Archaeological Assessment for the Proposed T

T. S. Dye & Colleagues, Archaeologists, Inc.
735 Bishop St., Suite 315, Honolulu, Hawai‘i 96813
Archaeological Assessment for the Proposed
T-Mobile West Hickam-Iroquois Point Cell Site No.
HI 186P, 6376 Ibis Avenue, Pu‘uloa, ‘Ewa, O‘ahu
Island, TMK:(1)9–1–001:034 por.‡
Thomas S. Dye, Ph.D.
Elaine H. R. Jourdane
May 18, 2006
Applicant: Clayton Group Services.
Applicant’s Consultant: T. S. Dye & Colleagues, Archaeologists, Inc.
Location: Iroquois Point Cell Site, 6376 Ibis Avenue, Pu‘uloa, ‘Ewa, O‘ahu Island, O‘ahu,
Hawaii.
Tax map key: (1)9–1–001:034 por.
Request: Proposed T-Mobile Iroquois Point Cell Site No. HI 186P.
Direct Effect: No historic properties in Area of Potential Effect (APE) for direct effects.
Visual Effect: “No effect” on historic properties in Area of Potential Effect (APE) for
visual effects.
1
Introduction
At the request of Clayton Group Services, T. S. Dye & Colleagues, Archaeologists, Inc.
conducted an archaeological assessment of a parcel at 6376 Ibis Avenue within the
Iroquois Point Housing area for the proposed T-Mobile cellular site. The primary focus
of the project was on the discovery and appropriate treatment of historic properties
within the area of potential effect. The goals of the archaeological investigation were to
determine whether the installation of an antenna and light pole and construction of an
equipment facility will have direct or visual effects on historic properties.
‡ Prepared for Clayton Group Services, Inc.
1
2
1.1
1
INTRODUCTION
Project Area
T-Mobile proposes to install a new 100 ft. tall pole and associated equipment cabinets
within an open grassed area in the northeast portion of the subdivision. Nine 6 ft. high
panel antennas will be mounted at the top of the pole. The 40 × 40 ft., 1,600 ft.2 , lease
parcel is located in the southeast portion of the 317.5189 ac. parcel owned by United States
of America and identified as TMK:(1)9–1–001:034 (figs. 1 and 2).
Figure 1. Proposed T-Mobile Iroquois Point site location, USGS 1999 Pearl Harbor
quadrangle.
The new equipment cabinets will be installed on a concrete slab at grade at the base
of the pole and the whole facility will be enclosed within a chain link fence.
According to the FCC Nationwide Programmatic Agreement (NPA), the area of
potential effect (APE) for direct effects on historic properties includes the area of potential
ground disturbance during the installation of the tower, equipment shelter and utilities.
The APE for visual effects on historic properties for a tower 200 ft. or less is the area
within ca. 0.5 mi. of the tower.
1.2
Background Research
This archaeological assessment includes the review of historic documents, maps and
archaeological reports on file at the State Historic Preservation Division library, the
Hawaii State Library and the State Bureau of Conveyances. No field inspection was
conducted of the area.
1.2
Background Research
3
Figure 2. Proposed T-Mobile Iroquois Point site location, on an image adapted from
Google Earth.
1.2.1
Natural Setting
The T-Mobile project site lies at an elevation between 5 and 10 ft. above sea level in the
northern portion of the Iroquois Point Housing area, ca. 200 ft. west of the shoreline of
Pearl Harbor and immediately south of the boundary with Naval Magazine Pearl Harbor
(NAVMAGPH) West Loch Branch Naval Reservation. The soils underlying the area are
classified as Coral outcrop, which consists of coral or cemented calcareous sand [4]. The
project site receives an average rainfall of 20 in. or less annually [6].
1.2.2
Traditional and Historic Land Use
The physical environment, historic properties, and history of the ‘Ewa Plain have been
well documented in several studies, including those of Tuggle and Tomonari-Tuggle [20],
Franklin et al. [5], and Jensen and Head [9]. The following information is a brief review
that provides context for the project.
The proposed project site lies in the ‘ili of Pu‘uloa located in the southeast portion
of the ahupua‘a of Honouliui in the ‘Ewa district of O‘ahu. Pu‘uloa lies at the entrance
to Pearl Harbor and is said to be an old name for the harbor [17]. Handy and Handy
[8:469] say that the name for Pearl Harbor was Ke-awa-lau-o-Pu‘uloa, the “many harbors
of Pu‘uloa.”
Pu‘uloa is well documented in several legends and traditions.
Pu‘uloa was also at times the residence of various chiefs. Two conspirators
against Kamehameha, Ke-kua-manohā and Ka-uhi–wāwae-ono, were living
at Pu‘uloa at the time Kamehameha discovered their plot to kill him [10:182].
‘ili
ahupua‘a
4
1
INTRODUCTION
One of these chiefs, Ka-uhi–wāwae-ono, was also known as a chief who
murdered people and used their bodies for shark bait; Pu‘uloa was one of
the places where he carried out these murders (Pearl Harbor being famous
for its sharks). In 1823, the Rev. Hiram Bingham accompanied Liholiho and
his retinue to Pu‘uloa where they went into temporary residence “in the
native fashion.” [20:23]
Handy and Handy [8:473] recount a story of a fisherman at Pu‘uloa named Hanakahi
who was taught by Kāne and Kanaloa “to pray properly.” Later, Kāne and Kanaloa told
Hanakahi that the fishponds of Ke-ana-pua‘a and Kepo‘okala were made for him and his
descendants.
The breadfruit tree was first planted in Pu‘uloa by Kahai, son of Moikeha, who brought
the tree when he returned from Kahiki [19:41].
Sterling and Summers [19] comment on bird hunting in the area.
Among the places where the ‘o‘o, ‘i‘iwi and other indigenous birds were
caught was at Puuloa on Oahu. There the ‘o‘o, ‘i‘iwi and other birds gathered
when the noni fruit ripened. They came down to feed and when the season
was over the birds returned to the mountains. [19:45]
māhele
kuleana
Kamehameha I claimed the ahupua‘a of Honouliuli after his conquest of O‘ahu and
gave the ahupua‘a to Kalanimōkū who passed on the land to his sister, Wahinepio.
During the māhele the entire ahupua‘a (excluding kuleana awards) was awarded to
Kekau‘ōnohi, daughter of Wahinepio and granddaughter of Kamehameha. The kuleana
awards excluded consisted of 150 ac. which were mostly located within Honouliuli gulch
or adjacent to it.
The ‘ili of Pu‘uloa was sold by Kekau‘ōnohi to Isaac Montgomery in 1849. Montgomery established a salt works partnership in Pu‘uloa with Kamehameha III. Tuggle
and Tomonari-Tuggle [20] summarizes the importance of the Pu‘uloa Salt Works.
In 1853, 1,500 barrels of salt were sold and a Honolulu newspaper reported
that Puuloa Salt Works had “assumed a conspicuous place among the export
producing enterprises of the islands” (Polynesian, August 20, 1853); it further
adds that Pu‘uloa was the only place where large quantities of salt were
manufactured. An 1861 San Francisco newspaper reported “a consignment
of ground salt manufactured by Daniel Montgomery [Isaac’s brother] at
’Pu‘uloa Salt Works’. . . the quality is every way equal, if not superior, to any
of our own city manufacture” (in Polynesian, January 26, 1861). [20:35]
Between 1875 and 1877 the ahupua‘a was owned by John Harvey Coney, who sold it to
James Campbell. Campbell used the land for cattle grazing and agricultural production.
With the drilling of artesian wells, sugar cane flourished, and by 1890 the Ewa Plantation
Company was established. By the 1920s, more than 12,000 ac. of land were controlled
by the Ewa Plantation Company and 20,000 ac. were leased to the Honouliuli Ranch.
With the expansion of the sugar industry came the construction of the OR&L Railway
that crossed the ‘Ewa plain. The sugar industry continued operating in ‘Ewa through the
1970s.
1.2
Background Research
5
Although the Ewa Plantation continued to grow into the 1930s, Pu‘uloa remained
outside the plantation boundary. Little development, except for the salt works, took place
in this area of Honouliuli until the establishment of the U. S. military presence.
The recent land history records trace ownership of the project site to Gabriel Gambsky
from 1938 to 1944 when it was deeded to the United States of America and designated
as U. S. Naval Reservation Land. In the late 1950s and early 1960s, the Iroquois Point
Housing area and man-made lagoon in the vicinity of the proposed project area were
developed.
1.2.3
Archaeological Background
There are no known archaeological surveys conducted for the proposed T-Mobile Iroquois Point site. However, several archaeological investigations have been conducted
within Pu‘uloa and Honouliuli.
During his survey of O‘ahu in 1930, McAllister [14] recorded several sites within Honouliuli, most of which are located in the Pearl Harbor area or in the Wai‘anae mountains.
The ‘Ewa Plain and Pu‘uloa are included in his description of site 50–80–13–146.
‘Ewa coral plains, throughout which are the remains of many sites. The great
extent of old stone walls, particularly near the Puuloa Salt Works, belongs
to the ranching period of about 75 years ago. It is probable that the holes
and pits in the coral were formerly used by the Hawaiians. Frequently the
soil on the floor of large pits was used for cultivation, and even today one
comes upon bananas and Hawaiian sugar cane still growing in them. They
afford shelter and protection, but I doubt if previous to the time of Cook
there was ever a large population here. [14:109]
McAllister [14] also recorded two fishponds in Pu‘uloa; Kapamuku or Pamoku fishpond, site 50–80–13–142, and ‘Oki‘okilepe fishpond, site 50–80–13–143. Both ponds
were located opposite Waipi‘o peninsula but were thought to be destroyed at the time of
his visit. However, in 1973 ‘Oki‘okilepe fishpond was listed on the National Register of
Historic Places as an example of the only fishpond left in Pearl Harbor. The fishpond is
located ca. 0.7 mi. north of the proposed T-Mobile project site.
Several legends are associated with Pakule (Kapakule) fishpond, site 50–80–13–144,
which was once located near the entrance to Pearl Harbor, ca. 0.3 mi. southeast of the
proposed project site. The pond was destroyed when the channel at the entrance to Pearl
Harbor was widened [19:42].
In 1972, McCoy [15] conducted an archaeological survey of the proposed Pu‘uloa
Elementary School (Kaimiloa Elementary) site located more than 2 mi. west of the project
site. A single site complex, site 50–80–13–1570, was recorded. The complex consisted
of multiple segments of crudely stacked coral slab walls, mounds, and three modified
depressions in the raised reef. The remains were thought to be historic in age and no
additional archaeological investigation was conducted.
In 1978, Sinoto [18] conducted an archaeological reconnaissance survey of 32 ac.
and a burial disinterment within the NAVMAG-West Loch area. A sinkhole containing
human remains and artifacts representing an early twentieth century Chinese family
6
1
INTRODUCTION
burial was inadvertently discovered during Navy construction activities. The site, State
site 50–80–13–2310, was located ca. 200 m northwest of ‘Oki‘okilepe fishpond.
In 1987, Athens [1] documented the removal of a human burial inadvertently discovered during excavation of a sewer pipeline within the Iroquois Point Naval Housing area.
Site 50–80–13–3703 consists of the burial site and a cultural deposit containing charcoal
remains. The burial site was located ca. 0.4 mi. southeast of the proposed project site.
In 1991, Davis and Burtchard [2] conducted an inventory survey for a proposed
housing area ca. 1.45 mi. west of the proposed project site. No historic properties were
found within the survey area which had been previously developed by military use and
during sugar cane cultivation.
In 1992, archaeological inventory survey and data recovery were carried out for the
proposed Ewa Beach International Golf Club located ca. 1.3 mi. west of the proposed
project site [3; 11; 12]. The survey recorded 72 sites including pre-contact habitation sites,
animal pens, and agricultural features. It was thought that the sites represented temporary
habitation areas. Thirteen sites were recommended for preservation and interpretation
within the golf course development.
In 1994–1995, Jensen and Head [9] conducted an archaeological reconnaissance
survey for the Department of the Navy of 900 ac. of unimproved lands in West Loch.
The southern boundary of the survey area bordered the north side of the Iroquois Point
housing area immediately north of the proposed T-Mobile project site. Of the 254 sites
found during the survey, the majority were military-related, historic, or modern, and
108 sites (containing 175 features) were thought to be traditional Hawaiian. Traditional
site types included platforms, enclosures, walls, modified outcrops, modified sinkholes,
mounds, cairns, a midden feature and a fishpond. The traditional sites were found within
the northwest quadrant of the project area ca. 2.0 mi. northwest of the proposed T-Mobile
project site. Sixty-five of the traditional Hawaiian sites are considered significant under
National Register Criterion D for their information value and further data recovery
work was recommended. A total of 158 of the 170 historic-era sites were considered not
significant. The data on the remaining sites were considered inadequate to determine a
significance criterion and further work was recommended.
In 1997, Hammatt and Borthwick [7] conducted a survey of a 0.8 ac. parcel within the
Ewa High Frequency Transmitter Station located ca. 1 mi. west of the proposed project
site. No archaeological sites were observed and the potential for subsurface remains was
low because of the extensive land alteration.
The Pearl Harbor Naval Base (site 50–80–13–9992) is listed on the National Register
of Historic Places and is a national historic landmark. A fundamental quality which
defines the Pearl Harbor Naval Base as a national historic landmark is its historic function
as a naval base to support the U.S. fleet and in its role in the expansion of the United
States as a Pacific power. The boundaries of the landmark include those water and land
areas historically associated with that function . The proposed project site is located just
outside the boundary of the national historic landmark, which lies 75 m to the east and
200 m to the north.
There are no other historic properties sites listed on the National Register of Historic
Places within the area of potential effect for the undertaking.
7
2
Results
No field inspection was conducted of the project site by T. S. Dye & Colleagues, Archaeologists, Inc. However, past land use, first as part of the historic Pu‘uloa Salt Works and
recently as part of the Iroquois Naval Housing area, indicates that the area has been
extensively modified. A field inspection was conducted by Clayton Group Services and
the information and photographs of the project site were reviewed. The results of the
inspection show that the project site is located within a grassed lawn section north of the
residences in the area. A small shed is located immediately east of the proposed T-Mobile
project site and an existing Sprint cellular facility is located ca. 30 ft. southeast of the
proposed project site. No surface historic properties are located within the proposed
project site and no historic properties were identified during construction of the existing
Sprint facility or during the development of the existing housing in this vicinity (fig. 3).
Sprint facility
Proposed site location
Figure 3. T-Mobile proposed project site adjacent to existing shed and Sprint telecommunications facility, looking east. Courtesy of Clayton Group Services.
3
Discussion and Conclusions
A review of the archaeological literature, historic maps, and documents shows that the
project site is located in an area that has been previously modified during use of the area
for the historic Pu‘uloa Salt Works, and by the construction of the existing Iroquois Point
naval housing. No surface historic properties exist within the area of potential effect for
the proposed T-Mobile cellular site and no subsurface deposits are likely to be found
because of the extensive past land alteration. Therefore the construction of the facility
will have no direct effect on historic properties.
The Pearl Harbor Naval Base National Register site is located within 0.5 mi. of the
project area. Because the introduction of a visual element such as the cellular tower does
8
BIBLIOGRAPHY
not diminish or alter the characteristics that make Pearl Harbor Naval Base significant,
the undertaking will have no visual effect on this historic property.
Glossary
Entries for Hawaiian words are excerpted or paraphrased, where possible, from the
Hawaiian Dictionary [16], or from Lucas [13].
‘ili A land section, next in importance to ahupua‘a and usually a subdivision of an
ahupua‘a.
ahupua‘a Traditional Hawaiian land division usually extending from the uplands to the
sea.
kuleana Right, title, property, portion, responsibility, jurisdiction, authority, interest,
claim, ownership.
māhele Land division of 1848.
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9
[7] Hammatt, H. H. and D. F. Borthwick (1997, March). Archeological Inventory Survey
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
[20] Tuggle, H. D. and M. Tomonari-Tuggle (1997, December). Synthesis of Cultural
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Institute, Inc.