2
Caregiver support
–
1.5 care policies
Residential
–





2009
2010



2011


–
–
–
–
–
1
VICTIM SERVICES
–
–
–
–
Adult protective
services
0.5
Child protection
services
0
2001services
2002 2003
2004 violence
2005 2006
Medico-legal
for sexual
Year
2007
–
YES
2008
YES
YES
–
2009
2010
DATA ON VIOLENCE
Youth violence –
Sexual violence YES

2011

Elder abuse –
Trends in homicides
DA
TA
NO
TA
VA
ILA
BL
E
14
12
10
8
6
OT
AN
DAT
4
2
0
2001
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Source: Police
Kenya
Albania
Subnational.
Other 6%
Burn 1%
Strangulation 1%
population
pulation
1
2002
Year
LE
ILAB
AVA
7
8
6
7
5
6
145
Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health and Social Development.
VICTIM LAWS
Kazakhstan
Afghanistan
2011
Implementation
Home visiting
YES

YES

abusive situations
–
YES

Other 41%
YES
2007
18 / 18
YES
YES
NO
YES (YES)
2006
Partial 
10.3
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES
10
Japan
Against
child marriage
Firearm 2% (all settings)
Unknown
Youth violence
laws 3%
YES
YES
Rate per 100
KENYA
30
20
10
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
Income group: Low
2009
2010
2011
Housing 0.7
Japan
Child maltreatment
NO
2%
Youth violence FirearmNO
NO
Sexual violence
NO
Elder abuse
NO
Unknown 3%
Sharp force 54%
Firearms
YES
YES
YES/YES/YES
YES
Other 41%
YES
0.6
Alcohol 0.5
Adult (15+)
Patterns 0.3
of drinking score
Excise taxes
Beer:
YES
Wine: YES
0.2
0
YES
YES
YES
Against rape
Against
Kazakhstan
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse





YES
YES
YES



NO
NO
–
–
2008
2009
2010
2011
3
Youth violence
2.5
NO
2
YES
1.5
Mentoring
YES
After-school
NO
1 supervision
YES
0.5
0
Dating violence
schools
2001 prevention
2002 2003 in
2004
2005 2006 2007 NO
2008
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
14
YES
12
Public information
campaigns
YES
Caregiver10support
YES
NO
–


–

2009
2010
2011
–








–
VICTIM SERVICES
YES
YES


6
4
Adult protective
services
2
Child protection
services
Medico-legal
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Mental health
services
2007
–
2009
2010
Year
DATA ON VIOLENCE
Youth violence NO
Sexual violence NO
NO
YES
YES
2008
YES


2011

Elder abuse NO
Trends in homicides
DA
TA
NO
TA
VA
ILA
BL
E
7
6
5
4
OT
AN
3
DAT
2
1
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
LE
ILAB
AVA
Source: National Bureau of Statistics
146
Other 6%
Unknown 22%
Burn 1%
Strangulation 1%
Sharp force 23%
pulation
pulation
Kiribati
Albania
128
107
6
VICTIM LAWS
Afghanistan
Kenya
2007
18 / 18
YES
YES
YES
YES (YES)
2006
Larger scale 
Year times 
Implementation
Home visiting
YES

YES

YES

Partial 
4.3
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES
0.1
TYPE
VIOLENCE
2001
2002OF2003
2004 2005
Jordan
Against
statutory rape
Youth violence laws
NO
NO
Rate per 10
Other 41%
KIRIBATI
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Population: 100 786
3
Jordan
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
YES
YES
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
NO
Firearms
YES
YES
YES/YES/YES
YES
YES
2.5
Alcohol 2
Adult (15+)
1.5
1
Excise taxes
Beer: NO
Wine: NO
0
Full  KEY No response/ don’t know –
Home visiting
abusive situations
–



YES
YES
YES
Against rape
Against
Kenya
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse
2007
2008
–
–
YES
YES
YES
–
–
–
NO
NO
–
–
2010
2011
Larger scale 
Implementation
YES
YES


YES

14
Youth violence
12
Pre-school
enrichment
NO
10
YES
Mentoring6
YES
NO
4
YES
2
0
Dating violence
schools
NO
2001 prevention
2002 2003 in
2004
2005 2006 2007 2008
YES
Year
NO
NO
YES
YES
7
NO
6
NO
Caregiver 5support
YES
NO
–


–

2009
2010
2011
–

–
–


–
–

–
3
VICTIM SERVICES
NO
YES
–

2
Adult protective
services
1
Child protection
services
0
Medico-legal
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Year
DATA ON VIOLENCE
Kiribati
2007
Youth violence NO
Sexual violence YES
2009
2010
2011
–
–
Elder abuse NO
12
Sharp force 23%
Blunt force 11%
Other 44%
10
8
6
4
2
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
–

Trends in homicides
Unknown 22%
NO
YES
NO
2008
NO
Source: Police
Kuwait
6
opulation
5
4
147
Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health and Medical Services.
VICTIM LAWS
2009
18 / 18
YES
YES
NO
YES (NO)
2006
Year times 
Once/few
Partial 
3
MOST RISKY
Spirits: NO
0.5
2001
2002OF2003
2004 2005
TYPE
VIOLENCE
Kazakhstan
Youth violence laws
YES
NO
Rate per 1
1
0.5
0
KUWAIT
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Income group: High
12
Alcohol 10
4
Excise taxes
Beer:
Wine:
0
Home visiting



YES
YES
–
Against
rape
Kiribati
Elder abuse laws
Unknown 22%
Against elder abuse
–
–


YES
YES
NO
–
Sharp force 23%
YES
YES


Blunt force 11%
VICTIM LAWS
Providing for victim legal
representation
Other 44%
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Yeartimes 
Once/few
NO
NO
Larger scale 
Implementation
NO
–
YES

NO
7
–
17 / 15
YES
YES
YES
YES (YES)
2006
6
Youth violence
Pre-school5 enrichment
NO
YES
Mentoring3
YES
After-school
YES
2 supervision
YES
1
Intimate partner
violence
prevention
programmes
0
2001 2002
2003 in
2004
2005 2006 2007 2008
Dating violence
prevention
schools
NO
Microfinance and gender equity training Year
NO
YES
NO
YES
YES
Elder abuse
Professional
YES
YES
8
Caregiver support
YES
6 care policies
Residential
YES
Partial 
0.1
–
Spirits:
2
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
TYPE OF VIOLENCE
Against
child marriage
Kenya
Youth violence laws
NO
NO
–




2009
2010
2011

–






4
VICTIM SERVICES
–
–
Adult protective
services
2
0
Medico-legal
for sexual
2001services
2002 2003
2004 violence
2005 2006
Year
2007
NO
NO
NO
2008
YES
2009
2010
2011
Youth violence NO
Sexual violence NO
Afghanistan
–
–
–

DATA ON VIOLENCE
Kuwait
–
–
Elder abuse NO
Trends in homicides
DA
TA
NO
TA
VA
ILA
BL
E
6
5
4
3
OT
AN
2
LE
ILAB
AVA
DAT
1
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Source: Police
Kyrgyzstan
Albania
Other31%
6%
Unknown
Burn 1%
Strangulation 1%
Firearm 4%
8
pulation
population
148
78
67
56
Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Social Affairs and Labour.
Kazakhstan
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
YES
NO
Sexual violence
NO
Elder abuse
NO
Firearms
YES
YES
YES/YES/YES
YES
YES
Rate per 100
KYRGYZSTAN
6
4
2
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Income group: Low
7
Housing polices
6
Alcohol 5
Excise taxes
Beer: NO
Wine: YES
2
Sharp force 23%
YES
YES



Blunt force 11%
Other 44%
YES
Against rape
Kuwait
Against
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse


YES
YES
YES



YES1
YES1


NO
YES
–
–
VICTIM LAWS
VICTIM SERVICES
2
1
0
Medico-legal
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
2007
Year
Youth violence –
Sexual violence –
Firearm 4%
2011
YES
YES
YES
2008
YES





2009
2010



2011







2009
2010



2011

Elder abuse –
8
Sharp force 35%
Other 10%
Strangulation 6%
Blunt force 14%
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
2010
Trends in homicides
Unknown 31%
2009
12
Kyrgyzstan
2008
Youth violence
10
YES
YES
Mentoring6
YES
After-school
YES
4 supervision
YES
2
0
Dating violence
YES
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
YES
Year
YES
YES
YES
YES
Elder abuse
prevention
programmes
6
YES
5
Public information
campaigns
YES
Caregiver 4support
YES
YES
DATA ON VIOLENCE
2007
17 / 17
YES
YES
–
YES (YES)
2006
Larger scale 
Yeartimes 
Implementation
Home visiting
YES

YES

abusive situations
–
YES

Partial 
4.3
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES
1
0
2001
VIOLENCE
2002 OF
2003
2004 2005
Against
child marriage
Kiribati
Unknown 22%
Youth violence laws
YES
YES1
Kenya
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
YES
YES
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
YES
Firearms
YES
YES
YES/YES/YES
YES
YES
1
2006
LAOS
Subnational.
149
Rate per 100
3
2
1
LAO PEOPLE’S DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Other 44%
12
Housing polices
0
18 / 18
YES
YES
NO
YES (YES)



YES
YES
NO
–
–
Against rape
YES
Kyrgyzstan
Against
NO
Elder abuse laws
Firearm 4%
Unknown 31%
Against elder abuse
NO
NO


–
–
–
Sharp force 35%
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
6
Youth violence
5
NO
4
YES
Mentoring3
YES
After-school
YES
2 supervision
YES
1
0
Dating violence
schools
NO
2001 prevention
2002 2003 in
2004
2005 2006 2007 2008
YES
YES
NO
YES
YES
Elder abuse
prevention
programmes
8
Professional
NO
Public information
campaigns
NO
6
Caregiver 5support
NO
NO
–




2009
2010
2011
–


–


–
–
–
–
3
VICTIM SERVICES
Other 10%
NO
YES
Strangulation 6%
Blunt force 14%
–

2
Adult protective
services
1
Child protection
services
0
Medico-legal
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
2007
Year
DATA ON VIOLENCE
Youth violence NO
Sexual violence NO
NO
YES
NO
2008
YES
–

2009
2010
2011
–

Elder abuse NO
Trends in homicides
VA
ILA
BL
E
TA
OT
AN
LE
ILAB
AVA
DA
TA
NO
DAT
Latvia
Albania
Other 6%
Firearm
Burn 1%6%
Strangulation 1%
Sharp force 36%
pulation
pulation
150
128
107
6
VICTIM LAWS
LAOS
Afghanistan
2006
Larger scale 
Yeartimes 
Implementation
Home visiting
NO
–
NO
–
abusive situations
–
NO
–
Partial 
7.3
MOST RISKY
Spirits: NO
2
TYPE
VIOLENCE
2001
2002 OF
2003
2004 2005
Against
child marriage
Kuwait
Youth violence laws
YES
NO
10
Alcohol 8
4
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: NO
Kiribati
Child maltreatment
NO
Youth violence Unknown NO
Intimate partner
NO
22%
Sharp violence
force 23%
Sexual violence
NO
Elder abuse
NO
Firearms
YES
YES
Blunt force 11%
YES/YES/YES
YES
YES
LATVIA
Rate per 10
Blunt force 11%
4
2
Other 44%
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Income group: High
6
Kuwait
Child maltreatment
NO
Youth violence
NO
NO
Sexual violence
NO
Elder abuse
NO
Firearms
YES
YES
YES/YES/YES
YES
YES
NO
NO
5
Alcohol 4
3
2
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES
12.3
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES
1
0
2001
2002 OF
2003
2004 2005
VIOLENCE
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Partial 
Larger scale 
Implementation
18 / 18
Home visiting
YES

YES
Against
child marriage
YES

Kyrgyzstan
YES
YES
YES

4%
8
Ban on corporal punishment (all settings) FirearmYES
(YES)
–
Unknown 31%
7
Youth violence laws
Youth violence
YES
YES
 Pre-school6 enrichment

YES
YES Sharp force 35%

Mentoring4
NO
–
3
After-school
supervision
YES

Other 10%
2
YES

1
Intimate partner
violence
laws
Intimate
partner
violence
prevention
programmes
Strangulation 6%
0
YES
prevention
schools
NO 2009 2010 2011 –
2001 2002
2003 in
2004
2005 2006 2007 2008
Blunt force 14%
–
YES

YES

Against rape
YES
NO
–
LAOS
NO
–
Against
YES
YES

Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse
NO
–
NO
–
NO
–
NO
–
Caregiver support
NO
–
NO
–
Yeartimes 
Once/few
VICTIM SERVICES


YES
YES
NO
YES
YES
YES
–



DATA ON VIOLENCE
Latvia
Youth violence NO
Sexual violence NO
Trends in homicides
Sharp force 36%
Unknown 9%
Blunt force 12%
Other 31%
12
Firearm 6%
Elder abuse NO
VICTIM LAWS
Strangulation 6%
10
8
6
4
2
0
2001
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
2002
Source: Police
pulation
Liberia
1.2
10
151
Rate per 10
LIBERIA
2
1
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Income group: Low
8
6
Alcohol 5
Excise taxes
Beer:
YES
Wine: YES
2
4.7
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES
1
0
2001
Blunt force LAWS
14% AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Implementation
18 / 18
Home visiting
YES

YES
YES

YES
abusive situations
NO
–
YES

NO (–)
–
YES
YES

YES
YES
 Life skills and social development training

Mentoring
YES

YES

YES

NO
–
YES

YES

YES

Against rape
YES
YES

Latvia
Against
NO
–
YES
YES

Elder abuse laws
Elder abuse
12
Sharp force 36%
Against elder abuse
NO
–
NO
–
Firearm 6%
10
NO
–
NO
–
Caregiver 8support
YES
Unknown 9%

NO
–
NO Blunt force 12% –
YES

Other 31%
Strangulation 6%
VICTIM SERVICES
4
2
0
Medico-legal
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
DATA ON VIOLENCE
Youth violence NO
Sexual violence YES
VA
ILA
BL
TA
NO
TA
DA
2010
Elder abuse NO
10
0.8
0.6
OT
AN
LE
ILAB
AVA
DAT
0.4
0.2
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Source: Police
Lithuania
Albania
Subnational.
152
Other 6%
Firearm
4%
Burn 1%
Unknown
1%
Strangulation
Other1%
9%
Sharp force 30%
pulation
opulation
1
2009
1.2
0
Sources. Mechanism: ––-/ Reported homicides: Police
–


2011

Trends in homicides
E
Liberia
Afghanistan
2007
Year
NO
YES
YES
2008
YES
12
8
107
86
Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health and Social Welfare.
VICTIM LAWS
Partial 
Against
child marriage
LAOS
Youth violence laws
NO
NO
7
Kyrgyzstan
Child
maltreatment
YES1
Firearm
4%
Youth violence UnknownYES
Intimate
partner
violence
YES
31%
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
YES
Firearms
Sharp force 35% YES
YES
Otherguns/
Handguns/long
YES/YES/YES
YES
ProgrammesStrangulation
to reduce civilian
YES
6% firearm possession and use
Rate per 100
4
Other 10%
LITHUANIA
Strangulation 6%
3
2
1
0
2001
Blunt force 14%
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Income group: High
LAOS
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
YES
YES
Sexual violence
NO
Elder abuse
NO
Firearms
YES
YES
YES/YES/YES
YES
YES
Alcohol
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES
YES1
NO
15.4
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES
Partial 
Implementation
18 / 18
Home visiting
YES

YES
YES

YES
abusive situations
NO
–
YES

NO (–)
–
12
Sharp force 36%
NO
–
YES

YES
YES

Mentoring6
YES

YES

4
YES

Blunt force 12%
2
Intimate partner
Other 31%
Strangulation
6%
YES
NO
–
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
NO
–
Year
YES

Against rape
YES
YES

YES
Against

Liberia
NO
–
YES
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse
YES
NO
–
campaigns
NO
–
YES
10
Caregiver support
YES

0.8
Residential
care policies
YES

VICTIM0.6
SERVICES
YES
YES


0.4
Adult protective
services
Child protection
services
0.2
0
Mental health
2001services
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
DATA ON VIOLENCE
Sharp force 30%
Other 9%
Strangulation 8%
Elder abuse NO
10
8
6
4
2
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Source: Statistics Lithuania
Madagascar
Subnational.
Unknown 2%
Firearm 39%
4.5
lation
1
2010
12
Blunt force 48%
2009
Trends in homicides
Firearm 4%
Unknown 1%
–


2011
Year
Youth violence YES
Sexual violence YES
Lithuania
2007
NO
YES
YES
YES
2008
VICTIM LAWS
Latvia
Against
statutory rape
Youth violence laws
Firearm 6%
Against gang
or criminal
Unknown
9% group membership
4
3.5
153
MADAGASCAR
Income group: Low
12
Housing polices
10
Alcohol 8
6
4
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES
0
YES
YES
Home visiting
abusive situations
–



NO
Against rape
YES
Lithuania
YES
Sharp force 30%
Elder abuse laws Firearm 4%
Against elder Unknown
abuse 1%
NO
NO
2007
2008
Yeartimes 
Once/few
–
–



–
–
Other 9%
Strangulation
VICTIM
LAWS 8%
2009
2010
YES
YES


YES

1.2


–
–
–
2009
2010
NO
YES
Blunt force 48%
–

Adult protective
services
2
0
Medico-legal
for sexual
2001services
2002 2003
2004 violence
2005 2006
Year
2007
YES
YES
YES
2008
YES
–

–
–
2009
2010
DATA ON VIOLENCE
Madagascar
1
Youth violence YES1
Sexual violence YES
Burn 2%
Strangulation 1%
Blunt force 22%
Sharp force 16%
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Elder abuse YES1
4.5
Other 18%


2011

Trends in homicides
Unknown 2%
Firearm 39%



2011



VICTIM SERVICES
4
2011
Larger scale 
Implementation
Youth violence
10
YES
YES
0.6
Mentoring
NO
After-school
NO
0.4 supervision
NO
0.2
0
Dating violence
YES
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
Elder abuse
prevention
programmes
12
NO
10
YES
Caregiver 8support
NO
NO
18 / 18
YES
YES
NO
NO (–)
2006
Partial 
1.8
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES
2
2001
2002 OF
2003
2004 2005
TYPE
VIOLENCE
Against
child marriage
Liberia
Youth violence laws
YES1
NO
Source: Country questionnaire.
Malawi
Subnational.
154
opulation
1
4
3.5
3
Latvia
Child maltreatment
NO
force 36%
Youth violence Firearm NO
Intimate Sharp
partner
violence
YES
6%
Sexual violence
NO
Elder abuse
NO
Firearms Unknown 9%
YES
YES
YES/YES/YES
Blunt force 12%
YES
and use
NO
Othercivilian
31% firearm possession
Strangulation 6%
Rate per 10
Blunt force 12%
Other 31%
MALAWI
2
Strangulation 6%
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Liberia
4
Income group: Low
1.2
Housing polices
Child maltreatment
NO
Youth violence
NO
YES
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
NO
Firearms
YES
YES
YES/YES/YES
YES
YES
YES
NO
10
Alcohol 0.8
0.6
0.4
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES
2.5
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES
0.2
0
2001
2002OF2003
2004 2005
TYPE
VIOLENCE
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Partial 
Larger scale 
Implementation
18 / 18
Home visiting
YES

Lithuania
YES
Against
child marriage
YES

YES
abusive situations
–
YES

SharpNO
force 30%
12
Firearm 4%(all settings)
YES (YES)

10
Youth violenceUnknown
laws 1%
Youth violence
Other
Against weapons
on 9%
school premises
YES
YES

YES
YES

Mentoring
NO
–
Strangulation 8%
4 supervision
After-school
NO
–
YES
2

Intimate partner
Blunt force 48%
0
2001 prevention
2002 2003 in
2004
2005 2006 2007 YES
2008 2009 2010 2011
NO
–
Dating violence
schools
Year
YES

YES

Against
rape
YES
YES

Madagascar
YES

YES
YES


Unknown 2%
Elder abuse laws
Elder abuse
Firearm 39%
Against elder abuse
YES
YES

3.5
Against elder abuse
in institutions
NO
–
Public information
campaigns
YES

Other 18%
3
Caregiver2.5support
YES

Residential
NO
–
2 care policies
Burn 2%
VICTIM1.5SERVICES
Bluntlegal
forcerepresentation
22%


YES
YES
Sharp force 16%
1
Adult protective
services
0.5
0
Medico-legal
for sexual
2001services
2002 2003
2004 violence
2005 2006
Year
2007
YES
YES
YES
2008
YES
2009
2010
DATA ON VIOLENCE
Youth violence NO
Sexual violence YES
Malawi
Afghanistan


2011

Elder abuse NO
VICTIM
LAWS 1%
Strangulation
Yeartimes 
Once/few
Trends in homicides
DA
TA
NO
TA
VA
ILA
BL
E
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
OT
AN
1.5
DAT
1
0.5
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
LE
ILAB
AVA
Source: Police
Other 6%
7%
Part VIII – Country Firearm
profiles
Burn 1%
Unknown 4%
Strangulation
Other1%
3%
Sharp force 50%
pulation
opulation
Malaysia
Albania
3
8
2.57
26
155
Rate per 10
MALAYSIA
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
12
Lithuania
ChildSharp
maltreatment
YES
force 30%
Firearm 4%
Youth violence
YES
YES
Unknown 1%
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
YES
Other 9%
Firearms
YES
Mandatory
background
YES
Strangulation
8% check
YES/YES/YES
YES
Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession
and use
NO
Blunt force 48%
10
Alcohol 8
6
4
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES
1.3
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES
2
0
2001TYPE
2002 OF
2003
2004 2005
VIOLENCE
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Partial 
Implementation
18 / 16
Home visiting
YES

YES
YES

YES
abusive situations
NO
–
YES

4.5
NO (–)
–
Firearm 39%
4
Youth violence
3.5
YES
YES

YES
YES

Mentoring
YES
2

Burn 2%
1.5 supervision
After-school
NO
–
Strangulation 1%
1
YES

0.5
Intimate partnerBlunt
violence
laws
Sharp force 16%
force 22%
0
YES
schools
2001 prevention
2002 2003 in
2004
2005 2006 2007 NO
2008 2009 2010 2011 –
 Dating violence
YES

YES

Against rape
YES
YES

Malawi
YES

YES
YES

Elder abuse laws
4
Against elder abuse
YES
awareness campaigns
YES

3.5
YES
campaigns
YES

Caregiver 3support
YES

2.5
YES

NO
YES
–

2
VICTIM1.5
SERVICES
Adult protective
services
1
Child protection
services
0.5
Medico-legal
0
2001services
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Mental health
DATA ON VIOLENCE
Malaysia
Youth violence NO
Sexual violence NO
Strangulation 12%
Sharp force 50%
Elder abuse NO
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
Blunt force 21%
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
2010
3
Firearm 7%
Unknown 4%
Other 3%
Burn 3%
2009



2011

Trends in homicides
Source: Police
Maldives
Subnational.
156
4.5
opulation
1
2007
Year
YES
YES
YES
2008
YES
4
3.5
3
Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by General Directorate of Health.
VICTIM LAWS
Against
child marriage
Madagascar
mutilation
Unknown
2%
Youth violence laws
Other
Against weapons
on18%
school premises
NO
YES1
Rate per 1
Strangulation 8%
4
2
Blunt force 48%
MALDIVES
0
2001
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Population: 338 442
Madagascar
2002
Incentives
4.5 provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
4
Housing polices
Interpersonal violenceUnknown
YES 2%
Child maltreatment
YES
Firearmviolence
39%
Youth violence
NO
Intimate partner
YES
Sexual violenceOther 18%YES
Elder abuse
YES
Firearms
YES
Burn 2% check
Mandatory background
–
Strangulation 1%
YES/YES/YES
YES
Blunt force
22% firearm possessionSharp
civilian
and force
use 16%
YES
3.5
Alcohol 3
2.5
Patterns 1.5
of drinking score
Excise taxes
Beer: –
Wine: –
1
1.2
–
Spirits: –
0.5
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Implementation
18 / 18
Home visiting
YES

NO
–
Parenting education
YES

YES
abusive situations
NO
–
YES

4
NO (–)
–
3.5
Youth violence
YES
NO
–
YES
YES
 Life skills2.5and social development training

Mentoring2
YES

1.5
After-school
supervision
YES

1
YES

0.5
0
NO
–
Dating violence
schools
2001 prevention
2002 2003 in
2004
2005 2006 2007 NO
2008 2009 2010 2011 –
YES
 Microfinance and gender equity trainingYear

YES

Against
rape
YES
YES

Malaysia
YES

YES
YES

Elder abuse
Against elder abuse
YES
YES
 Professional

Unknown 4%
Sharp force 50%
Against elder abuse
in
institutions
NO
–
Public
information
campaigns
YES

Other 3%
2
Caregiver
support
NO
–
Burn 3%
1.5 care policies
Residential
YES

1
VICTIM SERVICES
YES
YES


Blunt force 21%
Adult protective
services
0.5
0
Medico-legal
for sexual
2001services
2002 2003
2004 violence
2005 2006
Year
2007
YES
YES
YES
2008
YES
2009
2010
DATA ON VIOLENCE
Youth violence NO
Sexual violence YES
Maldives
Afghanistan


2011

Elder abuse NO
VICTIM
LAWS
Strangulation 12%
Partial 
Malawi
Against
child marriage
Youth violence laws
NO
NO
Trends in homicides
DA
TA
NO
TA
VA
ILA
BL
E
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
OT
AN
1.5
LE
ILAB
AVA
DAT
1
0.5
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Source: Police
Mauritania
Albania
Other 6%
Strangulation 1%
8
pulation
Burn 1%
7
6
157
Rate per 10
Burn 2%
Strangulation 1%
Sharp force 16%
Blunt force 22%
MAURITANIA
1.5
1
0.5
0
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Malawi
2001
4
Housing polices
Child maltreatment
NO
Youth violence
NO
NO
Sexual violence
NO
Elder abuse
NO
Firearms
YES
YES
YES/NO/YES
YES
NO
3.5
Alcohol 3
2.5
2
1.5
Excise taxes
Beer: –
Wine: –
1
0

Sharp force 50%
NO
YES
–

Strangulation 12%
Against rape in marriage Blunt force 21%
–
Against
rape
Maldives
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
–
–
NO
NO
NO
–
–
–
NO
NO
–
–
VICTIM LAWS
3
18 / 18
YES
YES
YES
YES (YES)
2006
Implementation
Home visiting
YES

YES

NO
–
2.5
Youth violence
NO
NO
1.5
Mentoring
NO
1 supervision
After-school
NO
NO
0.5
Intimate partner
violence
prevention
programmes
0
2001 prevention
2002 2003 in
2004
2005 2006 2007 NO
2008
Dating violence
schools
Year
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
Elder abuse
4
Professional
awareness campaigns
NO
3.5
Public information
campaigns
NO
3
Caregiver2.5support
NO
NO
Partial 
0.1
–
Spirits: –
0.5
2001
2002OF2003
2004 2005
TYPE
VIOLENCE
Malaysia
Against
child marriage
Youth violence
laws
Unknown 4%
Other
Against weapons
on 3%
school premises
3% group membership
Against gang orBurn
criminal
NO
NO
–
–
–
–
–
2009
2010
2011
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
VICTIM1.5
SERVICES
NO
YES
–

1
0.5
Child protection
services
0
2001services
2002 2003
2004 violence
2005 2006
Medico-legal
for sexual
Year
2007
NO
NO
2008
NO
NO
2009
2010
2011
–
–
–
–
Mauritania
Afghanistan
Elder abuse NO
Trends in homicides
VA
ILA
BL
E
TA
OT
AN
LE
ILAB
AVA
DA
TA
NO
DAT
158
Other 6%
Unknown
Burn 12%
1%
Strangulation
Other 1%
0.2%
pulation
population
Mexico
Albania
30
8
25
7
206
DATA ON VIOLENCE
Youth violence NO
Sexual violence YES
Rate per 10
MEXICO
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
3
Housing polices
2.5
Alcohol 2
1.5
1
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES
0
16 / 14
YES
YES
YES
YES (YES)

YES
YES


YES


Against rape
Mauritania
Against
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Yeartimes 
Larger scale 
Implementation
Home visiting
YES

YES

YES

YES
YES
YES



YES
YES


YES
YES


VICTIM LAWS
4.5
4
Youth violence
3.5
YES
YES
Mentoring2
YES
1.5 supervision
After-school
YES
1
YES
Intimate0.5
0
Dating violence
schools
2001 prevention
2002 2003 in
2004
2005 2006 2007 YES
2008
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
Caregiver support
YES
YES
Partial 
7.2
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES
0.5
TYPE
VIOLENCE
2001
2002OF2003
2004 2005
Blunt force 21%
Against
child marriage
Maldives
Youth violence laws
YES
YES





2009
2010



2011







VICTIM SERVICES




YES
YES
YES
YES
DATA ON VIOLENCE
Mexico
Youth violence YES
Sexual violence YES
Elder abuse YES1
Malaysia
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence Firearm
YES
YES
7%
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
YES
Unknown 4%
Sharp force 50%
Firearms
Other 3%
Laws to regulateBurn
civilian
YES
3% access
YES
Handguns/long
guns/
automatic
weapons
YES/YES/YES
Strangulation 12%
YES
YES
Trends in homicides
Unknown 12%
Other 0.2%
Burn 1%
Strangulation 6%
Blunt force 1%
Firearm 68%
Sharp force 12%
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
2001
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Source: INEGI
Mongolia
Subnational.
Firearm 2%
Sharp force 42%
16
opulation
1
2003
Year
Sources. Mechanism: INEGI/ Reported homicides:VR
2002
14
12
159
Rate per 100
Strangulation 12%
MONGOLIA
1.5
1
0.5
0
Blunt force 21%
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Housing 4.5
4
3.5
Alcohol 3
Adult (15+)
1.5
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES
1
0
18 / 18
YES
YES
NO
YES (NO)
Other 0.2%
Burn 1%
Strangulation 6%
VICTIMBlunt
LAWS
force 1%



YES
YES
–

YES
YES
NO


NO
NO
–
–
–
Firearm 68%
force
12%representation
Providing forSharp
victim
legal
Mongolia
YES
YES


VICTIM 10SERVICES
5
0
Medico-legal
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
2007
Year
Youth violence NO
Sexual violence NO
2011
YES
YES
YES
2008
YES
–


–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
2009
2010



2011

Elder abuse NO
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Blunt force 22%
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
2010
16
Sharp force 42%
Other 28%
Strangulation 6%
2009
Trends in homicides
Firearm 2%
2008
NO
YES
Mentoring
YES
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
Elder abuse
prevention
programmes
30
NO
25
Public information
campaigns
NO
Caregiver20support
NO
Residential
NO
15 care policies
DATA ON VIOLENCE
2007
Year
Implementation
Home visiting
YES

NO
–
abusive situations
–
NO
–
NO
Against rape
Mexico
Against
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse
abuse in12%
institutions
2006
Partial 
6.9
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES
0.5
2001
2002OF2003
2004 2005
TYPE
VIOLENCE
Against
child marriage
Mauritania
Youth violence laws
NO
NO
Source: Police
Montenegro
Other 4%
6
pulation
160
5
Maldives
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
NO
YES
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
NO
Firearms
YES
YES
YES/YES/YES
YES
NO
Rate per 10
MONTENEGRO
Population: 621 081
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
2001
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Mauritania
2002
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
YES
YES
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
YES
Firearms
YES
YES
YES/YES/YES
YES
YES
Alcohol
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES
YES
YES
8.7
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES



YES
YES
Firearm 68%
Sharp force 12%
YES
Against
rape
Mongolia
Against elder abuse


YES
YES
YES



Sharp force 42%
YES
YES


Other 28%
VICTIM LAWS
30
25
Youth violence
YES
YES
15
Mentoring
YES
10 supervision
After-school
YES
YES
5
Intimate partner
violence
prevention
programmes
0
2001 prevention
2002 2003 in
2004
2005 2006 2007 YES
2008
Dating violence
schools
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
Elder abuse
prevention
programmes
16
Professional
YES
Public information
campaigns
YES
12
Caregiver10support
YES
YES





2009
2010



2011







6
VICTIM SERVICES
Strangulation 6%


YES
YES
Blunt force 22%
4
Adult protective
services
2
Child protection
services
0
Medico-legal
for sexual
2001services
2002 2003
2004 violence
2005 2006
DATA ON VIOLENCE
Montenegro
2007
Year
Youth violence YES
Sexual violence YES
2010
Elder abuse YES
Strangulation 13%
Firearm 70%
Sharp force 9%
6
Other 4%
5
4
3
2
1
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
2009


2011

Trends in homicides
Blunt force 4%
YES
YES
YES
2008
YES
18 / 18
YES
YES
YES
YES (YES)
Implementation
Home visiting
YES

YES

YES

Strangulation 6%
Blunt force 1%
Partial 
Mexico
Against
child marriage
Unknown
Youth violence
laws 12%
Against weapons
on0.2%
school premises
Other
1% group membership
Against gang orBurn
criminal
Source: Police
profiles
Unknown
3%
Other 9%
opulation
Morocco
2
1.8
1.6
1.4
161
MOROCCO
Mexico
30
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
YES
YES
Unknown 12%
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
YES
Firearms
Other 0.2%
1% access
Laws to regulateBurn
civilian
YES
Strangulation
6% check
Firearm 68%
Mandatory
background
YES
Blunt force
Handguns/long
guns/
YES/YES/YES
Carrying firearms
in 12%
public
YES
Sharp force
NO
25
Alcohol 20
15
10
Excise taxes
Beer: –
Wine: –
0.9
–
Spirits: –
5
0
2001
2002 OF
2003
2004 2005
TYPE
VIOLENCE
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Partial 
Yeartimes 
Larger scale 
Implementation
18 / 18
Home visiting
YES

YES
YES

YES
abusive situations
NO
–
YES

16
NO (–)
–
Sharp force 42%
14
Youth violence
YES
YES
 Pre-school12 enrichment

YES
YES


Other 28%
Mentoring8
YES

6
After-school
supervision
YES

4
YES

2
Strangulation 6%
0
Blunt force
NO22%
–
Dating violence
schools
2001 prevention
2002 2003 in
2004
2005 2006 2007 YES
2008 2009 2010 2011
YES

YES

Against rape
YES
YES

Montenegro
YES

YES
YES

Elder abuse laws
Elder abuse
6
Against elder abuseOther 4%
YES
awareness campaigns
NO
–
5
NO
–
YES
Caregiver 4support
YES

Strangulation 13%
YES

Providing for Sharp
victimforce
legal9%representation
NO
YES
–

VICTIM SERVICES
2
1
0
Medico-legal
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Year
DATA ON VIOLENCE
Morocco
2007
Youth violence YES
Sexual violence YES
Other 9%
Sharp force 70%
Blunt force 14%
Unknown 3%
2
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
2001
2010
Elder abuse YES
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
2009



2011

Trends in homicides
Burn 1%
Strangulation 3%
YES
YES
YES
2008
YES
Source: Police
Mozambique
7
opulation
162
6
5
Firearm 70%
VICTIMBlunt
LAWS
force 4%
Against
child marriage
Mongolia
Firearm 2%
(all settings)
Youth violence laws
YES
YES
Rate per 1
Firearm 68%
Blunt force 1%
Sharp force 12%
10
5
MOZAMBIQUE
0
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Mongolia
2001
Income group: Low
Housing polices
14
YES
Child maltreatment
YES
Firearm 2%
Youth violence
YES
Intimate partner
violence
YES
Sharp force
42%
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
YES
Firearms
Laws to regulate
civilian
YES
Other
28% access
YES
YES/YES/YES
YES
Programmes to Strangulation
reduce civilian
YES
12
Alcohol 10
Excise taxes
Beer:
YES
Wine: YES
4
0


Sharp force 9%
Against
rape
Morocco
Elder abuse laws
Unknown 3%
Against elder abuse
Against elder abuse
in institutions
Other 9%

–
YES
YES
YES



YES
YES


Burn 1%
Strangulation 3%
Sharp force 70%
VICTIM LAWS
Providing for
victim
Blunt
forcecompensation
14%
NO
YES
–

VICTIM0.8
SERVICES
0.6
Adult protective
services
0.4
0.2
Child protection
services
0
Medico-legal
for sexual
2001services
2002 2003
2004 violence
2005 2006
2007
Year
DATA ON VIOLENCE
1
2010
2011
6
Youth violence
5
YES
YES
3
Mentoring
NO
2 supervision
After-school
YES
NO
1
Intimate partner
violence
prevention
programmes
0
2001 prevention
2002 2003 in
2004
2005 2006 2007 YES
2008
Dating violence
schools
YES
YES
YES
NO
YES
Elder abuse
Professional
YES
1.6
Public information
campaigns
YES
1.4
Caregiver1.2support
NO
NO
Youth violence YES
Sexual violence YES
Mozambique
Afghanistan
2009
NO
YES
YES
2008
YES


–

–
2009
2010



2011

–



–
–
–
2009
2010

2011

Elder abuse NO

Firearm 70%
YES
2008
Implementation
Home visiting
YES

–
Parenting education
YES

abusive situations
–
YES

YES
YES
Blunt force 4%
2007
Year
18 / 18
NO
YES
NO
YES (YES)
2006
Partial 
2.3
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES
2
Blunt force 22%
2001
2002 OF
2003
2004 2005
LAWS
AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY
TYPE
VIOLENCE
Montenegro
Against
child marriage
(all settings)
Other 4%
Youth violence laws
Strangulation 13%
NO
NO
Trends in homicides
DA
TA
NO
TA
VA
ILA
BL
E
7
6
5
4
3
OT
AN
DAT
2
1
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Source: National Institute of Statistics
Myanmar
Albania
Subnational.
Other 6%
Firearm
2%
Burn 1%
Unknown
2%
Strangulation 1%
population
pulation
1
2005
Year
Sources. Mechanism: ––-/ Reported homicides: Other
LE
ILAB
AVA
2.5
8
27
6
163
Rate per 1
6
MYANMAR
Strangulation 6%
2
0
Blunt force 22%
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Montenegro
4
Gross national income per capita: US$
Income group: Low
Income inequality:
6
5
Alcohol 4
2
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES
YES
YES1
Strangulation 3%
Home visiting
–
Parenting education
abusive situations
–



Sharp force 70%
Blunt force 14%
–
Against rape
Mozambique
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse
2007
2008
–
–
YES
YES
YES



NO
NO
–
–
VICTIM LAWS
2009
2010
2011
Larger scale 
Implementation
YES
YES


YES

2
1.8
Youth violence
1.6
Pre-school
enrichment
YES
1.4
YES
Mentoring1
YES
0.8
After-school
NO
0.6 supervision
YES
0.4
Intimate 0.2
0
Dating violence
schools
2001 prevention
2002 2003 in
2004
2005 2006 2007 YES
2008
20 / 20
NO
YES
NO
YES (YES)
2006
Yeartimes 
Once/few
Elder abuse
7
Professional
awareness campaigns
6
5
Caregiver support
4
Partial 
0.7
–
Spirits: YES
1
0
2001
2002 OF
2003
2004 2005
VIOLENCE
Against
child marriage
Morocco
Unknown 3%
Youth violence laws
Other
Against weapons
on 9%
school premises
Against gang orBurn
criminal
1% group membership
YES1
YES1
YES
YES
3



–

2009
2010



2011
YES
YES
YES



YES
YES
YES
YES




YES
YES
YES
2008
YES


2011

VICTIM SERVICES


YES1
YES
2
1
Child protection
services
0
Medico-legal
services
for sexual violence
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
DATA ON VIOLENCE
Myanmar
2007
Year
Youth violence NO
2009
2010
Elder abuse NO
Trends in homicides
Sharp force 75%
Other 21%
2.5
Firearm 2%
Unknown 2%
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
2001
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
2002
Source: Police
Nepal
Subnational.
164
Unknown 13%
Firearm 4%
Sharp force 21%
opulation
1
4.5
4
3.5
Child maltreatment
YES
1
Youth violence OtherYES
NO
4%
Sexual violence
YES1
Elder abuse
NO
Firearms
Strangulation 13%
YES
YES
Firearm 70%
Blunt force
Handguns/long
guns/
YES/YES/YES
YES
Sharp force 9%
YES1
Blunt force 4%
3
Rate per 100
Firearm 70%
Sharp force 9%
NEPAL
2
1
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Income group: Low
Housing polices
2
Morocco
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
NO
YES
3%
Sexual violenceUnknownYES
Elder abuse
YES
Firearms
Other 9%
YES
Burn 1%
Sharp force 70% YES
Mandatory
background
Strangulation
3% check
YES/YES/YES
CarryingBlunt
firearms
in
public
YES
force 14%
YES
1.8
Alcohol 1.6
1.4
Adult (15+)
0.8
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
TYPE OF VIOLENCE
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Partial 
2006
2007
2008
2007
NO
NO
YES
2008
YES
2009
2.2
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES
2010
2011
Year
Implementation
20 / 20
Home visiting
YES

NO
–
YES
YES
abusive situations
NO
–
NO
–
NO (–)
–
7
6
YES
NO
–
YES
YES
 Life skills and social development training

Mentoring4
NO
–
3 supervision
After-school
NO
–
2
NO
–
1
Intimate partner
YES
NO
–
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
–
Microfinance
YES

Year
YES

Against rape
YES
YES

Myanmar
NO
–
Against
YES
YES

Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse
YES
YES

Firearm
Against elder abuse
in2%
institutions
NO
–
Public information
campaigns
NO
–
2
Unknown 2%
Caregiver support
NO
–
1.5 care policies
Residential
NO
–
Sharp force 75%
Other 21%
YES
YES


VICTIM SERVICES
1
0.5
Child protection
services
Medico-legal
services
for sexual violence
0
2001services
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Mental health
DATA ON VIOLENCE
Nepal
2009
2010


2011
Year
Youth violence YES
Sexual violence YES
Elder abuse NO
Trends in homicides
Firearm 4%
Sharp force 21%
Other 25%
Burn 2%
Strangulation 11%
Unknown 13%
–
–
Blunt force 24%
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Source: Police
Netherlands
Other 16%
Firearm 34%
pulation
Unknown 3%
1.4
1.2
165
Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health and Population.
VICTIM LAWS
Mozambique
Against
statutory rape
Youth violence laws
NO
NO
Rate per 100
Sharp force 70%
Strangulation 3%
Blunt force 14%
NETHERLANDS
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Income group: High
Housing polices
7
Mozambique
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
NO
YES
Sexual violence
NO
Elder abuse
YES
Firearms
YES
YES
YES/YES/YES
YES
NO
2
18 / 18
YES
YES
YES
YES (YES)
NO
NO
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Sharp force 75%
–
–
Other 21%
YES
Against rape
YES
Nepal
Against
YES
Elder abuse laws Unknown 13% Firearm 4%
Against elder abuse
YES
NOSharp force 21%






–
Other 25%
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2.5
NO
YES
1.5
Mentoring
YES
After-school
NO
1 supervision
YES
0.5
Dating violence
NO
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Microfinance
NO
Year
YES
YES
NO
YES
Professional
YES
4
Public information
campaigns
YES
Caregiver3.5support
YES
3
Residential
care policies
–
2.5
–


–

2009
2010
2011
–
–


–




–
VICTIM SERVICES
2
Burn 2%
Strangulation 11%
YES
YES
Blunt force 24%


1.5
Adult protective
services
1
Child protection
services
0.5
Medico-legal
0
2001services
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Mental health
DATA ON VIOLENCE
Youth violence YES
Sexual violence YES
2010
Elder abuse YES
Trends in homicides
Firearm 34%
Other 16%
Strangulation 8%
Blunt force 8%
2009



2011
Year
Unknown 3%
2007
YES
YES
YES
2008
YES
Sharp force 31%
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
New Zealand
Other includes cases reported as "beating".
Other 44%
Firearm 16%
ulation
166
1.8
1.6
1.4
Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Miinistry of Health, Welfare and Sport.
VICTIM LAWS
Netherlands
2006
Year
Implementation
Home visiting
YES

YES

YES

Partial 
9.9
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES
1
Myanmar
Youth violenceFirearm
laws 2%
Against weapons
on school
Unknown
2% premises
YES
YES
6
Alcohol 5
4
3
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES
0 TYPE OF VIOLENCE
1
Rate per 10
NEW ZEALAND
3
2
1
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Income group: High
Housing 2.5
Myanmar
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
YES
YES1
Sexual violenceFirearm 2%
YES
Elder abuse
YES1
Unknown
2%
Firearms
Sharp force 75% YES
YES
Otherguns/
Handguns/long
YES/YES/YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
2
Alcohol
Adult (15+)
1
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES
10.9
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES
0.5
0
TYPE
VIOLENCE
2001
2002OF2003
2004 2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
VICTIM0.6
SERVICES
Blunt legal
force representation
8%
YES
NO

–
Sharp force 31%
0.4
Adult protective
services
0.2
Child protection
services
Medico-legal
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Mental health
services
DATA ON VIOLENCE
New Zealand
Youth violence YES1
Sexual violence NO
Firearm 16%
Other 44%
2009
2010



2011

Elder abuse NO
Trends in homicides
Sharp force 40%
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Source: Police
Nicaragua
Subnational.
Other 14%
Firearm 48%
opulation
1
2007
Year
YES
YES
YES
2008
YES
Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Social Development .
VICTIM
LAWS 8%
Strangulation
Yeartimes 
Partial 
Larger scale 
Implementation
18 / 18
Home visiting
YES

Nepal
Against
child marriage
YES
YES

YES
YES
Firearm 4%YES

Unknown 13%
YES (YES)

4.5
4
Youth violence laws
Youth violence
Sharp force 21%
3.5 enrichment
YES
YES

YES
YES

Other 25%
Mentoring2
YES

After-school
YES

1.5 supervision
YES

1
0.5
laws
Intimate
partner
violence
prevention
programmes
Burn 2%
Blunt force 24%
0
Against rape in marriage Strangulation 11%
YES
YES
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
NO
–
YES

Against rape
YES
YES


Netherlands
YES

YES
YES

Elder abuse laws Unknown 3%
Firearm 34%
1.4
Against elder abuse
YES
NO
–
1.2
Other 16%
campaigns
YES
Against elder abuse
in institutions
YES

Caregiver 1support
YES

0.8 care policies
Residential
YES

16
14
12
167
Rate per 10
Other 21%
NICARAGUA
1
0.5
0
2001
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Nepal
2002
Housing 4.5
4%
Interpersonal violenceUnknown
YES 13% Firearm
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
YES
YES
Sexual violence
YES
YES
Firearms
YES
25% check
Mandatory Other
background
YES
YES/YES/YES
YES
Programmes to reduceBurn
civilian
YES
4
Alcohol 3.5
3
Adult (15+)
2.5
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES
1.5
Blunt force 24%
1
0


Strangulation 8%
Intimate partner
violence
laws
Blunt
force 8%
SharpYES
force 31%
Against rape
New Zealand
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse
Otherin44%
Against elder abuse
institutions
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011


YES
YES
YES



YESFirearm 16%
YES


VICTIM LAWS
1.4
Youth violence
1.2
YES
YES
0.8
Mentoring
YES
0.6
After-school
supervision
YES
0.4
YES
Intimate 0.2
0
Dating violence
YES
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
YES
Year
YES
YES
YES
YES
1.8
Professional
awareness campaigns
YES
1.6
Public information
campaigns
YES
1.4
Caregiver1.2support
NO
YES





2009
2010



2011





–

VICTIM0.8
SERVICES
YES
YES
Sharp force 40%


0.6
Adult protective
services
0.4
Child protection
services
0.2
Medico-legal
0
2001services
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Mental health
Youth violence NO
Sexual violence YES
Firearm 48%
Sharp force 38%
2010
Elder abuse NO
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
2009


2011

Trends in homicides
Other 14%
–
Year
DATA ON VIOLENCE
Nicaragua
2007
NO
YES
YES
2008
YES
Source: Police
Niger
168
Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
YES
YES

–/–
YES
YES
YES
Firearm
34%
YES (NO)
2006
Larger scale 
Yeartimes 
Implementation
Home visiting
YES

YES

YES

Partial 
5
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES
0.5
TYPE
VIOLENCE
Strangulation 11%LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY
2001
2002OF2003
2004 2005
Against
child marriage
Netherlands
Unknown 3%
Youth violence laws
Other 16%
Against weapons
on school premises
YES
YES
Rate per 100 000
Other 25%
NIGER
Burn 2%
Strangulation 11%
Blunt force 24%
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
Income group: Low
2006
2007
2008
Year
2009
2010
2011
Netherlands
National
action plans
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
YES 3%
NO
Unknown
Firearm 34%
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
YES
Firearms
Other 16%
YES
YES
YES/YES/YES
Strangulation
Carrying
firearms in8%public
YES
YES
1.4
Alcohol 1.2
Patterns 0.8
of drinking score
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES
0.6
0.3
–
Spirits: YES
0.4
LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES0.2
BY TYPE OF VIOLENCE
18 / 16
YES
YES
YES
YES (NO)
YESFirearm 16%
YES
NO
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home Sharp
NO force 40%
Against rape
Nicaragua
Against
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse
Other 14%
0
Full  KEY No response/
– Once/few
Larger2010
scale2011

2001 don’t
2002 know
2003 2004
2005 2006 times
2007 
2008 2009
Implementation
Year
Home visiting
NO
–
YES

YES




–
–
YES
YES
YES



YES
NO

Firearm 48%
–
VICTIM LAWS
YES
YES


Sharp force 38%
Youth violence
1.8
Pre-school
enrichment
NO
1.6
YES
1.2
Mentoring
YES
1 supervision
After-school
YES
0.8
YES
0.6
Intimate 0.4
Dating violence
NO
0.2
0 and gender equity training
Microfinance
YES
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
YES
Year
YES
YES
YES
NO
16
Public information
campaigns
NO
Caregiver14support
YES
12
Residential
care policies
YES
–
2009
2010

2011




–
–


10
VICTIM SERVICES
8
Adult protective
services
6
Child protection
services
4
Medico-legal
2
Mental health
services
0
DATA ON VIOLENCE
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
NO
YES
YES
YES
2006
2007
2008
–



2009
2010
2011
Year
Youth violence NO
Sexual violence NO
–




Partial 
Sharp force 31%
Against
statutory
rape
New
Zealand
Youth violence laws
Against weaponsOther
on school
premises
44%
Blunt force 8%
Elder abuse NO
Trends in homicides
YEAR
VA
ILA
BL
E
Afghanistan
Niger
YES
NO
TA
NO
TA
2011
DA
2012
DAT
OT
AN
LE
ILAB
AVA
5.5
4.8
Albania
Nigeria
Other 6%
Strangulation 1%
8
pulation
Burn 1%
7
6
169
Rate per 100
Strangulation 8%
NIGERIA
Blunt force 8%
0.6
0.4
0.2
Sharp force 31%
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Housing polices
1.8
New Zealand
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
YES
YES
Sexual violence Other 44%
YES1
NO
Firearms
YES
YES
YES/YES/YES
YES
YES
1.6
Alcohol 1.4
Adult (15+)
0.8
Excise taxes
Beer:
YES
Wine: YES
0.6
0.2
18 / 18
YES
YES
YES1
YES (NO)
Firearm 48%
YES
YES
Sharp force 38%
YES1
Against rape
Niger
Against
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Implementation
Home visiting
NO
–
–
Parenting education
NO
–
abusive situations
–
YES




–
–
YES
NO
NO

NO
NO
–
–
–
–


–
–

2009
2010





–
–
VICTIM SERVICES
NO
YES
–

NO
YES
YES
YES
DATA ON VIOLENCE
Youth violence NO
Sexual violence YES
–



Elder abuse NO
Trends in homicides
VA
ILA
BL
E
Nigeria
Afghanistan



2011
TA
OT
AN
LE
ILAB
AVA
DA
TA
NO
DAT
Norway
Albania
Subnational.
170
Other 6%
Firearm 11%
Burn 1%
Strangulation
Unknown1%
3%
pulation
pulation
1
1.28
17
6
VICTIM LAWS
16
14
Pre-school
enrichment
YES
12
YES
Mentoring8
NO
After-school
supervision
NO
6
YES
4
Intimate partner
2
Dating violence
YES
0
2001and2002
2003equity
2004 training
2005 2006 2007 YES
2008
Microfinance
gender
Year
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
Caregiver support
NO
NO
Partial 
10.1
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES
0.4
40%
0 TYPE OF VIOLENCE
LAWSSharp
ANDforce
PREVENTION
PROGRAMMES BY
Against
child marriage
Nicaragua
Youth violence laws
Other 14%
NO
NO
Rate per 100
1
NORWAY
Sharp force 40%
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Income group: High
Housing polices
16
14
Alcohol 12
Adult (15+)
Excise taxes
Beer:
YES
Wine: YES
6
Partial 
18 / 18
YES
YES
YES
YES (YES)
YES
YES
YES
Against rape
Nigeria
Against
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse
7.7
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES
4
2
0 TYPE OF VIOLENCE
Against
child marriage
Niger
Youth violence laws
NO
NO
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Larger scale 
Yeartimes 
Implementation
Home visiting
NO
–
YES

NO
–





YES
YES
YES



NO
NO
–
–
YES
YES


VICTIM LAWS
NO
YES
Mentoring
NO
NO
YES
NO
NO
YES
NO
NO
YES
YES
YES
Caregiver support
YES
YES
–

–
–

–
–

–
–





VICTIM SERVICES
NO
YES
YES
YES
–



DATA ON VIOLENCE
Norway
Youth violence NO
Sexual violence NO
Trends in homicides
Unknown 3%
Sharp force 61%
Strangulation 14%
Blunt force 7%
1.2
Firearm 11%
Other 4%
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Elder abuse NO
Source: Police
Oman
1.6
opulation
Sharpprofiles
force 18%
1.4
1.2
171
Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health and Care Services .
Nicaragua
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
NO
YES
Sexual violence Other 14%
NO
Elder abuse
NO
Firearm 48%
Firearms
YES
YES
YES/YES/YES
YES
Programmes to
reduce civilian firearm possession and use
YES
Sharp force 38%
Rate per 100 00
OMAN
Sharp force 38%
10
8
6
4
2
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Income group: High
2007
2008
2009
Year
2010
2011
Niger
National
action plans
Child maltreatment
YES1
Youth violence
NO
NO
Sexual violence
NO
Elder abuse
NO
Firearms
YES
YES
YES/YES/YES
YES
YES
Alcohol
Excise taxes
Beer: NO
Wine: NO
YES1
NO
0.9
–
Spirits: NO
18 / 18
YES
YES
NO
NO (–)
YES
YES
NO
Against rape
Norway
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse
Firearm 11%
YES
YES
YES
YES
NO
Unknown 3%
Other 4%
Implementation
Home visiting
YES

YES

abusive situations
–
YES

–
–
–
YES

Mentoring
YES

YES

YES

–
–
–
–
NO
–
YES

–
–
YES

YES

YES

–
YES

1
Caregiver support
YES

0.8 care policies
Residential
YES

Sharp force 61%
VICTIM LAWS
Strangulation 14%
–
YES
VICTIM0.6
SERVICES
–

Blunt force 7%
Adult protective
services
0.4
Child protection
services
0.2
0
Mental health
services
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
DATA ON VIOLENCE
Oman
2009
2010
2011
–
–
Elder abuse NO
Trends in homicides
Other 63%
Firearm 4%
1.6
Blunt force 11%
Unknown 4%
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
2001
Reported homicides (2011) N= 29, Rate= 0.9/100 000 (--% M, --% F)
Sources. Mechanism: VR / Reported homicide: Royal Oman Police
–

Year
Youth violence NO
Sexual violence NO
Sharp force 18%
1
2007
–
YES
–
–
2008
2002
2003
Source: Royal Oman Police
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Palestine
Subnational.
172
ation
6
5
Partial 
Nigeria
Against
statutory rape
Youth violence laws
PANAMA
1.2
Housing polices
1
Alcohol 0.8
0.6
0.4
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES
0



YES
YES
Other 63%
Firearm 4%
Intimate partnerUnknown
violence4%laws
YES
Against rape
Palestine
Against
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse
Against elder
abuse in2%
institutions
Strangulation


YES
YES
YES



YES
YES


Sharp
force 20%
VICTIM
LAWS
Firearm 78%
2008
2009
2010
2011
NO
YES
–

1.6
1.4
Youth violence
1.2 enrichment
Pre-school
YES
1
Life skills and
YES
0.8
Mentoring
YES
0.6 supervision
After-school
NO
0.4
YES
Intimate 0.2
0
Dating violence
YES
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
YES
Year
YES
YES
YES
YES
6
YES
5
NO
Caregiver 4support
YES
YES
VICTIM SERVICES
2
1
Child protection
services
0
Medico-legal
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
2007
YES
YES
YES
2008
YES



–

2009
2010
Youth violence NO
Sexual violence NO



2011




–


2009
2010
Year
DATA ON VIOLENCE
Panama
2007
–/–
YES
YES
–
YES (YES)
2006
Larger scale 
Yeartimes 
Implementation
Home visiting
NO
–
YES

abusive situations
–
YES

Partial 
8
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES
0.2
TYPE
VIOLENCE
2001
2002OF2003
2004 2005
Against
child marriage
Oman
Ban on corporal
punishment (all settings)
Sharp force 18%
Youth violence laws
Against gang
or criminal group membership
Blunt force 11%
–
YES1



2011

Elder abuse NO
Norway
Child maltreatment
YES
11%
Youth violence Firearm YES
YES
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
NO
Firearms Unknown 3%
Other
4% access
Laws to regulate
civilian
YES
Sharp force 61%
YES
Handguns/long
guns/
automatic
weapons
NO/YES/YES
Strangulation 14%
YES
civilian
YES
Blunt force
Trends in homicides
Sharp force 16%
Firearm 77%
25
Unknown 2%
Other 2%
Blunt force 3%
20
15
10
5
0
2001
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Source: Police
Papua New Guinea
Subnational.
12
pulation
1
2003
Year
Sources. Mechanism: Ministry of Public Security/ Reported homicides: Police
2002
10
173
Rate per 10
Strangulation 14%
PAPUA NEW GUINEA
Blunt force 7%
0.4
0.2
0
2001
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Oman
2002
1.6
Child maltreatment
YES
18%
Youth violenceSharp forceYES
YES
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
NO
Firearms
Blunt force
11% access
Laws to regulate
civilian
YES
YES
Other 63%
YES/YES/YES
Firearm
Carrying firearms
in 4%
public
YES
Programmes to Unknown
reduce civilian
YES
1.4
1.2
Alcohol
1
0.8
0.6
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES
0.4
0



Firearm 78%


YES
YES
YES



NO
NO
–
–
Blunt force 3%
VICTIMSharp
LAWS
force 16%
NO
YES
Firearm 77%
2011
–


–

2009
2010
2011
–
–




–
–
–
–
VICTIM 10SERVICES
–

Adult protective
services
5
0
Medico-legal
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
2007
Year
Youth violence NO
Sexual violence NO
Papua New Guinea
Afghanistan
2010
6
Youth violence
5
NO
4
YES
Mentoring3
YES
After-school
NO
2 supervision
YES
1
0
Dating violence
schools
NO
2001 prevention
2002 2003 in
2004
2005 2006 2007 2008
NO
Year
YES
YES
YES
YES
Elder abuse
prevention
programmes
25
NO
20
Public information
campaigns
NO
Caregiver support
NO
15
NO
DATA ON VIOLENCE
2009
YES
YES
YES
2008
YES
2009
2010



2011

Elder abuse NO
Trends in homicides
DA
TA
NO
TA
VA
ILA
BL
E
12
10
8
6
OT
AN
DAT
4
2
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
LE
ILAB
AVA
Source: Police
174
Other 6%
Unknown
Burn 1%9%
Other
Strangulation
1%5%
Firearm 57%
pulation
opulation
Peru
Albania
14
8
127
106
YES
Against rape
Panama
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse
Unknown 2%
Against elder abuse
institutions
Otherin2%
2008
Larger scale 
Yeartimes 
Implementation
Home visiting
NO
–
NO
–
abusive situations
–
YES

YES
YES
Sharp force 20%
2007
18 / 16
YES
YES
NO
YES (NO)
2006
Partial 
3
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES
0.2
2001TYPE
2002 OF
2003
2004 2005
VIOLENCE
Against
child marriage
Palestine
Youth violence laws
Strangulation 2%
Against weapons
on school premises
YES
NO
Rate per 1
Other 63%
Firearm 4%
0.4
0.2
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Palestine
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
YES1
YES
Sexual violence
YES
Elder
abuse
YES
Strangulation 2%
Firearms
YES
Mandatory
YES
Sharp background
force 20% check
Firearm 78%
YES/YES/YES
YES
YES
6
Housing polices
PERU
Unknown 4%
0.6
5
Alcohol 4
3
2
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: NO
8.1
MOST RISKY
Spirits: NO
1
0
2001TYPE
2002 OF
2003
2004 2005
VIOLENCE
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Partial 
Yeartimes 
Larger scale 
Implementation
16 / 16
Home visiting
YES

YES
–
Parenting education
YES

YES
abusive situations
NO
–
YES

25
NO (–)
–
20
NO
–
YES

NO
–
YES

Mentoring
YES

10
YES

Sharp force 16%
Firearm 77%
YES
5

0
YES
schools
2001 prevention
2002 2003 in
2004
2005 2006 2007 YES
2008 2009 2010 2011
YES

YES

Against rape
YES
YES
 School and college programmes

Papua New Guinea
NO
–
YES
YES

Elder abuse laws
Elder abuse
12
Against elder abuse
YES
YES
 Professional awareness campaigns

10
campaigns
YES
YES
 Public information

Caregiver 8support
YES

YES

NO
YES
–

VICTIM SERVICES
4
2
0
Medico-legal
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
DATA ON VIOLENCE
Peru
2007
Year
Youth violence NO
Sexual violence YES
2009
2010



2011

Elder abuse NO
Trends in homicides
Firearm 57%
Blunt force 7%
Sharp force 17%
Unknown 9%
Other 5%
Burn 2%
Strangulation 3%
YES
YES
YES
2008
YES
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
2001
2002
2003
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Sources. Mechanism: CEIC/ Reported homicides: CEIC
2004
Philippines
Subnational.
Unknown 0.5%
Other 2.5%
Firearm 56%
opulation
1
18
16
14
175
Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Directorate General of Health Promotion.
VICTIM LAWS
Against
child marriage
Panama
Youth violenceUnknown
laws 2%
2% premises
on school
Blunt force 3%
YES
NO
3
Rate per 100
Sharp force 20%
Firearm 78%
PHILIPPINES
2
1
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
25
Housing polices
Panama
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
YES
YES
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
YES
Unknown 2%
Other 2%
Firearms
Blunt force 3%
YES
YES
Handguns/long
guns/
automatic
weapons
YES/YES/YES
Sharp force 16%
Firearm 77%
YES
YES
20
Alcohol
Adult (15+)
10
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES
5.4
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES
5
0
TYPE
VIOLENCE
2001
2002 OF
2003
2004 2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Larger scale 
Yeartimes 
Implementation
18 / 18
Home visiting
YES

YES
YES

YES
abusive situations
NO
–
YES

NO (–)
–
12
10
YES
YES

NO
–
YES

Mentoring6
YES

After-school
YES

4 supervision
YES

2
0
YES
NO
–
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
YES

YES

Against rape
YES
YES

Peru
YES
Against

YES
YES

Elder abuse laws
14
Against elder abuse
YESFirearm 57%
NO
–
Unknown 9%
12
Against elder abuse
in
institutions
NO
–
Public
information
campaigns
–
–
Other 5%
Caregiver10support
YES

Burn 2%
YES

Strangulation 3%
6
VICTIM SERVICES
Providing forSharp
victim
legal
force
17%representation
YES
YES


4
Adult protective
services
2
Child protection
services
Medico-legal
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Mental health
services
DATA ON VIOLENCE
Youth violence NO
Sexual violence YES
Unknown 0.5%
Other 2.5%
Firearm 56%
Sharp force 41%
2010
2011
–
Elder abuse NO
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Poland
Subnational.
176
Firearm 4%
Other 8%
4
pulation
1
2009
18
0
Sources. Mechanism: NSO/ Reported homicides: Police
–


Trends in homicides
Philippines
2007
Year
NO
YES
YES
2008
–
3.5
3
Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Department of Health.
VICTIM Blunt
LAWS
force 7%
Partial 
Against
childNew
marriage
Papua
Guinea
Youth violence laws
NO
NO
Rate per 10
Sharp force 16%
Firearm 77%
POLAND
10
5
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Income group: High
Papua New Guinea ACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE
12
Housing polices
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
YES
YES
Sexual violence
NO
Elder abuse
YES
Firearms
YES
YES
YES/YES/YES
YES
NO
10
Alcohol 8
6
4
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES
12.5
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES
2
0
2001
2002 OF
2003
2004 2005
TYPE
VIOLENCE
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Partial 
Yeartimes 
Larger scale 
Implementation
16 / 16
Home visiting
YES

YES
YES

YES
YES
YES

14
YES (YES)
–
Firearm 57%
Youth violence
12
YES
YES

YES
YES


Strangulation 3%
Mentoring6
YES

Blunt force 7%
YES

4
YES

2
Sharp violence
force 17%laws
Intimate partner
0
YES
schools
NO 2009 2010 2011 –
2001 prevention
2002 2003 in
2004
2005 2006 2007 2008
NO
–
YES

Against rape
YES
YES


Philippines
NO
–
YES
YES

Elder abuse laws
Elder abuse
18
abuse 0.5%
NOFirearm 56%
–
Professional
NO
–
Against elder abuse
in institutions
NO
–
Public information
campaigns
YES
Other 2.5%
14

Caregiver12support
NO
–
10 care policies
Residential
NO
–
Providing for Sharp
victimforce
legal41%
representation
YES
YES
–

8
VICTIM SERVICES
6
Adult protective
services
4
2
Child protection
services
0
Medico-legal
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
DATA ON VIOLENCE
Poland
2007
Year
Youth violence NO
Sexual violence NO
–
2009
2010


2011

Elder abuse YES
Trends in homicides
Firearm 4%
4
Sharp force 63%
Strangulation 11%
Blunt force 14%
Other 8%
NO
YES
YES
2008
YES
VICTIM LAWS
Against
child marriage
Peru
Unknown 9%
Youth violence laws
Other 5%
Burn 2%
YES
–
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
2001
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
2002
Source: Police
Firearm 22%
opulation
Portugal
3
2.5
177
Rate per 10
PORTUGAL
4
2
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Income group: High
14
Housing polices
12
Alcohol 10
Excise taxes
Beer:
YES
Wine: NO
4
0
Firearm 56%

YES
NO
–
Sharpviolence
force 41%
Intimate partner
laws
YES
Against rape
Poland
Elder abuse laws
Firearm 4%
Against elder abuse
Against elder abuse
institutions
Otherin8%



YES
YES
YES



YES
YES


Sharp force 63%
Strangulation 11%
VICTIM LAWS
legal14%
representation
Blunt force


YES
YES
16 / 16
–
YES
YES
YES (YES)
2008
2009
2010
2011
18





2009
2010


2011
–






–
VICTIM1.5
SERVICES
Adult protective
services
1
0.5
Child protection
services
0
Medico-legal
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Mental health
services
2007
Year
Youth violence NO
Sexual violence NO
NO
YES
YES
2008
YES
–
2009
2010


2011

Elder abuse YES
Trends in homicides
Firearm 22%
Sharp force 13%
Blunt force 4%
Other 4%
Unknown 57%
2007
16
Youth violence
14 enrichment
Pre-school
YES
YES
10
Mentoring8
YES
After-school
YES
6 supervision
YES
4
2
Intimate partner
0
Dating violence
YES
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
YES
–
YES
YES
YES
4
YES
3.5
Public information
campaigns
YES
3
Caregiver2.5support
YES
–
DATA ON VIOLENCE
Portugal
2006
Yeartimes 
Larger scale 
Implementation
Home visiting
YES

–
Parenting education
YES

YES

Partial 
12.9
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES
2
TYPE
VIOLENCE
2001
2002 OF
2003
2004 2005
Against
child marriage
Philippines
Unknown
Youth violence
laws 0.5%
Other
Against weapons
on2.5%
school premises
YES
YES1
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Sources. Mechanism: Annual Report on Internal Security/ Reported homicides: Police
2005
Source: Annual Report on Internal Security
Qatar
Subnational.
178
Other 17%
Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by General Directorate of Health.
Peru
Child maltreatment
YES
YES
9%
Firearm 57%
Sexual violence
NO
Elder abuse
NO
Other 5%
Firearms
Burn 2%
Laws to Strangulation
regulate civilian
access
YES
3%
YES
Blunt force 7%
YES/YES/YES
YES
force 17%
ProgrammesSharp
to reduce
YES
1
2006
6
Rate per 10
Blunt force 7%
Sharp force 17%
4
2
QATAR
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Philippines
Income group: High
18
Housing polices
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
YES
YES
Firearm 56%
Unknown 0.5%
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
YES
Other 2.5%
Firearms
YES
YES
YES/YES/YES
YES
forcecivilian
Programmes Sharp
to reduce
YES
14
Alcohol 12
Adult (15+)
Excise taxes
Beer:
Wine:
6
2
0

YES

Sharp force 63%
YES

Strangulation 11%
Intimate partner
laws
Bluntviolence
force 14%
–
Against rape
Portugal
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse
–
–
YES
YES
YES



Firearm 22%
YES
NO

VICTIMUnknown
LAWS57%
–
Sharp force 13%
YES
Blunt force 4%
YES
Other 4%
2007
2009
2010
2011


4
Youth violence
3.5
YES
YES
Mentoring2
YES
1.5 supervision
After-school
YES
1
YES
Intimate0.5
0
Dating violence
NO
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
NO
Year
YES
YES
YES
YES
3
YES
2.5
YES
Caregiver 2support
YES
Residential
care
policies
YES
1.5





2009
2010
1
0.5
Child protection
services
Medico-legal
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Mental health
services
2007
Year
DATA ON VIOLENCE
YES
YES
YES
2008
YES
2011
–
–








VICTIM SERVICES
Youth violence –
Sexual violence –
2008
2009
2010



2011

Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Supreme Council of Health.
18 / 16
YES
YES
NO
YES (YES)
2006
Yeartimes 
Larger scale 
Implementation
Home visiting
YES

YES

abusive situations
–
YES

Partial 
1.5
–
Spirits:
4
Against
child marriage
Poland
Youth violence laws
8% premises
on school
YES
YES
16
TYPE
VIOLENCE
2001
2002 OF
2003
2004 2005
Qatar
Afghanistan
2006
Elder abuse –
Trends in homicides
Sharp force 66%
OT
AN
TA
VA
ILA
BL
E
Other 17%
TA
NO
DAT
DA
Burn 17%
LE
ILAB
AVA
Other 6%
Burn 1%
Strangulation 1%
Firearm 3%
pulation
opulation
Moldova
Albania
14
8
12
7
10
6
179
Rate per 10
Sharp force 41%
REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA
8
6
4
2
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
4
Housing polices
3.5
Alcohol 3
Adult (15+)
1.5
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES
1
18 / 18
YES
YES
NO
YES (YES)
Firearm 22%


YES
NO
Unknown 57%
–
Sharp force 13%
Blunt force 4%
Other
YES 4%
Against rape
Qatar
Against
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse
Otherin
17%
Against elder abuse
institutions
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Larger scale 
Yeartimes 
Implementation
Home visiting
YES

YES

abusive situations
–
NO
–


YES
YES
YES



YES
YES


Sharp force 66%
VICTIM LAWS
3
2.5
YES
YES
Mentoring
YES
1.5
YES
1
NO
0.5
0
Dating violence
NO
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
NO
Year
YES
NO
YES
YES
YES
YES
Caregiver support
NO
YES
Partial 
16.8
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES
0.5
0
TYPE OF VIOLENCE
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Against
child marriage
Portugal
Youth violence laws
NO
NO




–
2009
2010
2011

–




–

VICTIM SERVICES
Burncompensation
17%
NO
YES
–

–
–



YES
YES
YES
NO
–
DATA ON VIOLENCE
Moldova
Youth violence NO
Sexual violence NO
Elder abuse NO
Trends in homicides
Sharp force 15%
Other 81%
Blunt force 1%
14
Firearm 3%
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
2001
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Source: Police
Romania
Subnational.
180
Sharp force 28%
Blunt force 10%
Strangulation 5%
4.5
pulation
1
2003
Year
2002
4
3.5
Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Labour, Social Protection and Health.
Poland
Child maltreatment
NO
1
Youth violence Firearm
YES
NO
4%
Elder abuse
NO
Sexual violence
YES1
Other 8%
Firearms
Sharp force 63%
YES
Mandatory
background
YES
Strangulation
11% check
YES/YES/YES
YES
Programmes to
reduce
YES
Blunt
forcecivilian
Rate per 100
Strangulation 11%
ROMANIA
Blunt force 14%
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Housing polices
3
2.5
Alcohol
Patterns 1.5
of drinking score
Excise taxes
Beer:
YES
Wine: YES
1
18 / 18
YES
YES
YES
YES (YES)
YES
YES
2001



Sharp force 66%
Burn 17%
YES
Against rape
Moldova
Against
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse


YES
YES
YES



YESFirearm 3%
YES


Sharp force 15%
VICTIM LAWS
Other 81%
2002
2003
2004
2005
Romania
2007
YES Blunt force 1%
2009
2010
2011

YES











–
–


6
VICTIM SERVICES
4
Adult protective
services
2
Child protection
services
0
Medico-legal
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
2007
YES
YES
YES
2008
YES
2009
2010



2011

Year
Youth violence NO
Sexual violence NO
Elder abuse NO
Trends in homicides
Blunt force 10%
Strangulation 5%
Firearm 3%
Other 20%
4.5
Sharp force 28%
2008
YES
YES
Mentoring
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
14
NO
12
NO
Caregiver10support
YES
YES
DATA ON VIOLENCE
2006
Larger scale 
Yeartimes 
Implementation
Home visiting
YES

YES

YES

Partial 
14.4
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES
0.5
0 TYPE OF VIOLENCE
LAWSOther
AND4%PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY
Qatar
Youth violence laws
Other 17%
YES
NO
Portugal
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
YES
Intimate partner
YES
Firearm violence
22%
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
YES
Firearms
YES
YES
Unknown 57%
Sharp forceYES/YES/YES
13%
Handguns/long
YES
Bluntuse
force 4%
NO
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
Unknown 34%
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Sources. Mechanism: National Institute for Public Health/ Reported homicides: VR
2006
Source: National Institute of Legal Medicine
Russia
Firearm 25%
pulation
20
18
16
14
181
Rate per 100
Unknown 57%
Sharp force 13%
Blunt force 4%
Other 4%
RUSSIAN FEDERATION
1.5
1
0.5
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Income group: High
Qatar
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
YES
NO
Sexual violenceOther 17%
YES1
Elder abuse
YES
Firearms
Sharp force 66% YES
YES
YES/YES/YES
Burn in
17%
Carrying firearms
public
YES
YES1
Alcohol
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES
YES
NO
15.1
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES
Firearm 3%


YES
YES
Other 81%

Sharp force 15%
Blunt force 1%
YES
Against rape
Romania
Against
Elder abuse laws
Sharp force 28%
Against elder abuse

–



YES
YES
YES
Blunt force 10%
NO
NO
Strangulation 5%
–
–
Firearm 3%
VICTIM LAWS
YES1 Other 20%
YES


Unknown 34%
14
Youth violence
12
NO
YES
Mentoring6
NO
NO
4
NO
2
0
Dating violence
schools
2001 prevention
2002 2003 in
2004
2005 2006 2007 YES
2008
NO
Year
YES
NO
YES
YES
4.5
Professional
YES
Public information
campaigns
YES
3.5
Caregiver 3support
YES
2.5 care policies
Residential
YES
2
VICTIM1.5
SERVICES
Adult protective
services
1
Child protection
services
0.5
0
Medico-legal
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Russia
–
–
–
2009
2010
Youth violence –
Sexual violence YES

2011
–

–






–
2009
2010
Year
DATA ON VIOLENCE
2007
NO
YES
YES
2008
YES
–



2011

Elder abuse –
Trends in homicides
Unknown 13%
Sharp force 20%
Other 5%
Burn 4%
Strangulation 4%
Firearm 25%
Blunt force 29%
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Sources. Mechanism: Federal State Statistics Service/ Reported homicides: VR
Rwanda
Subnational.
182
Sharp force 7%
Strangulation 17%
pulation
1
2005
5
4.5
4
3.5
18 / 18
YES
YES
NO
YES (NO)
Implementation
Home visiting
NO
–
NO
–
abusive situations
–
YES

Partial 
Moldova
Youth violence laws
Burn 17%
RWANDA
Income group: Low
14
Housing polices
12
Alcohol 10
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES
4
0

YES Strangulation 5%
YES

Other 20%
Against rape
Russia
Against
Firearm 25%
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse
Unknown 13%


YES
YES
YES



YES
YES


Sharp force 20%
VICTIM LAWS
Other 5%
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
4.5
4
Youth violence
3.5
YES
3
YES
Mentoring2
YES
After-school
YES
1.5 supervision
1
YES
Intimate0.5
0
Dating violence
schools
2001 prevention
2002 2003 in
2004
2005 2006 2007 YES
2008
YES
Year
YES
YES
YES
YES
Elder abuse
prevention
programmes
20
Professional
YES
16
Public information
campaigns
YES
Caregiver14support
YES
12
Residential
YES
10 care policies
21 / 21
YES
YES
NO
YES
(YES)
Blunt force 10%
Unknown 34%
YES
2006
Larger scale 
Yeartimes 
Implementation
Home visiting
YES

YES

abusive situations
–
YES

Firearm 3%
Partial 
9.8
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES
2
2001
2002 OF
2003
2004 2005
TYPE
VIOLENCE
Against
child marriage
Romania
force 28%
Ban on corporalSharp
punishment
(all settings)
Youth violence laws
YES
NO





2009
2010



2011







8
VICTIM SERVICES
Burn 4%
Strangulation 4%


YES
YES
Blunt force 29%
6
Adult protective
services
4
Child protection
services
2
Medico-legal
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Youth violence NO
Sexual violence YES
2010



2011

Elder abuse NO
Trends in homicides
Strangulation 17%
Other 54%
Burn 22%
Sharp force 7%
5
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
2009
Year
DATA ON VIOLENCE
2007
YES
YES
YES
2008
YES
Moldova
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
YES
YES
Firearm 3%
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
YES
Firearms
Sharp force 15% YES
YES
Other 81%
Handguns/long
Blunt forceNO/YES/YES
1%
NO
YES
Rwanda
Source: Police
Samoa
183
Other 81%
4
Rate per
Blunt force 1%
2
0
SAMOA
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Population: 188 889
Romania
4.5provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
Incentives
4
Housing polices
Sharp force 28%
Child maltreatment
NO
Blunt force 10%
Youth violence
NO
NO
Sexual violence
NO
Elder abuse Strangulation 5%
NO
Firearms
Firearm 3%
YES
YES
Other 20%
YES/YES/YES
YES
civilian
YES
Unknown
3.5
3
Alcohol 2.5
Patterns 1.5
of drinking score
1
Excise taxes
Beer: –
Wine: –
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006

YES

Other 5%
Burn 4%
Strangulation 4%
Blunt force
29%
YES


Rwanda
Against
rape
YES


YES

Sharp
force 7%
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse
NO
–
NO Strangulation 17% –
Other 54%
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
18
16
Youth violence
14
NO
NO
Mentoring8
NO
6
After-school
supervision
NO
4
YES
2
0
Intimate partner
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
5
Elder abuse
4.5
Professional
NO
3.5
Public information
campaigns
NO
Caregiver 3support
NO
2.5
NO
–
–
–
–

2009
2010
2011






–
–
–
–
VICTIM1.5
SERVICES
NO
Burn 22%
YES
–

1
Adult protective
services
0.5
Child protection
services
0
2001services
2002 2003
2004 violence
2005 2006
Medico-legal
for sexual
Year
2007
NO
YES
2008
YES
YES
–
2009
2010
DATA ON VIOLENCE
Youth violence NO
Sexual violence YES
Samoa
Afghanistan

2011


Elder abuse NO
Trends in homicides
E
YEAR
TA
VA
ILA
BL
2009
D
LE
ILAB
AVA
8.6
8.6
DA
TA
NO
2010
ATA
NOT
2013
3.2
Sources. Mechanism: ------/ Reported homicides: Police
Source: Ministry of Police and Prisons
184
Other 6%
Burn 1%
Strangulation 1%
0opulation
population
San Marino
Albania
4
3.58
37
2.56
VICTIM LAWS
18 / 16
YES
YES
YES
YES (YES)
2007
Implementation
Home visiting
NO
–
NO
–
NO
–
20
Partial 
3.6
MOST RISKY
Spirits: –
0.5
Russia
Firearm 25%
Youth violence laws
Unknownon13%
Against weapons
school premises
NO
NO
Rate per 1
Other 20%
1.5
1
0.5
SAN MARINO
0
Unknown 34%
2001
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Population: 31 247
Russia
2002
Income group: High
Housing polices
18
Firearm 25%
Child maltreatment
NO
Youth violence
NO
NO
Sexual violence
NO
Elder abuse
NO
Firearms Unknown 13%
Sharp force 20%
YES
check
YES
Other 5%
YES/YES/YES
Burnin4%
Carrying firearms
public
YES
ProgrammesStrangulation
to reduce civilian
YES
NO
NO
16
Alcohol 14
12
Adult (15+)
6
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: NO
4
2
0
2001
2002 2003 2004 2005
Blunt
force
29% PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY TYPE
LAWS
AND
OF VIOLENCE
2006
2007
2008
2009
–
–
Spirits: YES
2010
2011
Yeartimes 
Partial 
Larger scale 
Implementation
18 / 18
Home visiting
NO
–
Rwanda
Against
child marriage
YES
NO
–
YES
YES
NO
–
Sharp
force 7%
5
YES (YES)

4.5
Youth violence laws
Youth violence
4
3.5 enrichment
NO
–
NO
–
Against gangOther
or criminal
YES
Mentoring2
YES

1.5 supervision
After-school
YES

1
YES

0.5
Burn 22%
Intimate partner
violence
prevention
programmes
0
2001 prevention
2002 2003 in
2004
2005 2006 2007 YES
2008 2009 2010 2011
YES
schools
NO
–
YES

Against
rape
YES
YES


Samoa
YES

YES
YES

Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse
YES
NO
–
NO
–
YES
Caregiver support
YES

YES

VICTIM SERVICES


YES
YES




YES
YES
YES
YES
DATA ON VIOLENCE
Youth violence NO
Sexual violence NO
Child
maltreatment NO
San
Marino
Afghanistan
Elder abuse NO
Trends in homicides2
DA
T
A
NO
TA
VA
ILA
BL
E
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
A
DAT
1
0.5
0
2001
2
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Source: Police
Sao Tome
No homicides
were recorded for the year 2011, and therefore there is no data on mechanisms.
Albania
Zero homicides were reported for the years 2001, and 2003 to 2011.
Other 6%
Part VIII – CountryBurn
profiles
1%
Strangulation 1%
Firearm 10%
Sharp force 10%
8
opulation
1
2002
Year
LE
LAB
VAI
A
NOT
7
6
185
Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Secretary of State, Health and Social Security.
VICTIM LAWS
Rate per 100
Other 5%
Burn 4%
Strangulation 4%
SAO TOME AND PRINCIPE
Blunt force 29%
Population: 188 098
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007
2008
Year
2009
2010
2011
Housing polices
5
1.5
1
0.5
0
14 / 14
YES
YES
YES
YES (YES)



YES


YES
YES
YES



YES
NO

–
VICTIM LAWS
2008
2009
2010
2011
YES
YES
–

YES
NO
Mentoring
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
YES
YES
YES
4
YES
3.5
YES
3
Caregiver support
NO
2.5
YES

–
–
–
–
–
–
–





–

2
VICTIM1.5SERVICES
Adult protective
services
1
Child protection
services
0.5
Medico-legal
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Mental health
services
DATA ON VIOLENCE
2007
Year
Implementation
Home visiting
NO
–
NO
–
YES

YES
YES
Against rape
Against
sexual violence without rape
Sancontact
Marino
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse
2006
7.1
MOST RISKY
Spirits: NO
2007
NO
YES
NO
2008
NO
–

2009
2010
2011
–
–
Year
Youth violence NO
Sexual violence NO
Elder abuse NO
Trends in homicides
Firearm 10%
Sharp force 10%
Other 60%
Blunt force 10%
Burn 10%
YEAR
2011
4.2
2012
2.6
2013
5.3
Sources. Mechanism: General Public Attorney Office/ Reported homicides: Police
Source: General Public Attorney Office
Saudi Arabia
186
Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health and Social Affairs.
Partial 
Samoa
Against
statutory rape
Youth violence laws
NO
NO
4.5
Alcohol3.54
Adult (15+)
Patterns2.5
of drinking score
2
Excise taxes
Beer: NO
Wine: NO
TYPE OF VIOLENCE
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Sao Tome
2006
Child maltreatment
NO
Sharp force 7%
Youth violence
NO
Intimate
partner violence
YES
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
NO
Firearms
Strangulation 17%
Laws to regulate
YES
Othercivilian
54% access
YES
YES/YES/YES
YES
Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possessionBurn
and22%
use
NO
Rwanda
10
8
6
4
2
0
2001
Rate per 100 0
SAUDI ARABIA
Burn 22%
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
Year
Income group: High
2010
2011
Samoa
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
–
YES
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
NO
Firearms
YES
YES
YES/YES/YES
YES
YES
–
YES
Alcohol
Excise taxes
Beer: –
Wine: –
0.2
–
Spirits: –
Partial 
–/–
NO
YES
NO
YES (NO)
Implementation
Home visiting
YES

–
Parenting education
YES

abusive situations
–
YES


YES
YES


–

–
Against rape
YES
Against
Saocontact
Tome sexual violence without rape YES
YES
Elder abuse laws
Firearm
Against elder abuse
YES 10%
YES





Sharp force 10%
Other 60%
VICTIM LAWS
–
–
Burn 10%
4
Youth violence
3.5
YES
YES
Mentoring2
YES
After-school
YES
1.5 supervision
YES
1
Intimate0.5partner violence prevention programmes
0
Dating violence
NO
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Microfinance
NO
YES
Year
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
Caregiver support
YES
YES
Sanstatutory
Marinorape
Against
Youth violence laws





2009
2010
VICTIM SERVICES
YES
YES
YES
YES
DATA ON VIOLENCE
Youth violence –
Sexual violence –
–
–












Elder abuse –
Trends in homicides
TA
OT
AN
LE
ILAB
AVA
Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting.
VA
ILA
BL
E
Afghanistan
Saudi
Arabia
2011
DA
TA
NO
DAT
Albania
Senegal
Other 6%
Strangulation 1%
8
pulation
Burn 1%
7
6
187
SENEGAL
San Marino
Incentives4 provided for high-risk youth to complete schooling
Housing3.5
Child maltreatment
NO
Youth violence
NO
NO
Sexual violence
NO
Elder abuse
NO
Firearms
YES
YES
YES/YES/YES
YES
YES
3
Alcohol2.5
Adult (15+)
Patterns1.5of drinking score
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES
1
Other 60%
Partial 
18 / 18
YES
YES
YES
Firearm
10%
YES (YES)
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

Blunt force 10%
Against
rapeArabia
Saudi
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Implementation
Home visiting
NO
–
YES

YES

NO Sharp force 10% –
YES

Burn 10%
YES
0.6
MOST RISKY
Spirits: NO
0.5
Saochild
Tome
Against
marriage
Youth violence laws
NO
NO


YES
YES
YES



NO
NO
–
–
NO
YES
–
–


–
–

–


–

–
–
–
–
VICTIM SERVICES

NO
YES
YES
YES
DATA ON VIOLENCE
Youth violence NO
Senegal
Afghanistan
–



Elder abuse NO
Trends in homicides
VA
ILA
BL
E
TA
OT
AN
LE
ILAB
AVA
DA
TA
NO
DAT
Serbia
Albania
Subnational.
188
Other 6%
Unknown
9%
Burn 1%
Strangulation 1%
Firearm 40%
population
pulation
1
3
8
2.5
7
26
Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health and Social Action.
VICTIM LAWS
NO
YES
Mentoring
YES
NO
NO
YES
NO
YES
YES
NO
YES
NO
NO
Caregiver support
NO
NO
Rate per 1
1.5
1
0.5
0
SERBIA
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Sao Tome
Child maltreatment
YES
Firearm 10%
Youth violence
YES
YES
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
NO
Sharp force 10%
Firearms
Laws to regulate
civilian access
YES
Other 60%
YES
Blunt force 10%
YES/YES/YES
YES
Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possessionBurn
and10%
use
YES
Alcohol
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES
YES
YES
12.6
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES
Partial 
18 / 18
YES
YES
NO
YES (NO)
Implementation
Home visiting
YES

YES

abusive situations
–
YES




YES
YES
YES
Against
rape
Senegal
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse
–
–
YES
YES
YES


NO
NO
–
–
NO
YES
–
–
VICTIM LAWS
YES
YES
Mentoring
NO
NO
YES
NO
YES
YES
YES
NO
YES
YES
YES
Caregiver support
YES
YES


–
–

–



–





VICTIM SERVICES





YES
YES
YES
YES
DATA ON VIOLENCE
Serbia
Youth violence YES
Sexual violence YES
Trends in homicides
Other 42%
Firearm 40%
Strangulation 9%
3
Unknown 9%
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
2001
2002
Sources. Mechanism: Statistical Office/ Reported homicides: VR
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Source: Statistical Office
Seychelles
Blunt and sharp force were reported as one category, and are included in other. Firearm includes deaths
reported as due to "explosives".
14
Strangulation 38%
Sharp force 37%
population
1
Elder abuse YES
Saudi
Arabia
Against
child
marriage
Youth violence laws
12
10
189
Other 60%
Blunt force 10%
SEYCHELLES
Burn 10%
Population: 92 339
Saudi Arabia
Child maltreatment
YES1
YES
Youth violence
YES1
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
YES1
Firearms
YES
NO
YES/YES/YES
YES
YES
Alcohol
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES
NO
NO
5.6
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES
18 / 18
YES
YES
NO
YES (–)
Implementation
Home visiting
YES

YES

abusive situations
–
YES



YES1
NO
–
NO
Against rape
Against
Serbia
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse
Unknown 9%
–

YES
YES
YES



Firearm 40%
YES
NO

–
VICTIM LAWS
NO
YES
Mentoring
YES
YES
YES
YES
NO
YES
YES
YES
YES
3
NO
2.5
YES
Caregiver2support
YES
Residential
care policies
YES
1.5
–





–




–



VICTIM SERVICES
Other 42%
NO
Strangulation 9%
YES
–

1
0.5
Child protection
services
0
Medico-legal
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
DATA ON VIOLENCE
Seychelles
2007
YES
YES
YES
2008
YES
2009
2010



2011

Year
Youth violence NO
Sexual violence NO
Elder abuse NO
Trends in homicides
Strangulation 38%
Sharp force 37%
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Blunt force 25%
2001
2002
2003
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Singapore
Subnational.
190
Other 13%
0.9
Sharp force 44%
pulation
1
2005
Year
Sources. Mechanism: –––-/ Reported homicides: VR
2004
0.8
0.7
Partial 
Against
child marriage
Senegal
Youth violence laws
SINGAPORE
Income group: High
Senegal
Child maltreatment
NO
Youth violence
NO
NO
Sexual violence
NO
Elder abuse
NO
Firearms
YES
YES
YES/YES/YES
YES
NO
Alcohol
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES
NO
YES
2
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES
Partial 
Implementation
21 / 21
Home visiting
YES

YES
YES

YES
abusive situations
NO
–
YES

NO (–)
–
3
Firearm 40%
2.5
YES
NO
–
YES
YES

Mentoring
YES
1.5

After-school
supervision
YES

1
YES

0.5
Strangulation 9%
Other 42%
0
YES
YES

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
NO
–
Year
NO
–
Against rape
YES
YES

Seychelles
Against
YES

YES
NO
–
Elder abuse laws
14
Against elder abuse
YES
NO
–
12
elder abuse 38%
in institutions
NO
–
Public information
campaigns
YES

Sharp force 37%
Caregiver10support
YES

8 care policies
Residential
YES

6
VICTIM SERVICES
NO
YES
–

Blunt force 25%
4
Adult protective
services
2
Child protection
services
Medico-legal
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Mental health
services
DATA ON VIOLENCE
Singapore
2007
YES
YES
YES
2008
YES
2009
2010



2011

Year
Youth violence NO
Sexual violence NO
Elder abuse NO
VICTIM LAWS
Serbia
Against
statutory rape
Youth violence
laws 9%
Unknown
Trends in homicides
Sharp force 44%
Strangulation 12%
0.9
Other 13%
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
Blunt force 31%
2001
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
2002
Source: Police
Slovakia
Firearm 9%
pulation
Other 26%
3.5
3
191
SLOVAKIA
Income group: High
2.5
Alcohol
2
Adult (15+)
Patterns1.5
of drinking score
Excise taxes
Beer:
YES
Wine: YES
1

YESSharp force 37% 
YES

YES
25%
Allowing removal of violent spouse fromBlunt
homeforce
YES
Against rape
Singapore
Against
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse
Other 13%





YES
YES
YES
NO
– Sharp force 44%
–
–
Strangulation 12%
VICTIM LAWS


YES
YES
Blunt force 31%
2009
2010
2011
14
12
YES
10
YES
Mentoring8
YES
6 supervision
After-school
YES
4
YES
2
Intimate partner
0
Dating violence
YES
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Microfinance
YES
Year
YES
YES
YES
YES
Professional
YES
0.8
Public information
campaigns
YES
0.7
Caregiver0.6support
YES
Residential
YES
0.5 care policies
0.3
Adult protective
services
0.2
0.1
Medico-legal
0
2001 services
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Mental health
DATA ON VIOLENCE





2009
2010
2011
2007
YES
YES
YES
2008
YES










2009
2010



2011 
Year
Youth violence YES1
Sexual violence NO
Elder abuse YES1
Trends in homicides
Firearm 9%
Burn 1%
Strangulation 8%
Sharp force 35%
Other 26%
Blunt force 21%
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
2001
2002
2003
1
2008
VICTIM0.4SERVICES
Slovakia
2007
17 / 17
YES
YES
YES
YES (YES)
2006
Year
Implementation
Home visiting
YES

YES

YES

Partial 
13
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES
0.5
0
TYPE OF VIOLENCE
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Seychelles
Against
statutory rape
Youth violence laws
weapons on38%
school premises
YES
YES1
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Slovenia
Subnational.
Other 11%
ulation
192
2
1.8
1.6
Other 42%
Housing polices
3
Serbia
National
action plans
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
YES
YES
Firearm 40%
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
YES
Unknown 9%
Firearms
YES
YES
YES/YES/YES
YES
Strangulation
9%
use
YES
Rate per 100
Strangulation 9%
SLOVENIA
Other 42%
1.5
1
0.5
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Income group: High
Housing 14
Seychelles
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
YES
YES
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
NO
Strangulation 38%
Firearms
Sharp force 37%
YES
YES
YES/YES/YES
YES
NO
12
Alcohol 10
Adult (15+)
8
6
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES
4
11.6
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES
2
0
TYPE OF VIOLENCE
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Blunt force 25%
Partial 
2006
2007
2008
2007
YES
YES
YES
2008
YES
2009
2010
2011
2010



2011 
Year
Implementation
18 / 18
Home visiting
NO
–
YES
YES

YES
YES
YES

NO (–)
–
0.9
Youth violence
0.8
Sharp force 44%
NO
–
Pre-school
YES
0.7 enrichment

YES
YES

0.5
Strangulation 12%
Mentoring
YES

0.4
After-school
supervision
YES

0.3
YES

0.2
Intimate0.1
0
YES
YES

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Blunt force
31%
NO
–
Allowing removal of violent spouse
from
home YES
Year
YES

Against rape
YES
YES

Slovakia
YES
Against

YES
YES

Elder abuse laws
Other 26%
Firearm
Against elder abuse
YES 9%
YES

3
NO
–
Public information
campaigns
YES

Caregiver2.5support
YES

Burn 1%
Residential
YES

2 care policies
Strangulation 8%
VICTIM1.5SERVICES
YES Sharp force 35% 
YES

Blunt force 21%
Adult protective
services
1
Child protection
services
0.5
Medico-legal
0
2001 services
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Mental health
DATA ON VIOLENCE
Slovenia
Youth violence YES
Sexual violence YES
Firearm 63%
Sharp force 16%
Other 11%
2
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Elder abuse NO
Trends in homicides
Strangulation 10%
2009
Year
VICTIM LAWS
Against
child marriage
Singapore
Other 13%
Youth violence laws
YES
NO
Solomon Islands
ulation
6
5
193
Rate per 10
SOLOMON ISLANDS
4
2
0
Blunt force 25%
Population: 549 598
6
2001
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Singapore
2002
0.9
Child maltreatment
YES1
Youth violence Other 13%
YES
YES
Sexual violence
YES
YES
Firearms
Laws Strangulation
to regulate civilian
YES
12% access
YES
YES/YES/YES
YES
YES
0.8
0.7
Alcohol 0.6
Adult (15+)
Patterns0.4
of drinking score
0.3
Excise taxes
Beer: –
Wine: –
0.2
1.7
MOST RISKY
Spirits: –
0.1
0
2001TYPE
2002 OF
2003
2004 2005
Blunt force 31%
VIOLENCE
Partial 
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year times 
Once/few
Larger scale 
Implementation
–/–
Home visiting
YES

YES
YES

YES
abusive situations
NO
–
YES

Firearm
3.5
NO (–) 9%
–
3
Youth violence
NO
–
Pre-school
YES
2.5 enrichment

NO
–
YES

Strangulation 8%
Mentoring
NO
–
1.5
After-school
supervision
NO
–
1
Sharp force 35%
NO
–
0.5
Intimate partner
violence
laws
Intimate
partner
violence
prevention
programmes
Blunt force 21%
0
YES
–
Dating violence
schools
NO 2009 2010 2011 –
2001 prevention
2002 2003 in
2004
2005 2006 2007 2008
–
NO
–
YES

Against
rape
YES
YES


Slovenia
NO
–
NO
–
YES

Elder abuse laws
Elder abuse
2
Against elder abuse
NO
–
Professional
NO
–
Other 11%
1.6
NO
–
Public information
campaigns
NO
–
Caregiver1.4
support
NO
–
1.2
Firearm 63%
Residential
NO
–
1 care policies
Strangulation 10%
VICTIM0.8SERVICES
Providing forSharp
victimforce
legal
representation
16%
NO
YES
–

0.6
Adult protective
services
0.4
0.2
Child protection
services
0
Medico-legal
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Year
2007
NO
YES
YES
2008
YES
–
2009
2010
DATA ON VIOLENCE
Youth violence YES
Sexual violence YES
Child maltreatment
Solomon
Islands NO
Afghanistan


2011

Elder abuse NO
Trends in homicides
DA
TA
NO
TA
VA
ILA
BL
E
6
5
4
3
OT
AN
2
LE
ILAB
AVA
DAT
1
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
South Africa
Albania
Subnational.
194
Other 6%
Burn 1%
Strangulation 1%
Firearm 33%
opulation
pulation
1
Source: –––-
45
408
357
306
VICTIM LAWS
Slovakia
Against
child marriage
Other 26%
Youth violence laws
Against weapons
on1%
school premises
Burn
NO
NO
Rate per 10
SOUTH AFRICA
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
Blunt force 31%
0.4
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
3
Alcohol2.5
Adult (15+)
Patterns1.5
of drinking score
Excise taxes
Beer:
YES
Wine: YES
1
0
18 / 18
YES
YES
NO
YES (NO)
YES
YES
Strangulation 10%
Firearm 63%
Sharp force 16%
YES
Against rape
Solomon Islands
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse





YES
YES
YES



YES
YES
–
–
NO
NO
–
–
VICTIM LAWS
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2
1.8
Youth violence
1.6
Pre-school
enrichment
YES
1.4
YES
Mentoring1
YES
0.8 supervision
After-school
YES
0.6
YES
0.4
Intimate0.2
0
Dating violence
YES
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
Elder abuse
prevention
programmes
6
YES
5
YES
Caregiver4support
YES
Residential
YES
3 care policies
VICTIM SERVICES
2
1
0
Medico-legal
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Year
2007
YES
YES
YES
2008
YES





2009
2010
Youth violence YES
Firearm 33%




2009
2010
Elder abuse NO
Sharp force 32%
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
2001
2002
Sources. Mechanism: National Injury Mortality Surveillance System/ Reported homicides: Police
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Reported homicides (2012/2013) N= 16259, Rate= 31.1/100 000 (80% M, 15% F)3
3



2011

45
Blunt force 27%
2



Trends in homicides
Unknown 0.2%
Other 2.8%
Burn 2%
Strangulation 3%
2011



DATA ON VIOLENCE
South Africa
2011
Year times 
Larger scale 
Implementation
Home visiting
YES

–
Parenting education
YES

–
abusive situations
–
YES

Partial 
11
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES
0.5
VIOLENCE
2001TYPE
2002 OF
2003
2004 2005
Against
child marriage
Slovenia
Youth violence laws
Other 11%
YES
NO
Blunt force 21%
Housing3.5
Slovakia
Child maltreatment
YES
Other 26%
Youth violence
YES1
Intimate Firearm
partner9%
violence
YES
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
YES1
Firearms
Burn 1%
YES
Strangulation
8%
check
YES
YES/YES/YES
Sharp force 35%
YES
YES
1
2011
Year
Source: Police
Subnational.
For Gauteng Province (an urban setting) only.
The reported total of 95% leaves 5% of cases undetermined as to whether male or female.
195
SPAIN
Income group: High
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
YES
YES
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
YES
Firearms
YES
YES
YES/YES/YES
YES
NO
Alcohol
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: NO
NO
NO
11.2
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES
Partial 
16 / 16
YES
YES
YES
YES (YES)
Implementation
Home visiting
YES

YES

YES


YES
YES


YES


Against rape
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse
YES
YES
YES



YES1
NO
–
–
YES
YES


VICTIM LAWS
YES
YES
Mentoring
YES
YES
YES
YES
NO
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
Caregiver support
YES
YES






–








VICTIM SERVICES




YES
YES
YES
YES
DATA ON VIOLENCE
Spain
Youth violence YES
Sexual violence –
Trends in homicides
Firearm 17%
Other 10%
Burn 1%
Strangulation 9%
Sharp force 41%
Blunt force 6%
1.6
Unknown 16%
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
Sources. Mechanism: National Institute of Statistics/ Reported homicides: VR
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
1
Elder abuse YES
Source: National Institute of Statistics
Sudan
Subnational.
196
Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health, Social Policies and Equity.
Youth violence laws
SUDAN
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
YES
NO
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
NO
Firearms
YES
YES
YES/YES/YES
YES
YES
Alcohol
Excise taxes
Beer: –
Wine: –
NO
NO
2.7
MOST RISKY
Spirits: –
–/–
NO
YES
YES
YES (NO)
Implementation
Home visiting
YES

–
Parenting education
YES

YES




YES
YES
NO
Against rape
Spain
Against
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse
Unknown 16%
–
–



YES
YES
YES
NO
Firearm 17%
NO
–
–
Other 10%
VICTIM LAWS
Burn 1%
for victim legal
9% representation
YES
YES
Blunt force 6%
Sharp force 41%
VICTIM SERVICES
0.8
Adult protective
services
0.6
Child protection
services
0.4
0.2 services for sexual violence
Medico-legal
0 services
Mental health
2001
DATA ON VIOLENCE
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
NO
YES
YES
YES
2008





–





–
–
–
–
–
2009
2010



2011
Year
Youth violence NO
Sexual violence NO
Elder abuse NO
Trends in homicides
VA
ILA
BL
E
Afghanistan
Sudan


YES
YES
Mentoring
YES
YES
YES
NO
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
NO
1.6
NO
1.4
Caregiver support
NO
1.2
NO
Partial 
Youth violence laws
TA
OT
AN
LE
ILAB
AVA
DA
TA
NO
DAT
Albania
Swaziland
Burn 1%
Strangulation 1%
pulation
tion
Other 6%
8
25
7
6
197
SWAZILAND
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
NO
NO
Sexual violence
NO
Elder abuse
NO
Firearms
YES
YES
YES/YES/YES
YES
NO
Alcohol
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: NO
NO
NO
5.7
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES
Partial 
Implementation
18 / 18
Home visiting
YES

YES
YES

YES
abusive situations
NO
–
YES

1.6
NO
(–) 17%
–
Firearm
1.4
Youth violence
1.2
NO
–
YES

1
NO
–
YES

0.8
Burn 1%
Mentoring
YES

0.6
After-school
supervision
–
–
0.4
Strangulation 9%
School
anti-bullying
NO
–
Sharp force 41%
0.2
Intimate partner
violence
prevention
programmes
0
Blunt force 6%
2001 prevention
2002 2003 in
2004
2005 2006 2007 NO
2008 2009 2010 2011 –
–
–
Dating violence
schools
Year
–
NO
–
YES

Against rape
YES
YES


Sudan
YES

NO
–
YES

Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse
NO
–
YES

NO
–
YES

Caregiver support
NO
–
NO
–
Against
child marriage
Spain
Unknown 16%
Youth violence laws
Against weapons
on school premises
Other 10%
VICTIM SERVICES
NO
YES
–

NO
YES
YES
YES
–



DATA ON VIOLENCE
Youth violence NO
Sexual violence YES
Swaziland
Afghanistan
Elder abuse NO
Trends in homicides
DA
TA
NO
TA
VA
ILA
BL
E
25
20
15
10
OT
AN
DAT
5
0
2001
LE
ILAB
AVA
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Source: Country questionnaire.
198
Other
Other 16%
6%
Burn 1%
Strangulation 1%
Firearm 27%
pulation
opulation
Sweden
Albania
1.4
8
1.2
7
61
VICTIM LAWS
SWEDEN
Income group: High
1.4
1.2
Alcohol
1
Adult (15+)
0.8
Patterns of
drinking score
0.6
Excise taxes
Beer:
YES
Wine: YES
0.4
Partial 
18 / 18
YES
YES
YES
YES (YES)
0
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010


YES
NO
–


YES
YES
YES



NO
NO
–
–
YES
YES
Mentoring
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
Elder abuse
prevention
programmes
25
YES
20
Public information
campaigns
YES
Caregiver 15
support
YES
YES















10
VICTIM SERVICES
VICTIM LAWS


YES
YES
Adult protective
services
5
0
Medico-legal
for sexual
2001services
2002 2003
2004 violence
2005 2006
Year
2007
YES
YES
YES
2008
YES
2009
2010
DATA ON VIOLENCE
Sweden
Youth violence YES
Sexual violence YES


2011

Elder abuse YES1
Trends in homicides
Other 16%
Strangulation 11%
Blunt force 7%
1.4
Firearm 27%
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
2001
Sharp force 39%
Sources. Mechanism: National Board of Health and Welfare/ Reported homicides: Police
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
1
2011
Year
Implementation
Home visiting
YES

YES

YES

YES
Against rape
Swaziland
Against
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse
9.2
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES
0.2
2001
2002OF2003
2004 2005
TYPE
VIOLENCE
Against
child marriage
Sudan
Youth violence laws
YES
YES1
Source: Swedish National Council for Crime Prevention
Switzerland
Subnational.
Unknown 7%
1.4
Firearm 29%
pulation
Other 4%
1.2
1
199
Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health and Social Affairs.
Blunt force 6%
1.6
Spain
NO16%
Child maltreatment
YES1
Unknown
Firearmviolence
17%
Intimate partner
YES
Youth violence
YES1
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
YES1
Firearms
Other 10%
YES
Burn 1% check
YES
YES/YES/YES
Strangulation
Carrying
firearms in9%
public
YES
Sharp force 41%
YES
Strangulation 9%
Rate per 100
Burn 1%
Sharp force 41%
SWITZERLAND
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
2001
Blunt force 6%
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Income group: High
Sudan
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
YES
YES
Sexual violence
NO
Elder abuse
NO
Firearms
YES
YES
YES/YES/YES
YES
YES1
Alcohol
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: NO
NO
NO
10.7
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES

YES
YES


YES


Against rape
Against
Sweden
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuseOther 16%
YES
YES
YES



YES
YES1


Firearm 27%
Strangulation 11%
VICTIM LAWS
25
YES
Life skills 15
YES
Mentoring
YES
10 supervision
After-school
YES
YES
5
0
Dating violence
YES
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
NO
Year
YES
YES
YES
YES
Professional
YES
1.2
Public information
campaigns
NO
Caregiver support
YES
1
Residential
YES
0.8 care policies





2009
2010

2011




–


VICTIM SERVICES
0.6
Providing for
victim
Blunt
forcecompensation
7%
YES
YES


Sharp force 39%
Adult protective
services
0.4
Child protection
services
0.2
Medico-legal
0
2001 services
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Mental health
Switzerland
–
2009
2010
Year
DATA ON VIOLENCE
2007
NO
YES
YES
2008
YES
Youth violence YES
Sexual violence YES
–



2011
Elder abuse YES
Trends in homicides
Unknown 7%
Other 4%
Blunt force 31%
1.4
Firearm 29%
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
2001
Sharp force 29%
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Source: Police
Macedonia
Subnational.
200
Firearm 38%
7
ulation
1
2002
Year
6
Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Federal Office of Public Health.
18 / 18
YES
YES
YES
YES (YES)
Implementation
Home visiting
YES

YES

YES

Partial 
Swaziland
Against
statutory rape
Youth violence laws
Rate per 100
TAJIKISTAN
10
5
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Income group: Low
Housing polices
1.4
1.2
Alcohol 1
0.8
0.6
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES
0.4
Firearm 29%
YES
YES



Blunt force 31%
YES
Allowing removal of violent spouse from home Sharp
NO force 29%
Against rape
Macedonia
Against
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse

–
YES
YES
YES



YES
Firearm 38%
YES


Sharp force 3%
VICTIM LAWS
Other 45%
2002
2003
2004
2005
YES

YES Blunt force 14% 
2009
2010
2011





2009
2010
2011
2
Adult protective
services
Child protection
services
1
Medico-legal
2001 services
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Mental health
2007
Year
YES
YES
YES
2008
YES
–









3
VICTIM SERVICES
Youth violence NO
Sexual violence NO
2009
2010



2011

Elder abuse NO
Trends in homicides
Sharp force 31%
Blunt force 17%
3.5
Unknown 5%
Other 26%
2008
1.4
Firearm 8%
2007
1.2
YES
1
Life skills and
YES
Mentoring0.8
YES
0.6 supervision
After-school
YES
0.4
YES
Intimate partner
0.2
Dating violence
NO
0
2001and2002
2003equity
2004 training
2005 2006 2007 YES
2008
Microfinance
gender
Year
YES
YES
YES
YES
Professional7 awareness campaigns
YES
6
Public information
campaigns
YES
5
Caregiver support
YES
Residential4care policies
YES
DATA ON VIOLENCE
Tajikistan
2006
18 / 18
YES
YES
YES
YES (YES)
2001
Larger scale 
Year times 
Implementation
Home visiting
YES

NO
–
YES

Partial 
2.8
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES
0.2
0 TYPE OF VIOLENCE
LAWS
AND
PREVENTION
PROGRAMMES BY
Sharp
force
39%
Switzerland
Against
statutory rape
Unknown 7%
Other 4%
Youth violence laws
YES
YES
Sweden
Child maltreatment
NO
OtherNO16%
Youth violence
NO
Sexual violence
NO
Elder abuse
NO
Firearm 27%
Firearms
Strangulation
11%
YES
YES
NO/YES/NO
forcein7%
CarryingBlunt
firearms
public
YES
NO
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
2001
Strangulation 13%
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
2002
Source: Police
Thailand
Unknown
profiles11%
9
pulation
Strangulation 2%
Other 2%
8
7
201
Rate per 100
Blunt force 7%
THAILAND
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
2001
Sharp force 39%
2002
2003
2004
2005
2008
2009
2010
2011
Housing polices
1.4
1.2
Alcohol 1
Adult (15+)0.8per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
0.6
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES
0.4
17 / 17
YES
YES
NO
YES (NO)

Firearm 38%


YES
YES
Sharp force 3%
Other 45%
Blunt force 14%
YES


Against rape
Against
Tajikistan
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse
Firearm 8%
Unknown 5%
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Larger scale 
Year times 
Implementation
Home visiting
YES

YES

abusive situations
–
YES

YES
YES
YES



Sharp force 31%


YES
YES
VICTIM LAWS
7
Youth violence
6
Pre-school 5enrichment
NO
YES
4
Mentoring
YES
3
NO
2
YES
1
Intimate partner
0
Dating violence
YES
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
NO
Year
YES
YES
YES
YES
3.5
YES
3
NO
Caregiver2.5
support
YES
YES
Partial 
Sharp force 29%
7.1
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES
0.2
0 TYPE OF VIOLENCE
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Macedonia
Youth violence laws
NO
NO
–


–

2009
2010

2011




–


1.5
VICTIM SERVICES
Other compensation
26%
YES

Strangulation 13%
1
Adult protective
services
0.5
Child protection
services
Medico-legal
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
DATA ON VIOLENCE
2007
Year
Youth violence NO
YES
YES
YES
2008
YES
–

2009
2010



2011

Elder abuse YES1
Trends in homicides
Unknown 11%
Sharp force 19%
Firearm 66%
9
Strangulation 2%
Other 2%
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
2001
2002
2003
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Sources. Mechanism: Ministry of Public Health/ Reported homicides: VR
2004
Source: Ministry of Public Health
Trinidad and Tobago
Subnational.
Sharp force 14%
45
Blunt force 5%
Strangulation 2%
pulation
202
40
35
Switzerland
Child
YES
Unknown
7%maltreatment
Youth violence
YES4%
YES
Other
Sexual violence
YES
YES
Firearms
YES
YES
Blunt force guns/
Handguns/long
YES/YES/YES
YES
YES
1
2007
Year
Thailand
2006
THE FORMER YUGOSLAV REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA
25
Housing polices
Swaziland
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
YES
YES
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
NO
Firearms
YES
YES
YES/YES/YES
YES
YES
0
16 / 16
YES
YES
YES
YES (–)
YES Firearm 27%
YES



Blunt force 7%
YESforce 39%
Sharp
Against rape
Against
Switzerland
Unknown 7%
Elder abuse laws
Other
4%
Against elder abuse
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
YES
YES
YES


–


YES
NO Firearm 29%

–
1.4
Youth violence
1.2
YES
YES
0.8
Mentoring
YES
0.6
After-school
supervision
YES
0.4
YES
0.2
Intimate partner
0
Dating violence
YES
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
1.4
Professional
awareness campaigns
YES
1.2
Public information
campaigns
YES
1
Caregiver support
NO
0.8 care policies
Residential
NO





2009
2010



2011





–
–
0.6
VICTIM SERVICES

YES
YES
–
Sharp force 29%
0.4
Adult protective
services
Child protection
services
0.2
Medico-legal
2001 services
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Mental health
DATA ON VIOLENCE
2007
Year
Youth violence YES
Sexual violence YES
YES
YES
YES
2008
YES
2009
2010



2011

Elder abuse YES
VICTIM
LAWS
Blunt
force 31%
2006
Year times 
Larger scale 
Implementation
Home visiting
YES

YES
 Parenting education Training to recognise /

 avoid sexually abusive situations
YES


Partial 
6.7
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES
5
Sweden
Youth violence laws
gang or criminal
YES
NO
20
Alcohol
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES
TYPE
VIOLENCE
2001
2002OF2003
2004 2005
Trends in homicides
Firearm 38%
Sharp force 3%
Other 45%
Blunt force 14%
7
Macedonia
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
2001
2002
2003
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Sources. Mechanism: State Statistical Office / Reported homicides: Police
2004
Source: State Statistical Office
Tajikistan
Unknown 5%
Sharp force 31%
3.5
pulation
Part VIII – CountryFirearm
profiles8%
3
2.5
203
Rate per 100 0
Blunt force 31%
TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
2001
Sharp force 29%
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Income group: High
Housing polices
7
Macedonia
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
YES
YES
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuseFirearm 38%
–
Firearms
YES
Sharp force 3% YES
Handguns/long
YES/YES/YES
Other guns/
YES
Programmes to reduce civilian firearm possession andBlunt
useforce 14%
NO
6
Alcohol 5
3
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES
2
6.7
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES
1
0 TYPE OF VIOLENCE
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Partial 
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Larger scale 
Year times 
Implementation
18 / 18
Home visiting
YES

YES
YES

YES
abusive situations
NO
–
YES

NO
(–)force 31%
–
3.5
Sharp
Youth violence
3
NO
–
YES

YES
YES

2
Mentoring
YES

1.5
After-school
supervision
YES

1
YES

Blunt force 17%
Other 26%
0.5
Intimate partner
0
YES
YES

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Strangulation 13%
YES

YES

Against rape
YES
YES

Thailand
YES
Against

YES
YES

Elder abuse laws
Unknown 11%
9
Against elder abuse
NO
–
Professional
awareness campaigns
YES

Strangulation 2%
8
–
–
Public information
campaigns
YES

7
Other 2%
Caregiver support
YES

6
YES

4
VICTIM SERVICES
Sharp force 19%
YES Firearm 66%


YES
3
Adult protective
services
2
Child protection
services
1
Medico-legal
2001 services
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Mental health
DATA ON VIOLENCE
Trinidad and Tobago
2007
Year
Youth violence –
Sexual violence –
YES
YES
YES
2008
YES
2009
2010



2011

Elder abuse –
Trends in homicides
Sharp force 14%
Strangulation 2%
Burn 1%
Unknown 1%
Firearm 77%
45
Blunt force 5%
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
2001
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
2002
Source: Police
Tunisia
Other 38%
0.3
Firearm 2%
lation
204
0.25
VICTIM LAWS
Tajikistan
Against
statutory rape
Firearm 8%
Youth violence laws
Against weapons
on school
Unknown
5% premises
NO
NO
Blunt force 14%
TUNISIA
3
Rate per 100
Sharp force 3%
Other 45%
2
1
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
3.5
Housing polices
3
Alcohol 2.5
Patterns of1.5drinking score
Excise taxes
Beer:
YES
Wine: YES
1
0



YES
YES
Sharp force 19%
Firearm 66%
NO
–
–
Against rape
YES
Trinidad
Tobago
Against
contactand
sexual
violence without rape YES
YES
Sharp force 14%
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse
YES Blunt force 5%
YES
Strangulation





2%
Burn 1%
Unknown 1%
VICTIM LAWS
Firearmlegal
77%representation
2008
2009
2010
2011
NO
YES
–

9
8
Youth violence
YES
6
NO
5
Mentoring 4
NO
After-school
YES
3 supervision
YES
2
1
Intimate partner
0
Dating violence
prevention
NO
2001 2002
2003 in
2004schools
2005 2006 2007 2008
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
45
Professional
awareness campaigns
YES
40
Public information
campaigns
YES
35
Caregiver 30support
YES
25 care policies
Residential
YES
20
VICTIM SERVICES
15
Adult protective
services
10
Child protection
services
5
Medico-legal
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Year
DATA ON VIOLENCE
Tunisia
2007
18 / 18
YES
YES
YES
YES (YES)
2006
Year times 
Larger scale 
Implementation
Home visiting
YES

YES

YES

Partial 
1.5
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES
0.5
LAWS
AND PREVENTION
PROGRAMMES BY
TYPE
VIOLENCE
2001
2002OF
2003
2004 2005
Strangulation
13%
Against
child marriage
Thailand
11%(all settings)
Ban on corporal Unknown
punishment
Strangulation
Youth violence
laws 2%
Other
Against weapons
on 2%
school premises
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
2007 2008
YES
Youth violence NO
Sexual violence YES

–
–


2009
2010
2011
–









2009
2010



2011

Elder abuse NO
Tajikistan
Child maltreatment
NO
Sharp force
31%
Youth violence FirearmNO8%
Intimate partner
violence
NO
Sexual violence
NO
Elder abuse
NO
Firearms Unknown 5%
YES
YES
YES/YES/YES
Blunt force 17%
Other in
26%
Carrying firearms
public
YES
YES
Trends in homicides
Other 38%
Firearm 2%
Burn 5%
Strangulation 8%
Blunt force 5%
Sharp force 42%
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Reported homicides (2012) N= 332, Rate= –/100 000 (–% M, –% F)
Source: Police
Turkey
Unknown 12%
pulation
Other 14%
4
3.5
3
205
Rate per 100
Blunt force 17%
Other 26%
TURKEY
1.5
1
0.5
0
2001
Strangulation 13%
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Housing polices
9
Thailand
Child maltreatment
YES
11%
YES
Strangulation 2%
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
YES
Other 2%
Firearms
YES
YES
Handguns/long
guns/
automatic
weapons
YES/YES/YES
Sharp force 19%
Firearm 66%
YES
YES
YES
NO
8
Alcohol 7
5
Excise taxes
Beer:
YES
Wine: YES
3
2
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES
2
1
0 TYPE OF VIOLENCE
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
2006
2007
2008
2007
YES
YES
YES
YES
2008
2009
2010
2011
2010



2011
VICTIM0.15
SERVICES
8%
Blunt force 5%


YES
YES
Sharp force 42%
Adult protective
services
0.1
Child protection
services
0.05
0
Mental health
2001services
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
DATA ON VIOLENCE
Turkey
2009
Year
Youth violence NO
Sexual violence YES
Elder abuse –
Trends in homicides
Unknown 12%
Other 14%
Blunt force 2%
Firearm 50%
Strangulation 2%
4
Sharp force 20%
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
2001
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
2002
Source: Police
Tuvalu
ulation
206
20
18
16
VICTIM LAWS
Partial 
Larger scale 
Year times 
Implementation
17 / 17
Home visiting
YES

Parenting education
YES
YES


Trinidad and Tobago
YES
abusive situations
NO
–
YES

Sharp
NOforce
(–) 14%
–
45
Youth violence laws
Youth violence
40
Blunt force 5%
YES

YES
YES


Burn 1%
Mentoring25
YES

20
Unknown 1%
After-school
supervision
NO
–
15
YES

10
Firearm
77% laws
Intimate partner
violence
Intimate partner
5
0
YES
NO
–
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
YES

YES

Against rape
YES
NO
–
NO
–
Against
Tunisia
YES
YES

Elder abuse laws
Other 38%
Against elder abuse
YES
NO
–
campaigns
YES
YES

0.25
Firearm 2%
Caregiver support
YES

0.2
Residential
care policies
YES

Burn 5%
Rate per 10
Sharp force 19%
Firearm 66%
TUVALU
4
3
2
1
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Population: 9 860
Trinidad and TobagoACTION PLANS, POLICIES AND LAWS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL TYPES OF VIOLENCE
45
Housing polices
Child maltreatment
NO
Sharp force 14%
Youth violence
NO
NO
Sexual violence
NO
Elder abuse Blunt force 5%
NO
Strangulation 2%
Firearms
Burn 1%
YES
YES
Unknown 1%
YES/YES/YES
Carrying firearms
public
YES
Firearmin77%
NO
40
35
Alcohol 30
15
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES
1.5
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES
10
5
0
LAWS AND PREVENTION PROGRAMMES BY2001
TYPE
OF 2003
VIOLENCE
2002
2004 2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Partial 
Year times 
Larger scale 
Implementation
18 / 18
Home visiting
NO
–
YES
YES

YES
YES
YES

NO (–)
–
0.3
0.25
YES Firearm 2%  Pre-school enrichment
NO
–
YES
YES
 Life skills 0.2

Burn 5%
Mentoring
YES

0.15
YES

Strangulation 8%
0.1
YES

0.05
Intimate partner
violence
laws
Intimate
partner
violence
prevention
programmes
Blunt force 5%
Sharp
YES force 42%  Dating violence
NO
–
0
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
gender
equity training
YES
 Microfinance2001and2002

Year
YES

Against rape
YES
YES

Turkey
Against
YES

YES
YES

Unknown 12%
Elder abuse laws
4
Against elder abuse
YES
awareness campaigns
YES

3.5
NO
–
Public information
campaigns
YES

3
Other 14%
Caregiver2.5
support
YES

YES

Firearm 50%
Strangulation 2%
Sharp force 20%
YES
YES
VICTIM SERVICES
1.5


1
Adult protective
services
0.5
Child protection
services
Medico-legal
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
DATA ON VIOLENCE
Youth violence NO
Sexual violence YES
Other 50%
Sharp force 50%
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
2001
2009
2010
–
Elder abuse NO
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
–


2011
Trends in homicides
Tuvalu
2007
Year
NO
YES
YES
2008
–
Blunt force 2%
VICTIM LAWS
Tunisia
Other (all
38%settings)
Youth violence laws
NO
NO
Source: Police
pulation
Uganda
20
18
16
14
207
20
Rate per 10
Unknown 1%
Firearm 77%
UGANDA
15
10
5
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Income group: Low
Sharp force 42%
Housing polices
0.3
0.25
Alcohol
Patterns 0.15
of drinking score
Excise taxes
Beer:
YES
Wine: YES
0.1



YES
YES
Blunt force 2%
Firearm 50%
Strangulation 2%
Sharp force 20%
NO
Against rape
Tuvalu
Against
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse
–
–
YES
NO
YES

YES
NO

–

–
Sharp force 50%
Other 50%
2002
2003
2004
2005
VICTIM LAWS
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
4
3.5
Youth violence
YES
Life skills 2.5
YES
Mentoring 2
YES
1.5 supervision
After-school
YES
1
YES
0.5
Intimate partner
0
Dating violence
schools
NO
2001 prevention
2002 2003 in
2004
2005 2006 2007 2008
NO
YES
YES
YES
YES
20
Professional
YES
16
Public information
campaigns
YES
14
Caregiver support
YES
12
YES





2009
2010
2011
YES
YES


6
Adult protective
services
4
Child protection
services
2
Medico-legal
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
2007
Year
DATA ON VIOLENCE
Youth violence YES1
Sexual violence YES







E
VA
ILA
BL
TA
NO
TA
DA
–
2009
2010


2011

Elder abuse YES1
Trends in homicides
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
2001
YEAR
NUMBER OF HOMICIDES
2009
2010
OT
AN
LE
ILAB
AVA
DAT
2669
2013
2002
2003
2004
2753
1761
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Reported homicides (2011) N= 1987, Rate= –/100 000 (–% M, –% F)
NO
YES
YES
2008
YES
–
–

8
VICTIM SERVICES
Uganda
Afghanistan
2006
18 / 18
YES
YES
YES
YES (YES)
2001
Larger scale 
Year times 
Implementation
Home visiting
YES

YES

YES

Partial 
9.8
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES
0.05
0 TYPE OF VIOLENCE
Against
child marriage
Turkey
Unknown 12%
Youth violence laws
Otheron14%
Against weapons
school premises
NO
NO
Source: Police
United Arab Emirates
Albania
Subnational.
Other 6%
Burn 1%
Strangulation 1%
8
pulation
208
7
6
Tunisia
Interpersonal violence Other
YES 38%
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
YES
YES1
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
YES
Firearm 2%
Firearms
Laws to regulate
civilian
YES
Burn
5% access
YES
Handguns/long
guns/
YES/YES/YES
Strangulation
YES
ProgrammesBlunt
to reduce
YES
force 5%
1
2006
Year
Rate per 100 00
Burn 5%
Strangulation 8%
UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
Blunt force 5%
Sharp force 42%
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
Year
Income group: High
2010
2011
Sharp force 20%
Housing polices
4
Turkey
Interpersonal violence NOUnknown 12% Child maltreatment
NO
Youth violence
NO
NO
Sexual violence
NO
Elder abuse
NO
Firearms
Other 14%
YES
Mandatory
YES
Blunt background
force 2% check
Firearm 50%
YES/YES/YES
Strangulation 2%
YES
–
3.5
Alcohol 3
Excise taxes
Beer: –
Wine: –
1.5
4.3
–
Spirits: –
1
0.5
0 TYPE OF VIOLENCE
2001
Partial 
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2007
YES
YES
YES
2008
YES
2009
2010
2011
2010



2011
Larger scale 
Year times 
Implementation
18 / 18
Home visiting
YES

YES
YES

YES
abusive situations
NO
–
YES

NO (–)
–
20
Youth violence
18
YES
–
–
14 social development training
–
–
YES
12
Sharp force 50%
Other 50%
Mentoring10
–
–
After-school8 supervision
–
–
6
–
–
4
Intimate partner
violence
prevention
programmes
2
NO
–
Dating violence
–
–
0
2001and
2002
2003 equity
2004 training
2005 2006 2007 2008
–
Microfinance
gender
NO 2009 2010 2011 –
Year
–
–
Against rape
YES
YES

YES
Against

Uganda
YES
YES

Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse
YES1
–
–
18
campaigns
–
–
YES1
16
Caregiver support
–
–
14
–
–
NO
NO
–
–
10
VICTIM SERVICES
8
6
Adult protective
services
4
Child protection
services
2
Medico-legal
2001 services
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Mental health
Year
DATA ON VIOLENCE
Youth violence –
Sexual violence NO
Afghanistan
2009
Elder abuse NO
VICTIM LAWS
Tuvalu
Against
statutory rape
Youth violence laws
–
YES
VA
ILA
BL
E
Trends in homicides
TA
OT
AN
LE
ILAB
AVA
DA
TA
NO
DAT
Albania
United Kingdom
Subnational.
Other 26%
Other 6%
Burn 1%
Strangulation
1%3%
Burn
Unknown 4%
pulation
pulation
1
82
1.8
7
1.6
6
209
Blunt force 2%
Rate per 100
Firearm 50%
Strangulation 2%
UNITED KINGDOM
Sharp force 20%
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Income group: High
Housing polices
20
Alcohol 16
14
Excise taxes8
Beer: YES
Wine: YES
6
4
2
0
2001
OF VIOLENCE
2002 2003 2004 2005
16 / 16
YES
YES
YES
YES (NO)

YES
YES1


YES


Against rape
Against
contact
sexual
violence without rape
United
Arab
Emirates
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Larger scale 
Year times 
Implementation
Home visiting
YES

YES

YES

YES
YES
YES



YES1
YES1


YES
NO

VICTIM LAWS
20
Youth violence
18
YES
14
Life skills and
social
development
training
YES
12
Mentoring10
YES
YES
6
YES
4
Intimate partner
violence
prevention
programmes
2
0
Dating violence
YES
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
NO
Year
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
Caregiver support
YES
YES





2009
2010

2011







VICTIM SERVICES
–




YES
YES
YES
YES
DATA ON VIOLENCE
Youth violence YES1
Sexual violence YES
United Kingdom
Firearm 8%
Strangulation 9%
Sharp force 40%
Unknown 4%
Blunt force 10%
2
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
2001
2
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Reported homicides (2011/12) N= 653, Rate= 1.03/100 000 (70% M, 30% F)
1
Elder abuse YES
Trends in homicides2
Other 26%
Burn 3%
–

Source: Police
National and subnational.
In 2002, there were 172 deaths attributable to the activities of Harold Shipman.
Tanzania
210
ulation
30
25
Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Home Office.
Partial 
11.6
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES
Uganda
Against
statutory rape
Youth violence laws
YES
YES1
18
Tuvalu
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
YES
YES
Sexual violence
YES1
Elder abuse
YES1
Firearms
YES
Sharp force 50%
50%
MandatoryOther
background
check
YES
YES/YES/YES
YES
YES
Rate per 100
UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA
10
8
6
4
2
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Income group: Low
20
Housing polices
18
16
Alcohol 14
8
Excise taxes6
Beer: YES
Wine: YES
4
2
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Uganda
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
NO
YES
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
YES
Firearms
YES
YES
YES/YES/YES
YES
YES
Partial 
7.7
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES
2010
2011
Year times 
Larger scale 
Implementation
16 / 18
Home visiting
YES

YES
YES

YES
YES
YES

NO (–)
–
YES
NO
–
YES
YES

Mentoring
YES

NO
–
NO
–
–
–
YES

–
YES

YES

Against rape
YES
YES

United
Kingdom
YES
Against
contact
sexual violence without rape YES

YES
–
YES

Other 26%
Elder abuse laws
Elder abuse2 prevention programmes
Unknown
Against elder abuse
NO 4%
–
Professional
YES

1.6
Against elder abuse
in
institutions
NO
–
Public
information
campaigns
YES

Burn 3%
1.4
Firearm 8%
Caregiver1.2
support
NO
–
YES

Strangulation 9%
0.8
VICTIM SERVICES
Blunt
forcelegal
10%representation
Providing for
victim
NO
YES
Sharp force 40%
–

0.6
Adult protective
services
0.4
0.2
Child protection
services
Medico-legal
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Year
2007
YES
YES
YES
2008
YES
2009
2010
DATA ON VIOLENCE
Youth violence NO
Sexual violence YES
Tanzania
Afghanistan


2011

Elder abuse YES
VICTIM LAWS
United
Arab
Emirates
Against
statutory
rape
Youth violence laws
NO
YES
Trends in homicides
DA
TA
NO
TA
VA
ILA
BL
E
30
25
20
15
OT
AN
DAT
10
5
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Sources. Mechanism: ––/ Reported homicides: Police
LE
ILAB
AVA
USA
Albania
Other 6%
88
pulation
pulation
Burn 1%
Unknown
11%
Strangulation 1%
77
66
211
Rate per
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
8
6
4
2
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Income group: High
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
YES1
YES1
Elder abuse
YES
Sexual violence
YES1
Firearms
YES2
YES2
YES/YES/YES2
YES2
YES1
Alcohol
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES
YES1
YES
9.2
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES
10
VICTIM SERVICES

YES
NO
–
5
Adult protective
services
Child protection
services
0
2001services
2002 2003
2004 violence
2005 2006
Medico-legal
for sexual
Year
2007
YES
YES
2008
YES
YES
2009
2010
DATA ON VIOLENCE
USA
Youth violence YES
Sexual violence YES
Firearm 68%
Sharp force 11%
8
Unknown 11%
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
Reported homicides (2011) N= 16 259, Rate= 5.3/100 000 (78% M, 22% F)
Sources. Mechanism: Civil and Vital Registration/ Reported homicides: Civil and Vital Registration
1
2
3
4
5
6
Elder abuse YES
Trends in homicides
Other 5%
Burn 1%
Strangulation 3%
Blunt force 1%


2011

2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Subnational.
Federal, state and local laws. The nature and extent of restrictions vary by state.
Aged 16 and older with parental consent; a few states allow children <16 to marry with parental consent and/or a court order.
Most states do not use the term "statutory rape" but have statutes addressing sexual activity involving minors.
Federal and state laws; federal law applies to specific interstate conduct that occurs in enumerated locations subject to federal jurisdictions.
27%
Federal and state laws but state law isSharp
primaryforce
source of
sanctions, remedies and protections.
Uzbekistan
212
Firearm 1%
Unknown 2%
Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
VICTIM LAWS
Partial 
Implementation
18 / 183
Home visiting
YES

United
Kingdom
Against
child marriage
YES3
YES

YES4
Other 26%
YES
YES

2
Unknown
4%
1.8
YES1 (NO)

1.6
Youth violence laws
Youth violence
Burn 3%
1.4
Firearm 8%
YES
YES

1 social development training
gang or criminal
group
membership
NO
–
Life
skills
and
YES

9%
Mentoring0.8
YES

0.6
After-school
YES

0.4 supervision
YES
0.2
Blunt force 10%

Sharp force 40%
0
Intimate partner
violence
prevention
programmes
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
YES
YES
 Dating violence prevention in schools Year

NO
–
YES

5
Against
rape
YES
YES


Tanzania
Against contact sexual violence without rape YES5
YES

YES5
YES

Elder abuse laws
Elder abuse
Against elder abuse
YES6
YES

campaigns
YES
YES1
 Public information

20
Caregiver support
YES

YES

UZBEKISTAN
2
Housing polices
1.8
1.6
Alcohol 1.4
0.8
Excise taxes
Beer:
–
Wine: –
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
18 / 18
YES
YES
NO
YES (YES)
Other 5%
Burn 1%
Strangulation
VICTIM
LAWS 3%
force compensation
1%
ProvidingBlunt
for victim



YES
YES


YES
YES
YES



YES
YES1


NO Firearm 68%
YES
Sharp force 11%
Uzbekistan
Afghanistan
2011
30
YES
Life skills 20
YES
Mentoring15
YES
YES
10
NO
5
Intimate partner
0
Dating violence
NO
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Microfinance
YES
Year
YES
NO
NO
NO
NO
7
Public information
campaigns
YES
6
Caregiver support
NO
YES




–
2009
2010
2011
–
–
–
–
–

–

4

3
Adult protective
services
2
Child protection
services
1
Medico-legal
0
2001 services
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Mental health
2007
NO
NO
NO
2008
YES
–
–
–
2009
2010

2011
Year
Youth violence NO
Sexual violence NO
–


VICTIM SERVICES
DATA ON VIOLENCE
2010
Year times 
Larger scale 
Implementation
Home visiting
YES

YES

abusive situations
–
YES

YES
Against rape
Against
USAcontact sexual violence without rape
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse
Unknown 11%
4.6
MOST RISKY
Spirits: –
Partial 
Tanzania
Against
statutory rape
Youth violence laws
YES
NO
Elder abuse NO
United Kingdom
Interpersonal violence YES Other 26% Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
YES1
Intimate
partner4%
violence
YES1
Unknown
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
NO
Burn 3%
Firearms
Firearm 8%
YES
Mandatory
background
YES
Strangulation
9% check
YES/YES/YES
YES
Blunt
force 10%
Programmes
to reduce
civilian firearm possession and
use
YES
Sharp
force 40%
Trends in homicides
Sharp force 27%
VA
ILA
BL
E
Firearm 1%
Unknown 2%
TA
OT
AN
DAT
NO
TA
DA
Other 14%
LE
ILAB
AVA
Blunt force 37%
Burn 3%
Strangulation 16%
Sources. Mechanism: Forensic Medical Service/ Reported homicides: –
1
Vanuatu
Albania
Subnational.
Other 6%
Strangulation 1%
8
pulation
Burn 1%
7
6
213
Blunt force 10%
VANUATU
Rate per 100
Strangulation 9%
Sharp force 40%
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Population: 247 262
Housing polices
30
Tanzania
National
action plans
Child maltreatment
NO
Youth violence
NO
NO
Sexual violence
NO
Elder abuse
NO
Firearms
YES
YES
YES/YES/YES
YES
NO
Alcohol 25
Excise taxes
Beer: –
Wine: –
10
18 / 18
YES
YES
NO
YES (NO)
2001

NO
YES
Burn 1%
Strangulation 3%
Blunt force 1%
–

Firearm 68%
Sharp force 11%
YES
Against rape
Against
Uzbekistan
Elder abuse laws
Sharp force 27%
Against elder abuse
Firearm 1%
Unknown 2%
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Implementation
Home visiting
NO
–
–-* Parenting education
NO
–
abusive situations
–
NO
–


YES
NO
NO

NO
NO
–
–
–
–
VICTIM LAWS
8
Youth violence
7
NO
6
NO
5
Mentoring
NO
4
NO
3
NO
2
Intimate partner
violence
prevention
programmes
1
Dating violence
NO
0
2001and
2002
2003 equity
2004 training
2005 2006 2007 2008
Microfinance
gender
NO
Year
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
Caregiver support
NO
NO
Partial 
1.4
MOST RISKY
Spirits: –
5
0 TYPE OF VIOLENCE
USAstatutory rape
Against
Youth violence
laws
Unknown 11%
Against gang or
criminal
Other
5% group membership
NO
NO
–
–
–
–
–
2009
2010
2011
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
VICTIM SERVICES
YES Blunt force 37%

YES

Burn 3%
Strangulation 16%
NO
NO
NO
NO
–
–
–
–
DATA ON VIOLENCE
Youth violence NO
Sexual violence YES
Elder abuse NO
Trends in homicides
VA
ILA
BL
E
Afghanistan
Vanuatu
TA
OT
AN
LE
ILAB
AVA
DA
TA
NO
DAT
214
Other 6%
Burn 1%
Firearm
Strangulation
1%7%
pulation
ulation
Albania
Viet Nam
8
1.8
7
1.6
1.4
6
Other compensation
14%
Rate per 100
15
VIET NAM
10
5
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Housing polices
8
7
Alcohol 6
Adult (15+) 5per capita consumption (litres of pure alcohol)
Excise taxes3
Beer: YES
Wine: YES
Partial 
18 / 18
YES
YES
YES
YES (YES)
YES
YES
Other 14%
1
2001
Against rape
Against
Vanuatu
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Larger scale 
Year times 
Implementation
Home visiting
YES

YES

YES




Blunt force 37%
Burn 3%
YES
Allowing removal of violent spouse
from home
Strangulation
16% NO
6.6
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES
2
0 TYPE OF VIOLENCE
Uzbekistan
Against
statutory rape
force 27%
Ban on corporal punishmentSharp
(all settings)
Youth violence laws
Against weapons
on school
premises
Firearm
1%
Against gang
or criminal
Unknown
2% group membership
YES
YES

–
YES
YES
YES



YES
YES


YES
YES


VICTIM LAWS
YES
YES
Mentoring
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
Caregiver support
YES
YES















VICTIM SERVICES




YES
YES
YES
YES
DATA ON VIOLENCE
Viet Nam
Youth violence NO
Sexual violence YES
Elder abuse NO
USA
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
YES
YES
Unknown 11%
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
YES
Firearms
Other
5% access
Laws to regulate
civilian
YES
Burn 1% check
YES
Strangulation 3%
Handguns/long
guns/
automatic
weapons
YES/YES/YES
Firearm 68%
Blunt force 1%
YES
Programmes toSharp
reduce
civilian
YES
force
Trends in homicides
Other 4%
Burn 2%
Strangulation 2%
Sharp force 62%
1.8
Firearm 7%
Blunt force 23%
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
2001
2002
2003
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Sources. Mechanism: Ministry of Public Security/ Reported homicides: Police
2004
Source: Ministry of Public Security
Yemen
ulation
8
7
6
215
WEST BANK AND GAZA STRIP
Nigeria
Child maltreatment
NO
Youth violence
NO
NO
Sexual violence
NO
Elder abuse
YES
Firearms
YES
YES
NO/NO/YES
YES
NO
NO
NO
Alcohol
Excise taxes
Beer: –
Wine: –
–
–
Spirits: –
NO
YES

–

Sharp force 61%
Strangulation 14%
Intimate partnerBlunt
violence
forcelaws
7%
–
Against rape
Oman
Elder abuse laws
Sharp force 18%
Against elder abuse
–
–
YES
YES
YES



NO
NO
–
–
Blunt force 11%
Other 63%
VICTIM LAWS
compensation
Firearm
4%
legal4%
representation
Unknown
YES
YES
0.4
Adult protective
services
0.2
Child protection
services
Medico-legal
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Palestine
2007
Year
DATA ON VIOLENCE





2009
2010
2011
Youth violence NO
Sexual violence NO
YES
YES
YES
2008
YES
–



–


–


VICTIM0.6
SERVICES


1
1.2
Youth violence
1
Pre-school
enrichment
YES
0.8
YES
0.6
Mentoring
YES
0.4 supervision
After-school
YES
YES
0.2
0
Dating violence
schools
2001 prevention
2002 2003 in
2004
2005 2006 2007 NO
2008
YES
YES
YES
NO
YES
Elder abuse
Professional
YES
Public information
campaigns
NO
1.2
Caregiver 1support
YES
Residential
YES
0.8 care policies
2009
2010


2011

Elder abuse NO
Trends in homicides
Strangulation 2%
Sharp force 20%
Firearm 78%
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2008
2009
2010
2011
Source: Palestinian Health Information Center
Panama
Subnational.
216
25
Unknown 2%
Other 2%
opulation
1
2007
Year
Reported homicides (2011) N= 80, Rate= 3/100 000 (81.2% M, 18.8% F)
Sources. Mechanism: Palestinian Health Information Center/ Reported homicides: Police
2006
20
16 / 15
YES
YES
YES
YES (YES)
Implementation
Home visiting
YES

YES

YES

Partial 
Norway
Against
child marriage
Firearm 11% (all settings)
Youth violence laws
Unknown 3%
Against weapons
on school premises
4% group membership
Against gang orOther
criminal
Rate per 100
Strangulation 3%
Blunt force 1%
Firearm 68%
Sharp force 11%
YEMEN
3
2
1
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Uzbekistan
Interpersonal violence NO Sharp force 27%
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
YES
NO
Sexual violence
NO
Elder abuse
NO
Firearms Firearm 1%
Unknown 2%
YES
YES
Otherguns/
Handguns/long
YES/YES/YES
Blunt force
37%
YES
YES
Burncivilian
NO
NO
Alcohol
Excise taxes
Beer: –
Wine: –
0.3
–
Spirits: –
Partial 
–/–
NO
YES
NO
YES (NO)
YES
YES
Implementation
Home visiting
NO
–
–
Parenting education
YES

abusive situations
–
YES




–
Against rape
Vietcontact
Nam sexual violence without rape
Against
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse
Firearm 7%
Other 4%
Burn 2%
Strangulation 2%
–
–
YES
YES
YES



NO
NO
–
–
Sharp force 62%
VICTIM LAWS
Blunt force 23%
NO
NO
–
–
YES
YES
Mentoring
YES
NO
NO
NO
YES
YES
YES
NO
YES
Elder abuse
Professional
NO
1.4
Public information
campaigns
NO
Caregiver1.2
support
NO
NO



–
–
–



–

–
–
–
–
0.8
VICTIM SERVICES
0.6
0.4
Adult protective
services
0.2
Child protection
services
Medico-legal
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Year
2007
NO
YES
YES
2008
NO
–
2009
2010

2011
–
DATA ON VIOLENCE
Yemen
Youth violence NO
Sexual violence NO
Elder abuse NO
Trends in homicides
Other 8%
Firearm 84%
Blunt force 5%
Sharp force 3%
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
2001
2002
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
2003
Zambia
217
Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Public Health and Population.
Against
child marriage
Vanuatu
Youth violence laws
Strangulation 16%
Other 14%
Blunt force 37%
ZAMBIA
Burn 3%
Strangulation 16%
Vanuatu
Child maltreatment
YES1
Youth violence
NO
YES
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
–
Firearms
YES
YES
NO/NO/NO
YES
YES
Alcohol
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES
NO
NO
4
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES
YES

YES Sharp force 62%

Blunt force 23%
YES
Against rape
Against
Yemen
Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse



YES
YES
YES



YES
YES


Other 8%
Firearm 84%
Blunt
force 5%
VICTIM
LAWS
1.8
Youth violence
1.6
NO
Life skills 1.2
NO
Mentoring 1
NO
0.8
After-school
supervision
NO
0.6
YES
0.4
Intimate partner
0.2
0
Dating violence
YES
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Microfinance
YES
Year
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
7
Public information
campaigns
YES
6
Caregiver support
YES
YES

2009
2010
YES
YES






4
3
Adult protective
services
2
Child protection
services
1
Medico-legal
2001services
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Mental health
2007
2009
2010
Year
DATA ON VIOLENCE
Youth violence NO
Sexual violence YES
YES
YES
YES
2008
YES



2011



VICTIM SERVICES
ProvidingSharp
for victim
force compensation
3%
Afghanistan
Zambia
–
–
–
–



2011

Elder abuse –
Trends in homicides
E
YEAR
TA
VA
ILA
BL
2008
DAT
LE
ILAB
AVA
7.02
8.21
DA
TA
NO
2009
OT
AN
2010
6.22
Albania
Zimbabwe
Subnational.
218
Other 6%
Burn 1%
Strangulation
Other1%
9%
Unknown 32%
pulation
ulation
1
Source: Police
82
1.8
7
1.6
6
21 / 21
YES
YES
YES
YES (NO)
Implementation
Home visiting
YES

YES

YES

Burn 2%
Strangulation 2%
Partial 
Vietstatutory
Nam rape
Against
Youth violence laws
Firearm 7%
Other
4% group membership
Against gang or
criminal
ZIMBABWE
Income group: Low
Housing polices
1.8
Vietaction
Nam plans
National
Child maltreatment
YES
Youth violence
NO
NO
Sexual violence
YES
Elder abuse
NO
Firearm 7%
Firearms
Other
4% access
Laws to regulate
civilian
Sharp force 62% YES
Burn 2%
check
YES
Strangulationguns/
Handguns/long
–/YES/–
YES
YES
1.6
Alcohol 1.4
0.8
Excise taxes
Beer: YES
Wine: YES
0.6
0.2
2001
Partial 
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Larger scale 
Year times 
Implementation
18 / 18
Home visiting
YES

YES
YES

YES
YES
YES

NO (–)
–
8
7
YES
YES
 Pre-school 6enrichment

NO
Life skills and
social
development
training
NO
–
Firearm 84% –
5
Mentoring 4
NO
–
Blunt force 5%
NO
–
School
anti-bullying
YES

Sharp force 3%
2
Intimate partner
1
YES
NO
–
0
2003equity
2004 training
2005 2006 2007 NO
2008 2009 2010 2011 –
gender
 Microfinance2001and2002
Year
YES

Against rape
YES
YES

Against
contact
sexual
violence
without
rape
YES
–
Physical
environment
changes
YES

Zambia
YES
YES

Elder abuse laws
Against elder abuse
NO
–
NO
–
NO
–
NO
–
Caregiver support
YES

NO
–
Yemen
Against
statutory rape
Youth violence laws
Other
8% group membership
Against gang or
criminal
5.7
MOST RISKY
Spirits: YES
0.4
0 TYPE OF VIOLENCE
Blunt force 23%
NO
NO
VICTIM SERVICES
NO
YES
–





YES
YES
YES
YES
DATA ON VIOLENCE
Zimbabwe
Youth violence NO
Sexual violence YES
Elder abuse NO
Trends in homicides
Other 9%
Firearm 2%
Blunt force 18%
Sharp force 39%
Unknown 32%
2
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
2001
Sources. Mechanism: ZimSTAT/ Reported homicides: Police
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Year
Source: ZimSTAT
219
Data collection by multisectoral consensus meeting and cleared by Ministry of Health and Child Care.
VICTIM LAWS
Part IX – Statistical annex
Table A1: National data coordinators by country/area and WHO region
Country/area
WHO region
Name of national data coordinator(s)
Afghanistan
Albania
Algeria
Armenia
Australia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Belarus
Belgium
Belize
Benin
Bhutan
Bolivia (Plurinational State of)
Botswana
Brazil
Brunei Darussalam
Bulgaria
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cambodia
Cameroon
Canada
China
Colombia
Cook Islands
Costa Rica
Croatia
Cuba
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Dominica
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
Egypt
El Salvador
Eastern Mediterranean
Europe
Africa
Europe
Western Pacific
Europe
Europe
South-East Asia
Europe
Europe
Americas
Africa
South-East Asia
Americas
Africa
Americas
Western Pacific
Europe
Africa
Africa
Western Pacific
Africa
Americas
Western Pacific
Americas
Western Pacific
Americas
Europe
Americas
Europe
Europe
Americas
Americas
Americas
Americas
Estonia
Fiji
Finland
Gabon
Georgia
Germany
Ghana
Guatemala
Guinea
Guyana
Honduras
Europe
Western Pacific
Europe
Africa
Europe
Europe
Africa
Americas
Africa
Americas
Americas
Zakhmi, Babrak
Qirjako, Gentiana
Djeraoune, Nadia
Nanushyan, Lena
Arthur, Caroline
Orthofer, Maria
Talishinskiy, Rustam
Alhadyan, Badreya
Rahman Arif, Mizanur
Lomat, Leonid
Reynders, Daniel
Mira, Oscar; Vasquez, Mary
Chaffa, Christian
Tshering, Dago
Quispe, Cabo Elias Choque
Motlhanka, Kelebogile
da Silva, Marta Maria Alves
Abdul Hamid, Hjh Hadzilahwatie Hj
Dinolova, Rumyana
Sanon, Djénéba
BihiziEugenie-Colombe
Prak, Piseth Raingsey
Kouo Ngamby, Marquise
Ponic, Pamela
Leilei, Duan
Rivillas, Juan Carlos; Lozada, Sandra Lucia Moreno
Puni, Lawrence Teariki
Castillo, Sisy
Brkic Bilos, Ivana
Basanta, Marlen
Ashikales, Xenia
Millerova, Eva
Ricketts, Paul
Oganda, Sarai
Salinas, Victoria
Al Ashry, Nagwa
Armero, Julio; Avalos Marina Estela; Ticas,
Julio Oscar Robles
Salla, Jako
Kurabui, Bale
Ewalds, Helena
Oye Nguema, Bernadette
Chachava, Tamar
Balas, Chariklia
Ohene, Sally-Anne
Funes, Jose
Beavogui, Kezely
Conway, Dinte
Cerna, Migdonia Nohemy Ayestas
223
Country/area
WHO region
Iceland
India
Indonesia
Iran (Islamic Republic of)
Iraq
Israel
Italy
Jamaica
Japan
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Kenya
Kiribati
Kuwait
Kyrgyzstan
Lao People’s Democratic Republic
Latvia
Liberia
Lithuania
Madagascar
Malawi
Malaysia
Maldives
Mauritania
Mexico
Mongolia
Montenegro
Morocco
Mozambique
Myanmar
Nepal
Netherlands
New Zealand
Nicaragua
Niger
Nigeria
Norway
Oman
Panama
Papua New Guinea
Peru
Philippines
Poland
Portugal
Qatar
Republic of Moldova
Romania
Russian Federation
Rwanda
Samoa
San Marino
Europe
South-East Asia
South-East Asia
Europe
Europe
Americas
Western Pacific
Europe
Africa
Western Pacific
Europe
Western Pacific
Europe
Africa
Europe
Africa
Africa
Western Pacific
South-East Asia
Africa
Americas
Western Pacific
Europe
Africa
South-East Asia
South-East Asia
Europe
Western Pacific
Americas
Africa
Africa
Europe
Americas
Western Pacific
Americas
Western Pacific
Europe
Europe
Europe
Europe
Europe
Africa
Western Pacific
Europe
Thordardottir, Edda Bjork; Ingudóttir, Jenny
Thergaonkar, Arvind
Djupuri, Rita
Talebian, Mohammad Tagi
Hassan, Zainab
Peleg, Kobi
Lecce, Maria Giuseppina
Davidson, Tamu
Suzuki, Takashi; Nakamura, Rieko
Habashneh, Malek
Kapanovna, Aigul Tastanova
Githinji, Wilfred
Kamantoa, Tabiria
Alkandiri, Kholud
Boobekova, Aigul
Phoutsavath, Phisith; Southivong, Bouavanh
Feldmane, Jana
Mulbah, J. Mike
Povilaitis, Robertas
Razafindranazy, Eulalie
Chiwaula, Catherine
Ramly, Rosnah
Shabana, Fathimath
Bouhabib, Abdallahi Mohamed
Cervantes, Arturo
Narantuya, Khad
Stojanovic, Svetlana
Elmarzgioui, Samira
Romao, Francelina
Win, Thit Thit
Ghimire, Dhruba Raj
Hofstede, Margreet
Tanielu, Liz
Acevedo, Angela Rosa
Adakal, Aboubacar
Omoyele, Chiamaka
Kärki, Freja Ulvestad
Al Yazidi, Mohammed
Rodrigues, Hermelinda
Robert, Sebastien
Jimenez, Nency Virrueta
Benegas, Agnes
Klosinski, Wojciech/Trzewik, Anna
Nogueira, Paulo
Al-Khulafai, Hilal
Pascal, Lilia/Caitaz, Angela
Iliuta, Costin
Klimenko, Tatiana
Mukasine, Caroline
Maua, Rumanusina
Gualtieri, Andrea
224
Country/area
WHO region
Sao Tome and Principe
Saudi Arabia
Senegal
Serbia
Seychelles
Singapore
Slovakia
Slovenia
Solomon Islands
South Africa
Spain
Sudan
Swaziland
Sweden
Switzerland
Tajikistan
The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia
Thailand
Trinidad and Tobago
Tunisia
Turkey
Tuvalu
Uganda
United Kingdom
United Republic of Tanzania
United States of America
Uzbekistan
Vanuatu
Viet Nam
West Bank and Gaza Strip
Yemen
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Africa
Africa
Europe
Africa
Western Pacific
Europe
Europe
Western Pacific
Africa
Europe
Africa
Europe
Europe
Europe
Europe
South-East Asia
Americas
Europe
Western Pacific
Africa
Europe
Africa
Americas
Europe
Western Pacific
Western Pacific
Africa
Africa
Matos, Celso
Alanazi, Faisal
Sene, Bineta
Paunovic, Milena
Michel, Gina
Gomez, Yvonne
Bruchacova, Zora
Mihevc, Barbara
Vozoto, Nashley
Netshidzivhani, Pakiso
Merino, Begoña
Eltahir, Suad
Kophozile, Mahlalela
Nordstrand, Kerstin
Hofner, Marie-Claude
Razzakov, Abduvali
Tozija, Fimka
Panjapiyakul, Pornpet
Thomas, Andy
Chebbi, Henda
Songur, Emrah
Lototele, Kaevaa
Mugisha, James
Hassan, Kalthoom
Bellis, Mark/Hardcastle, Katie
Steven, Ester
Dahlberg, Linda
Iskandarov, Alisher
Tovu, Viran
Anh, Luong Mai
Bitar, Jawad
Alyusfi, Reema
Shumba, Chabwela
Bakasa, Clemenciana
225
226
7277831
16460141
9849569
14864646
Bulgaria
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cambodia
880
240
670
6850
31590
11640
7650
2220
2420
750
4620
44810
6400
830
19560
6290
3770
4970
Low
Low
Low
Middle
High
Middle
Middle
Middle
Middle
Low
Middle
High
Middle
Low
High
Middle
High
High
Middle
Middle
Middle
Low
Income level3
36.03
33.27
39.79
28.19
54.69
56.29
38.73
38.62
53.13
32.97
26.48
32.12
33.71
29.15
31.30
35.33
34.51
27.82
Income
inequality
(Gini index)4
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Subnational
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
Interpersonal
violence
Yes
No
No
No
No
Yes
Subnational
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
Yes
Don’t know
No
Armed
violence
Yes
No
No
No
No
Yes
Subnational
Subnational
Yes
Subnational
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
Subnational
No
Yes
No
Subnational
Don’t know
No
Gang
violence
Yes
No
No
No
No
Yes
Subnational
Subnational
Yes
Subnational
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
Don’t know
Subnational
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Child
maltreatment
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Subnational
Subnational
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
Subnational
No
Yes
Don’t know
Don’t know
Youth
violence
NATIONAL ACTION PLANS
Organized
crime
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Subnational
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Subnational
Subnational
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Intimate
partner
violence
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Subnational
Subnational
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Subnational
Sexual
violence
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
Subnational
No
Yes
Yes
No
Elder abuse
2
Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat (2014). World Population Prospects: The 2014 Revision, Highlights. New York: United Nations.
Gross National Income (GNI) per Capita is the dollar value of a country’s final income in a year divived by its population using Atlas methodology. Data from World Development Indicators database, World Bank, June 2014.
http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GNP.PCAP.CD
3
World Development Indicators (WDI) database: Low income is US$ 1005 or less, middle-income is US$ 1006 to US$ 12 275, high-income is US$ 12 276 or more. Where a precise GNI was not available, the WDI estimation
of income level was used.
4
Latest available year. The Gini index measures the extent to which the distribution of income or consumption expenditure among individuals or households within an economy deviates from a perfectly equal distribution. A
Gini index of 0 represents perfect equality, while an index of 100 implies perfect inequality. Data from World Development Indicators database, World Bank, June 2014. http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI
1
412238
Brunei Darussalam
198656019
2003910
Brazil
Botswana
741822
10496285
Bhutan
Bolivia (Plurinational
State of)
324060
10050702
Benin
11060095
Belgium
Belize
9405097
154695368
Belarus
Bangladesh
1317827
Bahrain
47960
8463948
9308959
23050471
Australia
Austria
2969081
Armenia
Azerbaijan
59790
38481705
Algeria
690
3162083
4520
29824536
Gross
national
income per
capita2
GENERAL INFORMATION
Afghanistan
Population
(2012)1
Albania
Country/area
Table A2: General information and national action plans addressing violence
227
1384770183
China
10660051
Czech Republic
246864191
Indonesia
325867
Iceland
1236686732
7935846
Honduras
India
795369
82800121
Germany
Guyana
4358242
Georgia
11451273
1632572
Gabon
Guinea
1580
5408466
Finland
25366462
874742
Fiji
15082831
1290778
Estonia
Ghana
6297394
El Salvador
Guatemala
45170
80721874
Egypt
3420
1550
38370
2140
3410
440
3130
3290
10020
46820
4010
16360
3600
2980
5170
15492264
Ecuador
5430
10276621
6590
18130
26390
5890
13260
8850
7010
5720
50650
1190
Gross
national
income per
capita2
Dominican Republic
71684
1128994
Cyprus
Dominica
4307422
11270957
Cuba
4805295
Costa Rica
Croatia
20523
Cook Islands
47704427
34837978
Canada
Colombia
21699631
Population
(2012)1
Cameroon
Country/area
3
Middle
Middle
High
Middle
Middle
Low
Middle
Middle
High
Middle
Middle
High
Middle
High
Middle
Middle
Middle
Middle
Middle
High
High
Middle
High
Middle
Middle
Middle
Middle
High
Middle
Income level
GENERAL INFORMATION
38.14
33.90
56.95
44.54
39.35
55.89
42.76
28.31
42.10
41.45
26.88
42.83
36.00
48.33
30.77
49.26
47.20
25.82
33.65
50.73
55.91
42.06
32.56
38.91
Income
inequality
(Gini index)4
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
Subnational
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Interpersonal
violence
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
Subnational
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Don’t know
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
Yes
Don’t know
Yes
Subnational
Gang
violence
Subnational
No
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Subnational
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Don’t know
No
No
Armed
violence
Yes
Yes
Yes
Subnational
No
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Organized
crime
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Subnational
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Child
maltreatment
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
Subnational
Yes
Yes
Subnational
No
Yes
Yes
Subnational
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Youth
violence
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Subnational
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Intimate
partner
violence
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Subnational
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Sexual
violence
No
Yes
Subnational
No
No
Yes
Subnational
No
Subnational
No
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Elder abuse
228
32521143
25203395
52797319
27474377
Morocco
Mozambique
Myanmar
Nepal
621081
2796484
Mongolia
Montenegro
120847477
5430
338442
3796141
Maldives
Mauritania
Mexico
9820
700
510
2910
6950
3080
9720
1040
320
420
13820
370
29239927
4190435
Liberia
14060
Malaysia
2060428
Latvia
1270
15906483
6645827
Lao People’s
Democratic Republic
1040
44940
Malawi
5474213
Kyrgyzstan
3027621
3250496
Kuwait
2520
22293914
100786
Kiribati
870
Madagascar
43178141
Kenya
9780
47690
5190
34810
32030
6130
6570
Gross
national
income per
capita2
Low
Low
Low
Middle
Middle
Middle
Middle
Middle
Middle
Middle
Low
Low
High
Low
High
Middle
Low
High
Middle
Low
Middle
Middle
High
Middle
High
High
Middle
Middle
Income level3
GENERAL INFORMATION
Lithuania
7009444
16271201
127249704
Japan
Jordan
2768941
Jamaica
Kazakhstan
7643905
60884593
Italy
32778030
Iraq
Israel
76424443
Population
(2012)1
Iran (Islamic
Republic of)
Country/area
32.82
45.66
40.88
28.58
36.52
47.16
40.46
37.37
46.21
43.91
44.11
37.57
38.16
34.81
36.74
33.38
47.68
29.04
35.43
45.51
36.03
39.20
30.86
38.28
Income
inequality
(Gini index)4
Yes
Subnational
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
Don’t know
Subnational
Don’t know
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
Interpersonal
violence
Yes
Subnational
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
Don’t know
Don’t know
Yes
No
Subnational
Yes
Yes
Armed
violence
Subnational
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
Don’t know
Don’t know
Yes
Subnational
No
Yes
Yes
Gang
violence
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
Don’t know
Don’t know
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
Subnational
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Subnational
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Child
maltreatment
No
Subnational
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Subnational
No
Don’t know
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Subnational
Youth
violence
Organized
crime
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Don’t know
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Intimate
partner
violence
Yes
Subnational
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Don’t know
Subnational
Yes
Yes
Yes
Subnational
Yes
Subnational
Sexual
violence
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
Don’t know
Yes
Yes
No
No
Subnational
Yes
Yes
Elder abuse
229
2050514
3514381
21754741
143169653
11457801
188889
Qatar
Republic of Moldova
Romania
Russian Federation
Rwanda
Samoa
2067717
Slovakia
Slovenia
549598
5445757
Singapore
Solomon Islands
92339
5303264
Seychelles
9552553
10603804
Portugal
Serbia
38210924
Poland
13726021
96706764
Philippines
Senegal
29987800
Peru
28287855
7167010
Papua New Guinea
Saudi Arabia
3802281
Panama
31247
3314001
Oman
188098
4993875
Norway
Sao Tome and
Principe
168833776
Nigeria
San Marino
5991733
17157042
Niger
4459852
New Zealand
Nicaragua
16714018
Population
(2012)1
Netherlands
Country/area
1480
22830
17200
51090
11590
5350
1030
24660
1310
51470
3260
600
12740
8560
2150
78060
20620
12660
2950
5890
1790
9030
25250
98880
2490
390
1690
35520
48110
Gross
national
income per
capita2
3
Middle
High
High
High
Middle
Middle
Middle
High
Middle
High
Middle
Low
High
Middle
Middle
High
High
High
Middle
Middle
Middle
Middle
High
High
Middle
Low
Middle
High
High
Income level
GENERAL INFORMATION
Yes
No
Yes
26.00
31.15
No
Subnational
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Interpersonal
violence
42.48
65.77
29.62
40.30
50.82
50.82
40.11
27.42
33.03
41.10
38.45
32.73
42.98
48.14
50.88
51.92
25.79
48.83
34.55
40.47
36.17
30.90
Income
inequality
(Gini index)4
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
Don’t know
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Subnational
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Armed
violence
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
Don’t know
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
Gang
violence
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
Don’t know
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
Subnational
No
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Organized
crime
Subnational
Yes
Yes
No
Subnational
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Subnational
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Child
maltreatment
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Subnational
Yes
No
Don’t know
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Subnational
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Subnational
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Youth
violence
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Subnational
Yes
Intimate
partner
violence
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
Subnational
Yes
Subnational
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
Subnational
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Sexual
violence
Yes
No
Yes
No
Subnational
No
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Subnational
Yes
Elder abuse
230
2105575
8008990
66785001
1337439
10874915
73997128
9860
36345860
9205651
62783115
47783107
317505266
28541423
247262
90795769
4218771
TFYR Macedonia
Tajikistan
Thailand
Trinidad and Tobago
Tunisia
Turkey
Tuvalu
Uganda
United Arab
Emirates
United Kingdom
United Republic of
Tanzania
United States of
America
Uzbekistan
Vanuatu
Viet Nam
West Bank and
Gaza Strip
13724317
7997399
Switzerland
14075099
9511313
Sweden
Zimbabwe
1230985
Swaziland
Zambia
37195349
Sudan
23852409
46754541
Yemen
52385920
Spain
Population
(2012)1
South Africa
Country/area
800
1410
1220
2810
1550
2990
1700
52350
570
38300
38620
480
5650
10810
4240
14780
5250
880
4710
80950
56120
3100
1460
29340
7460
Gross
national
income per
capita2
Low
Middle
Middle
Middle
Middle
Middle
Middle
High
Low
High
High
Low
Middle
Middle
Middle
High
Middle
Low
Middle
High
High
Middle
Middle
High
Middle
Income level3
GENERAL INFORMATION
50.10
57.49
37.69
35.50
35.57
36.72
40.81
37.58
35.97
44.30
40.03
36.06
39.37
30.83
43.56
33.68
25.00
51.49
35.29
34.66
63.14
Income
inequality
(Gini index)4
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
Subnational
Yes
Subnational
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Don’t know
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
Interpersonal
violence
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
Subnational
Yes
Subnational
No
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Armed
violence
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
Subnational
Yes
Subnational
No
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Subnational
Gang
violence
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
Subnational
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
Subnational
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Subnational
Yes
Subnational
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Subnational
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Child
maltreatment
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Subnational
Subnational
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Subnational
No
Yes
Yes
Subnational
Youth
violence
Organized
crime
No
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
Subnational
Subnational
Yes
Yes
No
Subnational
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
Intimate
partner
violence
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
Subnational
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Sexual
violence
No
Don’t know
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
Subnational
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Don’t know
Yes
No
No
No
Subnational
No
No
Yes
Subnational
Elder abuse
231
156 - 2521
7 - 15
1.1
6.2
9.8
3.1
0.8
Cabo Verde
117
478
Burkina Faso
Burundi
2
104
Bulgaria
Brunei Darussalam
47136
4
115
104
51
141
50108
10.3
1.9
25.2
1461
43
657
1613
141
9
64357
249
Brazil
220
12.1
Botswana
1270
132
3505d
Bosnia and Herzegovina
10 - 195
138 - 2844
404 - 6274
2 - 35
32 - 566
8.8
6.7
9.8
1.9
2.1
32.4
12.4
3.4
13.9
1.9
6.3
117
581
28
4794
10
2.4
32.1
14
2586d
225
120
1.1
0.9
633
44.7
1.6
7.4
2.7
29.8
77
254
Benin
182
145
1.1
0.9
Bhutan
134
21
4169
111
77
254
44.7
72
124
Belgium
Belize
478
231
36
190
2.1
6.0
4.4
145
429
3988
Belarus
Barbados
Bangladesh
Bahrain
13
231
Azerbaijan
Bahamas
244
165
Australia
Austria
1.8
62
54
526 - 9140
10.7
4
2232
2445
39
11.2
62
10
4.4
5.0
7.3
Rate
0.8
390 - 6998
130 - 188
516 - 9030
95%
confidence
intervals
1
1701
159
2180
Number
Armenia
631
5.0
6.5
UNODC
criminal
justice
homicide
rate
1.9 - 39.4
1.4 - 28.9
2.5 - 38.1
0.5 - 8.4
0.8 - 14.8
1.5 - 25.1
0.5 - 1.1
2.5 - 43.9
1.0 - 18.2
4.1 - 5.9
1.7 - 30.3
95%
confidence
intervals
WHO estimated number and rate of homicides
per 100 000 (2012)c
Argentina
Antigua and Barbuda
Angola
Andorra
Algeria
157
63
UNODC
criminal
justice
homicide
number
1948
142
Civil or vital
registration
homicide
number
Number and rate of
homicides (for 2012)
according to criminal
justice statistics as
reported by UNODCb
Afghanistan
Police
homicide
number
Number of homicides (latest
year available) as reported
by countries in the Global
status report on violence
prevention 2014 survey
Albania
Country/area
HOMICIDES
13.5
9.8
13.0
3.0
2.2
60.0
17.1
4.7
21.8
1.8
8.5
80.8
1.3
9.0
16.2
3.5
1.0
48.0
3.4
0.9
1.4
2.6
10.5
6.0
17.1
1.2
7.4
7.6
11.7
Male
homicide
rate
4.1
3.6
6.7
0.9
2.1
5.6
7.8
2.3
6.1
1.9
4.1
8.7
0.8
3.7
3.4
2.7
0.3
16.9
1.4
1
0.8
1.5
1.6
2.7
4.4
0.5
1.4
2.4
2.8
Female
homicide
rate
Homicide rate by sex
(2012)
42%
47%
22%
17%
4%
73%
36%
30%
45%
13%
27%
69%
38%
2%
40%
11%
18%
75%
16%
14%
17%
10%
58%
31%
55%
32%
27%
66%
45%
Percentage
firearms
41%
31%
42%
51%
43%
17%
43%
33%
35%
47%
39%
21%
26%
51%
60%
41%
27%
18%
53%
37%
34%
25%
32%
39%
23%
39%
34%
16%
27%
Percentage
sharp force
17%
22%
35%
32%
53%
10%
22%
37%
20%
41%
34%
10%
36%
47%
0%
48%
55%
8%
32%
49%
48%
65%
10%
30%
22%
29%
39%
18%
28%
Percentage
other
mechanisms
WHO estimated proportion of
homicides by mechanism (2012)
Table A3. Reported homicide numbers and rates by sourcea, estimated homicide numbers and rates by sex, and estimated proportion of homicides by mechanism
232
543
1.6
UNODC
criminal
justice
homicide
rate
356
Number
Costa Rica
9
Cyprus
Ethiopia
7334
1644 - 29060
102 - 2024
70
65
474
70
956 - 16123
Eritrea
2767
4101
2144
2608
Estonia
41.2
12.4
22.1
5 - 112
2594
1924
2268
26
Equatorial Guinea
4371
171
El Salvador
2106
3549
Ecuador
2268
Egypt
Dominican Republic
7.0
8.0
5.4
7.7
3.5
43.9
5.1
13.8
25.4
6.8
5
12 - 295
60
Djibouti
13.3
4.7
0.9
2.0
5.0
1.3
12.2
Dominica
1954 - 37066
271 - 5015
535 - 9912
8.5
3.1
10.4
8.0
43.9
1.1
4.6
9.4
13.5
1.8
11.7
2.4
Rate
0.9
6
99
23
561
54
2412
110 - 2113
13 - 220
257 - 4734
140 - 2646
606 - 11129
95%
confidence
intervals
50
0.8
1
407
8755
Denmark
47
1.0
2.0
1.2
8.5
Democratic Republic of the Congo
105
23
51
407
1169
10
534
50
407
Democratic People’s Republic of Korea
185
589
Cuba
Czech Republic
50
Croatia
Côte d’Ivoire
1
474
Cook Islands
1
20923
450
30.8
811
15480
Congo
14670
3.1
57
15742
16033
Colombia
550
Comoros
12336
China
Chile
610
1168
Central African Republic
Chad
614
527
UNODC
criminal
justice
homicide
number
HOMICIDES
1.8 - 31.7
1.7 - 33
0.7 - 15.2
1.2 - 20
1.4 - 34.3
3 - 56.4
1.1 - 20.3
2.7 - 50
2.5 - 48.7
1.8 - 30.6
2.1 - 38
3.1 - 58.5
2.8 - 51.3
95%
confidence
intervals
per 100 000 (2012)c
Canada
476
Civil or vital
registration
homicide
number
Number and rate of
reported by UNODCb
2544
268
Police
homicide
number
Cameroon
Cambodia
Country/area
12.9
8.4
12.0
5.5
80.9
7.8
24.4
46.2
11.7
9.8
1.2
22.1
7.2
1.1
2.8
7.3
1.9
16.9
14.5
4.4
17.4
11.1
81.7
1.4
8.0
13.7
23.5
2.8
17.8
3.5
Male
homicide
rate
3.1
2.8
3.5
1.3
10.5
2.4
3.3
4.5
1.9
4.2
0.6
4.6
2.4
0.8
1.3
2.6
0.6
7.2
2.2
1.6
3.4
4.8
7.3
0.8
1.4
5.1
3.8
0.8
5.7
1.3
Female
homicide
rate
(2012)
13%
4%
17%
48%
77%
33%
66%
64%
37%
36%
17%
29%
4%
18%
22%
5%
32%
31%
63%
15%
32%
35%
80%
4%
41%
23%
24%
30%
33%
14%
Percentage
firearms
43%
54%
42%
26%
13%
37%
25%
25%
39%
39%
56%
35%
30%
39%
33%
72%
28%
35%
19%
37%
34%
39%
16%
30%
52%
36%
37%
41%
33%
37%
Percentage
sharp force
44%
42%
41%
26%
11%
30%
9%
11%
24%
24%
28%
36%
65%
43%
44%
23%
40%
34%
17%
48%
34%
26%
5%
66%
7%
42%
39%
28%
34%
50%
Percentage
other
mechanisms
233
e
7014
17.0
Indonesia
1133
1020
133
1416
2283
Jamaica
Japan
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Kenya
2641
1464
416
1130
464
2761
1263
1087
530
134
154
528
Israel
Italy
147
733
54
2518
1456
Ireland
Iraq
1456
1
1
43355
1
35122
Iceland
India
132
7172
7172
Honduras
Hungary
6.4
7.8
39.3
0.9
1.8
1.2
0.6
3.5
0.3
1.3
90.4
10.2
3175
1499
205
450
1250
530
160
54
6093
3630
11687
52998
2
154
8248
2703
160
1033
Guyana
Haiti
169
1008
Guinea-Bissau
135
115
130
6025
5155
Guatemala
Guinea
6025
7
39.9
180
13.3
653
2527
14
3821
431
Grenada
423
Ghana
Greece
662
Germany
3063 - 9886
874 - 16070
2775 - 46330
633 - 10908
39 - 717
243 - 4065
587 - 10999
38 - 704
169
18 - 27
95%
confidence
intervals
209
102
665
76
20
Number
Gambia
1.0
1.6
UNODC
criminal
justice
homicide
rate
Georgia
665
89
UNODC
criminal
justice
homicide
number
7.4
9.2
2.9
0.4
45.1
0.9
2.1
1.2
18.6
4.8
4.7
4.3
0.6
1.5
103.9
26.6
20.2
10.1
8.8
39.9
6.2
1.6
10.0
0.8
4.8
9.4
9.3
1.0
1.4
2.3
Rate
9.3 - 30.2
1.1 - 21
1.1 - 18.8
6.2 - 107.2
2.4 - 43.1
2.1 - 35.5
2.3 - 43.4
2.1 - 39.3
1.9 - 48.1
2 - 3.1
95%
confidence
intervals
per 100 000 (2012)c
31 - 785
107
99
Civil or vital
registration
homicide
number
Number and rate of
reported by UNODCb
152
14
Gabon
France
26
114
Fiji
Police
homicide
number
Finland
Country/area
HOMICIDES
11.2
15.6
3.9
0.4
82.1
1.3
3.2
2.1
28.2
7.7
7.3
6.9
0.9
1.9
193.6
41.9
30.7
14.5
12.8
72.1
10.0
2.5
12.1
0.8
8.5
13.4
14.8
1.3
1.5
3.8
Male
homicide
rate
3.5
3.3
1.9
0.3
9.3
0.5
1
0.3
8.8
1.8
2.1
1.5
0.4
1.2
14.1
11.5
9.3
5.8
4.8
9.4
2.4
0.8
7.8
0.8
1.5
5.5
3.7
0.8
1.3
0.8
Female
homicide
rate
(2012)
32%
17%
65%
3%
70%
50%
58%
43%
45%
43%
14%
27%
0%
8%
84%
36%
49%
27%
32%
86%
27%
32%
12%
16%
35%
27%
47%
41%
22%
0%
Percentage
firearms
31%
39%
27%
33%
19%
27%
29%
30%
14%
32%
45%
38%
100%
45%
10%
37%
47%
36%
10%
8%
35%
31%
46%
37%
36%
45%
28%
30%
45%
46%
Percentage
sharp force
37%
44%
9%
64%
10%
24%
13%
27%
41%
25%
41%
35%
0%
47%
7%
27%
5%
37%
58%
6%
38%
37%
42%
47%
28%
28%
25%
29%
33%
54%
Percentage
other
mechanisms
234
97
4.7
497
102
8
Number
158
5
Maldives
2
12
1323
Myanmar
Nauru
Namibia
436
849
Morocco
Mozambique
849
388
704
17.2
2.2
23
Montenegro
0
446
2198
852
810
17
283
239
Mongolia
14
0
Monaco
271
5
26597
Micronesia (Federated States of)
Mexico
33
2.7
2.8
1640
12
1244
Mauritius
17
12
1.8
430
27213
1
279
Mauritania
Marshall Islands
Malta
Mali
46
321
438
540
Malawi
Malaysia
1
1810
130
Madagascar
6.7
Luxembourg
202
202
194
Lithuania
3.2
469
135
157
16
Liberia
Libya
249
770
Lebanon
Lesotho
473
129
UNODC
criminal
justice
homicide
rate
143
200
248
UNODC
criminal
justice
homicide
number
HOMICIDES
505 - 8815
13 - 22
94 - 1879
413 - 6466
3 - 50
292 - 6109
452 - 7244
35 - 663
111 - 2045
678 - 848
51 - 1339
119 - 1919
72 - 133
95%
confidence
intervals
1.3
19.7
4.2
3.4
2.5
2.8
10.1
1.1
4.6
22.0
2.7
11.3
4.7
2.8
11.0
3.5
4.3
2.0
8.1
0.2
6.7
2.6
11.2
37.5
5.4
7.0
7.1
9.1
3.1
8.2
Rate
1 - 16.7
2.1 - 3.5
2.5 - 49.5
2.8 - 43.5
0.8 - 14.7
1 - 20.9
2 - 32.5
0.6 - 10.8
2.6 - 48.8
33.1 - 41.3
1.1 - 28.8
1.8 - 28.9
2.2 - 4.1
95%
confidence
intervals
per 100 000 (2012)c
467
Kyrgyzstan
Civil or vital
registration
homicide
number
Number and rate of
reported by UNODCb
Latvia
8
144
Kuwait
Police
homicide
number
Kiribati
Country/area
1.9
27.7
3.8
5.2
4.4
4.0
15.8
1.5
5.9
40.6
3.1
15.2
7.3
2.3
13.8
4.4
6.2
3.1
11.5
0.4
10.5
3.4
16.8
51.7
8.3
11.1
10.5
13.9
4.8
10.5
Male
homicide
rate
0.8
12.2
4.5
1.7
0.6
1.6
4.5
0.6
3.3
4.6
2.2
7.4
2
3.4
8.2
2.7
2.4
0.9
4.8
0
3.4
1.7
5.5
23.7
2.3
3.5
3.8
4.4
0.7
5.9
Female
homicide
rate
(2012)
8%
47%
32%
20%
0%
70%
2%
25%
18%
73%
24%
40%
20%
52%
31%
33%
7%
5%
19%
14%
2%
43%
29%
50%
39%
4%
21%
12%
73%
27%
Percentage
firearms
32%
33%
32%
34%
72%
9%
42%
41%
37%
15%
39%
39%
38%
32%
42%
36%
52%
34%
42%
46%
44%
28%
42%
33%
27%
48%
37%
49%
27%
38%
Percentage
sharp force
60%
21%
36%
46%
28%
22%
56%
34%
45%
12%
38%
22%
42%
16%
27%
31%
41%
61%
39%
40%
54%
29%
30%
17%
34%
48%
42%
40%
0%
35%
Percentage
other
mechanisms
235
750
12249
6.5
1.2
150
146
Romania
378
0
10
San Marino
10
25.6
33.6
457
7
665
18780
14
0
7
15
6
Samoa
28
1.7
9.2
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
18
13120
28
0
500
500
421
18951
495
15408
Saint Lucia
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Rwanda
Russian Federation
196
304
993
229
122
418
12029
265
99
649
3295
Republic of Moldova
6
8.8
9.6
Republic of Korea
149
Portugal
Qatar
353
8484
310
12086
Philippines
Poland
649
2865
Paraguay
Peru
9.7
713
Papua New Guinea
774
734
17.2
665
Panama
654
1
15923
Palau
Pakistan
29
Oman
159
0
17059
1760
776
53
152
905
Number
31
7.7
11.3
0.9
UNODC
criminal
justice
homicide
rate
31
13846
675
41
UNODC
criminal
justice
homicide
number
154 - 2726
24 - 1037
10713 - 13329
27 - 1137
4158 - 66312
383 - 6929
95%
confidence
intervals
7.2
0.7
3.7
14.0
15.3
13.8
5.8
13.1
2.1
7.5
2.0
7.1
1.4
1.1
12.4
11.0
9.7
10.8
19.3
3.1
8.9
4.8
0.6
2.8
10.1
10.3
13.0
1.2
0.9
3.3
Rate
1.3 - 23.8
1.2 - 50.6
11.1 - 13.8
0.8 - 34.3
2.5 - 39.3
2.2 - 40.4
95%
confidence
intervals
per 100 000 (2012)c
Norway
1897
Nigeria
401
143
Civil or vital
registration
homicide
number
Number and rate of
reported by UNODCb
Niue
738
788
43
New Zealand
Nicaragua
165
Niger
752
Netherlands
Police
homicide
number
Nepal
Country/area
HOMICIDES
10.8
0.7
5.6
22.1
26.9
25.1
8.2
21.4
2.9
10.5
2.5
8.1
1.9
1.7
22.4
17.6
17.5
15.6
34.3
4.5
12.5
6.1
0.9
4.2
14.3
13.5
22.1
1.5
1.2
4.8
Male
homicide
rate
3.7
0.7
1.7
5.7
4.1
2.6
3.5
6
1.4
4.9
1.5
3.8
1
0.6
2.4
4.3
1.8
5.8
4
1.8
5
2.6
0.4
1.4
5.8
7
4
0.9
0.6
1.9
Female
homicide
rate
(2012)
36%
21%
14%
54%
51%
62%
12%
29%
8%
8%
1%
25%
34%
5%
55%
47%
60%
26%
80%
13%
55%
55%
19%
14%
24%
25%
48%
14%
34%
5%
Percentage
firearms
39%
42%
35%
31%
37%
26%
49%
23%
45%
33%
33%
75%
41%
45%
42%
37%
33%
38%
16%
35%
26%
27%
48%
36%
37%
45%
38%
41%
27%
24%
Percentage
sharp force
25%
37%
51%
15%
13%
11%
39%
49%
47%
59%
66%
0%
25%
49%
3%
16%
7%
36%
4%
52%
20%
18%
33%
50%
40%
30%
13%
45%
39%
71%
Percentage
other
mechanisms
236
South Africa
332
1703
Tunisia
Turkey
Turkmenistan
379
Trinidad and Tobago
Tonga
1
379
1.0
28.3
223
2020
199
472
5
54
618
Timor-Leste
37
Togo
29
2941
3704
29
3327
The former Yugoslav Republic of
Macedonia
Thailand
145
117
Tajikistan
46
544
Syrian Arab Republic
39
41
Switzerland
72
239
81
Sweden
0.7
102
Swaziland
68
50
Suriname
67
364
2435
1244
0.8
524
18698
560
27
14
Sudan
364
13.9
31.0
0.7
75
33
774
9
154
795
334
1504
16259
14
1.4
0.2
1.9
1.2
Sri Lanka
Spain
South Sudan
16259
19
16
19
Slovenia
Solomon Islands
Somalia
11
75
75
17
93
Singapore
Slovakia
8
113
8
111
Sierra Leone
Seychelles
130
135
Serbia
Number
1829
UNODC
criminal
justice
homicide
rate
1087
UNODC
criminal
justice
homicide
number
HOMICIDES
54 - 901
47 - 853
152 - 2392
13 - 219
585 - 9560
117 - 2257
130 - 2370
6 - 112
174 - 3331
266 - 4449
405 - 8559
95%
confidence
intervals
4.3
2.7
1.8
35.3
4.7
9.3
4.9
1.8
5.5
1.8
2.5
0.6
0.8
19.4
9.4
6.5
3.8
0.8
4.8
35.7
5.5
4.9
0.7
1.4
0.6
13.0
9.5
1.6
7.9
6.5
Rate
1 - 17.4
0.4 - 7.8
2.3 - 36
1.2 - 19.6
1.6 - 25.7
1.1 - 20.8
1.3 - 23.2
1.1 - 20.3
2.9 - 55.7
1.9 - 32.4
1.4 - 30.3
95%
confidence
intervals
per 100 000 (2012)c
25
Civil or vital
registration
homicide
number
Number and rate of
reported by UNODCb
Saudi Arabia
Police
homicide
number
Senegal
Country/area
7.3
4.8
2.9
62.2
5.7
13.6
6.6
2.4
10.0
3.1
4.0
0.6
1.0
27.4
14.8
9.7
6.3
1.1
7.2
62.2
8.5
6.7
0.8
1.5
0.8
19.0
15.2
2.3
12.3
7.1
Male
homicide
rate
1.4
0.7
0.8
9
3.7
5.1
3.1
1.1
1.3
0.5
1
0.5
0.5
11.7
4
3.4
1.3
0.5
2.5
10.7
2.6
3
0.6
1.2
0.4
7
3.7
0.9
3.7
5.7
Female
homicide
rate
(2012)
31%
57%
3%
77%
19%
20%
10%
38%
74%
8%
20%
31%
27%
56%
6%
38%
28%
25%
48%
54%
55%
9%
10%
15%
0%
22%
42%
42%
33%
70%
Percentage
firearms
33%
23%
43%
14%
37%
39%
44%
3%
21%
33%
34%
31%
50%
28%
50%
29%
39%
47%
28%
28%
24%
40%
20%
38%
44%
43%
38%
29%
41%
20%
Percentage
sharp force
36%
20%
55%
8%
44%
40%
47%
59%
5%
59%
46%
38%
23%
16%
44%
33%
33%
29%
24%
18%
22%
51%
70%
46%
56%
35%
19%
30%
27%
10%
Percentage
other
mechanisms
237
1866
814
981
Zambia
Zimbabwe
80
Yemen
Viet Nam
44
1393
53.7
267
17293
2066
1476
1300
288
3605
17259
7
Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)
16072
4.7
7.9
Vanuatu
267
14827
920
32
16259
922
3831
Uzbekistan
1358
14612
Uruguay
653
3928
United Kingdom
521 - 8051
372 - 5968
66 - 1354
830 - 14008
767 - 1066
905 - 16023
62 - 2755
95%
confidence
intervals
15.1
10.5
5.4
6.8
4.0
57.6
2.9
3.2
7.9
5.4
8.0
1.5
4.1
5.2
12.0
4.2
Rate
3.8 - 58.7
2.6 - 42.4
1.6 - 32.1
0.9 - 15.4
2.7 - 3.7
1.9 - 33.5
0.7 - 29.9
95%
confidence
intervals
24.1
15.4
8.6
10.9
6.1
108.9
3.9
5.1
13.2
8.7
12.2
1.9
5.2
8.0
20.6
5.6
Male
homicide
rate
6.2
5.6
2.2
2.6
1.8
6
1.9
1.4
2.9
2.3
3.9
1
1.3
2.9
3.3
2.8
Female
homicide
rate
(2012)
33%
42%
84%
24%
7%
90%
12%
24%
52%
76%
21%
8%
48%
15%
27%
23%
Percentage
firearms
31%
31%
3%
46%
62%
6%
35%
60%
39%
12%
40%
42%
35%
33%
38%
40%
Percentage
sharp force
36%
27%
13%
31%
31%
3%
53%
16%
9%
11%
39%
50%
17%
52%
35%
37%
Percentage
other
mechanisms
All police-reported data shown are as submitted to WHO as part of the Global status report on violence prevention 2014 survey. As such, these data may differ from the police-reported homicide numbers and rates supplied
to and published by UNODC owing to variations in the procedures/channels used to gather the data, the timing of their collection and the validation methods used by WHO and UNODC respectively.
b
Source: Global Study on Homicide [website] hosted by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (http://www.unodc.org/gsh/en/data.html, accessed 6 October 2014).
c
These estimates of homicide represent the best estimates of WHO, based on the evidence available to it up until October 2014, rather than representing the official estimates of Member States, and have not necessarily
been endorsed by Member States. They have been computed using standard categories, definitions and methods to ensure cross-national comparability and may not be the same as official national estimates produced using
alternate, potentially equally rigorous methods.
d
Includes “manslaughter” and “homicide in a traffic accident”.
e
Police data include completed and attempted cases of homicide.
a
4358
0
Number
375
0.7
UNODC
criminal
justice
homicide
rate
69
UNODC
criminal
justice
homicide
number
per 100 000 (2012)c
2381
428
Civil or vital
registration
homicide
number
Number and rate of
reported by UNODCb
Ukraine
2
1987
Uganda
Police
homicide
number
Tuvalu
Country/area
HOMICIDES
Table A4: Availability of national population-based surveys by types of violence
NATIONAL POPULATION-BASED SURVEYS OF VIOLENCE
Country/area
Afghanistan
Survey
interpersonal
violence
Survey
armed
violence
Survey gang
violence
Survey child
maltreatment
Survey youth
violence
Survey
intimate
partner
violence
Survey sexual
violence
Survey elder
abuse
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Albania
Don’t know
Don’t know
Don’t know
Yes
Don’t know
Yes
Yes
Don’t know
Algeria
Yes
No
No
Yes
Subnational
Yes
Yes
No
Armenia
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
Australia
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Austria
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Azerbaijan
Subnational
No
No
No
No
Subnational
Subnational
No
Bahrain
Don’t know
Don’t know
Don’t know
Don’t know
Don’t know
Don’t know
Don’t know
Don’t know
Bangladesh
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Belarus
No
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
Belgium
Don’t know
Don’t know
Don’t know
Subnational
Yes
Yes
Yes
Subnational
Belize
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
Benin
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Bhutan
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Bolivia (Plurinational
State of)
No
No
No
No
Don’t know
Yes
Yes
No
Botswana
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
Brazil
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Brunei Darussalam
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Don’t know
Don’t know
Don’t know
Yes
No
No
No
Burkina Faso
No
No
No
No
No
Subnational
Yes
Burundi
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Cambodia
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Cameroon
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Bulgaria
Canada
Subnational
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
China
Don’t know
Don’t know
Don’t know
Don’t know
Don’t know
Yes
Don’t know
Don’t know
Colombia
Don’t know
Subnational
Don’t know
Don’t know
Yes
Don’t know
Yes
Yes
Cook Islands
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Costa Rica
Yes
No
No
Don’t know
Yes
Yes
Yes
Don’t know
Don’t know
No
No
Yes
Yes
Don’t know
Don’t know
No
Cuba
Croatia
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Cyprus
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
Czech Republic
Dominica
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Dominican Republic
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
Ecuador
No
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Egypt
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
El Salvador
Yes
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
Estonia
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Fiji
Yes
Don’t know
Don’t know
Don’t know
Don’t know
Yes
Don’t know
Don’t know
Finland
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Gabon
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Georgia
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
Germany
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Ghana
Subnational
Don’t know
Don’t know
Yes
Don’t know
Yes
Yes
Don’t know
Guatemala
Subnational
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Guinea
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Guyana
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Honduras
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
Iceland
Yes
No
No
Subnational
Don’t know
Yes
Yes
Subnational
India
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Indonesia
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
238
Country/area
Survey
interpersonal
violence
Survey
armed
violence
Survey gang
violence
Survey child
maltreatment
Survey youth
violence
Survey
intimate
partner
violence
Survey sexual
violence
Survey elder
abuse
Don’t know
Don’t know
Don’t know
Yes
Don’t know
Yes
Don’t know
Don’t know
Iraq
No
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Israel
Yes
Subnational
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Italy
Yes
Don’t know
Subnational
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Jamaica
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Japan
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Jordan
Subnational
No
No
Yes
Subnational
Yes
Yes
No
Kazakhstan
Don’t know
Don’t know
Don’t know
Yes
Don’t know
Don’t know
Yes
Don’t know
Kenya
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
Kiribati
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
Kuwait
Kyrgyzstan
Lao People’s
Democratic Republic
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Don’t know
Don’t know
Don’t know
Don’t know
Don’t know
Don’t know
Don’t know
Don’t know
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Latvia
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
Liberia
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
Lithuania
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Subnational
No
No
Subnational
Subnational
Yes
Yes
Subnational
Malawi
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
Malaysia
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Maldives
No
No
Subnational
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
Madagascar
Mauritania
No
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
Mexico
Yes
Yes
Yes
Subnational
Yes
Yes
Yes
Subnational
Mongolia
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
Montenegro
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Morocco
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Subnational
Yes
No
Subnational
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Subnational
No
Mozambique
Myanmar
Nepal
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Netherlands
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
New Zealand
Yes
No
No
No
Subnational
No
No
No
Nicaragua
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
Niger
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Nigeria
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
Norway
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
Oman
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Panama
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Papua New Guinea
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Peru
Philippines
Yes
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
Subnational
No
Subnational
Subnational
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Poland
Yes
No
Don’t know
Yes
No
No
No
Portugal
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
Don’t know
Don’t know
Don’t know
Don’t know
Don’t know
Don’t know
Don’t know
Don’t know
No
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
Qatar
Republic of Moldova
Romania
Russian Federation
No
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
Subnational
Don’t know
Don’t know
Don’t know
Don’t know
Don’t know
Yes
Don’t know
Rwanda
Yes
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
Samoa
No
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
San Marino
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Don’t know
Don’t know
Don’t know
Don’t know
Don’t know
Don’t know
Don’t know
Don’t know
Saudi Arabia
Senegal
No
No
No
No
No
No
Subnational
No
Serbia
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Seychelles
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
239
Country/area
Survey
interpersonal
violence
Survey
armed
violence
Survey gang
violence
Survey child
maltreatment
Survey youth
violence
Survey
intimate
partner
violence
Survey sexual
violence
Survey elder
abuse
Singapore
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Slovakia
No
No
No
Yes
Subnational
Yes
No
Subnational
Slovenia
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Solomon Islands
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
South Africa
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
Subnational
No
Yes
Spain
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Don’t know
Sudan
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Swaziland
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
Sweden
Yes
Don’t know
Don’t know
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Subnational
Switzerland
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
TFYR Macedonia
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Tajikistan
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Thailand
Subnational
Subnational
No
Subnational
No
Subnational
Subnational
Subnational
Trinidad and Tobago
Don’t know
Don’t know
Don’t know
Don’t know
Don’t know
Don’t know
Don’t know
Don’t know
Tunisia
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
Turkey
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Tuvalu
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
Subnational
Uganda
No
Subnational
No
Subnational
Subnational
Subnational
Yes
No
No
No
Don’t know
Don’t know
Don’t know
No
No
United Kingdom
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Subnational
Yes
Yes
Yes
Subnational
Subnational
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
United States of
America
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Uzbekistan
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Vanuatu
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
Viet Nam
No
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
West Bank and Gaza
Strip
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
Yemen
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Zambia
No
No
No
Subnational
No
Yes
Yes
Don’t know
Zimbabwe
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
United Republic of
Tanzania
240
Table A5: Laws and policies that address multiple types of violence: social and educational policies, policing strategies, laws
to regulate civilian access to firearms, and consumption of alcohol and alcohol policies and laws
SOCIAL AND EDUCATIONAL POLICIES
Country/area
Incentives provided
for high risk youth to
complete schooling
POLICING STRATEGIES
Housing policies to
de-concentrate poverty
Improving communitypolice relations
Problem-oriented policing
Afghanistan
No
No
Yes
Yes
Albania
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Algeria
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Armenia
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Australia
Subnational
Subnational
Yes
Yes
Austria
Yes
Subnational
Yes
Yes
Azerbaijan
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Bahrain
No
No
Yes
Yes
Bangladesh
No
No
Yes
Yes
Belarus
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Belgium
Subnational
Don’t know
Yes
Don’t know
Belize
No
No
Yes
Yes
Benin
Subnational
No
Yes
Yes
Bhutan
No
Don’t know
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
Botswana
No
No
Yes
Yes
Brazil
Yes
Yes
Yes
Don’t know
Brunei Darussalam
No
No
Yes
Yes
Bulgaria
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Burkina Faso
No
No
Yes
Yes
Burundi
No
No
Yes
Yes
Cambodia
No
No
Yes
Yes
Cameroon
No
No
Yes
Yes
Canada
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
China
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Colombia
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Cook Islands
No
No
Yes
Yes
Costa Rica
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Croatia
No
No
Yes
Yes
Cuba
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Cyprus
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Czech Republic
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Dominica
No
No
Yes
Yes
Dominican Republic
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Ecuador
No
No
Yes
Yes
Don’t know
Yes
Yes
Yes
El Salvador
Yes
Subnational
Yes
Yes
Estonia
No
No
Yes
Don’t know
Fiji
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Finland
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Gabon
No
No
Yes
Yes
Georgia
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Germany
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Ghana
Don’t know
No
Yes
Yes
Guatemala
Subnational
No
Yes
Yes
Guinea
Subnational
No
Yes
Yes
Guyana
No
No
Yes
Yes
Honduras
No
Yes
Yes
No
Iceland
No
No
Yes
Yes
India
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Indonesia
No
No
Yes
Don’t know
Egypt
241
Country/area
POLICING STRATEGIES
Incentives provided
complete schooling
Housing policies to
Subnational
Yes
Yes
Yes
Iraq
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Israel
No
No
Yes
No
Italy
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Subnational
Yes
Yes
Yes
Japan
No
No
Yes
Yes
Jordan
No
No
Yes
Yes
Kazakhstan
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Kenya
No
No
Yes
Yes
Kiribati
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Jamaica
Kuwait
No
No
Yes
Yes
Kyrgyzstan
Yes
Subnational
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Latvia
No
No
Yes
Yes
Liberia
No
No
Yes
Yes
Lithuania
Subnational
No
Yes
Yes
Madagascar
Subnational
No
Yes
Yes
Malawi
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Malaysia
No
Subnational
Yes
Yes
Maldives
No
No
Yes
Yes
Mauritania
No
No
Yes
Yes
Mexico
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Mongolia
No
No
Yes
Yes
Montenegro
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Morocco
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Mozambique
No
No
Yes
Yes
Subnational
Subnational
Yes
Yes
Nepal
No
No
Yes
Yes
Netherlands
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
New Zealand
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Nicaragua
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Niger
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Nigeria
No
No
Yes
Yes
Norway
No
No
Yes
Yes
Oman
Subnational
No
No
Yes
Panama
Don’t know
Subnational
Yes
Yes
Papua New Guinea
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Peru
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Philippines
No
No
Yes
Yes
Poland
Yes
Don’t know
Yes
Yes
Portugal
Yes
Subnational
Yes
Yes
Qatar
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Republic of Moldova
No
No
Yes
Yes
Romania
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Russian Federation
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Rwanda
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Samoa
No
No
Yes
Yes
San Marino
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
Don’t know
Yes
Yes
Yes
Myanmar
Saudi Arabia
Senegal
No
No
Yes
Yes
Serbia
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Seychelles
No
No
Yes
Yes
Singapore
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
242
Country/area
POLICING STRATEGIES
Incentives provided
complete schooling
Housing policies to
Slovakia
Yes
Subnational
Yes
Yes
Slovenia
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Solomon Islands
No
No
Yes
Yes
South Africa
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Spain
No
No
Yes
Yes
Sudan
No
No
Yes
Yes
Swaziland
No
No
Yes
Yes
Sweden
Yes
Subnational
Yes
Yes
Switzerland
No
No
Yes
Yes
TFYR Macedonia
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Tajikistan
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Thailand
No
No
Yes
Yes
Trinidad and Tobago
No
No
Yes
Yes
Tunisia
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Turkey
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Tuvalu
No
No
Yes
Yes
Uganda
No
No
Yes
Yes
Don’t know
Yes
Yes
Yes
United Kingdom
Yes
Subnational
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Subnational
Yes
Yes
Yes
Uzbekistan
Yes
No
No
No
Vanuatu
No
No
Yes
No
Viet Nam
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yemen
No
No
Yes
Yes
Zambia
No
No
Yes
Yes
Zimbabwe
No
No
Yes
Yes
LAWS TO REGULATE CIVILIAN ACCESS TO FIREARMS1
Country/area
1
Laws to
regulate
civilian access
Do they include:
Mandatory
background
check
Handguns
Long guns
Automatic
weapons
Carrying
firearms in
public
Programmes to
reduce civilian
possession and
use
Afghanistan
Yes
Yes
Yes
Don’t know
Don’t know
Yes
Yes
Albania
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Algeria
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Armenia
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Australia
Subnational
Subnational
Subnational
Subnational
Subnational
Subnational
Subnational
Austria
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Azerbaijan
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Bahrain
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Bangladesh
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Belarus
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Belgium
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Belize
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Benin
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Bhutan
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
Botswana
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Brazil
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Brunei Darussalam
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
There is great variability in the content of these laws between countries and between states/provinces in countries with federal constitutions.
243
Country/area
Bulgaria
Laws to
regulate
civilian access
Yes
Do they include:
Mandatory
background
check
Handguns
Long guns
Automatic
weapons
Carrying
firearms in
public
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Programmes to
reduce civilian
possession and
use
No
Burkina Faso
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Burundi
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Cambodia
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Cameroon
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Canada
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
China
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Colombia
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Cook Islands
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Costa Rica
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Croatia
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Cuba
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Cyprus
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Czech Republic
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Dominica
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Dominican Republic
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Ecuador
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Egypt
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
El Salvador
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Subnational
Estonia
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Fiji
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Finland
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Subnational
Gabon
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Georgia
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Germany
Yes
Subnational
Subnational
Subnational
Yes
Subnational
No
Ghana
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Guatemala
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Guinea
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Guyana
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Honduras
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Iceland
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Don’t know
India
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Indonesia
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Iraq
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Israel
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Italy
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Jamaica
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Subnational
Japan
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Jordan
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Kazakhstan
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Kenya
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Kiribati
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Kuwait
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Kyrgyzstan
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Lao People’s Democratic
Republic
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Latvia
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Liberia
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Lithuania
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Madagascar
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Malawi
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Malaysia
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
244
Country/area
Laws to
regulate
civilian access
Do they include:
Mandatory
background
check
Handguns
Long guns
Automatic
weapons
Carrying
firearms in
public
Yes
Yes
Yes
Programmes to
reduce civilian
possession and
use
Maldives
Yes
Don’t know
Yes
Yes
Mauritania
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
Mexico
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Mongolia
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Montenegro
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Morocco
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Mozambique
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Myanmar
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Subnational
Yes
Nepal
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Netherlands
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
New Zealand
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Nicaragua
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Niger
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Nigeria
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Norway
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Oman
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Panama
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Papua New Guinea
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Peru
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Philippines
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Poland
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Portugal
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Qatar
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Republic of Moldova
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Romania
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Russian Federation
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Subnational
Rwanda
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Samoa
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
San Marino
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Saudi Arabia
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Senegal
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Serbia
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Seychelles
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Singapore
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Slovakia
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Slovenia
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Solomon Islands
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
South Africa
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Spain
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Sudan
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Swaziland
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Sweden
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Switzerland
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Subnational
Yes
TFYR Macedonia
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Tajikistan
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Thailand
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Trinidad and Tobago
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Tunisia
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Turkey
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Tuvalu
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Uganda
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
245
Country/area
Laws to
regulate
civilian access
Yes
Do they include:
Mandatory
background
check
Handguns
Long guns
Automatic
weapons
Carrying
firearms in
public
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Programmes to
reduce civilian
possession and
use
Don’t know
United Kingdom
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Subnational
Uzbekistan
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Vanuatu
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Viet Nam
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yemen
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Zambia
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Zimbabwe
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
CONSUMPTION OF ALCOHOL, AND ALCOHOL POLICIES AND LAWS
Patterns of
drinking score1
Adult (15+)
per capita
consumption
(litres of pure
alcohol)2
Albania
Medium risky
Algeria
Somewhat risky
Country/area
Afghanistan
Excise tax
Spirits
On premise
age limits
Off premise age
limits
Beer
Wine
7.0
Yes
Yes
Yes
18
18
1.0
Yes
Yes
Yes
18
18
0.7
Armenia
Somewhat risky
5.3
Yes
Yes
Yes
18
18
Australia
Somewhat risky
12.2
Yes
No
Yes
18
18
Austria
Least risky
10.3
Yes
No
Yes
16
16
Medium risky
2.3
Yes
Yes
Yes
18
18
Medium risky
0.2
Yes
Yes
Yes
Belarus
Very risky
17.5
Yes
Yes
Yes
18
18
Belgium
Least risky
11.0
Yes
Yes
Yes
16
16
18
18
18
18
Azerbaijan
Bahrain
Bangladesh
2.1
Belize
Very risky
8.5
No
No
No
Benin
Somewhat risky
2.1
Yes
Yes
Yes
0.7
No
Yes
Yes
Medium risky
5.9
Yes
Yes
Yes
Bhutan
Botswana
Medium risky
8.4
Yes
Yes
Yes
18
18
Brazil
Medium risky
8.7
Yes
Yes
Yes
18
18
0.9
Yes
Yes
Yes
Somewhat risky
11.4
Yes
No
Yes
18
18
Burkina Faso
Medium risky
6.8
Yes
Yes
Yes
Burundi
Medium risky
9.3
Yes
Yes
Yes
Cambodia
Medium risky
5.5
Yes
Yes
Yes
Brunei Darussalam
Bulgaria
Cameroon
18
Medium risky
8.4
Yes
Yes
Yes
Canada
Somewhat risky
10.2
Yes
Yes
Yes
China
Somewhat risky
6.7
Yes
Yes
Yes
Colombia
Medium risky
6.2
Yes
Yes
Yes
18
18
Cook Islands
Medium risky
6.4
Yes
Yes
Yes
18
18
Costa Rica
Medium risky
5.4
Yes
Yes
Yes
18
18
Croatia
Medium risky
12.2
Yes
No
Yes
18
18
The patterns of drinking score reflects how people drink instead of how much they drink within a population. Strongly associated with the alcoholattributable burden of disease in a country, the patterns of drinking score is measured on a scale from 1 (least risky pattern of drinking) to 5 (most
risky pattern of drinking). The higher the score, the greater the alcohol-attributable burden of disease in population groups with the same level of
consumption. Notably, different drinking patterns give rise to very different health outcomes in population groups with the same level of consumption
(WHO Global status report on alcohol, WHO, 2014, p.28).
2
Total per capita (15 years and older) consumption is defined as total (recorded plus estimated unrecorded) alcohol per capita (aged 15 years and older)
consumption within a calendar year in litres of pure alcohol (WHO Global status report on alcohol, WHO, 2014, p.35).
1
246
Country/area
Cuba
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Patterns of
drinking score1
Adult (15+)
per capita
consumption
(litres of pure
alcohol)2
Excise tax
Beer
Wine
Spirits
On premise
age limits
Off premise age
limits
Somewhat risky
5.2
18
18
Least risky
9.2
Yes
No
Yes
17
17
Medium risky
13.0
Yes
Yes
Yes
18
18
Dominica
Medium risky
7.1
Yes
Yes
Yes
16
16
Dominican Republic
Medium risky
6.9
Yes
Yes
Yes
18
18
Ecuador
Medium risky
7.2
Yes
Yes
Yes
18
18
0.4
Yes
Yes
Yes
18
18
Egypt
El Salvador
Medium risky
3.2
Yes
Yes
Yes
18
18
Estonia
Medium risky
10.3
Yes
Yes
Yes
18
18
Fiji
Medium risky
3.0
Yes
Yes
Yes
18
18
18
Finland
Medium risky
12.3
Yes
Yes
Yes
18
Gabon
Medium risky
10.9
Yes
Yes
Yes
18
Georgia
Somewhat risky
7.7
Yes
Yes
Yes
18
18
Germany
Least risky
11.8
Yes
Yes
Yes
16
16
Medium risky
4.8
Yes
Yes
Yes
Ghana
Guatemala
Very risky
Guinea
3.8
No
No
No
18
18
0.7
Yes
Yes
Yes
18
18
Guyana
Medium risky
8.1
Yes
Yes
Yes
18
16
Honduras
Medium risky
4.0
Yes
Yes
Yes
18
18
20
20
21
Somewhat risky
7.1
Yes
Yes
Yes
India
Iceland
Medium risky
4.3
Yes
Yes
Yes
Indonesia
Medium risky
0.6
Yes
Yes
Yes
21
1.0
Iraq
Israel
Italy
Somewhat risky
0.5
No
No
No
21
21
2.8
Yes
Yes
Yes
18
18
16
Least risky
6.7
Yes
No
Yes
Jamaica
Somewhat risky
4.9
Yes
Yes
Yes
18
18
Japan
Somewhat risky
7.2
Yes
Yes
Yes
20
20
0.7
Yes
Yes
Yes
18
18
Very risky
10.3
Yes
Yes
Yes
18
18
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Kenya
Medium risky
4.3
Yes
Yes
Yes
18
18
Kiribati
Medium risky
3.0
No
No
No
21
21
18
Kuwait
0.1
Kyrgyzstan
Medium risky
4.3
No
Yes
Yes
18
Medium risky
7.3
Yes
No
No
18
Latvia
Medium risky
12.3
Yes
Yes
Yes
18
18
Liberia
Medium risky
4.7
Yes
Yes
Yes
18
18
18
Lithuania
Medium risky
15.4
Yes
Yes
Yes
18
Madagascar
Medium risky
1.8
Yes
Yes
Yes
18
18
Malawi
Medium risky
2.5
Yes
Yes
Yes
18
18
Malaysia
Medium risky
1.3
Yes
Yes
Yes
18
18
Yes
Yes
Yes
18
18
Maldives
1.2
Mauritania
Mexico
0.1
Medium risky
7.2
Mongolia
Medium risky
6.9
Yes
Yes
Yes
21
21
Montenegro
Medium risky
8.7
Yes
Yes
Yes
18
18
Medium risky
2.3
Yes
Yes
Yes
18
18
0.7
Yes
Yes
Yes
18
18
2.2
Yes
Yes
Yes
18
18
Morocco
Mozambique
0.9
Myanmar
Nepal
Medium risky
Netherlands
Least risky
9.9
Yes
Yes
Yes
16
16
New Zealand
Somewhat risky
10.9
Yes
Yes
Yes
18
18
Medium risky
5.0
Yes
Yes
Yes
18
18
Nicaragua
247
Country/area
Patterns of
drinking score1
Adult (15+)
per capita
consumption
(litres of pure
alcohol)2
0.3
Yes
Yes
Yes
18
18
Nigeria
Medium risky
10.1
Yes
Yes
Yes
18
18
Norway
Medium risky
7.7
Yes
Yes
Yes
18
18
0.9
No
No
No
21
21
Medium risky
8.0
Yes
Yes
Yes
18
18
Niger
Oman
Panama
Excise tax
Beer
Wine
Spirits
On premise
age limits
Off premise age
limits
Papua New Guinea
Medium risky
3.0
Yes
Yes
Yes
18
18
Peru
Medium risky
8.1
Yes
No
No
18
18
Philippines
Medium risky
5.4
Yes
Yes
Yes
18
18
Poland
Medium risky
12.5
Yes
Yes
Yes
18
18
Portugal
Least risky
12.9
Yes
No
Yes
16
16
Very risky
16.8
Yes
Yes
Yes
18
18
Medium risky
14.4
Yes
Yes
Yes
18
18
18
Qatar
Republic of Moldova
Romania
Russian Federation
1.5
Most risky
15.1
Yes
Yes
Yes
18
Rwanda
Medium risky
9.8
Yes
Yes
Yes
18
Samoa
Medium risky
3.6
Yes
No
Yes
16
No
No
No
18
San Marino
Medium risky
Saudi Arabia
7.1
16
0.2
Senegal
Medium risky
0.6
Yes
Yes
No
18
18
Serbia
Medium risky
12.6
Yes
Yes
Yes
18
18
Seychelles
Medium risky
5.6
Yes
Yes
Yes
18
18
Singapore
Somewhat risky
2.0
Yes
Yes
Yes
18
18
Slovakia
Medium risky
13.0
Yes
Yes
Yes
18
18
Slovenia
Somewhat risky
11.6
Yes
Yes
Yes
18
18
Solomon Islands
Medium risky
1.7
South Africa
Very risky
11.0
Yes
Yes
Yes
18
18
Spain
Least risky
11.2
Yes
No
Yes
16
16
Sudan
Medium risky
2.7
Swaziland
Medium risky
5.7
Yes
No
Yes
18
18
Sweden
Switzerland
Somewhat risky
9.2
Yes
Yes
Yes
18
18
Least risky
10.7
Yes
No
Yes
16
16
TFYR Macedonia
Medium risky
6.7
Yes
Yes
Yes
18
18
Tajikistan
Medium risky
2.8
Yes
Yes
Yes
18
18
Medium risky
7.1
Yes
Yes
Yes
20
20
Trinidad and Tobago
Thailand
Somewhat risky
6.7
Yes
Yes
Yes
18
18
Tunisia
Somewhat risky
1.5
Yes
Yes
Yes
18
18
Turkey
Medium risky
2.0
Yes
Yes
Yes
18
18
Tuvalu
Medium risky
1.5
Yes
Yes
Yes
18
18
Uganda
Medium risky
9.8
Yes
Yes
Yes
18
18
4.3
United Kingdom
Medium risky
11.6
Yes
Yes
Yes
18
18
Medium risky
7.7
Yes
Yes
Yes
18
18
Somewhat risky
9.2
Yes
Yes
Yes
21
21
Uzbekistan
Medium risky
4.6
20
20
Vanuatu
Medium risky
1.4
Viet Nam
Medium risky
6.6
Medium risky
Very risky
Yes
Yes
Yes
18
18
4.0
Yes
Yes
Yes
18
18
5.7
Yes
Yes
Yes
18
18
Yemen
Zambia
Zimbabwe
248
0.3
249
None
None
Larger scale
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Larger scale
Larger scale
Croatia
None
Cuba
Larger scale
None
Colombia
Cook Islands
Limited
China
Costa Rica
Limited
Larger scale
Cameroon
Canada
None
None
Burundi
Larger scale
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
Limited
None
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
None
None
None
None
Limited
Limited
None
Cambodia
Burkina Faso
Bulgaria
Brunei Darussalam
Larger scale
None
Brazil
Botswana
Limited
None
Limited
Bhutan
Limited
Limited
Larger scale
Belize
Benin
Limited
Larger scale
Belgium
Larger scale
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
Don’t know
Belarus
Bangladesh
Bahrain
None
Larger scale
Austria
Azerbaijan
Larger scale
Australia
Limited
Limited
Limited
Algeria
Armenia
Limited
None
Limited
Afghanistan
Albania
Implementation
Parenting
education
Home visiting
Country/area
Larger scale
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
Larger scale
None
Limited
Limited
None
Limited
None
Limited
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
Larger scale
None
Limited
Larger scale
Limited
Limited
Limited
None
Training to
recognize/
avoid sexually
abusive
situations
PROGRAMMES TO PREVENT
CHILD MALTREATMENT
Table A6: Child maltreatment prevention programmes and laws
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Subnational
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Subnational
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Subnational
Yes
Yes
Yes
Subnational
Existence
Limited
Full
Full
Partial
Limited
Not enforced
Limited
Full
Full
Full
Not enforced
Full
Full
Limited
Limited
Partial
Full
Partial
Partial
Full
Limited
Partial
Partial
Full
Limited
Limited
Full
Full
Limited
Enforcement
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes/No
Covers all
settings
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Subnational
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Full
Full
Full
Full
Limited
Partial
Full
Full
Full
Partial
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Limited
Full
Limited
Full
Full
Full
Full
Partial
Full
Limited
Partial
Full
Full
Partial
Enforcement Enforcement
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
Subnational
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Existence
Full
Full
Full
Partial
Full
Full
Full
Full
Partial
Full
Full
Partial
Full
Full
Full
Partial
Full
Full
Limited
Partial
Partial
Full
Full
Full
Full
Partial
Limited
Enforcement
LAWS AGAINST CHILD MALTREATMENT
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
Subnational
Yes
No
No
Yes
Existence
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Limited
Full
Full
Full
Partial
Full
Full
Not enforced
Full
Limited
Full
Limited
Enforcement
mutilation
250
Limited
Limited
Limited
Limited
Israel
Italy
Limited
Limited
None
Limited
None
Limited
Kiribati
Kuwait
Kyrgyzstan
Latvia
Larger scale
Kenya
Kazakhstan
None
Limited
Iraq
Jordan
Limited
Larger scale
Limited
Indonesia
Larger scale
Limited
Jamaica
Larger scale
Iceland
India
Japan
Limited
None
Guatemala
Honduras
Limited
Limited
Larger scale
Germany
Ghana
Guyana
Limited
Georgia
Larger scale
None
Gabon
Guinea
Larger scale
Finland
Fiji
Limited
Limited
Estonia
Limited
Limited
None
Limited
Larger scale
Limited
Limited
Larger scale
Limited
Limited
Limited
Limited
Limited
Limited
Larger scale
Limited
Limited
Larger scale
Limited
Limited
None
Limited
Limited
Larger scale
None
None
Larger scale
Limited
Limited
Limited
Egypt
El Salvador
Limited
None
Larger scale
Limited
Larger scale
Implementation
Parenting
education
Ecuador
Larger scale
Home visiting
Dominican Republic
Dominica
Country/area
Limited
None
Limited
None
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
None
Larger scale
Limited
Larger scale
None
Limited
Limited
Limited
Larger scale
Limited
Limited
None
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
None
None
Larger scale
Limited
Limited
Limited
Limited
Larger scale
Limited
Larger scale
Training to
recognize/
avoid sexually
abusive
situations
CHILD MALTREATMENT
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Existence
Partial
Full
Full
Limited
Partial
Full
Partial
Full
Limited
Partial
Don’t know
Partial
Limited
Limited
Full
Full
Partial
Full
Full
Partial
Limited
Full
Limited
Full
Full
Partial
Limited
Limited
Enforcement
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes/No
Covers all
settings
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Partial
Partial
Full
Full
Full
Partial
Full
Full
Full
Limited
Full
Full
Full
Full
Limited
Full
Full
Limited
Partial
Full
Partial
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Limited
Full
Full
Limited
Limited
Limited
Partial
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Existence
Full
Partial
Partial
Full
Full
Partial
Full
Partial
Full
Full
Limited
Full
Full
Partial
Full
Full
Full
Limited
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Limited
Full
Full
Limited
Partial
Full
Full
Enforcement
Yes
No
Don’t know
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Subnational
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
Existence
Full
Full
Partial
Full
Don’t know
Limited
Limited
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Partial
Enforcement
mutilation
251
Larger scale
None
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
None
None
Rwanda
Samoa
San Marino
None
Larger scale
Larger scale
Republic of Moldova
Romania
Russian Federation
Larger scale
Larger scale
Portugal
Qatar
Larger scale
Poland
Philippines
Limited
None
Papua New Guinea
Peru
None
None
Panama
Limited
None
None
Larger scale
None
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
None
Larger scale
None
Oman
None
Nigeria
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
Norway
None
Larger scale
Nicaragua
Niger
Larger scale
New Zealand
Larger scale
Limited
Larger scale
Nepal
Netherlands
Limited
Limited
Limited
Limited
Larger scale
Mozambique
Larger scale
None
Larger scale
Limited
Limited
Larger scale
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
Implementation
Parenting
education
Myanmar
Morocco
Limited
Limited
Mauritania
Montenegro
Limited
Limited
Larger scale
Malaysia
Maldives
Mongolia
Limited
Larger scale
Limited
Madagascar
Malawi
Mexico
Limited
Limited
Liberia
Home visiting
Lithuania
Country/area
None
None
Larger scale
Limited
Limited
None
Larger scale
Limited
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
Limited
Limited
None
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
Larger scale
None
Limited
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
None
Larger scale
None
Limited
Limited
Larger scale
Limited
Limited
Larger scale
Training to
recognize/
avoid sexually
abusive
situations
CHILD MALTREATMENT
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
Existence
Full
Full
Full
Limited
Partial
Partial
Full
Full
Partial
Limited
Full
Partial
Limited
Limited
Full
Full
Limited
Limited
Full
Limited
Limited
Limited
Partial
Partial
Enforcement
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes/No
Covers all
settings
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Partial
Full
Full
Full
Full
Limited
Partial
Limited
Full
Full
Limited
Full
Partial
Full
Full
Full
Full
Limited
Partial
Full
Limited
Limited
Limited
Full
Full
Full
Partial
Full
Partial
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Existence
Full
Full
Full
Full
Partial
Partial
Full
Full
Partial
Partial
Partial
Full
Full
Not enforced
Limited
Partial
Full
Full
Full
Partial
Full
Partial
Partial
Limited
Full
Full
Partial
Full
Partial
Enforcement
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
Don’t know
No
Yes
Subnational
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
Existence
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Not enforced
Don’t know
Full
Not enforced
Partial
Partial
Full
Full
Full
Full
Limited
Enforcement
mutilation
252
None
Limited
Limited
Limited
Limited
Limited
Larger scale
Slovenia
Solomon Islands
South Africa
Spain
Sudan
Swaziland
Sweden
Limited
None
None
Larger scale
Vanuatu
Viet Nam
Limited
Limited
Limited
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Limited
Limited
None
Yemen
Limited
Limited
Larger scale
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
Limited
Limited
Larger scale
Uzbekistan
Larger scale
United Kingdom
Limited
Limited
None
Limited
Tuvalu
Uganda
Larger scale
Limited
Turkey
Limited
Larger scale
Limited
Larger scale
Trinidad and Tobago
Larger scale
None
Limited
Limited
Larger scale
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
Limited
Larger scale
Limited
Larger scale
Tunisia
Limited
Larger scale
Thailand
Larger scale
Tajikistan
TFYR Macedonia
Limited
Larger scale
Slovakia
Switzerland
Limited
Singapore
Limited
Limited
Larger scale
Limited
Limited
Limited
None
Implementation
Parenting
education
None
Larger scale
None
Home visiting
Seychelles
Serbia
Senegal
Saudi Arabia
Country/area
Limited
Limited
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
None
Limited
Larger scale
Limited
Limited
Limited
Larger scale
Limited
Limited
Limited
Larger scale
Limited
Limited
Limited
Limited
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
Limited
Limited
Limited
Training to
recognize/
avoid sexually
abusive
situations
CHILD MALTREATMENT
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Subnational
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Existence
Limited
Limited
Limited
Full
Limited
Partial
Full
Full
Partial
Partial
Partial
Full
Full
Partial
Full
Partial
Full
Limited
Full
Limited
Partial
Full
Partial
Full
Enforcement
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes/No
Covers all
settings
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Full
Full
Partial
Partial
Full
Limited
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Limited
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Partial
Full
Full
Partial
Partial
Full
Don’t know
Limited
Full
Full
Full
Partial
Full
Full
Full
Full
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Existence
Partial
Limited
Partial
Full
Not enforced
Full
Full
Limited
Full
Full
Limited
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Partial
Full
Full
Limited
Full
Don’t know
Limited
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Limited
Full
Enforcement
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
Existence
Partial
Limited
Full
Full
Full
Limited
Partial
Limited
Full
Full
Full
Partial
Full
Full
Partial
Full
Full
Full
Partial
Full
Enforcement
mutilation
253
None
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Austria
Azerbaijan
Bahrain
Limited
None
Bhutan
Limited
Larger scale
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Limited
Larger scale
Croatia
Cuba
None
Larger scale
Cook Islands
Larger scale
Colombia
Costa Rica
Larger scale
Larger scale
Canada
China
None
Cameroon
None
None
None
Burundi
Cambodia
None
None
Burkina Faso
Limited
Larger scale
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
None
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
None
Limited
None
Limited
Brunei Darussalam
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
Larger scale
Bulgaria
Larger scale
Limited
Larger scale
Limited
Larger scale
Belize
Benin
Botswana
Larger scale
Don’t know
Brazil
Larger scale
Larger scale
Belarus
Belgium
Don’t know
Limited
Larger scale
Limited
Larger scale
Limited
Bangladesh
Limited
Larger scale
Armenia
Australia
None
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
Limited
Algeria
None
Larger scale
Afghanistan
Life skills
and social
development
training
Albania
Pre-school
enrichment
Country/area
Larger scale
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
None
None
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
Limited
None
Limited
None
Limited
None
Limited
None
Limited
Limited
Limited
Don’t know
Larger scale
Limited
Larger scale
None
Larger scale
Limited
Limited
Larger scale
None
Limited
Implementation
Mentoring
Larger scale
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
None
None
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Don’t know
Limited
None
None
Larger scale
None
None
Limited
Limited
Limited
Limited
Larger scale
Don’t know
Larger scale
Limited
Don’t know
Larger scale
Larger scale
None
Limited
None
None
None
After-school
supervision
PROGRAMMES TO PREVENT YOUTH VIOLENCE
Table A7: Youth violence prevention programmes and laws
Larger scale
Limited
None
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
Limited
Larger scale
Limited
Larger scale
Limited
Larger scale
Limited
Limited
Limited
Larger scale
None
Limited
Larger scale
Limited
Larger scale
None
Larger scale
Larger scale
None
None
Larger scale
Larger scale
School
anti-bullying
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Subnational
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Subnational
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Existence
Full
Full
Full
Full
Partial
Partial
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Partial
Full
Partial
Full
Full
Full
Full
Partial
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Partial
Enforcement
Don’t know
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Subnational
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Existence
Full
Full
Full
Limited
Partial
Limited
Full
Full
Full
Full
Partial
Full
Limited
Limited
Full
Full
Full
Don’t know
Full
Full
Full
Limited
Full
Full
Full
Partial
Enforcement
Against gang or criminal group
membership
LAWS AGAINST YOUTH VIOLENCE
254
None
Larger scale
None
Limited
None
None
None
Limited
Larger scale
Georgia
Germany
Ghana
Guatemala
Guinea
Guyana
Honduras
Iceland
India
None
Limited
None
None
Jamaica
Japan
Jordan
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
Limited
Limited
Latvia
Liberia
Limited
Limited
None
Kyrgyzstan
Larger scale
None
Kuwait
Limited
Limited
None
None
Kenya
Larger scale
Larger scale
None
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
Larger scale
Limited
None
Limited
None
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
None
Larger scale
Limited
Kiribati
Larger scale
Limited
Israel
Italy
Kazakhstan
Larger scale
Larger scale
Iraq
Limited
None
Indonesia
Larger scale
Finland
Gabon
Limited
Don’t know
Estonia
Fiji
Limited
Limited
Larger scale
None
El Salvador
Egypt
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
None
Limited
None
Limited
Limited
Larger scale
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
None
Limited
Limited
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
Larger scale
Limited
None
Limited
None
None
Limited
Larger scale
Limited
Limited
Limited
Limited
Limited
Limited
Limited
None
None
None
Implementation
Mentoring
Limited
Limited
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
None
None
Larger scale
None
None
Limited
Limited
Limited
Limited
Limited
None
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
Limited
None
Larger scale
Limited
Larger scale
None
None
Larger scale
Don’t know
Larger scale
Limited
Don’t know
None
Limited
None
After-school
supervision
Life skills
and social
development
training
Ecuador
None
Pre-school
enrichment
Dominican Republic
Dominica
Country/area
Limited
Limited
Larger scale
Limited
Larger scale
Limited
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
None
None
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
None
Larger scale
Limited
Limited
Limited
Larger scale
None
Limited
Limited
School
anti-bullying
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Existence
Full
Full
Partial
Full
Full
Full
Partial
Full
Partial
Full
Partial
Full
Full
Limited
Full
Full
Limited
Limited
Full
Full
Partial
Full
Full
Partial
Partial
Partial
Partial
Enforcement
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Existence
Partial
Full
Partial
Full
Full
Full
Partial
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Limited
Full
Partial
Full
Full
Limited
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Limited
Partial
Don’t know
Partial
Enforcement
membership
255
Larger scale
Montenegro
Larger scale
Limited
Larger scale
Nicaragua
Larger scale
Larger scale
None
None
San Marino
Larger scale
Limited
Rwanda
Samoa
None
Russian Federation
None
None
None
Larger scale
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Qatar
Republic of Moldova
Romania
Larger scale
Larger scale
Portugal
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
Larger scale
Philippines
Larger scale
Limited
Limited
Poland
Larger scale
Peru
None
Larger scale
Don’t know
Larger scale
Oman
Panama
Papua New Guinea
Limited
None
Norway
Limited
None
Limited
Niger
Nigeria
Larger scale
Larger scale
None
Larger scale
Limited
New Zealand
None
Nepal
Limited
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Netherlands
Limited
Limited
Mozambique
Myanmar
Limited
None
Morocco
Larger scale
Mongolia
Larger scale
None
None
Maldives
Mauritania
Mexico
Limited
None
Larger scale
Limited
Limited
Malawi
Malaysia
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
Life skills
and social
development
training
Pre-school
enrichment
Limited
Madagascar
Lithuania
Country/area
None
Limited
None
Larger scale
None
Larger scale
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
Limited
Limited
Limited
Limited
Larger scale
None
None
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
None
Limited
None
Larger scale
Limited
Limited
Larger scale
None
Limited
Limited
None
None
Limited
Implementation
Mentoring
None
Limited
None
Larger scale
None
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
Limited
None
None
Larger scale
None
None
Limited
Larger scale
Limited
None
None
None
Limited
Larger scale
Limited
None
Larger scale
None
Larger scale
None
None
None
Larger scale
After-school
supervision
None
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
None
Larger scale
None
Larger scale
Limited
Limited
Limited
Larger scale
Limited
Larger scale
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
Larger scale
Limited
Larger scale
None
Limited
None
Larger scale
Larger scale
None
Larger scale
None
Limited
Limited
Larger scale
None
Larger scale
School
anti-bullying
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Existence
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Partial
Full
Full
Full
Full
Partial
Partial
Partial
Partial
Partial
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Partial
Full
Partial
Partial
Full
Full
Full
Full
Enforcement
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Subnational
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Existence
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Partial
Partial
Partial
Partial
Limited
Full
Full
Full
Limited
Limited
Partial
Full
Full
Partial
Partial
Full
Partial
Full
Full
Full
Full
Enforcement
membership
256
Larger scale
None
None
Limited
Larger scale
Seychelles
Singapore
Slovakia
Larger scale
None
Limited
Tuvalu
Uganda
None
Larger scale
Limited
Limited
Yemen
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Limited
Limited
Limited
Limited
Viet Nam
None
None
None
None
Vanuatu
Limited
Larger scale
Limited
Larger scale
Uzbekistan
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
None
Don’t know
Limited
None
Don’t know
United Kingdom
Larger scale
Limited
Larger scale
Tunisia
Turkey
Limited
Larger scale
None
Limited
Thailand
Limited
Limited
Limited
Trinidad and Tobago
Tajikistan
Larger scale
TFYR Macedonia
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Sweden
Switzerland
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Sudan
Swaziland
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
South Africa
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
Spain
Solomon Islands
Limited
Limited
Serbia
Slovenia
Larger scale
None
Senegal
Limited
Limited
Saudi Arabia
None
None
Limited
Limited
Limited
None
Limited
Larger scale
Limited
Limited
Don’t know
Limited
Limited
Larger scale
None
Limited
Limited
Limited
Limited
Limited
Limited
Limited
Limited
Larger scale
Limited
None
Limited
Larger scale
Limited
Larger scale
None
Limited
Limited
Implementation
Mentoring
None
None
None
Limited
Larger scale
None
Limited
Larger scale
None
Larger scale
Don’t know
Limited
Larger scale
None
Limited
Larger scale
None
Larger scale
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
Don’t know
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
None
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
None
None
Limited
After-school
supervision
Life skills
and social
development
training
Pre-school
enrichment
Country/area
Limited
Limited
None
Larger scale
Larger scale
None
None
Larger scale
None
Larger scale
Don’t know
Limited
Limited
Larger scale
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
Limited
Limited
Larger scale
None
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
None
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
None
Limited
School
anti-bullying
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
Subnational
Yes
No
Yes
Existence
Partial
Limited
Partial
Full
Full
Full
Partial
Full
Full
Partial
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Partial
Full
Partial
Partial
Full
Full
Full
Partial
Enforcement
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Subnational
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Existence
Limited
Partial
Partial
Full
Limited
Full
Partial
Partial
Full
Partial
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Partial
Full
Limited
Full
Partial
Full
Full
Full
Full
Enforcement
membership
257
1
None
Larger scale
None
None
Larger scale
Larger scale
Armenia
Australia
Larger scale
None
None
None
Burkina Faso
Burundi
None
Larger scale
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
Cuba
Cyprus
Limited
Larger scale
Limited
Larger scale
None
None
Limited
Larger scale
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
None
Limited
None
Limited
None
Limited
Larger scale
Limited
Limited
Limited
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
Larger scale
None
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
Social and
cultural
norms
change
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Subnational
Yes
No
Yes
No
Existence
Full
Full
Partial
Partial
Full
Full
Partial
Full
Partial
Limited
Full
Limited
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Partial
Partial
Enforcement
In some countries, the minimal legal age of marriage may be lowered with parental consent in individual cases.
Larger scale
Larger scale
Costa Rica
Croatia
None
Cook Islands
Colombia
Larger scale
Larger scale
Canada
China
None
None
None
Cambodia
Cameroon
Limited
Limited
None
None
Brunei Darussalam
Limited
Larger scale
Limited
Don’t know
Bulgaria
Larger scale
Brazil
None
Larger scale
Limited
Botswana
Larger scale
Larger scale
Benin
Bhutan
None
Limited
Limited
Larger scale
Belgium
Belize
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
Don’t know
Don’t know
None
None
None
Belarus
Bangladesh
Bahrain
Azerbaijan
Austria
Larger scale
Limited
Algeria
None
Limited
Albania
None
None
Implementation
Dating
Microfinance
violence
and gender
prevention in
equity
schools
training
Afghanistan
Country/area
PROGRAMMES TO PREVENT INTIMATE
PARTNER VIOLENCE
Table A8: Intimate partner violence prevention programmes and laws
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Existence
Full
Full
Full
Partial
Full
Full
Full
Partial
Full
Full
Partial
Full
Limited
Full
Partial
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Partial
Full
Full
Enforcement
Allowing free entry into
marriage/divorce
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
Existence
Full
Partial
Partial
Limited
Full
Partial
Limited
Partial
Partial
Limited
Limited
Full
Limited
Full
Full
Full
Full
Partial
Limited
Enforcement
spouse
LAWS AGAINST INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Subnational
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Exists
18
18
16
15
18
20
18
18
18
18
17
16
15
18
21
14
18
18
16
18
15
18
16
18
18
18
16
19
18
16
18
18
16
15
18
22
18
18
18
21
20
16
15
18
21
16
18
18
16
18
15
21
16
18
18
18
16
19
18
18
Age for females Age for males
Law regarding minimum
legal age of marriage1
258
None
Limited
Limited
Limited
El Salvador
Estonia
None
None
None
Don’t know
None
Larger scale
None
None
None
None
None
Larger scale
Limited
None
Larger scale
None
Limited
Limited
Gabon
Georgia
Germany
Ghana
Guatemala
Guinea
Guyana
Honduras
Iceland
None
None
Larger scale
Larger scale
Israel
None
None
Latvia
Limited
Larger scale
Limited
None
None
Limited
Kuwait
Kyrgyzstan
Limited
None
Kiribati
Limited
Larger scale
None
Kenya
Larger scale
None
Kazakhstan
None
Don’t know
Japan
Jordan
Larger scale
Limited
Limited
Larger scale
Limited
Jamaica
Italy
Limited
Limited
Iraq
None
Limited
Limited
India
Indonesia
Larger scale
Limited
None
None
Limited
Fiji
Finland
Limited
Larger scale
None
None
Limited
Ecuador
None
Dominican Republic
Limited
Larger scale
Implementation
Egypt
None
Larger scale
Dating
Microfinance
violence
and gender
prevention in
equity
schools
training
Dominica
Czech Republic
Country/area
Limited
Limited
Limited
Larger scale
None
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
Larger scale
Limited
Larger scale
Limited
Larger scale
Limited
Larger scale
Limited
None
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
None
Larger scale
None
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
Social and
cultural
norms
change
PARTNER VIOLENCE
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
Existence
Full
Full
Not enforced
Limited
Full
Limited
Full
Full
Full
Full
Limited
Partial
Full
Partial
Full
Limited
Full
Limited
Full
Full
Limited
Full
Enforcement
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Existence
Full
Full
Not enforced
Partial
Full
Limited
Partial
Full
Full
Partial
Full
Partial
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Limited
Full
Full
Partial
Partial
Full
Full
Enforcement
marriage/divorce
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Don’t know
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Existence
Not enforced
Full
Not enforced
Limited
Not enforced
Full
Limited
Full
Full
Full
Partial
Limited
Limited
Full
Full
Limited
Full
Limited
Full
Full
Limited
Limited
Full
Limited
Limited
Limited
Full
Enforcement
spouse
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Exists
18
18
17
15
18
18
18
18
16
18
18
17
18
13
21
18
18
18
16
18
18
18
18
16
18
18
18
18
18
18
16
18
18
18
18
17
17
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
17
18
15
21
21
18
18
16
18
18
18
18
16
18
18
18
18
18
18
16
18
18
259
Limited
Madagascar
None
None
Republic of Moldova
Limited
Limited
Samoa
San Marino
Limited
Larger scale
Rwanda
Russian Federation
Larger scale
Limited
Portugal
Qatar
Romania
None
Limited
Peru
None
None
Philippines
Limited
Limited
Panama
Papua New Guinea
Poland
None
None
Don’t know
Norway
Oman
None
Larger scale
Larger scale
None
Larger scale
None
None
Limited
None
Limited
Limited
None
None
Limited
None
Limited
Niger
Nigeria
Limited
None
Larger scale
Limited
Larger scale
New Zealand
Nicaragua
None
Limited
None
None
Nepal
Limited
Limited
Netherlands
Myanmar
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
Mozambique
Morocco
None
Limited
None
Limited
Mongolia
Montenegro
None
Larger scale
None
Limited
Larger scale
Limited
Limited
None
Limited
Larger scale
Mauritania
Mexico
None
None
Malaysia
Maldives
Larger scale
None
Malawi
Limited
Liberia
Implementation
Dating
Microfinance
violence
and gender
prevention in
equity
schools
training
Lithuania
Country/area
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
Larger scale
Limited
Larger scale
Limited
Larger scale
Limited
Limited
Limited
Limited
Limited
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
Limited
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
None
Larger scale
None
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
Limited
Limited
Social and
cultural
norms
change
PARTNER VIOLENCE
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Subnational
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
Existence
Full
Full
Full
Partial
Full
Limited
Full
Full
Full
Limited
Partial
Full
Full
Don’t know
Full
Full
Full
Limited
Limited
Full
Limited
Limited
Full
Enforcement
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Existence
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Limited
Partial
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Limited
Full
Full
Partial
Partial
Partial
Full
Full
Full
Partial
Enforcement
marriage/divorce
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Don’t know
Yes
Subnational
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Existence
Full
Full
Full
Full
Limited
Full
Partial
Full
Limited
Partial
Full
Full
Don’t know
Full
Full
Full
Limited
Full
Limited
Partial
Limited
Full
Full
Full
Partial
Enforcement
spouse
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Exists
18
16
21
18
18
18
16
16
16
18
16
16
18
18
18
16
18
18
20
20
18
18
18
18
14
18
18
16
18
18
18
18
18
18
21
18
18
18
18
16
16
18
16
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
20
20
18
18
18
18
16
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
260
None
Larger scale
Limited
Senegal
Limited
None
Limited
Larger scale
None
None
Larger scale
Limited
Limited
None
Larger scale
South Africa
Spain
Sudan
Swaziland
Sweden
Switzerland
TFYR Macedonia
Tajikistan
Thailand
None
None
Limited
None
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Larger scale
Viet Nam
Yemen
None
None
Uzbekistan
Vanuatu
Limited
Limited
Limited
United Kingdom
Don’t know
None
Uganda
None
None
Turkey
Tuvalu
None
None
None
Limited
Limited
Limited
Slovenia
Solomon Islands
Trinidad and Tobago
None
Limited
Tunisia
Limited
Larger scale
Singapore
Slovakia
None
Limited
Limited
Limited
Larger scale
None
Limited
None
Limited
None
None
None
Larger scale
Limited
Limited
Limited
None
Limited
Limited
None
Limited
None
None
None
None
Limited
Serbia
Seychelles
None
None
Saudi Arabia
None
None
Implementation
Dating
Microfinance
violence
and gender
prevention in
equity
schools
training
Country/area
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
None
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Don’t know
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
Limited
Limited
Limited
None
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
None
Social and
cultural
norms
change
PARTNER VIOLENCE
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Don’t know
Yes
Existence
Partial
Limited
Full
Limited
Limited
Partial
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Partial
Limited
Full
Full
Full
Limited
Not enforced
Full
Full
Full
Limited
Full
Enforcement
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Don’t know
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Don’t know
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Existence
Partial
Limited
Full
Limited
Partial
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Partial
Full
Not enforced
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Enforcement
marriage/divorce
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Subnational
Yes
Yes
Don’t know
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Existence
Partial
Limited
Limited
Limited
Partial
Full
Full
Full
Full
Partial
Limited
Full
Full
Full
Limited
Not enforced
Full
Full
Full
Partial
Partial
Partial
Full
Enforcement
spouse
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Exists
18
21
15
18
18
18
18
18
16
18
18
18
17
18
18
17
18
16
18
18
18
16
18
18
17
21
18
18
18
14
18
21
16
18
18
18
18
16
16
18
18
18
17
18
18
17
18
16
18
18
18
16
18
18
17
21
18
18
18
14
261
Don’t know
None
Larger scale
Azerbaijan
None
None
Limited
Cyprus
Larger scale
Larger scale
Cuba
Czech Republic
Larger scale
Larger scale
Costa Rica
Croatia
None
Larger scale
Colombia
Cook Islands
Larger scale
Larger scale
Canada
China
None
Larger scale
Cambodia
Limited
Burundi
Cameroon
None
Limited
Burkina Faso
Larger scale
Limited
Larger scale
Limited
Limited
None
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
None
Limited
Bulgaria
None
Limited
Limited
Limited
None
Limited
Limited
Brunei Darussalam
Larger scale
Brazil
None
Larger scale
Limited
Bhutan
Botswana
Larger scale
Larger scale
Belize
Benin
Don’t know
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Belarus
Limited
Larger scale
Limited
Belgium
Bangladesh
Bahrain
Larger scale
Limited
Austria
Limited
Limited
Larger scale
Limited
None
Algeria
Limited
Limited
Larger scale
None
Albania
Australia
Limited
Afghanistan
Implementation
Physical
environment
changes
Armenia
School and college
populations
Country/area
Larger scale
Limited
Larger scale
Limited
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
None
Larger scale
None
None
None
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
Limited
Limited
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
None
Social and cultural
norms change
PROGRAMMES TO PREVENT SEXUAL VIOLENCE
Table A9: Sexual violence prevention programmes and laws
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Subnational
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Existence
Full
Full
Full
Full
Partial
Partial
Partial
Full
Full
Full
Partial
Full
Full
Full
Full
Partial
Full
Limited
Full
Partial
Full
Full
Full
Limited
Full
Full
Full
Full
Partial
Full
Partial
Full
Enforcement
Against rape
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Subnational
Yes
Yes
Yes
Don’t know
Existence
Full
Full
Full
Partial
Partial
Partial
Partial
Full
Full
Not enforced
Partial
Full
Full
Full
Full
Partial
Partial
Limited
Full
Partial
Full
Full
Full
Limited
Full
Full
Full
Full
Limited
Full
Partial
Enforcement
Against contact sexual violence
without rape
LAWS AGAINST SEXUAL VIOLENCE
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Subnational
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Don’t know
Existence
Full
Full
Partial
Partial
Partial
Partial
Limited
Full
Full
Not enforced
Partial
Full
Don’t know
Full
Partial
Limited
Limited
Full
Limited
Full
Full
Full
Limited
Full
Full
Full
Full
Limited
Full
Partial
Enforcement
262
Limited
Limited
Limited
Limited
Limited
None
None
Larger scale
Kyrgyzstan
Republic
Latvia
Liberia
None
None
Limited
Larger scale
None
Kuwait
Limited
None
Limited
Larger scale
None
Limited
Limited
Limited
Larger scale
Limited
Larger scale
None
Limited
None
Kiribati
Kenya
Larger scale
Limited
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Limited
Don’t know
Jamaica
Limited
Japan
Larger scale
Israel
Limited
Limited
Indonesia
Italy
Limited
Larger scale
Iceland
India
Larger scale
Limited
None
Honduras
Iraq
Larger scale
None
Guyana
None
Limited
Limited
Larger scale
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
Germany
Ghana
Limited
Limited
None
Georgia
None
Guinea
None
Gabon
None
Guatemala
Larger scale
Finland
Fiji
None
None
Estonia
Limited
Larger scale
None
Limited
El Salvador
Limited
Limited
Limited
Implementation
Egypt
Larger scale
Limited
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
Limited
Physical
environment
changes
Larger scale
Limited
Limited
Limited
Larger scale
Limited
Limited
None
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
Larger scale
Limited
Larger scale
Limited
Larger scale
Limited
None
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
None
Larger scale
Limited
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
Larger scale
Social and cultural
norms change
School and college
populations
Dominica
Country/area
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Don’t know
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Existence
Partial
Full
Partial
Full
Full
Not enforced
Limited
Full
Full
Partial
Full
Full
Full
Full
Partial
Full
Full
Partial
Partial
Partial
Partial
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Limited
Full
Full
Partial
Limited
Partial
Partial
Enforcement
Against rape
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Don’t know
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Existence
Limited
Full
Partial
Full
Full
Not enforced
Partial
Full
Full
Limited
Full
Partial
Full
Full
Partial
Full
Full
Partial
Partial
Partial
Partial
Full
Full
Limited
Full
Full
Limited
Full
Full
Partial
Partial
Partial
Limited
Enforcement
without rape
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Don’t know
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Existence
Limited
Limited
Full
Not enforced
Limited
Full
Full
Limited
Full
Partial
Full
Full
Full
Full
Limited
Partial
Partial
Limited
Full
Full
Full
Limited
Full
Full
Partial
Don’t know
Partial
Limited
Enforcement
263
None
Larger scale
Larger scale
None
Larger scale
None
Larger scale
Larger scale
Maldives
Mauritania
Mexico
Mongolia
Montenegro
Morocco
Limited
Limited
None
Don’t know
Limited
Limited
Norway
Oman
Panama
Papua New Guinea
Romania
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
San Marino
Limited
Saudi Arabia
Larger scale
Rwanda
Limited
Limited
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
Limited
None
Larger scale
Samoa
Russian Federation
Limited
Larger scale
None
Larger scale
Republic of Moldova
Qatar
Limited
Limited
Portugal
None
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
None
Limited
Limited
Larger scale
None
Limited
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
Poland
Philippines
Larger scale
Limited
Nigeria
Peru
Limited
Niger
Larger scale
None
Larger scale
Netherlands
New Zealand
Nicaragua
None
Limited
Nepal
None
Limited
Myanmar
Limited
Limited
Mozambique
Larger scale
Limited
None
Limited
Larger scale
Limited
Larger scale
Malawi
Malaysia
Limited
Limited
Limited
Limited
Implementation
Physical
environment
changes
Lithuania
School and college
populations
Madagascar
Country/area
Limited
Larger scale
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
Larger scale
Limited
Larger scale
Limited
Limited
Larger scale
Limited
Limited
Larger scale
Limited
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
Limited
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
None
Larger scale
None
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
Limited
None
Social and cultural
norms change
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Existence
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Partial
Full
Full
Limited
Full
Limited
Partial
Limited
Partial
Full
Limited
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Limited
Full
Full
Partial
Partial
Full
Full
Full
Partial
Full
Enforcement
Against rape
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Existence
Partial
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Partial
Full
Full
Limited
Full
Limited
Partial
Limited
Partial
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Limited
Partial
Full
Partial
Limited
Partial
Full
Full
Partial
Full
Enforcement
without rape
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Existence
Partial
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Partial
Full
Full
Limited
Full
Limited
Partial
Limited
Partial
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Limited
Partial
Full
Limited
Partial
Full
Full
Limited
Full
Enforcement
264
Limited
Limited
Limited
Limited
Yemen
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Limited
Viet Nam
Limited
None
Vanuatu
None
Uzbekistan
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
Uganda
United Kingdom
None
Larger scale
Turkey
Tuvalu
Limited
Limited
Trinidad and Tobago
Limited
Thailand
Tunisia
Limited
Limited
TFYR Macedonia
Tajikistan
Limited
Sweden
Switzerland
Limited
Larger scale
Swaziland
Larger scale
Sudan
Limited
Larger scale
Spain
South Africa
Limited
Limited
Limited
Slovenia
Solomon Islands
Limited
Limited
None
None
Larger scale
None
None
Larger scale
Limited
Larger scale
Limited
Limited
Larger scale
None
Larger scale
Limited
Larger scale
Limited
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
None
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Singapore
Slovakia
Larger scale
None
Larger scale
Limited
Serbia
None
Implementation
Seychelles
Limited
Physical
environment
changes
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
Larger scale
None
None
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
Limited
Larger scale
Limited
Limited
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
Limited
Limited
Limited
None
Limited
Limited
Larger scale
Social and cultural
norms change
School and college
populations
Senegal
Country/area
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Existence
Partial
Partial
Full
Full
Full
Limited
Full
Partial
Full
Full
Full
Partial
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Partial
Full
Full
Partial
Limited
Full
Full
Full
Partial
Full
Full
Enforcement
Against rape
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Existence
Limited
Full
Full
Full
Full
Partial
Limited
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Partial
Full
Full
Limited
Full
Full
Limited
Limited
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Enforcement
without rape
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Existence
Partial
Limited
Full
Full
Full
Partial
Partial
Not enforced
Full
Full
Limited
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Limited
Full
Full
Full
Full
Limited
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Enforcement
265
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Algeria
Armenia
Australia
Austria
Limited
None
None
Belize
Benin
Bhutan
None
Limited
Brunei Darussalam
Bulgaria
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
Cameroon
Canada
China
Larger scale
Limited
Croatia
Cuba
Cyprus
Dominica
None
Larger scale
Limited
Costa Rica
Czech Republic
None
Limited
Cook Islands
Limited
None
Cambodia
Colombia
None
Burundi
Larger scale
Limited
Brazil
Burkina Faso
Limited
Botswana
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Belgium
Limited
Larger scale
Belarus
Bangladesh
Bahrain
None
Larger scale
Afghanistan
Albania
Azerbaijan
Professional awareness
campaigns
Country/area
None
Limited
Larger scale
Limited
Larger scale
Limited
Larger scale
None
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
None
None
Larger scale
Limited
None
Larger scale
Limited
Limited
None
None
Limited
Limited
Larger scale
Limited
Larger scale
None
Larger scale
Larger scale
None
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
Larger scale
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
None
None
None
None
Larger scale
None
Larger scale
Limited
None
None
None
Limited
Limited
Larger scale
Limited
Larger scale
None
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Don’t know
Caregiver support
Implementation
Public information
campaigns
PROGRAMMES TO PREVENT ELDER ABUSE
Table A10: Elder abuse prevention programmes and laws
Limited
Limited
Limited
Larger scale
Limited
Limited
None
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
None
None
None
Limited
None
Larger scale
None
None
None
None
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
Don’t know
Larger scale
None
Limited
Larger scale
None
Larger scale
Larger scale
Don’t know
Residential care
policies
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
Existence
Partial
Full
Full
Partial
Limited
Partial
Full
Partial
Full
Limited
Full
Limited
Limited
Full
Full
Not enforced
Full
Not enforced
Full
Full
Partial
Enforcement
Against elder abuse
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Subnational
No
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
No
Subnational
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
Existence
Partial
Full
Full
Partial
Limited
Partial
Full
Full
Full
Limited
Don’t know
Full
Not enforced
Full
Full
Full
Full
Limited
Enforcement
LAWS AGAINST ELDER ABUSE
266
None
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
None
Limited
Finland
Gabon
Georgia
Germany
Ghana
Guatemala
Guinea
Limited
Larger scale
Limited
Jamaica
Japan
Jordan
None
None
None
None
None
Latvia
Liberia
Lithuania
Madagascar
Larger scale
Kuwait
Limited
None
Kiribati
Kyrgyzstan
Limited
Kenya
Don’t know
Limited
Italy
Kazakhstan
Larger scale
Israel
Larger scale
Limited
Indonesia
Iraq
None
Limited
India
Don’t know
Limited
Fiji
Iceland
None
Estonia
None
Limited
El Salvador
Larger scale
None
Egypt
Honduras
Limited
Ecuador
Guyana
None
Limited
None
None
None
None
Limited
Larger scale
None
Limited
Don’t know
Limited
Limited
Limited
None
Limited
None
Limited
Limited
Limited
Limited
None
None
None
None
Limited
Limited
Larger scale
None
Larger scale
Limited
None
None
Limited
None
Limited
None
Larger scale
Limited
None
None
Limited
Larger scale
Limited
Limited
Don’t know
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
Limited
Larger scale
Limited
None
None
None
None
Limited
Larger scale
None
None
Larger scale
Limited
Limited
None
Limited
None
Larger scale
Caregiver support
Implementation
Public information
campaigns
campaigns
Dominican Republic
Country/area
None
Larger scale
None
None
None
Limited
Larger scale
None
None
Don’t know
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
Larger scale
Limited
Limited
None
None
None
None
None
Larger scale
None
None
Larger scale
None
Don’t know
None
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Residential care
policies
No
Yes
No
No
No
Subnational
Yes
No
No
Don’t know
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Existence
Limited
Partial
Full
Partial
Full
Limited
Full
Limited
Partial
Limited
Partial
Partial
Limited
Full
Partial
Full
Not enforced
Partial
Partial
Limited
Limited
Enforcement
No
Yes
No
No
No
Subnational
Yes
No
No
Don’t know
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Existence
Full
Partial
Full
Partial
Partial
Partial
Limited
Full
Limited
Partial
Full
Full
Not enforced
Limited
Partial
Partial
Limited
Enforcement
Against elder abuse
267
None
Limited
Limited
None
Limited
Saudi Arabia
Senegal
Serbia
None
San Marino
Larger scale
Samoa
Russian Federation
Rwanda
None
Limited
Romania
Qatar
Limited
Larger scale
Portugal
Republic of Moldova
None
Larger scale
Poland
None
Limited
Panama
Philippines
Larger scale
Oman
None
Limited
Norway
Limited
Limited
Nigeria
Peru
None
Papua New Guinea
Limited
Niger
Limited
Nepal
Nicaragua
Limited
Myanmar
None
Limited
Mozambique
New Zealand
None
Morocco
Larger scale
Limited
Montenegro
Netherlands
None
Mongolia
None
Mauritania
Larger scale
Limited
Maldives
Mexico
Limited
Larger scale
Malaysia
campaigns
Malawi
Country/area
Limited
Limited
None
Limited
Limited
None
None
Larger scale
Limited
None
Limited
Larger scale
Limited
Limited
Don’t know
Limited
None
None
Larger scale
Limited
Limited
None
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
None
Limited
Limited
None
Limited
None
Limited
None
Limited
Larger scale
Limited
None
Larger scale
None
Larger scale
None
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
None
Larger scale
Larger scale
None
Limited
Limited
None
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
None
Larger scale
None
Larger scale
Larger scale
None
Limited
None
Larger scale
Larger scale
None
Limited
None
None
Larger scale
Limited
Caregiver support
Implementation
Public information
campaigns
Larger scale
None
Larger scale
Limited
Larger scale
None
Larger scale
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
None
Limited
Larger scale
None
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
None
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
Don’t know
None
Limited
None
Larger scale
Limited
None
Larger scale
None
Limited
Larger scale
None
Residential care
policies
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Existence
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Partial
Full
Full
Full
Limited
Full
Partial
Full
Full
Full
Partial
Partial
Limited
Full
Full
Limited
Partial
Full
Full
Enforcement
Against elder abuse
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
Existence
Full
Full
Full
Full
Partial
Full
Limited
Full
Full
Full
Partial
Full
Full
Limited
Full
Enforcement
268
None
Limited
Slovenia
Solomon Islands
South Africa
Limited
Limited
Limited
Tajikistan
Thailand
Trinidad and Tobago
None
Limited
Zimbabwe
Limited
Viet Nam
None
None
Vanuatu
Limited
None
Uzbekistan
Zambia
Limited
Yemen
Limited
Larger scale
United Kingdom
Limited
Uganda
Don’t know
Tuvalu
None
Larger scale
Turkey
Larger scale
Limited
Tunisia
Limited
Sweden
TFYR Macedonia
Larger scale
Swaziland
Switzerland
None
Limited
Sudan
Larger scale
Limited
Slovakia
Spain
None
Larger scale
Singapore
None
None
Limited
None
None
Limited
None
Limited
Limited
Limited
Larger scale
Don’t know
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
None
Larger scale
Limited
None
Limited
Limited
None
Larger scale
Limited
None
Limited
Limited
Larger scale
Limited
Limited
Limited
None
Limited
Larger scale
None
None
Larger scale
None
Larger scale
Don’t know
Limited
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
None
Limited
Larger scale
None
None
Larger scale
Limited
None
Larger scale
Limited
Limited
Larger scale
Caregiver support
Implementation
Public information
campaigns
campaigns
Seychelles
Country/area
None
Limited
None
Limited
Larger scale
None
Limited
Larger scale
Limited
Larger scale
Don’t know
Larger scale
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
Limited
Larger scale
None
Limited
Larger scale
None
None
Larger scale
Limited
None
Limited
Limited
Limited
Limited
Residential care
policies
No
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
Subnational
Subnational
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
Subnational
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Existence
Limited
Full
Full
Partial
Full
Full
Partial
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Partial
Don’t know
Don’t know
Full
Full
Partial
Enforcement
No
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
Subnational
Subnational
No
Subnational
Subnational
No
No
Yes
Yes
Don’t know
Yes
Yes
No
Subnational
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
Don’t know
No
No
Existence
Limited
Partial
Limited
Partial
Full
Full
Full
Full
Partial
Full
Partial
Don’t know
Enforcement
Against elder abuse
Table A11: Health and social services for victims of violence and victim support laws
HEALTH AND SOCIAL SERVICES
Country/area
Prenatal
screening
for child
maltreatment
and intimate
partner
violence risk
Identification
Identification
Medico-legal
and referral for
and referral
services for
victims of child
for victims
sexual violence
maltreatment
of intimate
by health care
partner and
providers
sexual violence
by health care
providers
Child
protection
services
Adult
protective
services
Mental health
services
Larger scale
Implementation
Afghanistan
Larger scale
None
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Don’t know
Albania
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
None
Algeria
None
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Armenia
Limited
Larger scale
None
Limited
Larger scale
Limited
Limited
Australia
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Austria
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Azerbaijan
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Limited
None
None
Larger scale
Limited
None
Larger scale
None
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
None
Limited
Limited
Limited
Limited
None
None
Belarus
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Belgium
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
Belize
None
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
Limited
Limited
Benin
Limited
Limited
Limited
Limited
Larger scale
None
Limited
Bhutan
None
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
None
Larger scale
Limited
Don’t know
Limited
Limited
Limited
None
Limited
None
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
Limited
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Brunei Darussalam
Limited
Larger scale
Limited
Larger scale
Limited
None
Limited
Bulgaria
Limited
Limited
Limited
Limited
Larger scale
Limited
Larger scale
Burkina Faso
Limited
Limited
Limited
Limited
Limited
Limited
Limited
Botswana
Brazil
None
None
Limited
Limited
Limited
None
Limited
Cambodia
Burundi
Limited
Larger scale
None
Limited
Limited
Limited
Limited
Cameroon
None
Don’t know
None
Limited
Limited
Don’t know
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Canada
Limited
Limited
Limited
Limited
Limited
Don’t know
Limited
Colombia
China
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
None
Larger scale
Cook Islands
Larger scale
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
Larger scale
Costa Rica
Larger scale
Limited
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
None
Larger scale
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Croatia
Cuba
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Dominica
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
Egypt
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
None
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
Limited
Limited
Limited
Limited
Larger scale
Limited
Larger scale
None
None
Larger scale
Larger scale
None
Larger scale
Limited
None
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Don’t know
None
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Estonia
Limited
Limited
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
None
Larger scale
Fiji
Limited
Limited
Limited
Limited
Limited
Limited
Limited
Finland
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Gabon
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
Limited
None
None
Georgia
None
Larger scale
None
Limited
Larger scale
None
None
Germany
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
El Salvador
Ghana
Guatemala
Guinea
Guyana
Honduras
Limited
Larger scale
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
None
Limited
None
None
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
None
None
None
Limited
Limited
None
Limited
None
Limited
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
None
Larger scale
269
Country/area
Prenatal
screening
for child
maltreatment
and intimate
partner
violence risk
Medico-legal
Identification
Identification
services for
and referral for
and referral
sexual violence
victims of child
for victims
maltreatment
of intimate
by health care
partner and
providers
sexual violence
by health care
providers
Child
protection
services
Adult
protective
services
Mental health
services
Implementation
Iceland
India
Indonesia
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
None
None
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
None
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
Limited
Iraq
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Israel
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
Larger scale
Italy
Jamaica
Japan
Jordan
None
Limited
Limited
Limited
Larger scale
None
Limited
Larger scale
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
None
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
None
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
None
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Don’t know
Larger scale
Kenya
Limited
Larger scale
Limited
Larger scale
Limited
None
Limited
Kiribati
Limited
None
None
None
Limited
None
None
Kuwait
Larger scale
None
None
None
None
None
Larger scale
Limited
Limited
Limited
Larger scale
Limited
Limited
Limited
None
None
None
None
Limited
None
Limited
Limited
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan
Republic
Latvia
None
None
Limited
Limited
Limited
None
Liberia
None
None
Limited
Limited
Larger scale
None
Limited
Lithuania
None
Larger scale
None
Limited
Larger scale
None
Limited
Madagascar
Limited
Limited
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
Limited
Malawi
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
Limited
Larger scale
Malaysia
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
Maldives
None
Limited
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
Limited
Mauritania
Mexico
Mongolia
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
Limited
Larger scale
Limited
Limited
Limited
Limited
Montenegro
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Morocco
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
Mozambique
Limited
Limited
Limited
Limited
Limited
None
Myanmar
None
Limited
Limited
Limited
Larger scale
Limited
Limited
Nepal
None
None
Limited
Limited
None
None
Limited
Netherlands
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
Larger scale
New Zealand
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Nicaragua
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
None
Niger
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
None
Limited
Nigeria
None
Limited
Limited
Limited
Limited
None
Limited
Norway
Limited
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
None
Limited
None
Larger scale
Don’t know
Don’t know
Limited
Don’t know
Don’t know
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
None
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
None
Oman
Panama
Papua New Guinea
Peru
Philippines
Poland
None
Limited
Limited
Limited
Larger scale
None
Portugal
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
None
Limited
Qatar
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Republic of Moldova
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
None
Romania
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
None
Limited
None
Limited
Limited
None
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Russian Federation
Rwanda
270
Larger scale
Country/area
Prenatal
screening
for child
maltreatment
and intimate
partner
violence risk
Medico-legal
Identification
Identification
services for
and referral for
and referral
sexual violence
victims of child
for victims
maltreatment
of intimate
by health care
partner and
providers
sexual violence
by health care
providers
Child
protection
services
Adult
protective
services
Mental health
services
Implementation
Samoa
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
None
Limited
San Marino
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
None
None
None
Larger scale
None
None
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Saudi Arabia
Senegal
Serbia
None
Limited
Limited
Limited
Limited
None
Limited
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
Seychelles
None
Limited
None
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
Singapore
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
Limited
Larger scale
Limited
Slovakia
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
Larger scale
Limited
Larger scale
Slovenia
Limited
Larger scale
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Solomon Islands
Limited
Limited
Limited
Limited
Limited
None
Limited
South Africa
Limited
Limited
Limited
Larger scale
Limited
Limited
Limited
Spain
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
Larger scale
Sudan
None
Limited
Limited
Limited
Larger scale
None
Larger scale
Swaziland
None
Limited
Limited
Larger scale
Limited
None
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Switzerland
Limited
Limited
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
None
Limited
TFYR Macedonia
Limited
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
Larger scale
Tajikistan
Limited
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
Larger scale
Sweden
Thailand
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Trinidad and Tobago
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
Larger scale
Tunisia
None
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
Turkey
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Tuvalu
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
None
Don’t know
Uganda
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
Limited
None
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
Larger scale
United Kingdom
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
Limited
Limited
Limited
Limited
Limited
Limited
Don’t know
Larger scale
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
Uzbekistan
None
None
None
None
None
None
Vanuatu
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
Viet Nam
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
None
Limited
None
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
Limited
Yemen
None
None
None
Larger scale
Limited
None
None
Zambia
Limited
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
Larger scale
None
Larger scale
Larger scale
Larger scale
Limited
Larger scale
Limited
Zimbabwe
271
VICTIM SUPPORT LAWS
Country/area
compensation
representation
representation
Existence
Enforcement
Existence
Enforcement
Afghanistan
Yes
Partial
Yes
Partial
Albania
No
Yes
Limited
Algeria
No
Yes
Full
Armenia
No
No
Australia
Subnational
Partial
Subnational
Full
Yes
Full
Yes
Full
Austria
Azerbaijan
Yes
Not enforced
Yes
Full
Bahrain
Yes
Full
Yes
Full
Bangladesh
No
Yes
Full
Belarus
No
Yes
Full
Belgium
Yes
Belize
Full
Yes
Full
No
Subnational
Limited
Benin
No
Yes
Full
Bhutan
Yes
No
Full
Yes
Full
Yes
Partial
Yes
Full
Yes
Full
Botswana
No
Brazil
Yes
Brunei Darussalam
No
Bulgaria
Yes
Limited
Burkina Faso
Yes
Limited
Burundi
No
Yes
Full
Cambodia
No
Yes
Partial
Full
No
Yes
Limited
No
Cameroon
No
Canada
Yes
China
Yes
Full
Yes
Full
Colombia
Yes
Partial
Yes
Full
Cook Islands
No
No
Costa Rica
No
Yes
Partial
Croatia
Yes
Full
Yes
Full
Cuba
Yes
Full
Yes
Full
Cyprus
No
Yes
Full
Czech Republic
Yes
Yes
Full
Dominica
No
Partial
Full
Yes
Full
Yes
Partial
No
Dominican Republic
No
Ecuador
Yes
Partial
Yes
Yes
Limited
Full
Egypt
Yes
Partial
Yes
Partial
Yes
Full
El Salvador
No
Estonia
Yes
Fiji
No
Finland
Yes
Gabon
No
Yes
Full
Georgia
No
Yes
Partial
Germany
Yes
Yes
Full
Ghana
No
Yes
Full
Guatemala
No
Yes
Limited
Guinea
No
Yes
Full
Guyana
No
No
Honduras
No
Yes
Limited
Iceland
Yes
Full
Yes
Limited
India
Yes
Full
Yes
Full
Indonesia
Yes
Limited
Yes
Partial
Yes
Full
Yes
Full
Iraq
Yes
Full
Yes
Full
272
Full
Full
Full
Yes
Full
Yes
Partial
Yes
Full
VICTIM SUPPORT LAWS
Country/area
compensation
representation
representation
Existence
Enforcement
Existence
Enforcement
Israel
No
Italy
Yes
Limited
Yes
Limited
Jamaica
Yes
Limited
Yes
Partial
Japan
Yes
Full
Yes
Full
Jordan
No
Subnational
Limited
Don’t know
Don’t know
Kazakhstan
No
Kenya
Yes
Yes
Limited
Kiribati
No
Limited
Yes
Full
Kuwait
No
No
Kyrgyzstan
No
Yes
No
Yes
Latvia
Yes
Liberia
No
Lithuania
Yes
Madagascar
No
Partial
Full
Full
Yes
Partial
Yes
Full
Yes
Limited
Yes
Full
Malawi
Yes
Malaysia
No
Maldives
Yes
Mauritania
No
Mexico
Yes
Partial
Yes
Partial
Mongolia
Yes
Limited
Yes
Limited
Montenegro
Yes
Full
Yes
Full
Morocco
No
Yes
Full
Mozambique
No
Yes
Full
Myanmar
Partial
Partial
Yes
Limited
Yes
Full
Yes
Partial
Yes
Full
Subnational
Limited
Yes
Limited
Nepal
Yes
Partial
Yes
Partial
Netherlands
Yes
Full
Yes
Full
New Zealand
Yes
Full
No
Nicaragua
Yes
Full
Yes
Niger
Yes
Full
Yes
Full
Nigeria
No
Yes
Partial
Norway
Yes
Partial
Don’t know
Yes
Partial
Panama
No
Yes
Partial
Papua New Guinea
No
Yes
Partial
Peru
No
Yes
Limited
Philippines
Yes
Partial
Yes
Partial
Poland
Yes
Don’t know
Yes
Full
Portugal
Yes
Full
Yes
Full
Qatar
Yes
Full
Yes
Full
Yes
Partial
Oman
Yes
Partial
Full
Republic of Moldova
No
Romania
Yes
Full
Yes
Full
Subnational
Limited
Yes
Full
Rwanda
Yes
Full
Yes
Full
Samoa
No
Yes
Full
San Marino
Yes
Full
Yes
Full
Full
Russian Federation
Yes
Not enforced
Yes
Saudi Arabia
Yes
Full
Don’t know
Senegal
No
Yes
Limited
Serbia
No
Yes
Full
Seychelles
No
Yes
Full
Singapore
No
Yes
Full
Slovakia
Yes
Yes
Full
Full
273
VICTIM SUPPORT LAWS
Country/area
compensation
representation
representation
Existence
Enforcement
Existence
Enforcement
Slovenia
Yes
Full
Yes
Full
Solomon Islands
No
Yes
Limited
South Africa
No
Spain
Yes
Full
Yes
Full
Sudan
Yes
Partial
Yes
Full
Swaziland
No
Yes
Full
Sweden
Yes
Full
Yes
Full
Switzerland
Yes
Full
Yes
Full
TFYR Macedonia
Yes
Partial
Yes
Not enforced
Tajikistan
Yes
Full
Yes
Full
Thailand
Yes
Full
Yes
Full
Trinidad and Tobago
Yes
Limited
Yes
Partial
Tunisia
No
Yes
Full
Turkey
Yes
Full
Yes
Full
Tuvalu
Yes
Full
Yes
Full
Uganda
Yes
Partial
Yes
Limited
No
United Kingdom
Yes
No
Yes
Uzbekistan
No
Vanuatu
Yes
Viet Nam
No
Full
Full
Limited
No
Not enforced
Yes
Limited
No
Yes
Partial
Yes
Limited
Yes
Full
Yes
Full
Subnational
Limited
Yes
Full
Limited
Yes
Limited
Yes
Partial
Yemen
No
Zambia
Yes
Zimbabwe
No
274
No
No
Management of Noncommunicable Diseases,
Disability, Violence and Injury Prevention (NVI)
20 Avenue Appia
CH-1211 Geneva 27
Switzerland
Tel +41-22-791-2064
[email protected]
www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/violence/status_report/2014
978 92 4 156479 3

Global Status Report on Violence Prevention 2014

Transcription

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